Criminal Justice Ethics Theory and

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Chapter 12 Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. For famed philosopher Emmanuel Kant morality depends upon: (p. 341)
a. The consequences.
b. Intuitive understanding.
c. Following absolute rules.*
d. Following God’s will.

2. The central question for a Kantian is: (p. 341)

a. How ought I to live?
b. What ought I to do?*
c. What is the “good”?
d. What is the meaning of life?

3. For Kant, motive is essential, and actions possess moral worth only if they are performed
in accordance with the and out of the motive of duty. (p. 341)
a. Categorical imperative*
b. Moral imperative
c. Ethical imperative
d. Rational imperative

4. Kant argued that we ought not only to do what’s right, but: (p. 341)
a. we ought not harm others as we do it
b. to be aware of the consequences of our actions
c. to ensure that we act with a good moral character
d. to do it for the right reason or motive*

5. According to Kant: (p. 341)

a. we do what is right because it is right and it is right because it is our duty*
b. a moral action is right because it will result in happiness
c. deontology is similar to utilitarianism because it includes a focus on the personal
welfare
d. we do what is right because it is right and it is right because if give us “good
feelings”

6. Kant’s philosophy means that morality should be based on the concepts of: (p. 341)
a. Duty
b. Obligation
c. Rationality
d. All of the above*

7. Morality requires that we act as a fully being would act. (p. 341)
a. Justified
b. Moral
 c. Rational*
d. Emotional

8. For Kant, moral action is done from a respect for: (p. 341)
a. inclination
b. duty*
c. desire
d. summun bonum

9. For Kant, any action is moral if it is: (p. 341)

a. Sincerely motivated by a sense of duty.*
b. Rational given the personal interests of the actor.
c. Results in greater social good.
d. Consistent with the general will.

10. Of Kant’s two types of people who help others, the first type helps: (pp. 341-342)
a. For the sake of duty alone
b. For the sake of a categorical imperative
c. Without motives of vanity or self-interest*
d. All of the above

11. Of Kant’s two types of people who help others, the second type helps: (p. 342)
a. For the sake of duty alone*
b. For the sake of a categorical imperative
c. Without motives of vanity or self-interest
d. All of the above

12. In Kant’s version of , there are some actions we must perform. (p. 342)
a. Ethics
b. Justice
c. Vanity
d. Morality*

13. Moral obligations do not depend on particular desires, but are: (p. 342)
a. Ethical
b. Hypothetical
c. Categorical*
d. Contingent

14. Kant termed his absolute moral rules _______ imperatives. (p. 342)
a. hypothetical
b. relative
c. contingent
d. categorical*
15. The would state that you ought to help people if you care for them or if you
have some other purpose that might be served by helping them. (p. 342)
a. Categorical imperative
b. Hypothetical imperative*
c. Ethical imperative
d. Moral imperative

16. Through the categorical imperative, a Kantian asks whether he or she would be willing to
__________ the rule, in which case it is morally permissible. (p. 342)
a. obey
b. disobey
c. justify
d. universalize*

17. What is a personal or subjective plan of action, incorporating the agent’s reasons for
acting as well as a sufficient indication of what act the reasons call for? (p. 342)
a. Morality
b. Imperative
c. Maxim*
d. Principle

18. Maxim includes: (p. 342)

a. Principle
b. Hypotheticals
c. Motive
d. Both a and c*

19. Which of the following is an example of a maxim? (p. 342)

a. Always be loyal to your friends.
b. Always watch out for number one.
c. Don’t act in a way that will shame your parents.
d. All of these*

20. The means that rule you would be following if you were to do that act. (p.
342)
a. Morality of the act
b. Maxim of the act*
c. Reasoning of the act
d. Determination of the act

21. Significant literature has developed as followers of Kant have constructed devices to
make the formula work as a/an: (p. 343)
a. Justification
b. Rule
c. Action guide*
d. Anterior motive
22. If to follow a proposed categorical imperative is ___________, then it is not morally
permissible. (p. 343)
a. illegal
b. self-defeating*
c. immoral
d. vague

23. Kant argues that the categorical imperative binds rational agents because they are: (p.
343)
a. Rational*
b. irrational
c. required by duty to do so
d. reflective of a positive outcome

24. Kant assumed that immoral/unethical acts were always also: (p. 343)
a. Acts that resulted in more harm than good.
b. Irrational.*
c. Violations of religious tenets.
d. Violations of the principle of non-deontology.

