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SO M E US E FUL C ONS TA NT S
(a more complete list appears in Appendix B)
Atomic mass unit 1 amu = 1.660539040 × 10−24 g

Avogadro’s number N = 6.022140857 × 1023 particles/mol
Electronic charge e = 1.6021766208 × 10−19 coulombs
Faraday constant F = 96,485.33289 coulombs/mol e−
L atm
Gas constant   L torr
R = 0.082057338  ————  = 62.363577 ———
mol K mol K
J kPa dm3
= 8.3144598  ————  = 8.3144598 —————
   
mol K mol K
Pi π = 3.1415927
Planck’s constant h = 6.626070040 × 10−34 J s
Speed of light (in vacuum) c = 2.99792458 × 108 m/s
SO M E U S E FUL RE L AT I ONS H I PS
Mass and Weight Length

SI Base Unit: Kilogram (kg) SI Base Unit: Meter (m)
1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 2.205 pounds 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters (exactly)
1 gram = 1000 milligrams 1 meter = 100 centimeters = 39.37 inches
1 pound = 453.59 grams 1 yard = 0.9144 meter
1 amu = 1.6605 × 10−24 grams 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
1 gram = 6.022 × 1023 amu 1 kilometer = 1000 meters = 0.6215 mile
1 ton = 2000 pounds 1 Ångstrom = 1.0 × 10−10 meters = 1.0 × 10−8 centimeters
Volume Energy
3
SI Base Unit: Cubic Meter (m ) SI Base Unit: Joule (J)
1 liter = 0.001 cubic meter 1 calorie = 4.184 joules = 4.129 × 10−2 L atm
1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters = 1000 mL
kg m2
1 liter = 1.056 quarts 1 joule = 1  ———   = 0.23901 calorie
1 quart = 0.9463 liter s2
1 milliliter = 0.001 liter = 1 cubic centimeter 1 joule = 1 × 107 ergs
1 cubic foot = 7.475 gallons = 28.316 liters 1 electron volt = 1.6022 × 10−19 joule
1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 electron volt = 96.485 kJ/mol
1 L atm = 24.217 calories = 101.325 joules
Pressure Temperature
SI Base Unit: Pascal (Pa) SI Base Unit: Kelvin (K)
kg 0 K = −273.15°C
1 pascal = ———
   = 1 Newton/m2
m s2 K = °C + 273.15°
1 atmosphere = 760 torr °F = 1.8(°C) + 32°
= 760 millimeters of mercury °F − 32°
°C = —————
   
= 1.01325 × 105 pascals 1.8°
= 1.01325 bar
= 14.70 pounds per square inch
1 torr = 1 millimeter of mercury
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Chemistry for
Engineering Students
Mark Thiessen/Getty Images
Aspects of chemistry influence almost any product an engineer
might design. In some cases this leads to the identity of a chemical
substance appearing in the product‘s name. The cover image shows
such a case: a lithium battery that has been cut open to reveal its
internal design. The accompanying molecular scale drawing represents
the structure of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), a material that is
frequently used in lithium ion batteries. Recent advances in battery
design are one important example of the interface between chemistry
and engineering in modern technology.
Chemistry for
Engineering Students
Fourth Edition
Lawrence S. Brown
Texas A&M University
Thomas A. Holme
Iowa State University
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Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
About the Authors
Larry Brown has been a faculty member at

Texas A&M University since 1988, and in
2013 he was named Presidential Professor
Courtesy of Lawrence Brown/photo by
for Teaching Excellence. He received his

B.S. in 1981 from Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, and his M.A. in 1983 and Ph.D. in
1986 from Princeton University. During his
Sherry Yennello
graduate studies, Larry spent a year working

in what was then West Germany. He was a
Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of
Chicago for two years before moving to Texas A&M. Over the years, he has taught
more than 16,000 general chemistry students, most of them engineering majors.
Larry’s excellence in teaching has been recognized by awards from the Association
of Former Students at Texas A&M at both the College of Science and University
levels. A version of his class has been broadcast on KAMU-TV, College Station’s
PBS affiliate. From 2001 to 2004, Larry served as a Program Officer for Education
and Interdisciplinary Research in the Physics Division of the National Science
Foundation. He also helped establish the chemistry program at Texas A&M’s campus
in Doha, Qatar. When not teaching chemistry, he enjoys solving crossword puzzles
with his daughter Stephanie and watching her run.
Tom Holme is a Morrill Professor in the Department of

Courtesy of Thomas Holme/photo by Dennis Salisbury
Chemistry at Iowa State University and Past Director

of the ACS Examinations Institute. He received his
B.S. in 1983 from Loras College, and his Ph.D. in 1987
from Rice University. He began his teaching career
as a Fulbright Scholar in Zambia, Africa and has also
lived in Jerusalem, Israel, and Suwon, South Korea. He
is a fellow of the American Chemical Society (ACS)
and the American Association for the Advancement of
Science. He was the recipient of the 2017 Pimentel
Award for Chemical Education from the ACS. His
research interests lie primarily in chemistry education research and human-computer
interaction, where he studies how different technology interfaces influence student
learning of chemistry. He has been involved with the general chemistry for engineers
course at both Iowa State University and at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
where he was a member of the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department for 14 years.
He has received several grants from the National Science Foundation for work in
assessment methods for chemistry, and the “Focus on Problem Solving” feature in this
textbook grew out of one of these projects. He has served as an editor or associate
editor on several book projects, including the encyclopedia “Chemistry Foundations and
Applications” and the lab manual for AP Chemistry. He has a long-standing interest in
chemistry outreach and won the ACS’s Helen Free Award for Public Outreach for his
efforts doing chemical demonstrations on live television in the Milwaukee area.
Brief Contents
1 Introduction to Chemistry 1
INSIGHT Critical Materials 3
INSIGHT Touchscreen Technology 25
2 Atoms and Molecules 33

INSIGHT Conducting Polymers 34
INSIGHT Polyethylene 60
3 Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 69

INSIGHT Biomass and Biofuel Engineering 70
INSIGHT Carbon Sequestration 97
4 Stoichiometry 107
INSIGHT Gasoline and Other Fuels 108
INSIGHT Alternative Fuels and Fuel Additives 125
5 Gases 137
INSIGHT Natural Gas Production 138
INSIGHT Gas Sensors 160
6 The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure 171

INSIGHT Trace Analysis 172
INSIGHT Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers 205
7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 215

INSIGHT Materials for Biomedical Engineering 216
INSIGHT Molecular-Scale Engineering for Drug Delivery 246
8 Molecules and Materials 253

INSIGHT Carbon 254
INSIGHT Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) 285
9 Energy and Chemistry 293

INSIGHT Energy Use and the World Economy 294
INSIGHT Power Distribution and the Electrical Grid 320
vi
10 E ntropy and the Second Law of
Thermodynamics 331
INSIGHT Recycling of Plastics 332
INSIGHT The Economics of Recycling 349
11 Chemical Kinetics 361

INSIGHT Urban Air Pollution 362
INSIGHT Air Quality Monitoring 394
12 Chemical Equilibrium 407

INSIGHT Concrete Production and Weathering 408
INSIGHT Bendable Concrete 449
13 Electrochemistry 459
INSIGHT Corrosion 460
INSIGHT Batteries in Engineering Design 489
14 Nuclear Chemistry 499

INSIGHT Cosmic Rays and Carbon Dating 500
INSIGHT Modern Medical Imaging Methods 524
Appendixes
A International Table of Atomic Weights 533
B Physical Constants 535
C Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State 536
D Physical Constants of Some Common Substances
Specific Heats and Heat Capacities 537
Heats and Temperatures for Phase Changes 537
E Selected Thermodynamic Data at 298.15 K 538
F Ionization Constants of Weak Acids at 25°C 544
G Ionization Constants of Weak Bases at 25°C 546
H Solubility Product Constants of Some Inorganic Compounds
at 25°C 547
I Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C 549
Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C 551
J Answers to Check your Understanding Exercises 552
K Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems and Exercises 555
Brief Contents vii
Contents
Preface xvii
Student Introduction xxvi
1 Introduction to Chemistry 1
1.1 INSIGHT Critical Materials 3
1.2 The Study of Chemistry 4
The Macroscopic Perspective 4
The Microscopic or Particulate Perspective 6
Symbolic Representation 9
1.3
The Science of Chemistry: Observations, Models,
and Systems 10
Observations in Science 10
Interpreting Observations 11
Models in Science 12
1.4 Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry 13
Units 13
Numbers and Significant Figures 16
1.5 Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering 19
Using Ratios 19
Ratios in Chemistry Calculations 20
Conceptual Chemistry Problems 22
Visualization in Chemistry 23
1.6 INSIGHT Touchscreen Technology 25
Focus on Problem Solving 26
Summary 27
Key Terms 27
Problems and Exercises 28
2 Atoms and Molecules 33

2.1 INSIGHT Conducting Polymers 34
2.2 Atomic Structure and Mass 36
Fundamental Concepts of the Atom 36
Atomic Number and Mass Number 37
Isotopes 37
Atomic Symbols 38
Atomic Masses and Weights 39
2.3 Ions 41
Mathematical Description 42
Ions and Their Properties 43
viii
2.4 Compounds and Chemical Bonds 43
Chemical Formulas 44
Chemical Bonding 45
2.5 The Periodic Table 47
Periods and Groups 48
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 50
2.6 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry 51
Inorganic Chemistry—Main Groups and Transition Metals 52
Organic Chemistry 53
Functional Groups 56
2.7 Chemical Nomenclature 56
Binary Systems 56
Naming Covalent Compounds 58
Naming Ionic Compounds 59
2.8 INSIGHT Polyethylene 60
Summary 63
Key Terms 63
3 olecules, Moles, and Chemical

