Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Privitera Test Bank

Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences
2nd Edition Privitera Test Bank

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Test Bank for Privitera, Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
1. The ________ is an inferential statistic used to determine the number of standard

deviations in a t distribution that a sample mean deviates from the mean value or
mean difference stated in the null hypothesis.
A) t distribution
B) t statistic
C) standard error
D) degrees of freedom
2. The t distribution is similar to the z distribution except

A) it is associated with greater variability
B) it is characterized by “thicker” tails compared with the z distribution
C) it is associated with scores being more likely in the tails of the distribution
D) all of the above
3. The estimated standard error in the t statistic uses the ________ to estimate the
________ when the population variance is unknown.
A) sample variance; population variance
B) population variance; sample variance
C) standard error; sample variance
D) degrees of freedom; sample size
4. A key difference between a t statistic and a z statistic is that the standard error is
________ to compute a t statistic.
A) removed
B) replaced
C) estimated
D) placed in the numerator
5. State the critical value(s) for the following two-tailed t test at a .05 level of
significance: t(  ).
A) ±1.645
B) ±1.96
C) the same as for a two-tailed z test at a .05 level of significance
D) both B and C
Page 1
6. State the critical value(s) for a t test using a two-tailed test at a .05 level of
significance: t(20).
A) ±1.725
B) ±2.093
C) ±2.086
D) ±0.687
7. State the critical value(s) for a t test using a .05 level of significance in the lower
tail only: t(24).
A) ±1.711
B) ñ1.711
C) ±2.064
D) ñ2.064
8. A researcher selects a sample of 32 participants who are assigned to participate in a

study with one group. What are the degrees of freedom for this test?
A) 32
B) 30
C) 31
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
9. A researcher conducts two t tests. Test 1 is a two-tailed test with a smaller sample
size at a .05 level of significance. Test 2 is a two-tailed test with a larger sample
size at a .05 level of significance. What do you know about the degrees of freedom
for each test?
A) Test 1 is associated with larger degrees of freedom.
B) Test 2 is associated with larger degrees of freedom.
C) Each test is associated with the same degrees of freedom.
D) It depends; there is not enough information to answer this question.
10. A researcher conducts two t tests. Test 1 is a one-tailed test with a smaller sample
size at a .05 level of significance. Test 2 is a one-tailed test with a larger sample
size at a .05 level of significance. What do you know about the critical values for
each test?
A) Test 1 is associated with smaller critical values.
B) Test 2 is associated with smaller critical values.
C) Each test is associated with the same critical values.
D) It depends; there is not enough information to answer this question.
Page 2
11. A researcher records the number of distracters (such as noises) that preschool-aged
children ignore while watching a popular Sunday morning cartoon show. Assuming
that the population variance is unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for this
study?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent sample t test
C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
12. A researcher conducts a study measuring differences in brain activity among rats
placed on either a continuous or intermittent reward schedule. Assuming that the
population variance in unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for this study?
C) not enough information
13. You read about a study testing whether night shift workers sleep the recommended
8 hours per day. Assuming that the population variance of sleep (per day) is
unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for this study?
14. A professor compares final exam scores in his psychology class to final exam
grades in another comparable professor's class. Assuming that the population
variance of exam scores is unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for analyzing
differences between these classes?
15. Which of the following is an assumption for computing any type of independent
sample t test?
A) Data in the population being sampled are normally distributed.
B) Data were obtained from a sample that was selected using a random sampling
procedure.
C) The probabilities of each measured outcome in a study are independent.
D) all of the above
Page 3
16. As a requirement for the t test, researchers compute any type of t test with samples
selected from populations in which
A) the population variance is known
B) the population size is very large
C) the population variance is unknown
D) the population is the same size as the sample
17. Computing a one-sample t test is appropriate when

