Life-Span Development 15th Edition Santrock Test Bank 1

Chapter 05 - Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Chapter 05
Cognitive Development in Infancy
Multiple Choice Questions
5-1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
1.
Jean Piaget believed that children:
A.
actively construct their own cognitive world.
B.
passively react to their environments.
C.
absorb their knowledge from the environment.
D.
gain their view of the world from their parents.
APA LO: 1.1

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Schemes
5-2
2.
Schemes refer to:
A.
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
B.
the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
C.
groups of behaviors.
D.
knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Schemes
5-3
3.
According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of:
A.
mental schemes.
B.
mental adaptations.
C.
behavioral adaptations.
D.
behavioral schemes.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Topic: Schemes
5-4
4.
According to Piaget, solving a puzzle is an example of a:
A.
mental scheme.
B.
mental adaptation.
C.
behavioral adaptation.
D.
behavioral scheme.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Schemes
5-5
5.
Alejandro is 3 years old. He is now able to sort his blocks by color. Alejandro has developed:
A.
a new behavioral scheme.
B.
a new mental scheme.
C.
object permanence.
D.
the ability to assimilate.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Topic: Schemes
5-6
6.
Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to
_____.
A.
amalgamation
B.
accommodation
C.
assimilation
D.
application
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Assimilation and accommodation
5-7
7.
_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
A.
Adaptation
B.
Accommodation
C.
Assimilation
D.
Application
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-8
8.
Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Rover. Now, Anita says the word "dog" when she
sees any animal. Anita has _____ these animals into her existing scheme.
A.
amalgamated
B.
accommodated
C.
assimilated
D.
applied
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-9
9.
Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food she must suck on her mother's breast. Now, her
mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Elise immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example of _____.
A.
accommodation
B.
assimilation
C.
amalgamation
D.
application
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-10
10.
Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car." He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars,
motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has _____ to fit new information into his existing scheme.
A.
accommodated
B.
assimilated
C.
amalgamated
D.
applied
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-11
11. Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called
_____.
A.
assimilation
B.
equilibration
C.
organization
D.
amalgamation
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Organization
5-12
12.
Trenton was playing in a sandbox. He was pouring sand from a short and wide fat container into a tall and narrow container.
When he poured the sand into the tall and narrow container, it appeared as if it had more sand in it. Trenton could not figure
out where the extra sand came from, and how it got into his container. As Trenton continues to try to solve this puzzle, he
experiences considerable movement between states of cognitive _____ and _____ to produce cognitive change.
A.
equilibrium; disequilibrium
B.
adaptation; organization
C.
classification; modification
D.
equilibration; categorization
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Equilibration
5-13
13.
When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the
next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called _____.
A.
equilibration
B.
assimilation
C.
organization
D.
amalgamation
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Understand
5-14
14.
For cognitive change to occur, identify the two processes that must work in concert as the child experiences considerable
movement between the states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.
A.
Equilibration and categorization
B.
Amalgamation and organization
C.
Assimilation and accommodation
D.
Classification and modification
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-15
15. Jean Piaget believed that children's thinking in one stage is _____ that in another stage.
A.
qualitatively different from
B.
quantitatively different from
C.
qualitatively similar to
D.
quantitatively similar to
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-16
16. According to Jean Piaget's theory of infant development, what makes one stage more
advanced than another?
A.
When a child is able to stand and walk
B.
When a child understands the world differently
C.
When a child is older
D.
When a child is able to manipulate objects better
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-17
17.
The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth to about:
A.
six months of age.
B.
eight months of age.
C.