M
Equations 69
3.1 INSIGHT Biomass and Biofuel Engineering 70
3.2 Chemical Formulas and Equations 72
Writing Chemical Equations 72
Balancing Chemical Equations 73
3.3 Aqueous Solutions and Net Ionic Equations 78
Solutions, Solvents, and Solutes 79
Chemical Equations for Aqueous Reactions 81
Acid–Base Reactions 83
3.4 Interpreting Equations and the Mole 87
Interpreting Chemical Equations 87
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole 87
Determining Molar Mass 89
3.5 Calculations Using Moles and Molar Masses 90
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular
Formulas 92
Molarity 95
Dilution 96
3.6 INSIGHT Carbon Sequestration 97
Summary 99
Key Terms 100
4 Stoichiometry 107
4.1 INSIGHT Gasoline and Other Fuels 108
ix
Contents
4.2 Fundamentals of Stoichiometry 111
Obtaining Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation 112
4.3 Limiting Reactants 116
4.4 Theoretical and Percentage Yields 121
4.5 Solution Stoichiometry 123
4.6 INSIGHT Alternative Fuels and Fuel Additives 125
Freon-12, CF2Cl2
Summary 128
Key Terms 128
5 Gases 137
5.1 INSIGHT Natural Gas Production 138
Properties of Gases 140
5.2 Pressure 141
Measuring Pressure 142
Units of Pressure 143
5.3 History and Application of the Gas Law 144
Units and the Ideal Gas Law 147
5.4 Partial Pressure 148
5.5 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases 151
STP Conditions 152
5.6
Kinetic–Molecular Theory and Ideal Versus Real
Gases 153
Postulates of the Model 154
Real Gases and Limitations of the Kinetic Theory 157
Correcting the Ideal Gas Equation 158
5.7 INSIGHT Gas Sensors 160
Capacitance Manometer 161
Thermocouple Gauge 161
Ionization Gauge 162
Mass Spectrometer 163
Summary 164
Key Terms 164
6 The Periodic Table and Atomic

Structure 171
6.1 INSIGHT Trace Analysis 172
6.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 174
The Wave Nature of Light 174
The Particulate Nature of Light 179
6.3 Atomic Spectra 183
The Bohr Atom 185
6.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 186
x Contents
Potential Energy and Orbitals 187
Quantum Numbers 188
Visualizing Orbitals 191
6.5
The Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electron
Configurations 194
Photo: © Cengage Learning/

Orbital Energies and Electron Configurations 194
Hund’s Rule and the Aufbau Principle 196
Charles D. Winters
6.6
The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations 198
6.7 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 199
Atomic Size 199
Ionization Energy 202
Electron Affinity 203
6.8 INSIGHT Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers 205
Summary 208
Key Terms 208
7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular

Structure 215
7.1 INSIGHT Materials for Biomedical Engineering 216
7.2 The Ionic Bond 217
Formation of Cations 217
Formation of Anions 219
7.3 The Covalent Bond 221
Chemical Bonds and Energy 221
Chemical Bonds and Reactions 223
Chemical Bonds and the Structure of Molecules 223
7.4 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 225
Electronegativity 225
Bond Polarity 226
7.5 Keeping Track of Bonding: Lewis Structures 229
Resonance 234
7.6 rbital Overlap and Chemical Bonding 235
O
7.7 Hybrid Orbitals 237
7.8 Shapes of Molecules 239
7.9 INSIGHT Molecular-Scale Engineering for Drug
Delivery 246
Summary 248
Key Terms 248
8 Molecules and Materials 253

8.1 INSIGHT Carbon 254
8.2 Condensed Phases—Solids 256
xi
Contents
8.3
Bonding in Solids: Metals, Insulators, and
Semiconductors 262
Models of Metallic Bonding 262
Original illustration courtesy of

Band Theory and Conductivity 264
Semiconductors 265
Raymond Schaak
8.4 Intermolecular Forces 269
Forces Between Molecules 269
Dispersion Forces 269
Dipole–Dipole Forces 270
Hydrogen Bonding 271
8.5 Condensed Phases—Liquids 274
Vapor Pressure 274
Boiling Point 276
Surface Tension 277
8.6 Polymers 278
Addition Polymers 279
Condensation Polymers 281
Copolymers 283
Physical Properties 284
Polymers and Additives 285
8.7 INSIGHT Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) 285
Summary 287
Key Terms 287
9 Energy and Chemistry 293

9.1 INSIGHT Energy Use and the World Economy 294
9.2 Defining Energy 297
Forms of Energy 297
Heat and Work 298
Energy Units 298
9.3
Energy Transformation and Conservation
of Energy 299
Waste Energy 301
9.4 Heat Capacity and Calorimetry 302
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 302
Calorimetry 305
9.5 Enthalpy 307
Defining Enthalpy 307
H of Phase Changes 308
Vaporization and Electricity Production 310
Heat of Reaction 311
Bonds and Energy 312
Heats of Reaction for Some Specific Reactions 313
9.6 Hess’s Law and Heats of Reaction 313
Hess’s Law 314
Formation Reactions and Hess’s Law 316
9.7 Energy and Stoichiometry 318
Energy Density and Fuels 319
xii Contents
9.8 INSIGHT Power Distribution and the Electrical Grid 320
Summary 323
Key Terms 323
Thomas A. Holme
10 Entropy and the Second Law
of Thermodynamics 331
10.1 INSIGHT Recycling of Plastics 332
10.2 Spontaneity 333
Nature’s Arrow 333
Spontaneous Processes 334
Enthalpy and Spontaneity 335
10.3 Entropy 335
Probability and Spontaneous Change 336
Definition of Entropy 337
Judging Entropy Changes in Processes 338
10.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 339
The Second Law 339
Implications and Applications 340
10.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 341
10.6 Gibbs Free Energy 343
Free Energy and Spontaneous Change 343
Free Energy and Work 346
10.7 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions 347
Implications of G° for a Reaction 348
10.8 INSIGHT The Economics of Recycling 349
Summary 353
Key Terms 353
11 Chemical Kinetics 361

11.1 INSIGHT Urban Air Pollution 362
11.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions 364
Concept of Rate and Rates of Reaction 364
Stoichiometry and Rate 365
Average Rate and Instantaneous Rate 366
11.3 Rate Laws and the Concentration Dependence
of Rates 368
The Rate Law 368
Determination of the Rate Law 369
11.4 Integrated Rate Laws 372
Zero-Order Integrated Rate Law 373
First-Order Integrated Rate Law 374
Second-Order Integrated Rate Law 376
Half-Life 379
xiii
Contents
11.5 Temperature and Kinetics 380
Temperature Effects and Molecules That React 381
Arrhenius Behavior 383
11.6 Reaction Mechanisms 388
Elementary Steps and Reaction Mechanisms 388
Mechanisms and Rate: The Rate-Determining Step 390
11.7 Catalysis 391
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts 391
Molecular Perspective of Catalysis 393
Thomas A. Holme
Catalysis and Process Engineering 393
11.8 INSIGHT Air Quality Monitoring 394
Summary 397
Key Terms 397
12
National Park Service
Chemical Equilibrium 407

12.1 INSIGHT Concrete Production and Weathering 408
12.2 Chemical Equilibrium 410
Forward and Reverse Reactions 410
Mathematical Relationships 412
12.3 Equilibrium Constants 414
The Equilibrium (Mass Action) Expression 414
Gas Phase Equilibria: Kp vs. Kc 415
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria 416
Numerical Importance of the Equilibrium Expression 417
Mathematical Manipulation of Equilibrium Constants 418
Reversing the Chemical Equation 418
Adjusting the Stoichiometry of the Chemical Reaction 419
Equilibrium Constants for a Series of Reactions 420
Units and the Equilibrium Constant 421
12.4 Equilibrium Concentrations 421
Equilibrium Concentrations from Initial Concentrations 422
Mathematical Techniques for Equilibrium Calculations 425
12.5 LeChatelier’s Principle 426
Effect of a Change in Concentration of Reactant or Product on
Equilibrium 426
Effect of a Change in Pressure on Equilibrium When Gases Are
Present 428
Effect of a Change in Temperature on Equilibrium 430
Effect of a Catalyst on Equilibrium 431
12.6 Solubility Equilibria 431
Solubility Product Constant 432
Defining the Solubility Product Constant 432
The Relationship Between Ksp and Molar Solubility 433
Common Ion Effect 434
Reliability of Using Molar Concentrations 435
12.7 Acids and Bases 436
The Brønsted–Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases 436
The Role of Water in the Brønsted–Lowry Theory 436
xiv Contents
Weak Acids and Bases 437
Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations 441
Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations 443
12.8 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 446
Graphical Perspective 446
Free Energy and Nonstandard Conditions 447
12.9 INSIGHT Bendable Concrete 449
Summary 451
Key Terms 451
13 Electrochemistry 459
13.1 INSIGHT Corrosion 460
13.2 O
xidation–Reduction Reactions and Galvanic Cells 461
Oxidation–Reduction and Half-Reactions 461
Building a Galvanic Cell 463
Terminology for Galvanic Cells 464
Atomic Perspective on Galvanic Cells 464
Galvanic Corrosion and Uniform Corrosion 465
13.3 Cell Potentials 467
Measuring Cell Potential 467
Standard Reduction Potentials 469
Cathodic Protection 472
Nonstandard Conditions 472
13.4 Cell Potentials and Equilibrium 474
Cell Potentials and Free Energy 474 Thomas A. Holme
Equilibrium Constants 475

13.5 Batteries 476
Primary Cells 477
Secondary Cells 479
Fuel Cells 481
Limitations of Batteries 482
13.6 Electrolysis 482
Electrolysis and Polarity 482
Passive Electrolysis in Refining Aluminum 483
Active Electrolysis and Electroplating 484
13.7 Electrolysis and Stoichiometry 485
Current and Charge 485
Calculations Using Masses of Substances in Electrolysis 487
13.8 INSIGHT Batteries in Engineering Design 489
Summary 492
Key Terms 492
14 Nuclear Chemistry 499

14.1 INSIGHT Cosmic Rays and Carbon Dating 500
xv
Contents
14.2 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions 501
Radioactive Decay 501
Alpha Decay 502
Beta Decay 503
Gamma Decay 504
Electron Capture 504
Lawrence S. Brown
Positron Emission 505
14.3 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 506
Radiocarbon Dating 508
14.4 Nuclear Stability
510
14.5 Energetics
of Nuclear Reactions 512
Binding Energy 512
Magic Numbers and Nuclear Shells 513
14.6 Transmutation, Fission, and Fusion 514
Transmutation: Changing One Nucleus into Another 514
Fission 515
Nuclear Reactors 517
Nuclear Waste 518
Fusion 520
14.7 The Interaction of Radiation and Matter 521
Ionizing and Penetrating Power of Radiation 521
Methods of Detecting Radiation 522
Measuring Radiation Dose 523
14.8 INSIGHT Modern Medical Imaging Methods 524
Summary 526
Key Terms 526
Appendixes
A International Table of Atomic Weights 533
B Physical Constants 535
C Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State 536
D Physical Constants of Some Common Substances
Specific Heats and Heat Capacities 537
Heats and Temperatures for Phase Changes 537
E Selected Thermodynamic Data at 298.15 K 538
F Ionization Constants of Weak Acids at 25°C 544
G Ionization Constants of Weak Bases at 25°C 546
H Solubility Product Constants of Some Inorganic Compounds
at 25°C 547
I Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C 549
Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C 551
J Answers to Check your Understanding Exercises 552
K Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems and Exercises 555
Glossary 580
Index 592
xvi Contents
Preface
The Audience for This Text

