Introduction to Geospatial

Technologies 2nd Edition Shellito Test

Bank
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankdeal.com/download/introduction-to-geospatial-technologies-2nd-editio
n-shellito-test-bank/
Introduction to Geospatial Technologies 2nd Edition Shellito Test Bank

Chapter 1 Test Bank Questions

Multiple Choice:

1. Computer-based mapping and analysis of location-based data best describes

a. GIS.
b. GPS.
c. remote sensing.
d. aerial photography.

2. Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in orbit best describes
a. a Geographic Information System.
b. a Global Positioning System.
c. remote sensing.
d. satellite imagery.

3. Which of the following is an example of non-spatial data?

a. List of addresses for a delivery truck to visit
b. Parcel database of all residential developments in a neighborhood
c. Digital map of all roads in a township
d. Map of locations of emergency phones on a college campus

4. Which of the following is NOT an example of geospatial data?

a. The dimensions of a lake
b. The length of a piece of wood
c. The measurement made between two road intersections
d. The size and shape of the continent of North America

5. What makes geospatial data unique?

a. It does not contain any location information.
b. It contains descriptive information for all locations.
c. It contains a unique name for every potential location.
d. It is connected to a real-world location.

6. Google Earth is an example of a

a. social map.
b. satellite map.
c. virtual globe.

Visit TestBankDeal.com to get complete for all chapters

 d. GPS.

7. Imagery that you can see in Google Earth

a. represents one “snapshot” in time from when the image was acquired.
b. is updated via a live link to a Google satellite in orbit.
c. represents the current satellite image from when you start Google Earth.
d. is not updated—you must use the Keyhole Viewer program to see current
imagery.

8. Environmental conditions for the planet Earth can be monitored by which of the
following?
a. Remote sensing
b. Global Positioning Systems
c. Non-spatial data
d. Tabular data

9. The concept of individuals contributing spatial data and knowledge to a database best
describes
a. volunteered geographic information.
b. wiki spatial data.
c. geo-sponsored information.
d. open geospatial consortiums.

10. Which of the following is NOT an example of VGI?

a. Obtaining a satellite image provided from a commercial vendor
b. Updating an online road map with information about a closed road
c. Geotagging a photo and adding it to Google Earth
d. Adding information about the location of dead birds to a Center for Disease
Control online map

Short Answer / Essay

11. Describe three applications of geospatial technology in the private sector.

There are numerous answers to this question, as geospatial technologies are used in a
wide variety of settings. From information presented in the chapter, geospatial
technologies can be used for the following three examples: 1) map the locations of
Introduction to Geospatial Technologies 2nd Edition Shellito Test Bank

homes for sale so that users can spatially compare home values and selling prices, 2)
determine the best new site for a new restaurant or retail business, and 3) track the
location of new housing developments over time.

12. Describe three fields in the public sector that utilize geospatial technology.

There are many possible answers to this question as geospatial technologies are used in
such a large variety of fields. From information presented in the chapter, geospatial
technologies can be used for the following three fields: 1) homeland security, 2) law
enforcement, and 3) public health and human services.

