Module 1 - in Chem 114 - Chemistry For Engineers: WEEK 1, 2, 3 & 4

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

College of Engineering and Architecture
MODULE 1 – WEEK 1, 2, 3 & 4
in
CHEM 114 – CHEMISTRY

FOR ENGINEERS
Course Outcomes and Course Content Mapping
Cognitive Outcomes Course Content Time-frame

Week 1, 2, 3 &
Review of Basic Chemistry 4 (24 hrs.)
Course Content and Learning Modules
Cognitive Outcomes Time-frame Module

Review of Basic Chemistry Week 1, 2, 3 & 4 CHEM FOR ENGRS
(24 hrs.) Module 1
A. Course Code /Title : CHEM 114 – CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS
B. Module Number : Module 1 – REVIEW OF BASIC CHEMISTRY
 Atoms
 Molecules
 Ions
 Periodic Table of Elements
 Chemical Equations
 Types of Chemical Reactions
 Balancing Simple Reactions
 The Mole
 Empirical and Molecular Formula
 Stoichiometry
C. Time Frame : 4 weeks – 24 hours

D. Materials : module, syllabus, online resources
I. Overview
Chemistry for Engineers is a 4-unit course (3 units lec and 1 unit lab) which is equivalent to
six (6) hours a week. Module 1 familiarizes the students with the structure of an atom and
identifies the physical as well as the chemical properties of the elements in the periodic
table. Through thorough discussions and presentations, students will be able to identify the
position of the elements in the periodic table using the atomic number. They will also be
able to calculate the amount of products, reactants and theoretical yield from balanced
chemical reactions. Students, then, will be given activities as form of assessment and
evaluation of the knowledge learned.
II. Desired Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:
1. Describe the model of an atom and identify the numbers of protons, electrons and
neutrons in a particular isotope from its chemical symbol.
2. Explain the difference between molecular formula and empirical formula.
3. Determine the number of atoms in a molecule from its chemical formula.
4. Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table and explain the usefulness
of the table
5. Write balanced chemical equations for simple reactions, given either an unbalanced
chemical equation or a verbal description.
6. Explain the concept of a mole in own words
7. Interpret chemical equations in terms of both moles and molecules
8. Interconvert between mass, number of molecules and number of moles.
9. Determine a chemical formula from elemental analysis (i.e. from % composition)
10. Write balanced chemical equations for the combustion of fuels.
11. Calculate the amount of product expected from a chemical reaction, given the amount of
reactants used.
12. Calculate the amount of reactants needed in a chemical reaction to produce a specified
amount of product.
13. Identify the limiting reactant an calculate the amount of product formed from a non-
stoichiometric mixture of reactants.
14. Calculate the percentage yield of a chemical reaction.
III. Content/Discussion
MODULE 1 - REVIEW OF BASIC CHEMISTRY
1.1 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
The atom consists of three smaller subatomic particles: electrons, protons and neutrons
(Figure 1-1). The electron (e-) is the negatively charged (-1) particle. The proton (p+) is
the positively charged (+1) particle. The neutron (n0) is the neutral (uncharged) particle.
The protons and neutrons combine to form the nucleus at the center of the atom while
the electrons move around the nucleus.
FIGURE 1-1 MODEL OF AN ATOM
The atomic number is the number of protons. The number of protons is always equal to
the number of electrons. Since the positive charge is always equal to the negative
charge, the charge of the atom is neutral.
Atomic number = no. of p+ = no. of e-
However, when forming compounds, atoms sometimes gain or lose electrons to form a
charged particle called ion.
The Mass number refers to the total number of protons and neutrons. It is the weight of
the atom in atomic mass unit or Amu.
Number of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number

A general notation is used to represent the mass number and the atomic number of a
given atom: 𝐴𝑍𝐸 where E = the symbol of the element, A = the mass number (amu), and Z =
the atomic number.
no. of p+ = 8
no. of e- = 8
no. of n0 = 8
FIGURE 1-2 GENERAL NOTATION FOR OXYGEN
Atoms of the same element may vary in mass. Atoms that have the same atomic number
but different mass numbers are called ISOTOPES. For example, the common isotopes of
uranium include 235
92𝑈 and 92𝑈. The isotope 92𝑈 is used in nuclear reactions.
238 235
You may also access the links below for additional information:
https://byjus.com/jee/atomic-structure/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSJeMJaCkVU
1.2 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Electrons move about the nucleus along the shells or energy levels. Each main energy
level is composed of sublevels: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f).
The electrons fill out orbitals of energy levels according to the following principles:
Pauli’s Exclusion principle states that no more than two electrons can occupy a single
orbital.
Aufbau’s principle suggests the order of occupancy of sublevels. The mnemonic device
(1-3) serves as a guide of Aufbau’s principle in filling up orbitals.
FIGURE 1-3 MNEMONIC DEVICE

Hund’s rule suggests that electrons are placed in individual orbitals per sublevel before
pairing. This is because it apparently takes less energy for an electron to occupy a free
orbital than an orbital already having an.
The electronic configuration shows the distribution of the electrons of an atom. The
elements sodium, iron, and chlorine can be represented by electronic configuration as
follows:
11 Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
20Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
17Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons (in general, up to a maximum of
three) is called an ion and thus has a charge.
Na+ 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ca++ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Cl - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
1.3 ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
An electron dot notation represents the distribution of valence electrons of an element.

The valence electrons are represented by dots around the symbol of the element. The
electron dot notation is the more suitable representation of atoms to display chemical
bonding.
Figure 1-4 electron dot notations of sodium, iron, and chlorine

ASSIGNMENT: Complete the table below following the mneumonic device in figure 1-3.
82Pb
36Kr
33As
20Ca
18Ar
17Cl
17Cl
10Ne
11Na
8O
Element
16
36
35
83
39
75
207
40
20
23
At. No.
At. Wt.
p+
n0
e-
K
Electron distribution
L
M
N
OType
Physical/Chemical
ication
Classif
Characteristics:
Valence
e-
Oxid.
No.
Send output on or before ________________ through your Google classroom for CHEM FOR
ENGRS.
1.4 THE PERIODIC TABLE
The periodic table is a device used to classify elements according to their atomic
number. The elements are arranged in rows and columns. The periods are the seven
horizontal rows in the periodic table. The groups are the eighteen vertical columns in
the periodic table. Major classifications of elements are:
representative elements belong to groups 1A to 7A. The group number a representative

elements is equal to its valence electrons (the number of electrons in the outermost
energy level. The period number indicates the element’s highest main energy level. The
representative elements are divided into 7 groups:
Table 1-1 REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
Ending e- No. of Oxidatio