As chemists, we see connections between our subject and virtually everything. So the
idea that engineering students should learn chemistry strikes most chemists as self-
evident. But chemistry is only one of many sciences with which a practicing engineer
must be familiar, and the undergraduate curriculum must find room for many topics.
Hence, engineering curricula at more and more universities are shifting from the
traditional year-long general chemistry sequence to a single semester. And in most
cases, these schools are offering a separate one-term course designed specifically for
their engineering students. When schools—including our own—originally began
offering these courses, there was no text on the market for them, so content from
two-semester texts had to be heavily modified to fit the course. Although it is pos-
sible to do this, it is far from ideal. It became apparent that a book specifically geared
for this shorter course was necessary. We have written this book to fill this need.
Our goal is to instill an appreciation for the role of chemistry in many areas of
engineering and technology and of the interplay between chemistry and engineering
in a variety of modern technologies. For most engineering students, the chemistry
course is primarily a prerequisite for courses involving materials properties. These
courses usually take a phenomenological approach to materials rather than empha-
sizing the chemist’s molecular perspective. Thus one aim of this text is to provide
knowledge of and appreciation for the chemical principles of structure and bonding
that underpin materials science. This does not mean that we have written the book
as a materials science text, but rather that the text is intended to prepare students for
subsequent study in that area.
The book also provides sufficient background in the science of chemistry for a
technically educated professional. Engineering, after all, is the creative and practical
application of a broad array of scientific principles, so its practitioners should have a
broad base in the natural sciences.
Content and Organization

The full scope of the traditional general chemistry course cannot be taught meaning-
fully in one semester or one or two quarters, so we have had to decide what content to
include. There are basically two models used to condense the general chemistry cur-
riculum. The first is to take the approach of an “essentials” book and reduce the depth
of coverage and the number of examples but retain nearly all of the traditional topics.
The second is to make more difficult and fundamental decisions as to what chemistry
topics are proper and relevant to the audience—in this case, future engineers. We
chose the latter approach and built a 14-chapter book from the ground up to satisfy
what we think are the goals of the course:
●● Provide a concise but thorough introduction to the science of chemistry.
●● Give students a firm foundation in the principles of structure and bonding as a
foundation for further study of materials science.
xvii
●● Show the connection between molecular behavior and observable physical
properties.
●● Show the connections between chemistry and the other subjects studied by engi-
neering students, especially mathematics and physics.
Taken together, the 14 chapters in this book represent somewhat more material than
can comfortably fit into a standard semester course. Thus departments or individual
instructors will need to make some further choices as to the content that is most suit-
able for their own students. We suspect that many instructors will not choose to in-
clude all of the material on equilibrium in Chapter 12, for example. Similarly, we have
included more topics in Chapter 8, on condensed phases, than we expect most faculty
will include in their courses.
Topic Coverage
The coverage of topics in this text reflects the fact that chemists con-
stantly use multiple concepts to understand their field, often using more
than one model simultaneously. Thus the study of chemistry we pres-
ent here can be viewed from multiple perspectives: macroscopic, mi-
croscopic, and symbolic. The latter two p erspectives are emphasized in
Chapters 2 and 3 on atoms, molecules, and reactions. In Chapters 4 and
5, we establish more of the connection between microscopic and mac-
roscopic in our treatment of stoichiometry and gases. We return to the
microscopic perspective to cover more details of atomic structure and
chemical bonding in Chapters 6 through 8. The energetic aspects of
chemistry, including important macroscopic consequences, are consid-
ered in Chapters 9 and 10, and kinetics and equilibrium are treated in
Chapters 11 and 12, respectively. Chapter 13 deals with electrochemistry and corro-
sion, an important chemistry application for many engineering disciplines. Finally, we
conclude with a discussion of nuclear chemistry.
Specific Content Coverage

We know that there are specific topics in general chemistry that are vital to future
engineers. We’ve chosen to treat them in the following ways.
Organic Chemistry: Organic chemistry is important in many areas of engineering,
particularly as related to the properties of polymers. Rather than using a single or-
ganic chapter, we integrate our organic chemistry coverage over the entire text, fo-
cusing on polymers. We introduce organic polymers in Section 2.1 and use polymers
and their monomers in many examples in this chapter. Chapter 2 also contains a rich
discussion of organic line structures and functional groups and ends with a section
on the synthesis, structure, and properties of polyethylene. Chapter 4 opens and ends
with discussions of fuels, a topic to which we return in Chapter 9. Chapter 8 contains
more on carbon and polymers, and the recycling of polymers provides the context for
consideration of the second law of thermodynamics in Chapter 10.
Acid–Base Chemistry: Acid–base reactions represent another important area of
chemistry with applications in engineering, and again we have integrated our cover-
age into appropriate areas of the text. Initially, we define acids and bases in conjunc-
tion with the introduction to solutions in Chapter 3. Simple solution stoichiometry
is presented in Chapter 4. Finally, a more detailed treatment of acid–base chemistry
is presented in the context of equilibria in Chapter 12, and this section has been ex-
panded significantly in this edition.
Nuclear Chemistry: A chapter dealing with nuclear chemistry is included for those
wishing to teach that topic. Coverage in this chapter includes fundamentals of nuclear
xviii Preface
reactions, nuclear stability and radioactivity, decay kinetics, and the energetic conse-
quences of nuclear processes.
Mathematics: The math skills of students entering engineering majors generally
are stronger than those in the student body at large, and most of the students
taking a course of the type for which this book is intended will be concurrently
enrolled in an introductory calculus course. In light of this, we include references
to the role of calculus where appropriate via our MathConnections boxes. These MathConnections
essays expand and review math concepts as they pertain to the particular topic
being studied, and appear wherever the links between the topic at hand and math-
ematics seems especially strong. These boxes are intended to be unobtrusive, so
those students taking a precalculus math course will not be adversely affected. The
point of including calculus is not to raise the level of material being presented, but
rather to show the natural connections between the various subjects students are
studying.
INSIGHT

Connections Between
Chemistry and Engineering
Because this book is intended for courses designed for engineering
majors, we strive to present chemistry in contexts that we feel will
appeal to the interests of such students. Links between chemistry and
engineering are central to the structure of the text. Each chapter be-
gins and ends with a section called INSIGHT , which introduces a
template or theme showing the interplay between chemistry and en-
gineering. These sections are only the beginning of the connections,
and the theme introduced in the initial Insight appears regularly
throughout that chapter.
We opt for currency in our engineering applications wherever possible, so
throughout the book, we discuss recent key innovations in various fields. For example,
Chapter 5 includes a discussion of hydraulic fracturing and natural gas recovery. In
Chapter 7, we describe mesoporous silicon nanoparticles, a front-line research topic
that may have important applications in biomedical engineering in the future. Chapter
8 closes with a discussion of the fabrication of micro-electrical-mechanical systems
(MEMS).
Approach to Problem Solving

Problem solving is a key part of college chemistry courses and is especially important
Exam ple Pro blem
as a broadly transferable skill for engineering students. Accordingly, this text includes
worked problems throughout. All of our Example Problems include a Strategy section Strategy
immediately following the problem statement, in which we emphasize the concepts Analyze Your Answer
and relationships that must be considered to work the problem. After the solution, Discussion
we often include a section called Analyze Your Answer that is designed to help students Check Your Understanding
learn to estimate whether or not the answer they have obtained is reasonable. In many
examples, we also include Discussion sections that help explain the importance of a
problem solving concept or point out common pitfalls to be avoided. Finally, each ex-
ample closes with a Check Your Understanding problem or question to help the student
to generalize or extend what’s been learned in the example problem.
We believe that the general chemistry experience should help engineering students
develop improved problem solving skills. Moreover, we feel that those skills should be
transferable to other subjects in the engineering curriculum even though chemistry
xix
Preface
content may not be involved. Accordingly, we include a unique feature at the end of
Focus On Problem Solving each chapter called Focus on Problem Solving. In these sections, the questions posed do
not require a numerical answer, but rather ask the student to identify the strategy or
reasoning to be used in the problem and often require them to identify missing infor-
mation for the problem. In most cases, it is not possible to arrive at a final numerical
answer using the information provided, so students are forced to focus on developing
a solution rather than just identifying and executing an algorithm. The end-of-chapter
exercises include additional problems of this nature so the Focus on Problem Solving can
be fully incorporated into the course. This feature grew out of an NSF-funded project
on assessing problem solving in chemistry classes.
Text Features
We employ a number of features, some of which we referred to earlier, to help stu-
dents see the utility of chemistry and understand the connections to engineering.
INSIGHT Sections Each chapter is built around a template called an Insight. These
themes, which both open and close each chapter, have been chosen to showcase
connections between engineering and chemistry. In addition to the chapter opening
and closing sections, the template themes are woven throughout the chapter,
frequently providing the context for points of discussion or example problems. This
special Insight icon is used throughout the book to identify places where ideas
presented in the chapter opening section are revisited in the narrative.
FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING Sections Engineering faculties unanimously say that
freshman engineering students need practice in solving problems. However, it is im-
portant to make a distinction here between problems and exercises. Exercises pro-
vide a chance to practice a narrow skill, whereas problems require multiple steps and
thinking outside the context of the information given. Focus on Problem Solving offers
students the chance to develop and practice true problem solving skills. These sec-
tions, which appear at the end of every chapter, include a mix of quantitative and
qualitative questions that focus on the process of finding a solution to a problem, not
the solution itself. We support these by including additional similar problems in the
end-of-chapter material.
MathConnections In our experience, one trait that distinguishes engineering
students from other general chemistry students is a higher level of comfort with
mathematics. Typically, most students who take a class of the sort for which this book
has been written will also be taking a course in calculus. Thus it seems natural to us to
point out the mathematical underpinnings of several of the chemistry concepts pre-
sented in the text because this should help students forge mental connections between
their courses. At the same time, we recognize that a student taking a precalculus math
course should not be precluded from taking chemistry. To balance these concerns, we
have placed any advanced mathematics into special MathConnections sections, which
are set off from the body of the text. Our hope is that those students familiar with the
mathematics involved will benefit from seeing the origin of things such as integrated
rate laws, whereas those students with a less extensive background in math will still be
able to read the text and master the chemistry presented.
Exam ple Problem Our examples are designed to illustrate good problem
solving practices by first focusing on the reasoning behind the solution before moving
into any needed calculations. We emphasize this “think first” approach by beginning
with a Strategy section, which outlines a plan of attack for the problem. We find that
many students are too quick to accept whatever answer their calculator might display.
To combat this, we follow most solutions with an Analyze Your Answer section, which
uses estimation and other strategies to walk students through a double check of their
xx Preface
answers. Every example closes with a Check Your Understanding exercise to allow stu-
dents to practice or extend the skill they have just learned. Answers to these additional
exercises are included in Appendix J at the end of the book.
End-of-Chapter Features Each chapter concludes with a chapter summary, outlining
the main points of the chapter, and a list of key terms, each of which includes the
section number where the term first appeared. Definitions for all key terms appear in
the Glossary.
Problem Sets Each chapter includes roughly 100 problems and exercises, spanning
a wide range of difficulty. Most of these exercises are identified with specific sec-
tions to provide the practice that students need to master material from that section.
Most chapters also include a number of Additional Problems, which are not tied to any Additional Problems
particular section and which may incorporate ideas from multiple sections. Focus on Focus on Problem Solving
Problem Solving exercises follow, as described earlier. The problems for most chap- Cumulative Problems
ters conclude with Cumulative Problems, which ask students to synthesize information
from the current chapter with what they’ve learned from previous chapters to form
answers. For the fourth edition, we have added a new Conceptual Problems section, Conceptual Problems
which emphasizes molecular scale visualization and other nonalgorithmic exercises.
Answers for all odd-numbered problems appear at the end of the book in Appendix K.
Margin Notes Margin notes in the text point out additional facts, further emphasize
points, or point to related discussion either earlier or later in the book. Margin Notes
are denoted with an icon that is also placed in the narrative and links the margin
note with the relevant passage in the text.
New in This Edition