Visit TestBankDeal.com to get complete for all chapters

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
1476 Conspiracy at Ferrara in favour of Niccolo d’Este. It fails.
Assassination of Galeazzo Maria Sforza at Milan, the result of
the Olgiate conspiracy. His son Giovanni Galeazzo Maria
succeeds under regency of his mother.
1477 Revolt of Matteo de’ Fieschi at Genoa.
1478 The Pazzi conspiracy in Florence, aided by Sixtus IV.
Giuliano is murdered. Lorenzo, wounded, escapes. The
people massacre most of the conspirators, among them the
archbishop of Pisa, for which deed Sixtus excommunicates
Florence. The pope, and Naples, and other Italian states begin
war on Florence. The Genoese restore their government.
1479 Venice makes peace with the Turks, giving up Scutari and
fortresses in Illyria and the Morea. Sixtus IV induces the
Swiss to declare war on Milan. They win a victory at
Giornico. Defeat of the Florentines by the Neapolitans at
Poggio Imperiale. The situation of Lorenzo becomes critical.
The pope demands his expulsion from Florence. He goes to
Naples. Lodovico Sforza (Il Moro), uncle of the young
Giovanni Galeazzo Maria, undertakes the government of
Milan.
1480 Lorenzo makes treaty with Ferdinand of Naples. On return to
Florence he makes the yoke more oppressive. The pope in
fear of the Turks, who have landed in Italy, becomes
reconciled to Lorenzo and makes treaty with him.
1481 All states of Italy (Venice excepted) unite against the Turks
and recover Otranto, lost the previous year. Sixtus and the
Venetians attempt to seize Ferrara and divide it between them.
1482 Milan, Florence, and Naples form a league to prevent Venice
and the pope from carrying out their designs.
1483 Sixtus now sides with the league and excommunicates Venice
for persisting in the attack on Ferrara.
1484 Peace of Bagnolo between Ferrara and Venice; the former
gives up some of her possessions.
1485 Innocent VIII begins a war upon Florence, but makes peace
the following year.
1487 Lorenzo de’ Medici wrests Sarzana from the Genoese, who
put themselves again under Milan’s protection.
1489 Galeotto Manfredi, lord of Faenza, stabbed by his wife as he
is about to sell his principality to the Venetians. Savonarola
arrives in Florence and begins to preach reform in the church.
1492 Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici. His son Piero succeeds.
1493 Lodovico il Moro, wishing to retain his power in Milan, plots
to get rid of his enemy the king of Naples, and invites Charles
VIII of France to revive the Angevin claim to Naples.
1494 The emperor Maximilian makes Lodovico duke of Milan.
Giovanni Galeazzo Maria banished to Pavia. Alfonso II of
Naples attacks Genoa but is defeated by the Swiss. Charles
VIII enters Italy. Sudden and mysterious death of Giovanni
Galeazzo Maria. Charles enters Tuscany. Piero surrenders
Sarzana and offers to give up Pisa and other cities. The people
rise and drive Piero out of Florence. Charles grants the Pisans
their liberty and proceeds to Rome.
1495 Lodovico, alarmed at Charles’ success, forms a league
against him, with the pope, the emperor Maximilian, and
Ferdinand of Spain, in Venice. Charles leaves Naples and with
difficulty returns to France. Formation of the Grand Council
by advice of Savonarola to govern Florence.
1496 Maximilian comes to Italy with an army, but returns to
Germany after a quarrel with Venice. Florence attempts to
regain Pisa.
1498 The Venetians and Florentines struggle for the possession of
Pisa. Milan aids the Florentines. Execution of Savonarola.
Death of Charles VIII in France. His successor, Louis XII,
takes title of duke of Milan and claims the duchy.
1499 Louis makes a treaty with the Venetians for the conquest of
Milan. The French army enters Italy. Flight of Lodovico il
Moro to Germany. Louis XII enters Milan. The rest of
Lombardy submits. Genoa comes under French protection.
The Florentines tire of the war with Pisa and make peace.
1500 The Milanese tire of the oppressive French. Lodovico returns
with an army. Como, Milan, Parma, and Pavia open their
 gates. Novara taken after a siege. Lodovico is betrayed at
Novara into the hands of Louis de la Trémouille, the French
general, and sent to France in captivity. Milan again subject to
the French. The French army marches to Naples.

THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

1501 Cesare Borgia begins his conquest of the petty states of

Romagna. He takes Pesaro, Rimini, Forlì, and Faenza.
1502 Cesare seizes the duchy of Urbino with the aid of Louis. He
wars with the Orsini and plans to capture Pisa, and marries his
sister Lucrezia to the son of the duke of Ferrara. The
Florentines create the office of gonfalonier for life.
1503 At death of Pope Alexander VI the dominions of Cesare are
taken from him by Julius II. Venice seizes Faenza and Rimini,
which enrages the pope. The Venetians make peace with the
Turks, renouncing their possessions in the Peloponnesus.
Death of Piero de’ Medici with the French army in Naples.
Pietro Soderini chosen gonfalonier of Florence.
1504 Louis signs treaty of Blois with Maximilian, in which they
propose to divide the republic of Venice between them.
Florence makes another attempt to take Pisa.
1506 Julius II attacks Perugia and Bologna.
1507 Unable to endure the yoke of the French and their own
nobles, the Genoese drive out the French and restore the
republic. Louis at once captures Genoa and puts the doge and
other prominent citizens to death.
1508 Unsuccessful invasion of Italy by Maximilian. The Venetians
defeat him and he is compelled to make truce, yielding them
Trieste. The infamous League of Cambray formed by the
pope, the emperor, Spain, and France against Venice. Savoy,
Mantua, and Ferrara also join.
1509 France declares war on Venice. The Venetians, badly
defeated at Agnadello, give up their possessions in northern
Italy. The Venetians regain Padua. The Florentines capture
Pisa.
1510 Julius begins to fear his foreign allies and resolves to drive
the barbarians from Italy with the aid of the Swiss. He
absolves the Venetians and pits the Spanish against the
French. The French are attacked in Genoa, Modena, and
Verona.
1511 Julius captures Mirandola; the French take Bologna from
him. Julius forms the holy league with the Spaniards, English,
Swiss, and Venetians against France.
1512 Gaston de Foix relieves the French, besieged in Bologna by
the Spaniards; retakes Brescia, and fights a great battle at
Ravenna with the pope and his allies, in which he is killed.
Maximilian abandons the French. The Swiss occupy Milan
and restore Massimiliano Sforza, son of Lodovico. The pope
regains Bologna and Ferrara, and seizes Parma and Piacenza
from the Milanese. The Medici return to Florence and resume
their former position. Genoa expels the French. Italy passes
from the yoke of France to that of the Swiss, Spaniards, and
Germans.
1513 Giovanni de’ Medici becomes Pope Leo X. Alliance between
the Venetians and the French. The latter enter the duchy of
Milan, but are defeated by the Swiss mercenaries at Novara.
The Spaniards attack Venice on behalf of Maximilian, and
occupy Verona, Padua, and Vicenza, acting with great cruelty.
1514 The French are driven out of their last fortresses in Italy.
1515 Francis I, the new French king, asserts his claim to Milan,
recovers Genoa, and badly defeats the Swiss at Marignano.
He enters Milan, and the Swiss leave Italy forever, after
making peace with Francis. Massimiliano Sforza abdicates.
Venice captures Bergamo and Peschiera. Peace between
Francis and Leo. The latter gives up Parma and Piacenza.
1516 The Venetians capture Brescia and lay siege to Verona.
Treaty of Noyon between Francis and Charles I of Spain.
Maximilian agrees to it. By its terms Venice recovers all the
territory taken from her by the League of Cambray.
1517 Verona restored to Venice. France and Venice renew their
alliance. Leo turns the duke of Urbino out of his duchy and
gives it to Lorenzo de’ Medici.
1518 Treaty of peace signed between Maximilian and Venice.
1519 Death of Lorenzo. The pope annexes Urbino to his states and
attempts to seize Ferrara. Charles V succeeds to the imperial
title.
1521 Leo makes treaty with Charles to drive the French from Italy.
The allies enter Milan; the Sforza are restored. Death of Leo
stops attempts on Ferrara.
1522 The French, defeated, evacuate Lombardy, but retain Genoa,
which is pillaged by the Spaniards.
1524 The French attempt to recover Lombardy. Francis besieges
Pavia.
1525 Battle of Pavia. Defeat and capture of Francis. The way for
Spanish dominion is opened in Italy. The marquis of Pescara
betrays the Sforza party into the hands of the emperor.
1526 Francis, liberated, treats with the pope, the Venetians, and
Francesco Sforza, to deliver Italy from the Spaniards.
Surrender of Sforza and Milan to the Spaniards. The constable
De Bourbon leads the imperial forces to Rome.
1527 Capture and sack of Rome by the Spaniards. The pope a
prisoner, escapes to Orvieto. The Florentines restore their
republican government and drive Alessandro de’ Medici from
the city. A French army under Lautrec enters Lombardy,
conquers Pavia, Genoa, and many other cities. The duke of
