American Government and Politics

Today The Essentials 17th Edition

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American Government and Politics Today The Essentials 17th Edition Bardes Test Bank

CHAPTER 1: The Democratic Republic

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The Bill of Rights includes the following rights for criminal defendants
a. the right to speedy and public trial.
b. the right to silence.
c. the right to due process.
d. the right to a lawyer.
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: E REF: 4 NOT: Applied

2. If the U.S. Constitution had no Bill of Rights

a. rights would be dependent on the political process.
b. unpopular rights would be in danger.
c. popular rights would be safe.
d. some rights would be protected by state constitutions.
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: E REF: 4 NOT: Conceptual

3. According to the Sixth Amendment, the accused

a. have a right to a speedy trial.
b. can be compelled to be a witness against himself.
c. have a right to a private trial.
d. have no right to due process.
e. Options B and C are true.
ANS: A REF: 4 NOT: Factual

4. Politics is
a. a process that resolves conflict within a society.
b. a struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups.
c. a type of anti-social behavior by individuals.
d. fundamentally irrelevant.
e. Options A and B are true.
ANS: E REF: 5 NOT: Conceptual

5. Harold Lasswell defined politics as

a. the allocation of benefits in society.
b. the way conflict in society is solved.
c. who gets what, when, and how.
d. promoting equality among citizens.
e. None of the above is true.
ANS: C REF: 5 NOT: Factual

6. As an institution, a government is unique in that

a. it has a life separate from the lives of the individuals who are part of it at any given
moment in time.
b. it has the ultimate authority for making decisions and establishing political values.
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 c. it performs certain functions for society.
d. it is an ongoing organization, rather than an intermittent organization.
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: B REF: 5 NOT: Conceptual

7. Politics
a. is the process of resolving conflicts.
b. is the struggle for power in organizations.
c. is the process of deciding who gets what, when, and how.
d. is involved in all levels of government.
e. All the above are true.
ANS: E REF: 5 NOT: Applied

8. Politics exists
a. only in government institutions.
b. in every community that makes decisions.
c. in schools, social groups, and organized groups of individuals.
d. only in formal settings.
e. Options B and C are true.
ANS: E REF: 5 NOT: Applied

9. Government is necessary because

a. groups compete for power in society.
b. there needs to be a means to maintain order in society.
c. a central authority is necessary to provide for the common defense.
d. a central authority is necessary to promote economic development.
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: E REF: 7 NOT: Applied

10. Government strives to protect members of society from

a. violence.
b. criminal activity.
c. instability.
d. insecurity.
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: E REF: 7 NOT: Factual

11. The total collapse of government

a. is a common event.
b. is a cyclical event.
c. is an uncommon event.
d. is accompanies every revolution.
e. None of the above is true.
ANS: C REF: 8 NOT: Factual

12. Liberty is
a. freedom to do whatever you want.
b. available only in the United States of America.

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 c. the greatest freedom of the individual consistent with the freedom of other individuals.
d. incompatible with government authority.
e. a uniquely American value.
ANS: C REF: 8 NOT: Factual

13. Governments have authority

a. because of special norms.
b. because people always obey the law.
c. because they control the media.
d. because people accept the government’s right to establish rules and laws.
e. Options A and D are true.
ANS: E REF: 8 NOT: Conceptual

14. Legitimacy is
a. the condition of having too much government.
b. popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to
exercise liberty.
c. popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to
exercise authority.
d. only needed in times of emergency.
e. possible with a narrow base of support.
ANS: C REF: 9 NOT: Applied

15. To say that authority has legitimacy is to

a. say that authority is recognized by a few.
b. say that authority is broadly accepted.
c. imply that the ruler has not always been perceived as the legal power.
d. suggest that decisions are of little practical value.
e. imply that those in power do not have the good of the public in mind when making
important decisions.
ANS: B REF: 9 NOT: Applied

16. Totalitarianism as a concept means

a. that the government controls all aspects of the political, social, and economic life of
a nation.
b. the condition of having no government and no laws.
c. the ultimate political authority is vested in the people.
d. a limited republic where people elect officials to make decisions for them for a specific
period of time.
e. a unified government.
ANS: A REF: 9 NOT: Factual

17. In authoritarian governments

a. freedom of speech is usually allowed.
b. the leaders may be voted out of office.
c. the right to a fair trial is considered a fundamental right.
d. government is fully controlled by a ruler.
e. All the above are true.