Likely
GROUP NAME configurati valenc n
reaction
on e e- state
Alkali
1A ns1 1 +1 Donate 1 e-
metals
Alkali
2A earth ns2 2 +2 Donate 2 e-
metals
Boron
3A ns2 np1 3 +3 Donate 3 e-
family
Carbon Donate/Acce
4A ns2 np2 4 +4/-4
family pt 4 e-
Nitrogen
5A ns2 np3 5 -3 Accept 3 e-
family
Oxygen
family
Halogen
family
Noble Gases are the elements that belong to group 8A. They are also called inert gases
because they have a very little tendency to react with anything else. Their electronic
configuration ends in ns2 np6, except for helium.
Transition metals are the elements that belong to group 1B to 8B. Their electronic
configuration ends in s2d1 to s2d10 in the d block. They also exhibit several oxidation
states.
Inner transition metals are located at the bottom of the periodic table and are placed
between groups 3B and 4B. They are divided into two main groups: Lanthanide series in
period 6 and Actinide series in period 7. The elements here belong to the f block.
For additional learnings, kindly access the link below:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
1.5 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Chemical equations are the way chemists represent chemical reactions in terms of
formulas and symbols. The reactants are written on the left side of the equation and the
products are written on the right side of the equation separated by means of an arrow
the direction in which the reaction is taking place.
In the equation below:
CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O
The reactants are CH4 and O2, which react to yield the products CO2 and H2O.
FIGURE 7-1 TERMS AND SYMBOLS OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION
1.5.1 EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
When a chemical change occurs, the composition of substances is altered to form a new
substance. Evidences of these chemical reactions include:
1. Evolution of gas
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O
2 Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

2. Production of an insoluble substance called precipitate
KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbI2(s) + KNO3(aq)
3. Permanent change in color
Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq)  CuNO3(aq) + Ag(s)
4. Change of heat energy
Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s)
1.5.2 WRITING AND BALANCING SIMPLE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Certain rules are to be followed in balancing chemical equations. These rules serve as
guide to achieve the correct balanced equation.
Consider: Mercury (II) oxide decomposing into mercury and oxygen
Step 1: Identify the reaction
mercury (II) oxide mercury + oxygen
Step 2: Write the unbalanced (skeleton) equation. It is important to take note that
once the correct formula is written, it must not be changed during the subsequent
balancing operation.
HgO Hg + O2
Step 3: Balance the equation
2 HgO 2 Hg + O2
Figure 1 - Balancing chemical equations

EXAMPLE: PROBLEM 1
Aqueous calcium hydroxide reacts with aqueous phosphoric acid to form a solid calcium
phosphate and liquid water.
Step 1: calcium hydroxide + phosphoric acid → calcium phosphate + water
Step 2: Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(l)
Step 3: 3 Ca(OH)(aq) + 2 H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 H2O(l)
To check we could all add all the Ca, O, H and P atoms on each side of the equation
TABLE 1 COMPUTATIONS FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Left Right
Ca = 3 x 1 = 3 Ca = 1 x 3 = 3
O = (3 x 2) + (2 x 4) = 14 O = (4 x 2) + (6 x 1) = 14
H = (3 x 2) + (2 x 3) = 12 H = 6 x 2 = 12
P=2x1=2 P=2x1=2
1.6 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A. COMBINATION
Combination is a type of chemical reaction, which is formed by the union of two or more
substances to form a single compound. The type equation is:
A + B AB
A and B may be both an element, both compounds or an element and a compound. There
are several kinds of combination reactions to be considered:
1. Metal + nonmetal → binary ionic compound (ex: oxide, sulfide or halide)
2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl
2. metal + oxygen → metal oxide
4 Al + 3 O2 2 Al2O3
3. Nonmetal + oxygen → nonmetal oxide
S + O2 SO2
4. Metal oxide + water → metal hydroxide (metal oxides are sometimes referred as
basic oxide or basic anhydride)
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

5. Nonmetal oxide + water → oxyacid (nonmetal oxides are often referred acid
oxides or acid anhydrides)
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
6. Metal oxide + nonmetal oxide → salt
CaO + SO2 CaSO3
B. DECOMPOSITION
Decomposition reaction occurs when one compound decomposes to form two or more
new substances. Heat is required frequently for the reaction to take place.
AB A + B
1. Hydrates when heated decompose to yield water and anhydrous salt. Hydrates
are salt that contain one or more molecules of water for each formula unit of salt.
BaCl2 · 2 H2O BaCl2 + 2 H2O
2. Chlorates, when heated, decompose to form chlorides and oxygen gas.
2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2
3. Carbonates when heated decompose to form oxides and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
4. Bicarbonates when heated decompose to form metal oxides, carbon dioxide and
water.
Ca(HCO3)2 CaO + 2 CO2 + H2O
5. Water can be decomposed into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas through direct
electric current.
2 H2O electric current 2 H2 + O2
C. SINGLE REPLACEMENT OR SUBSTITUTION
Single Replacement or Substitution is a reaction wherein an element from a compound is

displaced by another element which is more reactive. The most common example of
single replacement reaction is a metal displacing another metal ion form a solution.
More reactive nonmetals can also replace less reactive nonmetal ions in a solution.
A+ + B+X- B + AX
Y- + A+X- X + AY
Metal replacing a metal ion
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
Non metal replacing a non metal ion
Cl2 + 2 NaBr NaCl + Br2
In the activity series or electromotive series of elements, the metals and non-metals are
arranged in the order of decreasing activity. For example, Zn displaces Hydrogen in the
above equation since zinc is higher on the activity series.
Figure 2 - The activity series
D. METATHESIS OR DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
METATHESIS or DOUBLE REPLACEMENT is a type of chemical reaction in which the

positive and the negative parts of the two compounds exchange partners.
A+X- + B+Y- A+Y- + B+X-
Double replacement reactions include neutralization reactions and precipitation

reactions. NEUTRALIZATION reaction occurs when an acid and a base react to form a salt
and water as a by-product of the reaction.
HX + BOH BX + H2O
2 H3PO4 + 3 Ca(OH)2 6 H2O + Ca3(PO4)2
Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
Precipitation reaction occurs when an two aqueous solutions react to form an insoluble
substance referred as precipitate.
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3
CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 CaCO3 + NH4Cl

1.7 STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry refers to quantitative relationship in chemical combination which can be

determined by either a chemical formula or from a balanced chemical and equation.
Atomic Weight – weighted average of all the isotopes found in any naturally occurring
sample of the element.
Isotopes – atoms the exhibit the same chemical properties but differ in mass.
Molecular weight – sum of the atomic weights in the formula of the substance.
Calculate the molecular weight of the following substance:
1. H2O
H = 2x1 = 2
O = 1 x 16 = 16
18 g/mole
2. Mg(NO3)2
Mg = 1 x 24 = 24
N = 2 x 14 = 28
O = 6 x 16 = 96
148 g/mole
1.7.1 THE MOLE
The mole represents the weight in grams of a particular substance or number of

particles.
Mole in terms of weight in grams Mole in terms of number of particles

1 mole C atoms = 12 grams 1 mole of C atoms = 6.02x1023 atom
1 mole CO2 molecules = 44 grams 1 mole CO2 molecules = 6.02x1023 molecules
Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023 particles (atoms, molecules, ions)