A) participants are assigned to only one group
B) the population variance is unknown
C) participants are observed one time
D) all of the above
18. A researcher selects a sample of 16 women and asks them to rate how important a
sense of humor is in someone they want a long-term relationship with. She records
scores averaging 1.6±0.8 (M±SD) on a rating scale from -3 (not important at all) to
+3 (very important). Assuming that an average score of 0 is the null hypothesis, test
whether or not women find this trait important at a .05 level of significance.
A) Women found this trait to be important, and this result was significant, t(16) =
8.00, p < .05.
B) Women found this trait to be important, and this result was significant, t(15) =
8.00, p < .05.
C) Women did not find this trait to be important, p > .05.
19. The mean crying time of infants during naptime at a local preschool is 12 minutes.
The school implements a new naptime routine in a sample of 25 infants and records
an average crying time of 8±4.6 (M±SD) minutes. Test whether this new naptime
routine reduced crying time at a .05 level of significance.
A) The new naptime routine significantly reduced crying time, t(24) = -4.35, p <
.05.
B) The new naptime routine did not reduce crying time, t(24) = -4.35, p < .05.
C) The new naptime routine did not reduce crying time, t(24) = 0.92, p > .05.
D) The new naptime routine significantly reduce crying time, t(24) = 0.92, p <
.05.
Page 4
20. The average response time to a bank robbery is about 9 minutes. A local
community wants to improve on this time, so they implement advanced training
seminars. They find that the new response time for a sample of 36 police officers is
8±4.2 (M±SD) minutes. Test whether this advanced training seminar reduced
response time at a .05 level of significance.
A) This advanced training seminar significantly reduced response time, t(35) =
11.43, p < .05.
B) This advanced training seminar significantly reduced response time, t(35) = -
1.43, p < .05.
C) This advanced training seminar did not reduce response time, t(35) = -1.43, p
> .05.
21. A local elementary school determined that the average number of volunteers for
their “Step into Spring” annual fundraiser has been 14 persons on average (per
event). After taking additional measures to recruit volunteers this year, they got 28
people to volunteer. Test whether these additional measures increased the number
of volunteers at a .05 level of significance.
A) Yes, because the number of volunteers doubled; this is a significant increase.
B) No, this is not a significant increase because the error term is too large.
C) This would have been significant if it were a two-tailed test.
22. To compute a one-sample t test, a researcher has to know many values. Which of
the following is NOT a value that the researcher must know to compute this test?
A) The estimated standard error must be known.
B) The population variance must be known.
C) The sample size must be known.
D) The sample mean and sample variance must be known.
23. Two researchers (A and B) compute a one-sample t test. For both tests, the mean
difference between the sample and value stated in the null hypothesis is 5, but the
standard error is smaller for Researcher A. Which test is more likely to result in a
decision to reject the null hypothesis?
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
C) The likelihood is the same for both researchers.
Page 5
24. Two researchers (A and B) compute a one-sample t test. For both tests, the standard
error is the same, but the mean difference between the sample and value stated in
the null hypothesis is smaller for Researcher A. Which test is more likely to result
in a decision to reject the null hypothesis?
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
25. It is most appropriate to report effect size with a significant result. Why is it
generally inappropriate to report effect size with insignificant results?
A) Because insignificant results will always have an effect size equal to 0.
B) Because insignificant results indicate that an effect size is also insignificant.
C) Because it makes little sense to report the size of an effect that you just
concluded doesn't exist.
D) Because the probability of the size of an effect varies depending on the
significance of the result.
26. A researcher reports that mean ratings of liking for some food are 0.8±2.4 (M±SD).
If the null hypothesis was that the mean equals 0, then what is the effect size for
this test using estimated Cohen's d?
A) d = 0.33; small effect size
B) d = 0.33; medium effect size
C) d = 3.00; large effect size
27. A researcher reports that the mean time it takes to complete an experimental task is
1.4±8.0 (M±SD) seconds. If the null hypothesis was that the mean equals 1.0, then
what is the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's d?
B) d = 0.50; medium effect size
Page 6
28. A researcher conducts a study and concludes that a new behavioral health treatment
program significantly reduces one's risk for disease compared with risk levels in the
general population (d = -0.64). Interpret the size of this effect.
A) 64% of the variability in risk level can be accounted for by the new treatment.
B) 64% of the new treatment can be accounted for by the risk levels.
C) Risk levels in the population shifted 0.64 standard deviations below the mean.
D) Risk levels in the population shifted 0.64 standard deviations above the mean.
29. A researcher reports a significant effect in some population. If he computes both an