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1003 War between Pisa and Lucca, the first waged between the
mediæval Italian cities.
1004 Henry burns Pavia. Milan and Pavia wake to independent life
and action in this struggle. The Saracens capture a portion of
Pisa.
1011 Second attack of the Saracens on Pisa, which now assumes
the offensive.
1017 The Pisans drive the Saracens from Sardinia and take the
island.
1018 Heribert becomes archbishop of Milan, and the most
powerful lord in northern Italy.
1024 On death of Henry II, Heribert invites Conrad II of Germany
to Italy and gives him the iron crown of Lombardy (1026).
1026 The Venetians expel their doge Ottone Orseolo, but recall
him in 1031. The people of Lodi resent Heribert’s appointing
their bishop, and a war ensues in which Heribert is successful.
1036 Battle of Campo Malo, between Heribert and the opponent
factions. Heribert summons the emperor to his aid, but the
latter, offended at the independence of the Milanese, retires to
Pavia.
1037 At Diet of Roncaglia Conrad enacts decree that all fiefs shall
be hereditary. This is to check the power of the ecclesiastical
lords. Siege of Milan by Conrad, who has to retire on account
of pestilence.
1039 Siege of Milan raised at death of Conrad. Heribert devises the
carroccio.
1041 The people of Milan, headed by Lanzo, drive the nobles out
of Milan.
1044 Peace restored in Milan.
1045 Death of Heribert.
1048-1055 During the pontificate of Leo IX, attempts to enforce
celibacy of clergy are vigorously resisted in Milan.
1055 The countess Matilda begins her rule in Tuscany.
1063 The foundations of the cathedral at Pisa are laid.
1075 Gregory VII approves the Pisan code of laws—a revival of
the Pandects of Justinian.
1077 The Norman conquests of southern Italian cities put the trade
of the Mediterranean into the hands of Venice, Pisa, and
Genoa. For a century and a half Pisa has the largest trade.
1080 The countess Matilda’s army is defeated near Mantua.
1084 Great defeat of the Venetian fleet by Robert Guiscard.
1091 Capture of Mantua and Ravenna by Henry IV.

THE TWELFTH CENTURY

At the beginning of the twelfth century Milan and the other

Lombard cities have become independent municipalities, a
result achieved principally through the war of investitures.
1101 Ferrara submits to the countess Matilda, who has obtained
practically the power of a queen.
1110 Peace made between Pisa and Lucca, which have been at war
for six years.
1111 The Milanese attack and destroy Lodi and Como. The
leadership of Milan in Lombardy is now confirmed.
1114 Revolt of Mantua, which is subdued by the countess Matilda.
The Pisans descend upon the Saracens in the Balearic Isles,
and return with rich booty and many prisoners.
1115 Death of the countess Matilda. Beginning of the struggle
between pope and emperor for her great domain. In 1102 she
deeded them to the pope. With Matilda’s death begins the rise
of Florence and other Tuscan cities to independence.
1118 War breaks out between Genoa and Pisa over the supremacy
of Sardinia and Corsica, a papal edict having awarded the
Pisan church control in Corsica. Consecration of the Pisan
cathedral.
1123 Victory of the Venetian fleet over the Egyptians off Joppa.
1124 The Venetians receive a third of the city of Tyre at its
conquest by the crusaders.
1125 Capture of Samos, Andros, and Spalato by the Venetians.
1132 Peace between Genoa and Pisa. Innocent II gives the
Genoese church partial supremacy in Corsica and grants to
the Pisans in Sardinia and elsewhere.
1135 The Pisans proceed against the Normans in southern Italy.
Naples and Amalfi attacked. Amalfi recovered by Roger I.
1137 Second attack of the Pisans in southern Italy. Roger recovers
his lost possessions.
1140 The Genoese acquire Ventimiglia.
1144 War breaks out among the Italian cities. Venice against
Ravenna; Verona and Vicenza against Padua and Treviso;
Florence and Pisa against Lucca and Siena.
1150 The Venetians regain Dalmatia, which has been captured by
pirates.
1151 Defeat of the Milanese by the Cremonese at Castelnuovo.
The carroccio is captured.
1152 Election of Frederick Barbarossa as king of Germany and
Italy. Building of the baptistery of Pisa begun.
1153 Frederick determines to re-establish the imperial authority in
the Italian cities. Lodi and Como ask his protection against
Milan.
1154 Frederick enters Italy. Diet of Roncaglia, where Frederick
hears complaints against Milan and Tortona. He assumes the
Lombard crown at Pavia.
1155 Frederick captures and razes Tortona. Milan prepares for war.
1156 Milan rebuilds Tortona and defeats Pavia.
1157 Establishment of the Bank of Venice.
1158 Milan again destroys Lodi. Second appearance of Frederick
in Italy. Siege of Milan, which surrenders on account of
famine. Diet at Roncaglia. The Bolognese jurists expound the
 code of Justinian to Frederick, who removes the consuls and
substitutes the podesta as ruling officer in the Italian cities.
1159 The Milanese refuse to obey the podesta.
1160 Surrender of Crema to Frederick. The city is abandoned to
the cruelty of Cremona. Lucca obtains its independence from
Welf of Tuscany.
1162 Surrender of Milan after a nine months’ siege. It is totally
destroyed. Lombardy submits to Frederick.
1163 The cities of the Veronese March, assisted by Venice, form a
league against Frederick.
1167 Siege of Ancona by Frederick, who has returned to Italy the
previous year. Brescia, Bergamo, Mantua, Verona, Cremona,
Treviso, and other north Italian cities form the Lombard
League to regain their liberties from Frederick. It begins to
rebuild Milan.
1168 Frederick, with his army nearly annihilated by the plague,
returns to Germany.
1169 The league builds Alessandria. The pope and Eastern
emperor join the league against Frederick. Other cities enter
the league. Pavia and Montferrat alone remain loyal to the
empire.
1171 The Eastern emperor Manuel I seizes the Venetian
possessions in his dominions. Stephen, king of Hungary,
captures many Dalmatian cities from Venice. Venice recovers
Zara, takes Ragusa, and attacks Negropont.
1172 Capture of Scio by the Venetians.
1173 The Venetian fleet returns from the East and infects the city
with the plague. Tumults break out and the doge is slain.
1174 Fifth expedition of Frederick to Italy. The Campanile of Pisa
is begun.
1175 Peace partially restored between Genoa and Pisa by
Frederick’s mediation.
1176 Frederick threatens Milan. He is defeated disastrously at
Legnano by the Milanese and a few allies. He opens
 negotiations with the pope for peace.
1177 Reconciliation between Frederick and the pope at Venice. Six
years’ truce concluded with the Lombard cities. They do not
ask for more than municipal autonomy, and the Italians lose
their greatest opportunity of becoming a powerful nation.
1181 Bela, king of Hungary, recovers Zara and other cities from
Venice.
1183 The truce with Frederick is made permanent by the peace of
Constance. Venice is not included. The communes have their
right to self-government by consuls and to wage warfare
confirmed. These privileges are extended to the Tuscan cities,
among which Florence is becoming the most powerful.
1194 Battle between the Genoese and Pisan fleets in the harbour of
Messina.
1198 Establishment of the republic of Florence.
1199 General war among the Lombard cities owing to a quarrel
between Parma and Piacenza.

THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

The acquisition of independence by the cities brings about constant

feuds between the people and the nobles. The latter have
become more or less financially dependent upon the citizens
and are forced to reside a portion of the year in the cities.
Here in their palaces they carry on their feuds, in defiance of
all civil authority. The consuls are powerless to curb them,
and from this state of affairs arises the office of podesta (the
name taken from Frederick Barbarossa’s official, but having
no connection with the empire). The podesta is always the
citizen of another city and holds his office for one year. His
function is to arbitrate and keep peace between the citizens
and nobles, and the powers delegated to him pave the way for
the despots of later times.
1202 The crusaders capture Zara for Venice in fulfilment of a
bargain made with the doge Dandolo, who disregards Pope
Innocent III’s threats of excommunication for this. The
Venetians accompany the crusaders to Constantinople.
1204 In the division of the Eastern Empire after the capture of
Constantinople the Venetians receive about three-eighths of
the empire of Romania. Most of this they make no attempt to
take possession of. Formation of Guelfic leagues in Umbria
and Tuscany, looking to the pope for protection. Pisa, strongly
Ghibelline, holds aloof.
1205 The Venetians exchange a portion of Thessaly with Boniface
of Montferrat for Crete. Venice decides on a policy of
allowing her nobles to take her acquisitions, holding these as
fiefs of the republic.
1208 The Genoese are defeated in an attempt to capture Crete.
1209 The Ghibellines expel the Guelfs from Ferrara.
1215 The Buondelmonte (Guelf) and Amidei (Ghibelline) feud
begins in Florence. It lasts thirty-three years.
1218 Milan forms a league to drive the Ghibellines from
Lombardy. It is defeated at Ghibello; this causes great trouble
between the Lombard nobles and citizens.
1221 The Milanese expel the nobles from the city.
1222 First war between Pisa and Florence. Foundation of the
University of Padua.
1226 Renewal of the Lombard League for twenty-five years.
1227 Frederick II appoints Ezzelino da Romano to conduct warfare
against the Guelfs in the Veronese March. They are defeated
in Verona and Vicenza.
1228 Victory of Pisa over the united forces of Florence and Lucca
near Barga.
1233 The cities of the Veronese March conclude the peace of
Paquara through the efforts of the monk Giovanni da Vicenza.
It lasts only a few days.
1234 Montferrat, Milan, Brescia, and other cities join the rebellion
of Frederick’s son Henry. The Pisans renew war with the
Genoese.
1236 Frederick takes the field against the Lombards. Ezzelino is in
control in Verona, Vicenza, and Padua.
1237 Frederick defeats the Milanese and their allies at Cortenuova.
The carroccio is captured and sent to Rome as a trophy.
Tiepolo, podesta of Milan, son of the doge of Venice, put to
death.
1238 The pope allies himself with Venice and Genoa against
Frederick, who establishes Ghibelline supremacy in Turin,
Asti, Novara, and Alessandria. Frederick unsuccessfully
besieges Brescia.
1239 The Guelf fortunes begin to revive, owing to the pope’s
excommunication of Frederick. Ravenna taken by the
Venetians and Bolognese.
1240 The Venetians and Azzo d’Este take Ferrara. Frederick
recovers Ravenna.
1241 The Pisan and Sicilian fleets capture a number of Genoese
galleys, bearing the French cardinals and bishops to the
pope’s council at Rome. Frederick besieges Genoa.
1243 Frederick’s son Enzio is driven from Milan.
1247 Revolt of Parma against Frederick, who besieges the town.
1248 Frederick raises the siege of Parma. Revolution in Florence
places the city in Ghibelline hands.
1249 The Bolognese defeat Enzio at Fossalta. He is imprisoned for
the rest of his life. Ezzelino da Romano takes Belluno and the
marquisate of Este.
1250 The Florentines free themselves from Ghibelline rule. They
establish the signoria. With death of Frederick, the great
power of the emperors in Italy comes to an end.
1251 The Florentines recall the Guelf exiles and wage war on
neighbouring cities to compel them to serve under the Guelf
banner.
1252 The first florin coined at Florence.
1254 The Florentine “Year of Victories.” Many triumphs over the
Tuscan cities.
1256 The marquis Azzo recovers Este and captures Padua.
1258 The Ghibelline leaders exiled from Florence.
1259 Defeat and capture of Ezzelino da Romano at the bridge of
Cassano. He dies of his wounds.
1260 The Ghibellines headed by Manfred win a great victory at
Montaperti. They regain Florence. The popular government is
abolished. One composed of nobles swearing allegiance to
Manfred is substituted.
1264 By this time the head of the Della Torre family holds the
office of lord of the people in Milan, and other Lombard cities
have conferred the same title upon him. The office has
become hereditary, and we have the beginnings of the future
duchy of Milan. The pope, jealous of the Della Torre’s
growing power, appoints Otto Visconti, of a powerful local
family, archbishop of Milan. The people refuse to receive him
and are excommunicated by the pope. Beginning of the Della
Torre-Visconti feud. The Pelavicini are now predominant in
the valley of the Po and the Della Scala in the Veronese
March.
1266 After Charles of Anjou’s victories in the south, the
Florentines destroy their Ghibelline government.
1267 The Florentines intrust the signoria to Charles of Anjou for
ten years. Their constitution is restored. The Ghibelline cities
in the north go to Conradin’s assistance.
1269 Charles summons a diet of all Lombard cities at Cremona.
Some confer the signoria on him; others offer him an alliance.
He calls himself imperial vicar. The pope becomes jealous of
Charles’ power.
1270 The Doria and Spinola families obtain control of Genoa and
support the Ghibellines. War between Bologna and Venice.
1277 The pope forces Charles to resign the title of imperial vicar.
The Visconti obtain the ascendency in Milan and henceforth
rule the city.
1280 The count of Savoy takes up his residence in Turin. Faenza
becomes subject to Bologna.
1282 War breaks out between Pisa and Genoa.
1284 Disastrous naval defeat of the Pisans by the Genoese, off the
island of Meloria. The power of Pisa is broken. Ugolino della
 Gherardesca made captain-general of Pisa. He makes a
disgraceful peace with the Guelfs.
1288 Deposition of Ugolino, who is starved to death. The marquis
of Este is elected lord of Modena.
1292 Guido di Montefeltro of Pisa victorious over the Florentines.
1293 Peace between Pisa and Florence. A long war breaks out
between Venice and Genoa.
1296 The Ghibellines expel the Guelfs from Genoa. The Venetians
seize Genoese possessions in the Crimea.
1297 The Venetians shut out membership in the Grand Council to
all but members of the noble families.
1298 The Genoese destroy the Venetian fleet off the Dalmatian
coast.
1299 Peace between Venice and Genoa through mediation of
Matteo Visconti. It is favourable to Genoa.
1300 Florence divided between the Neri (violent Guelfs) and
Bianchi (moderate Guelfs) factions. Pope Boniface VIII
invites Charles of Valois to Italy to check the Bianchi.

THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

Civil wars begin to decline. The despots, growing out of the

captains of the people, begin to grasp the free cities.
1301 The Florentines admit Charles of Valois into the city. The
Neri overcome the Bianchi and drive them out. Dante is
among the expelled.
1302 The Visconti are expelled from Milan and the Della Torre
return.
1304 Florence is partially burned in civil riots.
1306 The Este family lose their supremacy in Modena. The Doria
are expelled from Genoa.
1308 Domestic feuds in the Este family. The Venetians assist one
of them to take Ferrara.
1309 The papal legate expels the Estes from Ferrara. It is governed
for the pope by King Robert of Naples, the Guelf leader.
1310 Henry VII of Luxemburg enters Italy. He confers title of
imperial vicar on the reigning lords of the Lombard towns.
The Venetians establish the Council of Ten.
1311 Henry receives the iron crown of Lombardy. The Guelfs
driven from Milan and the Visconti restored. General Guelf
uprising against Henry. Unsuccessful siege of Brescia. The
Genoese confer absolute authority over the city upon Henry
for twenty years.
1312 Henry withdraws from an attack on Florence.
1313 Death of Henry as he is preparing to attack Robert. Henry’s
visit has afforded the despots a means of consolidating their
power. The Visconti rule in Milan, the Scaligeri in Verona, the
Carraresi in Padua. Uguccione dà Faggiuola in Lucca. The
Ghibellines keep up the struggle in Pisa, Lucca, and other
places.
1315 Uguccione wins many victories over the Guelfs in Lombardy
and Tuscany.
1317 The Este family is restored in Ferrara. Civil war in Genoa.
1318 Robert saves Genoa from the Ghibellines and is made ruler
of the city for ten years.
1319 The Ghibellines renew attack on Genoa after Robert’s
departure. Brescia accepts a governor from Robert.
1320 Unsuccessful attempt of Philip of Valois to crush the
Visconti.
1321 The Ghibellines at Genoa defeat an army sent against them
by Robert. Siege of Cremona by Galeazzo Visconti.
1322 Surrender of Cremona to Galeazzo. His brother Marco
defeats the papal and Neapolitan army. Excommunication of
the Visconti family. Frederick of Austria refuses to take part
in the strife.
1323 The papal army captures Alessandria and Tortona. It is driven
from Milan by the Visconti with the help of Ludwig of
 Bavaria, who is excommunicated for giving his assistance.
Massacre of the Pisans in Sardinia by the Aragonese.
1324 Galeazzo defeats the papal and Neapolitan army at Monza.
Robert refuses to make peace.
1325 Castruccio Castracani of Lucca makes himself lord of Pistoia
and with the Visconti attacks Florence.
1326 The Pisans abandon Sardinia to the Aragonese. The
Florentines make Charles, son of Robert, governor of the city
in return for the promise of Robert’s assistance against
Castracani.
1327 Ludwig IV of Germany receives the Lombard crown at
Milan. He imprisons Galeazzo Visconti.
1328 Death of Castracani. Ludwig seizes Pisa and sells Lucca.
Death of the Guelf leader. Carlo Luigi di Gonzaga makes
himself master of Mantua, and assumes title of imperial vicar.
Padua submits to Can Grande della Scala. Ludwig liberates
Galeazzo Visconti, who dies.
1329 Treviso submits to Can Grande della Scala, who dies shortly
afterward. Ludwig returns to Germany. His attempts to
establish the Ghibellines in Germany have ended in failure in
Italy.
1330 John, king of Bohemia, comes to Italy to assume the
leadership of the Ghibellines. He receives the sovereignty of
Brescia, Bergamo, Cremona, and other republics. Azzo
Visconti nominally cedes to him the lordship of Milan. John
reconciles the Guelf and Ghibelline factions in these cities.
1332 Jealous of John’s power the Della Scala and Visconti unite
with the Guelfs of Florence against him, in consequence of
which
1333 John leaves Italy. The Estes repulse an attack of the papal
army on Ferrara.
1334 The papal legate loses Bologna.
1335 After many disputes the Lombard Ghibellines take
possession of the cities abandoned by John. Lucca, which has
been allotted to Florence, is seized by Mastino della Scala and
