Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual

Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition
Blitzer Solutions Manual

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Chapter 7
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 7.1
a b
Check Point Exercises 
sin A sin B
a 12
1. Begin by finding B, the third angle of the triangle. 
A  B  C  180 sin 40 sin117.5
64  B  82  180 12 sin 40
a  8.7
sin117.5
146  B  180
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to
B  34 find c.
In this problem, we are given c and C: c b
c = 14 and C = 82°. Thus, use the ratio 
sin C sin B
c 14
, or , to find the other two sides. Use c 12
sin C sin 82 
the Law of Sines to find a. sin 22.5 sin117.5
12 sin 22.5
a c c  5.2
 sin117.5
sin A sin C
The solution is B = 117.5º, a ≈ 8.7, and c ≈ 5.2.
a 14

sin 64 sin 82 a 33
3. The known ratio is , or . Because side b
14 sin 64
a sin A sin 57
sin 82 is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a  12.7 centimeters a b
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b. 
sin A sin B
b c 33 26
 
sin B sin C sin 57 sin B
b 14 33sin B  26sin 57

sin 34 sin 82 26sin 57
14 sin 34 sin B   0.6608
b 33
sin 82 sin B  0.6608
b  7.4 centimeters
B  41
The solution is B = 34º, a ≈ 12.7 centimeters, and b ≈
7.4 centimeters. 180  41  139 also has this sine value, but, the
sum of 57 and 139 exceeds 180, so B cannot have
2. Begin by finding B. this value.
A  B  C  180 C  180  B  A  180  41  57  82 .
40  B  22.5  180 Use the law of sines to find C.
62.5  B  180 a c

B  117.5 sin A sin C
In this problem, we are given that b = 12 and we find 33 c

that B = 117.5°. Thus, use the ratio sin 57 sin 82
b 12 33sin 82
, or , to find the other two sides. Use c
sin B sin117.5 sin 57
the Law of Sines to find a. c  39
Thus, B  41, C  82, c  39.
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 823

Chapter 7 Additional Topics in Trigonometry
a 10 6. The area of the triangle is half the product of the

sin A sin 50 lengths of the two sides times the sine of the included
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. angle.
1
a

b Area  (8)(12)(sin135)  34
sin A sin B 2
The area of the triangle is approximately 34 square
10 20
 meters.
sin 50 sin B
10sin B  20sin 50 7.
20sin 50
sin B   1.53
10
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
angle B for which sin B  1.53 . There is no triangle
with the given measurements.
a 12
sin A sin 35
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found
a b as follows:
 A  90  35  55
sin A sin B
12 16 B  90  49  41
 Find angle C using a 180° angle sum in the triangle.
sin 35 sin B C  180  A  B  180  55  41  84
12 sin B  16sin 35
c 13
16sin 35 The ratio , or
sin 84
is now known. Use this
sin B   0.7648 sin C
12 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
There are two angles possible: a c
B1  50, B2  180  50  130 
sin A sin C
There are two triangles: a 13
C1  180  A  B1  180  35  50  95 
sin 55 sin 84
C2  180  A  B2  180  35  130  15 13sin 55
a  11
Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . sin 84
c1 a The fire is approximately 11 miles from station B.

sin C1 sin A
c1 12
 Concept and Vocabulary Check 7.1
sin 95 sin 35
12sin 95
c1   20.8 1. oblique; sides; angles
sin 35
c2 a a b c
 2.  
sin C2 sin A sin A sin B sin C
c2 12
 3. side; angles
sin15 sin 35
12sin15 4. false
c2   5.4
sin 35
1
5. ab sin C
In one triangle, the solution is B1  50 , 2
C1  95, and c1  20.8 . In the other triangle,
B2  130, C2  15, and c2  5.4 .
824 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 7.1 The Law of Sines
Exercise Set 7.1 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
b c
1. Begin by finding B. 
sin B sin C
A  B  C  180
b 12
42  B  96  180 
sin 48 sin 90
138  B  180 12sin 48
b
B  42 sin 90
Use the ratio
c
, or
12
, to find the other two b  8.9
sin C sin 96 The solution is C  90, a  8.0, and b  8.9 .
sides. Use the Law of Sines to
find a. 3. Begin by finding A.
a c A  B  C  180

sin A sin C A  54  82  180
a 12 A  136  180

sin 42 sin 96 A  44
12sin 42
a Use the ratio
a
, or
16
, to find the other two
sin 96 sin A sin 44
a  8.1 sides. Use the Law of Sines to
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
find b. b a
b c 
 sin B sin A
sin B sin C b 16
b 12 

 sin 54 sin 44
sin 42 sin 96
16sin 54
12sin 42 b
b sin 44
sin 96
b  8.1 b  18.6
The solution is B  42, a  8.1, and b  8.1 .
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to
find c.
2. Begin by finding C.
c a
A  B  C  180 
sin C sin A
42  48  C  180
c 16
90  C  180 
sin 82 sin 44
C  90 16sin 82
c 12 c
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two sin 44
sin C sin 90º c  22.8
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. The solution is A  44, b  18.6, and
a c
 c  22.8 .
sin A sin C
a 12

sin 42 sin 90
12sin 42
a
sin 90
a  8.0

4. Begin by finding B. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
A  B  C  180 c a

33  B  128  180 sin C sin A
B  161  180 c

100
B  19 sin 95 sin 48
100sin 95
Use the ratio
a
, or
16
, to find the other two c
sin A sin 33 sin 48
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. c  134.1
b a The solution is C  95, b  81.0, and c  134.1 .

sin B sin A
b 16
 A  B  C  180
sin19 sin 33
6  12  C  180
16sin19
b 18  C  180
sin 33
b  9.6 C  162
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. c 100
Use the ratio , or , to find the other
c a sin C sin162

sin C sin A two sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
c 16 a c
 
sin128 sin 33 sin A sin C
16sin128 a

100
c
sin 33 sin 6 sin162
c  23.1 100sin 6
a
The solution is B  19, b  9.6, and c  23.1 . sin162
a  33.8
5. Begin by finding C. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
A  B  C  180 b c

48  37  C  180 sin B sin C
85  C  180 b

100
C  95 sin12 sin162
100sin12
Use the ratio
a
, or
100
, to find the other two b
sin A sin 48 sin162
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. b  67.3
b a The solution is C  162, a  33.8, and b  67.3 .

sin B sin A
b 100

sin 37 sin 48
100sin 37
b
sin 48
b  81.0

A  B  C  180 c a

38  B  102  180 sin C sin A
B  140  180 c

20
B  40 sin 40 sin 38
20sin 40
Use the ratio
a
, or
20
b a The solution is C  40, b  31.8, and c  20.9 .

sin B sin A
b 20
 A  B  C  180
sin 40 sin 38
44  25  C  180
20sin 40
b 69  C  180
sin 38
b  20.9 C  111
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. a 12
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
c a sin A sin 44
 sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.
sin C sin A
c 20 b a
 
sin102 sin 38 sin B sin A
20sin102 b 12
c 
sin 38 sin 25 sin 44
c  31.8 12sin 25
b
The solution is B  40, b  20.9, and c  31.8 . sin 44
b  7.3
A  B  C  180 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
38  102  C  180 c a

140  C  180 sin C sin A
c 12
C  40 
sin111 sin 44
a 20
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two 12sin111
sin A sin 38 c
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. sin 44
b a c  16.1
 The solution is C  111, b  7.3, and c  16.1 .
sin B sin A
b 20

sin102 sin 38
20sin102
b
sin 38
b  31.8

A  B  C  180 c b

56  B  24  180 sin C sin B
B  80  180 c

40
B  100 sin15 sin 85
40sin15
Use the ratio
a
, or
22
b a The solution is A  80, a  39.5, and c  10.4 .

sin B sin A
b 22
 A  B  C  180
sin100 sin 56
85  35  C  180
22sin100
b 120  C  180
sin 56
b  26.1 C  60
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. c 30
c a sin C sin 60

sin C sin A sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
c 22 a c
 
sin 24 sin 56 sin A sin C
22sin 24 a

30
c
sin 56 sin 85 sin 60
c  10.8 30sin 85
a
The solution is B  100, b  26.1, and c  10.8 . sin 60
a  34.5
11. Begin by finding A. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
A  B  C  180 b c

A  85  15  180 sin B sin C
A  100  180 b

30
A  80 sin 35 sin 60
30sin 35
Use the ratio
b
, or
40
, to find the other two b
sin B sin 85 sin 60
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. b  19.9
a b The solution is C  60, a  34.5, and b  19.9 .

sin A sin B
a 40

sin 80 sin 85
40sin 80
a
sin 85
a  39.5

A  B  C  180 c b

115  B  35  180 sin C sin B
B  150  180 c

200
B  30 sin125 sin 5
200sin125
Use the ratio
c
, or
200
sin C sin 35 sin 5
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. c  1879.7
a c The solution is A  50, a  1757.9, and c  1879.7 .

