Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition
Blitzer Solutions Manual

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/algebra-and-trigonometry-5th-edition-blitzer-solutions-manual/
Chapter 7
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 7.1
a b
Check Point Exercises 
sin A sin B
a 12
1. Begin by finding B, the third angle of the triangle. 
A  B  C  180 sin 40 sin117.5
64  B  82  180 12 sin 40
a  8.7
sin117.5
146  B  180
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to
B  34 find c.
In this problem, we are given c and C: c b
c = 14 and C = 82°. Thus, use the ratio 
sin C sin B
c 14
, or , to find the other two sides. Use c 12
sin C sin 82 
the Law of Sines to find a. sin 22.5 sin117.5
12 sin 22.5
a c c  5.2
 sin117.5
sin A sin C
The solution is B = 117.5º, a ≈ 8.7, and c ≈ 5.2.
a 14

sin 64 sin 82 a 33
3. The known ratio is , or . Because side b
14 sin 64
a sin A sin 57
sin 82 is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a  12.7 centimeters a b
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b. 
sin A sin B
b c 33 26
 
sin B sin C sin 57 sin B
b 14 33sin B  26sin 57

sin 34 sin 82 26sin 57
14 sin 34 sin B   0.6608
b 33
sin 82 sin B  0.6608
b  7.4 centimeters
B  41
The solution is B = 34º, a ≈ 12.7 centimeters, and b ≈
7.4 centimeters. 180  41  139 also has this sine value, but, the
sum of 57 and 139 exceeds 180, so B cannot have
2. Begin by finding B. this value.
A  B  C  180 C  180  B  A  180  41  57  82 .
40  B  22.5  180 Use the law of sines to find C.
62.5  B  180 a c

B  117.5 sin A sin C
In this problem, we are given that b = 12 and we find 33 c

that B = 117.5°. Thus, use the ratio sin 57 sin 82
b 12 33sin 82
, or , to find the other two sides. Use c
sin B sin117.5 sin 57
the Law of Sines to find a. c  39
Thus, B  41, C  82, c  39.
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 823

Chapter 7 Additional Topics in Trigonometry
a 10 6. The area of the triangle is half the product of the

sin A sin 50 lengths of the two sides times the sine of the included
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. angle.
1
a

b Area  (8)(12)(sin135)  34
sin A sin B 2
The area of the triangle is approximately 34 square
10 20
 meters.
sin 50 sin B
10sin B  20sin 50 7.
20sin 50
sin B   1.53
10
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
angle B for which sin B  1.53 . There is no triangle
with the given measurements.
a 12
sin A sin 35
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found
a b as follows:
 A  90  35  55
sin A sin B
12 16 B  90  49  41
 Find angle C using a 180° angle sum in the triangle.
sin 35 sin B C  180  A  B  180  55  41  84
12 sin B  16sin 35
c 13
16sin 35 The ratio , or
sin 84
is now known. Use this
sin B   0.7648 sin C
12 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
There are two angles possible: a c
B1  50, B2  180  50  130 
sin A sin C
There are two triangles: a 13
C1  180  A  B1  180  35  50  95 
sin 55 sin 84
C2  180  A  B2  180  35  130  15 13sin 55
a  11
Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . sin 84
c1 a The fire is approximately 11 miles from station B.

sin C1 sin A
c1 12
 Concept and Vocabulary Check 7.1
sin 95 sin 35
12sin 95
c1   20.8 1. oblique; sides; angles
sin 35
c2 a a b c
 2.  
sin C2 sin A sin A sin B sin C
c2 12
 3. side; angles
sin15 sin 35
12sin15 4. false
c2   5.4
sin 35
1
5. ab sin C
In one triangle, the solution is B1  50 , 2
C1  95, and c1  20.8 . In the other triangle,
B2  130, C2  15, and c2  5.4 .
824 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 7.1 The Law of Sines
Exercise Set 7.1 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
b c
1. Begin by finding B. 
sin B sin C
A  B  C  180
b 12
42  B  96  180 
sin 48 sin 90
138  B  180 12sin 48
b
B  42 sin 90
Use the ratio
c
, or
12
, to find the other two b  8.9
sin C sin 96 The solution is C  90, a  8.0, and b  8.9 .
sides. Use the Law of Sines to
find a. 3. Begin by finding A.
a c A  B  C  180

sin A sin C A  54  82  180
a 12 A  136  180

sin 42 sin 96 A  44
12sin 42
a Use the ratio
a
, or
16
, to find the other two
sin 96 sin A sin 44
a  8.1 sides. Use the Law of Sines to
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
find b. b a
b c 
 sin B sin A
sin B sin C b 16
b 12 

 sin 54 sin 44
sin 42 sin 96
16sin 54
12sin 42 b
b sin 44
sin 96
b  8.1 b  18.6
The solution is B  42, a  8.1, and b  8.1 .
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to
find c.
2. Begin by finding C.
c a
A  B  C  180 
sin C sin A
42  48  C  180
c 16
90  C  180 
sin 82 sin 44
C  90 16sin 82
c 12 c
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two sin 44
sin C sin 90º c  22.8
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. The solution is A  44, b  18.6, and
a c
 c  22.8 .
sin A sin C
a 12

sin 42 sin 90
12sin 42
a
sin 90
a  8.0

4. Begin by finding B. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
A  B  C  180 c a

33  B  128  180 sin C sin A
B  161  180 c

100
B  19 sin 95 sin 48
100sin 95
Use the ratio
a
, or
16
, to find the other two c
sin A sin 33 sin 48
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. c  134.1
b a The solution is C  95, b  81.0, and c  134.1 .

sin B sin A
b 16
 A  B  C  180
sin19 sin 33
6  12  C  180
16sin19
b 18  C  180
sin 33
b  9.6 C  162
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. c 100
Use the ratio , or , to find the other
c a sin C sin162

sin C sin A two sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
c 16 a c
 
sin128 sin 33 sin A sin C
16sin128 a

100
c
sin 33 sin 6 sin162
c  23.1 100sin 6
a
The solution is B  19, b  9.6, and c  23.1 . sin162
a  33.8
5. Begin by finding C. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
A  B  C  180 b c

48  37  C  180 sin B sin C
85  C  180 b

100
C  95 sin12 sin162
100sin12
Use the ratio
a
, or
100
, to find the other two b
sin A sin 48 sin162
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. b  67.3
b a The solution is C  162, a  33.8, and b  67.3 .

sin B sin A
b 100

sin 37 sin 48
100sin 37
b
sin 48
b  81.0

A  B  C  180 c a

38  B  102  180 sin C sin A
B  140  180 c

20
B  40 sin 40 sin 38
20sin 40
Use the ratio
a
, or
20
b a The solution is C  40, b  31.8, and c  20.9 .

sin B sin A
b 20
 A  B  C  180
sin 40 sin 38
44  25  C  180
20sin 40
b 69  C  180
sin 38
b  20.9 C  111
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. a 12
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
c a sin A sin 44
 sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.
sin C sin A
c 20 b a
 
sin102 sin 38 sin B sin A
20sin102 b 12
c 
sin 38 sin 25 sin 44
c  31.8 12sin 25
b
The solution is B  40, b  20.9, and c  31.8 . sin 44
b  7.3
A  B  C  180 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
38  102  C  180 c a

140  C  180 sin C sin A
c 12
C  40 
sin111 sin 44
a 20
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two 12sin111
sin A sin 38 c
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. sin 44
b a c  16.1
 The solution is C  111, b  7.3, and c  16.1 .
sin B sin A
b 20

sin102 sin 38
20sin102
b
sin 38
b  31.8

A  B  C  180 c b

56  B  24  180 sin C sin B
B  80  180 c

40
B  100 sin15 sin 85
40sin15
Use the ratio
a
, or
22
b a The solution is A  80, a  39.5, and c  10.4 .

sin B sin A
b 22
 A  B  C  180
sin100 sin 56
85  35  C  180
22sin100
b 120  C  180
sin 56
b  26.1 C  60
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. c 30
c a sin C sin 60

sin C sin A sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
c 22 a c
 
sin 24 sin 56 sin A sin C
22sin 24 a

30
c
sin 56 sin 85 sin 60
c  10.8 30sin 85
a
The solution is B  100, b  26.1, and c  10.8 . sin 60
a  34.5
11. Begin by finding A. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
A  B  C  180 b c

A  85  15  180 sin B sin C
A  100  180 b

30
A  80 sin 35 sin 60
30sin 35
Use the ratio
b
, or
40
, to find the other two b
sin B sin 85 sin 60
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. b  19.9
a b The solution is C  60, a  34.5, and b  19.9 .

sin A sin B
a 40

sin 80 sin 85
40sin 80
a
sin 85
a  39.5

A  B  C  180 c b

115  B  35  180 sin C sin B
B  150  180 c

200
B  30 sin125 sin 5
200sin125
Use the ratio
c
, or
200
sin C sin 35 sin 5
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. c  1879.7
a c The solution is A  50, a  1757.9, and c  1879.7 .

sin A sin C
a 200
 A  B  C  180
sin115 sin 35
65  65  C  180
200sin115
a 130  C  180
sin 35
a  316.0 C  50
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b. c 6
b c sin C sin 50

sin B sin C sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
b 200 a c
 
sin 30 sin 35 sin A sin C
200sin 30 a

6
b
sin 35 sin 65 sin 50
b  174.3 6sin 65
a
The solution is B  30, a  316.0, and b  174.3 . sin 50
a  7.1
14. Begin by finding A.
A  B  C  180 Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
A  5  125  180 b

c
A  130  180 sin B sin C
b 6
A  50 
sin 65 sin 50
b 200
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two 6sin 65
sin B sin 5 b
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. sin 50
a b b  7.1
 The solution is C  50, a  7.1, and b  7.1 .
sin A sin B
a 200

sin 50 sin 5
200sin 50
a
sin 5
a  1757.9

16. Begin by finding A. Use the Law of Sines to find side c.

A  B  C  180 c a

A  80  10  180 sin C sin A
A  90  180 c

20
A  90 sin111 sin 40
20sin111
Use the ratio
a
, or
8
, to find the other two c  29.0
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. There is one triangle and the solution is
b a B1 (or B )  29, C  111, and c  29.0 .

sin B sin A
a 30
b 8 18. The known ratio is , or . Use the Law
 sin A sin 50
sin 80 sin 90
of Sines to find angle B.
8sin 80
b a b
sin 90 
sin A sin B
b  7.9
30 20
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. 
c a sin 50 sin B
 30sin B  20sin 50
sin C sin A
c 8 20sin 50
 sin B 
sin10 sin 90 30
8sin10 sin B  0.5107
c There are two angles possible:
sin 90
c  1.4 B1  31, B2  180  31  149
The solution is A  90, b  7.9, and c  1.4 . B2 is impossible, since 50  149  199 .
We find C using B1 and the given information
17. The known ratio is
a
, or
20
. A  50 .
sin A sin 40 C  180  B1  A  180  31  50  99
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find c.
a b c a
 
sin A sin B sin C sin A
20 15 c 30
 
sin 40 sin B sin 99 sin 50
20sin B  15sin 40 30sin 99
c  38.7
15sin 40 sin 50
sin B 
20 There is one triangle and the solution is
sin B  0.4821 B1 (or B )  31, C  99, and c  38.7 .
There are two angles possible:
B1  29, B2  180  29  151
B2 is impossible, since 40  151  191 .
We find C using B1 and the given information A =
40°.
C  180  B1  A  180  29  40  111

a 10 b a
19. The known ratio is , or . 
sin A sin 63 sin B sin A
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. b 57.5

a

c sin 7 sin136
sin A sin C 57.5sin 7
b  10.1
10

8.9 sin136
sin 63 sin C There is one triangle and the solution is
10sin C  8.9 sin 63 C1 (or C )  37, B  7, and b  10.1 .
8.9 sin 63
sin C  a 42.1
10 21. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin112
sin C  0.7930 Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
a c
C1  52, C2  180  52  128 
sin A sin C
C2 is impossible, since 63  128  191 .
42.1 37
We find B using C1 and the given information A = 
sin112 sin C
63°. 42.1sin C  37 sin112
B  180  C1  A  180  52  63  65
37 sin112
Use the Law of Sines to find side b. sin C 
42.1
b a
 sin C  0.8149
sin B sin A There are two angles possible:
b 10 C1  55, C2  180  55  125

sin 65 sin 63 C2 is impossible, since 112  125  237 .
10sin 65
b  10.2 We find B using C1 and the given information A =
sin 63
There is one triangle and the solution is 112°.
C1 (or C )  52, B  65, and b  10.2 . B  180  C1  A  180  55  112  13
Use the Law of Sines to find b.
b a
20. The known ratio is
a
, or
57.5
. 
sin A sin136 sin B sin A
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. b 42.1

a c sin13 sin112
 42.1sin13
sin A sin C b  10.2
57.5 49.8 sin112
 There is one triangle and the solution is
sin136 sin C
57.5sin C  49.8sin136 C1 (or C )  55, B  13, and b  10.2 .
49.8sin136
sin C 
57.5
sin C  0.6016
C1  37, C2  180  37  143
C2 is impossible, since 136  143  279 .
We find B using C1 and the given information
A  136 .
B  180  C1  A  180  37  136  7
Use the Law of Sines to find b.