eta-squared and an omega-squared effect size estimate, then which estimate will be
the largest?
A) eta-squared
B) omega-squared
C) It depends on the sample size.
D) It depends on the value of the t statistic.
30. A researcher reports a significant effect with t(14) = 3.24. Compute eta-squared for
this result.
A)  = 0.43 (large effect size)
2
B)  2 = 0.43 (medium effect size)

C)  = 0.37 (large effect size)
2
D)  = 0.37 (medium effect size)

2
31. Computing a two-independent sample t test is appropriate when

A) different participants are assigned to each group
B) the population variance is unknown
C) participants are observed one time
D) all of the above
32. A researcher records differences in ratings of emotion among participants watching

either a drama or a romance film. Assuming that the population variance is
unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for this study?
Page 7
33. A researcher measures mean health scores of children at a local school and
compares these scores to the mean health score known in the general population.
Assuming that the population variance is unknown, what type of t test is
appropriate for this study?
34. Which of the following is an assumption for the two-independent sample t test, but
not the one-sample t test?
A) Normality
B) Random sampling
C) Independence
D) Equal variances
35. To compute a two-independent sample t test, a researcher has to know many

values. Which of the following is NOT a value that the researcher must know to
compute this test?
A) the pooled sample variance
B) the pooled population variance
C) the sample size for both samples
D) the sample mean for both samples
36. A researcher records the crying time (in minutes) of infants given oral
administration of sucrose (n = 12) or tap water (n = 16) prior to a heel prick. The
mean crying time in the sucrose group was 3.3±2.4 (M±SD) minutes; in the tap
water group, it was 7.3±1.6 (M±SD) minutes. If the null hypothesis is that there is
no difference in crying time, then what is the decision for this test?
A) Crying time was significantly reduced among infants given the water solution
prior to a heel prick.
B) Crying time was not reduced among infants given the sucrose solution prior to
a heel prick.
C) Crying time was significantly reduced among infants given the sucrose
solution prior to a heel prick.
D) Crying time was the same in both groups.
Page 8
37. A researcher has participants rate the likability of a sexually promiscuous person
described in a vignette as being male (n = 20) or female (n = 12). The mean
likability ratings in each group were 4.0. If the null hypothesis is that there is no
difference in likability ratings, then do likability ratings differ at a .05 level of
significance?
A) Yes, this result is significant, p < .05.
B) No, this result is not significant, t(30) = 0.
C) No, this result is not significant, t(30) = 1.00.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question, because the variance
in each sample is not given.
38. A researcher finds that the mean difference in productivity between employees
working the morning shift (n = 16) and the night shift (n = 10) is 5.0 units, and the
estimated standard error for the difference is 2.7 units. If the null hypothesis states
that there is no difference in productivity, then is this result significant at a .05 level
of significance?
A) Yes, this result is significant.
B) No, this result is not significant.
39. A professor teaches a certain section of material using a lot of examples with sports
and cars to illustrate. He is concerned that this may have biased his instruction to
favor male students. To test this, he measures exam grades from this section of
material among women (n = 10) and men (n = 10). The mean score in the male
group was 84±4.0 (M±SD); in the female group, it was 78±8.0 (M±SD) points. If
the null hypothesis is that there is no difference in exam scores, then test the null
hypothesis at a .05 level of significance.
A) Exam scores were significantly higher in the male group, t(18) = 2.83, p < .05.
B) Exam scores were the same between groups, t(18) = 2.12, p > .05.
C) Exam scores were significantly higher in the male group, t(18) = 2.12, p < .05.
D) Exam scores were the same between groups, t(18) = 1.00, p > .05.
40. Two researchers (A and B) compute a two-independent sample t test. For both
tests, the mean difference between the two groups is 10, but the standard error is
smaller for Researcher A. Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject
the null hypothesis?
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
Page 9
41. Two researchers (A and B) compute a two-independent sample t test. For both
tests, the standard error is the same, but the mean difference between the groups is
larger for Researcher A. Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject
the null hypothesis?
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
42. A researcher reports that the mean difference in the body weight of rats following a
pharmacological versus control treatment is 14 grams, with a pooled sample
variance equal to 256. What is the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's
d?
B) d = 0.08; small effect size
43. A researcher reports that the mean difference in response time to an auditory versus
a visual cue is 0.83 seconds, with a pooled sample variance equal to 2.45. What is
the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's d?
A) d = 0.53; medium effect size
B) d = 0.53; large effect size
C) d = 0.34; small effect size
D) d = 0.34; medium effect size
44. A researcher reports that the effectiveness of a new marketing campaign

