Test Bank For Deviance Conformity and Social Control in Canada 3 e 3rd Edition Tami M Bereska

Test Bank for Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada, 3/E 3rd Edition Tami M.
Be
Test Bank for Deviance, Conformity, and Social

Control in Canada, 3/E 3rd Edition Tami M. Bereska
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CHAPTER 6
Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance
TRUE/FALSE
1. One of the reasons why physical appearance is important to us is because people
judge us on that basis.
Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 176 Skill: F
2. Each of us socially types others on the basis of physical appearance, and each of
us is socially typed on the basis of our own physical appearance.
3. Although voluntary aspects of physical appearance are frequently subject to social

typing as “deviant”, involuntary aspects of physical appearance are rarely, if ever,
subject to social typing as “deviant”.
Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 177 Skill: C
4. Weight loss is an example of a redesigning body project.
Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 178 Skill: A
5. Physical appearance is a master status that has auxiliary traits associated with it.
Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 179 Skill: C
6. Physical appearance is an auxiliary status that has master traits associated with it.
Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 179 Skill: C
7. Most undergraduates have piercings, but only a minority have tattoos.
8. Among 12-18 year olds, tattoos and piercings are more prevalent among females
than among males.
Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 180 Skill: C
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-1

9. When comparing 16-30 year olds with and without tattoos on various
psychological measures, the only difference was that those with tattoos had lower
self-esteem.
Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 182 Skill: F
10. When looking at 16-30 year olds with piercings, age at first piercing was
associated with greater psychopathy, in that those who received their first piercing
in early adolescence scored higher on this psychological measure.
Answer: True Difficulty: challenging Page: 182 Skill: F
11. Among adolescents, although body modification is often an expression of protest

against parents or the parental generation, having body art that they know their
parents would disapprove of still has an impact on perceptions of self.
Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 184 Skill: F
12. Newman and colleagues (2005) found that people perceive physicians with facial
piercings as less competent and less trustworthy.
Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 184-185 Skill: F
13. Some women use tattooing in the development of an established femininity, but
others use it in the development of a resistant femininity.
Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 186-187 Skill: C
14. Within the Straightedge subculture, a tattoo that reads “100% pure” is a symbol of
pacification.
Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 187 Skill: A
15. Although anorexia is increasing among males, muscle dysmorphia is more

common.
16. When cultures that value plumpness become exposed to American media
influences, people’s perceptions of the “ideal” body size tend to become even
plumper in order to prevent the Americanization of their indigenous cultures.
Answer: False Difficulty: challenging Page: 193 Skill: C

17. Overweight characters on children’s TV channels (e.g., Discovery Kids) are
portrayed in negative ways, such as lonely, unattractive, and lacking in friends.
18. Controlling for grades and family income, overweight youth tend to receive less
financial support for college from their parents than normal-weight youth do.
19. The medical control of “too fat” is based on health issues rather than appearance
issues.
Answer: False Difficulty: challenging Page: 198 Skill: C
20. Women experience declines in self-esteem, and increases in depression after

seeing images of the female characters in the TV show Friends.
21. Considerable “thinness” is required before someone is socially typed as “too

thin”, compared to the degree of “fatness” that is required before someone is
socially typed as “too fat”.
Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 202 Skill: C
22. Family members of people who are eventually diagnosed with anorexia perceived
them as “too thin” when they reached approximately 5% below a healthy weight.
Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 202 Skill: F
23. Women who are hyper-muscular (i.e., competitive bodybuilders) are perceived as
being less likely to be good mothers.
24. “Ana” websites are a form of resistance to the social typing of “too fat”.
Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 205-206 Skill: A
25. Almost all Playboy centerfolds are underweight according to health standards,
and approximately 30% of them meet the weight criteria for anorexia.