 war results, in which Florence is unsuccessful. Alliance of
Florence and Venice against Mastino. The Visconti regain
Como and Crema. The Doria and Spinola families again
triumphant in Genoa.
1337 Padua taken from Mastino by Florence and Venice and given
to the Guelf family of Carrara. The Venetians capture Treviso
and other cities, their first Italian possessions beyond the
Lagune. Taddeo de’ Pepoli makes himself master of Bologna.
1338 Florence and Venice make peace with Mastino della Scala
who allies himself with the Ghibellines.
1339 The Genoese, disgusted with the government of their
signoria, replace it by a single chief, Boccanera, who takes
title of doge. First appearance of the Free Companies in Italy.
1341 Mastino attempts to sell Lucca to the Florentines. This alarms
the Pisans, who raise an army and seize Lucca.
1342 The Florentines having taken a sudden fancy to Walter de
Brienne, duke of Athens, who is in Florence on his way to
France, make him their lord for life.
1343 Disgusted with his selfish administration the Florentines
expel the duke of Athens and regain their freedom. Werner
forms the “Great Company.”
1344 The Genoese expel their doge and elect one from the nobility.
1345 Mediation of Lucchino Visconti in Genoa’s civil troubles.
1346 Revolt of Zara suppressed by the Venetians. Parma and
Piacenza submit to Lucchino Visconti.
1347 Rienzi made tribune in Rome.
1348 The great plague in Italy.
1350 War breaks out between Venice and Genoa over the seizure
of some Venetian ships by the Genoese. The Pepoli cede
Bologna to Giovanni Visconti, brother and successor of
Lucchino.
1351 Giovanni Visconti makes an unwarranted attack on the
Tuscan cities. The Florentines drive his army back. The
 Genoese fleet under Paganino Doria wins many victories on
the Adriatic and in Negropont.
1352 Defeat of the Venetians and Aragonese by the Genoese in the
Bosporus. The Eastern emperor gives the Genoese the entire
command of the Black Sea.
1353 Fra Moriale organises his free company. Genoa allies herself
with Hungary. After a disastrous defeat by Venice and Aragon
off the Sardinian coast, she gives up to Giovanni Visconti who
refits the fleet which
1354 destroys that of Venice in the Morea. Death of Giovanni
Visconti; he is succeeded by his three nephews. Charles IV of
Germany arrives in Italy and refuses to join the Visconti.
Rienzi returns to Rome from exile. He is made senator, abuses
his power and is killed.
1355 Conspiracy of Marino Falieri, doge of Venice. He is
beheaded. Charles IV received by Pisa and Siena, who pay
dearly for their hospitality. Venice makes peace with Genoa.
The Raspanti restored in Pisa. The Genoese take Tripoli with
the help of Venice.
1356 The Genoese throw off the yoke of the Visconti. League of
north Italian lords goes to war with the Visconti. The marquis
of Montferrat takes Asti from them. Louis of Hungary renews
struggle with Venice. Jacopo de’ Bussolari delivers Pavia
from the Visconti.
1357 Zara, Spalato, and other towns lost to Louis by Venice. The
league assisted by Count Lando’s Free Company defeats the
Visconti on the Oglio. The Raspanti party in Pisa at
instigation of the Visconti begins to annoy the Florentines.
1358 Peace between the Visconti and the league. The Venetians
abandon Istria and Dalmatia to Louis. The Visconti again
besiege Pavia. The Florentines defeat the Great Company.
1359 Pavia capitulates to Galeazzo Visconti. Siege of Bologna by
Barnabò Visconti.
1360 Cardinal Albornoz takes Bologna and Barnabò Visconti is
finally driven away. Chair of Greek literature founded at
Florence.
1361 Barnabò Visconti renews the siege of Bologna. Sir John
Hawkwood invited into Italy. Foundation of the University of
Pavia by Galeazzo Visconti.
1363 Defeats for the Visconti in several places. Sir John
Hawkwood and his company enter service of Pisa. Pisa
defeats Florence.
1364 The Visconti make peace with the league. Peace between
Pisa and Florence. Giovanni Agnello is made doge of Pisa.
1367 Formation of a new league against the Visconti. It includes
the emperor, the king of Hungary, Padua, Ferrara, Mantua,