a 6.1 a 10
22. The known ratio is , or . 24. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin162 sin A sin150
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a b a b
 
sin A sin B sin A sin B
6.1 4 10 30
 
sin162 sin B sin150 sin B
6.1sin B  4 sin162 10sin B  30sin150
4 sin162 30sin150
sin B  sin B   1.5
6.1 10
sin B  0.2026 Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
There are two angles possible: angle B for which sin B  1.5 . There is no triangle
B1  12, B2  180  12  168 with the given measurements.
B2 is impossible, since 162  168  330 .
a 16
We find C using B1 and the given information 25. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 60
A  162 . Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
C  180  B1  A  180  12  162  6 a b

Use the Law of Sines to find c. sin A sin B
c a 16 18
 
sin C sin A sin 60 sin B
c 6.1 16sin B  18sin 60

sin 6 sin162 18sin 60
6.1sin 6 sin B 
c  2.1 16
sin162 sin B  0.9743
There is one triangle and the solution is There are two angles possible:
B1 (or B )  12, C  6, and c  2.1 . B1  77, B2  180  77  103
There are two triangles:
a 10
23. The known ratio is , or . C1  180  B1  A  180  77  60  43
sin A sin 30
C2  180  B2  A  180  103  60  17 Use the
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a b Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .

sin A sin B c1 a

10 40 sin C1 sin A

sin 30 sin B c1 16

10sin B  40sin 30 sin 43 sin 60
40sin 30 16sin 43
sin B  2 c1   12.6
10 sin 60
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no c2 a
angle B for which sin B = 2. There is no triangle with 
sin C2 sin A
the given measurements.
c2 16

sin17 sin 60
16sin17
c2   5.4
sin 60
In one triangle, the solution is
B1  77, C1  43, and c1  12.6 .
In the other triangle,
B2  103, C2  17, and c2  5.4 .

a 30 C1  180  B1  A  180  54  37  89

26. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 20 C2  180  B2  A  180  126  37  17 Use the
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .
a b
 c1 a
sin A sin B 
sin C1 sin A
30 40
 c1 12
sin 20 sin B 
30sin B  40sin 20 sin 89 sin 37
12 sin 89
40sin 20 c1   19.9
sin B  sin 37
30
c2 a
sin B  0.4560 
There are two angles possible: sin C2 sin A
B1  27, B2  180  27  153 c2 12

There are two triangles: sin17 sin 37
C1  180  B1  A  180  27  20  133 12 sin17
c2   5.8
C2  180  B2  A  180  153  20  7 sin 37
Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . In one triangle, the solution is
B1  54, C1  89, and c1  19.9 .
c1 a
 In the other triangle,
sin C1 sin A
B2  126, C2  17, and c2  5.8 .
c1 30

sin133 sin 20 a 7
30sin133 28. The known ratio is , or .
c1   64.2 sin A sin12
sin 20 Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
c2 a a b
 
sin C2 sin A sin A sin B
c2 30 7 28
 
sin 7 sin 20 sin12 sin B
30sin 7 7 sin B  28sin12
c2   10.7
sin 20 28sin12
sin B 
In one triangle, the solution is 7
B1  27, C1  133, and c1  64.2 . sin B  0.8316
In the other triangle, There are two angles possible:
B2  153, C2  7, and c2  10.7 . B1  56, B2  180  56  124
a 12 C1  180  B1  A  180  56  12  112
27. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 37 C2  180  B2  A  180  124  12  44
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .
a b

sin A sin B
12 16.1

sin 37 sin B
12 sin B  16.1sin 37
16.1sin 37
sin B 
12
sin B  0.8074
B1  54, B2  180  54  126

c1 a In one triangle, the solution is

 C1  68, B1  54, and b1  21.0 .
sin C1 sin A
c1 7 In the other triangle,
 C2  112, B2  10, and b2  4.5 .
sin112 sin12
7 sin112
c1   31.2 a 95
sin12 30. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 49
c2 a
 Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
sin C2 sin A a c
c2 7 
 sin A sin C
sin 44 sin12 95 125
7 sin 44 
c2   23.4 sin 49 sin C
sin12 95sin C  125sin 49
In one triangle, the solution is 125sin 49
B1  56, C1  112, and c1  31.2 . sin C 
95
In the other triangle,
sin C  0.9930
B2  124, C2  44, and c2  23.4 . There are two angles possible:
C1  83, C2  180  83  97
a 22
29. The known ratio is , or . There are two triangles:
sin A sin 58 B1  180  C1  A  180  83  49  48
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
B2  180  C2  A  180  97  49  34
a c
 Use the Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 .
sin A sin C
22 24.1 b1 a
 
sin 58 sin C sin B1 sin A
22 sin C  24.1sin 58 b1 95

24.1sin 58 sin 48 sin 49
sin C 
22 95sin 48
b1   93.5
sin C  0.9290 sin 49
There are two angles possible: b2 a

C1  68, C2  180  68  112 sin B2 sin A
There are two triangles: b2 95
B1  180  C1  A  180  68  58  54 
sin 34 sin 49
B2  180  C2  A  180  112  58  10 Use the 95sin 34
b2   70.4
Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 . sin 49
b1 a In one triangle, the solution is
 C1  83, B1  48, and b1  93.5 .
sin B1 sin A
b1 In the other triangle,
22
 C2  97, B2  34, and b2  70.4 .
sin 54 sin 58
22 sin 54
b1   21.0
sin 58
b2 a

sin B2 sin A
b2 22

sin10 sin 58
22 sin10
b2   4.5
sin 58

a 9.3 1 1
31. The known ratio is , or . 38. Area  ab sin C  (16)(20)(sin102)  157
sin A sin18 2 2
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. The area of the triangle is approximately 157 square
a b meters.

sin A sin B
39. ABC  180  67  113
9.3 41
 ACB  180  43  113  24
sin18 sin B
Use the law of sines to find BC .
9.3sin B  41sin18
BC 312
41sin18 
sin B   1.36 sin 43 sin 24
9.3
312sin 43
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no BC 
angle B for which sin B = 1.36. There is no triangle sin 24
with the given measurements. BC  523.1
Use the law of sines to find h.
a 1.4 h 523.1
32. The known ratio is , or . 
sin A sin142 sin 67 sin 90
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. 523.1sin 67
a b h
 sin 90
sin A sin B h  481.6
1.4 2.9

sin142 sin B 40. ABC  180  29  151
1.4sin B  2.9sin142 ACB  180  25  151  4
2.9sin142 Use the law of sines to find BC .
sin B   1.28
1.4 BC 238

Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no sin 25 sin 4
angle B for which sin B  1.28 . There is no triangle 238sin 25
with the given measurements. BC 
sin 4
1 1 BC  1441.9
33. Area  bc sin A  (20)(40)(sin 48)  297 Use the law of sines to find h.
2 2
h 1441.9
The area of the triangle is approximately 
297 square feet. sin 29 sin 90
1441.9sin 29
h
34. Area 
1 1
bc sin A  (20)(50)(sin 22)  187 sin 90
2 2 h  699.1
The area of the triangle is approximately 187 square
feet. 41. Begin by finding the six angles inside the two
triangles. Then use the law of sines.
1 1 450sin145
35. Area  ac sin B  (3)(6)(sin 36)  5
 sin 34
2 2 a
The area of the triangle is approximately sin 4 sin 30
5 square yards. a  64.4
1 1 42. Begin by finding the six angles inside the two
36. Area  ac sin B  (8)(5)(sin125)  16
2 2 triangles. Then use the law of sines.
The area of the triangle is approximately 16 square 120
yards. a
 sin 58
sin 22 sin100
1 1 a  53.8
37. Area  ab sin C  (4)(6)(sin124)  10
2 2
The area of the triangle is approximately
10 square meters.

a b 46.
43. 
sin A sin B
300 200

sin 2θ sin θ
200sin 2θ  300sin θ
400sin θ cos θ  300sin θ
300sin θ
cos θ 
400sin θ
3
cos θ  1
4 A bh
2
θ  41
1
2θ  82  (5)(4)
2
A  82, B  41, C  57, c  255.7
 10
a b
44.  47.
sin A sin B
400 300

sin 2θ sin θ
300sin 2θ  400sin θ
600sin θ cos θ  400sin θ
400sin θ
cos θ 
600sin θ
2
cos θ 
3 Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found
θ  48 as follows:
2θ  96 A  90  25  65
A  96, B  48, C  36, c  237.3 B  90  56  34
Find angle C using a 180° angle sum in the triangle.
45. C  180  A  B  180  65  34  81
c 10
The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
sin C sin 81
ratio and the Law of Sines to find b and a.
b c

sin B sin C
b 10

sin 34 sin 81
10sin 34
1 b  5.7
A bh sin 81
2 Station A is about 5.7 miles from the fire.
1
 (5)(4) a

c
2 sin A sin C
 10 a 10

sin 65 sin 81
10sin 65
a  9.2
sin 81
Station B is about 9.2 miles from the fire.

48. 49.
Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found

as follows: Using the figure,
A  90  48  42 C  180  A  B  180  85  76  19
B  90  34  56 c 1200
The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
Find angle C using a 180º angle sum in the triangle. sin C sin19
C  180  A  B  180  42  56  82 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a and b.
c 40 a c
The ratio , or , is now known. 
sin C sin 82 sin A sin C
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a 1200
b and a. 
sin 85 sin19
b c
 1200sin 85
sin B sin C a  3671.8
sin19
b 40
 b

c
sin 56 sin 82 sin B sin C
40sin 56
b  33.5 b

1200
sin 82 sin 76 sin19
Station A is about 33.5 miles from the illegal station.
1200sin 76
a c b  3576.4
 sin19
sin A sin C
The platform is about 3671.8 yards from one end of
a 40
 the beach and 3576.4 yards from the other.
sin 42 sin 82
40sin 42 50. Let c = distance from A to B .
a  27.0 Using the figure,
sin 82
Station B is about 27.0 miles from the illegal station. B  180  A  C  180  62  53  65
b 300
The ratio , or , is now known.
sin B sin 65
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find c.
c b

sin C sin B
c 300

sin 53 sin 65
300sin 53
c  264.4
sin 65
The distance between A and B is about 264.4 yards or
793 feet.

51. According to the figure, 54. Using the figure,

C  180  A  B  180  84.7  50  45.3 The B  85  180
c 171 B  95
ratio , or , is now known. Use this
sin C sin 45.3 A  B  C  180
ratio and the Law of Sines to find b.
37  95  C  180
b c
 132  C  180
sin B sin C
b 171 C  48
 c 100
sin 50 sin 45.3 The ratio , or , is now known.
171sin 50 sin C sin 48
b  184 Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
sin 45.3
a c
The distance is about 184 feet. 
sin A sin C
52. a 100

sin 37 sin 48
100sin 37
a  81.0
sin 48
The pier is about 81.0 feet long.
55.
Using the figure,

C  62  23  85
B  180  A  C  180  75  85  20
b 80
The ratio , or , is now known.
sin B sin 20
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find c. Using the figure,
c b B  90  8  82

sin C sin B C  180  A  B  180  62  82  36
c 80 c 20
 The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
sin 85 sin 20 sin C sin 36
80sin 85 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
c  233.0 a c
sin 20 
The height of the tree is about 233.0 feet. sin A sin C
a 20

53. The ratio
b
, or
562
, is known. sin 62 sin 36
sin B sin 85.3 20sin 62
Use this ratio, the figure, and the Law of Sines to find a  30.0
sin 36
c. The length of the pole is about 30.0 feet.
c b

sin C sin B
c 562

sin 5.7 sin 85.3
562sin 5.7
c  56.0
sin 85.3
The toss was about 56.0 feet.

56. Using the figure, 58. a. Using the figure,

A  90  6  84 B  180  66  114
C  180  A  B  180  84  22  74 C  180  A  B  180  22  114  44
c 40 c 1.6
The ratio , or , is now known. The ratio , or , is now known.
sin C sin 74 sin C sin 44
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find b. Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find b.
b c b c
 
sin B sin C sin B sin C
b 40 b 1.6
 
sin 22 sin 74 sin114 sin 44
40sin 22 1.6sin114
b  15.6 b  2.1042
sin 74 sin 44
The height of the wall is about 15.6 feet. The cable car covers about 2.1042 miles.
There are 5280 feet per mile, so the cable car
57. a. Using the figure and the measurements shown, covers about 11,110.2 feet.
B  180  44  136
C  180  B  A  180  136  37  7 b. The known ratio is
c
, or
1.6
.
sin C sin 44
c 100 Use the Law of Sines to find a.
The ratio , or , is now known. Use
sin C sin 7 a c
this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a. 
sin A sin C
a c
 a 1.6
sin A sin C 
sin 22 sin 44
a 100
 1.6sin 22
sin 37 sin 7 a  0.8628
sin 44
100sin 37
a  493.8 0.8628 miles ≈ 4555.6 feet
sin 7 a ≈ 4555.6 feet
To the nearest foot, a = 493.8 feet.
c. Let a = 4555.6, to the nearest foot, be the
b. From part a, let a = 493.8 be the hypotenuse of
the right triangle. hypotenuse of the right triangle. Then if h
If h represents the height of the tree, represents the height of the mountain,
h a
h

493.8 
sin 44 sin 90 sin 66 sin 90
493.8sin 44 h 4555.6
h  343.0 
sin 90 sin 66 sin 90
A typical redwood tree is about 343.0 feet. 4555.6sin 66
h  4161.7
sin 90
The mountain is about 4161.7 feet high.