26. In a popular survey of men and women, a “skinny” female body (as illustrated by
a runway model) was rated as more attractive than a “muscular” female body (as
illustrated by Ms. Fitness America).
Answer: True Difficulty: challenging Page: 204 Skill: F
MULTIPLE-CHOICE
1. In Nazi Germany, people with visible physical disabilities were targets for
genocidal efforts, in part, because they were perceived as a drain on society. This
is an example of
a. the roles played by master statuses and auxiliary traits in the social typing
process.
b. the social typing of voluntary aspects of physical appearance.
c. positivist social control theories (e.g. Hirschi).
d. strain theories (e.g. Merton).
e. reintegrative shaming.
Answer: a Difficulty: challenging Page: 177 Skill: A
2. According to Shilling (1993), teenagers who tattoo their bodies are engaged in
a. camouflaging.
b. extending.
c. adapting.
d. redesigning.
e. enhancing.
Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 178 Skill: A
3. Which of the following types of body projects (Shilling, 1993) is exemplified by

the use of makeup?
a. redesigning
b. extending
c. camouflaging
d. adapting
e. enhancing
Answer: c Difficulty: easy Page: 178 Skill: A

4. During what era did tattooing become a means of symbolizing masculinity and
brotherhood in working-class communities?
a. Middle Ages
b. late 18th and early 19th centuries
c. the turn of the 20th century
d. 1950s
e. 1980s
Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 180 Skill: F
5. Which of the following statements is true of body modification among 12-18 year
olds?
a. females are more likely to have piercings, but males are more likely to
have tattoos
b. males are more likely to have piercings, but females are more likely to
have tattoos
c. females are more likely than males to have piercings or tattoos
d. males are more likely than females to have piercings or tattoos
e. there are no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of
tattoos/piercings when comparing males and females
Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 180 Skill: F
6. Which of the following activities are youth with tattoos more likely to engage in
than youth without tattoos?
a. binge drinking
b. smoking
c. sexual activity
d. failing in school
e. youth with tattoos are more likely to engage in a variety of high risk
activities, including binge drinking, smoking, sexual activity, and failing
in school
Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Page: 182 Skill: F

7. Which of the following statements about people’s perceptions of physicians with
facial piercings is true?
a. people perceive physicians with facial piercings as less competent and less
trustworthy
b. people who have engaged in body modification themselves are more likely
to disapprove of physicians with facial piercings than are people without
body modifications
c. although half of people disapprove of physicians with facial piercings,
more than 75% say it would not personally bother them to have such a
physician
d. disapproval rates are higher for lip piercings than for nose piercings
e. the presence of facial piercings does not affect people’s perceptions of
physicians’ competency or trustworthiness
Answer: a Difficulty: challenging Page: 184-185 Skill: F
8. Negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in the following populations:

a. women without tattoos, if the tattoo is large
b. women with tattoos, if the tattoo is highly visible
c. men without tattoos, if the tattoo is small
d. men with tattoos, if the tattoo highly visible
e. negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in all of populations
described above
Answer: e Difficulty: challenging Page: 184 Skill: F
9. How are women with tattoos, when compared to women without tattoos,
perceived?
a. less promiscuous; more attractive; heavier drinkers
b. less promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers
c. less promiscuous; less attractive, lighter drinkers
d. more promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers
e. more promiscuous; more attractive; heavier drinkers
Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page: 185 Skill: F

10. In Hawkes, Senn, and Thorn’s (2004) study on people’s perceptions of women
with tattoos, of which of the following types of tattoos did women with tattoos
themselves disapprove?
a. large tattoos
b. small tattoos
c. tattoos having “masculine” imagery
d. highly visible tattoos
e. tattoos having imagery that is “too girly”
Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page: 185-186 Skill: F
11. Within the Straightedge subculture, a tattoo that reads “nation of zombies” is a
a. symbol of lifestyle declaration.
b. symbol of indictment.
c. symbol of pacification.
d. symbol of critique.
e. symbol of belief.
Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 187 Skill: A
12. Within the Straightedge subculture, tattoos

a. reflect their ideology.
b. express specific messages.
c. draw attention to their messages because of the historical association of
tattooing with various groups of rebels and protesters.
d. demonstrate that they have control over their bodies, because they have
endured the physical pain of tattooing.
e. tattoos serve a variety of functions, including all of those listed above.
Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Page: 187 Skill: C
13. What is the basis for scientific definitions of the “ideal” body weight?
a. statistical rarity
b. harm
c. normative violation
d. negative societal reaction
e. scientific normativity
Answer: b Difficulty: challenging Page: 189-190 Skill: A