EXAMPLE
How many molecules are there 50.0 g of CO2?
Solution:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 = 44.0 𝑔
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 = 6.0 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑂2 6.02 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠𝐶𝑂2

50.0𝑔𝐶𝑂2 × ×
44.0𝑔𝐶𝑂2 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑂2
𝟐𝟑
= 𝟔. 𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐎𝟐
1.7.2 EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA
The empirical formula of the compound shows the smallest whole number of atoms of
each element present in one molecule of the compound. It is also known as the simplest
chemical formula. For example, the simplest formula of hydrogen peroxide, H 2O2, which
is used as bleaching agent for hair and textiles, is HO.
The molecular formula of the compound shows the actual number of atoms of each
element present in one molecule of the compound. It consists of the symbols of the
elements and the subscripts. In BaCl2, the subscript numeral indicates the number of
atoms of an element present. There is no subscript for Ba because there is only one atom
of barium in a molecule of barium chloride and the number “one” is no longer written.
Procedures in determining Empirical Formula
1. Based on the percentage composition, determine the number of grams of each

element present in a given compound.
2. Divide the m(E) by the atomic weight of the E.
3. Determine the smallest number among the answers in step 2.
4. Divide all the answers in step 2 by the smallest number (step 3).
5. Should the answers be in decimals, come up with a whole number.
EXAMPLE
A compound of nitrogen and oxygen has the composition 1.52g of N and 3.47g O. The
molar mass of this compound is known to be between 90g and 95g. Determine the
molecular formula and the molar mass of the compound.
1.52 0.108
𝑁= = 0.108 =1
14 0.108
3.47 0.217
𝑂= = 0.217 =2
16 0.108
Empirical formula = NO2

Find the molar mass of empirical formula:
𝑁𝑂2 = 14 + 2(16) = 14 + 32 = 46
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 95
= =2
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 46
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 = (𝑁𝑂2 )2 = 𝑁2 𝑂4
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 = (2)(46) = 92
1.7.3 CALCULATIONS BASED FROM BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Consider these steps in doing stoichiometric calculations:
1. Write the balanced chemical reaction.
For the reactants, if:
a) mass is given, convert it to mole by dividing by the molar mass.
Mass in grams Mole of reactant
b) the number of particles is given, convert to mole by dividing by the Avogadro’s

number (6.02 × 1023).
Number of particles Mole of reactant
c) Volume is given, convert to grams by first multiplying the volume by density, and then
divide by the molar mass to change it to mole.
Volume in mL Mass in grams Mole of reactant
3. From mole of reactant, change this to mole of product by using the coefficients in the
balanced chemical equation.
Mole of reactant Mole of product
4. From mole of product, do conversions as required such as mole to weight, or mole to

volume.
5. To solve for the theoretical yield (the amount of possible products that can be
produced from given amounts of reactants), the limiting reagent (the substance that
gives the least number of moles in the product) is considered.
6. Lastly, if percent yield is required, the formula is:

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% Y𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
EXAMPLE 1.
If 20 grams of zinc reacts with silver nitrate to form zinc nitrate and silver. Determine:
a) weight in grams of silver that is produced
b) the percent yield if 50 grams of silver is produced from reaction of 20g of zinc
with 120g of silver nitrate
Solution:
a) Step 1: Zn + 2 AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛
Step 2: 20 𝑔 𝑍𝑛 × = 0.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛
65.4 𝑔 𝑍𝑛
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔
Step 3: 0.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛 × = 0.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛
108 𝑔 𝐴𝑔
Step 4: 0.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔 × = 64.8 𝑔 𝐴𝑔
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔
b) To solve for the percent yield, identify first the limiting reagent by comparing results
using both reactants.
Step 5:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔
Using Zinc: 20 𝑔 𝑍𝑛 × × = 0.60 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔
65.4 𝑔 𝑍𝑛 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔

Using AgNO3: 120 𝑔 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 × × = 0.70 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔
170 𝑔 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
Since 0.6 mol of Ag (from Zn) is less than 0.70 mol of Ag (from AgNO3), the limiting
reagent is zinc. The other reactant, AgNO3, is called excess reagent.
Step 6:
Percent yield = Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100%
50 𝑔
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100% = 77.2%
64.8 𝑔
IV. EXERCISES: MOLECULAR WEIGHT, THE MOLE, EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR

FORMULA, CALCULATIONS FROM BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1. Calculate the Molecular Weight of each of the following:
a. NaClO3
b. Fe2(CO3)3
c. Fe2(SO4)3
d. CuSO4.7H2O
2. Calculate the number of moles in each of the following:
a. 4.8g of Al
b. 2.0 x 1024 atoms of Na
c. 0.050 kg of H2O
d. 3 lbs NH4Cl
3. Calculate the number of atoms of each:
a. 3.5 mole of H2
b. 0.025g He
c. 2.2 kg K
d. 0.5 lb NH3
4. Calculate the mass in grams of:
a. 1.8 mol CO2

b. 12.5 mol NaCl
c. 2.25 x 1022 molecules H2O
5. Determine the Empirical Formula of a compound compose of:
a. 4.64 g of Mg and 1.78 g of N

b. 2.63 g of Ca, 4.22 g of S and 3.15 g of O
6. A 50g sample of calcium carbonate is reacted with 35.0g of phosphoric acid.

Calculate:
(a) the number of grams of calcium phosphate that could be produced.

(b) the number of grams of excess reagent that will remain.
V. PROGRESS CHECK
PROBLEM SOLVING: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1) Fill in the blanks in the following table
Symbol 54
26𝐹𝑒
2+
Protons 5 79 86
Neutrons 6 16 117 136
Electrons 5 18 79
Net
-3 0
charge
2) Fill in the blanks in the following table
Cation Anion Formula Name