There are several important changes in this fourth edition of the textbook. As we have
done in each edition, we have replaced a number of the Insight sections to make them
more current and to try to include topics that will appeal to a wider range of student
interests. Thus, we have introduced three new topics for the chapter-opening insights:
Critical Materials in Chapter 1, Natural Gas Production in Chapter 5, and Urban
Air Pollution in Chapter 11. We have also reworked the Polymer insight theme for
Chapter 2 to focus more specifically on the emerging area of conducting polymers.
The closing insight sections for Chapters 1 and 11 have also been rewritten, and the
closing section of Chapter 13 has been updated to highlight topics with more current
relevance.
In this revision, we have also focused on the following areas:
●● In the end-of-chapter problems for each chapter, we have added an additional
section labeled as Conceptual Problems. These sections emphasize molecular level
visualization and nonalgorithmic problem solving, in an effort to help foster con-
ceptual understanding that goes beyond manipulating equations.
●● In Chapter 1, we introduce the idea of systems thinking, and this concept is revis-
ited throughout the text.
●● We have revised a number of figures throughout in an effort to make them more
useful to students.
●● Wherever possible, references to date-specific information have been updated.
●● We have updated all periodic tables to include the recently approved names for
heavy elements and all atomic weight listings to use the IUPAC 2015 values.
Beyond these changes running throughout the book, a detailed list of specific changes
in each chapter is given below.
xxi
Preface
Chapter Summary of Changes
1 Major Change
●● hanged the opening Insight and chapter theme to focus on the concept
C
of critical materials
● Includes new opening Insight section
● Includes changes in several example problems
● Includes changes at several points in the text where references to
context are made
● Includes changes for several Figures (1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12)
● Includes changes to end-of-chapter problems related to the context theme
Other Changes
●● I ntroduced the importance of systems and systems thinking, which is then
used where appropriate in later chapters
●● Changed closing Insight theme to touchscreen technology
2 Major Change
●● hanged the opening Insight from the previous focus on polymers to a
C
more directed focus on new conducting polymers
● Includes changes in the opening Insight section
● Includes changes at several points in the text where references to con-
text are made
3 ●● dded a simple introduction to the Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and

A
bases, which is also now addressed in more detail in Chapter 12
●● Added an important note related to the proposed change in the IUPAC
definition of the mole, which is likely to take place during the life of this
edition
4 ●● ightened description of how mole ratios can be defined using the bal-
T
anced chemical equation
●● Replaced Example Problem 4.7 with an updated version
5 Major Change
●● Changed the opening Insight and chapter theme to natural gas production
● Includes new opening Insight discussing hydraulic fracturing and other
aspects of natural gas recovery and refining
text are made
● Includes new Figure 5.1
● Includes changes to end-of-chapter problems related to the context
theme
6 ●● oved treatment of anion and cation sizes from Chapter 7 into this chap-
M
ter to group this concept with trends in atomic sizes
●● Improved artwork for several figures, particularly those related to atomic
orbitals
7 ●● oved material on ionic size and trends in ionic sizes out of this chapter
M
and into Chapter 6
●● Revised artwork for several figures, particularly those related to orbitals
8 ●● Revised artwork for several figures

●● Added a brief discussion of dipole vectors and molecular polarity in the
discussion of intermoleular forces
9 ●● I ncorporated a discussion of systems thinking within the broader context

of the world energy economy
●● Updated all data and figures containing dated information on the energy
economy
10 ●● I ncorporated a discussion of systems thinking in terms of resources and

use and disposal of consumer products
xxii Preface
Chapter Summary of Changes
11 Major Change
●● hanged the opening Insight and chapter theme to urban air pollution and
C
the role of kinetics in smog formation
● Includes new opening Insight
text are made
● Includes changes for Figures 11.1, 11.2, and 11.3
● Includes changes to end-of-chapter problems related to the context
theme
● Includes a new closing Insight on air quality monitoring
12 Major Change
●● dded extensive discussion of acid–base chemistry and equilibrium, includ-
A
ing titrations and titration curves
13 ●● pdated closing Insight section to include discussion of more recent

U
failures of lithium-ion batteries in consumer products
14 ●● I mproved consistency of notation used to refer to specific isotopes, espe-

cially in end-of-chapter problems
Supporting Material
Please visit www.cengage.com/chemistry/brownholme/chemengineer4e for more
information about student and instructor resources for this text.
Acknowledgments
We are very excited to see this book move forward in this fourth edition, and we
are grateful for the help and support we have enjoyed from a large and talented
team of professionals. There are many people without whom we never could have
done this. But foremost among them are our families, to whom this book is again
dedicated.
The origin of this text can be traced back many years, and as we move into this
new edition, we would like once more to thank a few people who were instrumental
in getting this project started. Jennifer Laugier first brought the two of us together to
work on a book for engineering students. Jay Campbell’s work as developmental edi-
tor for the first edition was tremendous, and without his efforts the book may never
have been published. When Jay became involved, the project had been languishing
for some time, and the subsequent gains in momentum were clearly not coincidental.
The editorial leadership team at that time, consisting of Michelle Julet, David Har-
ris, and Lisa Lockwood, was also crucial in seeing this project come to fruition. The
decision to launch a book in a market segment that had not really existed was clearly
not an easy one, and we appreciate the confidence that everyone at what was then
Brooks/Cole placed in us.
In the development of the fourth edition, our Cengage team includes a mix of
the familiar and the new. We would like to thank our product manager, Lisa Lock-
wood, whose continued support is always appreciated. Our Content Developer
for this edition is Peter McGahey, and both Lisa and Peter contributed greatly to
discussions on where to focus our efforts in this revision. Peter has worked with us
through the entire revision process and provided a number of suggestions that have
xxiii
Preface
improved the finished edition. Stacey Lutkoski and Lynn Lustberg at MPS Limited
have overseen the production process. Photo and text research was handled by a
team at Lumina Datamatics. Anne Alexander (Milwaukee School of Engineering)
and Dan Collins (Texas A&M University) helped us check the page proofs, provid-
ing valuable comments that have improved the accuracy of the text. The book in
your hands truly reflects the best efforts of many hard-working professionals, and
we are grateful to all of them for their roles in this project.
It has been 12 years since the first edition was published, and throughout that
time, we have received useful feedback from numerous students and colleagues. Much
of that feedback is informal, including e-mail from students or faculty members point-
ing out errors they have found or letting us know about sections they really liked.
Although there is no way to list all of the people who have contributed in this way, we
do sincerely thank you all.
Faculty members from a wide variety of institutions also provided more formal
comments on the text at various stages of its development. We thank the following
reviewers for their contributions to the current revision.
Nuwan De Silva, Framingham State University
Donovan Dixon, University of Central Florida
Elizabeth Griffith, University of Maryland
Roy Sagar, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Kimberly Schurmeier, Georgia Institute of Technology
Thomas Sorensen, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Todd Windman, Arizona State University
We also thank the following reviewers for their contributions to the development of
the earlier editions of the book.
Darrel Axtell, Saint Martin’s University
Simon Bolt, University of Houston
Patricia Muisener, University of South Florida
Diana Phillips, Kettering University
Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University
Walter England, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Mary Hadley, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Andy Jorgensen, University of Toledo
Karen Knaus, University of Colorado–Denver
Pamela Wolff, Carleton University
Grigoriy Yablonsky, Saint Louis University
Robert Angelici, Iowa State University
Allen Apblett, Oklahoma State University
Jeffrey R. Appling, Clemson University
Rosemary Bartoszek-Loza, The Ohio State University
Danny Bedgood, Charles Sturt University
James D. Carr, University of Nebraska
Victoria Castells, University of Miami
Paul Charlesworth, Michigan Technological University
Richard Chung, San Jose State University
Charles Cornett, University of Wisconsin—Platteville
Robert Cozzens, George Mason University
xxiv Preface
Ronald Evilia, University of New Orleans
John Falconer, University of Colorado
Sandra Greer, University of Maryland
Benjamin S. Hsaio, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Gerald Korenowski, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Yinfa Ma, University of Missouri—Rolla
Gerald Ray Miller, University of Maryland
Linda Mona, Montgomery College
Michael Mueller, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Kristen Murphy, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
Thomas J. Murphy, University of Maryland
Richard Nafshun, Oregon State University
Scott Oliver, State University of New York at Binghamton
The late Robert Paine, Rochester Institute of Technology
Steve Rathbone, Blinn College
Jesse Reinstein, University of Wisconsin—Platteville
Don Seo, Arizona State University
Mike Shaw, Southern Illinois University—Edwardsville
Joyce Solochek, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Jack Tossell, University of Maryland
Peter T Wolczanski, Cornell University
Larry Brown
Tom Holme
June 2017
xxv
Preface
Student Introduction
Chemistry and Engineering
As you begin this chemistry course, odds are that you may be wondering “Why do I
have to take chemistry anyway? I’ll never really need to know any of this to be an engi-
neer.” So we’d like to begin by offering just a few examples of the many links between
our chosen field of chemistry and the various branches of engineering. The most ob-
vious examples, of course, might come from chemical engineering. Many chemical
engineers are involved with the design or optimization of processes in the chemical
industry, so it is clear that they would be dealing with concepts from chemistry on a
daily basis. Similarly, civil or environmental engineers working on environmental pro-
tection or remediation might spend a lot of time thinking about chemical reactions
taking place in the water supply or the air. But what about other engineering fields?
Much of modern electrical engineering relies on solid-state devices whose proper-
ties can be tailored by carefully controlling their chemical compositions. And although
most electrical engineers do not regularly make their own chips, an understanding of
how those chips operate on an atomic scale is certainly helpful. As the push for ever
smaller circuit components continues, the ties between chemistry and electrical en-
gineering will grow tighter. From organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to single
molecule transistors, new developments will continue to move out of the chemistry lab
and into working devices at an impressive pace.
Some applications of chemistry in engineering are much less obvious. At 1483 feet,
the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings in the
world when they were completed in 1998. Steel was in short supply in Malaysia, so
the towers’ architects decided to build the structures out of something the country had
an abundance of and local engineers were familiar with: concrete. But the impressive
height of the towers required exceptionally strong concrete. The engineers eventually
settled on a material that has come to be known as high-strength concrete, in which
chemical reactions between silica fume and Portland cement produce a stronger mate-
rial, more resistant to compression. This example illustrates the relevance of chemistry
even to very traditional fields of engineering, and we will discuss some aspects of the
chemistry of concrete in Chapter 12, including the development of novel bendable
concrete.
About This Text