sin A sin C
a 200
 A  B  C  180
sin115 sin 35
65  65  C  180
200sin115
a 130  C  180
sin 35
a  316.0 C  50
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b. c 6
b c sin C sin 50

sin B sin C sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
b 200 a c
 
sin 30 sin 35 sin A sin C
200sin 30 a

6
b
sin 35 sin 65 sin 50
b  174.3 6sin 65
a
The solution is B  30, a  316.0, and b  174.3 . sin 50
a  7.1
14. Begin by finding A.
A  B  C  180 Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
A  5  125  180 b

c
A  130  180 sin B sin C
b 6
A  50 
sin 65 sin 50
b 200
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two 6sin 65
sin B sin 5 b
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. sin 50
a b b  7.1
 The solution is C  50, a  7.1, and b  7.1 .
sin A sin B
a 200

sin 50 sin 5
200sin 50
a
sin 5
a  1757.9

16. Begin by finding A. Use the Law of Sines to find side c.

A  B  C  180 c a

A  80  10  180 sin C sin A
A  90  180 c

20
A  90 sin111 sin 40
20sin111
Use the ratio
a
, or
8
, to find the other two c  29.0
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. There is one triangle and the solution is
b a B1 (or B )  29, C  111, and c  29.0 .

sin B sin A
a 30
b 8 18. The known ratio is , or . Use the Law
 sin A sin 50
sin 80 sin 90
of Sines to find angle B.
8sin 80
b a b
sin 90 
sin A sin B
b  7.9
30 20
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. 
c a sin 50 sin B
 30sin B  20sin 50
sin C sin A
c 8 20sin 50
 sin B 
sin10 sin 90 30
8sin10 sin B  0.5107
c There are two angles possible:
sin 90
c  1.4 B1  31, B2  180  31  149
The solution is A  90, b  7.9, and c  1.4 . B2 is impossible, since 50  149  199 .
We find C using B1 and the given information
17. The known ratio is
a
, or
20
. A  50 .
sin A sin 40 C  180  B1  A  180  31  50  99
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find c.
a b c a
 
sin A sin B sin C sin A
20 15 c 30
 
sin 40 sin B sin 99 sin 50
20sin B  15sin 40 30sin 99
c  38.7
15sin 40 sin 50
sin B 
20 There is one triangle and the solution is
sin B  0.4821 B1 (or B )  31, C  99, and c  38.7 .
There are two angles possible:
B1  29, B2  180  29  151
B2 is impossible, since 40  151  191 .
We find C using B1 and the given information A =
40°.
C  180  B1  A  180  29  40  111

a 10 b a
19. The known ratio is , or . 
sin A sin 63 sin B sin A
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. b 57.5

a

c sin 7 sin136
sin A sin C 57.5sin 7
b  10.1
10

8.9 sin136
sin 63 sin C There is one triangle and the solution is
10sin C  8.9 sin 63 C1 (or C )  37, B  7, and b  10.1 .
8.9 sin 63
sin C  a 42.1
10 21. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin112
sin C  0.7930 Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
a c
C1  52, C2  180  52  128 
sin A sin C
C2 is impossible, since 63  128  191 .
42.1 37
We find B using C1 and the given information A = 
sin112 sin C
63°. 42.1sin C  37 sin112
B  180  C1  A  180  52  63  65
37 sin112
Use the Law of Sines to find side b. sin C 
42.1
b a
 sin C  0.8149
sin B sin A There are two angles possible:
b 10 C1  55, C2  180  55  125

sin 65 sin 63 C2 is impossible, since 112  125  237 .
10sin 65
b  10.2 We find B using C1 and the given information A =
sin 63
There is one triangle and the solution is 112°.
C1 (or C )  52, B  65, and b  10.2 . B  180  C1  A  180  55  112  13
Use the Law of Sines to find b.
b a
20. The known ratio is
a
, or
57.5
. 
sin A sin136 sin B sin A
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. b 42.1

a c sin13 sin112
 42.1sin13
sin A sin C b  10.2
57.5 49.8 sin112
 There is one triangle and the solution is
sin136 sin C
57.5sin C  49.8sin136 C1 (or C )  55, B  13, and b  10.2 .
49.8sin136
sin C 
57.5
sin C  0.6016
C1  37, C2  180  37  143
C2 is impossible, since 136  143  279 .
We find B using C1 and the given information
A  136 .
B  180  C1  A  180  37  136  7
Use the Law of Sines to find b.

a 6.1 a 10
22. The known ratio is , or . 24. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin162 sin A sin150
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a b a b
 
sin A sin B sin A sin B
6.1 4 10 30
 
sin162 sin B sin150 sin B
6.1sin B  4 sin162 10sin B  30sin150
4 sin162 30sin150
sin B  sin B   1.5
6.1 10
sin B  0.2026 Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
There are two angles possible: angle B for which sin B  1.5 . There is no triangle
B1  12, B2  180  12  168 with the given measurements.
B2 is impossible, since 162  168  330 .
a 16
We find C using B1 and the given information 25. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 60
A  162 . Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
C  180  B1  A  180  12  162  6 a b

Use the Law of Sines to find c. sin A sin B
c a 16 18
 
sin C sin A sin 60 sin B
c 6.1 16sin B  18sin 60

sin 6 sin162 18sin 60
6.1sin 6 sin B 
c  2.1 16
sin162 sin B  0.9743
There is one triangle and the solution is There are two angles possible:
B1 (or B )  12, C  6, and c  2.1 . B1  77, B2  180  77  103
There are two triangles:
a 10
23. The known ratio is , or . C1  180  B1  A  180  77  60  43
sin A sin 30
C2  180  B2  A  180  103  60  17 Use the
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a b Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .

sin A sin B c1 a

10 40 sin C1 sin A

sin 30 sin B c1 16

10sin B  40sin 30 sin 43 sin 60
40sin 30 16sin 43
sin B  2 c1   12.6
10 sin 60
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no c2 a
angle B for which sin B = 2. There is no triangle with 
sin C2 sin A
the given measurements.
c2 16

sin17 sin 60
16sin17
c2   5.4
sin 60
In one triangle, the solution is
B1  77, C1  43, and c1  12.6 .
In the other triangle,
B2  103, C2  17, and c2  5.4 .

a 30 C1  180  B1  A  180  54  37  89

26. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 20 C2  180  B2  A  180  126  37  17 Use the
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .
a b
 c1 a
sin A sin B 
sin C1 sin A
30 40
 c1 12
sin 20 sin B 
30sin B  40sin 20 sin 89 sin 37
12 sin 89
40sin 20 c1   19.9
sin B  sin 37
30
c2 a
sin B  0.4560 
There are two angles possible: sin C2 sin A
B1  27, B2  180  27  153 c2 12

There are two triangles: sin17 sin 37
C1  180  B1  A  180  27  20  133 12 sin17
c2   5.8
C2  180  B2  A  180  153  20  7 sin 37
Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . In one triangle, the solution is
B1  54, C1  89, and c1  19.9 .
c1 a
 In the other triangle,
sin C1 sin A
B2  126, C2  17, and c2  5.8 .
c1 30

sin133 sin 20 a 7
30sin133 28. The known ratio is , or .
c1   64.2 sin A sin12
sin 20 Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
c2 a a b
 
sin C2 sin A sin A sin B
c2 30 7 28
 
sin 7 sin 20 sin12 sin B
30sin 7 7 sin B  28sin12
c2   10.7
sin 20 28sin12
sin B 
In one triangle, the solution is 7
B1  27, C1  133, and c1  64.2 . sin B  0.8316
In the other triangle, There are two angles possible:
B2  153, C2  7, and c2  10.7 . B1  56, B2  180  56  124
a 12 C1  180  B1  A  180  56  12  112
27. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 37 C2  180  B2  A  180  124  12  44
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .
a b

sin A sin B
12 16.1

sin 37 sin B
12 sin B  16.1sin 37
16.1sin 37
sin B 
12
sin B  0.8074
B1  54, B2  180  54  126

c1 a In one triangle, the solution is

 C1  68, B1  54, and b1  21.0 .
sin C1 sin A
c1 7 In the other triangle,
 C2  112, B2  10, and b2  4.5 .
sin112 sin12
7 sin112
c1   31.2 a 95
sin12 30. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 49
c2 a
 Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
sin C2 sin A a c
c2 7 
 sin A sin C
sin 44 sin12 95 125
7 sin 44 
c2   23.4 sin 49 sin C
sin12 95sin C  125sin 49
In one triangle, the solution is 125sin 49
B1  56, C1  112, and c1  31.2 . sin C 
95
In the other triangle,
sin C  0.9930
B2  124, C2  44, and c2  23.4 . There are two angles possible:
C1  83, C2  180  83  97
a 22
29. The known ratio is , or . There are two triangles:
sin A sin 58 B1  180  C1  A  180  83  49  48
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
B2  180  C2  A  180  97  49  34
a c
 Use the Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 .
sin A sin C
22 24.1 b1 a
 
sin 58 sin C sin B1 sin A
22 sin C  24.1sin 58 b1 95

24.1sin 58 sin 48 sin 49
sin C 
22 95sin 48
b1   93.5
sin C  0.9290 sin 49
There are two angles possible: b2 a