Ferrara seizes Modena, and the Venetians Ravenna.
1528 Andrea Doria drives the French from Genoa, and re-
establishes the republic.
1529 Treaty of Barcelona between Charles and the pope, restoring
the Medici to Florence. Peace of Cambray between Francis
and Charles, in which France relinquishes all claims on Italy
to Spain. Francesco Sforza and the duke of Ferrara submit to
Charles. Venice gives up Ravenna and Cervia to the pope. The
republics of Lucca, Genoa, and Siena make themselves
dependent on Charles. The marquis of Montferrat and the
duke of Savoy join the Spanish party and the former is made
duke.
1530 Charles crowned king of Italy and emperor at Bologna. Fall
of Florence before the imperial army, after a brave defence by
Francesco Ferrucci. End of the republic. Charles decides the
papal claims on Ferrara in favour of Alfonso d’Este.
1531 Return of Alessandro de’ Medici to Florence with title of
duke of Cività di Penne, obtained from the emperor. The pope
relinquishes Modena to Alfonso and makes him duke of
Ferrara.
1535 On death of Francesco Sforza, Charles takes possession of
the duchy of Milan and makes his son Philip governor. For
this act France again attempts to gain a foothold in Italy and
sends an army into Savoy.
1536 Capture of Turin by the French. Sack and burning of Nice.
Montferrat is given to the duke of Mantua.
1537 Assassination of Alessandro de’ Medici. Cosmo of the
younger branch is made duke.
1538 League of Genoa and Venice against the Turks. Andrea Doria
breaks the alliance and is defeated by the Algerine corsair
Barbarossa.
1540 Peace between Venice and the Turks; all the former’s
possessions in the Morea are given up. Paul III forms the
Society of Jesus.
1545 Pope Paul III makes Parma and Piacenza into a duchy for his
son Pier Luigi Farnese.
1546 Cosmo thwarts the plot of Francesco Burlamacchi of Lucca
to restore the liberty of the Tuscan republics. Burlamacchi
executed at Milan.
1547 Gian Luigi de’ Fieschi, with the aid of the French, forms a
conspiracy to throw off the yoke of the Spaniards and Andrea
Doria. Genoa is seized, but Fieschi is drowned and the Doria
remain in control. The duke of Parma is assassinated. The
imperial troops seize Piacenza; the pope seizes Parma.
1552 Pope Julius III gives Parma back to Pier Luigi’s son, Ottavio.
The Sienese drive out the Spanish garrison and admit a
French one.
1553 The French, aided by the Turks, capture a portion of Corsica
from the Genoese, most of which Andrea Doria recovers the
following year.
1554 Cosmo de’ Medici makes a sudden attack on Siena. The
marquis of Marignano undertakes to reduce the city.
1555 Surrender of Siena after a siege of fifteen months. The
Spaniards take possession. Pope Paul IV induces Henry II of
France to break his treaty of peace with Spain. The duke of
Alva invades the papal states. The duke of Guise and the pope
oppose him.
1557 The duke of Alva forces the French to retreat. The pope
makes peace with the Spaniards. Philip gives Cosmo full
sovereignty over Siena.
1559 The French-Spanish war terminated by the peace of Cateau-
Cambrésis. It leaves the king of Spain undisputed lord of
Italy. Savoy and Piedmont (except a few towns) are restored
to Emmanuel Philibert. The only remaining republics are
Venice, Genoa, Lucca, and San Marino. Venice alone is of any
importance.
1562 Turin and four other towns are restored by the French to
Emmanuel Philibert. He transfers his capital to Turin, and his
house becomes thoroughly Italian.
1569 Pope Pius V makes Cosmo de’ Medici grand duke of
Tuscany. The emperor protests.
1570 The Turks take Cyprus from the Venetians.
1571 The combined fleets of Venice, Spain, the pope, and the
knights of Malta, defeat the Turks in the Gulf of Lepanto.
This victory delivers Italy from the infidel, but the allies do
not follow it up.
1573 Venice is forced to make peace with the Turks. She gives up
Cyprus and pays a large tribute.
1575 The emperor acknowledges the title of grand duke of
Tuscany.
1576 Great devastation made by the plague in Italy.
1578 Failure of a conspiracy at Florence against the grand duke of
Tuscany.
1580 Charles Emmanuel succeeds his father as duke of Savoy.
1582 Charles Emmanuel fails in an attempt to capture Genoa.
1586 Death of Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma. His son Alessandro
succeeds.
1588 The duke of Savoy taking advantage of Francis’ distracted
condition, conquers Saluzzo.
1589 The duke of Savoy invades Provence.
1590 The French drive Charles Emmanuel from Provence.
1597 Death of Alfonso d’Este, duke of Ferrara. Pope Clement VIII
claims his dominions (Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio) from his
kinsman and heir, Cesare d’Este. France sides with the pope,
and Spain with the duke.
1598 Cesare gives up Ferrara to the pope and retires to Modena
and Reggio, where he rules as duke.
1600 Henry IV of France proceeds against the duke of Savoy.