14. According to the standards of the World Health Organization, a person with a
BMI of 18. 4 is considered to be
a. overweight.
b. obese.
c. underweight.
d. acceptable.
e. anorexic.
15. In Canada,
a. 75% of adults are overweight.
b. 2% of adults are obese.
c. 63% of children are overweight.
d. 8% of children are obese.
e. 22% of adults are underweight.
Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 190 Skill: F
16. How does the “ideal” female body compare to the “ideal” male body, based on
social standards?
a. the “ideal” male body is thinner than the “ideal” female body
b. a wider range of body sizes is seen as acceptable for women than for men
c. body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for women
than for men
d. the thin “ideal” for women is more common in preindustrial societies
where food is scarce
e. body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for men than
for women
Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 192 Skill: C
17. What are the common perceptions of the “ideal” body?

a. college students say men and women would look more attractive if they
had the body size of models in advertising
b. college students say the media images portray a body size that is not
necessarily good for one’s health
c. the majority of female children want to look like a female on television
d. the majority of female children say that women on television are much
thinner than women in the “real world”
e. even thought some of the statements above appear to contradict each
other, they do all reflect common perceptions of the “ideal” body
Answer: e Difficulty: challenging Page: 192 Skill: F

18. Which of the following theories of anorexia emphasizes impaired functioning due
to the nature of the mother-child relationship?
a. endocrinological theories
b. sociocultural theories
c. ego-psychological theories
d. family systems theories
e. maternal-influence theories
Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 191 Skill: C
19. Which of the following theories of anorexia emphasizes social

learning/modelling?
a. endocrinological theories
b. sociocultural theories
c. ego-psychological theories
d. family systems theories
e. maternal-influence theories
Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 191 Skill: C
20. According to current research, why do people become overweight?

a. they consume more calories than they expend
b. unhealthy food saturates our culture
c. because of an inability to deal with negative emotions in a positive way
d. the formation of bad habits
e. all of the above are explanations of why people become overweight
Answer: e Difficulty: easy Page: 191 Skill: C
21. How are overweight/underweight people perceived in society?

a. surveys of schoolteachers reveal that approximately one-quarter say being
underweight is the “worst thing that can happen” to someone
b. surveys of nurses reveal that approximately one-quarter are “repulsed” by
obese people
c. surveys of children reveal that most would rather be “fat” than get cancer
d. overweight children are rated as being more suitable as friends than
physically disabled children are
e. all of the statements listed above reflect perceptions of
overweight/underweight people
Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 193 Skill: F

22. Who has been found to negatively stereotype people who are overweight and/or
obese?
a. children
b. teachers
c. health professionals who specialize in treating obesity
d. the general population
e. children, teachers, health professionals who specialize in treating obesity,
and the general population have all been found to negatively stereotype
people who are overweight and/or obese
Answer: e Difficulty: easy Page: 193-194 Skill: F
23. In an analysis of male images in GQ, Rolling Stone, and Sports Illustrated
magazines from 1967-1997, which images became more prevalent during that
time?
a. “very muscular” images
b. “somewhat muscular” images
c. “not muscular” images
d. “overweight” images
e. “underweight” images
Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page: 195 Skill: F
24. Which of the following statements about the relationship between body size and
work is true?
a. the sex of job applicants accounts for more of the variance in hiring than
body weight does
b. mildly obese men have higher incomes than normal weight men
c. there are no significant differences in the average income of normal
weight women compared to mildly obese women, but extremely obese
women earn significantly less
d. overweight job applicants are less likely to be hired than normal weight
applicants are, but this is primarily due to differences in education level
e. potential employees who are overweight are perceived more positively
than those who are ex-cons
Answer: b Difficulty: challenging Page: 196 Skill: F