one year of age.
D.
two years of age.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Sensorimotor stage
5-18
18.
Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into _____ substages.
A.
two
B.
three
C.
five
D.
six
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-19
19.
Alice who is three weeks old is in the _____ substage of Piaget's sensorimotor development; she will latch on to and suck
anything that is touched to her lips.
A.
simple reflexes
B.
first habits
C.
secondary circular reactions
D.
primary circular reactions
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Apply
5-20
20.
The _____ substage of sensorimotor development corresponds to the first month after birth.
A.
first habits and primary circular reactions
B.
simple reflexes
C.
D.
internalization of schemes
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-21
21.
Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of sensation and action
through reflexive behaviors?
A.
Conditioned reflexes
B.
First habits and primary circular reactions
C.
Simple reflexes
D.
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-22
22.
Josh is three months old. In which of Jean Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development is Josh?
A.
Simple reflexes
B.
C.
Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
D.
Secondary circular reactions
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-23
23.
In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development does the infant's main focus remain on his or her own
body?
A.
B.
C.
D.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-24
24.
In which substage of sensorimotor development do infants start repeating actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results?
A.
B.
Simple reflexes
C.
D.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-25
25.
Which substage of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of vision and touch—hand-eye coordination?
A.
Coordination of primary circular reactions
B.
C.
Internalization of schemes
D.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-26
26.
In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development do infants become intrigued by the many properties of
objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects?
A.
B.
Coordination of primary circular reactions
C.
D.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-27
27.
When Monica was born, she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingers around anything that brushed against
her palm. After a few weeks, she showed this grasping behavior even when nothing touched her palm. Monica developed a
_____ or a scheme based on a reflex that became completely separated from its eliciting stimulus.
A.
habit
B.
simple reflex
C.
primitive symbol
D.
circular reaction
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-28
28.
Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. This causes
the mobile to move. Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of a:
A.
habit.
B.
reflex.
C.
primary circular reaction.
D.
secondary circular reaction.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-29
29.
In which sensorimotor substage does an infant's actions become more object-oriented?
A.
Simple reflexes
B.
C.
D.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-30
30.
Sarah, an infant of seven months, loves repeatedly hitting a toy that lights up and plays music on impact with her toy
hammer. Sarah is in Piaget's substage of:
A.
reflexes.
B.
primary circular reaction.
C.
secondary circular reaction.
D.
tertiary circular reaction.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-31
31. According to the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development, which of the
following statements about the coordination of secondary circular reactions is NOT true?
A.
It develops between 8 and 12 months of age.
B.
The infant must be able to coordinate vision and touch, hand and eye.
C.
It develops between 12 and 18 months of age.
D.
It is marked by intentionality.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-32
32.
Significant changes during the _____ substage involve the coordination of schemes and intentionality.
A.
B.
C.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
D.
tertiary circular reactions
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Remember
5-33
33.
Eleven-month-old Jenny uses her toy golf club to bring another toy within reach. According to Piaget's theory of infant
development, Jenny is in the _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage.
A.
B.
C.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
D.
tertiary circular reactions
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-34
34.
Sixteen-month-old Akel plays endlessly with a ball, rolling it, throwing it, using it to knock over other toys, standing on it,
and trying to ride on it. Which of Jean Piaget's substages of the sensorimotor stage is represented by Akel's behavior?
A.
Primary circular reactions
B.
C.
D.
Tertiary circular reactions
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-35
35.
According to Piaget, the _____ sensorimotor substage marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty.