59. 60.
a
Using the figure, the known ratio is , or
sin A
Using the figure,
B  90  62  28 16
. Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find
b 5 sin 48
The known ratio is , or . C.
sin B sin 28
a c
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. 
b c sin A sin C
 16 15
sin B sin C 
5 7 sin 48 sin C
 16sin C  15sin 48
sin 28 sin C
5sin C  7sin 28 15sin 48
sin C   0.6967
7sin 28 16
sin C   0.6573
5 There are two angles possible:
C1  44, C2  180  44  136
C1  41, C2  180  41  139
C2 is impossible, since 48  136  184
A1  180  C1  B  180  41  28  111 B  180  48  44  88
Use the The flagpole is leaning because it makes about an 88
A2  180  C2  B  180  139  28  13
angle with the ground.
Law of Sines to find a1 and a2 .
a1 b 61. – 70. Answers may vary.

sin A1 sin B 71. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
a1 5 Sample explanation: The law of cosines would be
 appropriate for this situation.
sin111 sin 28
5sin111
a1   9.9 72. makes sense
sin 28
a2 b 73. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
 Sample explanation: The calculator will give you
sin A2 sin B
the acute angle. The obtuse angle is the supplement
a2 5
 of the acute angle.
sin13 sin 28
5sin13 74. makes sense
a2   2.4
sin 28
75. No. Explanations may vary.
The boat is either 9.9 miles or 2.4 miles from
lighthouse B, to the nearest tenth of a mile.

76.
Let h = the height of the buildings. Using the figure, b  e  800

e  800  b
Now the law of sines gives the following equations:
b h
 (1)
sin 63 sin 27
800  b h
 (2)
sin 49 sin 41
Solve (1) for b:
b h

sin 63 sin 27
h sin 63
b
sin 27
Now substitute into (2):
800  b h

sin 49 sin 41
h sin 63
800 
sin 27  h
sin 49 sin 41
800sin 27  h sin 63 h

sin 27 sin 49 sin 41
h sin 27 sin 49  sin 41(800sin 27)  h sin 63 sin 41
h sin 27 sin 49  h sin 63 sin 41  sin 41(800sin 27)
h(sin 27 sin 49  sin 63 sin 41)  800sin 41 sin 27
800sin 41 sin 27
h  257
sin 27 sin 49  sin 63 sin 41
The buildings are about 257 feet high.
77.
Using the figure, A  180  150  30

Using the Law of Sines we have,
d 36

sin A sin 90
d 36

sin 30 sin 90
36sin 30
d  18
sin 90
CC   18  5  18  41
The wingspan CC  is 41 feet.

62  4 2  9 2 b

a
78. cos B 
264 sin B sin A
29 7

13
cos B 
48 sin B sin120
29 13sin B  7sin120
cos B 
48 7sin120
sin B   0.4663
 29  13
B  cos 1 
 48  B  28
Find the third angle.
B  127 C  180  A  B  180  120  28  32
The solution is a  13, B  28, and C  32 .
79. 26(26  12)(26  16)(26  24)
 26(14)(10)(2) 2. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
 7280 opposite the longest side.
 4 455 Thus, we will find angle B.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
 85
2ac cos B  a 2  c 2  b2
80. Diagram:
a 2  c 2  b2
cos B 
2ac
8  52  102
2
11
cos B  
285 80
 11 
cos1    82
 80 
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative.
B  180  82  98
Section 7.2 Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
Check Point Exercises a b

1. Apply the three-step procedure for solving sin A sin B
a SAS triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the 8 10

side opposite the given angle. sin A sin 98
Thus, we will find a. 10sin A  8sin 98
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A 8sin 98
sin A   0.7922
a  7  8  2(7)(8) cos120
2 2 2 10
 49  64  112( 0.5) A  52
 169 C  180  A  B  180  52  98
a  169  13  30
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the The solution is B  98, A  52, and C  30
shorter of the two sides. Thus, we will find acute
angle B.

Section 7.2 The Law of Cosines
3. The plane flying 400 miles per hour travels Exercise Set 7.2
400  2  800 miles in 2 hours. Similarly, the other
plane travels 700 miles. 1. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS triangle.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite the given
angle.
Thus, we will find a.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
a 2  42  82  2(4)(8) cos 46
a 2  16  64  64(cos 46)
a 2  35.54
a  35.54  6.0
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
Use the figure and the Law of Cosines to find a in of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle B.
this SAS situation. b a

a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A sin B sin A
a 2  7002  8002  2(700)(800) cos 75 4 35.54

 840,123 sin B sin 46
a  840,123  917 35.54 sin B  4 sin 46
After 2 hours, the planes are approximately 917 miles 4 sin 46
sin B   0.4827
apart. 35.54
B  29
4. Begin by calculating one-half the perimeter:
1 1 C  180  A  B  180  46  29  105
s  ( a  b  c)  (6  16  18)  20
2 2 The solution is a  6.0, B  29, and C  105 .
Use Heron’s formula to find the area.
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) 2. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS triangle.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite the given
 20(20  6)(20  16)(20  18) angle. Thus, we will find b.
 2240  47 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  62  82  2(6)(8) cos 32
47 square meters.
b2  36  64  96 cos 32
b2  18.59
Concept and Vocabulary Check 7.2 b  18.59  4.3
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
1. b2  c 2  2b cos A of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle A.
a b
2. side; Cosines; Sines; acute; 180° 
sin A sin B
3. Cosines; Sines 6 18.59

sin A sin 32
1
4. s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) ; (a  b  c) 18.59 sin A  6sin 32
2
6sin 32
sin A   0.7374
18.59
A  48
C  180  A  B  180  48  32  100
The solution is b  4.3, A  48, and C  100 .

3. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 5. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the given angle. opposite the longest side. Since two sides have length
Thus, we will find c. 8, we can begin by finding angle B or C.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
c 2  62  42  2(6)(4) cos 96 a 2  c 2  b2
cos B 
c 2  36  16  48(cos 96) 2ac
6  82  82 36 3
2
c 2  57.02 cos B   
268 96 8
c  57.02  7.6 B  68
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
acute angle B.
a b
b c 
 sin A sin B
sin B sin C
6 8
4 57.02 
 sin A sin 68
sin B sin 96 8sin A  6sin 68
57.02 sin B  4 sin 96 6sin 68
4 sin 96 sin A   0.6954
sin B   0.5268 8
57.02 A  44
B  32 Find the third angle.
Find the third angle. C  180  B  A  180  68  44  68
A  180  B  C  180  32  96  52 The solution is A  44, B  68, and C  68 .
The solution is c  7.6, A  52, and B  32 .
6. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
4. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find a. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A a 2  b2  c 2
cos C 
a 2  62  152  2(6)(15) cos 22 2ab
10  122  162
2
12
a 2  36  225  180(cos 22) cos C  
2  10  12 240
a 2  94.11 C is obtuse, since cos C is negative.
a  94.11  9.7  12 
cos1   87
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the  240 
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
C  180  87  93
acute angle B.
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
b a
 remaining acute angles. We will find angle B.
sin B sin A b c

6 94.11 sin B sin C

sin B sin 22 12 16

94.11 sin B  6sin 22 sin B sin 93
6sin 22 16sin B  12 sin 93
sin B   0.2317
94.11 12 sin 93
sin B   0.7490
B  13 16
Find the third angle. B  49
C  180  A  B  180  22  13  145 Find the third angle.
The solution is a  9.7, B  13, and C  145 . A  180  B  C  180  49  93  38
The solution is A  38, B  49, and C  93 .

7. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find angle A a b

a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A sin A sin B
b2  c 2  a 2 10 16
cos A  
2bc sin A sin125
16sin A  10sin125
4  32  62
2
11
cos A   10sin125
243 24 sin A   0.5120
A is obtuse, since cos A is negative. 16
 11  A  31
cos1    63 Find the third angle.
 24 
C  180  B  A  180  125  31  24
A  180  63  117 The solution is B  125, A  31, and C  24 .
remaining acute angles. We will find angle B. 9. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
b a triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side

sin B sin A opposite the given angle.
4 6 Thus, we will find c.

sin B sin117 c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
6sin B  4 sin117 c 2  52  72  2(5)(7) cos 42
4 sin117 c 2  25  49  70(cos 42)
sin B   0.5940
6
c 2  21.98
B  36
Find the third angle. c  21.98  4.7
C  180  B  A  180  36  117  27 Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
The solution is A  117, B  36, and C  27 . shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle A.
a c
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle 
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B. sin A sin C
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B 5 4.7

sin A sin 42
a 2  c2  b2 4.7 sin A  5sin 42
cos B 
2ac
5sin 42
10  82  162
2
23 sin A   0.7118
cos B   4.7
2  10  8 40 A  45
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative. Find the third angle.
 23  B  180  C  A  180  42  45  93
cos1    55
 40  The solution is c  4.7, A  45,and B  93 .
B  180  55  125

10. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 12. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find c. opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find a.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
c 2  102  32  2(10)(3) cos15 a 2  42  12  2(4)(1) cos100
c 2  100  9  60(cos15) a 2  16  1  8(cos100)
c 2  51.04 a 2  18.39
c  51.04  7.1 a  18.39  4.3
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle B. acute angle C.
b c c a
 
sin B sin C sin C sin A
3 7.1 1 4.3
 
sin B sin15 sin C sin100
7.1sin B  3sin15 4.3sin C  sin100
3sin15 sin100
sin B   0.1094 sin C   0.2290
7.1 4.3
B  6 C  13
Find the third angle. Find the third angle.
A  180  C  B  180  15  6  159 B  180  C  A  180  13  100  67
The solution is c  7.1, B  6, and A  159 . The solution is a  4.3, C  13, and B  67 .
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
opposite the given angle. opposite the given angle.
Thus, we will find a. Thus, we will find b.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
a 2  52  32  2(5)(3) cos102 b2  62  52  2(6)(5) cos 50
a 2  25  9  30(cos102) b2  36  25  60(cos50)
a 2  40.24 b2  22.43
a  40.24  6.3 b  22.43  4.7
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle C. acute angle C.
c a c b
 
sin C sin A sin C sin B
3 6.3 5 4.7
 
sin C sin102 sin C sin 50
6.3sin C  3sin102 4.7 sin C  5sin 50
3sin102 5sin 50
sin C   0.4658 sin C   0.8149
6.3 4.7
C  28 C  55
B  180  C  A  180  28  102  50 A  180  C  B  180  55  50  75
The solution is a  6.3, C  28, and B  50 . The solution is b  4.7, C  55, and A  75 .

triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find b. the given angle. Thus, we will find b.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  42  72  2(4)(7) cos55 b2  72  32  2(7)(3) cos 90
b2  16  49  56(cos 55) b2  49  9  42 cos 90
b2  32.88 b2  58
b  32.88  5.7 b  58  7.6
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the (use exact value of b from previous step)
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
acute angle A. of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle C.
a b c b
 
sin A sin B sin C sin B
4 5.7 3 7.6
 
sin A sin 55 sin C sin 90
5.7 sin A  4 sin 55 7.6sin C  3sin 90
4 sin 55 3sin 90
sin A   0.5749 sin C   0.3947
5.7 7.6
A  35 C  23
C  180  B  A  180  55  35  90 A  180  C  B  180  23  90  67
The solution is b  5.7, A  35, and C  90 . The solution is b  7.6, C  23, and A  67 .
15. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 17. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the given angle. opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C.
Thus, we will find b. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos 90 a 2  b2  c 2
cos C 
b2  52  22  2(5)(2) cos 90 2ab
b2  25  4  20 cos 90 5  72  102
2
13
cos C  
2  5 7 35
b2  29 C is obtuse, since cos C is negative.
b  29  5.4  13 
cos1    68
(use exact value of b from previous step) Use the  35 
Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter of
the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle C. C  180  68  112
c b
 remaining angles. We will find angle A.
sin C sin B a c
2 5.4 
 sin A sin C
sin C sin 90 5 10
5.4 sin C  2 sin 90 
sin A sin112
2 sin 90 10sin A  5sin112
sin C   0.3704
5.4 5sin112
C  22 sin A   0.4636
10
A  180  C  B  180  22  90  68 A  28
The solution is b  5.4, C  22, and A  68 .
B  180  C  A  180  112  28  40
The solution is C  112, A  28, and B  40 .

18. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS Find the third angle.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle C  180  B  A  180  100  19  61
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C. The solution is B  100, A  19, and C  61 .
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
a 2  b2  c 2
cos C  triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
2ab opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B.
4  62  9 2
2
29 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
cos C  
246 48 a 2  c2  b2
C is obtuse, since cos C is negative. cos B 
2ac
 29 
cos1    53 4 2  62  7 2 1
 48  cos B  
246 16
C  180  53  127
B  86
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
a c
 a b
sin A sin C 
sin A sin B
4 9
 4 7
sin A sin127 
sin A sin 86
9 sin A  4 sin127
7 sin A  4 sin 86
4 sin127
sin A   0.3549 4 sin 86
9 sin A   0.5700
7
A  21
A  35
B  180  C  A  180  127  21  32
C  180  B  A  180  86  35  59
The solution is C  127, A  21, and B  32 .
The solution is B  86, A  35, and C  59 .
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find any of the
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B.
three angles, since each side has the same measure.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
a 2  c2  b2
cos B  b2  c2  a 2
2ac cos A 
2bc
3  82  9 2
2
1
cos B   32  32  32 1
2  3 8 6 cos A  
2  3 3 2
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative.
A  60
1
cos1    80 Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
6 remaining angles. We will find angle B.
B  180  80  100 b a

Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two sin B sin A
remaining angles. We will find angle A. 3 3
a b 
 sin B sin 60
sin A sin B 3sin B  3sin 60
3 9
 sin B  sin 60
sin A sin100
B  60
9 sin A  3sin100
3sin100 C  180  A  B  180  60  60  60
sin A   0.3283
9 The solution is A  60, B  60, and C  60 .
A  19

22. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS 24. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find any of the triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
three angles, since each side has the same measure. opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find A.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c2  a 2 b2  c2  a 2
cos A  cos A 
2bc 2bc
5  52  52 1
2
25  452  662
2
853
cos A   cos A  
2  5 5 2 2  25  45 1125
A  60 A is obtuse, since cos A is negative.
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two  853 
cos1   41
remaining angles. We will find angle B.  1125 
b a
 A  180  41  139
sin B sin A Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
5 5 remaining angles. We will find angle B.

sin B sin 60 b a

5sin B  5sin 60 sin B sin A
sin B  sin 60 25 66

B  60 sin B sin139
Find the third angle. 66sin B  25sin139
C  180  A  B  180  60  60  60 25sin139
The solution is A  60, B  60, and C  60 . sin B   0.2485
66
B  14
C  180  A  B  180  139  14  27
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find A.
The solution is A  139, B  14, and C  27 .
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c 2  a 2 1 1
cos A  25. s ( a  b  c)  (4  4  2)  5
2bc 2 2
22  502  632
2
985 Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
cos A  
2  22  50 2200  5(5  4)(5  4)(5  2)
A  117
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two  15  4
remaining angles. We will find angle B. The area of the triangle is approximately
b a 4 square feet.

sin B sin A 1 1
22 63 26. s ( a  b  c )  (5  5  4)  7
 2 2
sin B sin117 Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
63sin B  22 sin117
 7(7  5)(7  5)(7  4)
22 sin117
sin B 
63  84  9
B  18 The area of the triangle is approximately
Find the third angle. 9 square feet.
C  180  A  B  180  117  18  45
The solution is A  117, B  18, and C  45 .

1 1 33. Use the given radii to determine that

27. s ( a  b  c)  (14  12  4)  15 a  BC  7.5, b  AC  8.5, and c  AB  9.0 .
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
 15(15  14)(15  12)(15  4) 92  7.52  8.52  2(7.5)(8.5) cos C
 495  22 cos C  0.3725
The area of the triangle is approximately C  68
22 square meters. Use the law of sines to find the solution is
A  51, B  61, and C  68.
1 1
28. s ( a  b  c)  (16  10  8)  17
2 2 34. Use the given radii to determine that
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) a  BC  7.3, b  AC  10.5, and c  AB  11.8 .
 17(17  16)(17  10)(17  8) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
 1071  33 11.82  7.32  10.52  2(7.3)(10.5) cos C

The area of the triangle is approximately cos C  0.1585
33 square meters. C  81
Use the law of sines to find the solution is
1 1
29. s ( a  b  c )  (11  9  7)  13.5 A  38, B  61, and C  81.
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) 35. Use the distance formula to determine that
 13.5(13.5  11)(13.5  9)(13.5  7) a  61  7.8, b  10  3.2, and c  5 .
 987.1875  31 a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A

31 square yards.
2 2
61  10  52  2  10  (5) cos A
cos A  0.8222
1 1
30. s  ( a  b  c )  (13  9  5)  13.5 A  145
2 2 Use the law of sines to find the solution is
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) A  145, B  13, and C  22.
 13.5(13.5  13)(13.5  9)(13.5  5)
36. Use the distance formula to determine that
 258.1875  16 a  13  3.6, b  26  5.1, and c  5 .
16 square yards. b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
31. C  180  15  35  130

2 2
26  13  52  2  13  (5) cos B
c 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos C cos B  0.3328
c  8  13  2(8)(13) cos130
2 2 2 B  71
c 2  366.6998 A  42, B  71, and C  67.
c  19.1
Use the law of sines to find the solution is 37. Use the law of cosines.
A  31, B  19, C  130, and c  19.1. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
32. C  180  35  50  95 5.782  2.92  3.02  2(2.9)(3.0) cos θ
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C cos θ  0.9194
c  3  2  2(3)(2) cos 95
2 2 2 θ  157
This dinosaur was an efficient walker.
c 2  14.0459
c  3.7
A  54, B  31, C  95, and c  3.7.

38. Use the law of cosines. 41. Let b = the distance across the lake.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
5.22  3.62  3.22  2(3.6)(3.2) cos θ b2  1602  1402  2(160)(140) cos80
cos θ  0.1667  37, 421
θ  100 b  37, 421  193
This dinosaur was not an efficient walker.
The distance across the lake is about
39. Let b = the distance between the ships after three hours. 193 yards.
After three hours, the ship traveling
14 miles per hour has gone 3  14 or 42. Let c = the distance from A to B.
42 miles. Similarly, the ship traveling c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
10 miles per hour has gone 30 miles. c 2  1052  652  2(105)(65) cos80  12,880
c  12,880  113
The distance from A to B is about 113 yards.
43. Assume that Island B is due east of Island A. Let

A = angle at Island A.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c2  a 2
cos A 
2bc
52  62  72 1
cos A  
2  5 6 5
Using the figure,
A  78
B  180  75  12  117
Since 90  78  12, you should navigate on a
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B bearing of N12°E.
b2  302  422  2(30)(42) cos117  3808
44. Assume that Island A is due west of Island B. Let
b  61.7 B = angle at Island B.
After three hours, the ships will be about
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
61.7 miles apart.
a 2  c2  b2
40. First, make a diagram. cos B 
2ac
72  62  52 5
cos B  
276 7
B  44
Since 90  44  46, you should navigate on a
bearing of N46°W.
45. a. Using the figure,

B  90  40  50
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
Using the diagram, b2  13.52  252  2(13.5)(25) cos50
B  74  34  108
 373
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b  373  19.3
b2  4002  5802  2(400)(580) cos108 You are about 19.3 miles from the pier.
 639, 784
b  639,784  799.9
The distance from airport A to airport B is about
799.9 miles.

a b In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill,

b.  e = the guy wire anchored uphill.
sin A sin B
B  90  7  97
13.5 373
 E  90  7  83
sin A sin 50
373 sin A  13.5sin 50 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
13.5sin 50 b2  4002  802  2(400)(80) cos 97
sin A   0.5355
373  174, 200
A  32 b  174, 200  417.4
Since 90° – 32° = 58°, the original bearing
could have been S58ºE. e2  d 2  f 2  2df cos E
e2  4002  802  2(400)(80) cos83
46 First, make a diagram.
 158,600
e  158.600  398.2
The guy wire anchored downhill is about 417.4 feet
long. The one anchored uphill is about 398.2 feet
long.
48.
a. Using the figure,

B  90  45  45
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  122  302  2(12)(30) cos 45  535
b  535  23.1 In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill, e =
You are about 23.1 miles from the pier. the guy wire anchored uphill.
B  90  5  95
a b
b.  E  90  5  85
sin A sin B
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
12 535
 b2  2002  1502  2(200)(150) cos 95  67,729
sin A sin 45
535 sin A  12sin 45 b  67,729  260.2
12sin 45 e2  d 2  f 2  2df cos E
sin A   0.3669
535 e2  2002  1502  2(200)(150) cos85  57, 271
A  22
Since 90  22  68 , the original bearing e  57, 271  239.3
could have been S68°E. The guy wire anchored downhill is about 260.2 feet
long. The one anchored uphill is about 239.3 feet
47. long.

49. 52. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.

1 1
s  ( a  b  c)  (320  510  410)  620
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
 620(620  320)(620  510)(620  410)
 4, 296,600,000  65,548.46
Now multiply by the price per square foot.
(65, 548.46)(4.50)  294, 968
The cost is $294,968, to the nearest dollar.
Using the figure, 53. – 60. Answers may vary.

B  90  2  45 (using symmetry)
61. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
Sample explanation: The Law of Cosines is not
b2  902  60.52  2(90)(60.5) cos 45 simply the negative of the Law of Sines.
 4060
62. makes sense
b  4060  63.7
It is about 63.7 feet from the pitcher’s mound to first 63. makes sense
base.
64. makes sense
50.
65.
Using the given information and the hint, we arrive at

the figure above. Let a = the side opposite the 35°
Using the figure, angle, c = the side opposite the 145° angle.
B  90  2  45 (using symmetry)
a 2  152  102  2(15)(10) cos 35  79.3
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
a  79.3  8.9
b2  602  462  2(60)(46) cos 45  1813
c 2  152  102  2(15)(10) cos145  570.7
b  1813  42.6
b  570.7  23.9
It is about 42.6 feet from the pitcher’s mound to third
The lengths of the parallelogram’s sides are about 8.9
base.
inches and 23.9 inches.
51. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.
66. If we call the lower left point D, and the lower right
1 1
s  ( a  b  c)  (240  300  420)  480 point E, then the Law of Cosines will give all three
2 2 angles in triangle ADE and triangle ABE. That
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) allows us find A  29, B  87, and C  64. The
 480(480  240)(480  300)(480  420) Law of Sines will then allow us to find
a  11.6 and b  23.9.
 1, 244,160,000  35, 272.65
Now multiply by the price per square foot.
(35, 272.65)(3.50)  123, 454
The cost is $123,454, to the nearest dollar.

67. Section 7.3
Check Point Exercises
1. a. ( r , θ )  (3, 315)
Because 315° is a positive angle, draw
The angle between the minute and hour hand is
2
of θ  315 counterclockwise from the polar axis.
3 Because r > 0, plot the point by going out 3
the 90° angle from 9 to 12, or 60°. units on the terminal side of θ .
Let d = the distance between the tips of the hands.
d 2  m 2  h 2  2mh cos 60
1
 m 2  h 2  2mh  
2
 m 2  h 2  mh
d  m 2  h 2  mh
68. Answers may vary.

b. ( r , θ )  ( 2, π )
69. y  3 is a horizontal line through (0, 3).
Because π is a positive angle, draw θ  π
counterclockwise from the polar axis. Because r
< 0, plot the point by going out 2 units along the
ray opposite the terminal side of θ .
70. x 2  ( y  1)2  1 is a circle centered at (0, 1) with a

radius of 1.
 π
c. ( r , θ )   1,  
 2
71. x2  6 x  y 2  0 π π
Because  is a negative angle, draw θ  
2 2
x  6x
2
y 0
2
clockwise from the polar axis. Because r < 0,
x2  6x  9  y2  0  9 plot the point by going out one unit along the
( x  3)2  y 2  9 ray opposite the terminal side of θ .
( x  3)2  y 2  9 is a circle centered at (3, 0) with

a radius of 3.

Section 7.3 Polar Coordinates
2. a. Add 2π to the angle and do not 4.

change r.
 π  π   π 8π 
 5,    5,  2π    5,  
4 4 4 4 
 9π 
  5, 
 4 
b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r.

 π  π   π 4π 
 
2
 5,    5,  π    5,   r x 2  y 2  12   3
4 4 4 4 
 5π   1 3  4  2
  5, 
 4  y  3
tan θ    3
x 1
c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not π
change r. Because tan  3 and θ lies in quadrant IV,
3
 π  π   π 8π  π 6π π 5π
 5,    5,  2π    5,   θ  2π    
4 4 4 4  3 3 3 3

  5, 

7π 
 
The polar coordinates of 1,  3 are 
4 
 5π 
( r , θ )   2, 
3. a. ( r , θ )  (3, π )  3 
x  r cos θ  3cos π  3(1)  3
5.
y  r sin θ  3sin π  3(0)  0
The rectangular coordinates of (3, π ) are
(–3, 0).
 π
b. ( r , θ )   10, 
 6
π  3
x  r cos θ  10 cos  10  
6  2 
 5 3
π r  x 2  y 2  (0)2  ( 4)2  16  4
1
y  r sin θ  10sin  10    5 The point (0, –4) is on the negative y-axis. Thus,
6 2
3π  3π 
 π θ . Polar coordinates of (0, –4) are  4,  .
The rectangular coordinates of  10,  are 2  2 
 6
5 
3, 5 . 6. a. 3x  y  6
3r cos θ  r sin θ  6
r (3cos θ  sin θ )  6
6
r
3cos θ  sin θ

b. x 2  ( y  1)2  1 Concept and Vocabulary Check 7.3
 r cos θ 2  (r sin θ  1)2  1 1. pole; polar axis

r cos θ  r sin θ  2r sin θ  1  1
2 2 2 2
2. pole; polar axis
r 2  2 r sin θ  0
3. II
r  r  2sin θ   0
r  0 or r  2sin θ  0 4. IV
r  2sin θ 5. IV
7. a. Use r 2  x 2  y 2 to convert to a rectangular 6. III

equation.
r4 7. IV
r 2  16 8. II
x  y  16
2 2
9. r
The rectangular equation for r = 4 is
x 2  y 2  16. 10. r
11. r cos θ ; r sin θ

y
b. Use tan θ  to convert to a rectangular
x 12. squaring; x 2  y 2
equation in x and y.
3π
θ y
4 13. tangent;
x
3π
tan θ  tan
4 14. multiplying ; r; x 2  y 2 ; y
tan θ  1
y
 1
x Exercise Set 7.3
y  x
1. 225º is in the third quadrant.
3π C
The rectangular equation for θ  is
4
y   x. 2. 315° is in the fourth quadrant.
D
c. r  2sec θ
2 5π
r 3.  225 is in the third quadrant. Since r is
cos θ 4
negative, the point lies along the ray opposite the
r cos θ  2
terminal side of θ , in the first quadrant.
x  2 A
d. r  10sin θ π
4.  45 is in the first quadrant. Since r is negative,
r  10r sin θ
2
4
x 2  y 2  10 y the point lies along the ray opposite the terminal side
of θ , in the third quadrant.
x 2  y 2  10 y  0 C
x 2  y 2  10 y  25  25
5. π  180 lies on the negative x-axis.
x 2  ( y  5)2  25 B

6. 0 = 0° lies on the positive x-axis. Since r is negative, 13. Draw θ  90 counterclockwise, since θ is positive,
the point lies along the ray opposite the terminal side from the polar axis. Go out 3 units on the terminal
of θ , on the negative x-axis. side of θ , since r > 0.
B
7. –135° is measured clockwise 135° from the positive

x-axis. The point lies in the third quadrant.
C
8. –315° is measured clockwise 315° from the positive

x-axis. The point lies in the first quadrant.
A
3π
9.   135 is measured clockwise 135° from the
4 14. Draw θ  270 counterclockwise, since θ is
positive x-axis. Since r is negative, the point lies positive, from the polar axis. Go out 2 units on the
along the ray opposite the terminal side of θ , in the terminal side of θ , since r > 0.
first quadrant.
A
5π
10.   225 is measured clockwise 225° from the
4
positive x-axis. Since r is negative, the point lies
along the ray opposite the terminal side of θ , in the
fourth quadrant.
D
11. Draw θ  45 counterclockwise, since θ is positive, 4π

from the polar axis. Go out 2 units on the terminal 15. Draw θ   240 counterclockwise, since θ is
side of θ , since r > 0. 3
positive, from polar axis. Go out 3 units on the
terminal side of θ , since r > 0.
12. Draw θ  45 counterclockwise, since θ is positive,

from the polar axis. Go out 1 unit on the terminal side
of θ , since r > 0.