Magnesium bicarbonate
SrCl2
Fe3+ NO2-
Manganese (II) chlorate
SnBr4
Co2+ PO43-
Hg+ I-
Cu2CO3
Lithium nitride
Al3+ S2-
3) Classify each reaction as one of the following: combination, decomposition, single

replacement, double replacement, or neutralization.
a. H2(g) + N2(g) NH3(g)
b. Al(HCO3)3(s) Al2(CO3)3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
c. H3PO4(aq) + Mn(OH)2(aq) Mn3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(l)
d. Co(NO3)2(aq) + H2S(g) CoS(s) + HNO3(aq)
e. Fe2(CO3)3 Fe2O3(s) + CO2(g)
4) Change the following word equations into chemical equations and balance by
inspection (indicate the state of all reactants and products):
a. calcium chloride solution + lead(II) nitrate solution → solid lead(II) chloride +

calcium nitrate solution
b. ferric oxide + hydrochloric acid → ferric chloride solution + water
c. sodium hydrogen carbonate solution + phosphoric acid → sodium phosphate

solution + carbon dioxide gas + water
d. mercury + oxygen → mercury (II) oxide
e. aluminum sulfate solution + sodium hydroxide solution → aluminum

hydroxide precipitate + sodium sulfate
f. potassium hydroxide solution + sulfuric acid → potassium hydrogen sulfate

solution + water
5) Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in industry, low-temperature research, deep-

sea diving tanks, and balloons. How many moles of He atoms are in 6.46g of He?
6) Sulfur (S) is a nonmetallic element that is present in coal. When coal is burned,
sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide and eventually to sulfuric acid that gives rise
to the acid rain phenomenon. How many atoms are in 16.3g of S?
7) Peroxyacylnitrate (PAN) is one of the components of smog. It is a compound of C,

H, N, and O. Determine the percent composition of oxygen and the empirical
formula from the following percent composition by mass: 19.8% C, 2.50% H,
11.6% N. What is its molecular formula given that its molar mass is about 120g?
8) Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is a principal mineral of copper. Calculate the number of

kilograms of Cu in 3.71 X 103kg of chalcopyrite.
9) All Alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the corresponding
alkali metal hydroxide. A typical reaction is that between lithium and water:
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
a. How many moles of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of 6.23 moles
of Li with water?
b. How many grams of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of 80.57g of

Li with water?
10) Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide:
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)
a. In one process, 637.2g of NH3 are treated with 1142g of CO2. Which of the
two reactants is the limiting reagent?
b. Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.
c. How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?
11) Disulfide dichloride (S2Cl2) is used in the vulcanization of rubber, a process that
prevents the slippage of rubber molecules past one another when stretched. It is
prepared by heating sulfur in an atmosphere of chlorine:
S8(l) + 4Cl2(g) 4S2Cl2(l)
What is the theoretical yield of S2Cl2 in grams when 4.06g of S8 are heated with
6.24g of Cl2? If the actual yield of S2Cl2 is 6.55g, what is the percent yield?
12) The equation for the preparation of phosphorus in an electric furnace is
Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C CaSiO3 + CO + P4
Balance the equation above and Determine:
a. the number of grams of phosphorus formed for each mole of Ca3(PO4)2 used.
b. the number of pounds of phosphorus for each pound of Ca3(PO4)2 used.
c. the number of moles of each SiO2 and C required for each mole of Ca3(PO4)2
used.
d. The number of moles of Ca3(PO4)2 needed to produce 100kg of Phosphorus.
Send output on or before ________________ through your Google classroom for CHEM 114.
RUBRIC FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
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90-100 All aspects of the student's solution were completely accurate.
70-80 The student's computations were essentially accurate.
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VI. REFERENCES
 Chang, R. 2005. Chemistry 8th ed. New York: Mc-Graw Hill

 Brown, L. and Holme T. 2012, Chemistry for Engineering
 Hill,J.W,Kolb 1998. Chemistry for the Changing Times 8th ed.Prentice Hall
 Zhumdahl S. 2013. Chemistry An Atoms First Approach Phil Ed
MODULE 2 – WEEK 5, 6 & 7
in
CHEM 114 – CHEMISTRY

FOR ENGINEERS
Course Outcomes and Course Content Mapping
Cognitive Outcomes Course Content Time-frame

Week 5, 6 & 7
Thermochemistry (18 hrs.)
Course Content and Learning Modules
Cognitive Outcomes Time-frame Module

Thermochemistry Week 5 - 7 (18 CHEM Module 2
hrs.)
A. Course Code /Title : CHEM 114 – CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

B. Module Number : Module 2 - THERMOCHEMISTRY
C. Time Frame : 3 weeks – 18 hours
D. Materials : module, syllabus, online resources
I. Overview
Module 2, Thermochemistry, will be dealing with the Heat Capacity and Calorimetry.
Calculations of Enthalpy for temperature and phase change, solve heat transfer problems,
Hess Law and Heats of Reaction will also be involved as well as identify and apply the use
of coffee cup/bomb calorimeter. Students will be given activities as form of assessment
and evaluation of the knowledge learned.
II. Desired Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:
1. Use calorimetric data to obtain values for ∆𝐻 for chemical reactions

2. State the first law of thermodynamics in words and as an equation
3. Define ∆𝐻𝑓 𝑜 and write formation reactions for compounds
4. Explain Hess’s law in your own words
5. Calculate ∆𝐻 0 for chemical reactions from tabulated data
III. Content/Discussion
MODULE 1 - THERMOCHEMISTRY
A. DEFINITION
Thermochemistry is a branch of thermodynamics involving heat changes in a chemical

reaction. Heat is either released or absorbed in a chemical reaction, thus, a reaction can
either be exothermic or endothermic. An exothermic reaction releases energy such as
combustion of fuels. An endothermic reaction absorbs energy such as photosynthesis in
plants. The change in energy is represented by ΔH (“delta H”), also known as the change
in enthalpy for the reaction.
Enthalpy is the heat content of a system or the potential of a system to create heat.
B. CALORIMETRY AND HEAT CAPACITY
Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat. The measurement is based on the change in
temperature when a body absorbs or discharges energy as heat. Substances respond
differently to being heated. Some substances require a great deal of heat energy to raise
its temperature by one degree. Other substances may require little or less heat energy.
This property is indicated by the heat capacity (cp) of a substance. The heat capacity is
the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram or one mole of a substance by
one degree Celsius.
The Molar heat capacity in is the energy required to raise the temperature of a mole of a
substance by one degree Celsius. The Specific heat capacity is the energy required to
raise the temperature of a gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
𝐽
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦:
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℃
𝐽
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦:
𝑔℃
𝐽 𝑐𝑎𝑙
Specific heat capacity of liquid water H2O(l): 4.184 𝑜𝑟 1
𝑔℃ 𝑔℃
𝑐𝑎𝑙
Specific heat capacity of ice H2O(s): 0.5 𝑔℃
𝑐𝑎𝑙
Specific heat capacity of water vapor H2O(v): 0.5 𝑔℃
B.1 ENTHALPY OF CHANGE CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE
When heat is transferred to or from an object, the temperature of the object changes.
The amount of heat needed when there is a change in temperature is given by the
formula:
𝑞 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑡
Where: q is the heat flow, in Joules