A.
second
B.
third
C.
fifth
D.
sixth
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-36
36.
In which sensorimotor substage does an infant develop the ability to use primitive symbols?
A.
Simple reflexes
B.
C.
D.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-37
37.
According to Piaget, a _____ is an internal sensory image or word that represents an event.
A.
transducer
B.
sensation
C.
symbol
D.
memory
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-38
38.
The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:
A.
object containment.
B.
object permanence.
C.
object availability.
D.
object continuance.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Object permanence
5-39
39.
Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her, and she searches for it. This shows that Heather has
developed a sense of _____.
A.
symbolic manipulation
B.
infinite generativity
C.
telegraphic thinking
D.
object permanence
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Object permanence
5-40
40.
Identify the type of error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting a familiar hiding place rather than a new
hiding place as they progress into Piaget's fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage.
A.
Type 1 error
B.
Type 2 error
C.
F-not-N error
D.
A-not-B error
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: A-not-B error
5-41
41.
A developmental psychologist studying infants' understanding of object permanence uses a method where infants see an
event happen as it would normally occur. Then, the event is changed, often in a way that creates a physically impossible
event. The result of this is that the infants look longer at the changed event indicating that he or she is surprised by it. Which
method is being adopted here?
A.
Violation of expectations
B.
Habituation and dishabituation
C.
Visual preference
D.
Principle of persistence
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Perceptual development
5-42
42. In Baillargeon's view, infants have a pre-adapted, innate bias called the principle of _____
that explains their assumption that objects do not change their properties unless some external
factor obviously intervenes.
A.
consistency
B.
inertia
C.
persistence
D.
internalized representation
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-43
43.
Researchers like Baillargeon have found that infants' perceptual abilities are highly developed much earlier than Jean Piaget
proposed. These researchers conclude that infants see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background
definitely by _____ of age.
A.
eight to nine months
B.
one to two months
C.
three to four months
D.
five to six months
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-44
44.
Research suggests that infants appear to understand the physical law of gravity:
A.
at birth.
B.
at around 6 to 8 months of age.
C.
at around 1 to 2 months of age.
D.
at the start of toddlerhood.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-45
45.
Research by Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues documents that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to
be _____ in the sense that other objects cannot move through them and _____ in the sense that objects continue to exist when
they are hidden.
A.
subject to gravity; transient
B.
consistent; existential
C.
substantial; permanent
D.
opaque; substantial
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-46
46.
In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth
Spelke endorses a _____ approach that states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.
A.
core knowledge
B.
domain knowledge
C.
learned domain
D.
nurture
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Nature and nurture
5-47
47.
Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
A.
Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in an infant's everyday environment.
B.
Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in controlled settings.
C.
Infants are more competent than Jean Piaget thought.
D.
Infants are less competent than Jean Piaget reported.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Nature and nurture
5-48
48.
Attention in the first year of life is dominated by a(n) _____ process that involves directing attention to potentially important
locations in the environment, that is, "where," and recognizing objects and their features, that is, "what."
A.
orienting/tracking
B.
sustained/focused attention
C.
habituation/dishabituation
D.
orienting/investigative
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Attention
5-49
49.
The focusing of mental resources on select information is called _____.
A.
assimilation
B.
attention
C.
habituation
D.
fixation
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Attention
5-50
50.
Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first, but then turns her attention
to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is displaying _____.
A.
distraction
B.
imitation
C.
habituation
D.
dishabituation
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Habituation and dishabituation
5-51
51. _____ provides a measure of an infant's maturity and well-being.