C1  68, C2  180  68  112 sin B2 sin A
There are two triangles: b2 95
B1  180  C1  A  180  68  58  54 
sin 34 sin 49
B2  180  C2  A  180  112  58  10 Use the 95sin 34
b2   70.4
Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 . sin 49
b1 a In one triangle, the solution is
 C1  83, B1  48, and b1  93.5 .
sin B1 sin A
b1 In the other triangle,
22
 C2  97, B2  34, and b2  70.4 .
sin 54 sin 58
22 sin 54
b1   21.0
sin 58
b2 a

sin B2 sin A
b2 22

sin10 sin 58
22 sin10
b2   4.5
sin 58

a 9.3 1 1
31. The known ratio is , or . 38. Area  ab sin C  (16)(20)(sin102)  157
sin A sin18 2 2
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. The area of the triangle is approximately 157 square
a b meters.

sin A sin B
39. ABC  180  67  113
9.3 41
 ACB  180  43  113  24
sin18 sin B
Use the law of sines to find BC .
9.3sin B  41sin18
BC 312
41sin18 
sin B   1.36 sin 43 sin 24
9.3
312sin 43
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no BC 
angle B for which sin B = 1.36. There is no triangle sin 24
with the given measurements. BC  523.1
Use the law of sines to find h.
a 1.4 h 523.1
32. The known ratio is , or . 
sin A sin142 sin 67 sin 90
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. 523.1sin 67
a b h
 sin 90
sin A sin B h  481.6
1.4 2.9

sin142 sin B 40. ABC  180  29  151
1.4sin B  2.9sin142 ACB  180  25  151  4
2.9sin142 Use the law of sines to find BC .
sin B   1.28
1.4 BC 238

Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no sin 25 sin 4
angle B for which sin B  1.28 . There is no triangle 238sin 25
with the given measurements. BC 
sin 4
1 1 BC  1441.9
33. Area  bc sin A  (20)(40)(sin 48)  297 Use the law of sines to find h.
2 2
h 1441.9
The area of the triangle is approximately 
297 square feet. sin 29 sin 90
1441.9sin 29
h
34. Area 
1 1
bc sin A  (20)(50)(sin 22)  187 sin 90
2 2 h  699.1
The area of the triangle is approximately 187 square
feet. 41. Begin by finding the six angles inside the two
triangles. Then use the law of sines.
1 1 450sin145
35. Area  ac sin B  (3)(6)(sin 36)  5
 sin 34
2 2 a
The area of the triangle is approximately sin 4 sin 30
5 square yards. a  64.4
1 1 42. Begin by finding the six angles inside the two
36. Area  ac sin B  (8)(5)(sin125)  16
2 2 triangles. Then use the law of sines.
The area of the triangle is approximately 16 square 120
yards. a
 sin 58
sin 22 sin100
1 1 a  53.8
37. Area  ab sin C  (4)(6)(sin124)  10
2 2
The area of the triangle is approximately
10 square meters.

a b 46.
43. 
sin A sin B
300 200

sin 2θ sin θ
200sin 2θ  300sin θ
400sin θ cos θ  300sin θ
300sin θ
cos θ 
400sin θ
3
cos θ  1
4 A bh
2
θ  41
1
2θ  82  (5)(4)
2
A  82, B  41, C  57, c  255.7
 10
a b
44.  47.
sin A sin B
400 300

sin 2θ sin θ
300sin 2θ  400sin θ
600sin θ cos θ  400sin θ
400sin θ
cos θ 
600sin θ
2
cos θ 
3 Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found
θ  48 as follows:
2θ  96 A  90  25  65
A  96, B  48, C  36, c  237.3 B  90  56  34
Find angle C using a 180° angle sum in the triangle.
45. C  180  A  B  180  65  34  81
c 10
The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
sin C sin 81
ratio and the Law of Sines to find b and a.
b c

sin B sin C
b 10

sin 34 sin 81
10sin 34
1 b  5.7
A bh sin 81
2 Station A is about 5.7 miles from the fire.
1
 (5)(4) a

c
2 sin A sin C
 10 a 10

sin 65 sin 81
10sin 65
a  9.2
sin 81
Station B is about 9.2 miles from the fire.

48. 49.
Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found

as follows: Using the figure,
A  90  48  42 C  180  A  B  180  85  76  19
B  90  34  56 c 1200
The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
Find angle C using a 180º angle sum in the triangle. sin C sin19
C  180  A  B  180  42  56  82 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a and b.
c 40 a c
The ratio , or , is now known. 
sin C sin 82 sin A sin C
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a 1200
b and a. 
sin 85 sin19
b c
 1200sin 85
sin B sin C a  3671.8
sin19
b 40
 b

c
sin 56 sin 82 sin B sin C
40sin 56
b  33.5 b

1200
sin 82 sin 76 sin19
Station A is about 33.5 miles from the illegal station.
1200sin 76
a c b  3576.4
 sin19
sin A sin C
The platform is about 3671.8 yards from one end of
a 40
 the beach and 3576.4 yards from the other.
sin 42 sin 82
40sin 42 50. Let c = distance from A to B .
a  27.0 Using the figure,
sin 82
Station B is about 27.0 miles from the illegal station. B  180  A  C  180  62  53  65
b 300
The ratio , or , is now known.
sin B sin 65
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find c.
c b

sin C sin B
c 300

sin 53 sin 65
300sin 53
c  264.4
sin 65
The distance between A and B is about 264.4 yards or
793 feet.

51. According to the figure, 54. Using the figure,

C  180  A  B  180  84.7  50  45.3 The B  85  180
c 171 B  95
ratio , or , is now known. Use this
sin C sin 45.3 A  B  C  180
ratio and the Law of Sines to find b.
37  95  C  180
b c
 132  C  180
sin B sin C
b 171 C  48
 c 100
sin 50 sin 45.3 The ratio , or , is now known.
171sin 50 sin C sin 48
b  184 Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
sin 45.3
a c
The distance is about 184 feet. 
sin A sin C
52. a 100

sin 37 sin 48
100sin 37
a  81.0
sin 48
The pier is about 81.0 feet long.
55.
Using the figure,

C  62  23  85
B  180  A  C  180  75  85  20
b 80
The ratio , or , is now known.
sin B sin 20
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find c. Using the figure,
c b B  90  8  82

sin C sin B C  180  A  B  180  62  82  36
c 80 c 20
 The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
sin 85 sin 20 sin C sin 36
80sin 85 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
c  233.0 a c
sin 20 
The height of the tree is about 233.0 feet. sin A sin C
a 20

53. The ratio
b
, or
562
, is known. sin 62 sin 36
sin B sin 85.3 20sin 62
Use this ratio, the figure, and the Law of Sines to find a  30.0
sin 36
c. The length of the pole is about 30.0 feet.
c b

sin C sin B
c 562

sin 5.7 sin 85.3
562sin 5.7
c  56.0
sin 85.3
The toss was about 56.0 feet.

56. Using the figure, 58. a. Using the figure,

A  90  6  84 B  180  66  114
C  180  A  B  180  84  22  74 C  180  A  B  180  22  114  44
c 40 c 1.6
The ratio , or , is now known. The ratio , or , is now known.
sin C sin 74 sin C sin 44
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find b. Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find b.
b c b c
 
sin B sin C sin B sin C
b 40 b 1.6
 
sin 22 sin 74 sin114 sin 44
40sin 22 1.6sin114
b  15.6 b  2.1042
sin 74 sin 44
The height of the wall is about 15.6 feet. The cable car covers about 2.1042 miles.
There are 5280 feet per mile, so the cable car
57. a. Using the figure and the measurements shown, covers about 11,110.2 feet.
B  180  44  136
C  180  B  A  180  136  37  7 b. The known ratio is
c
, or
1.6
.
sin C sin 44
c 100 Use the Law of Sines to find a.
The ratio , or , is now known. Use
sin C sin 7 a c
this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a. 
sin A sin C
a c
 a 1.6
sin A sin C 
sin 22 sin 44
a 100
 1.6sin 22
sin 37 sin 7 a  0.8628
sin 44
100sin 37
a  493.8 0.8628 miles ≈ 4555.6 feet
sin 7 a ≈ 4555.6 feet
To the nearest foot, a = 493.8 feet.
c. Let a = 4555.6, to the nearest foot, be the
b. From part a, let a = 493.8 be the hypotenuse of
the right triangle. hypotenuse of the right triangle. Then if h
If h represents the height of the tree, represents the height of the mountain,
h a
h

493.8 
sin 44 sin 90 sin 66 sin 90
493.8sin 44 h 4555.6
h  343.0 
sin 90 sin 66 sin 90
A typical redwood tree is about 343.0 feet. 4555.6sin 66
h  4161.7
sin 90
The mountain is about 4161.7 feet high.