Both of us have taught general chemistry for many years, and we are familiar with the
difficulties that students may encounter with the subject. Perhaps more importantly,
for the past several years, we’ve each been teaching engineering students in the type
of one-semester course for which this text is designed. The approach to subjects pre-
sented in this text draws from both levels of experience.
We’ve worked hard to make this text as readable and student friendly as possible.
One feature that makes this book different from any other text you could have used for
this course is that we incorporate connections between chemistry and engineering as a
fundamental component of each chapter. You will notice that each chapter begins and
xxvi
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thee, nor is any weapon at hand. All such have been carefully
removed by Scipio’s orders.”
“Then, wouldst thou, Cleandra, have me live to see me the slave
of Scipio? I, Elissa, daughter of Hannibal, how could I ever survive
the terrible indignity? Nay, if there be no poison, if there are no arms,
I can yet cast myself from the walls, and I will do so even now.”
Springing forward and opening the door of her apartment, she ran
down a corridor, pursued by Cleandra begging her to stay. However,
she found the end guarded by Roman soldiers, who respectfully, but
firmly, barred her way. Elissa then turned down another corridor
which led to a side exit into the garden. There again she found
Roman guards. It was now occupied as the barrack-room of the
officers’ attendants, the sleeping apartments of some of the generals
and superior officers leading out on either side from the corridor.
Caius Lælius himself, hearing a disturbance, came forth.
“What is the matter, Cleandra?” he inquired, seeing that the girl
was supporting in her arms the pale-faced and unhappy Elissa, who
was leaning back panting against a wall. “I fear that Elissa is
distraught, Cleandra,” he continued; “lead her back carefully to her
apartment, and see to it that thou dost watch her well.”
Lælius spoke kindly but as one in authority to Cleandra, for she
was now his slave. And he gave Cleandra assistance in taking the
unhappy girl back to her apartment, where he left her under
Cleandra’s care.
Cleandra sought to console her.
“Listen, Elissa, thou saidst but now that thou couldst not survive
the indignity of being Scipio’s slave. How think ye do I survive, then,
the indignity of being the slave of the Roman Lælius? If I find Caius
Lælius kind and considerate to me, whom he hath never seen
before, how much more kindness and consideration hast not thou to
expect from Scipio? He, it is well known, loves the very ground thou
walkest on, and would formerly, hadst thou but been willing, have
made thee his wife. Thy fate can, therefore, whatever it be, in no
ways be so very terrible. Would to the gods, I say, that thou hadst but
listened to him over there at the Court of King Syphax. Then, instead
of being in the hands of enemies, we should all have been happy
together here as friends, and thou, Elissa, mightest have been
Scipio’s wife and queen of all Iberia. For even now the Iberians are
commencing to hail him as their king.”
“The fickle populace, Cleandra,” replied Elissa, partly recovering
herself, and sitting on her couch, “will ever follow success. Had I but
defeated Scipio, which, alas! was quite impossible with the means at
my command, they would have doubtless proclaimed me queen of
Iberia. ’Tis useless talking of such things. Nought now am I, who was
so much formerly, but a slave girl, subject to the will of Scipio. And I
love Maharbal.”
“Who scarce can love thee as doth Scipio,” interposed Cleandra;
“and ’twould, indeed, be more like the truth, Elissa, wert thou to say
that thou didst thyself formerly love Maharbal, and that thou now
lovest the recollection of thy love for Maharbal. For how canst thou
love him now? ’Tis nearly five years since thou hast seen him, and
but one letter hast thou received from him in all those years. Love
under such circumstances is an impossibility, unless it be filial love or
fraternal love. A feeling of honour, which is to be commended in
thee, may make thee fancy that ye still belong to each other; yet ’tis
misplaced. For what are the facts as I have learned them from
Cœcilia? Taking the law into thine own hands, thou, when a mere girl
not yet seventeen, didst give thyself unto Maharbal, and, contrary to
thy father Hannibal’s wishes and without his consent, didst call
thyself his wife. That marriage was never ratified. Therefore, what art
thou, after five years have elapsed, to Maharbal? Again, thine uncle
Mago did inform thee that when Hannibal offered to let Maharbal
return and espouse thee, he did refuse, and elected rather to remain
in Italy. Therefore, what can he be to thee?”
“Yet am I bound to him in honour, and so must I ever consider
myself, until either I learn of his death, or until he of his own free will
shall give me up.”
Elissa answered thus somewhat doubtingly, for she was beginning
to feel the force of Cleandra’s arguments, which had doubtless often
occurred to herself.
But Cleandra continued: “I maintain, Elissa, that thou art in no wise
bound to Maharbal, and I would impress upon thee that much canst
thou do for Carthage even yet by living, since this great Roman
General Scipio loves thee. And that he is in turn one worthy to be
loved is proved by his conduct with reference to Idalia, whom he
relinquished as he did, doubtless, for thine own sake alone.”
Elissa sprang to her feet, the colour, for the first time for days,
returning to her cheek.
“And ’tis this very love that Scipio bears to me that I do so dread,
Cleandra! For, loving me, how will he spare me now? And I, too, may
the gods forgive me, may perchance—” She paused and clutched
her breast convulsively. “Nay,” she continued, after a pause, “I will
not say what I do not know, and that which, did I know it for certain,
were best unsaid. My love is for Maharbal, and my duty is to him—to
him alone.”
And she sank back upon her couch, and would speak no more.
For she was half convinced by Cleandra, and the longer the
conversation continued the less convinced was she with what she
maintained herself, therefore she wisely thought that her best refuge
lay in silence.
Shortly afterwards, Scipio, who had been exercising his troops,
returned to the palace. Being informed by Lælius of what had
occurred, he was very much concerned and alarmed for Elissa’s
welfare. For there was nothing that he dreaded more than that she
might in a fit of desperation take her own life.
His anxiety to see once more this woman, who was the darling of
his heart, had now become unbearable. Accordingly, sending her in
some choice dishes and wine by the hands of a female slave, he,
with many salutations, requested permission to visit her alone in the
evening.
“Tell Scipio that his slave is at the disposal of his lordship’s orders,
for that Elissa hath now no free will of her own.”
This was the ungracious message that he received in return for his
kind words.
Nevertheless, he accepted it as the required permission, and in
the evening, when the day’s work was over, repaired to her
apartment, where he found her attired, without ornaments of any
sort, in the utmost assumed humility.
The interview between them was long and harrowing. Scipio
assured her of his love as before, and by all the gods conjured her
even yet to be his bride. Every argument that he could think of he
brought to bear, and he spoke, too, with all the modesty of a diffident
lover, with none of the arrogance of a conqueror. He was so noble in
his bearing, so honestly genuine in his immense love for her, that
Elissa, who had begun by insulting him, was at length moved. The
tears came to her eyes, her bosom heaved, it burst upon her that
she too loved him, enemy of her country though he might be. Her
hardness melted, and she almost confessed it. Rising, she stretched
out her arms to him.
“Oh, Scipio!” she cried, “why art thou so generous, so kind unto
me? Oh! what wouldst thou of me? Is it to tear my heart in pieces
that thou art come to me thus? and wouldst thou have me own—oh!
Scipio, that I also, in defiance of all honour—” Then she suddenly
recovered herself, all her pride returning, she dropped her arms to
her side, and with the stony look of a statue upon her face,
continued: “Forgive me, my lord, that I address thee thus familiarly; I
am forgetting myself, indeed. There can be no question between me
and thee of my feeling ought but obedience. Thou dost desire thy
slave thou sayest, then take thy slave—she is here before thee to
obey thy behest, thou canst make of her thy toy, thy plaything, if thou
choosest. The body thou canst indeed take, but not the soul; thy will
is my law, and I must obey; but my soul will not suffer, for while thou
canst take thy slave at thy will, know this, that the soul of Elissa, ay,
the real Elissa herself, can never be thine. All that is divine, all that
cometh as the attribute of the gods to make a human woman worth
the possessing by a noble man, that is what thou canst never have,
for it is given and belongeth to another for ever. ’Tis not for thee.
Take me then, my lord, shouldst thou so choose, and great will be
thy victory.” She gave a low, mocking laugh, and then, with drooping
head, resumed her attitude of humility before him; and thus she
provoked him.
Driven to madness, especially after having witnessed the tender,
indeed the passionate, glance when, in her recent ebullition of
feeling, Elissa had seemed on the very point of confessing her love
to him, Scipio sprung forward and seized her in his arms, holding her
madly, violently.
“By all the gods of Olympus and Hades,” he cried bitterly, “thou
shalt then be mine, Elissa, soul or no soul! What thou sayest thyself
is true, thou art my slave, and must obey me. Keep thou that divine
attribute which thou dost deny to me for thine accursed Maharbal,
and I will take what there is left. ’Tis, in sooth, fair enough for my
heaven; I would not have the Elyssian maids themselves more fair
than thee.”
Convulsively he pressed her in his arms, and wildly sought her lips
with his own.
No resistance made Elissa, only when in his violent embrace
Scipio hurt her wounded shoulder, she uttered a low cry of pain.
Scipio instantly released her, and was at her feet in a moment, all his
better instincts returning.
“Oh! do I hurt thee, my beloved? Pardon me, I pray thee, for my
utter brutality. May the Olympian Jove himself punish me for my
momentary wickedness, yea may the beloved Venus in her divine
mercy forgive me for this sacrilege of her most wondrous work, thy
lovely person. For know this, Elissa, I vow by all the gods of both
Rome and Carthage that I would not willingly harm a single hair of
thy head. It is not thus indeed that I would have thee, and I did lie to
thee just now. For ’tis, indeed, my whole heart and soul which are
burning with passion, it is that spiritual part of thee which thou dost
deny me that I would possess rather even than the earthly tenement
wherein it is contained. Now wilt thou forgive me, dear one, and give
me but that one little word of love I saw trembling on thy lips a short
while since?” He pressed her hand tenderly, and never had he
looked more noble than at that moment.
But Elissa would not melt. She looked down without the slightest
change upon her stony features.
“I have said all I have to say, my lord. I told thee that I am thy
slave; I now tell thee, Scipio, that I do not love thee. But I am thine, if
thou so will it, according to the promise I made to thee in Numidia.”
Scipio rose to his feet, dropped her hand, and spoke with great
and self-contained dignity.
“Then be it so, Elissa; thou art my slave—nothing more! but never
shall it be said that a Scipio knew not how to master himself, nor how
to treat even an unwilling slave-girl with respect.” And he left her.
When he was gone, Elissa’s whole face changed. With the agony
of despair she threw herself upon her knees, and buried her face in
the cushions.
“Oh, Melcareth! great and invisible Melcareth! forgive me the lie!—
forgive me the lie! For I love him, and thou who hast made me as I
am dost know it. But mine honour forbade me to utter the word that
would have made both him and me happy—oh, so happy! Oh,
Tanais! thou, too, goddess of love, forgive me the dreadful lie!” and
she wept bitterly.
And thus on her knees Cleandra found her some time after. For,
as frequently happens to good women, the unhappy Elissa, in
striving to do that which according to her conscience seemed to her
to be right, had unjustly inflicted equal suffering upon herself and
upon the man who adored her.
After this painful interview Scipio saw very little of the captive
Elissa, whom, however, he ordered to be treated with the greatest
deference, in no way taking advantage of the situation to treat her,
as she herself had demanded, as a mere slave.
He himself, while constantly exercising the men under his
command in military tactics, was always thinking how he should
dispose of her person. For all hopes of making her his wife with her
own consent were, to his great distress of mind, at an end, and his
character was too noble to admit of his taking her in any other way.
The soldiers at this period suffered considerably from the morose
humour into which he fell, and there was no end to their exercisings
and drillings. By these incessant occupations, however, he soon got
his army into a most excellent state of training, and then he
determined to march northward again to Tarraco, and prosecute the
war against Hasdrubal and Mago. At length he made up his mind
about Elissa.
Summoning his friend Caius Lælius before him one day, he spoke
as follows:
“Caius, thou hast been my dearest companion from earliest
boyhood, and from thee I have no secrets. Therefore, it is nothing
new to tell thee the great unhappiness with which it hath pleased the
gods to afflict me, owing to the immense and fruitless love that I bear
to the Carthaginian maiden. Now, having communed with the gods
and offered sacrifices, I plainly see that her continued presence
anywhere near me is enervating to me, both as a man and a warrior,
rendering me unfit to continue in the command of a large body of
troops, and to properly protect the destinies of our nation. I have
therefore, my friend, determined to send her away from me entirely,
and thou must take her. When I march northward to Tarraco the fleet
also will return thither. The exception will be thine own vessel and
two others to form thine escort. On the former thou shalt take Elissa
and thine own slave girl, Cleandra. On the two other ships will be
embarked the Carthaginian Captain Mago, who surrendered the
citadel to us, and fourteen others of the superior officers whose
names I have noted. They are to be divided between the two ships,
and kept, by all means, from access with Elissa, that there may be
no chance of any combination between them to escape or to raise a
tumult on board.
“Thou wilt sail hence in two days’ time, and as the war between
Carthage and Rome hath now broken out with great and renewed
fury in Sicily, thou wilt first of all, taking all due precaution, visit the
Sicilian ports of Panormus, Lilybæum, Agrigentum, and Syracuse,
and acquaint the Roman consuls, or the commanders now in
possession of or besieging those places of our great success here.
Should they be able to spare any troops to reinforce us, then point
out to them the advisability of sending us forthwith as many men as
possible, in order that I may complete the conquest of Spain, and,
above all things, be able to prevent Hasdrubal from marching to Italy.
For I have information that he is thinking of leaving the defence of
Iberia to his brother Mago, himself following in his brother Hannibal’s
footsteps, and marching through Gallia and over the Alps to reinforce
Hannibal, wherever he may be in Italia. After accomplishing these
missions, thou wilt sail through the straits, between Messana and
Rhegium, and landing at the most convenient port, disembark with
thy captives and the spoils of New Carthage which I shall send, and
proceed instantly to Rome. There thou wilt acquaint the Senate of all
that is needful, and, with their approval, which cannot be withheld,
wilt lodge Hannibal’s daughter in the house of my mother to remain a
prisoner until my return, whenever it may please the gods to allow
me to see my native land once more. And I do beseech thee, for our
great friendship’s sake, to beg my mother, as she loveth me, to see
to it that Elissa’s captivity be not made unbearable to her, but that
she be treated with all fitting kindness.”
“Ay, that will I promise faithfully, Scipio. But stay, I have an idea!
Why shouldst not thou hand over the command of the land forces to
me and take the girl thyself? Our rank is so nearly equal that the
Senate could say nought. In sooth, I think it would be wiser so; and
thou wilt have far more prospect of obtaining new reinforcements
when thou dost arrive in person with the news of thy great victory.
And then during the voyage, who knows, the girl may relent, and,
perhaps, long before its termination, of her own free will throw
herself into thine arms. For Cleandra hath informed me—the wench
speaks Latin well, by-the-bye—that she doth believe that deep down
in her heart this Elissa doth really love thee. It would be a grand
opportunity to make sure of her affection.”
Scipio’s face flushed; he sprang from his seat, and clasped Lælius
by the hand.
“And why not, indeed?” he cried; “I thank thee, Caius. Thou art
every whit as able a leader of men as am I. Our rank is equal, too;
and ’tis true that were I to go in person now, just after taking New
Carthage, I should carry greater weight than thee in the matter of the
reinforcements. It seemeth not only feasible but right.”
Scipio looked happier than he had done for days; he looked like a
scholar who had obtained an unexpected holiday. Lælius, who was
delighted to see him thus, warmly returned the pressure of his hand.
Alas! Scipio’s joy was not long-lived, and the joyous expression
soon left his face as reason came to his aid.
“Nay, nay,” he continued, with a deep sigh, “it may not be, my dear
friend Caius, for, put it which way thou choosest, ’twould be really
leaving my post for the sake of a woman. And ’twould surely end
most miserably. For supposing the girl were to continue to prove
recalcitrant, it could but end in tragedy, perchance in the death of
Elissa herself, or mine own suicide, or maybe both. For the madness
of this love hath gotten such a hold upon me, I could not bear to live
by her side day by day knowing her mine, and yet not mine! I will not
risk it, either for my own sake or Elissa’s; it would indeed be trying
myself too high. ’Tis thou who must take her, and I must suffer here
alone.”
Thus was the matter decided, and Scipio himself that day
communicated his decision to Elissa, in Cleandra’s presence. He
spoke to her so kindly, so nobly, showing, moreover, so plainly that in
this great act of self-abnegation in sending her away he was thinking
as much of her as of himself, that Elissa’s long-sustained pride broke
down. The tears came to her eyes.
“Oh, Scipio!” she cried, “would that things might have been
different! Yet are we both but the servants of the gods, and must
obey the divine will, and bow our heads beneath the almighty hand.
Would that I could come to thee with honour, and lay my hand in
thine. But thou knowest that with honour I cannot, I may not, do so.
And were I known to thee to be a woman without honour, thou
wouldst neither love me nor respect me as thou dost now. Moreover,
the gods would themselves despise me. But, Scipio, the gods cannot
prevent my giving thee a sister’s love. And daily for thy great, thy
noble treatment of me while here, thy prisoner and thy slave, will I
call down upon my beloved brother’s head the blessings of the most
high and invisible Melcareth, and pray and beseech him to protect
thee from all dangers. And now as a sister only will I embrace thee
with a sacred kiss.”
She threw her arms about his neck, and they stood thus awhile,
mingling their tears together, while clinging in a close embrace,
which for all Elissa’s brave words, could scarcely be deemed that of
mere brother and sister.
Cleandra, kind-hearted girl that she was, utterly overcome by this
sad and pathetic scene, sobbed audibly in a corner of the chamber.
At length they separated.
Saying, in a heart-broken voice, “I accept the compact, then fare
thee well, oh, Elissa, for we must meet now no more,” Scipio
withdrew.
Two days later, without seeing him again, Elissa embarked upon
the flagship with Lælius, and that same day Scipio marched for
Tarraco.
END OF PART IV.