and Naples. Barnabò threatens Venice.
1368 Charles IV enters Italy. The Visconti pay him a large sum for
peace. Barnabò Visconti invades Mantua.
1369 Charles returns to Germany. Pisa receives its freedom.
Barnabò makes war on Florence, which is assisted by the
pope.
1370 Lucca buys its independence from the emperor. Galeazzo
Visconti takes Casale. The Florentines capture San Miniato.
The Eastern emperor Joannes V held in Venice for debt.
1371 Barnabò Visconti captures Reggio.
1372 War breaks out between Venice and Genoa.
1373 Venice makes war on Padua, which is compelled to accept
humiliating peace. Genoa attacks Cyprus, restoring it to the
house of Lusignan.
1375 Truce between the Visconti and their enemies. The papal
legate sends Sir John Hawkwood against the Florentines, who
vow vengeance on the holy see and the French legates. They
unite with Barnabò Visconti against the church and admit
Siena, Pisa, and Lucca into the league, and form the “eight of
war.” Eighty cities and towns throw off the yoke of the legate.
1377 The papal forces punish Faenza and Cesena severely. The
league engages Sir John Hawkwood. It begins to break up.
Bologna makes peace with the pope.
1378 Barnabò makes secret negotiations to betray Florence to the
pope. Florence makes peace with Rome. The Venetians
 besiege the Genoese in Cyprus. Defeat of the Genoese fleet
off Antium. Revolt in Florence. Sedition of the ciompi.
Silvestro de’ Medici chosen gonfalonier. Death of Galeazzo
Visconti, succeeded by his son Gian Galeazzo.
1379 The Venetian fleet almost annihilated by the Genoese off
Pola. Pietro Doria captures Chioggia and attacks Venice.
Siege of Treviso by Francesco da Carrara. The town is
relieved by Barnabò Visconti.
1380 The Genoese surrender to the Venetians and make treaty of
peace.
1381 Venice cedes Treviso to Duke Leopold of Austria to save it
from Francesco da Carrara, who has again laid siege to it.
Treaty of Turin. The Albizzi assume the government of
Florence.
1384 Leopold of Austria sells Treviso to Francesco da Carrara.
1385 “The Reformers” driven out of Siena. Gian Galeazzo has his
uncle Barnabò put to death, and takes possession of his
dominions, making many reforms. He thus becomes the most
powerful ruler in Italy. The Milan cathedral is started.
1387 Gian Galeazzo, having made an alliance with Francesco da
Carrara of Padua whom Antonio della Scala of Verona is
attacking on behalf of the Venetians, seizes Verona and
Vicenza, the latter of which he refuses to give Carrara as
promised. He now offers himself to the Venetians against
Padua.
1388 Galeazzo takes Padua, holds it, captures Treviso, and
threatens Venice. He makes many unsuccessful attempts on
the Tuscan cities. Nice joined to Savoy.
1389 Florence makes alliance with Bologna against Gian Galeazzo
engaging Sir John Hawkwood.
1390 Gian Galeazzo attacks Bologna. He is resisted by
Hawkwood. Francesco Novello da Carrara, assisted by the
duke of Bavaria, takes Padua from Gian Galeazzo. The
Florentines engage the count of Armagnac to invade
Lombardy.
1391 Armagnac defeated at Alessandria.
1392 Florence makes peace with Gian Galeazzo. At instigation of
Gian Galeazzo, Jacopo Appiano murders Piero Gambacorti,
the ruler of Pisa, and makes himself master of the city.
1393 Civil war in Genoa.
1394 Death of Sir John Hawkwood.
1395 Gian Galeazzo purchases from the emperor Wencelaus the
title of duke of Milan, and count of Pavia with the investiture
of the twenty-six cities once included in the Lombard League.
The title is to be hereditary.
1396 The Genoese ask the protection of France.
1397 Gian Galeazzo renews war against Florence and Mantua.
1398 The French governor of Genoa is compelled to retire on
account of civil discord in the city. Ten years’ peace between
Gian Galeazzo and Florence and Mantua.
1399 The son of Jacopo Appiano sells Pisa to Gian Galeazzo,
reserving Piombino for himself. Gian Galeazzo receives
promise of surrender from Siena.
1400 Perugia submits to Gian Galeazzo. Paolo Guinigi usurps
sovereignty of Lucca and places himself under Gian
Galeazzo’s protection.

THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

1401 Rupert of Germany enters Italy to suppress Gian Galeazzo,

but is defeated. Gian Galeazzo proclaimed sovereign lord of
Bologna.
1402 Gian Galeazzo dies of the plague. He divides his possessions
between his two young sons Giovanni Maria (duke of Milan)
and Filippo Maria (count of Pavia) under the care of their
mother Caterina and the condottieri in his service. The latter
place themselves at the head of various cities. The Guelfs and
Ghibellines recover power in many places.
1403 The dominions of Gian Galeazzo begin to break up. Bologna
and Perugia are restored to the papal states. Siena places
 herself under the protection of Florence. The Venetians defeat
a French and Genoese fleet.
1404 Francesco Novello da Carrara seizes Verona from the
Visconti. Venice takes Vicenza and leagues with Francesco di
Gonzaga of Mantua to take Verona from the lord of Padua.
Caterina Visconti imprisoned and poisoned.
1405 The Venetians with the lord of Mantua capture Verona and
Padua. Jean Boucicault, French governor of Genoa, to whom
the Pisans have given the protection of their cities, offers to
sell it to Florence. The Pisans resist, and war with Florence
results.
1406 Francesco da Carrara and his sons executed at Venice. Pisa
surrenders to Florence.
1408 Ladislaus of Naples attacks Tuscany, ravages Arezzo and
Siena, and seizes Cortona.
1409 Florence, in alarm at Ladislaus’ ambitions, calls on Louis of
Anjou to prosecute his claim to Naples. Boucicault attempts
to take Milan. During his absence the Genoese drive the
French from their city. Louis returns to Provence.
1410 The Florentine army under Braccio da Montone occupies
Rome. Ladislaus accepts offers of peace.
1411 War breaks out between Hungary and Venice.
1412 The Milanese murder the cruel Giovanni Maria Visconti.
Filippo Maria seizes the city and marries the widow of Facino
Cane. The Venetians drive the Hungarians from Treviso and
regain part of Friuli.
1416 Amadeus VIII joins Piedmont to Savoy.
1417 Muzio Attendolo Sforza, in the pay of Naples, drives Braccio
da Montone and the Florentine army from Rome.
1418 Filippo Maria has his wife executed.
1419 The Milanese general, Francesco Carmagnola, recovers
Bergamo for Filippo Maria.
1420 Carmagnola recovers Parma, Cremona, and Brescia for
Milan. The Venetians recover Dalmatia and Friuli from the
 Hungarians.
1421 Genoa submits to Carmagnola, but reserves her liberties.
1424 Filippo Maria defeats the Florentines. Disgrace of
Carmagnola.
1425 Continued defeats of the Florentines. Venice unites with
Florence and employs Carmagnola.
1426 Florence, Venice, Ferrara, Mantua, Siena, Savoy, and Naples
unite against Filippo Maria. Francesco Sforza, son of Muzio
Attendolo, enters his service. Carmagnola takes Brescia from
Milan.
1427 The Venetians destroy a fleet collected by Filippo Maria to
conquer Mantua and Ferrara. Carmagnola defeats badly the
duke of Milan’s army near Macalo. Savoy withdraws from the
league and receives territory from Filippo Maria.
1428 Peace made between Milan and the allies. The Florentines
attack and take possession of Lucca.
1430 Niccolo Piccinino, the Milanese general, drives the
Florentines from Lucca. Venice and Florence reunite against
Milan and the war recommences.
1431 Francesco Sforza defeats Carmagnola at Soncino. The
Milanese destroy the Venetian fleet. The marquis of
Montferrat is defeated by Sforza. The allied fleets defeat the
Genoese.
1432 The signoria of Venice suspect Carmagnola’s loyalty. They
invite him to Venice and behead him. Sigismund sells the title
of marquis of Mantua to Giovanni di Gonzaga.
1433 Francesco Sforza occupies the March of Ancona, which the
pope cedes to him the following year. Peace of Ferrara
between Milan and the allies. Treaty between Sigismund and