A.
Assimilation
B.
Habituation
C.
Lateralization
D.
Disambiguation
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-52
52.
Eight-month-old Andrew suffered brain damage at birth. His identical twin, Alex, had no brain damage. Research on
habituation will likely predict that:
A.
Alex will not habituate as well as Andrew.
B.
both twins will habituate at about the same level.
C.
Andrew will not habituate as well as Alex.
D.
Alex will not exhibit any sort of habituation.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-53
53.
When two individuals focus on the same object or event, the process is called:
A.
sensory attention.
B.
joint attention.
C.
amalgamous attention.
D.
synchronous attention.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-54
54.
Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention?
A.
An ability to manipulate objects
B.
An ability to track another's behavior
C.
A lack of interest in others
D.
An intense interest in a particular object
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-55
55.
Which of the following statements about joint attention is NOT true?
A.
Joint attention requires the ability to track another's behavior.
B.
Emerging forms of joint attention occur at about 4 to 5 months.
C.
Joint attention requires that one person directs another person's attention.
D.
Joint attention requires reciprocal interaction.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-56
56.
_____ involves the retention of information over time.
A.
Attention
B.
Memory
C.
Cognition
D.
Organization
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Memory
5-57
57.
Which is the process by which information gets into memory?
A.
Encoding
B.
Encrypting
C.
Enlisting
D.
Enumerating
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Memory
5-58
58.
Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed
automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.
A.
explicit
B.
implicit
C.
semantic
D.
episodic
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Memory
5-59
59.
When Abraham describes to his friend what he did in his last summer vacation, he relies on his _____ memory.
A.
implicit
B.
explicit
C.
procedural
D.
semantic
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Memory
5-60
60.
Most researchers find that babies do not show _____ until the second half of the first year.
A.
dishabituation
B.
explicit memory
C.
habituation
D.
implicit memory
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Memory
5-61
61.
Remembering how to swim is an example of:
A.
implicit memory.
B.
deferred imitation.
C.
joint attention.
D.
explicit memory.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Memory
5-62
62.
June knows the names of all the states that comprise the United States. The names of the states are a part of June's _____
memory.
A.
innate
B.
explicit
C.
distinctive
D.
implicit
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Memory
5-63
63.
Renee remembers very little about the first three years of her life. Psychologists find this normal and call it:
A.
retroactive memory interference.
B.
infantile amnesia.
C.
child memory loss.
D.
memory trace.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Memory
5-64
64. Most of young infants' conscious memories appear to be _____, although their implicit
memory of perceptual-motor actions can be _____.
A.
substantial; rather fragile
B.
well-developed; underdeveloped
C.
rather fragile and short-lived; substantial
D.
long-lasting; short-lived
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Memory
5-65
65.
From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the _____ and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal
lobes, makes explicit memory possible.
A.
amygdala
B.
hippocampus
C.
hypothalamus
D.
cerebellum
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Memory
5-66
66.
Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a tantrum for a toy. Mandy screams and cries for some candy the
following week at the mall. Mandy is displaying:
A.
dishabituation.
B.
habituation.
C.
object permanence.
D.
deferred imitation.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Imitation
5-67
67.
A newborn baby widens her eyes after her mother widens her eyes and mouth and smiles at the baby. Meltzoff would say that
this baby is:
A.
exhibiting a reflex.
B.
engaging in true imitation.
C.
showing deferred imitation.
D.
habituating to the mother's facial expression.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Imitation
5-68
68.
_____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.
A.
Symbols
B.
Concepts
C.
Habits
D.
Semantics
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Concept formation and categorization
5-69
69.
Using habituation experiments, some researchers have found that infants as young as _____ can group together objects with
similar appearances.
A.
five to six days
B.
three to four weeks
C.
three to four months
D.
five to six months
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-70
70.
Jean Mandler argues that early categorizations are best described as _____ categorization.
A.
conceptual
B.
textual
C.
factual
D.
perceptual
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-71
71.
In the current version of the Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the subscores obtained from the four and
five different categories of Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development respectively are combined into an overall
score that determines the infants':
A.
intelligence quotient (IQ).
B.
intelligence inventory score (IIS).
C.
developmental quotient (DQ).
D.
early intelligence assessment (EIA).
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Measures of infant development
5-72
72.
Identify the widely used assessment method of infant development that has five scales—cognitive, language, motor,
socioemotional, and adaptive.
A.
Apgar Scale
B.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
C.
Gesell test
D.
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-73
73.
According to the Bayley mental scale, a _____ infant should be able to vocalize pleasure and displeasure, persistently search
for objects that are just out of immediate reach, and approach a mirror that is placed in front of the infant by the examiner.
A.
2-month-old
B.
6-month-old
C.
4-month-old
D.
1-month-old