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

1601 Peace of Lyons between Henry IV and Charles Emmanuel.

The latter is allowed to keep Saluzzo, but gives up Bresse,
Bugey, and the Pays de Gex, his possessions in Burgundy.
1606 Pope Paul V attempts to compel Venice to acknowledge his
ecclesiastical supremacy. Hitherto the Venetians have
recognised no chief above their own patriarch. They prepare
for war with the pope. Henry IV mediates. The Venetians in a
veiled manner admit the papal supremacy, but refuse to
readmit the Jesuits, and the pope removes the interdiction.
1613 On the death of Francesco, the duke of Mantua and
Montferrat, his brother Ferdinand succeeds. Charles
Emmanuel invades Montferrat on behalf of his daughter, the
late duke’s widow. Philip III of Spain orders him to evacuate
the duchy and the duke of Savoy goes to war with Spain.
1615 The Spanish governor of Milan attacks Charles Emmanuel.
Venice and the imperial party come to hostilities over the
piracies of the Uscochi, subjects of the empire.
1617 Venice makes alliance with the Dutch.
1618 Conspiracy of Don Pedro de Toledo, governor of Milan, the
duke of Osuna, and the marquis of Bedmar to destroy Venice.
It is betrayed to the Council of Ten and thwarted.
1620 The Catholics in the Grisons revolt against the Protestant
government. Philip III sends the governor of Milan to help the
Catholics. He occupies the Valtelline.
1624 France, Savoy, and Venice unite against Spain in the war in
the Grisons.
1625 The duke of Savoy and a French army make an attempt to
capture Genoa. The Germans and Spaniards invade Savoy and
the duke is obliged to abandon the siege.
1626 On the death of the last of the Della Rovere family the duchy
of Urbino is annexed to the papal states.
1627 On the death of the duke of Mantua, Charles Emmanuel
again seizes Montferrat.
1628 France and Venice oppose the duke of Savoy. Spain and
Austria assist him. The Spaniards seize Casale. Plot of
Vachero and others in Genoa to place the city under the
protection of Charles Emmanuel. It is discovered and its
leader executed.
1629 Treaty of Susa between France and Savoy. Spain and the
emperor refuse to ratify it.
1630 Death of Charles Emmanuel, succeeded by his son Victor
Amadeus I. The imperial army seizes Mantua.
1631 The Montferrat question settled by the treaty of Cherasco.
Mantua and Montferrat are given to Charles, duke of Nevers.
Savoy gets a small portion of Montferrat and Pinerolo is
ceded to France.
1637 On death of Victor Amadeus a contest over the regency for
his young son, Charles Emmanuel II, begins.
1639 Capture of Turin by Prince Thomas of Savoy in the contest
for the regency.
1642 The duke’s mother Christina obtains the regency of Savoy
under the protection of France. This leads to the implication
of Italy in the wars of Louis XIII with Germany and Spain.
Civil war breaks out in Italy. The ducal families take the side
of Spain.
1645 War breaks out between Venice and the Turks. The latter
seize a portion of Candia.
1651 The Venetians win a great naval victory from the Turks near
Scio.
1655 The Spaniards besiege Reggio without success. Prince
Thomas of Savoy and the duke of Modena with a French
army fail in an attempt to capture Pavia. Naval victory of the
Venetians over the Turks in the Dardanelles.
1656 Continued naval victories of the Venetians; they hire
mercenaries from the pope, and admit the Jesuits into their
city.
1659 The wars of Louis XIV and Spain ended by the treaty of the
Pyrenees. France retains possession of Pinerolo.
1669 After a long siege the Turks take Candia from the Venetians.
Crete is lost.
1670 After a long reign Ferdinand II, grand duke of Tuscany, dies,
succeeded by his son Cosmo III.
1675 Death of Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy. Victor Amadeus II
succeeds.
1684 The French fleet bombards Genoa, whose citizens have
refused to allow Louis XIV to establish a depot at Savona.
Venice, encouraged by Sobieski’s victories over the Turks,
leagues with the emperor and the Poles against them.
1685 The doge of Genoa and four senators go to Paris to apologise
and make terms with Louis XIV. The Venetians under
Francesco Morosini take many towns in the Morea from the
Turks.
1686 The duke of Savoy forbids all religions but the Catholic to
exist in Savoy.
1687 The Venetians complete the conquest of the Morea. They
seize Lepanto, Corinth, and Athens.
1690 Toleration of the Protestants is restored in Savoy, which joins
the league against France. The French take Saluzzo and other
territory from Savoy.
1691 The progress of the French in Savoy is stopped by a German
army. Continued success of the Venetians in Greece.
1694 Siege of Casale by the duke of Savoy.
1695 The war with the Turks begins to turn against the Venetians.
1696 The duke of Savoy makes peace with France, which gives up
Pinerolo to him.
1699 Treaty of Karlowitz between Venice and the Turks. The
former is confirmed in her conquests in Greece.