59. 60.
a
Using the figure, the known ratio is , or
sin A
Using the figure,
B  90  62  28 16
. Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find
b 5 sin 48
The known ratio is , or . C.
sin B sin 28
a c
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. 
b c sin A sin C
 16 15
sin B sin C 
5 7 sin 48 sin C
 16sin C  15sin 48
sin 28 sin C
5sin C  7sin 28 15sin 48
sin C   0.6967
7sin 28 16
sin C   0.6573
5 There are two angles possible:
C1  44, C2  180  44  136
C1  41, C2  180  41  139
C2 is impossible, since 48  136  184
A1  180  C1  B  180  41  28  111 B  180  48  44  88
Use the The flagpole is leaning because it makes about an 88
A2  180  C2  B  180  139  28  13
angle with the ground.
Law of Sines to find a1 and a2 .
a1 b 61. – 70. Answers may vary.

sin A1 sin B 71. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
a1 5 Sample explanation: The law of cosines would be
 appropriate for this situation.
sin111 sin 28
5sin111
a1   9.9 72. makes sense
sin 28
a2 b 73. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
 Sample explanation: The calculator will give you
sin A2 sin B
the acute angle. The obtuse angle is the supplement
a2 5
 of the acute angle.
sin13 sin 28
5sin13 74. makes sense
a2   2.4
sin 28
75. No. Explanations may vary.
The boat is either 9.9 miles or 2.4 miles from
lighthouse B, to the nearest tenth of a mile.

76.
Let h = the height of the buildings. Using the figure, b  e  800

e  800  b
Now the law of sines gives the following equations:
b h
 (1)
sin 63 sin 27
800  b h
 (2)
sin 49 sin 41
Solve (1) for b:
b h

sin 63 sin 27
h sin 63
b
sin 27
Now substitute into (2):
800  b h

sin 49 sin 41
h sin 63
800 
sin 27  h
sin 49 sin 41
800sin 27  h sin 63 h

sin 27 sin 49 sin 41
h sin 27 sin 49  sin 41(800sin 27)  h sin 63 sin 41
h sin 27 sin 49  h sin 63 sin 41  sin 41(800sin 27)
h(sin 27 sin 49  sin 63 sin 41)  800sin 41 sin 27
800sin 41 sin 27
h  257
sin 27 sin 49  sin 63 sin 41
The buildings are about 257 feet high.
77.
Using the figure, A  180  150  30

Using the Law of Sines we have,
d 36

sin A sin 90
d 36

sin 30 sin 90
36sin 30
d  18
sin 90
CC   18  5  18  41
The wingspan CC  is 41 feet.

62  4 2  9 2 b

a
78. cos B 
264 sin B sin A
29 7

13
cos B 
48 sin B sin120
29 13sin B  7sin120
cos B 
48 7sin120
sin B   0.4663
 29  13
B  cos 1 
 48  B  28
Find the third angle.
B  127 C  180  A  B  180  120  28  32
The solution is a  13, B  28, and C  32 .
79. 26(26  12)(26  16)(26  24)
 26(14)(10)(2) 2. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
 7280 opposite the longest side.
 4 455 Thus, we will find angle B.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
 85
2ac cos B  a 2  c 2  b2
80. Diagram:
a 2  c 2  b2
cos B 
2ac
8  52  102
2
11
cos B  
285 80
 11 
cos1    82
 80 
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative.
B  180  82  98
Section 7.2 Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
Check Point Exercises a b

1. Apply the three-step procedure for solving sin A sin B
a SAS triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the 8 10

side opposite the given angle. sin A sin 98
Thus, we will find a. 10sin A  8sin 98
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A 8sin 98
sin A   0.7922
a  7  8  2(7)(8) cos120
2 2 2 10
 49  64  112( 0.5) A  52
 169 C  180  A  B  180  52  98
a  169  13  30
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the The solution is B  98, A  52, and C  30
shorter of the two sides. Thus, we will find acute
angle B.

Section 7.2 The Law of Cosines
3. The plane flying 400 miles per hour travels Exercise Set 7.2
400  2  800 miles in 2 hours. Similarly, the other
plane travels 700 miles. 1. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS triangle.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite the given
angle.
Thus, we will find a.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
a 2  42  82  2(4)(8) cos 46
a 2  16  64  64(cos 46)
a 2  35.54
a  35.54  6.0
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
Use the figure and the Law of Cosines to find a in of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle B.
this SAS situation. b a

a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A sin B sin A
a 2  7002  8002  2(700)(800) cos 75 4 35.54

 840,123 sin B sin 46
a  840,123  917 35.54 sin B  4 sin 46
After 2 hours, the planes are approximately 917 miles 4 sin 46
sin B   0.4827
apart. 35.54
B  29
4. Begin by calculating one-half the perimeter:
1 1 C  180  A  B  180  46  29  105
s  ( a  b  c)  (6  16  18)  20
2 2 The solution is a  6.0, B  29, and C  105 .
Use Heron’s formula to find the area.
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) 2. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS triangle.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite the given
 20(20  6)(20  16)(20  18) angle. Thus, we will find b.
 2240  47 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  62  82  2(6)(8) cos 32
47 square meters.
b2  36  64  96 cos 32
b2  18.59
Concept and Vocabulary Check 7.2 b  18.59  4.3
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
1. b2  c 2  2b cos A of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle A.
a b
2. side; Cosines; Sines; acute; 180° 
sin A sin B
3. Cosines; Sines 6 18.59

sin A sin 32
1
4. s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) ; (a  b  c) 18.59 sin A  6sin 32
2
6sin 32
sin A   0.7374
18.59
A  48
C  180  A  B  180  48  32  100
The solution is b  4.3, A  48, and C  100 .

3. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 5. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the given angle. opposite the longest side. Since two sides have length
Thus, we will find c. 8, we can begin by finding angle B or C.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
c 2  62  42  2(6)(4) cos 96 a 2  c 2  b2
cos B 
c 2  36  16  48(cos 96) 2ac
6  82  82 36 3
2
c 2  57.02 cos B   
268 96 8
c  57.02  7.6 B  68
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
acute angle B.
a b
b c 
 sin A sin B
sin B sin C
6 8
4 57.02 
 sin A sin 68
sin B sin 96 8sin A  6sin 68
57.02 sin B  4 sin 96 6sin 68
4 sin 96 sin A   0.6954
sin B   0.5268 8
57.02 A  44
B  32 Find the third angle.
Find the third angle. C  180  B  A  180  68  44  68
A  180  B  C  180  32  96  52 The solution is A  44, B  68, and C  68 .
The solution is c  7.6, A  52, and B  32 .
6. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
4. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find a. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A a 2  b2  c 2
cos C 
a 2  62  152  2(6)(15) cos 22 2ab
10  122  162
2
12
a 2  36  225  180(cos 22) cos C  
2  10  12 240
a 2  94.11 C is obtuse, since cos C is negative.
a  94.11  9.7  12 
cos1   87
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the  240 
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
C  180  87  93
acute angle B.
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
b a
 remaining acute angles. We will find angle B.
sin B sin A b c

6 94.11 sin B sin C

sin B sin 22 12 16

94.11 sin B  6sin 22 sin B sin 93
6sin 22 16sin B  12 sin 93
sin B   0.2317
94.11 12 sin 93
sin B   0.7490
B  13 16
Find the third angle. B  49
C  180  A  B  180  22  13  145 Find the third angle.
The solution is a  9.7, B  13, and C  145 . A  180  B  C  180  49  93  38
The solution is A  38, B  49, and C  93 .

7. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find angle A a b

a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A sin A sin B
b2  c 2  a 2 10 16
cos A  
2bc sin A sin125
16sin A  10sin125
4  32  62
2
11
cos A   10sin125
243 24 sin A   0.5120
A is obtuse, since cos A is negative. 16
 11  A  31
cos1    63 Find the third angle.
 24 
C  180  B  A  180  125  31  24
A  180  63  117 The solution is B  125, A  31, and C  24 .
remaining acute angles. We will find angle B. 9. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
b a triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side

sin B sin A opposite the given angle.
4 6 Thus, we will find c.

sin B sin117 c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
6sin B  4 sin117 c 2  52  72  2(5)(7) cos 42
4 sin117 c 2  25  49  70(cos 42)
sin B   0.5940
6
c 2  21.98
B  36
Find the third angle. c  21.98  4.7
C  180  B  A  180  36  117  27 Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
The solution is A  117, B  36, and C  27 . shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle A.
a c
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle 
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B. sin A sin C
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B 5 4.7

sin A sin 42
a 2  c2  b2 4.7 sin A  5sin 42
cos B 
2ac
5sin 42
10  82  162
2
23 sin A   0.7118
cos B   4.7
2  10  8 40 A  45
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative. Find the third angle.
 23  B  180  C  A  180  42  45  93
cos1    55
 40  The solution is c  4.7, A  45,and B  93 .
B  180  55  125

10. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 12. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find c. opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find a.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
c 2  102  32  2(10)(3) cos15 a 2  42  12  2(4)(1) cos100
c 2  100  9  60(cos15) a 2  16  1  8(cos100)
c 2  51.04 a 2  18.39
c  51.04  7.1 a  18.39  4.3
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle B. acute angle C.
b c c a
 
sin B sin C sin C sin A
3 7.1 1 4.3
 
sin B sin15 sin C sin100
7.1sin B  3sin15 4.3sin C  sin100
3sin15 sin100
sin B   0.1094 sin C   0.2290
7.1 4.3
B  6 C  13
Find the third angle. Find the third angle.
A  180  C  B  180  15  6  159 B  180  C  A  180  13  100  67
The solution is c  7.1, B  6, and A  159 . The solution is a  4.3, C  13, and B  67 .
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
opposite the given angle. opposite the given angle.
Thus, we will find a. Thus, we will find b.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
a 2  52  32  2(5)(3) cos102 b2  62  52  2(6)(5) cos 50
a 2  25  9  30(cos102) b2  36  25  60(cos50)
a 2  40.24 b2  22.43
a  40.24  6.3 b  22.43  4.7
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle C. acute angle C.
c a c b
 
sin C sin A sin C sin B
3 6.3 5 4.7
 
sin C sin102 sin C sin 50
6.3sin C  3sin102 4.7 sin C  5sin 50
3sin102 5sin 50
sin C   0.4658 sin C   0.8149
6.3 4.7
C  28 C  55
B  180  C  A  180  28  102  50 A  180  C  B  180  55  50  75
The solution is a  6.3, C  28, and B  50 . The solution is b  4.7, C  55, and A  75 .

triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find b. the given angle. Thus, we will find b.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  42  72  2(4)(7) cos55 b2  72  32  2(7)(3) cos 90
b2  16  49  56(cos 55) b2  49  9  42 cos 90
b2  32.88 b2  58
b  32.88  5.7 b  58  7.6
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the (use exact value of b from previous step)
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
acute angle A. of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle C.
a b c b
 
sin A sin B sin C sin B
4 5.7 3 7.6
 
sin A sin 55 sin C sin 90
5.7 sin A  4 sin 55 7.6sin C  3sin 90
4 sin 55 3sin 90
sin A   0.5749 sin C   0.3947
5.7 7.6
A  35 C  23
C  180  B  A  180  55  35  90 A  180  C  B  180  23  90  67
The solution is b  5.7, A  35, and C  90 . The solution is b  7.6, C  23, and A  67 .
15. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 17. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the given angle. opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C.
Thus, we will find b. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos 90 a 2  b2  c 2
cos C 
b2  52  22  2(5)(2) cos 90 2ab
b2  25  4  20 cos 90 5  72  102
2
13
cos C  
2  5 7 35
b2  29 C is obtuse, since cos C is negative.
b  29  5.4  13 
cos1    68
(use exact value of b from previous step) Use the  35 
Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter of
the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle C. C  180  68  112
c b
 remaining angles. We will find angle A.
sin C sin B a c
2 5.4 
 sin A sin C
sin C sin 90 5 10
5.4 sin C  2 sin 90 
sin A sin112
2 sin 90 10sin A  5sin112
sin C   0.3704
5.4 5sin112
C  22 sin A   0.4636
10
A  180  C  B  180  22  90  68 A  28
The solution is b  5.4, C  22, and A  68 .
B  180  C  A  180  112  28  40
The solution is C  112, A  28, and B  40 .

18. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS Find the third angle.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle C  180  B  A  180  100  19  61
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C. The solution is B  100, A  19, and C  61 .
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
a 2  b2  c 2
cos C  triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
2ab opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B.
4  62  9 2
2
29 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
cos C  
246 48 a 2  c2  b2
C is obtuse, since cos C is negative. cos B 
2ac
 29 
cos1    53 4 2  62  7 2 1
 48  cos B  
246 16
C  180  53  127
B  86
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
a c
 a b
sin A sin C 
sin A sin B
4 9
 4 7
sin A sin127 
sin A sin 86
9 sin A  4 sin127
7 sin A  4 sin 86
4 sin127
sin A   0.3549 4 sin 86
9 sin A   0.5700
7
A  21
A  35
B  180  C  A  180  127  21  32
C  180  B  A  180  86  35  59
The solution is C  127, A  21, and B  32 .
The solution is B  86, A  35, and C  59 .
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find any of the
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B.
three angles, since each side has the same measure.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
a 2  c2  b2
cos B  b2  c2  a 2
2ac cos A 
2bc
3  82  9 2
2
1
cos B   32  32  32 1
2  3 8 6 cos A  
2  3 3 2
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative.
A  60
1
cos1    80 Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
6 remaining angles. We will find angle B.
B  180  80  100 b a

Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two sin B sin A
remaining angles. We will find angle A. 3 3
a b 
 sin B sin 60
sin A sin B 3sin B  3sin 60
3 9
 sin B  sin 60
sin A sin100
B  60
9 sin A  3sin100
3sin100 C  180  A  B  180  60  60  60
sin A   0.3283
9 The solution is A  60, B  60, and C  60 .
A  19

22. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS 24. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find any of the triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
three angles, since each side has the same measure. opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find A.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c2  a 2 b2  c2  a 2
cos A  cos A 
2bc 2bc
5  52  52 1
2
25  452  662
2
853
cos A   cos A  
2  5 5 2 2  25  45 1125
A  60 A is obtuse, since cos A is negative.
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two  853 
cos1   41
remaining angles. We will find angle B.  1125 
b a
 A  180  41  139
sin B sin A Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
5 5 remaining angles. We will find angle B.

sin B sin 60 b a

5sin B  5sin 60 sin B sin A
sin B  sin 60 25 66

B  60 sin B sin139
Find the third angle. 66sin B  25sin139
C  180  A  B  180  60  60  60 25sin139
The solution is A  60, B  60, and C  60 . sin B   0.2485
66
B  14
C  180  A  B  180  139  14  27
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find A.
The solution is A  139, B  14, and C  27 .
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c 2  a 2 1 1
cos A  25. s ( a  b  c)  (4  4  2)  5
2bc 2 2
22  502  632
2
985 Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
cos A  
2  22  50 2200  5(5  4)(5  4)(5  2)
A  117
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two  15  4
remaining angles. We will find angle B. The area of the triangle is approximately
b a 4 square feet.

sin B sin A 1 1
22 63 26. s ( a  b  c )  (5  5  4)  7
 2 2
sin B sin117 Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
63sin B  22 sin117
 7(7  5)(7  5)(7  4)
22 sin117
sin B 
63  84  9
B  18 The area of the triangle is approximately
Find the third angle. 9 square feet.
C  180  A  B  180  117  18  45
The solution is A  117, B  18, and C  45 .

1 1 33. Use the given radii to determine that

27. s ( a  b  c)  (14  12  4)  15 a  BC  7.5, b  AC  8.5, and c  AB  9.0 .
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
 15(15  14)(15  12)(15  4) 92  7.52  8.52  2(7.5)(8.5) cos C
 495  22 cos C  0.3725
The area of the triangle is approximately C  68
22 square meters. Use the law of sines to find the solution is
A  51, B  61, and C  68.
1 1
28. s ( a  b  c)  (16  10  8)  17
2 2 34. Use the given radii to determine that
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) a  BC  7.3, b  AC  10.5, and c  AB  11.8 .
 17(17  16)(17  10)(17  8) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
 1071  33 11.82  7.32  10.52  2(7.3)(10.5) cos C

The area of the triangle is approximately cos C  0.1585
33 square meters. C  81
Use the law of sines to find the solution is
1 1
29. s ( a  b  c )  (11  9  7)  13.5 A  38, B  61, and C  81.
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) 35. Use the distance formula to determine that
 13.5(13.5  11)(13.5  9)(13.5  7) a  61  7.8, b  10  3.2, and c  5 .
 987.1875  31 a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A

31 square yards.
2 2
61  10  52  2  10  (5) cos A
cos A  0.8222
1 1
30. s  ( a  b  c )  (13  9  5)  13.5 A  145
2 2 Use the law of sines to find the solution is
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) A  145, B  13, and C  22.
 13.5(13.5  13)(13.5  9)(13.5  5)
36. Use the distance formula to determine that
 258.1875  16 a  13  3.6, b  26  5.1, and c  5 .
16 square yards. b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
31. C  180  15  35  130

2 2
26  13  52  2  13  (5) cos B
c 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos C cos B  0.3328
c  8  13  2(8)(13) cos130
2 2 2 B  71
c 2  366.6998 A  42, B  71, and C  67.
c  19.1
Use the law of sines to find the solution is 37. Use the law of cosines.
A  31, B  19, C  130, and c  19.1. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
32. C  180  35  50  95 5.782  2.92  3.02  2(2.9)(3.0) cos θ
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C cos θ  0.9194
c  3  2  2(3)(2) cos 95
2 2 2 θ  157
This dinosaur was an efficient walker.
c 2  14.0459
c  3.7
A  54, B  31, C  95, and c  3.7.