m is the mass, in grams or in moles
𝐽 𝐽
Cp is the heat capacity, in 𝑔℃ or 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℃
Δt is the change in temperature (t2-t1)
PROBLEM 1
Heating a 24 g aluminum can raise its temperature by 15OC. Find the value of q for
the can. Cp can = 0.900 J/gOC.
Given: m = 24 g
𝐶𝑝 = 0.900 J/gOC
t = 15𝑜 𝐶
Reqd: q
q = mCpΔt
= (24g) (0.900 J/gOC) (15OC)
q = 324 J
PROBLEM 2:
𝐽
The molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.3 . If 37.5 g of water is cooled
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
from 42OC to 7OC, what is q for the water?
Given: m = 37.5 g
𝑡1 = 42𝑜 𝐶
𝑡2 = 7𝑜 𝐶
𝐽 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐽
𝐶𝑝= 75.3 x = 4.18 𝑔−𝐾
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 18 𝑔
Reqd: q
Solution: 𝑞 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑡
= (37.5g) (18g/mol) (75.3J/mol-K) (42𝑜 𝐶 - 7𝑜 𝐶)
q = 5.49 kJ
PROBLEM 3:
A glass contains 250.0 g of warm water at 78OC. A piece of gold at 2.3OC is placed in
the water. The final temperature reached by the system is 76.9OC . What was the
𝐽 𝐽
mass of gold? Cp water = 4.184 𝑔℃ Cp gold = 0.129 𝑔℃
qlost = qgained
mCpΔtH2O = mCpΔtgold
(250.0 g )(4.184J/g0C) (78OC- 76.9OC) = mgold(0.129 J/g0C)(76.9OC - 2.3OC)
(250 𝑔)(4.184 𝐽⁄𝑔𝑜 𝐶) (78𝑜 𝐶 − 76.9𝑜 𝐶)

𝑚𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 0.129 𝐽⁄𝑔𝑜 𝐶) (76.9𝑜 𝐶 − 2.3𝑜 𝐶)
𝑚𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 119.56 𝑔
B.2 ENTHALPY OF PHASE CHANGE
Heat flow into a substance does not always correspond to an increase in temperature. In
some cases, heat flow alters the physical state of a substance instead of raising the
temperature. For example, if heat flows into an ice cube at 0OC, the ice will melt to form
liquid water at 0OC. If heat flows into liquid water at 100OC, the water will vaporize at
100OC.
Heat of Fusion is the energy required to change a gram of a substance from the solid
state to liquid state without changing its temperature.
For water (ice to liquid water):
H2O(s) H2O(l) at 0OC
𝑞 = 𝑚𝐻𝑓
Where: q = heat flow or enthalpy change

m = mass
Hf= heat of fusion
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽
Heat of fusion of water is 80 or 335 𝑔
𝑔
Heat of Vaporization is the energy required to change a gram of a liquid substance into
the gaseous state at the boiling point.
For water (liquid water to water vapor):
H2O(l) H2O(v) at 100OC
𝑞 = 𝑚𝐻𝑣
Where: q = heat flow or enthalpy change

m = mass
Hv= heat of vaporization
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽
Heat of vaporization of water is 540 𝑔 or 2259 𝑔.
PROBLEM 1:
Calculate the enthalpy change when 240 g of ice melts in kcal and kJ
q = Hfm
𝑐𝑎𝑙 1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
in kcal: 240 g (79.72 )x = 19.133 kcal
𝑔 1000 𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐽 1𝑘𝐽
in kJ: 240g (333.55 𝑔) x = 80.052 kJ
1000 𝐽
PROBLEM 2:
How much heat in kilocalories is required to convert 5moles of water to steam?
q = Hvm
Hint: 1mol H2O =18g
q = (540cal/g)(5mol)(18g/mol)(1kcal/1000g)
= 48.6kcal
Problem 3
How much heat is required to convert 1 kg of ice at -10OC to steam at 100OC?
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄4
𝐻2 𝑂(𝑠) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑠) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑣)
-10𝑜 𝐶 0𝑜 𝐶 0𝑜 𝐶 100𝑜 𝐶 100𝑜 𝐶
q1 = mCpΔt; q1 = (1000g)( 0.5cal/g0C)(100C) = 5,000cal

q2 = Hfm; q2 = (79.2cal/g)(1000g) = 79,200cal
q3 = mCpΔt; q3 = (1000g)(1cal/g0C)(1000C) = 100,000cal
q4 = Hvm; q4 = (540cal/g)(1000g) = 540,000cal
Qt = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4
= 5,000cal + 79,200cal + 100,000cal + 540,000cal
= 724,200cal or 724.2kcal
B.3 CALORIMETRY EXPERIMENTS
Calorimetry problems include two categories. The first category has substances with
different temperatures but no chemical reactions occur. Two substances, each at different
temperatures are combined and allowed to reach thermal equilibrium. The energy
released by the warm object is absorbed by the cool object.
𝑞𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑚 = −𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙
𝑞 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 × 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
The second category includes substances in chemical reaction or a state change leading to
a temperature change. When solutions of chemical reactants are combined in a
calorimeter, the reaction can cause the solvent to either increase or decrease in
temperature.
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 × 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
The calorimeter is a device that measures the quantity of heat transferred to or from an
object. Two of the most common types of calorimeters include the coffee cup
calorimeter and the bomb calorimeter.
B.3.1 COFFEE CUP CALORIMETER
The coffee cup calorimeter uses a Styrofoam cup with a lid. The cup is partially filled
with a known volume of water. Then, a thermometer is inserted through the lid making
sure that the bulb is below the water surface. If a chemical reaction happens, the heat of
the reaction is absorbed by the water. Heat flow is calculated by:
qreaction = -qsolution
FIGURE 1-1 COFFEE CUP CALORIMETER SET-UP
PROBLEM 1:
A coffee cup calorimeter initially contains 125 g of water at 24.2 OC. Potassium
bromide (10.5g), also at 24.2 °C, is added to the water. After dissolution of KBr, the
final temperature is 21.1OC. Calculate the enthalpy change for dissolving the salt in
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝐽
and in 𝑚𝑜𝑙. Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 and
𝑘𝑔 𝑔𝑜 𝐶
that no heat is transferred the surroundings or to the calorimeter.
qrxn = - qsolution
qsolution = mCpΔt
= (125g+10.5g)(4.18 J/g0C)(21.1 -24.2)0C
= -1756J
qrxn = - (-1756J) = 1756 J
KBr in the solution = (10.5g)(1mol/119g)
= 0.088 mol KBr
qKBr in kJ/mol = (1756J/10.5g)(1000g/1kg)(1kJ/1000J)
= 167.2kJ/kg
qKBr in kJ/mol = (1756J/0.088mol)(1kJ/1000J)
= 19.95kJ/mol
B.3.2 BOMB CALORIMETER
The bomb calorimeter is used to measure the heat exchanges associated with chemical reactions,
often, combustion reactions.
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −(𝑞𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏 )
𝑞𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × ∆𝑡
𝐽
𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 𝐶 × ∆𝑡 where C is the calorimeter constant in 𝑜
𝐶
FIGURE 2-2 BOMB CALORIMETER SET-UP