25. Which of the following is an example of the social control of “too fat”?
a. medical clinics that perform liposuction
b. tax deductions for children’s sports activities
c. the Anishinaabe Mino-Ayaawin program to build more recreational
facilities within the community
d. television commercials for gym memberships
e. all of the above are examples of controlling “too fat”
Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Page: 196-199 Skill: C
26. Jenna is about to graduate from college. Based on scientific standards, she has
been “overweight” most of her life, but she has never actually perceived herself as
“fat”. Which of the following situations is the most likely to contribute to the
formation of a “fat” identity?
a. as Jenna is walking down the street one day, she sees her reflection in a
store window, and is surprised at how much weight she has gained
b. Jenna sees a magazine ad for a new weight loss pill that promises “no
negative side effects”
c. a coworker says to Jenna, “You would be so pretty if you lost 20 pounds”
d. Jenna steps on a scale and sees that she has gained 10 more pounds
e. a new gym opens across the street from her office, and she continually
sees thin, fit women going inside
Answer: c Difficulty: challenging Page: 200-201 Skill: A
27. What proportion of Canadians is “underweight” based on scientific standards?

a. 2%
b. 12%
c. 24%
d. 38%
e. 49%
Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page: 202 Skill: F
28. Identifying young women and men who may be in the early stages of an eating
disorder is part of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. primary treatment.
d. secondary treatment.
e. remedial programming.
Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page: 203 Skill: C

29. In an effort to prevent eating disorders, society must alter its obsession with body
ideals, and instead adopt a program of building self-esteem and self-efficacy. This
is a part of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. primary treatment.
d. secondary treatment.
e. remedial programming.
Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 203 Skill: C
30. In interviews with female aerobic exercisers and instructors, which body type was
rated as the most attractive?
a. “skinny” (e.g., runway models)
b. “hyper-muscular” (e.g., competitive bodybuilders)
c. “lean, toned, and curvy” (e.g., Victoria’s Secret lingerie models)
d. “toned athlete” (e.g., professional volleyball players)
e. “average” (e.g., averageAmerican females with a height of 5’4”, and a
weight of 140 pounds)
31. Which of the following theories has been applied to the development of an
“anorexic” identity?
a. social learning theory
b. strain theory
c. subcultural theory
d. labelling theory
e. social bonds theory
Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page: 205 Skill: C
32. Which of the following is an example of resistance to the social typing of “too
fat”?
a. Jay Leno making jokes about a very thin actress
b. activism efforts of the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance
c. magazine article pointing out the dangers of “wacky weight loss products”
d. creating a fashion magazine for overweight women
e. all of the above are examples of resistance to the social typing of “too fat”
Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Page: 201 Skill: A

33. Which of the following is an example of resistance to the social typing of “too
thin”?
a. websites that tell girls how to prevent others from noticing their extreme
weight loss
b. a magazine article that discusses the dangers of weight loss surgery
c. developing a clothing line for obese women
d. Health Canada’s “Active Living” program
e. all of the above are examples of resistance to the social typing of “too
thin”
Answer: a Difficulty: challenging Page: 205-206 Skill: A
34. In the time period from 1950 and 2000,

a. Playboy centerfolds became thinner until 1980, but then became larger
again.
b. the gap between the body size of media women and the body size of
average women in society decreased.
c. a larger proportion of men in various forms of media became overweight.
d. the proportion of “thin” female characters on television declined from
70% to 47%.
e. male centerfolds became thinner.
Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 194-195 Skill: F
35. During the 1999-2000 TV season, approximately % of female television

characters were overweight or obese, compared to % of “real” American
women.
a. 40; 60
b. 13; 58
c. 46; 21
d. 23; 36
e. 60; 40
Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 194-195 Skill: F
SHORT ANSWER
1. List, describe, and give examples of the four different types of body projects
proposed by Shilling (1993).
Difficulty: moderate Page: 178 Skill: A/C