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-74
74.
According to the Bayley mental scale, by _____ of age, the infant should be able to inhibit behavior when commanded to do
so, imitate words the examiner says, and respond to simple requests.
A.
10 weeks
B.
6 months
C.
12 weeks
D.
12 months
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-75
75.
Charisma is six months old and can vocalize pleasure and displeasure, search for objects out of reach, and approach a mirror
that is placed in front of her. According to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Charisma:
A.
is developing normally.
B.
is developmentally delayed.
C.
has an IQ of 110.
D.
has an IQ of 85.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-76
76. The _____ focuses on an infant's ability to process information in such ways as encoding
the attributes of objects, detecting similarities and differences between objects, forming
mental representations, and retrieving these representations.
A.
developmental quotient
B.
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
C.
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
D.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-77
77.
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are used to assess Mathias, who does very well on it. A high score on the Bayley
mental scale:
A.
indicates that Mathias will perform poorly in social skills quotient (SSQ) tests later in childhood.
B.
indicates that Mathias will have a high score in IQ tests later in childhood.
C.
indicates that Mathias will have a very low IQ score later in childhood.
D.
does not indicate that Mathias will have high IQ scores later in childhood.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Predicting intelligence
5-78
78.
Jim and Joanna are curious to know if their baby will grow up to be a child with high IQ. Which of the following measures
for assessing infant development is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children and would best suit the
purpose?
A.
Bayley-III
B.
Gesell test
C.
Fagan test
D.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Predicting intelligence
5-79
79.
A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called _____.
A.
syntax
B.
grammar
C.
language
D.
phonology
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Language
5-80
80.
Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can recombine the words in different ways to say thousands of different
things. This aspect of language is referred to as:
A.
syntax.
B.
phonology.
C.
morphology.
D.
infinite generativity.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Language
5-81
81.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five rules of language?
A.
Phonology
B.
Syntax
C.
Morphology
D.
Reciprocity
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Phonology
5-82
82.
The sound system of a language is called _____.
A.
morphology
B.
semantics
C.
phonology
D.
syntax
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Phonology
5-83
83.
A _____ is the basic unit of sound in a language.
A.
morpheme
B.
phoneme
C.
grapheme
D.
syntax
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Phonology
5-84
84.
An example of the basic unit of sound in the English language is the sound the letter "m" makes. This sound is called a
_____.
A.
morpheme
B.
phoneme
C.
grapheme
D.
syntax
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Phonology
5-85
85.
In the word "falling," both "fall" and "-ing" are considered _____.
A.
morphemes
B.
phonemes
C.
graphemes
D.
syntax
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Morphology
5-86
86.
Phonology is to _____ as morphology is to _____.
A.
sound; meaning
B.
meaning; sound
C.
appropriate use of language in different contexts; correct word order
D.
correct word order; appropriate use of language in different contexts
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Morphology
Topic: Phonology
5-87
87.
A _____ is a minimal unit of meaning; it is a word or a part of a word that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts.
A.
symbol
B.
morpheme
C.
phoneme
D.
taxon
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Morphology
5-88
88.
The rules that govern _____ describe the sound sequences that can occur in a language.
A.
pragmatics
B.
phonology
C.
syntax
D.
morphology
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Morphology
5-89
89.
The rules of _____ describe the way meaningful units can be combined in words.
A.
morphology
B.
phonology
C.
syntax
D.
pragmatics
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Morphology
5-90
90.
_____ have many jobs in grammar, such as marking tense and number.
A.
Syntax
B.
Phonemes
C.
Morphemes
D.
Symbols
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Phonology
5-91
91.
The word "toy" is an example of a _____.
A.
syntax
B.
phoneme
C.
taxon
D.
morpheme
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Morphology
5-92
92.
How many morphemes does the word "marker" have?
A.
4
B.
1
C.
2
D.
6
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Phonology
5-93
93.
Consider the sentence: "The boy the ball with a hit bat." Which of the following rule systems of language does the sentence
violate?
A.
Phonology
B.
Syntax
C.
Morphology
D.
Pragmatics
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Syntax
5-94
94.
_____ involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
A.
Semantics
B.
Phraseology
C.
Syntax
D.
Phonology
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Syntax
5-95
95.
If Jane says to Harry, "Wilfred gave a gift to Marsha," Harry knows who gave the gift and who received it because he
understands the _____ of the sentence.
A.
syntax
B.
semantics
C.
pragmatics
D.
primitive symbols
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Phonology
5-96
96.
_____ refers to the meaning of words and sentences.
A.
Pragmatics
B.
Syntax
C.
Morphology
D.
Semantics
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Semantics
5-97
97.
The sentence "The chair told the girl to sit down" is _____ incorrect because people know that chairs cannot talk.
A.
phonologically
B.
syntactically
C.
semantically
D.
pragmatically
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Semantics
5-98
98.
When one uses polite language in formal conversations and personal, informal language in intimate conversations, one is