PROBLEM 1
A 1.000 g sample of octane (C8H18) was burned in a bomb calorimeter containing

1200 grams of water at an initial temperature of 25OC. After the reaction, the final
𝐽
temperature of the water was 33.2OC. The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 837 𝑜𝐶 .
𝐽
The specific heat of water is 4.184 𝑔𝑜 𝐶. Calculate the heat of combustion of octane in
𝑘𝐽
.
𝑚𝑜𝑙
qrxn = - (qwater + qbomb) 1mol C8H18 = 114g

qwater = mCpΔt
= (1200g) (4.184𝐽⁄𝑔𝑜 𝐶 ) ( 33.2𝑜 𝐶 - 25𝑜 𝐶)
= 41,170 J
qbomb = CΔt
= (837 J/0C)(33.2 – 25)0C
= 6,863.4J
qrxn = -(41,170J + 6,863.4J)

= -48,033J
Heat of combustion of C8H18 = -(48,033J/1g)(114g/1mol)(1kJ/1000J)

= -5,476kJ/mol
For additional information, you may access :
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/5-2-calorimetry/
C. STANDARD ENTHALPY
Enthalpy (H) is the heat content of a substance. The enthalpy change, ΔH, refers to the
change in heat content due to a chemical reaction at constant pressure. The reaction is
exothermic when the enthalpy of the reactants is greater than that of the products. The
reaction is endothermic when the enthalpy of the products is greater than that of the
reactants.
Exothermic reactions
Release heat to the surroundings
Have a negative change of enthalpy
Examples include combustion of fuel, reaction of water to quicklime

Consider the exothermic reaction between carbon and oxygen to yield carbon dioxide.
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔH = -394 kJ
The reaction shows that 394 kJ of heat energy is evolved when carbon and oxygen
combine to form carbon dioxide.
Endothermic reactions
Absorb heat from the surroundings
Have a positive change of enthalpy
Examples include bond breaking reactions, reaction of water with ammonium
Consider the endothermic reaction on the decomposition of calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 ΔH = +178 kJ
The reaction shows that 178 kJ of heat are absorbed when 1 mole of CaCO3 reacts to
produce 1 mole of calcium oxide and 1 mole of carbon dioxide.
For any chemical reaction, the change in enthalpy, ΔH, may be expressed as:
∆𝐻 = ∑𝑛𝐻𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑𝑛𝐻𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
D. STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION
The standard enthalpy of formation (∆HfO) is the change in enthalpy that accompanies
the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements under standard conditions, and
with everything at its standard states. The enthalpy of formation of an element in its
standard state is assigned a value of zero.
Standard conditions: Temperature at 298K or 25OC; Pressure at 1 atm
Consider the formation of 1 mole of water.

1
H2(g) + 2 O2(g) H2O(l) ΔHfO = -286 kJ/mol
The equation shows that 286 kJ of heat is evolved when 1 mole of liquid water is
formed from its elements at standard conditions.
Exercises:
PROBLEM 1
Calculate ΔH for the combustion of methane, CH4(g), to produce CO2(g) and H2O(l). Tell
whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
ΔHr = ΣHfproducts – ΣHfreactants
= (nΔHfCO2(g) + nΔHfH2O(l)) – (nΔHfCH4(g) + nΔHfO2(g))
=(1mol)(-393.5kJ/mol) + (2mol)(-285.8kJ/mol)) – (1mol)(-74.8kJ/mol) + 0)
= -393.5kJ -571.6kJ + 74.8kJ
= - 890.3kJ
PROBLEM 2
Calculate ΔH for the combustion of ethane, C2H6(g), to produce CO2(g) and H2O(l).
C2H6(g + 3.5 O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

= (nΔHfCO2(g) + nΔHfH2O(l)) – (nΔHfC2H6(g) + nΔHfO2(g))
= (2mol)(-393.5kJ/mol) + (3mol)(-285.8kJ/mol) – (1mol)(-84.7kJ/mol)

= -787kJ – 857kJ + 84.7kJ
= -1559.3kJ
PROBLEM 3:
Calculate ΔHfO of butane, C4H10(g), from the ΔH value of -5754.6 kJ for two moles for
its combustion.
2C4H10 (g) + 13O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
ΔHr = (nΔHfCO2(g) + nΔHfH2O(l)) – (nΔHfC4H10(g) + nΔHfO2(g))
-5754.6 kJ = (8mol)(-393.5kJ/mol) + (10mol)(-285.8kJ/mol) –(2mol)(ΔHfC4H10(g))

2mol(Δ HfC4H10(g)) = 5754.6kJ – 3148kJ – 2858kJ
Δ HfC4H10(g) = -251.4kJ/2mol
ΔHfC4H10(g) = -125.7kJ/mol
E. ENERGY AND STOICHIOMETRY
Consider the reaction between nitrogen gas and oxygen to produce nitric oxide.
𝑁2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) H = 180.5kJ
a.) An engine generates 15.7 g of nitric oxide gas during a laboratory test. How
much heat was absorbed in producing this NO?
At wts: N=14; O=16 1mol NO = 30g
From the reaction; 2mol NO = 180.5 kJ

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑂 180.5𝑘𝐽
15.7 gNO x 𝑥 = 47.23 kJ
30 𝑔 𝑁𝑂 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
b. What quantity of heat is required to produce 3.5 moles of NO?
2mol NO = 180.5kJ
180.5𝑘𝐽
ΔH = 3.5 molNO x 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑂
ΔH = 315.9kJ
c. What quantity of heat would be released in the following reaction?
NO(g)  N2(g) + O2(g)
1molNO = - (180.5kJ)
−180.5𝑘𝐽
ΔH = 2
ΔH = -90.25kJ
F. HESS’S LAW
Hess’s law states that the change in enthalpy is always the same, whether the reaction is
performed directly or whether it takes place indirectly and in different steps. The total
change in enthalpy is the sum of all changes in a multistage reaction.
Consider the formation of methane to demonstrate Hess’s Law.
C(s) + 2 H2(g) CH4(g)
The enthalpy change for the reaction cannot be measured in the laboratory because the
reaction proceeds very slowly. However, applying Hess’s Law, the reaction can be
arranged using known equations in such a way that the resulting equation has C(s) + 2H2(g)
as the reactants and CH4(g) as the product. Consider the following three equations:
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ

1
H2(g) + 2 O2(g) H2O(l) ∆H = -285.8 kJ
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) ∆H = -890.3 kJ
1. The first equation has the C(s) that is needed as a reactant, so write it down as is.
2. To get 2H2(g) as another reactant, multiply the second equation by 2.
3. To get CH4(g) as a product, reverse the third reaction. Consequently, the enthalpy for
the equation is also reversed.
4. Cancel the substances appearing both as reactant and product.
5. Finally, add the three equations to get the total enthalpy.
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) ∆H = -571.6 kJ
CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ∆H = +890.3 kJ
C(s) + 2 H2(g) CH4(g) ΔH = -74.8 kJ
Hence, the ΔH for the formation of 1 mole of methane from carbon and hydrogen is -
74.8 kJ.
EXERCISES:
1. Calculate the ΔH for the reaction C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)