2. Apply the following concepts to a discussion of body modification: front stage
self; back stage self; impression management.
Difficulty: moderate Page: 184 Skill: A/C
3. List, describe, and give examples of the four different types of tattoo designs
within the Straightedge subculture.
Difficulty: easy Page: 187 Skill: C
4. Contrast the “ideal” body according to social standards with the “ideal” body
according to medical standards. In your answer, be sure to identify the basis for
determining “ideal” within these standards.
Difficulty: moderate Page: 189-192 Skill: F/C
5. List and describe the four different types of theories used to explain the
development of anorexia.
Difficulty: moderate Page: 191 Skill: C
6. Describe how hyper-muscular women are perceived, and explain why some
women may choose to become hyper-muscular.
Difficulty: moderate Page: 204 Skill: C
7. Explain how aesthetic motivations and social identity contribute to an individual’s

decision to tattoo their body.
Difficulty: moderate Page: 182-183 Skill: C/A
ESSAY
1. Discuss the various ways in which gender interacts with physical appearance,
considering both body modification and perceptions of the “ideal” body
size/shape.
Difficulty: challenging Page: 180-206 Skill: F/C
2. Discuss how “too fat” is socially controlled in the following ways: (a) at the level
of everyday social interaction; (b) through medicalization; (c) commercialization;
and (d) at the level of governments.
Difficulty: moderate Page: 195-199 Skill: C

Test Bank for Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada, 3/E 3rd Edition Tami M. Be
3. Discuss the media’s role in the social control of “too fat”, as well as its role in the
social control of “too thin”. In your opinion, is the media engaged in the
regulation of one more than the other? Why?
Difficulty: moderate Page: 196-1967 203-204 Skill: C
4. Considering the various factors that influence the social typing of body size, as
well as the wide-ranging consequences of such social typing, develop a plan to
improve the self-image of adolescents in Canadian society. What would you do to
achieve this goal, and why?
Difficulty: challenging Page: 189-206 Skill: A
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Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 176 Skill: F

Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 176 Skill: F

3. Although voluntary aspects of physical appearance are frequently subject to social

Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 177 Skill: C

4. Weight loss is an example of a redesigning body project.

Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 178 Skill: A

Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 179 Skill: C

Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 179 Skill: C

7. Most undergraduates have piercings, but only a minority have tattoos.

Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 180 Skill: F

Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 180 Skill: C

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-1

Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 182 Skill: F

Answer: True Difficulty: challenging Page: 182 Skill: F

11. Among adolescents, although body modification is often an expression of protest

Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 184 Skill: F

Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 184-185 Skill: F

Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 186-187 Skill: C

Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 187 Skill: A

15. Although anorexia is increasing among males, muscle dysmorphia is more

Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 191 Skill: F

Answer: False Difficulty: challenging Page: 193 Skill: C

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-2

Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 195 Skill: F

Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 196 Skill: F

Answer: False Difficulty: challenging Page: 198 Skill: C

20. Women experience declines in self-esteem, and increases in depression after

Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 200 Skill: F

21. Considerable “thinness” is required before someone is socially typed as “too

Answer: True Difficulty: easy Page: 202 Skill: C

Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 202 Skill: F

Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 204 Skill: F

Answer: False Difficulty: moderate Page: 205-206 Skill: A

Answer: True Difficulty: moderate Page: 194 Skill: F

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-3

Answer: True Difficulty: challenging Page: 204 Skill: F

Answer: a Difficulty: challenging Page: 177 Skill: A

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 178 Skill: A

3. Which of the following types of body projects (Shilling, 1993) is exemplified by

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Page: 178 Skill: A

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-4

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 180 Skill: F

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 180 Skill: F

Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Page: 182 Skill: F

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-5

Answer: a Difficulty: challenging Page: 184-185 Skill: F

8. Negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in the following populations:

Answer: e Difficulty: challenging Page: 184 Skill: F

Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page: 185 Skill: F

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-6

Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page: 185-186 Skill: F

Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 187 Skill: A

12. Within the Straightedge subculture, tattoos

Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Page: 187 Skill: C

Answer: b Difficulty: challenging Page: 189-190 Skill: A

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-7

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 190 Skill: F

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 190 Skill: F

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 192 Skill: C