PART V.
CHAPTER I.
TO SYRACUSE.
When Elissa left New Carthage, with the prospect before her of
becoming a lifelong prisoner in Rome, the war was indeed, as Scipio
had said, raging with fury both in Sicily and Italy. For it is a matter of
the greatest astonishment how, in spite of the terrible reverses which
she had suffered on Italian soil, Rome pulled herself together for
renewed efforts, not only in Italy, then occupied by a successful
invading army, but for a continuation of the conflict upon foreign
shores. Thus she sent forth fleets and armies to Sardinia, to Spain,
and to Sicily, and the Carthaginians, encouraged to renewed
exertions by the glorious battle of Cannæ, did likewise.
Thus war was being carried on, at the same time, in all parts of the
Mediterranean.
It was raging, too, on Numidian soil, where the kings, Syphax and
Massinissa, were now fighting against each other.
Scipio had concluded a treaty with Massinissa, who was fighting
therefore nominally in the interests of Rome, against Carthage; but,
in reality, in rage and disappointment at the loss of the beautiful
Sophonisba, whom he had vowed should be his. In the end,
Massinissa was eventually successful in a pitched battle against his
uncle, the kind-hearted Syphax, whom he slew, and thereupon he
seized upon the fair Sophonisba, whom he promptly forced to be his
own unwilling spouse.
Scipio, not thinking it was wise that his ally Massinissa should
have in his household a Carthaginian wife, sent him a message that
he should send her away to her own country; but rather than lose
her, Massinissa presented the unfortunate girl with a cup of poison,
and ordered her to drink it.
Remarking placidly that it seemed an inappropriate end for the
bride of two kings, but that anything was better than life itself, poor
Sophonisba gladly swallowed the poison, and died in agony.
Elissa, while sailing along the coast of Sicily, reflected sadly on
this tragedy.
“Such,” she thought, “is the fate of humanity, and the ruling of the
gods cannot be foretold. Therefore, as in the very hour of greatest
prosperity sudden and great reverses may be awaiting us, it
behoveth us all never to neglect the service of those omnipotent
rulers of our being.”
Thus reflected Elissa when she looked back upon her own sudden
fall from a position of almost regal rank to the state of a mere
prisoner of war being deported to a foreign land.
At this time the war in Sicily centred round the enormous and
powerful city of Syracuse, which had, with all its surrounding territory,
remained, under King Hiero, an independent kingdom for no less
than fifty years past. In the previous Punic war, when every other city
in Sicily fell, first to one power then to another, neither Roman nor
Carthaginian had ever been able to set foot within its walls. And this
was chiefly owing to the wisdom of King Hiero himself, who, after
various sieges and conflicts with each power in turn, concluded an
alliance with Rome, which he maintained throughout his long reign of
fifty years’ duration. But Hiero being dead, and succeeded by his
grandson Hieronymus, all this was soon changed.
The young king was a debauched youth with an overweening idea
of his own importance, and he openly insulted the ambassadors who
came to him from Rome to seek a renewal of the old alliance.
Insolently asking them, “What account the Romans had been able to
give of themselves at Cannæ?” he declared for Carthage.
The city of Syracuse being full of intrigue, some wishing to remain
faithful to Rome, others to attach themselves to Carthage, while all
alike were disgusted with the cruelties and debauchery of the young
king; the latter was soon assassinated, as were also all the
princesses of the royal family, including Hiero’s daughter Demarata,
and his grand-daughter Harmonia, and their respective husbands
Andranodorus and Themistius.
Heraclea, the youngest daughter of Hiero, and her two beautiful
daughters were murdered with the greatest brutality, after a terrible
struggle; but no sooner were they dead than a messenger arrived
from the magistrates who had ordered their murder, but had now
relented, to stay the execution, for the very people themselves, who
had been thirsting for all the royal blood a short time before, had now
turned round upon the magistrates who had ordered the crime and
ousted them, calling for the election of new pretors in place of the
massacred Andranodorus and Themistius.
And thus it came to pass that two young generals, brothers,
named Hippocrates and Epicydes, who were envoys from Hannibal
to the Syracusans, came to be elected into power. These two young
men were Syracusans themselves on the father’s side, but their
mother was a Carthaginian, and they had been brought up in
Carthage, where Cleandra had known them well while living there
with her husband. They had already been at the bottom of the
plotting and the counter-plotting against Rome, and although there
were still various parties in the city, upon their election, after various
vicissitudes and some fighting within the walls, they contrived to
completely embroil the whole of the inhabitants with Rome. This was
done by Hippocrates openly attacking, with Syracusan soldiers, a
body of troops belong to the Roman consul, Appius Claudius, which
the latter had sent to protect his allies in the neighbouring city of
Leontini. Epicydes also repaired to Leontini, and by specious
arguments persuaded the inhabitants of Leontini to rise against
Rome.
Meanwhile the other Roman consul, Marcus Marcellus, he who
used to be known by the title of “The Sword of Rome,” who was in
the vicinity with a large force, demanded from the Syracusans the
surrender of the two brothers, who had dared to attack Roman
troops while a state of peace, or at all events of truce, existed
between Syracuse and Rome. But the Syracusans pretending that
they had no authority to give up the two brothers, as they were now
in the free city of Leontini, the two Roman consuls attacked the last
mentioned city and stormed it. But the two brothers escaped, and
with their usual cleverness persuaded the force of six hundred
Cretans, who were with the Syracusan force, which, in the Roman
interest, had been sent to capture them, to join their own standard
against Rome. And the Cretans in turn persuaded the other
Syracusan troops to join them also.
Thus had Hippocrates and Epicydes contrived to completely
embroil Syracuse with Rome, and when the ships of Caius Lælius
with Elissa on board arrived at the port of Syracuse, they found that
the gates of the city were shut, and that it was about to be invested
both by sea and land by the two Roman consuls, while the two
brothers were supreme within the city, and had on their side a large
body of Roman soldiers who had deserted to Syracuse.
Throughout the sea voyage of Elissa and Cleandra, Caius Lælius
had faithfully kept his promise to Scipio, and treated Hannibal’s
daughter with the greatest respect and kindness. They had visited in
turn various ports upon the coasts of Sicily, and the Roman flag-ship
and the two other vessels had on a recent occasion narrowly
escaped capture at the hands of a Carthaginian squadron off the
seaport of Lilybæum. Unfortunately for Elissa, however, Caius
Lælius had, after a sea-fight, contrived to make good his escape,
although he himself had received a severe wound from a sling during
the action. By this wound he was for a time quite incapacitated, and
thus was confined to his cabin when his ships arrived off Syracuse.
Now during the voyage he had become much attached to Cleandra,
whom, it may be remembered, knew the Latin tongue well. She was
ever about him, nursing him when sick in his cabin, and Lælius,
taking no notice of her presence, freely discussed before her the
whole state of affairs with his flag captain, an officer by name Labeo
Ascanius. Hence she soon learned the whole condition of affairs,
and, moreover, that her two friends, the brothers Hippocrates and
Epicydes, were in possession of the city of Syracuse.
With her usual quick-wittedness Cleandra soon set about devising
a means for the escape of Elissa and herself from the ship; for
however kind Lælius might be himself to the two ladies, they were,
none the less, prisoners, and likely to be so for life. Their future fate
was uncertain; only one thing seemed certain, that they would
infallibly be separated from each other upon arrival in Rome.
Now it so happened that not only Caius Lælius but also his flag-
captain, Labeo Ascanius, had, during the voyage, become much
enamoured of Cleandra, whose beauty had increased rather than
diminished during the four or five years which had elapsed since her
flight from New Carthage to Old Carthage. While the Admiral Lælius
was well, this officer had had no opportunity of expressing his
admiration of Cleandra, but she had, none the less, been perfectly
well aware of the fact, and had determined, if possible, to utilise it.
Now that his chief was utterly incapacitated and he himself in
supreme command, Ascanius had every opportunity of conversing
with and making love to Cleandra, who, while using great discretion
lest any of the other officers or seamen should observe anything,
made opportunities herself, and encouraged him with all the wiles of
a clever woman, still, however, keeping him, in a certain measure, at
a distance, and not granting all the favours that he sought of her. At
length the Roman became, through her artifices, so inflamed with
passion that he told her that he would do anything in the world for
her sake if she would but be his. Cleandra, not yet sure of him, did
not show him her hand, but, the better to bend him to her will,
secretly and repeatedly stirred up Caius Lælius against him on
various pretexts, and especially by false reports that she gave him
about what was going on in the ship during his own illness. Thus
Lælius, being rendered peevish by sickness, on several occasions
unjustly found great fault with Ascanius, who became, in turn,
incensed against his commander. He did not suspect Cleandra of
being the cause of these reports, but his first lieutenant, a man of
great probity, named Horatius Calvinus.
At length one day, after Lælius had once again found fault unjustly
with his flag-captain, Ascanius, going forth in a rage, accused
Calvinus of being the traitor who falsely accused him to the admiral,
and, listening to no excuses, put him in irons, treating him with the
greatest indignity.
Now was Cleandra’s opportunity. She had learned from Labeo
Ascanius himself that his own brother, named Caius Ascanius,
formerly a centurion in the troops under Marcellus, was among those
who had deserted to the Carthaginian flag, and was now with her
friends, Hippocrates and Epicydes, in the city. She took good care
not to inform Lælius about his flag-captain having put Calvinus in
irons, for it suited her better that he should remain there. However,
she falsely informed Ascanius in the afternoon that the Admiral had
learned the fact, and had announced to her his intention of publicly
degrading him on the following morning, and of placing Calvinus
over his head.
Then she plainly proposed to him that to escape from such an
unjust degradation he should leave the ship that very night and join
his brother. He could take her and Elissa with him in a boat, and,
under pretence that he was acting under the admiral’s orders, and
about to deliver them over to Appius Claudius, the Roman Consul
commanding the fleet that had just arrived, row them ashore, and
land at the city steps in the port. These steps, as could be plainly
seen from the ships, were protected by a guard of Carthaginian
soldiers. As he would be steersman himself, Ascanius could, she
pointed out, easily direct the boat to the steps. She suggested he
should only take two men, and they such as were faithful to himself.
As a reward for his saving them, Cleandra promised to become his
wife so soon as they should land. Thus was the plot laid, and
Ascanius agreed willingly to Cleandra’s proposals.
That very night, after dark had set in, did Ascanius take the two
ladies, who had with them nought save their jewels, to shore in a
boat. And upon their arrival at the steps, and Elissa proclaiming
aloud in the Carthaginian tongue her name and quality, she was
instantly most warmly welcomed with her companions. Thus was
their escape successfully contrived by Cleandra’s cleverness, and
that night they supped with Hippocrates and Epicydes.
Hippocrates and Epicydes took them to the house of Archimedes,
the ancient mathematician, to whose wonderful genius the excellent
state of the defences of the city was mainly attributable. Archimedes
welcomed them most hospitably, and Cleandra’s promise to
Ascanius was immediately redeemed by her becoming his wife that
very night, his brother Caius and others being invited to the wedding-
feast at midnight, when was much festivity. But Cleandra, while
thanking her new husband for having rescued her from a life-long
slavery, took good care not to inform him by what wiles she had won
him to her will. And he, imagining that he had escaped an unjust
degradation on the morrow, and being convinced that he had won for
his wife the woman whom he loved, and moreover that she loved
him with equal passion, felt no qualms of conscience whatever at his
desertion from the Roman standard. Even if he had felt any, were not
his own brother and hundreds of other Roman soldiers present who
had joined the Carthaginian cause without any of the provocation
that he had himself received? He had been, for his part, at least so
he believed, merely forced to an act of self-preservation.
On the following day Hippocrates appointed Ascanius to a
command in his forces, for, as were all the other deserters in the city,
he was now so irretrievably committed that nought but crucifixion or
torture could be his lot should he ever again fall into the hands of his
own compatriots. There was, therefore, no fear of any treachery to
Syracuse on the part of the deserters; it was indeed they who, by
fighting to the very last, were mainly instrumental in beating off the
assailants for a period of at least three years.
In the meantime, the sage Archimedes had welcomed Elissa and
her followers within his hospitable walls, and a considerable sum of
money for her maintenance was at once voted by the Senate under
the direction of Hippocrates and Epicydes. Archimedes occupied a
palace in the city proper, which was named Achradina, whereas the
port whereon Elissa had landed on the previous night abutted on
Achradina, and was known as Ortygia or the island. They were, in
fact, two separate towns, each surrounded by a wall. There were, in
addition, two large suburbs surrounded by separate walls, and
named respectively Tycha and Neapolis, and the whole city was
enclosed by an outside wall no less than eighteen miles in
circumference; thus some idea can be formed of its size and the
difficulty of a besieging force in investing it. There were two
harbours, the greater and the lesser, and while Caius Lælius had
joined the Roman fleet under Appius Claudius in the lesser harbour,
the Carthaginian fleet, under an admiral named Bomilcar, was riding
securely at anchor under the walls in the larger one.
Elissa soon learned that, while Marcus Marcellus was threatening
the city with a large Roman land force on one side, there were on the
other hand, for its protection, a large number of Carthaginian troops,
encamped close at hand under the command of a general named
Himilco.
There was thus, at first at all events, no danger to be apprehended
of the city falling. In fact, the siege had not begun—it was an
attempted blockade at best; and by means of the fleet, free
communication was, for a considerable time, established with the
outside world. Ships were constantly coming and going from both
Carthage and Italy, and although there were occasional small sea
fights, yet, owing to the preponderance of the Phœnician ships, the
port was virtually open.
Being now only about ninety miles away from the city of Carthage,
on the opposite African coast, Elissa was sorely tempted to risk
sailing thither to visit the land of her ancestors, which she had never
yet seen. From taking this step, however, she was dissuaded by the
prudent Cleandra, who assured her that the enemies of her race
were far too strong in Carthage for her to venture alone and
unprotected within that noble city. For Hannibal’s very successes had
made the anti-Barcine party more bitter than ever against him.
Elissa was, however, now able to communicate with her father
direct, for hearing that the inhabitants of the city of Capua had
recently surrendered to him, she wrote to Hannibal there,
acquainting him in full of all that had taken place, and of her now
being at Syracuse. Moreover she offered, should he see fit, to leave
Syracuse and join him at Capua, in which city she learned that he
had established himself with his whole army, intending to remain
there for the winter.
It was some considerable time before Elissa received from
Hannibal any reply to her letter, but it came at length, just as the
spring was commencing.
Hannibal’s letter, which was written by the hand of his friend and
scribe Silenus, was so lengthy that it would be impossible to
transcribe it here. In it, however, after applauding her for her bravery
upon many occasions, and commiserating with her deeply upon the
fall of New Carthage, he informed her that his own army was
constantly decreasing in numbers, and was also, to his great
annoyance, considerably deteriorated in its quality by the ease and
delights which the men had experienced during a whole winter
passed in the enervating atmosphere of the pleasure-loving city of
Capua. He complained bitterly of the small number of reinforcements
that had reached him from Carthage, and urged her to remain in
Syracuse, and there, by her presence and example, inspire the
garrison and the Carthaginian troops, whether of the land forces
under Himilco or the sea forces under Bomilcar, to heroic and
continued efforts against Claudius and Marcellus. By this means he
pointed out that the Roman troops now in Sicily would be compelled
to remain there, and thus be unable to cross over into Italy to assist
the Romans in prosecuting the war against himself. He informed her
further that unless some reinforcements arrived to help him before
long he would soon be obliged to content himself with merely
defensive operations at the ports he had already captured, but that in
that case it would be a matter of great importance that he should be
able to make an ally of some foreign power who would be willing to
fight with him against Rome. And none, he added, seemed to him so
fitting for this purpose as the young King Philip V. of Macedon, who
was now constantly engaged in wars of his own in Illyria, or against
the various leagues in the Peloponnesus of Greece. These, Hannibal
pointed out, Philip seemed in a fair way to subdue, and when he had
done so, a young prince of so much ambition would doubtless
require a new field whither he might direct his successful arms.
Therefore, since it seemed to Hannibal that Elissa by her position on
the sea at Syracuse might possibly sooner or later be able to obtain
an opportunity of either sending an embassy to Philip, or personally
going to meet him, he enclosed a document, giving her full powers
on his own behalf to enter into a treaty of offensive and defensive
alliance with the Macedonian.
In conclusion, Hannibal gave to his daughter news of Sosilus, of
Silenus, and Chœras, all of whom, he said, had hitherto survived the
hardships of the long-continued war. Of Maharbal he merely said
that he continued to be, as formerly, as his own right arm in all
matters appertaining to the war, and that he now looked forward to a
period when peace might be assured, that he might reward the
fidelity of the Numidian general by giving to him her, Elissa’s, hand in
marriage. Hannibal added that Maharbal was writing to her on his
own behalf.
Having read her father’s epistle, Elissa turned to her lover’s letter.
Within its pages Maharbal breathed forth such unswerving and
straightforward devotion, such absolute faith and trust in herself and
her integrity and honour, that before it was half finished she thanked
the gods a thousand times that they had inspired her with sufficient
strength to remain faithful to this man who had been such an
invaluable aid to Hannibal in assisting him to maintain ever to the
fore the honour and glory of Carthage. But her cheek burned with
shame even as she read. For she realised to her sorrow that
whatever honour had prompted her to do in the past or might prompt
her to do in the future, she would nevertheless far rather have
received those burning lines of love and devotion from the hand of
Scipio, the enemy of her father and her country, than from the hand
of Maharbal, the brave upholder of her country’s honour and her
father’s life-long friend. But such is life, and such are the hearts of
women, and despite her burning cheek Elissa knew that since she
had ever behaved most straightforwardly and honourably by her
absent lover she had done Maharbal no wrong.
Just after she received these letters, the investment of Syracuse
by the Romans was commenced with great determination on the
land side and the sea side alike. Thus was no opportunity given to
Elissa for any reply, neither did she have any means at her
command for establishing any understanding with Philip of Macedon.
CHAPTER II.
FROM SYRACUSE TO MACEDON.
Archimedes, the great mathematician, was a little old man, now