Apply Hess’s law and use the following equations:
C2H4(g) + 3 O2(g)  2 CO2(g)+ 2 H2O(l) ΔH= -1411 kJ

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ΔH = -3120 kJ
2H2(g)+ O2(g)  2 H2O(l) ∆H = -571.6 kJ
C2H4 + 3O2  2CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = -1411kJ

7
2CO2 + 3H2O  C2H6 + O2 ΔH = 1560kJ
2
1
H2 + O2  H2O ΔH = -285.8kJ
2
C2H4 + H2  C2H6 ΔH = 136.8kJ

2. Calculate the ΔH for the reaction PCl5(g) PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)

Apply Hess’s law and use the following equations:
P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) 4 PCl3(g) ΔH = -1225.6 kJ
4 PCl5(g) P4(s)+ 10 Cl2(g) ΔH = +1562.4 kJ
1 3
P4 + Cl2  PCl3 ΔH = -306.4kJ
4 2
1 10
PCl5  P4 + Cl2 ΔH = 398.9kJ
4 4
PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2 ΔH = 92.5kJ
You may access the following link for additional information:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Text
book_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermo
dynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hess's_Law
G. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The First law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.
However, energy can be converted from one form to another. Another way of stating the
first law is that “the energy of the universe is constant.”
H. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The SECOND law of thermodynamics is also known as the Law of Entropy. Entropy is the
disorder or randomness of the system. It is a measure of how matter and energy are
dispersed over time. The entropy of the universe always increases. If there is a change in
phase, from solid to liquid to gas, or if there is a change in size, from large molecules to
small molecules to atoms, there is an increase in entropy because matter is moving farther
apart.
The concept of entropy is better understood using examples. Liquid water at 0OC has
higher entropy than ice at the same temperature. A quantity of gas contained in a 1 liter
flask has higher entropy than the same quantity of gas confined in a 10 ml flask.
The change in entropy (ΔS) is the sum of the absolute entropies of the products minus
the sum of the absolute entropies of the reactants at standard conditions.
∆𝑆 = ∑𝑛𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑𝑛𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
You may refer to the following ling for additional information:
 https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-
mcat/a/thermodynamics-article
I. GIBBS FREE ENERGY
Gibbs free energy is the maximum amount of useful work that can be done by any
process at constant temperature and pressure. At constant temperature and pressure, the
changes in enthalpy, free energy and entropy for any process is given by the formula:
∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇∆𝑆
Where ΔG is the change in free energy, ΔH is the change in enthalpy, T is temperature in

Kelvin, and ΔS is the change in entropy.
If ΔG is negative, the reaction proceeds spontaneously. Meaning, the reaction proceeds

without an input in energy. A spontaneous reaction proceeds in the forward direction
without the need for outside intervention.
On the other hand, if ΔG is positive, the reaction is non spontaneous. A non spontaneous
reaction cannot proceed unless there is an input of energy.
PROBLEM 1
1. Calculate ΔH, ΔS, ΔG for the reaction:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Tell whether the reaction is spontaneous or non spontaneous.
a. At 25OC
ΔH = ΣHfproducts – ΣHfreactants
ΔH = 2mol(-46kJ/mol) – (0)
ΔH = - 92kJ
ΔS = ΣΔSproducts – ΣΔSreactants
= nΔSNH3 – (nΔSN2 + nΔSH2)
= 2mol(0.192kJ/molK) –((1mol)(0.189kJ/molK) + (3mol)(0.130kJ/molK))
= 0.384kJ/K – (0.189kJ/K) – (0.390kJ/mol)
ΔS = - 0.195kJ/K
Δ G = ΔH – (T ΔS)
= -92kJ – (250C+273)K(-0.195kJ/K)
Δ G = - 33.89kJ
Therefore, the reaction is spontaneous
b. At 500OC
ΔH = -92kJ
ΔS = -0.195kJ/K
ΔG = ΔH – (TΔS)
ΔG = -92kJ – (5000C + 273)K(-0.195kJ/K)
ΔG = 58.7kJ
Therefore, the reaction is non spontaneous
PROBLEM 2:
Calculate ΔH, ΔS, ΔG for the reaction at 25OC at 1 atm:

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Tell whether the reaction is spontaneous or non spontaneous.
ΔH = ΣHfproducts – ΣHfreactants
= (2mol)(-396kJ/mol) – (2mol)(-297kJ/mol)
= -792kJ + 594kJ
ΔH= -198kJ
ΔS = ΣΔSproducts – ΣΔSreactants
= nΔSSO3 – (nΔSSO2 + nΔSO2)
= 2mol(0.257kJ/molK) – ((2mol)(0.247kJ/molK) + (1mol)(0.205kJ/molK))
= 0.514kJ/K – (0.494kJ/mol) – (0.205kJ/mol)
ΔS = -0.185kJ/K
ΔG = ΔH – (T ΔS)
= -198kJ – (250C + 273)K(-0.185kJ/K)
ΔG = -143kJ
Therefore, the reaction is spontaneous
Heat of Formation of Some Common Substances (at 25oC and 1 atm)

Compound Kcal/mol KJ/mol Compound Kcal/mol KJ/mol
H2O(g) –57.8 –242 H2SO4(l) –193.9 –811.3
H2O(l) –68.3 –285.8 CO(g) –26.4 –110
NO(g) 21.5 89.9 CO2(g) –94.1 –393.5
NO2(g) 8.0 33.4 CH3OH(l) –57.0 –238
NH3(g) –11.0 –46.0 C12H22O11(s) –530 –2215
NH4NO3(s) –87.3 –365 C2H2(g) 54.2 227
HNO3(aq) –41.4 –173 C2H4(g) 12.5 52.2
SO2(g) –71.0 –297 C2H6(g) –20.2 –84.4
SO3(g) –94.5 –395.2 CH3OH(g) _48.0 _201
Fe2O3(s) _197.4 _826 C3H8(g) _24.4 _102
Entropy Values of Some Common Substances