significantly increased sales compared with the previous campaign strategy, t(49) =
2.562, p < .05. Use eta-squared to interpret the effect size for this result.
A) 12% of the variability in marketing effectiveness can be accounted for by the
new marketing strategy.
B) 12% of the standard error can be accounted for by the effectiveness of the
marketing strategy.
C) Marketing effectiveness shifted 0.12 standard deviations above the mean in
the population.
D) both A and B are correct
Page 10
45. A researcher reports a significant mean difference in a given population. If she

computes both eta-squared and omega-squared to measure the effect size, then
which estimate will be the most conservative?
A) eta-squared
B) omega-squared
C) It depends on the sample size.
D) It depends on the value of the t statistic.
46. Eta-squared is computed ______ for the one-sample, and the two-independent
sample t tests.
A) Differently
B) Infinitely
C) Similarly
D) Semantically
47. Which measure of effect size is most commonly reported with a t test?
A) eta-squared
B) omega-squared
C) t statistic
D) Cohen’s d
48. Is a one-sample t test reported differently for one-tailed and two-tailed tests?
A) No, the same values are reported.
B) It depends on whether the results were significant.
C) Yes, only significant results for a two-tailed test are reported.
D) It can be reported differently when the effect size is large.
49. A researcher reports that stress levels among nurses are higher compared to stress
levels in the general population, t(20) = 2.086, p = .05 (d = .12). Was this a one-
tailed or a two-tailed test?
A) One-tailed test because the p value is equal to .05
B) Two-tailed test because the p value is equal to .05
C) It could be a one- or a two-tailed test
Page 11
50. Which of the following summarizes a t test that was significant and associated with
a large effect size?
A) t(22) = 3.02, p < .05, d = .36
B) t(30) = 1.03, p > .05, d = .20
C) t(60) = 1.76, p > .05, d = .45
D) t(12) = 2.95, p < .05, d = .82
T F 51. A researcher must know the population variance in order to compute a t test.
T F 52. A t statistic estimates the standard error by using the sample variance to
approximate the population variance.
T F 53. A t distribution with infinite degrees of freedom is a z distribution.
T F 54. As the degrees of freedom for a t test increase, the critical values for that test also
increase.
T F 55. A t test is associated with N degrees of freedom.
T F 56. A t test is associated with n - 1 degrees of freedom.
T F 57. When testing a hypothesis with one or two groups selected from a population with
an unknown variance, a t test is appropriate.
T F 58. Normality, random sampling, and independence are all assumptions for the one-
sample t test.
T F 59. Normality is the assumption that data in the population are normally distributed.
T F 60. A researcher reports the following result for a two-tailed test at a .05 level of
significance, t(24) = 2.010, and correctly decides to reject the null hypothesis.
T F 61. A researcher reports the following result for a two-tailed test at a .05 level of
significance, t(30) = 2.320, and correctly decides to retain the null hypothesis.
Page 12
T F 62. A one-sample t test will be undefined (denominator = 0) when the same score is
recorded for all participants in a study.
T F 63. A one-sample t test will be t = 0 when the standard error was equal to 0.
T F 64. A one-sample t test will be t = 0 when the mean difference is equal to 0.
T F 65. When scores are measured in a single group, the sample standard deviation is used
as an estimate of the population standard deviation in the effect size formula for
estimated Cohen's d.
T F 66. An estimated Cohen's d is interpreted in terms of the number of standard deviations