demonstrating the knowledge of _____, or the appropriate use of language in different contexts.
A.
pragmatics
B.
semantics
C.
syntax
D.
morphology
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Pragmatics
5-99
99.
Peter shouts and uses profane language while speaking to his teacher. Which of the following rule systems of language is
Peter disregarding?
A.
Phonology
B.
Syntax
C.
Morphology
D.
Pragmatics
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Pragmatics
5-100
100.
Identify the correct sequence of vocalization in infants.
A.
Crying, babbling, cooing
B.
Crying, cooing, babbling
C.
Babbling, crying, cooing
D.
Cooing, crying, babbling
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Babbling and other vocalizations
5-101
101.
At birth, infants communicate by _____.
A.
cooing
B.
crying
C.
gestures
D.
babbling
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-102
102.
Baby Luis interacts with his grandma and makes gurgling sounds in the back of his throat to express pleasure. This
demonstrates _____.
A.
talking
B.
babbling
C.
crying
D.
cooing
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Apply
5-103
103.
Kevin loves to say "da, da, da, da" over and over again. What type of communication is Kevin using?
A.
Crying
B.
Cooing
C.
Babbling
D.
Gesturing
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-104
104.
11-month-old Maya points to her cup when she wants some water to drink. Maya's behavior:
A.
is considered slow for her age; she should be using simple words by this time.
B.
is considered appropriate for her age.
C.
is considered advanced for her age; most children do not point until after 12 months.
D.
should be discouraged so that she will learn to speak.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Gestures
5-105
105.
Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how
Kyoko's _____ vocabulary is more developed than her _____ vocabulary.
A.
expressive; spoken
B.
spoken; receptive
C.
receptive; spoken
D.
spoken; expressive
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: First words
5-106
106.
Which of the following statements about first words is NOT correct?
A.
Infants recognize their name by the age of 3 months.
B.
Children understand more words than they can speak.
C.
By 18 months, most children have a spoken vocabulary of about 50 words.
D.
A child's first words usually include greeting terms.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: First words
5-107
107. The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called:
A.
the secular trend.
B.
telegraphic speech.
C.
the vocabulary spurt.
D.
phonetic advancement.
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: First words
5-108
108.
Two-year-old Max says the word "bunny" for a large hamster and a white rat. Max's error is known as:
A.
telegraphic speech.
B.
underextension.
C.
aphasia.
D.
overextension.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: First words
5-109
109.
Two-year-old Sarai uses the word "doll" to refer to her own Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her
sister's Barbie doll. Sarai's error is known as:
A.
underextension.
B.
telegraphic speech.
C.
private speech.
D.
overextension.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: First words
5-110
110.
"Want ice cream", "Fall down", and "Mommy give cookie" are all examples of:
A.
holophrases.
B.
repetitive speech patterns.
C.
telegraphic speech.
D.
reflexive speech patterns.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Two-word utterances
5-111
111.
Many experts believe that humans acquired language about _____ years ago.
A.
2,000,000
B.
1,000,000
C.
500,000
D.
100,000
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Biological influences
5-112
112.
_____ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in speech production.
A.
Broca's area
B.
Wernicke's area
C.
Morton's area
D.
SMA area
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-113
113.
Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and
is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the:
A.
Broca's area.
B.
Wernicke's area.
C.
SMA area.
D.
Morton's area.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-114
114.
A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain injury is called _____.
A.
dysphagia
B.
aphasia
C.
autism
D.
mutism
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-115
115.
_____ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved in the comprehension of speech.
A.
Broca's area
B.
SMA area
C.
Morton's area
D.
Wernicke's area
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-116
116.
As an infant, Mary suffered damage to _____ of her brain. This injury severly affected her comprehension abilities. Even
though her speech is fluent it remains incomprehensible.
A.
Broca's area
B.
SMA area
C.
Morton's area
D.
Wernicke's area
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-117
117.
Linguist Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a _____, a biological endowment that enables the
child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
A.
language acquisition device
B.
biological language center
C.
primary language center
D.
biological language device
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-118
118.
Kuhel is a behaviorist. In the context of language development, he is most likely to believe that language is:
A.
learned with the learning acquisition device.
B.
a special skill that has emerged with biological evolution.
C.
a skill controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain.
D.
acquired through reinforcement.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Environmental influences
5-119
119.
A study of young children living in low-income families found that _____ when predicting the vocabulary development of
children.
A.
the amount of maternal talk was less important than maternal literacy skills
B.
the amount of maternal talk was more important than the amount of paternal talk
C.
nutrition and SES were more important than the amount of maternal talk or maternal literacy skills
D.
attending preschool or Head Start was more important than paternal talk but less important than maternal talk
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-120
120.
Child-directed speech is the:
A.
ability of parents to understand their children's holographic speech.