7π π
16. Draw θ   210 counterclockwise, since θ is 19. Draw θ    90 clockwise, since θ is positive,
6 2
positive, from the polar axis. Go out 3 units on the from the polar axis. Go 2 units out on the ray
terminal side of θ , since r > 0. opposite the terminal side of θ , since r < 0.
17. Draw θ  π  180 counterclockwise, since θ is 20. Draw θ  π  180 clockwise, since θ is
positive, from the polar axis. Go one unit out on the negative, from the polar axis. Go 3 units out on the
ray opposite the terminal side of θ , since r < 0. ray opposite the terminal side of θ , since r < 0.
3π π
18. Draw θ   270 counterclockwise, since θ is 21. Draw θ   30 counterclockwise, since θ is
2 6
positive, from the polar axis. Go one unit out on the positive, from the polar axis. Go 5 units out on the
ray opposite the terminal side of θ , since r < 0. terminal side of θ , since r > 0.
a. Add 2π to the angle and do not

change r.
 π  π   13π 
 5,    5,  2π    5, 
6 6 6 

b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r. a. Add 2π to the angle and do not
 π  π   7π  change r.
 5,    5,  π    5,   3π   3π   11π 
6 6 6 
10,   10,  2π   10,
  
4 4 4 
c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not change
r. b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r.
 π  π   11π   3π   3π   7π 
 5,    5,  2π    5,   10,    10,  π    10, 
6 6 6  4 4   4 
π
22. Draw θ   30 counterclockwise, since θ is r.
6  3π   3π   5π 
positive, from the polar axis. Go out 8 units on the 10,   10,  2π   10,
  
4 4 4 
2π
24. Draw θ   120 counterclockwise, since θ is
3
positive, from the polar axis. Go out 12 units on the
a. Add 2π to the angle and do not change r.

 π  π   13π 
 8,    8,  2π    8, 
6 6 6 

 π  π   7π  a. Add 2π to the angle and do not change r.
 8,    8,  π    8,   2π   2π   8π 
6 6 6 
12,   12,  2π   12, 
3   3   3 
r. b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r.
 π  π   11π   2π   2π   5π 
 8,    8,  2π    8,   12,    12,  π    12,
  
6 6 6  3 3 3 
3π c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not change r.

23. Draw θ   135 counterclockwise, since θ is 2π   2π 4π 
4   
12,   12,  2π   12, 
  
positive, from the polar axis. Go out 10 units on the 3 3 3 

π c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not change

25. Draw θ   90 counterclockwise, since θ is r.
2
positive, from the polar axis. Go 4 units out on the  π  π   3π 
terminal side of θ , since r > 0.  6,    6,  2π    6,  
2 2 2 
27. a, b, d
28. a, c, d
29. b, d
30. a, d
31. a, b
32. a, c
a. Add 2π to the angle and do not 33. The rectangular coordinates of (4, 90°)
change r. are (0, 4).
 π  π   5π 
 4,    4,  2π    4,  x  r cos θ  6 cos180  6(1)  6
2 2 2  34.
y  r sin θ  6sin180  6  0  0
b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r. The rectangular coordinates of (6, 180°) are
 π  π   3π  (–6, 0)
 4,    4,  π    4, 
2 2 2 
π 1
35. x  r cos θ  2 cos  2   1
c. Subtract 2π from the angle and do not change 3 2
r.  3
π
 π  π   3π  y  r sin θ  2 sin  2  3
 4,    4,  2π    4,   3  2 
2 2 2 
 π
The rectangular coordinates of  2, 
26. Draw θ  π  90 counterclockwise, since θ is  3
positive, from the polar axis. Go 6 units out on the
terminal side of θ , since r > 0. 
are 1, 3 . 
π  3
36. x  r cos θ  2 cos  2  3
6  2 
π 1
y  r sin θ  2 sin  2   1
6 2
 π
The rectangular coordinates of  2,  are
 6
 
3,1 .
π
37. x  r cos θ  4 cos  4  0  0
2
a. Add 2π to the angle and do not change r. π
y  r sin θ  4 sin  4(1)  4
 π  π   5π  2
 6,    6,  2π    6, 
2 2 2   π
The rectangular coordinates of  4, 
 2
are (0, –4).
 π  π   3π 
 6,    6,  π    6, 
2 2 2

3π
 
2
38. x  r cos θ  6 cos  6  0  0 43. r x 2  y 2  (2)2  2 3
2
3π  4  12  16  4
y  r sin θ  6sin  6(1)  6
2 y 2 3
 3π  tan θ    3
The rectangular coordinates of  6,  are x 2
 2  π
(0, 6). Because tan  3 and θ lies in quadrant IV,
3
x  r cos θ  7.4 cos 2.5  7.4(0.80)  5.9 π 5π
39. θ  2π   .
3 3
y  r sin θ  7.4 sin 2.5  7.4(0.60)  4.4
The rectangular coordinates of (7.4, 2.5) are 
The polar coordinates of 2, 2 3 are 
approximately (–5.9, 4.4).  5π 
( r , θ )   4, .
40. x  r cos θ  8.3cos 4.6  8.3( 0.11)  0.9  3 
y  r sin θ  8.3sin 4.6  8.3( 0.99)  8.2
 2 3 
2
The rectangular coordinates of (8.3, 4.6) are 44. r x2  y2   (2)2
approximately (–0.9, –8.2).
 12  4  16  4
41. r x  y  ( 2)  2
2 2 2 2
tan θ 
y

2

1
x 2 3 3
 44  8  2 2
π 1
y 2 Because tan  and θ lies in quadrant II,
tan θ    1 6 3
x 2
Because tan θ  1 and θ lies in quadrant II, π 5π
θ π  .
3π 6 6
θ
4
.

The polar coordinates of 2 3, 2 are 
The polar coordinates of  2, 2 are
 5π 
( r , θ )   4, .
 3π   6 
( r , θ )   8, .
 4 
 3 
2
45. r x2  y2   (1)2
42. r x  y  (2)  (2)
2 2 2 2
 31  4  2
 44  8  2 2
y 1 1
y 2 tan θ   
tan θ    1 x  3 3
x 2
π π 1
Because tan  1 and θ lies in quadrant IV, Because tan  and θ lies in quadrant III,
4 6 3
π 7π π 7π
θ  2π   . θ π  .
4 4 6 6
The polar coordinates of (2, –2) are 
The polar coordinates of  3,  1 are 
 7π   7π 
( r , θ )   8,  or  2 2 , .  7π 
 4   4  ( r , θ )   2, .
 6 

x7
 
2 51.
46. r x 2  y 2  ( 1) 2   3
r cos θ  7
 1 3  4  2 7
r
y  3 cos θ
tan θ    3
x 1
52. y3
π
Because tan 3 and θ lies in quadrant III, r sin θ  3
3
π 4π 3
θ π  r
3 3
. sin θ

The polar coordinates of 1,  3 are  53. x2  y 2  9
 4π  r2  9
( r , θ )   2,
 3 
.
r3
47. r x 2  y 2  (5)2  (0)2  25  5 54. x 2  y 2  16

y 0 r 2  16
tan θ   0
x 5 r4
Because tan 0  0 and θ lies on the polar axis,
θ 0. 55. ( x  2) 2  y 2  4
The polar coordinates of (5, 0) are
( r , θ ) = (5, 0). ( r cos θ  2)2  ( r sin θ )2  4
r 2 cos2 θ  4r cos θ  4  r 2 sin 2 θ 2  4
48. r x  y  (0)  ( 6)  36  6
2 2 2 2
r 2  4r cos θ  0
y 6 r 2  4r cos θ
tan θ    undefined
x 0 r  4 cos θ
π
Because tan is undefined and θ lies on the
2 56. x 2  ( y  3)2  9
π 3π
negative y axis, θ  π  . ( r cos θ )2  ( r sin θ  3)2  9
2 2
r 2 cos2 θ  r 2 sin 2 θ  6r sin θ  9  9
 3π 
The polar coordinates of (0, –6) are ( r , θ )   6,
 2 
.
r 2  6r sin θ  0
r 2  6r sin θ
49. 3x  y  7
r  6sin θ
3r cos θ  r sin θ  7
r (3cos θ  sin θ )  7 57. y2  6x
7 ( r sin θ )2  6r cos θ
r
3cos θ  sin θ
r 2 sin 2 θ  6r cos θ
50. x  5y  8 r sin 2 θ  6cos θ
r cos θ  5r sin θ  8 6cos θ
r
r (cos θ  5sin θ )  8 sin 2 θ
8
r
cos θ  5sin θ

58. x2  6 y π
62. θ
( r cos θ )2  6r sin θ 3
π
r 2 cos 2 θ  6r sin θ tan θ  tan
3
r cos 2 θ  6sin θ tan θ  3
6sin θ y
r  3
cos 2 θ x
59. r8 y  3x
r  64
2
x  y 2  64
2
63. r sin θ  3
y3
60. r  10
r  100
2
x  y 2  100
2
64. r cos θ  7
x7
π
61. θ
2
π
tan θ  tan
2
tan θ is undefined 65. r  4 csc θ
y 4
is undefined r
x sin θ
x =0 r sin θ  4
y4

66. r  6sec θ 69. r  12 cos θ
r
6 r  12 r cos θ
2
cos θ
x  y 2  12 x
2
r cos θ  6
x 2  12 x  y 2  0
x6
x 2  12 x  36  y 2  36
 x  62  y 2  36
67. r  sin θ
r  r  r  sin θ
r 2  r sin θ
70. r  4 sin θ
x2  y2  y
r  4r sin θ
2
x  y 2  4 y
2
x2  y 2  4 y  0
x2  y 2  4 y  4  4
x2   y  2  4
2
68. r  cos θ
r  r  r  cos θ
r 2  r cos θ
x2  y 2  x
71. r  6 cos θ  4 sin θ

r  r  r (6 cos θ  4 sin θ )
r 2  6r cos θ  4r sin θ
x2  y 2  6 x  4 y

72. r  8cos θ  2 sin θ 76. r  a csc θ

r  r  r (8cos θ  2 sin θ ) a
r
r  8r cos θ  2r sin θ
2 sin θ
r sin θ  a
x  y 2  8x  2 y
2
ya
This is the equation of a horizontal line.
77. r  a sin θ
r  ar sin θ
2
x  y 2  ay
2
x 2  y 2  ay  0
a2 a2
73. r 2 sin 2θ  2 x 2  y 2  ay  
4 4
r 2 (2 sin θ cos θ )  2 2 2
 a a
2r sin θ r cos θ  2 x2   y     
 2 2
2 yx  2
a
xy  1 This is the equation of a circle of radius centered
2
1  a
y at  0,  .
x  2
78. r  a cos θ
r 2  ar cos θ
x 2  y 2  ax
x 2  ax  y 2  0
a2 a2
x 2  ax   y2 
4 4
74. r 2 cos 2θ  2 2 2
 a a
 x  2   y   2 
2
r (cos θ  sin θ )  2
2 2 2
r 2 cos2 θ  r 2 sin 2 θ  2 a
This is the equation of a circle of radius centered
( r cos θ )  ( r sin θ )  2
2 2 2
x2  y2  2 a 
at  ,0  .
2 
 π
79. r sin θ    2
 4
 π π
r  sin θ cos  cos θ sin   2
 4 4
2 2
r sin θ   r cos θ  2
2 2
75. r  a sec θ
2 2
a y  x 2
r 2 2
cos θ
y  x2 2
r cos θ  a
xa y  x  2 2 has slope of 1 and y-intercept of 2 2 .
This is the equation of a vertical line.