Siena and Florence. Rinaldo degli Albizzi, head of the
oligarchy of Florence, imprisons and banishes Cosmo de’
Medici, the leader of the opposition.
1434 The Florentines recall Cosmo de’ Medici and place him at
the head of the government. The banished Albizzi flee to
Milan and persuade the duke to make war on Florence.
1435 Filippo Maria leagues with Alfonso of Naples against the
pope. The Genoese throw off the protection of Milan and
restore their independent government.
1436 Renewal of the league between Florence and Venice against
Milan. Genoa joins it. Francesco Sforza enters the service of
the allies.
1438 Sforza returns to the duke of Milan, who has promised him
his daughter in marriage.
1439 The duke of Milan fails to keep his promise and Sforza
returns to the allies. He is successful against Milan.
1441 Peace made between Milan and the allies. Sforza marries
Filippo Maria’s daughter. Venice acquires the principality of
Ravenna.
1443 Pope Eugenius IV plots to wrest the March of Ancona from
Sforza. Alfonso of Naples and the duke of Milan aid him.
Sforza defeats Piccinino at Monteloro.
1444 Sforza holds out against the alliance, which presses him hard.
1446 Florence and Venice go to the aid of Sforza.
1447 Sforza loses the March of Ancona. Death of Filippo Maria.
The duchy is claimed by Alfonso of Naples, the duke of
Orleans, and by Sforza. Milan and other Lombard cities
restore their independence, but Sforza makes himself master
of Milan and captures Piacenza. Other cities submit to him.
1448 Sforza goes to war with Venice. He takes a large portion of
their territory, burns their fleet, and wins a great victory at
Caravaggio; then makes an alliance with Venice against
Milan, which is afraid of his treachery and shuts him out of
the city.
1449 The Venetians, realising Sforza’s schemes to enslave Italy,
desert him and join the Milanese. Sforza besieges Milan.
1450 The Milanese finally decide to admit Sforza and recognise
him as their duke.
1452 Sforza, having made alliance with Florence, Genoa, and
Mantua, goes to war with Venice. Frederick III sells Borso
d’Este, Reggio, and the duchy of Modena.
1454 Pope Nicholas V brings about the Peace of Lodi, signed by
Milan and Venice.
1455 Alfonso of Naples signs the Peace of Lodi, and joins with the
pope and the north Italian states in a league against the Turks.
1457 Genoa and Naples go to war. The Council of Ten in Naples
deposes the great doge Francesco Foscari, who dies of grief.
1458 The Neapolitans besiege Genoa. Cosmo de’ Medici and
Lucas Pitti plan to force despot rule upon Florence.
1461 The Genoese free themselves from Naples.
1462 The Venetians ally themselves with Matthias Corvinus
against the Turks.
1463 Venice purchases Cervia from Malatesta IV.
1464 Sforza obtains control of Genoa. Death of Cosmo de’ Medici.
His son Piero succeeds to the presidency of Florence.
1466 The Pitti family is defeated in its attempt to subjugate
Florence. The Alberti party is banished. Death of Francesco
Sforza. His son Galeazzo Maria succeeds. He misgoverns the
duchy and alienates the people from him.
1469 Death of Piero de’ Medici. His sons Lorenzo and Giuliano
succeed, but the governing power remains in the hands of the
five citizens who exercised it under Piero.
1470 The Turks take Negropont in Eubœa from the Venetians.
Florence, Modena, Milan, Naples, and the pope form a holy
league against the Turks. Venice and the knights of Rhodes
make alliance with the sultan of Persia for the same purpose.
The conspiracy of Nardi against the Medici.
1471 The pope confers the duchy of Ferrara upon Borso d’Este.
1472 The fleet of the Holy League drives the Turks from the
Grecian archipelago and ravages Smyrna.
1473 The Turks reach the borders of Friuli.
1475 The Venetians garrison the island of Cyprus. The Turks
capture the Genoese ports in the Crimea.