nearly ninety years of age. He, however, maintained to the full all his
powers, both physical and mental. He still seemed to have in his
frame the strength of a man not much over fifty, while his brain was
by far brighter and clearer than that of any of the young men of the
more modern schools. In appearance his eye was bright, his cheek
rosy, while his face, although wrinkled, was not by any means
wrinkled to excess. He was alert and active on his feet, scarcely ever
seemed to require any rest, and not only enjoyed a healthy appetite,
but could, when occasion required, sit up late and join the young
bloods of the day in a carouse, without seeming to feel any ill effects
upon the morrow. He was, at the time of Elissa’s visit, married, for
the third time, to a young wife, and he had sons well advanced in
middle age, employed in every branch of the Government service.
He had been the counsellor of King Hiero during the whole of that
monarch’s reign of fifty years’ duration, and, owing to his own
abilities and the munificence of his royal master, Archimedes had,
during that long period, been able to bring the defences of the city of
Syracuse to a state of perfection little dreamt of by its enemies. Such
was the old man whose abilities the Roman leaders had not taken
into account before they so lightly entered upon the siege of the
fairest city in the whole of Sicily. However, they soon found out, by
experience, that one man’s genius is sometimes more effective than
mere numbers.
A terrible plague had been raging for some time in both armies
before the Romans attempted to push the attack home, and this
plague had attacked the defenders and the outside Carthaginian
troops far more severely than it had the Romans themselves, for the
land forces of the latter were encamped upon higher and better
ground, while the sailors on the ships, by keeping out to sea, did not
suffer so severely. It had, nevertheless, been an awful time for both