 π 83. The angle is measured counterclockwise from the

80. r cos θ    8 polar axis.
 6
2 4π
 π π θ  (360)  240 or .
r  cos θ cos  sin θ sin   8 3 3
 6 6 The distance from the inner circle’s center
π π to the outer circle is
r cos θ cos  r sin θ sin
8
6 6 r  6  3(3)  6  9  15
3 1  4π 
x  y 8 The polar coordinates are ( r , θ ) = 15, .
2 2  3 
x 3  y  16
84. The angle is measured counterclockwise from the
 y   x 3  16 5 5π
polar axis. θ  (360)  300 or .
y  x 3  16 6 3
On the inner circle, r = 6.
y  x 3  16 has slope of 3 and y-intercept of –16.
 5π 
The polar coordinates are ( r , θ )   6,
 3 
.
2π
81. x1  r cos θ  2 cos  1
3 85. (6.3, 50°) represents a sailing speed of 6.3 knots at an
2π angle of 50° to the wind.
y1  r sin θ  2 sin  3
3
1, 3 
86. (7.4, 85°) represents a sailing speed of 7.4 knots at an
angle of 85° to the wind.
π 87. Out of the four points in this 10-knot-wind situation,
x2  r cos θ  4 cos 2 3
6 you would recommend a sailing angle of 105°. A
π sailing speed of 7.5 knots is achieved at this angle.
y2  r sin θ  4 sin 2
6 88. – 96. Answers may vary.
 2 3, 2  97.
d  x2  x1  2
  y2  y1 
2
2   
2 2
d 3 1  2  3
d2 5
To three decimal places, the rectangular coordinates
82. x1  r cos θ  6 cos π  6 are (–2, 3.464).
y1  r sin θ  6sin π  0 98.
 6, 0
7π 5 2
x2  r cos θ  5cos 
4 2
7π 5 2
y2  r sin θ  5sin  To three decimal places, the rectangular coordinates
4 2 are (–0.670, 5.157).
5 2 5 2 
 2 , 2  99.
 
d  x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
2 2
5 2   5 2 
d   6     0
 2   2  To three decimal places, the rectangular coordinates
are (–1.857, –3.543).
d  61  30 2

100.
To three decimal places, the polar coordinates are ( r , θ ) = (5.385, 2.761).
101.
To three decimal places, the polar coordinates are ( r , θ ) = (3, 0.730).
102.
To three decimal places, the polar coordinates are ( r , θ ) = (8.674, –2.091).

Adding 2π to –2.090514401 will give the approximate equivalent angle 4.193, or polar coordinates (8.674, –2.091).
103. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: There are multiple polar representations for a given
point.
104. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: There is only one rectangular representation for a
given point.
105. makes sense
106. makes sense
107. Use the distance formula for rectangular coordinates, d  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2 .

Let x1  r1 cos θ1 , y1  r1 sin θ1 ,
x2  r2 cos θ 2 , y2  r2 sin θ 2
d  r2 cos θ 2  r1 cos θ1 2   r2 sin θ 2  r1 sin θ1 2

 r22 cos 2 θ 2  2 r1 r2 cos θ1 cos θ 2  r12 cos2 θ1  r22 sin 2 θ 2  2 r1 r2 sin θ1 sin θ 2  r12 sin 2 θ1
   
 r22 cos 2 θ 2  sin 2 θ 2  r12 cos2 θ1  sin 2 θ1  2r1 r2 cos θ1 cos θ 2  sin θ1 sin θ 2 
 r22 (1)  r12 (1)  2r1 r2  cos θ 2  θ1 
 r12  r22  2r1 r2 cos θ 2  θ1 

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
hypochondriasis, intellectual feebleness, and insanity. Two forms of
hereditary alcoholism have been recognized: First, that in which the
disease or defect of the parent is transmitted to the offspring; and
second, that in which the disease or defect is not directly transmitted
to the offspring, but a morbid tendency which manifests itself in
diseases or defects of a different kind.49
49 1. Heredite de similitude, Alcoolisme hereditaire homotype; 2. Heredite de
transformation, Alcoolisme hereditaire heterotype.
1. The appetite for strong drink is frequently transmitted from parents

to the children, just as other traits of the mind or body. Sometimes it
develops early, sometimes late in life; as a rule, however, this
hereditary propensity shows itself at an early age, and is apt to be
intensified at the time of puberty and the menopause. Objections
have been urged against the theory of hereditary alcoholism. Among
these the strongest is perhaps that the taste for drink in the offspring
of alcoholic subjects is the result rather of opportunity and example
than of heredity. The frequency with which alcoholic tendencies
develop themselves in children reared and educated away from their
parents, and the number of cases in which these tendencies show
themselves only at an advanced period of life, long after the
influence of example in childhood has ceased, sufficiently disprove
this assumption. The hereditary influence does not, however,
invariably manifest itself in the desire for drink. On the contrary, not
rarely it consists in feebleness of nervous constitution, characterized
by irritability, want of mental repose, or a restless or vicious
disposition which demands constant excitement. Hence such
individuals, although intellectually well developed, are often scarcely
more than moral imbeciles, in whom the passion for drink may be
replaced by the opium habit, addiction to gaming and to other vices,
and whose career is shaped largely by an inordinate and insatiable
craving for excitement of all kinds. Hereditary alcoholism follows the
laws of heredity in general. The tendency may be transmitted directly
from one generation to another, or may skip one or more
generations, taking in the intermediate periods some different form.
2. The second variety is that in which the symptoms of chronic
alcoholism are manifested in the offspring in the absence of the
direct action of alcohol; that is to say, not the taste for alcohol, but
the results of the gratification of that taste are transmitted, just as
epileptic or hysterical patients may transmit to their offspring epilepsy
or hysteria; thus it is not rare to encounter in the descendants of
alcoholic parents perverted sensation, both general and special,
hyperæsthesia, anæsthesia, flying neuralgias which do not always
follow the course of particular nerves, but frequently affect in a
general way the head or the members or manifest themselves as
visceral neuralgias. These persons are much troubled with headache
from slight causes and with migraine. Nor are disturbances of vision
rare, nor vertigo. Insomnia is also frequent in such individuals, and
augments the other symptoms. Digestive troubles also frequently
occur, notwithstanding a regular and perfectly temperate life. Such
persons are often subject to hallucinations of sight and hearing, and
are liable to have delirium in trifling illnesses.
The second form of hereditary alcoholism manifests itself in a wholly

different manner. The descendants, without a special appetite for
strong drink, and in the absence of the special morbid manifestations
above described, are singularly liable to mental and nervous
diseases of various kinds. Among these convulsions and epilepsy
are especially frequent; hysteria and various forms of insanity also
occur. In this group of cases we find every degree of arrest of
intellectual development, from mere feeble-mindedness to complete
idiocy. As manifestations of the influence of alcoholism upon the
offspring may be cited certain moral peculiarities otherwise
inexplicable, such as are seen in children who at a very tender age
show themselves vindictive, passionate, and cruel, to whom the
sufferings of others afford pleasure, who torment their companions
and torture their pets, and show precocious vicious tendencies of all
kinds. Later in life these persons become lazy, intolerant of
discipline, vagabonds, unstable of character, without the power of
application and without moral sense. Given to drink, defiant of law,
they constitute the great body of tramps, paupers, and criminals. The
children of alcoholic subjects are often feeble and puny, pale, badly
nourished, and curiously subject to morbid influences.
IV. Dipsomania.
Dipsomania, which has also been described under the term

oinomania, is rather a form of insanity than of alcoholic disease. The
characteristic symptoms are, however, in the greater number of
instances, due to indulgence in alcohol. The subjects of this affection
usually belong to families in which insanity, and especially this
particular form of insanity, is hereditary.
There are two forms of dipsomania—the essential and the

symptomatic. Of these, the latter is the more frequent. Its
consideration requires in this connection very few words. It manifests
itself by an irresistible desire on the part of many insane people for
alcohol. It occurs both in the prodromic and in the fully-established
periods of insanity. It is especially common in various forms of mania
and in the prodromic periods of general paralysis. The dominating
influence in essential dipsomania is heredity. Occasional causes
may bring on particular attacks, but their influence is secondary.
Dipsomania cannot be looked upon as a distinct recurrent affection
in an otherwise healthy person. At some period in their lives, and
often long before the occurrence of characteristic paroxysms,
dipsomaniacs show peculiarities indicating defects of mental
organization. Certain symptoms of dipsomania are often mistaken for
its cause. Thus, dyspepsia is more frequently an effect than a cause
of the alcoholic excesses. The despondency, irritability, restlessness,
hysterical manifestations, and insomnia which precede the attack are
not the cause of it: they are its earliest symptoms.
The affection usually begins insidiously and is progressive. As a rule,

although not always, it begins in early adult life. The manifestations
of this disease are essentially intermittent and paroxysmal, but the
impulse to drink must be regarded as a symptom which may be
replaced by other irresistible desires of an impulsive kind, such as
lead to the commission and repetition of various crimes, as the
gratification of other depraved appetites, robbery, or even homicide.
The paroxysms are at first of short duration, and are followed by
return to the previous regular and decent manner of life. They
become, however, by degrees, more violent and more prolonged. At
first lasting for a few days or a week, by and by they extend to
periods of a month or six weeks, the attack wearing itself out, and
recurring with a periodicity sometimes variable and sometimes
constant. In the intervals of these attacks for a considerable time the
patients very often lead sober, chaste, and useful lives. At length,
however, evidences of permanent mental trouble are manifested,
and the case settles into confirmed insanity. The attack is usually
preceded by evidences of mental derangement; the patient becomes
restless and irritable; sleep is irregular and unrefreshing; he
complains of general malaise, and is anxious, troubled by vague
apprehensions. He presently abandons his usual occupations and
gives himself up to disordered impulses, among which alcoholic
excesses are the most frequent and the most easily gratified.
Sometimes the patient passes his time at taverns drinking with all
comers; at others he shuts himself up in a chamber and gratifies his
desire for drink to the most extreme degree alone. Dipsomaniacs not
rarely leave their homes and associates without warning or
explanation, and pass the period of the paroxysm among associates
of the most disreputable character. The desire for drink is gratified at
all costs, and not infrequently they return to their friends without
money and without sufficient clothing, most of it having been sold or
pawned in order to purchase drink. The paroxysm is succeeded by a
period of more or less marked mental depression, during which the
patient not rarely voluntarily seeks admission to some asylum.
The true nature of dipsomania is frequently overlooked. As a

symptom of hereditary insanity it is in striking contrast with the
habitual propensity to drink which occurs in the ordinary alcoholic
subject. The latter seeks occasions to drink. He renews his excesses
not intermittently, but habitually. If in consequence of disgrace or
misfortune or under strong moral suasion he is for a time
abstemious, it is only to renew and to continue his indulgence upon
the first favorable occasion. On the contrary, the true dipsomaniac
recognizes his malady and struggles against it. Even more: for a
time he shows much skill in concealing it. He avoids occasions to
drink, and, reproaching himself for his mad and unreasonable desire,
seeks by every means to overcome his impulse to it. The ordinary
drunkard may become insane because he drinks; the dipsomaniac
drinks because he is insane.50
50 Magnan, Le Progrès médical, 1884.
Dipsomaniacs are apt to manifest precocious or retarded intellectual

development. They are from infancy or childhood especially prone to
convulsive or other paroxysmal nervous phenomena. They are often
choreic, often hysterical. This association with instability of the
nervous system is related to the fact that dipsomania is more
common in women than in men.
DIAGNOSIS.—1. Acute Alcoholism.—The diagnosis of the ordinary

form of acute alcoholism, with the exception of alcoholic coma,
requires no consideration. The diagnosis of alcoholic coma from
profound coma due to other conditions is, in the absence of the
previous history of the case, always attended with difficulty, and is in
certain cases quite impossible. It is therefore of great practical
importance to obtain the history where it is possible to do so. The
odor of alcohol upon the breath is of less positive diagnostic value
than would at first thought appear. In the first place, sympathetic
bystanders may have poured alcoholic drinks down the throat of one
found unconscious, or, in the second place, individuals who have
taken a certain amount of drink may be, and not unfrequently are,
seized with apoplexy in consequence of the excitement thereby
induced. The more common conditions with which alcoholic coma is
confounded are apoplexy from cerebral hemorrhage and narcotic
poisoning, especially opium-poisoning. To these may also be added
uræmic coma and, under exceptional circumstances, sunstroke. In
all these cases the circumstances under which the individual has
been found are of diagnostic importance.
In alcoholic coma the pupils are more commonly dilated than

contracted, the heart's action feeble, the respiration shallow, the
muscular relaxation symmetrical, and the temperature low. There is
a strong odor of alcohol upon the breath.
In apoplexy from cerebral hemorrhage the condition of the pupils will

depend upon the location of the clot. They may be moderately
dilated, firmly contracted, or unequal. The enfeeblement of the
heart's action is, as a rule, less marked than in profound alcoholic
coma. The pulse may be small or full and slow or irregular. It is
usually slow and full. The respiration is often, although not invariably,
slow and stertorous. Not uncommonly, the eyes and also the head
deviate from the paralyzed side. If the coma be not absolute, the
muscular relaxation is unilateral. The temperature is at first slightly
below the normal, but less, as a rule, than in alcoholic coma; after
several hours it rises to or above the normal.
In complete opium narcosis the insensibility is profound; the heart's

action is slow or rapid, but feeble; the respirations slow and shallow
or quiet or stertorous; the face at first flushed, afterward pallid and
cyanosed; the pupils minutely contracted or dilated as death
approaches; and the muscular relaxation complete, with abolition of
reflex movements. In cases of doubt it is important to use the
stomach-pump.
Uræmic coma is apt to be preceded by or alternate with convulsions.