25. Kant proposed that the rule against lying is a: (p. 343)
a. Categorical imperative*
b. Hypothetical imperative
c. Ethical imperative
d. Moral imperative

26. One should never lie because if lying became a all relations based on trust
and honoring promises would become unworkable. (p. 343)
a. Moral
b. Justification
c. Principle
d. Universal law*

27. One form of Kant’s categorical imperative is based on the principle of universality, while
the second version is based on: (p. 343)
a. the Golden Rule
b. the “no-harm” principle
c. respect for persons*
d. respect for self

28. Kant assumed that, at least in general, human beings are: (p. 343)
a. Capable of rational behavior and worthy of respect.*
b. Highly emotional and not responsible for acts motivated by emotion.
c. Irrational and in need of strictly enforced and detailed rules of conduct.
d. Incapable of resolving moral dilemmas.
29. According to Kant, if we treat others not as ends in themselves, but as means to an end,
then we: (p. 343)
a. disregard their humanity*
b. violate the hypothetical imperative
c. will never achieve just ends
d. will best achieve just ends

30. Which theory of punishment, if the only one utilized, is the most inconsistent with Kant’s
theory of not using other people as means to an end? (p. 343)
a. Retribution.*
b. Rehabilitation.
c. General deterrence.
d. Just desserts.

31. In Kant’s view, human beings have a/an worth or dignity that is not enjoyed by other
animals. (p. 344)
a. Extrinsic
b. Intrinsic*
c. Moral
d. Categorical

32. Kant thought humans had intrinsic worth and dignity because they are ____________
agents. (p. 344)
a. animalistic
b. juvenile
c. living
d. rational*

33. Kant argued that the moral law is an expression of the law of __________, and therefore
rationale human beings embody the moral law itself. (p. 344)
a. respect
b. reason*
c. just ends
d. universality

34. Kant argued that the is an expression of the law of reason. (p. 344)
a. Hypothetical imperative
b. Categorical imperative
c. Rational law
d. Moral law*

35. As an example of Kant’s second categorical imperative, Hinman (1998) describes

research done in the 1930s on the long-term effects of: (p. 344)
a. Syphilis*
b. Depression
 c. Marijuana
d. All of the above

36. When applied to the criminal justice system, Kant’s theory requires that we: (p. 344)
a. Place the interests of the victim above those of the offender.
b. Always treat all offenders with dignity and respect even when they are punished.*
c. Analyze the duties the offender was trying to carry out.
d. Try to obtain the best outcome for both the offender and society.

37. Hill (2000), following Kant, argues that use of force in self-defense against opposing
force: (p. 344)
a. Shows a lack of human respect for the attacker.
b. Is a selfish, immoral act.
c. violates Kant’s second categorical imperative*
d. Is moral, and a right and responsibility.

38. In the third categorical imperative the emphasis is that when we act morally we fully
choose our own moral decisions as: (p. 345)
a. Justified individuals
b. Autonomous moral agents*
c. Thinking beings
d. Justified moral agents

39. According to Kant, we should not allow our choices to be made for us by anyone else
because we would be compromised by our: (p. 345)
a. Morality
b. Determination
c. Autonomy*
d. Rationality

40. Kant’s third or “Kingdom of Ends” categorical imperative means that: (p. 345)
a. we should follow divine commands
b. we should only act where others will follow by our example
c. we should rely upon reason, tempered by religious conviction
d. we cannot rely upon society, government, or religious leaders to tell us what our
moral decisions should be*

41. Kant’s emphasis on absolute moral rules does not provide a means of: (p. 345)
a. resolving moral dilemmas*
b. encouraging moral behavior
c. educating others as to what ought to be done
d. limiting immoral behavior

42. One possible problem within Kant’s theory is the conflict: (p. 345)
a. Between hypothetical and categorical maxims.*
b. Between reason and emotion.
 c. Between two applicable categorical imperatives when one must act.
d. between absolute rules and categorical imperatives

43. One way of dealing with conflicting duties is to: (p. 345)
a. ask for help in solving the ethical dilemma
b. argue that moral rules should be treated as generalizations*
c. test each option against each of the maxims
d. always opt for the duty that provides the best consequences

44. Kant argues that we have a prima facie duty to: (p. 346)
a. Help others
b. Keep promises
c. Repay past acts of kindness
d. All of the above*

45. As Hill (2000) points out, in Kantian moral theory, strict are conceptually
impossible. (p. 346)
a. Moral dilemmas*
b. Ethical judgments
c. Deontological issues
d. Utilitarian dilemmas