38. Use the law of cosines. 41. Let b = the distance across the lake.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
5.22  3.62  3.22  2(3.6)(3.2) cos θ b2  1602  1402  2(160)(140) cos80
cos θ  0.1667  37, 421
θ  100 b  37, 421  193
This dinosaur was not an efficient walker.
The distance across the lake is about
39. Let b = the distance between the ships after three hours. 193 yards.
After three hours, the ship traveling
14 miles per hour has gone 3  14 or 42. Let c = the distance from A to B.
42 miles. Similarly, the ship traveling c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
10 miles per hour has gone 30 miles. c 2  1052  652  2(105)(65) cos80  12,880
c  12,880  113
The distance from A to B is about 113 yards.
43. Assume that Island B is due east of Island A. Let

A = angle at Island A.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c2  a 2
cos A 
2bc
52  62  72 1
cos A  
2  5 6 5
Using the figure,
A  78
B  180  75  12  117
Since 90  78  12, you should navigate on a
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B bearing of N12°E.
b2  302  422  2(30)(42) cos117  3808
44. Assume that Island A is due west of Island B. Let
b  61.7 B = angle at Island B.
After three hours, the ships will be about
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
61.7 miles apart.
a 2  c2  b2
40. First, make a diagram. cos B 
2ac
72  62  52 5
cos B  
276 7
B  44
Since 90  44  46, you should navigate on a
bearing of N46°W.
45. a. Using the figure,

B  90  40  50
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
Using the diagram, b2  13.52  252  2(13.5)(25) cos50
B  74  34  108
 373
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b  373  19.3
b2  4002  5802  2(400)(580) cos108 You are about 19.3 miles from the pier.
 639, 784
b  639,784  799.9
The distance from airport A to airport B is about
799.9 miles.

a b In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill,

b.  e = the guy wire anchored uphill.
sin A sin B
B  90  7  97
13.5 373
 E  90  7  83
sin A sin 50
373 sin A  13.5sin 50 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
13.5sin 50 b2  4002  802  2(400)(80) cos 97
sin A   0.5355
373  174, 200
A  32 b  174, 200  417.4
Since 90° – 32° = 58°, the original bearing
could have been S58ºE. e2  d 2  f 2  2df cos E
e2  4002  802  2(400)(80) cos83
46 First, make a diagram.
 158,600
e  158.600  398.2
The guy wire anchored downhill is about 417.4 feet
long. The one anchored uphill is about 398.2 feet
long.
48.
a. Using the figure,

B  90  45  45
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  122  302  2(12)(30) cos 45  535
b  535  23.1 In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill, e =
You are about 23.1 miles from the pier. the guy wire anchored uphill.
B  90  5  95
a b
b.  E  90  5  85
sin A sin B
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
12 535
 b2  2002  1502  2(200)(150) cos 95  67,729
sin A sin 45
535 sin A  12sin 45 b  67,729  260.2
12sin 45 e2  d 2  f 2  2df cos E
sin A   0.3669
535 e2  2002  1502  2(200)(150) cos85  57, 271
A  22
Since 90  22  68 , the original bearing e  57, 271  239.3
could have been S68°E. The guy wire anchored downhill is about 260.2 feet
long. The one anchored uphill is about 239.3 feet
47. long.

49. 52. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.

1 1
s  ( a  b  c)  (320  510  410)  620
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
 620(620  320)(620  510)(620  410)
 4, 296,600,000  65,548.46
Now multiply by the price per square foot.
(65, 548.46)(4.50)  294, 968
The cost is $294,968, to the nearest dollar.
Using the figure, 53. – 60. Answers may vary.

B  90  2  45 (using symmetry)
61. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
Sample explanation: The Law of Cosines is not
b2  902  60.52  2(90)(60.5) cos 45 simply the negative of the Law of Sines.
 4060
62. makes sense
b  4060  63.7
It is about 63.7 feet from the pitcher’s mound to first 63. makes sense
base.
64. makes sense
50.
65.
Using the given information and the hint, we arrive at

the figure above. Let a = the side opposite the 35°
Using the figure, angle, c = the side opposite the 145° angle.
B  90  2  45 (using symmetry)
a 2  152  102  2(15)(10) cos 35  79.3
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
a  79.3  8.9
b2  602  462  2(60)(46) cos 45  1813
c 2  152  102  2(15)(10) cos145  570.7
b  1813  42.6
b  570.7  23.9
It is about 42.6 feet from the pitcher’s mound to third
The lengths of the parallelogram’s sides are about 8.9
base.
inches and 23.9 inches.
51. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.
66. If we call the lower left point D, and the lower right
1 1
s  ( a  b  c)  (240  300  420)  480 point E, then the Law of Cosines will give all three
2 2 angles in triangle ADE and triangle ABE. That
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) allows us find A  29, B  87, and C  64. The
 480(480  240)(480  300)(480  420) Law of Sines will then allow us to find
a  11.6 and b  23.9.
 1, 244,160,000  35, 272.65
Now multiply by the price per square foot.
(35, 272.65)(3.50)  123, 454
The cost is $123,454, to the nearest dollar.

67. Section 7.3
Check Point Exercises
1. a. ( r , θ )  (3, 315)
Because 315° is a positive angle, draw
The angle between the minute and hour hand is
2
of θ  315 counterclockwise from the polar axis.
3 Because r > 0, plot the point by going out 3
the 90° angle from 9 to 12, or 60°. units on the terminal side of θ .
Let d = the distance between the tips of the hands.
d 2  m 2  h 2  2mh cos 60
1
 m 2  h 2  2mh  
2
 m 2  h 2  mh
d  m 2  h 2  mh
68. Answers may vary.

b. ( r , θ )  ( 2, π )
69. y  3 is a horizontal line through (0, 3).
Because π is a positive angle, draw θ  π
counterclockwise from the polar axis. Because r
< 0, plot the point by going out 2 units along the
ray opposite the terminal side of θ .
70. x 2  ( y  1)2  1 is a circle centered at (0, 1) with a

radius of 1.
 π
c. ( r , θ )   1,  
 2
71. x2  6 x  y 2  0 π π
Because  is a negative angle, draw θ  
2 2
x  6x
2
y 0
2
clockwise from the polar axis. Because r < 0,
x2  6x  9  y2  0  9 plot the point by going out one unit along the
( x  3)2  y 2  9 ray opposite the terminal side of θ .
( x  3)2  y 2  9 is a circle centered at (3, 0) with

a radius of 3.

Section 7.3 Polar Coordinates
2. a. Add 2π to the angle and do not 4.

change r.
 π  π   π 8π 
 5,    5,  2π    5,  
4 4 4 4 
 9π 
  5, 
 4 
b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r.

 π  π   π 4π 
 
2
 5,    5,  π    5,   r x 2  y 2  12   3
4 4 4 4 
 5π   1 3  4  2
  5, 
 4  y  3
tan θ    3
x 1
c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not π
change r. Because tan  3 and θ lies in quadrant IV,
3
 π  π   π 8π  π 6π π 5π
 5,    5,  2π    5,   θ  2π    
4 4 4 4  3 3 3 3

  5, 

7π 
 
The polar coordinates of 1,  3 are 
4 
 5π 
( r , θ )   2, 
3. a. ( r , θ )  (3, π )  3 
x  r cos θ  3cos π  3(1)  3
5.
y  r sin θ  3sin π  3(0)  0
The rectangular coordinates of (3, π ) are
(–3, 0).
 π
b. ( r , θ )   10, 
 6
π  3
x  r cos θ  10 cos  10  
6  2 
 5 3
π r  x 2  y 2  (0)2  ( 4)2  16  4
1
y  r sin θ  10sin  10    5 The point (0, –4) is on the negative y-axis. Thus,
6 2
3π  3π 
 π θ . Polar coordinates of (0, –4) are  4,  .
The rectangular coordinates of  10,  are 2  2 
 6
5 
3, 5 . 6. a. 3x  y  6
3r cos θ  r sin θ  6
r (3cos θ  sin θ )  6
6
r
3cos θ  sin θ

b. x 2  ( y  1)2  1 Concept and Vocabulary Check 7.3
 r cos θ 2  (r sin θ  1)2  1 1. pole; polar axis

r cos θ  r sin θ  2r sin θ  1  1
2 2 2 2
2. pole; polar axis
r 2  2 r sin θ  0
3. II
r  r  2sin θ   0
r  0 or r  2sin θ  0 4. IV
r  2sin θ 5. IV
7. a. Use r 2  x 2  y 2 to convert to a rectangular 6. III

equation.
r4 7. IV
r 2  16 8. II
x  y  16
2 2
9. r
The rectangular equation for r = 4 is
x 2  y 2  16. 10. r
11. r cos θ ; r sin θ

y
b. Use tan θ  to convert to a rectangular
x 12. squaring; x 2  y 2
equation in x and y.
3π
θ y
4 13. tangent;
x
3π
tan θ  tan
4 14. multiplying ; r; x 2  y 2 ; y
tan θ  1
y
 1
x Exercise Set 7.3
y  x
1. 225º is in the third quadrant.
3π C
The rectangular equation for θ  is
4
y   x. 2. 315° is in the fourth quadrant.
D
c. r  2sec θ
2 5π
r 3.  225 is in the third quadrant. Since r is
cos θ 4
negative, the point lies along the ray opposite the
r cos θ  2
terminal side of θ , in the first quadrant.
x  2 A
d. r  10sin θ π
4.  45 is in the first quadrant. Since r is negative,
r  10r sin θ
2
4
x 2  y 2  10 y the point lies along the ray opposite the terminal side
of θ , in the third quadrant.
x 2  y 2  10 y  0 C
x 2  y 2  10 y  25  25
5. π  180 lies on the negative x-axis.
x 2  ( y  5)2  25 B

6. 0 = 0° lies on the positive x-axis. Since r is negative, 13. Draw θ  90 counterclockwise, since θ is positive,
the point lies along the ray opposite the terminal side from the polar axis. Go out 3 units on the terminal
of θ , on the negative x-axis. side of θ , since r > 0.
B
7. –135° is measured clockwise 135° from the positive

x-axis. The point lies in the third quadrant.
C
8. –315° is measured clockwise 315° from the positive

x-axis. The point lies in the first quadrant.
A
3π
9.   135 is measured clockwise 135° from the
4 14. Draw θ  270 counterclockwise, since θ is
positive x-axis. Since r is negative, the point lies positive, from the polar axis. Go out 2 units on the
along the ray opposite the terminal side of θ , in the terminal side of θ , since r > 0.
first quadrant.
A
5π
10.   225 is measured clockwise 225° from the
4
positive x-axis. Since r is negative, the point lies
along the ray opposite the terminal side of θ , in the
fourth quadrant.
D
11. Draw θ  45 counterclockwise, since θ is positive, 4π

from the polar axis. Go out 2 units on the terminal 15. Draw θ   240 counterclockwise, since θ is
side of θ , since r > 0. 3
positive, from polar axis. Go out 3 units on the
terminal side of θ , since r > 0.
12. Draw θ  45 counterclockwise, since θ is positive,

from the polar axis. Go out 1 unit on the terminal side
of θ , since r > 0.