The pupils are more commonly slightly contracted than dilated, but
are without diagnostic significance. The temperature is not elevated;
it may even be low. The face may be pallid, pasty, and puffy, and
there may be general anasarca if the nephritis be parenchymatous.
On the other hand, in interstitial nephritis there is hypertrophy of the
heart, without evidence of valvular disease, and some degree of
puffiness of the lower extremities. In doubtful cases the urine should
be drawn by a catheter and subjected to chemical and microscopical
examination.51 Diabetic coma occurs suddenly without convulsions.
This condition may be suspected when the emaciation is extreme or
upon the recognition of sugar in the urine.
51 The following is the method recommended by Green (Medical Chemistry,
Philadelphia, 1880) for the detection of alcohol in the urine: If its reaction be acid, the
urine is exactly neutralized by potassium acid carbonate. It is then distilled on a water-
bath in a flask or retort connected with a condensing apparatus. When about one-
sixth of the liquid has passed over the distillate will, if alcohol be present, present the
following characteristics: first, the peculiar alcoholic odor; second, a specific gravity
lower than water; third, upon being mixed with dilute sulphuric acid and treated with a
few drops of potassium bichromate solution the liquid becomes green, owing to the
separation of chromic oxide; the odor of aldehyde may at the same time be observed.
This reaction is not characteristic, but may serve to confirm other tests. Fourth, if
dilute alcohol be shaken with an excess of solid and dry potassium carbonate in a
test-tube, the greater part of the water will be appropriated by the potassium
carbonate, and two layers of liquid will be formed. The alcohol constitutes the upper
layer, and if sufficiently concentrated will burn upon the application of a flame. Finally,
a small trace of alcohol may be separated from the urine without difficulty after the
ingestion of alcoholic liquids by means of a good fractionating apparatus. Less than 1
per cent. of alcohol cannot be detected.
Sunstroke is characterized by dyspnœa, gasping respiration,

jactitation, and intense heat of the skin. The pulse varies. It may be
full and labored or feeble and frequent. The face is usually flushed.
The pupils, at first contracted, are afterward dilated. The coma is apt
to be interrupted by transient local or general convulsions.
It is impossible to lay down any rules by which the maniacal form of

acute alcoholism may be at once diagnosticated from acute mania
from other causes. For the characteristics of the convulsive form of
acute alcoholism and those forms which occur in persons of
unsound mind the reader is referred to the descriptions of those
conditions. The diagnosis of acute poisoning by alcohol in lethal
doses can only be established during life by investigation of the
history of the case.
II. Chronic Alcoholism.—The lesions of chronic alcoholism, as has

already been pointed out, are not in themselves peculiar to that
condition. Many of them occur with more or less frequency in morbid
states not induced by alcohol. It is their association and progressive
character which gives to chronic alcoholism its individuality. The
occasional prominence of certain symptoms or groups of symptoms
may thus in particular cases lead to some confusion of diagnosis,
especially where the history is unknown or the habits of the
individual are concealed. In the greater number of cases, however,
the association of symptoms is such as to render the diagnosis, even
in the absence of a direct history, a comparatively easy one.
Chronic alcoholism is a condition rather than a disease—a condition

characterized by varying lesions of the viscera and nervous system,
by profound disturbances of nutrition, and by grave mental and moral
derangements. This fact being recognized, the cardinal error of
diagnosis to be guarded against is that of overlooking the condition
upon which the disease itself with which we have to do depends or is
associated. Congestion, inflammation, sclerosis, and steatosis affect
the various organs of the body and produce their characteristic
symptoms. Profound and lasting disturbances of nutrition demand
our attention. Psychical derangements of all grades, from mere
moodiness to confirmed and hopeless insanity, take place. These
affections must be diagnosticated for themselves here as elsewhere
in clinical medicine. The recognition of the underlying condition can,
however, alone supply the key to their true pathology.
Delirium tremens is occasionally diagnosticated with difficulty from

some forms of insanity not caused by drink. Here transitory and fixed
delusions, not mere terrors and hallucinations, are of importance, not
less than the absence of the varied and complex associations of
symptoms which are characteristic of alcoholism. The delirium of the
acute infectious diseases may be mistaken for delirium tremens.
Pneumonia, typhoid fever, and the exanthemata occasionally begin
with delirium resembling in some respects delirium tremens. Here
the history of the case, the pyrexia, and the general condition of the
patient are sufficient to establish the diagnosis if the danger of error
be borne in mind.
III. Hereditary Alcoholism.—The diagnosis of this condition can only
be established by careful investigation of the family history and
systematic study of the stages of progression by which the morbid
condition presented by the patient has been reached.
IV. Dipsomania.—The diagnostic points are the hereditary

transmission of this or other forms of insanity—the mental instability
of the patient in early life and in the intervals of the paroxysms, the
intermittent or cyclical recurrence of the attack, the morbid impulses
of a different kind associated with the impulse to drink, and the
struggle of the patient against his recurring impulses to
uncontrollable excesses.
PROGNOSIS.—The prognosis in acute alcoholism of the ordinary form

is favorable, so far as the immediate attack is in question. The
prognosis in rapidly-developing, overwhelming coma from enormous
doses of alcohol is in the highest degree unfavorable. Acute coma
from moderate doses usually passes off in the course of some
hours. It occasionally, however, terminates in fatal pneumonia.
The prognosis in delirium tremens of the ordinary form is favorable. It

becomes, however, more and more grave with each recurring attack.
Delirium tremens in patients suffering from advanced disease of the
heart, lungs, liver, or kidneys, or complicated by acute diseases of
these organs, is apt to prove fatal.
The prognosis of chronic alcoholism is gloomy. If the lesions be not

advanced, permanent discontinuance of alcoholic habits may be
followed by restoration of health, but, unfortunately, the
discontinuance is too often merely temporary, the habit being too
strong to be permanently broken off.
The prognosis in hereditary alcoholism is unfavorable, both as

regards the alcoholic habit and as regards the development of
serious diseases of the nervous system under adverse
circumstances, even in the absence of the direct action of alcohol.
The prognosis in dipsomania is unfavorable. The paroxysm may
recur many times without apparent serious result; the patient in the
course of some days or weeks recovers, abandons his evil courses,
and resumes his usual occupations. After a time, however, the
insanity of which the dipsomania is the recurring manifestation
declares itself as a more or less permanent state. The outbreaks
become more frequent and more prolonged, the mental condition in
the intervals progressively more morbid, until the patient lapses by
degrees into confirmed insanity.
The prognosis in all forms of alcoholism, both acute and chronic, is

rendered in a high degree uncertain by the psychical disorders which
characterize so many of its phases. In consequence of some of
these conditions the patient loses at once his appreciation of bodily
dangers and his power to avoid them; by reason of others, to escape
imaginary evils he plunges into real ones; and finally some of them
are of such a nature that they impel him to the blind and unreasoning
commission of the most grievous crimes, including suicide and
homicide.52
52 “I believe that more suicides and combined suicides and homicides result in this
country from alcoholism in its early stages than from any other cause whatsoever” (T.
S. Clouston, Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases, Am. ed., 1884).
TREATMENT.—The prophylaxis of alcoholism has regard to

communities at large and to individuals. The prevention of the evils
of excess by the control of the sale of drink constitutes one of the
more important objects of state medicine. At the same time, the
traffic in alcohol is curiously evasive of legal enactments. The
difficulties attending the enforcement of sumptuary laws are well
known. Restrictive laws concerning the making and sale of alcoholic
drinks, while partaking of the nature of sumptuary laws are of more
comprehensive character, being obnoxious to powerful commercial
interests and to the sense of personal liberty of large numbers of
persons of all classes. As a result of organized opposition and
individual violation they are to a great extent inoperative as regards
the prevention of alcoholism.
Aside from the question of revenue from taxation, the practical
influence of law is in this matter somewhat limited, being confined
chiefly to the prevention of the sale of liquors to minors and persons
already intoxicated, and to ineffectual attempts in certain countries to
regulate the quality of the drink sold. The penalties for personal
drunkenness which does not lead to overt acts are, as a rule, wholly
inadequate to restrain it. The best results upon anything like an
extended scale have been obtained by the co-operative action of
philanthropic individuals in endeavoring to influence the moral tone,
especially among workingmen, to diminish temptations, and to
provide for leisure hours, in the absence of drink, reasonable
amusements and occupation to occupy the time ordinarily spent in
taverns and similar places.
The decrease in the consumption of alcoholic drinks in the United

States within recent years is doubtless due in part to increasing
popular knowledge concerning the dangers of alcoholic excess and
to the growth of a more wholesome public sentiment. It is, however,
in part also due to poor wages among workingmen.
As regards the individual, prophylaxis against alcoholism consists

either in total abstinence from, or in the most guarded indulgence in,
alcoholic beverages. It is unfortunate that individuals whose moral
and physical organization is such as renders them most liable to
suffer from the consequences of alcohol are by that very fact most
prone to its temptations, and hence contribute largely to the subjects
of alcoholism. These individuals are found among the ignorant, the
very poor, and especially among neurotic subjects of all classes of
society. Due consideration of this fact cannot fail to establish the
responsibility of those fortunately not belonging to these classes, in
two respects: first, that of example; and second, that of personal
restraint from the standpoint of heredity. The influence of heredity
among races addicted to alcohol has not yet attracted the attention it
deserves. It is probable that much of the tolerance for alcohol
exhibited by individuals, families, or even nations, is to be accounted
for by heredity. Still more probable is it that most of the evils and
crimes that befall alcohol-drinking communities and individuals are
due directly or indirectly to the abuse of this agent. No argument
against the indulgence in narcotics can be more potent than that
derived from a consideration of the laws of heredity.
I. The Treatment of Acute Alcoholism.—The medical treatment of

mere drunkenness requires no consideration. The rapid elimination
of alcohol, and the transient nature of its pathological effects in
excesses which are not repeated or prolonged, explain the
spontaneous recovery, which is usually sufficiently prompt and
permanent. The physical suffering and mental distress following
unaccustomed excesses are of salutary influence. Under certain
circumstances a powerful effort of the will is sufficient to control, at all
events for a time, the more moderate effects of alcohol. A similar
result follows the use of cold douches, the Turkish bath, and full
doses of certain preparations of ammonium, particularly the officinal
solution of the acetate of ammonium. In alcoholic stupor of an acute
kind the patient may be left to himself, care being taken that the
clothing is loosened and that the position is such as to prevent local
paralysis from the nerve-pressure. Alcoholic coma, if of moderate
intensity, may be managed in the same way. Profound alcoholic
coma requires, however, more energetic measures. Frictions,
artificial warmth, stimulating enemata, as of turpentine or of hot salt
and water, an ounce to the pint, hypodermic injections of strychnia or
atrophia in minute doses and occasionally repeated, inhalations of
ammonia, and occasional cold affusions, followed by brisk frictions
with warm flannel and faradism of the respiratory muscles, may be
needed to tide over the threatened fatal collapse. The stomach
should be at once washed out with hot coffee.
In the convulsive form of acute alcoholism chloral in twenty-grain

doses, repeated at intervals until sixty grains have been given,
usually serves to arrest, or at all events to moderate, the paroxysm.
It may be administered by the mouth or in double doses by the
rectum. If chloral be inadmissible by reason of weakness of the
circulation, paraldehyde may be substituted in doses of from half a
drachm to one drachm, repeated at intervals of from one to two
hours until quietude is produced. Where the convulsive paroxysms
are of great violence it may be necessary to control them by the
cautious administration of ether by inhalation.
The mania of acute alcoholism calls for energetic management. To

avert injury to the patient himself or to those about him he must be
confined, if practicable, in a suitable apartment in a hospital; if not, in
his own house and carefully watched. Here, as a rule, paraldehyde,
chloral, or large doses of the bromides constitute our most efficient
means of medication.
In all forms of acute alcoholism it is a rule admitting of no exception

to at once withhold alcohol in every form and all doses. If, under
exceptional circumstances, great nervous depression or flagging
circulation seems to call for the use of alcohol in small amounts, it is
far better to substitute other drugs. The frequently repeated
administration of hot beef-tea or rich broths in small doses, with
capsicum and the use of the various preparations of ammonia, or
small doses of opium with or without quinia and digitalis, proves
useful in proportion to the skill and discrimination with which they are
selected and repeated. It is a good plan to commence the treatment
with an active purge.
In the acute collapse following excessive doses—lethal doses—the