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

1701 The war of the Spanish Succession is begun in Italy. Tuscany

and Mantua side with the French. Prince Eugene of Savoy
defeats the French army.
1702 Prince Eugene captures Cremona and besieges Mantua. The
duke of Vendôme drives him off. Victory of the French and
Spaniards at Santa Vittoria.
1704 The duke of Savoy goes over to the Austrian side. The
French are supreme in Savoy and Modena.
1706 Battle of Turin and great defeat of the French, who lose all
their conquests in Italy. The duke of Savoy recovers his
possessions and obtains Montferrat. Charles III is proclaimed
king of Spain.
1708 The emperor Joseph I claims the duchy of Mantua on the
death of the last duke. The pope attempts to resist, but is
overcome and submits to Joseph’s claim.
1713 The Peace of Utrecht. For his services in the war of the
Spanish Succession, Victor Amadeus II receives Sicily with
the title of king and is crowned at Palermo. The emperor
Charles receives Milan, Mantua, Sardinia, and Naples. Italy
passes from the power of Spain to that of Austria.
1714 The pope lays claim to Sicily and issues a bull against Victor
Amadeus, who ignores it. Philip V marries Elizabeth Farnese,
which makes him heir to Parma and Piacenza, and a claimant
of Tuscany.
1715 The Turks go to war with the Venetians and reconquer the
Morea.
1716 The emperor assists the Venetians. Prince Eugene captures
Temesvar. The combined fleet captures Santa Maura.
1717 In the dispute with Austria over the succession to the grand
duchy of Tuscany, Philip V of Spain unexpectedly conquers
Sardinia. The allied armies make headway against the Turks.
1718 The Quadruple Alliance—Great Britain, France, Austria, and
the Netherlands—formed against Philip, to take Lombardy
from him. War with the Turks ended by the Peace of
Passarowitz. Venice gives up the struggle against the infidels
after five hundred years. She is now in full decline and takes
no part in the eighteenth-century wars. The Spaniards invade
Sicily.
1719 The Spaniards defeated and driven off from Messina. They
leave the island.
1720 Philip agrees to the terms of the Quadruple Alliance. For his
adherence to Philip, Victor Amadeus is compelled to
exchange Sicily for Sardinia, and his realm is henceforth
called the kingdom of Sardinia. Sicily is reunited to Naples.
1723 Gian Gastone succeeds to the grand duchy of Tuscany.
1730 Victor Amadeus abdicates in favour of his son, Charles
Emmanuel III. The Corsicans revolt against the Genoese to
rid themselves of tyranny.
1731 Death of the last duke of Parma. Don Charles of Spain
succeeds. Victor Amadeus attempts to regain his crown, but is
defeated by Charles Emmanuel and imprisoned in the castle
 of Rimini, where he dies in 1732. Charles Emmanuel destroys
all temporal power of the pope in his realm.
1733 The war of the Polish Succession begins. France makes
alliance with Spain and Sardinia. They plan to drive the
Austrians from Italy; to establish Don Charles on the throne
of the Two Sicilies and in the duchies; and to give Milan to
Charles Emmanuel. The latter seizes Milan.
1734 Victory of Charles Emmanuel at Guastalla.
1735 Don Charles goes to Sicily and is crowned king.
1737 Death of Gian Gastone, grand duke of Tuscany, the last of the
Medici.
1738 The Treaty of Vienna settles the disputes of the war of the
Polish Succession. Duke Francis of Lorraine receives
Tuscany. Parma and Piacenza are given to Austria, which
keeps Milan and Mantua. Don Charles acknowledged king of
the Two Sicilies. Charles Emmanuel acquires Novara, and
Tortona is separated from Milan.
1740 War of the Austrian Succession begins. The Bourbon houses
of Spain, France, and the Sicilies oppose the Habsburg-
Lorraine party in the succession of Maria Theresa.
1741 Charles Emmanuel joins the Habsburg cause.
1742 The king of Sardinia attacks Reggio and Modena. The
Spanish army invades Savoy, but is driven back.
1743 The Sardinians defeated by the French and Spaniards, who
seize Parma and Milan. Francis of Lorraine, elected emperor,
sends an Austrian army against them.
1745 Defeat of the French and Spaniards by the king of Sardinia
and the Austrians at Piacenza. The Genoese compelled to
admit the Austrians into the city, but they afterwards expel
them.
1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the war, and redivides Italy.
Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla are made into a duchy for
Don Philip, brother of Charles III of the Two Sicilies. The
Austrians keep Milan and Tuscany. Venice, Lucca, and San
Marino remain free, so does Genoa, but, with the duchy of
 Modena, it is placed under the protection of France. Until the
French Revolution Italy ceases to be a matter of dispute
between the European nations.
1755 Pasquale Paoli takes command of the Corsicans in their
continued struggle to free themselves from Genoa. He plans
to establish a republic in the island.
1765 Death of the emperor Francis. Tuscany, which, since his
assumption of the emperorship, has been practically an
Austrian province, is given to his son Leopold and becomes a
separate state once more.
1768 Genoa, wearied of the struggle with Corsica, cedes it to
France.
1773 Death of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, succeeded by his
son, Victor Amadeus III.
1790 Leopold, succeeding to the empire, makes his son, Ferdinand
III, grand duke of Tuscany.
1792 The French army captures Savoy and Nice and makes them
part of the republic.
1793 Victor Amadeus joins the alliance against France.
1796 The French army under Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the
Alps. Victor Amadeus surrenders his claim to Savoy and
Nice, and gives up Alessandria and Tortona after Bonaparte’s
many victories. The French invade the Austrian dominions
and enter Milan. Bonaparte enters Bologna and founds the
Cispadane Republic, with Bologna as capital. Death of Victor
Amadeus, succeeded by his son, Charles Emmanuel IV.
Defeat of the Austrians at Arcola.
1797 Defeat of the Austrians at Rivoli completes conquest of
Lombardy. Mantua surrenders to Bonaparte. He declares war
on Venice and enters the city. Revolt against the republican
party in Genoa; Bonaparte interferes and establishes the
Ligurian Republic. He forms Lombardy, Parma, Modena, the
papal state of Bologna, Ferrara, Romagna, and part of Venice
into the Cisalpine Republic, with capital at Milan. Treaty of
Campo-Formio recognises the new republics and gives the
remainder of Venice to Austria.
1798 The French army enters Rome and forms the Tiberine
Republic. Pope Pius VI sent a captive to France. The French
take Piedmont and Charles Emmanuel retires to Sardinia.
1799 The French garrison gives up Rome to the English. The
French directory declares war against Austria and Tuscany.
The allies under Kay and Suvarroff defeat the French many
times in northern Italy. Milan is taken. The Austrians take
Ancona and Coni.
1800 Bonaparte recovers his lost possessions in Italy. Battle of
Marengo. Genoa and Tuscany given up to Bonaparte.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