B.
unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies.
C.
continual correcting of children's syntax by parents.
D.
special way parents speak to each other in front of their children.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Remember
5-121
121.
When Alice speaks to her six-month-old nephew, her voice immediately takes on a higher pitch, her speech becomes slower,
and she begins to use more simplistic words and phrases. This change in Alice's language behavior provides an example of:
A.
echoing.
B.
recasting.
C.
child-directed speech.
D.
morphology.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-122
122.
As he rolls his truck up and down the sides of the couch, Nezzy points to his truck and says "My truck" to which his father
responds with "What's the truck doing?" This is an example of:
A.
echoing.
B.
recasting.
C.
infant-directed speech.
D.
morphology.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-123
123. As they walk in the park together, Damon's dad points out various objects to him—
flowers, birds, butterflies, slides, swings, vehicles, and so on—and helps Damon name each of
them. Damon's dad is using _____ to help his son learn language.
A.
echoing
B.
encoding
C.
labeling
D.
recasting
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-124
124.
Rebecca says "Milk spill" to which her grandfather replies "Yes, the milk spilled on the floor." This is an example of:
A.
reframing.
B.
expanding.
C.
correcting.
D.
labeling.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-125
125.
In her book Growing Up with Language, Naomi Baron provided which of the following suggestions for facilitating language
development in toddlers?
A.
Remember to listen.
B.
Supply words and thoughts for the child to avoid frustration.
C.
Use questions that encourage the child to answer "yes" or "no."
D.
Let the toddler know when he or she is not being clear in communication.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Interactionist view
5-126
126.
The interactionist view of language development emphasizes that:
A.
the primary language center and the biological language device are both needed for language to develop.
B.
language development occurs largely due to positive reinforcement.
C.
the development of receptive language is universal, whereas the development of spoken language differs across cultures.
D.
both biology and experience contribute to language development.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Interactionist view
Short Answer Questions
5-127
127.
Identify the theorist who developed a cognitive development theory that suggests that development is universal and occurs in
a fixed stage-like sequence. He or she proposed that infants are in the stage of "sensorimotor development."
Jean Piaget
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
128.
Identify the theorist who developed a measure to test infant cognitive development designed to distinguish normal babies
from abnormal ones. The current version of this theorist's test combines the infant's performance in four domains into an
overall score called the developmental quotient.
Arnold Gesell
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-128
129.
Identify the theorist who developed a scale to assess infant behavior and predict later development. The current version,
which is Bayley-III, has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socioemotional, and adaptive.
Nancy Bayley
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
130.
Identify the linguist who proposed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language. He or she proposed that infants
are born into the world with a language acquisition device that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of
language.
Noam Chomsky
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-129
131.
According to Jean Piaget, identify the actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Schemes
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Schemes
132.
Eighteen-month-old Moira knows that her mother is "mommy", but she now calls all women she meets "mommy."
According to Piaget, this illustrates _____.
assimilation
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-130
133. Identify Jean Piaget's concept that describes the cognitive conflict that occurs when
information in the environment is inconsistent with the child's current schemes. This conflict
is the motivation to modify schemes or develop new schemes that are more consistent with
the outside world.
Disequilibrium
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
134.
According to Jean Piaget, identify the first substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent at birth and lasts
approximately one month. Sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors.
Simple reflexes
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-131
135.
According to Jean Piaget, identify the sixth and final substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent in children
between 18 and 24 months of age. The infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols in this substage.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
136.
While nine-month-old Mave is playing with a ball, her brother takes it and hides it behind a pillow. Mave cries and crawls
over to the pillow to get the ball. Which Piagetian concept is represented in this scenario?
Object permanence
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Apply
5-132
137.
Identify the memory without conscious recollection. This includes memories of skills and routine procedures (such as
crawling) that are performed automatically.
Implicit memory
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Memory
138.
Identify the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
Infinite generativity
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Language
5-133
139.
Shelby babbles using the sounds "ba, ba, ba" or "ch, ch, ch." These basic units of sound that our language is composed of are
known as _____.
phonemes
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Phonology
140.
Identify a special way that adults speak to babies that is characterized by language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, the
use of simple words, and the use of simple sentences.
Child-directed speech
APA LO: 1.2