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(a more complete list appears in Appendix B)

Atomic mass unit 1 amu = 1.660539040 × 10−24 g

Mass and Weight Length

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2 Atoms and Molecules 33

3 Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 69

6 The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure 171

7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 215

8 Molecules and Materials 253

9 Energy and Chemistry 293

11 Chemical Kinetics 361

12 Chemical Equilibrium 407

14 Nuclear Chemistry 499

Brief Contents vii

2 Atoms and Molecules 33

3  olecules, Moles, and Chemical

6 The Periodic Table and Atomic

Photo: © Cengage Learning/

7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular

8 Molecules and Materials 253

Original illustration courtesy of

9 Energy and Chemistry 293

11 Chemical Kinetics 361

Chemical Equilibrium 407

Equilibrium Constants 475

14 Nuclear Chemistry 499

The Audience for This Text

Content and Organization

Specific Content Coverage

Approach to Problem Solving

New in This Edition

3 ●●  dded a simple introduction to the Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and

8 ●● Revised artwork for several figures

9 ●● I ncorporated a discussion of systems thinking within the broader context

10 ●● I ncorporated a discussion of systems thinking in terms of resources and

13 ●●  pdated closing Insight section to include discussion of more recent

14 ●● I mproved consistency of notation used to refer to specific isotopes, espe-

About This Text

END OF PART IV.

Archimedes, the great mathematician, was a little old man, now

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2 Atoms and Molecules 33

3 Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 69

6 The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure 171

7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 215

8 Molecules and Materials 253

9 Energy and Chemistry 293

11 Chemical Kinetics 361

12 Chemical Equilibrium 407

14 Nuclear Chemistry 499

Brief Contents vii

2 Atoms and Molecules 33

3 olecules, Moles, and Chemical

6 The Periodic Table and Atomic

7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular

8 Molecules and Materials 253

9 Energy and Chemistry 293

11 Chemical Kinetics 361

Chemical Equilibrium 407

14 Nuclear Chemistry 499

3 ●● dded a simple introduction to the Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and

9 ●● I ncorporated a discussion of systems thinking within the broader context

10 ●● I ncorporated a discussion of systems thinking in terms of resources and

13 ●● pdated closing Insight section to include discussion of more recent

14 ●● I mproved consistency of notation used to refer to specific isotopes, espe-