stomach is to be immediately emptied by the tube or pump and
washed out with warm coffee. In the absence of the stomach-tube
emesis may be provoked by the use of mustard or sulphate of zinc
or by hypodermic injection of apomorphia. The patient must be
placed in the recumbent posture and surrounded with hot blankets.
The cold douche may be occasionally applied to the head and face,
and the muscles of respiration may be excited to action by faradism.
Artificial respiration and friction of the extremities may also be
required. Inhalations of ammonia may be used. The flagging heart
may be stimulated by occasionally tapping the præcordia with a hot
spoon—Corrgan's hammer. Hypodermic injections of digitalis may
also be employed. Overwhelming doses of alcohol, leading promptly
to collapse, usually prove fatal despite all treatment.
II. The Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism.—Whatever may be the
prominence of particular symptoms or groups of symptoms, whether
they indicate derangement of the viscera, of the nervous system, or
of the mind, whatever their combination, the fundamental therapeutic
indication in chronic alcoholism is the withdrawal of the poison. The
condition is directly due to the continuous action of a single toxic
principle: its relief when practicable, its cure when possible, are only
to be obtained by the discontinuance of that poison. This is a matter
of great, often of insurmountable, difficulty. The obstacles are always
rather moral than physical. Occasional or constant temptation, the
iron force of habit, the malaise, the faintness, the craving of the
nervous system, and, worse than all, the enfeebled intellectual and
moral tone of the confirmed drunkard, stand in the way. Even after
success seems to have been attained, and the patient, rejoicing in
improved physical health and in the regained companionship and
consideration of his family and friends, feels that he is safe, it too
often happens that in an unguarded moment he yields to temptation
and relapses into his old habits. A patient of the writer, after seven
years' abstinence from drink, again became its victim in
consequence of the incautious suggestion of a young medical man,
met at a summer hotel, to take brandy for some transient disorder,
and died after eight months of uncontrollable excesses. It is
necessary to guard the patient against the temptation to drink. To
secure this he may he sent as a voluntary patient for a length of time
to a suitable institution, or, still better, he may place himself under the
care of a conscientious, clear-headed country doctor in a sparsely-
settled region, preferably in the mountains or at the seaside. The
malaise, depression, insomnia, and other nervous symptoms when
of moderate degree are best treated by abundance of nutritious and
easily-assimilable food, taken often and in moderate amounts. To
this end gastro-intestinal disturbances may be practically
disregarded, except in so far as they regulate the selection of a
highly nutritious diet. As a matter of fact, in the early periods of
chronic alcoholism, while visceral lesions of a grave character are
yet absent, appetite and digestion alike improve in the majority of
cases upon the withdrawal of alcohol, provided a sufficiently
abundant and easily assimilable dietary is insisted upon. Grave
visceral lesions characterize a more advanced alcoholic cachexia
and necessarily complicate the treatment. Nevertheless, even here
the indication is the withdrawal of the poison. The nervous symptoms
require special medication. The whole group of tonics, from simple
bitters to quinia and strychnia, is here available. It is impossible to
lay down rules for the treatment of particular cases except in the
most general manner. In the absence of conditions calling for special
treatment, such as gastritis, hepatic or pulmonary congestion, fatty
heart, etc., good results follow the frequent administration of small
doses of quinia and strychnia; thus, the patient may take one grain of
quinia six or eight times a day, or a little gelatin-coated pill containing
1/200–1/100 of a grain of strychnia every hour during the waking day,
amounting in all to one-twentieth, one-tenth, or one-fifth of a grain in

the course of twenty-four hours. This treatment is often followed by
the relief of tremor, the quieting of nervous irritability, and the
production of good general results. The malaise, the general
depression, and especially the sinking feeling at the pit of the
stomach so often complained of by patients, are best relieved by
food. Fluid extract of coca is also useful in these conditions. The
value of cocaine in the management of the nervous symptoms of
chronic alcoholism, and in particular as a temporary substitute for
alcohol, is doubtful. The writer, having used it in a number of cases
by the mouth and hypodermically in doses of ¼–1 grain, has had
variable results. In some cases it temporarily relieved the craving
and concomitant symptoms; in others it failed wholly: in one instance
one-fourth of a grain was followed by great nervous depression. It is
desirable not to inform the patient of the nature of the remedy,
especially if its use be followed by good results, lest the cocaine
itself supplant alcohol as an habitual narcotic. Cold or tepid
sponging, the occasional hot bath at bedtime, and the Turkish bath
are useful adjuvants to the treatment. As a rule, opium is
contraindicated. Sleep often follows the administration of a cupful of
hot broth or milk at bedtime. Lupulin is here useful, and the writer
has come to regard an ethereal extract of lupulin in doses of from
one to three grains as a valuable and harmless hypnotic. If
necessary, hypnotic doses of chloral or paraldehyde may be used,
but care is required in their administration, and their early
discontinuance is advisable. If anæmia be profound, chalybeate
tonics do good, and among the preparations of iron pills of the dried
sulphate with carbonate of potassium (Blaud's pills) are especially
useful.
The obesity of drunkards, as a rule, diminishes on the withdrawal of

alcohol. Under circumstances of partial or complete abstinence from
drink measures to reduce the weight of such patients are wholly
inadmissible.
In conditions characterized by failure of mental power, in beginning

dementia or threatened insanity, the syrup of the hypophosphites,
the compound syrup of the phosphates, or cod-liver oil should be
administered. These remedies are likewise useful in various forms of
alcoholic paralysis, as are also faradism and galvanism employed
secundum artem. The various forms of alcoholic insanity require
special treatment, only to be had in institutions designed for the care
of patients suffering from mental diseases in general.
Whilst it is desirable in the treatment of all forms of chronic

alcoholism to secure the permanent discontinuance of the alcoholic
habit, the skill, judgment, and experience of the physician must
determine the degree of rapidity with which this, when practicable, is
to be done. The number of cases in which alcohol can be
discontinued at once and finally is limited; those in which it can be
wholly given up in the course of a few days constitute the largest
proportion of the cases; finally, in a small number of cases alcohol
can only be withdrawn cautiously and by degrees.53 Whilst it is in
most cases essential to remove the patient from his customary
surroundings and companionships, it is in the highest degree
important to provide for him mental occupation and amusement. To
this end a wholesome open-air life, with sufficient daily exercise to
induce fatigue, is highly desirable, as indeed is the companionship of
interested and judicious friends.
53 It must be borne in mind that in chronic alcoholism acute maladies of all kinds,
including traumatism, both accidental and surgical, act as exciting causes of delirium
tremens. The part played by the abrupt diminution or withdrawal of alcohol under such
circumstances is often an important one. It is the opinion of the writer that a certain
amount of alcohol should be administered for a time at least in the accidental injuries
and acute sicknesses of alcoholic subjects, and that the reduction should be gradually
made.
The Treatment of Delirium Tremens.—The patient should be

confined in a large, well-aired apartment, without furniture except his
bed, and when practicable he should have a constant attendant. The
favorable influence of a skilful nurse in tranquillizing these patients is
very great. The custom of strapping them to the bed by the wrists
and ankles is to be deprecated. If the case be a mild one, and
especially during convalescence, open-air exercise in the sunshine
with an attendant is of benefit; care must, however, be taken to
guard against the danger of escape.
Under no circumstances should visitors be permitted to see the

patient. In young persons the treatment may be preceded by an
active saline or mercurial purge. In elderly persons, those suffering
from cachectic conditions, or in cases characterized by marked
debility and feeble circulation—conditions frequent in persons who
have had repeated attacks—it is not desirable to purge. Alcohol
should be either wholly withdrawn or more or less rapidly diminished.
It must be replaced by abundant food in the form of concentrated
broths or meat-extracts. In cases of vomiting these must be given
hot and in small doses frequently repeated. Bitter infusions may also
be given, or milk or equal parts of milk and Vichy water. If there be
thirst, the effervescent waters may be given freely. Patients often
drink with satisfaction and apparent benefit hop tea, which may be
made simply with water or with equal parts of water and porter.
The medicinal treatment will depend to a large extent upon the

peculiarities of the case. In mild cases a combination of the watery
extract of opium in small doses, not exceeding a quarter of a grain,
with quinia and digitalis, repeated every four or six hours, is often
useful. Although the view once entertained that the graver symptoms
were the result of prolonged sleeplessness is no longer tenable, the
induction of sleep, or at all events of mental and physical repose, is
among the more important therapeutical indications. For this purpose
hypnotic doses of opium are not only not desirable, but are even, in
the majority of instances, attended with danger. The sleep which
follows repeated and increasing doses of opium in delirium tremens
has too often terminated in coma deepening into death. As
calmatives, extract of cannabis indica, hyoscyamus, or the fluid
extract of piscidia are useful. As hypnotics, the bromides, chloral,
and paraldehyde yield, in the order here given, the best results. The
bromides are better in large single doses than in small doses often
repeated, better in combination than singly. Chloral, either by the
mouth or by the rectum, in doses of from twenty to forty grains, is
often followed by beneficial sleep. It is contraindicated where the
heart's action is much enfeebled. Paraldehyde, in doses of half a
drachm to one drachm, repeated at intervals of two or three hours
until sleep is induced, is still more efficient. This drug may be
administered without the fear of its exerting a depressing influence
upon the heart. The depression characteristic of grave delirium
tremens may be combated by repeated small doses of champagne
or by carbonate of ammonium in five- or ten-grain doses; the
vomiting, by withholding food and medication by the mouth, and
giving them for some hours wholly by the rectum or hypodermically.
Excessive restlessness is sometimes favorably influenced by cold
affusion, followed by brisk friction and warm blankets with continuous
artificial heat. The cold pack has proved useful.
Digitalis may be employed, ex indicatione symptomatica, but the

enormous doses of tincture of digitalis used by the late Jones of
Jersey and others are here mentioned only to be condemned.
To sum up, the chief indications for treatment are complete isolation,
the withdrawal of alcohol, abundant, readily assimilable, nutritious
food, and control of the reflex excitability of the nervous system.
III. Hereditary Alcoholism.—The treatment of the vicious propensities

of the descendants of alcoholic parents does not fall directly within
the province of the physician. It is among the most difficult problems
of education. The recognition of the cause of evil traits manifested in
childhood and youth may do something to avert dangers commonly
unsuspected. All things considered, the outlook is not hopeful. The
recognition, on the part of the physician, of the influence of
hereditary alcoholism in cases of arrested development, feeble
organization, or declared disease of the nervous system will perhaps
do less to aid his treatment in many cases than to reconcile him to its
want of full success. The cry of warning is to those who are eating
sour grapes that the teeth of their children will be set on edge.
IV. Dipsomania.—The general indications for the treatment of

dipsomania are two: first, the management of the paroxysm; second,
the control of the general condition itself.
First, then, during the paroxysm the patient must be saved, in so far
as is possible, from the danger of injuring himself or others and from
squandering his property. If the excesses are of such a degree as to
render it practicable, the same treatment must be carried out as in
cases of acute alcoholic mania and delirium tremens—namely,
confinement in a suitable apartment under the care of an
experienced nurse and the control of the doctor. Unfortunately, this
plan is not always practicable in the early days of the outbreak. Here
tonics, coca, and repeated small doses of quinia and strychnia are of
advantage. Courses of arsenic at the conclusion of, and in the
intervals between, the paroxysms are of use, on account of the
excellent influence they exert on the general nutrition. These may be
advantageously alternated with iron, cod-liver oil, and the compound
syrup of the phosphates or of the hypophosphites. Hydrotherapy
may also be used with advantage, and the influences of a well-
regulated hydropathic establishment are much more favorable than
those of institutions specially devoted to the treatment of alcoholic
subjects. In the latter the moral atmosphere is apt to be bad; the
patients support each other, and too often conspire to obtain in
secret that which is denied them openly, or, if the discipline be too
strict for this, they sympathize with each other in their restraint, react
unfavorably upon each other in the matter of shame and loss of self-
respect, and plot together to secure their liberty.
Few dipsomaniacs in the earlier periods are proper subjects for
treatment in hospitals for the insane. If cerebral excitement or
sleeplessness persist after the paroxysms, chloral, paraldehyde, or
the bromides in large doses may be used to secure sleep. Various
combinations of the bromides are often of use where the single salts
fail. It must not be forgotten that during the paroxysm there is great
danger lest the patient do himself or others harm. When there are
indications of an impending attack, and during the period of
depression following the attacks, benefit is derived from the daily use
of bitter infusions. As a matter of fact, however, the management of
these cases is among the most unsatisfactory of medical
undertakings. The difficulty is increased by the latent character of the
mental disorder in the intervals between the attacks. Even when
such patients voluntarily enter hospitals for the insane, they cannot
be retained there sufficiently long to derive any permanent benefit.
What we want is, in the words of Clouston, “an island where whiskey
is unknown; guardianship, combined with authority, firmness,
attractiveness, and high, bracing moral tone; work in the open air, a
simple natural life, a return to mother Earth and to Nature, a diet of
fruits, vegetables, bread, milk, eggs, and fish, no opportunity for one
case to corrupt another, and suitable punishments and deprivations
for offences against the rules of life laid down. All these continued for
several years in each case, and the legal power to send patients to
this Utopia for as long a period as medical authority determines, with
or without their consent.”
THE OPIUM HABIT AND KINDRED AFFECTIONS.

Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition

Blitzer Solutions Manual

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 823

a 10 6. The area of the triangle is half the product of the

824 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 825

826 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 827

828 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 829

16. Begin by finding A. Use the Law of Sines to find side c.

830 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 831

832 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

a 30 C1  180  B1  A  180  54  37  89

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 833

c1 a In one triangle, the solution is

834 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 835

836 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 837

51. According to the figure, 54. Using the figure,

Using the figure,

838 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. Using the figure, 58. a. Using the figure,

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 839

840 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Let h = the height of the buildings. Using the figure, b  e  800

Using the figure, A  180  150  30

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 841

842 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 843

844 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 845

846 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 847

848 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 849

1 1 33. Use the given radii to determine that

 17(17  16)(17  10)(17  8) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C

 1071  33 11.82  7.32  10.52  2(7.3)(10.5) cos C

 987.1875  31 a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A

31. C  180  15  35  130

850 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. Assume that Island B is due east of Island A. Let

45. a. Using the figure,

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 851

a b In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill,

a. Using the figure,

852 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. 52. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.

Using the figure, 53. – 60. Answers may vary.

Using the given information and the hint, we arrive at

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 853

67. Section 7.3

Check Point Exercises

68. Answers may vary.

70. x 2  ( y  1)2  1 is a circle centered at (0, 1) with a

( x  3)2  y 2  9 is a circle centered at (3, 0) with

854 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. a. Add 2π to the angle and do not 4.

b. Add π to the angle and replace r by –r.