46. In the example of “Rough Justice in a Juvenile Institution,” Joe will use a ____________
approach to resolving the dilemma of what to do after seeing Darren force a juvenile to
eat from bowl on the floor. (p. 347)
a. amoral
b. deontological*
c. utilitarian
d. teleological

47. What is the fourth criteria used when applying a deontological evaluation to an ethical
dilemma? (p. 348)
a. Determine the intention of the act
b. Determine the duties involved in the situation
c. Determine whether the duties conflict*
d. Determine whether the act will use any person as a means to an end

48. What is the sixth criteria used when applying a deontological evaluation to an ethical
dilemma? (p. 348)
a. Determine the intention of the act
b. Determine the duties involved in the situation
c. Determine whether the duties conflict
d. Determine whether the act will use any person as a means to an end*

49. Kant believed that human beings are creatures and that every act should be
evaluated as if one’s behavior were to become universal law. (p. 349)
 a. Moral
b. Rational*
c. Categorical
d. Hypothetical

50. The test for the categorical imperative is: (p. 349)
a. Whether an individual is willing for a particular moral judgment to be followed
by all persons at all times
b. Whether an individual is willing for a particular rule to be followed by all persons
at all times*
c. Whether an individual is unwilling to abide by moral rules
d. Whether an individual is unwilling to justify his or her moral actions

TRUE/FALSE

1. Kantian theory is consistent with the ideas of due process, fair trials and rights for the
accused. (p. 344)
a. True*
b. False

2. Because lies can sometimes result in greater good than harm, Kant had no categorical
imperative against lying. (p. 343)
a. True
b. False*

3. A “maxim” is a general rule or plan of action. (p. 342)

a. True*
b. False

4. Kant believed that animals should be treated according to the same ethical rules as
humans. (p. 344)
a. True
b. False*

5. Kant believed that people should always be treated as means to end and never as an end
in themselves. (p. 343)
a. True
b. False*

6. Kant’s principles are consistent with the 8th Amendment ban on cruel and unusual
punishment. (p. 344)
a. True*
b. False

7. Because Kant viewed adult humans as autonomous, rational human agents, he concluded
that we cannot rely on religion, government or others to tell us what is right. (p. 345)
 a. True*
b. False

8. For Kant, hypothetical imperatives were universal moral rules that had no exceptions. (p.
342)
a. True
b. False*

9. When a person applies Kantian or any deontological theory the person must always
consider the consequences of their behavior. (p. 341)
a. True
b. False*

10. Kant’s theory that every adult was a rational autonomous agent who should make all
ethical decisions themselves without external guidance was inconsistent with the
prevailing view during his lifetime. (p. 345)
a. True*
b. False

SHORT ANSWER

1. In Kant’s theory, absolute moral rules were termed _______. (p. 342)
a. Categorical imperatives

2. Define the Principle of Universality. (p. 342)

a. An act only according to the maxim by which you can at the same time will that it
should become a universal law

3. Kant used the term _______ to refer to a rule or general plan of action. (p. 342)
a. Maxim

4. Kant’s theory is an example of a _______ theory because it is not concerned with the
consequences of an act. (p. 341)
a. Deontological

5. Because Kant viewed adult humans as autonomous ________ he concluded that we

cannot rely on religion, government or others to tell us what is right. (p. 345)
a. Moral agents

6. According to Kant, people should not be treated as a _______ to an end. (p. 343)
a. Means

7. The categorical imperative that causes the most conflicting duties or ethical dilemmas is
the rule against _________. (p. 345)
a. Lying
 8. Kant’s hypothetical imperatives are sometimes referred to as _______ imperatives. (p.
342)
a. Moral

9. Kant argued that moral law is the expression of the: (p. 344)
a. Law of reason

10. Research done on the long term effects of is an example of Kant’s second
formulation. (p. 344)
a. Syphilis

ESSAY

1. The example of the Dutch fishermen during World War II is an example of what problem
in Kant’s theory? Explain how it is an example. Please also provide another example by
analogy. (p. 345)

2. Explain how the principles of due process, the ban on cruel and unusual punishment and
other current feature of the U.S. criminal justice system are consistent with Kant’s theory.
(pp. 344-345)

3. Compare and contrast Kant’s two types of imperatives. (p. 342)

4. What was Kant’s second formulation? What did it discuss? (p. 343)

5. Discuss how lying is related to Kant’s argument regarding conflicting duties. (p. 345)