that an effect shifted in some population.
T F 67. Measures of proportion of variance are computed the same for all t tests.
T F 68. Eta-squared is a more conservative estimate than omega-squared.
T F 69. A two-independent sample t test is computed when mean differences are compared
between two or more groups sampled from a population with an unknown variance.
T F 70. A two-independent sample t test is used when the same participants are observed in
each of two groups.
T F 71. A researcher reports the following result for a lower-tail critical test at a .05 level of
significance, t(40) = 3.212, and accurately concludes that this result is significant.
T F 72. A researcher reports that the mean difference between two groups is 20.12 and the
estimated standard error for the difference is 2.83. Hence, the conclusion must be to
reject the null hypothesis for a two-tailed test at a .05 level of significance.
Page 13
T F 73. A researcher computes a two-independent sample t test and finds that the result is
undefined (the denominator is equal to 0). This happens when there is no difference
between the two groups (i.e., the mean difference is equal to 0).
T F 74. When the difference between two groups is compared, the pooled standard
deviation is used as an estimate for the population standard deviation in the effect
size formula for estimated Cohen's d.
T F 75. If d = 0.28, then we conclude that mean scores in some population have shifted
0.28 standard deviations below the mean.
T F 76. When the proportion of variance explained by some treatment is larger than 0.25,
we conclude that there is a large effect in the population.
T F 77. Cohen’s d is a measure of proportion of variance.
T F 78. Effect size measures are an estimate of the size of an effect in a population.
T F 79. The p value is reported with the test statistic of a one-sample and a two-
independent sample t test using APA format.
T F 80. The critical values are reported with the test statistic of a one-sample and a two-
independent sample t test using APA format.
Page 14
Answer Key
1. B
Ref::††Concept/Factual/LO1
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. D
Ref::††Application/LO2
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. B
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. A
20. C
21. D
22. B
Page 15
23. A
24. B
25. C
26. B
27. A
28. C
29. A
30. A
31. D
32. B
33. A
34. D
35. B
36. C
37. B
38. B
39. C
40. A
41. A
42. C
43. A
44. A
45. B
Page 16
46. C
47. D
48. A
49. B
50. D
51. False
52. True
53. True
Ref::††Concept/Factual/LO1, 2
54. False
55. False
56. True
57. True
58. True
59. True
60. False
61. False
62. True
63. False
64. True
65. True
66. True
67. True
68. False
Page 17
69. False
70. False
71. False
72. True
73. False
74. True
75. False
76. True
77. False
78. True
79. True
80. False
Page 18

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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Privitera Test Bank

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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences

2nd Edition Privitera Test Bank

1. The ________ is an inferential statistic used to determine the number of standard

2. The t distribution is similar to the z distribution except

8. A researcher selects a sample of 32 participants who are assigned to participate in a

17. Computing a one-sample t test is appropriate when

29. A researcher reports a significant effect in some population. If he computes both an

B)  2 = 0.43 (medium effect size)

D)  = 0.37 (medium effect size)

31. Computing a two-independent sample t test is appropriate when

32. A researcher records differences in ratings of emotion among participants watching

35. To compute a two-independent sample t test, a researcher has to know many

44. A researcher reports that the effectiveness of a new marketing campaign

45. A researcher reports a significant mean difference in a given population. If she

T F 53. A t distribution with infinite degrees of freedom is a z distribution.

T F 55. A t test is associated with N degrees of freedom.

T F 56. A t test is associated with n - 1 degrees of freedom.

T F 64. A one-sample t test will be t = 0 when the mean difference is equal to 0.

T F 66. An estimated Cohen's d is interpreted in terms of the number of standard deviations

T F 68. Eta-squared is a more conservative estimate than omega-squared.

T F 77. Cohen’s d is a measure of proportion of variance.

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