1801 Bonaparte deposes Ferdinand III; makes Tuscany into the

kingdom of Etruria, and gives it to Louis, son of the duke of
Parma.
1802 The Cisalpine becomes the Italian Republic and Bonaparte is
president. Piedmont annexed to France. Charles Emmanuel
abdicates in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I.
1803 Death of Louis of Etruria. His wife, Maria Louisa, rules as
regent for his young son, Charles Louis.
1805 The emperor Napoleon makes the Italian Republic into a
kingdom and is crowned king; Eugène Beauharnais viceroy.
The Ligurian Republic is annexed to France. Lucca is made a
principality, and with the kingdom of Etruria given to Elisa
Bonaparte.
1806 By the conditions of the Peace of Pressburg the Venetian
possessions of Austria are added to the kingdom of Italy.
Pauline Bonaparte cedes Guastalla to the kingdom.
1807 Elisa Bonaparte cedes Etruria to the kingdom of Italy.
1809 Napoleon seizes the papal states and occupies Rome. He is
excommunicated by the pope.
1810 The papal states are added to the French Empire.
1814 The English capture Genoa. The pope returns to Rome by
Napoleon’s permission. Fall of Napoleon. Genoa, instigated
 by England, makes a vain attempt to restore the Ligurian
Republic.
1815 By the Treaty of Paris and Congress of Vienna, Victor
Emmanuel I receives back the kingdom of Sardinia with the
addition of Genoa. Venice and Milan are formed into the
Lombardo-Venetian province of Austria. Lucca is given to the
Parmesan Bourbons who are to recover Parma and Piacenza
at the death of Maria Louisa, Napoleon’s wife, to whom they
are allotted as a duchy. Ferdinand III is restored to Tuscany,
and he is to receive Lucca when the Parmesan house takes
possession of its own territory. Francis IV is made duke of
Modena and he is to receive Lunigiana from the grand duke
of Tuscany when the latter takes possession of Lucca. The
papal states are restored to Pope Pius VII. San Marino
remains undisturbed, the only Italian republic. Murat drives
the pope from Rome, but is defeated and escapes to Corsica.
All the Italian sovereigns are in strict alliance with Austria
through whose influence they hold their thrones.
1821 The people of Turin and Alessandria demand constitutional
governments, and war with Austria. Rather than grant any
concession Victor Emmanuel abdicates in favour of his
brother Charles Felix. The movement is suppressed by
Austria.
1824 Leopold II succeeds as grand duke of Tuscany.
1825 By Charles Felix’s order the poor in his kingdom are
forbidden instruction in reading and writing.
1830 Duke Francis of Modena intrigues with the liberal party, in an
attempt to obtain the succession to Sardinia.
1831 Revolt of Ciro Menotti in Modena. Francis deserts the
liberals. The duke of Modena and the duchess of Parma
forced to flee. Republican revolt in Romagna against the
pope. He calls on Austria for aid, which is given. The duke of
Modena and duchess of Parma are restored; the revolt in
Romagna put down. Execution of Menotti and his
companions. Disappointment of the liberals in not receiving
help from France. Mazzini founds the “Young Italy” party.
Death of Charles Felix and the end of the elder branch.
 Charles Albert of the Savoy-Carignano line succeeds.
Mazzini calls on him to defy Austria.
1832 The French, jealous of the Austrian garrisons in the papal
states, seize Ancona.
1833 Mazzini makes a raid on Savoy. It fails and he flees to
England.
1837 Charles Albert issues a new code for his kingdom.
1838 The French and Austrians withdraw their garrisons from the
papal states.
1844 Revolt of the Bandiera at Cosenza.
1846 Cardinal Mastai Ferretti is elected pope (Pius IX). He
declares himself a liberal and begins a new policy of reform.
The Austrians remonstrate.
1847 Pius forms the national guard in his states. The Austrians
seize Ferrara. Charles Albert turns from the Austrian party
and declares for reform and the liberation of Italy. Death of
the duchess of Parma. The Bourbons return from Lucca,
which is added to Tuscany.
1848 Metternich refuses to grant any of the demanded reforms in
Lombardo-Venetia. Following the example of Ferdinand II of
the Two Sicilies, the king of Sardinia, the grand duke of
Tuscany, and the pope, grant their people liberal constitutions.
The revolutionary troubles in Vienna and Hungary incite
Lombardo-Venetia to insurrection. The Milanese drive
Marshal Radetzky and the Austrian troops out of the city.
Other cities join the Milanese. The duke of Modena flees.
Venice rises against the Austrians. They leave the city, and a
provincial form of government is set up under Daniele Manin.
Charles Albert declares war on Austria. Peschiera surrenders
to him and he defeats Radetzky at Goito. Lombardo-Venetia
votes for annexation to Sardinia. Charles Albert is badly
defeated by Radetzky at Custozza and makes armistice. The
Austrians re-enter Milan. All the provinces except Venice
return to Austrian rule. Insurrection in Rome. Assassination of
the pope’s minister, Count Rossi. Pius flees to Gaeta.
1849 Revolt in Tuscany; the grand duke flees to Gaeta and a
provincial government is set up in Florence. A republic is
declared in Rome with Mazzini at the head. Gioberti retires
and Rattazzi assumes the leadership of the democratic party in
Piedmont. The war with Austria is renewed and Charles
Albert is completely defeated by Radetzky at Novara. He
abdicates in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II. Genoa