Bloom's: Understand
5-134
141.
Define schemes. What are the processes of accommodation and assimilation? How are they related to schemes?
Schemes are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. According to Piaget, as the infant or child seeks to
construct an understanding of the world, the developing brain creates schemes. To explain how children use and adapt their
schemes, Piaget offered two concepts: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation occurs when children use their existing
schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take
new information and experiences into account.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Schemes
142. List in order Jean Piaget's six substages of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive
development.
Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six substages: (1) simple reflexes; (2) first habits and primary circular reactions;
(3) secondary circular reactions; (4) coordination of secondary circular reactions; (5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and
curiosity; and (6) internalization of schemes.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-135
143.
Jean Piaget observes that at 1 year and 2 months, his daughter Jacqueline holds in her hands an object which is new to her: a
round, flat box which she turns all over, shakes, [and] rubs against the bassinet. She lets it go and tries to pick it up. But she
only succeeds in touching it with her index finger, without grasping it. She nevertheless makes an attempt and presses on the
edge. The box then tilts up and falls again. Jacqueline shows an interest in this result and studies the fallen box. Which of
Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor development does this behavior reflect?
Jacqueline's behavior is characteristic of Piaget's tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity stage, which is the fifth
sensorimotor substage. It develops between 12 and 18 months of age. In this substage, infants become intrigued by the many
properties of objects and by the many things that they can make happen to objects. Tertiary circular reactions are schemes in
which the infant purposely explores new possibilities with objects, continually doing new things to them and exploring the
results. Piaget says that this stage marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
144.
A recent study revealed that habituation assessed at 3 or 6 months of age was linked to verbal skills and intelligence assessed
at 32 months of age. How can parents use the concepts of habituation and dishabituation to better interact with their babies
and maybe boost their verbal skills and intelligence in the process?
Knowing about habituation and dishabituation can help parents interact effectively with infants. Infants respond to changes in
stimulation. Wise parents sense when an infant shows an interest and realize that they may have to repeat something many
times for the infant to process information. But if the stimulation is repeated often, the infant stops responding to the parent.
In parent-infant interaction, it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infant stops
responding. The parent stops or changes behaviors when the infant redirects his or her attention.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Synthesis
5-136
145.
Distinguish between explicit memory and implicit memory.
Implicit memory refers to memory without conscious recollection—memories of skills and routine procedures that are
performed automatically. A child riding a bike draws on his or her implicit memory every time he or she performs the task. In
contrast, explicit memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences. One's memories of the last vacation taken
and the ability to recall the names of previous U.S. Presidents are examples of explicit memory.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Memory
146.
What is infantile amnesia? What are two explanations given for this phenomenon?
Most adults can remember little if anything from the first three years of their life. This is called infantile or childhood
amnesia. One reason for this phenomenon is that during the early years of life the prefrontal lobes of the brain—which are
believed to play an important role in storing memories for events—are immature.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Memory
5-137
147.
How is the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence different from the Gesell test and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?
The Gesell test and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development focus on infant behavior and do not specifically test the infant's
ability to process information. On the other hand, the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence focuses on the infant's ability to
process information in such ways as encoding the attributes of objects, detecting similarities and differences between objects,
forming mental representations, and retrieving these representations. The Gesell test and the Bayley Scales of Infant
Development have low correlations with later measures of IQ, while the Fagan test is correlated with measures of intelligence
in older children.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Analyze
148.
Long before infants speak recognizable words, they produce a number of vocalizations. Describe some of these vocalizations
in the order that they appear in infants.
Babies' sounds or vocalizations go through this sequence during the first year:
1) Crying: Babies cry even at birth. Crying can signal distress, but there are different types of cries that signal different
things.
2) Cooing: Babies first coo at about 2 to 4 months. These are gurgling sounds that are made in the back of the throat and
usually express pleasure during interaction with the caregiver.
3) Babbling: In the middle of the first year, babies babble—that is, they produce strings of consonant-vowel combinations,
such as "ba, ba, ba, ba."
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-138
149.
Define receptive vocabulary and spoken vocabulary. What is the relationship between the two?
Receptive vocabulary refers to the words that the child understands, whereas spoken vocabulary refers to the words that the
child uses. Receptive vocabulary always precedes and exceeds spoken vocabulary.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: First words
150.
What is child-directed speech? What are some other strategies adults use to increase infants' acquisition of language?
Child-directed speech is language spoken in a higher pitch and slower pace than normal and uses simple words and
sentences. It has the important function of capturing the infant's attention and maintaining communication. Adults often use
strategies other than child-directed speech to enhance the child's acquisition of language, including recasting, expanding, and
labeling.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
5-139

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Chapter 05 - Cognitive Development in Infancy

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Multiple Choice Questions

Jean Piaget believed that children:

APA LO: 1.1

Schemes refer to:

APA LO: 1.1

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According to Piaget, solving a puzzle is an example of a:

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qualitatively different from

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When a child is able to stand and walk

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The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth to about:

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Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into _____ substages.

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In which sensorimotor substage does an infant's actions become more object-oriented?

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It develops between 8 and 12 months of age.

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APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.2

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called _____.

APA LO: 1.1

Phonology is to _ as morphology is to _.