7π π
16. Draw θ   210 counterclockwise, since θ is 19. Draw θ    90 clockwise, since θ is positive,
6 2
positive, from the polar axis. Go out 3 units on the from the polar axis. Go 2 units out on the ray
terminal side of θ , since r > 0. opposite the terminal side of θ , since r < 0.
17. Draw θ  π  180 counterclockwise, since θ is 20. Draw θ  π  180 clockwise, since θ is
positive, from the polar axis. Go one unit out on the negative, from the polar axis. Go 3 units out on the
ray opposite the terminal side of θ , since r < 0. ray opposite the terminal side of θ , since r < 0.
3π π
18. Draw θ   270 counterclockwise, since θ is 21. Draw θ   30 counterclockwise, since θ is
2 6
positive, from the polar axis. Go one unit out on the positive, from the polar axis. Go 5 units out on the
ray opposite the terminal side of θ , since r < 0. terminal side of θ , since r > 0.
a. Add 2π to the angle and do not

change r.
 π  π   13π 
 5,    5,  2π    5, 
6 6 6 

b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r. a. Add 2π to the angle and do not
 π  π   7π  change r.
 5,    5,  π    5,   3π   3π   11π 
6 6 6 
10,   10,  2π   10,
  
4 4 4 
c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not change
r. b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r.
 π  π   11π   3π   3π   7π 
 5,    5,  2π    5,   10,    10,  π    10, 
6 6 6  4 4   4 
π
22. Draw θ   30 counterclockwise, since θ is r.
6  3π   3π   5π 
positive, from the polar axis. Go out 8 units on the 10,   10,  2π   10,
  
4 4 4 
2π
24. Draw θ   120 counterclockwise, since θ is
3
positive, from the polar axis. Go out 12 units on the
a. Add 2π to the angle and do not change r.

 π  π   13π 
 8,    8,  2π    8, 
6 6 6 

 π  π   7π  a. Add 2π to the angle and do not change r.
 8,    8,  π    8,   2π   2π   8π 
6 6 6 
12,   12,  2π   12, 
3   3   3 
r. b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r.
 π  π   11π   2π   2π   5π 
 8,    8,  2π    8,   12,    12,  π    12,
  
6 6 6  3 3 3 
3π c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not change r.

23. Draw θ   135 counterclockwise, since θ is 2π   2π 4π 
4   
12,   12,  2π   12, 
  
positive, from the polar axis. Go out 10 units on the 3 3 3 

π c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not change

25. Draw θ   90 counterclockwise, since θ is r.
2
positive, from the polar axis. Go 4 units out on the  π  π   3π 
terminal side of θ , since r > 0.  6,    6,  2π    6,  
2 2 2 
27. a, b, d
28. a, c, d
29. b, d
30. a, d
31. a, b
32. a, c
a. Add 2π to the angle and do not 33. The rectangular coordinates of (4, 90°)
change r. are (0, 4).
 π  π   5π 
 4,    4,  2π    4,  x  r cos θ  6 cos180  6(1)  6
2 2 2  34.
y  r sin θ  6sin180  6  0  0
b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r. The rectangular coordinates of (6, 180°) are
 π  π   3π  (–6, 0)
 4,    4,  π    4, 
2 2 2 
π 1
35. x  r cos θ  2 cos  2   1
c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not change 3 2
r.  3
π
 π  π   3π  y  r sin θ  2 sin  2  3
 4,    4,  2π    4,   3  2 
2 2 2 
 π
The rectangular coordinates of  2, 
26. Draw θ  π  90 counterclockwise, since θ is  3
positive, from the polar axis. Go 6 units out on the
terminal side of θ , since r > 0. 
are 1, 3 . 
π  3
36. x  r cos θ  2 cos  2  3
6  2 
π 1
y  r sin θ  2 sin  2   1
6 2
 π
The rectangular coordinates of  2,  are
 6
 
3,1 .
π
37. x  r cos θ  4 cos  4  0  0
2
a. Add 2π to the angle and do not change r. π
y  r sin θ  4 sin  4(1)  4
 π  π   5π  2
 6,    6,  2π    6, 
2 2 2   π
The rectangular coordinates of  4, 
 2
are (0, –4).
 π  π   3π 
 6,    6,  π    6, 
2 2 2

3π
 
2
38. x  r cos θ  6 cos  6  0  0 43. r x 2  y 2  (2)2  2 3
2
3π  4  12  16  4
y  r sin θ  6sin  6(1)  6
2 y 2 3
 3π  tan θ    3
The rectangular coordinates of  6,  are x 2
 2  π
(0, 6). Because tan  3 and θ lies in quadrant IV,
3
x  r cos θ  7.4 cos 2.5  7.4(0.80)  5.9 π 5π
39. θ  2π   .
3 3
y  r sin θ  7.4 sin 2.5  7.4(0.60)  4.4
The rectangular coordinates of (7.4, 2.5) are 
The polar coordinates of 2, 2 3 are 
approximately (–5.9, 4.4).  5π 
( r , θ )   4, .
40. x  r cos θ  8.3cos 4.6  8.3( 0.11)  0.9  3 
y  r sin θ  8.3sin 4.6  8.3( 0.99)  8.2
 2 3 
2
The rectangular coordinates of (8.3, 4.6) are 44. r x2  y2   (2)2
approximately (–0.9, –8.2).
 12  4  16  4
41. r x  y  ( 2)  2
2 2 2 2
tan θ 
y

2

1
x 2 3 3
 44  8  2 2
π 1
y 2 Because tan  and θ lies in quadrant II,
tan θ    1 6 3
x 2
Because tan θ  1 and θ lies in quadrant II, π 5π
θ π  .
3π 6 6
θ
4
.

The polar coordinates of 2 3, 2 are 
The polar coordinates of  2, 2 are
 5π 
( r , θ )   4, .
 3π   6 
( r , θ )   8, .
 4 
 3 
2
45. r x2  y2   (1)2
42. r x  y  (2)  (2)
2 2 2 2
 31  4  2
 44  8  2 2
y 1 1
y 2 tan θ   
tan θ    1 x  3 3
x 2
π π 1
Because tan  1 and θ lies in quadrant IV, Because tan  and θ lies in quadrant III,
4 6 3
π 7π π 7π
θ  2π   . θ π  .
4 4 6 6
The polar coordinates of (2, –2) are 
The polar coordinates of  3,  1 are 
 7π   7π 
( r , θ )   8,  or  2 2 , .  7π 
 4   4  ( r , θ )   2, .
 6 

x7
 
2 51.
46. r x 2  y 2  ( 1) 2   3
r cos θ  7
 1 3  4  2 7
r
y  3 cos θ
tan θ    3
x 1
52. y3
π
Because tan 3 and θ lies in quadrant III, r sin θ  3
3
π 4π 3
θ π  r
3 3
. sin θ

The polar coordinates of 1,  3 are  53. x2  y 2  9
 4π  r2  9
( r , θ )   2,
 3 
.
r3
47. r x 2  y 2  (5)2  (0)2  25  5 54. x 2  y 2  16

y 0 r 2  16
tan θ   0
x 5 r4
Because tan 0  0 and θ lies on the polar axis,
θ 0. 55. ( x  2) 2  y 2  4
The polar coordinates of (5, 0) are
( r , θ ) = (5, 0). ( r cos θ  2)2  ( r sin θ )2  4
r 2 cos2 θ  4r cos θ  4  r 2 sin 2 θ 2  4
48. r x  y  (0)  ( 6)  36  6
2 2 2 2
r 2  4r cos θ  0
y 6 r 2  4r cos θ
tan θ    undefined
x 0 r  4 cos θ
π
Because tan is undefined and θ lies on the
2 56. x 2  ( y  3)2  9
π 3π
negative y axis, θ  π  . ( r cos θ )2  ( r sin θ  3)2  9
2 2
r 2 cos2 θ  r 2 sin 2 θ  6r sin θ  9  9
 3π 
The polar coordinates of (0, –6) are ( r , θ )   6,
 2 
.
r 2  6r sin θ  0
r 2  6r sin θ
49. 3x  y  7
r  6sin θ
3r cos θ  r sin θ  7
r (3cos θ  sin θ )  7 57. y2  6x
7 ( r sin θ )2  6r cos θ
r
3cos θ  sin θ
r 2 sin 2 θ  6r cos θ
50. x  5y  8 r sin 2 θ  6cos θ
r cos θ  5r sin θ  8 6cos θ
r
r (cos θ  5sin θ )  8 sin 2 θ
8
r
cos θ  5sin θ