attempts to restore the republic, but the revolt is put down.
The French, jealous of Austria’s power, send an army to
restore the pope. Rome is defended by Garibaldi, but is forced
to capitulate. The French garrison the city and declare for the
papal government. The Florentines recall Leopold, and the
duke of Modena returns. Venice surrenders to the Austrians.
Treaty of peace between Sardinia and Austria. Italy’s struggle
for liberty is crushed.
1850 The pope returns to Rome. His policy is now entirely against
reform. The Siccardi law, abolishing ecclesiastical courts and
privileges, passed in Piedmont. Reform progresses quickly
under Victor Emmanuel.
1853 Count d’Azeglio resigns office of chief minister in Piedmont;
succeeded by Count Cavour, who allies himself with Rattazzi
and the democratic party. He begins his work for the
unification of Italy.
1855 Sardinia makes alliance with England and France against
Russia. A Sardinian army is sent to the Crimea.
1856 At Congress of Paris, Cavour lays the grievances of Italy
before the European powers and obtains assurance of
Napoleon III’s assistance.
1858 Cavour meets Napoleon at Plombières and arranges for a
Franco-Italian war against Austria.
1859 Austria demands disarmament of Sardinia. France and
Sardinia declare war. Napoleon declares he will free Italy.
Romagna frees itself from the pope. A revolt in Tuscany
causes the grand duke to flee. Battle of Magenta forces the
Austrians out of Lombardy. Great victory of the allies at
Solferino. Peace of Villafranca. Austria gives up western
Lombardy to Sardinia. The exiled dukes are to be restored.
 Fear of Prussia deters Napoleon from carrying out his high
purpose, and he simply agrees to an Italian confederation of
which Austria, as ruler of Venice, will be a member. Tuscany,
Modena, Parma, and Romagna, object to the confederation
and ask for annexation to Sardinia, which decides Victor
Emmanuel not to agree to Napoleon’s plan.
1860 Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna vote to become
subject to Sardinia. Napoleon agrees to this in return for the
cession of Savoy and Nice to France. Garibaldi liberates
southern Italy. The people of the Two Sicilies vote for
annexation to Sardinia. Umbria and the Marches also
annexed. Only Rome and Venice remain to be liberated.
1861 First Italian parliament at Turin. Victor Emmanuel declared
king of Italy. Death of Cavour.
1862 Garibaldi invades Sicily with a volunteer army. Owing to
objections from France, the Italian ministry is forced to
oppose him. He is defeated and wounded at Aspromonte.
1864 The September convention. Napoleon agrees to a gradual
withdrawal of the French troops from Rome. Victor
Emmanuel promises not to attack the pope’s territory.
Florence is made the capital of Italy.
1866 The Prusso-Austrian war breaks out. Alliance of Italy and
Prussia. The Italian army is defeated several times, but after
the Prussian victory of Königgrätz (Sadowa) Austria cedes
Venice to France. Treaty of Vienna. Venice with the
Quadrilateral of fortresses (Verona, Legnago, Peschiera, and
Mantua) is given to Italy. Austria keeps the Istrian and
Dalmatian provinces. The withdrawal of the French troops
from Rome is completed.
1867 Mazzini urges the Italian people to seize Rome. Garibaldi
makes the attempt. He defeats the papal troops at Monte
Rotondo. Victor Emmanuel pleads to have his agreement to
the September convention respected. The French regarrison
Rome. Garibaldi surrenders to the French and papal forces at
Mentana, and is arrested by the Italian government.
1870 The French leave Rome at the outbreak of the Franco-
Prussian War. Mazzini incites the republicans to seize Rome.
 He is arrested and imprisoned at Gaeta. The fall of Napoleon
III releases Victor Emmanuel from the agreement of the
September convention and he enters Rome. The pope appeals
in vain to the king of Prussia and retires to the Vatican. The
papal territories are annexed, and the unity of Italy is
complete.
1871 The capital of Italy transferred to Rome.
1874 The Jesuits are ordered to leave Italy. Garibaldi enters the
chamber of deputies and takes the oath of allegiance.
1878 Death of Victor Emmanuel, succeeded by his son Humbert.
1882 Death of Garibaldi.
1885 Italy assumes the government of Massowah.
1887 Formation of the “Triple Alliance” between Italy, Germany,
and Austria. War begins in Massowah.
1888 Italy annexes Massowah. War with the Abyssinians begins.
1891 Treaty with Great Britain concerning the boundaries of
territories in East Africa. Renewal of the Triple Alliance.
Commercial treaty with Austria and Germany. Dispute with
the United States over the massacre of eleven Italian prisoners
at New Orleans.
1892 Indemnity paid by the United States. Diplomatic relations
renewed.
1893 The Aigues-Mortes riots. The bank scandals.
1895 Treaty with France respecting Tunis. Disastrous defeat of the
Italians at Adowa in Abyssinia. Treaty of peace with
Abyssinia recognising independence of Ethiopia.
1898 Bread riots in many places owing to rise of prices. An Italian
fleet attempts to enforce payment of the award to Signor
Cerruti for robbery and imprisonment by Colombia. The
matter is peacefully adjusted.
1900 Assassination of Humbert. His son Victor Emmanuel III
succeeds.
1903 Italy allied with England and Germany to enforce payment of
debt by Venezuela. The matter is settled by arbitration. Death