Substance kcal/mol-K KJ/mol-K Substance kcal/mol-K kJ/mol
H2O(g) 0.0451 0.189 CO2(g) 0.0511 0.213
H2O(l) 0.0167 0.087 SO2(g) 0.0594 0.247
H2(g) 0.0312 0.130 C2H2(g) 0.0480 0.200
Cl2(g) 0.0533 0.221 C2H4(g) 0.0525 0.217
N2(g) 0.0458 0.189 C2H6(g) 0.0549 0.225
O2(g) 0.0490 0.204 CH3OH(g) 0.0568 0.234
NH3(g) 0.0460 0.192 CH3OH(l) 0.0303 0.125
CO(g) 0.0473 0.197 SO3(g) 0.0614 0.257
IV. EXERCISES:
𝐽
1. A 5.0 g sample of aluminum pellets (𝐶𝑝 = 0.89 ⁄𝑔𝑜 𝐶 ) and 10 g of iron pellets
𝐽
(𝐶𝑝 = 0.45 ⁄𝑔𝑜 𝐶 ) are heated to 100𝑜 𝐶. The mixture of hot iron and
aluminum is then dropped into 97.3 g of water at 22𝑜 𝐶. Calculate the final
temperature of the metal and water mixture.
2. Calculate the enthalpy change for the dissolution of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 in 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 if 15.0g
of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 is dissolved in 250 ml of water in a coffee cup calorimeter and the
temperature of the solution increases from 22.2𝑜 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 32.7𝑜 𝐶.
3. A bomb calorimeter containing 900g of water was calibrated by burning a

sample of benzoic acid (𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻). When 1.89g of benzoic acid was burned
in the calorimeter, the temperature of the water and the calorimeter
increased by 8.32𝑜 𝐶. Calculate the calorimeter constant for this calorimeter
in J/𝑜 𝐶. The heat of combustion of 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 is -3227 kJ/mol.
4. Calculate the combustion of ammonia, 𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) , to produce nitric oxide,

𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) and 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) .
5. Calculate ∆ 𝐻𝑓𝑜 of butane, 𝐶8 𝐻18(𝑔) , from the H value of -5470.75kJ for its
combustion.
6. Calculate ∆ 𝐻𝑓𝑜 of propane, 𝐶3 𝐻8(𝑔) , from the H value of -2221kJ for its
combustion.
7. Consider the reaction on the combustion of methane
𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 2𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂𝑙
a. Compute the heat of reaction (H)
b. What quantity of heat is released for each mole of water formed?
c. What quantity of heat is released for each mole of oxygen reacted?

IV. PROGRESS CHECK
EXERCISES: Solve the following problems.
Atomic weights: C-12, H-1, O-16, Cu-63.5, K-39, Br-80, Na-40, Cl-35.5
1. A piece of copper metal of mass 6.5 kg is heated from 20.50C to 324.30C. Calculate
the heat absorbed in kilocalories by the metal. Specific heat capacity of Cu is
0.385J/g-0C
2. Using Hess’s Law, calculate �H in kilojoules for the reaction

2C(graphite) + H2(g) C2H2(g) from the following data.
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) �H = -393.7 kJ

1
H2(g) + 2O2(g) H2O(l) �H = -285.8 kJ
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) �H = -2598.7 kJ
3. In a coffee cup calorimeter, the initial temperature of potassium bromide (KBr) and
water is 25.20C. When 21g of KBr is dissolved in water, the temperature reading is
22.10C. Determine the mass of water used in the reaction. The enthalpy change for
dissolving the salt in water is 20kJ/mol. Assume that the specific heat capacity of the
solution is 4.18 J/g0C and that no heat is transferred to the calorimeter.
4. The combustion of methanol CH3OH is given by the reaction,

3
CH3OH(l) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Determine:
a. Heat of the reaction, �H
b. �S
c. �G at 250C
5. Find the resulting temperature when 100 g of ice at 0oC is mixed with 1 liter of H2O
at 35oC.
6. A 0.6gram sample of naphthalene (C10H8) is burned in a bomb calorimeter

containing 785g of water at an initial temperature of 21oC. After the reaction the
final temperature of water is 27.5oC. The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 425J/oC.
From these data, calculate the heat of combustion of naphthalene in kJ/mol?
Send output on or before ________________ through your Google classroom for CHEM 114.
RUBRIC FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
Value Description
90-100 All aspects of the student's solution were completely accurate.
70-80 The student's computations were essentially accurate.
50-60 The student made minor computational errors
30-40 The student made errors in computation serious enough to flaw the solution
0-20 An incorrect solution is given and no other information is shown.
V. References
 Chang, R. 2005. Chemistry 8th ed. New York: Mc-Graw Hill

 Brown, L. and Holme T. 2012, Chemistry for Engineering
 Hill,J.W,Kolb 1998. Chemistry for the Changing Times 8th ed.Prentice Hall
 Zhumdahl S. 2013. Chemistry An Atoms First Approach Phil Ed

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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

MODULE 1 – WEEK 1, 2, 3 & 4

CHEM 114 – CHEMISTRY

Course Outcomes and Course Content Mapping

Cognitive Outcomes Course Content Time-frame

Course Content and Learning Modules

Cognitive Outcomes Time-frame Module

A. Course Code /Title : CHEM 114 – CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

B. Module Number : Module 1 – REVIEW OF BASIC CHEMISTRY

C. Time Frame : 4 weeks – 24 hours

II. Desired Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:

MODULE 1 - REVIEW OF BASIC CHEMISTRY

1.1 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

FIGURE 1-1 MODEL OF AN ATOM

Atomic number = no. of p+ = no. of e-

Number of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number

FIGURE 1-2 GENERAL NOTATION FOR OXYGEN

1.2 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

FIGURE 1-3 MNEMONIC DEVICE

11 Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

20Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

17Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Na+ 1s2 2s2 2p6

Ca++ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Cl - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

1.3 ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE

An electron dot notation represents the distribution of valence electrons of an element.

Figure 1-4 electron dot notations of sodium, iron, and chlorine

1.4 THE PERIODIC TABLE

representative elements belong to groups 1A to 7A. The group number a representative

Table 1-1 REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

Ending e- No. of Oxidatio

For additional learnings, kindly access the link below:

1.5 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

In the equation below:

CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O

FIGURE 7-1 TERMS AND SYMBOLS OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION

1.5.1 EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O

2 Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

2. Production of an insoluble substance called precipitate

KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbI2(s) + KNO3(aq)

3. Permanent change in color

Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq)  CuNO3(aq) + Ag(s)

4. Change of heat energy

Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s)

1.5.2 WRITING AND BALANCING SIMPLE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Consider: Mercury (II) oxide decomposing into mercury and oxygen

Step 1: Identify the reaction

mercury (II) oxide mercury + oxygen

Step 3: Balance the equation

Figure 1 - Balancing chemical equations

Step 1: calcium hydroxide + phosphoric acid → calcium phosphate + water

Step 2: Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(l)

Step 3: 3 Ca(OH)(aq) + 2 H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 H2O(l)

TABLE 1 COMPUTATIONS FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1

1.6 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1. Metal + nonmetal → binary ionic compound (ex: oxide, sulfide or halide)

2. metal + oxygen → metal oxide

3. Nonmetal + oxygen → nonmetal oxide

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2