58. x2  6 y π
62. θ
( r cos θ )2  6r sin θ 3
π
r 2 cos 2 θ  6r sin θ tan θ  tan
3
r cos 2 θ  6sin θ tan θ  3
6sin θ y
r  3
cos 2 θ x
59. r8 y  3x
r  64
2
x  y 2  64
2
63. r sin θ  3
y3
60. r  10
r  100
2
x  y 2  100
2
64. r cos θ  7
x7
π
61. θ
2
π
tan θ  tan
2
tan θ is undefined 65. r  4 csc θ
y 4
is undefined r
x sin θ
x =0 r sin θ  4
y4

66. r  6sec θ 69. r  12 cos θ
r
6 r  12 r cos θ
2
cos θ
x  y 2  12 x
2
r cos θ  6
x 2  12 x  y 2  0
x6
x 2  12 x  36  y 2  36
 x  62  y 2  36
67. r  sin θ
r  r  r  sin θ
r 2  r sin θ
70. r  4 sin θ
x2  y2  y
r  4r sin θ
2
x  y 2  4 y
2
x2  y 2  4 y  0
x2  y 2  4 y  4  4
x2   y  2  4
2
68. r  cos θ
r  r  r  cos θ
r 2  r cos θ
x2  y 2  x
71. r  6 cos θ  4 sin θ

r  r  r (6 cos θ  4 sin θ )
r 2  6r cos θ  4r sin θ
x2  y 2  6 x  4 y

72. r  8cos θ  2 sin θ 76. r  a csc θ

r  r  r (8cos θ  2 sin θ ) a
r
r  8r cos θ  2r sin θ
2 sin θ
r sin θ  a
x  y 2  8x  2 y
2
ya
This is the equation of a horizontal line.
77. r  a sin θ
r  ar sin θ
2
x  y 2  ay
2
x 2  y 2  ay  0
a2 a2
73. r 2 sin 2θ  2 x 2  y 2  ay  
4 4
r 2 (2 sin θ cos θ )  2 2 2
 a a
2r sin θ r cos θ  2 x2   y     
 2 2
2 yx  2
a
xy  1 This is the equation of a circle of radius centered
2
1  a
y at  0,  .
x  2
78. r  a cos θ
r 2  ar cos θ
x 2  y 2  ax
x 2  ax  y 2  0
a2 a2
x 2  ax   y2 
4 4
74. r 2 cos 2θ  2 2 2
 a a
 x  2   y   2 
2
r (cos θ  sin θ )  2
2 2 2
r 2 cos2 θ  r 2 sin 2 θ  2 a
This is the equation of a circle of radius centered
( r cos θ )  ( r sin θ )  2
2 2 2
x2  y2  2 a 
at  ,0  .
2 
 π
79. r sin θ    2
 4
 π π
r  sin θ cos  cos θ sin   2
 4 4
2 2
r sin θ   r cos θ  2
2 2
75. r  a sec θ
2 2
a y  x 2
r 2 2
cos θ
y  x2 2
r cos θ  a
xa y  x  2 2 has slope of 1 and y-intercept of 2 2 .
This is the equation of a vertical line.

 π 83. The angle is measured counterclockwise from the

80. r cos θ    8 polar axis.
 6
2 4π
 π π θ  (360)  240 or .
r  cos θ cos  sin θ sin   8 3 3
 6 6 The distance from the inner circle’s center
π π to the outer circle is
r cos θ cos  r sin θ sin
8
6 6 r  6  3(3)  6  9  15
3 1  4π 
x  y 8 The polar coordinates are ( r , θ ) = 15, .
2 2  3 
x 3  y  16
84. The angle is measured counterclockwise from the
 y   x 3  16 5 5π
polar axis. θ  (360)  300 or .
y  x 3  16 6 3
On the inner circle, r = 6.
y  x 3  16 has slope of 3 and y-intercept of –16.
 5π 
The polar coordinates are ( r , θ )   6,
 3 
.
2π
81. x1  r cos θ  2 cos  1
3 85. (6.3, 50°) represents a sailing speed of 6.3 knots at an
2π angle of 50° to the wind.
y1  r sin θ  2 sin  3
3
1, 3 
86. (7.4, 85°) represents a sailing speed of 7.4 knots at an
angle of 85° to the wind.
π 87. Out of the four points in this 10-knot-wind situation,
x2  r cos θ  4 cos 2 3
6 you would recommend a sailing angle of 105°. A
π sailing speed of 7.5 knots is achieved at this angle.
y2  r sin θ  4 sin 2
6 88. – 96. Answers may vary.
 2 3, 2  97.
d  x2  x1  2
  y2  y1 
2
2   
2 2
d 3 1  2  3
d2 5
To three decimal places, the rectangular coordinates
82. x1  r cos θ  6 cos π  6 are (–2, 3.464).
y1  r sin θ  6sin π  0 98.
 6, 0
7π 5 2
x2  r cos θ  5cos 
4 2
7π 5 2
y2  r sin θ  5sin  To three decimal places, the rectangular coordinates
4 2 are (–0.670, 5.157).
5 2 5 2 
 2 , 2  99.
 
d  x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
2 2
5 2   5 2 
d   6     0
 2   2  To three decimal places, the rectangular coordinates
are (–1.857, –3.543).
d  61  30 2

100.
To three decimal places, the polar coordinates are ( r , θ ) = (5.385, 2.761).
101.
To three decimal places, the polar coordinates are ( r , θ ) = (3, 0.730).
102.
To three decimal places, the polar coordinates are ( r , θ ) = (8.674, –2.091).

Adding 2π to –2.090514401 will give the approximate equivalent angle 4.193, or polar coordinates (8.674, –2.091).
103. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: There are multiple polar representations for a given
point.
104. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: There is only one rectangular representation for a
given point.
105. makes sense
106. makes sense
107. Use the distance formula for rectangular coordinates, d  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2 .

Let x1  r1 cos θ1 , y1  r1 sin θ1 ,
x2  r2 cos θ 2 , y2  r2 sin θ 2
d  r2 cos θ 2  r1 cos θ1 2   r2 sin θ 2  r1 sin θ1 2

 r22 cos 2 θ 2  2 r1 r2 cos θ1 cos θ 2  r12 cos2 θ1  r22 sin 2 θ 2  2 r1 r2 sin θ1 sin θ 2  r12 sin 2 θ1
   
 r22 cos 2 θ 2  sin 2 θ 2  r12 cos2 θ1  sin 2 θ1  2r1 r2 cos θ1 cos θ 2  sin θ1 sin θ 2 
 r22 (1)  r12 (1)  2r1 r2  cos θ 2  θ1 
 r12  r22  2r1 r2 cos θ 2  θ1 

 5π   π
108. Let ( r1 , θ1 )   2,  , ( r2 , θ 2 )   4, 
 6  6
d  r12  r22  2r1 r2 cos(θ 2  θ1 )
 π 5π 
 22  42  2(2)(4) cos  
 6 6 
 2π 
 20  16cos 
 3 
 1
 20  16     20  8  28 or 2 7
 2
π π π 2π 5π
θ 0 π
6 3 2 3 6
109. 2 3 1 3 2 3
r  1  cos θ 0 2 2 1 2 2 0
 0.13  0.5  1.5  1.87
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π
θ 0 π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2
110.
1 3 1 3 1 3
r  1  2 sin θ 1 2 3 2 1 0 1
 2.73  2.73  0.73

Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual

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Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition

Blitzer Solutions Manual

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 823

a 10 6. The area of the triangle is half the product of the

824 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 825

826 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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828 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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16. Begin by finding A. Use the Law of Sines to find side c.

830 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 831

832 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

a 30 C1  180  B1  A  180  54  37  89

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 833

c1 a In one triangle, the solution is

834 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 835

836 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 837

51. According to the figure, 54. Using the figure,

Using the figure,

838 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. Using the figure, 58. a. Using the figure,

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 839

840 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Let h = the height of the buildings. Using the figure, b  e  800

Using the figure, A  180  150  30

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 841

842 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 843

844 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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846 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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848 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 849

1 1 33. Use the given radii to determine that

 17(17  16)(17  10)(17  8) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C

 1071  33 11.82  7.32  10.52  2(7.3)(10.5) cos C

 987.1875  31 a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A

31. C  180  15  35  130

850 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. Assume that Island B is due east of Island A. Let

45. a. Using the figure,

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 851

a b In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill,

a. Using the figure,

852 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. 52. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.

Using the figure, 53. – 60. Answers may vary.

Using the given information and the hint, we arrive at

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 853

67. Section 7.3

Check Point Exercises

68. Answers may vary.

70. x 2  ( y  1)2  1 is a circle centered at (0, 1) with a

( x  3)2  y 2  9 is a circle centered at (3, 0) with

854 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. a. Add 2π to the angle and do not 4.

b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 855