Chemistry For Today General Organic and Biochemistry 10Th Edition Spencer L Seager Full Chapter

Chemistry for Today: General, Organic,
and Biochemistry 10th Edition Spencer

L. Seager
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-10th-edition-spencer-l-seager/
TENTH EDITION
CH E M ISTRY
FOR TODAY
G E N E R AL , O RGAN IC , AN D B IOCH E M I STRY
S E AG E R | S L A B AU G H | H A N S E N
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
KEY
Atomic number Metals
79 Noble
Au Symbol
Group number, Metalloids Gases
Gold Name
IUPAC system (1) 197.0 Nonmetals, noble gases (18)
Atomic weight
Group number, IA (rounded to four VIIIA
U.S. system 1 significant figures) 2
1
H He 1
Hydrogen (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) Helium
Group
1.008 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.003
designation
Period 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
number 2
Li Be B C N O F Ne 2
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3
Na Mg (8) (9) (10) Al Si P S Cl Ar 3
Sodium Magnesium (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (11) (12) Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.99 24.31
VIIIB 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 4
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 5
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 6
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 7
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
(223) (226) (227) (265) (268) (271) (270) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
Mass numbers in
parentheses are the most
stable radioactive isotope.
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
6
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 6
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

7
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 7
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
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TENTH EDITION
Chemistry for Today

General, Organic,
and Biochemistry
Spencer L. Seager
Weber State University
Michael R. Slabaugh
University of South Dakota
Weber State University
Maren S. Hansen
Australia Brazil Canada Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States
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Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, Last three editions, as applicable: © 2018, © 2014, © 2011
and Biochemistry, 10th Edition
© 2022 Cengage Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh,
Maren S. Hansen WCN: 02-300
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2021
This 10th edition is dedicated to the memory of Wayne Aprill, a high school science teacher who touched
the lives of everyone around him; students, family and many good friends.
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 3 22/06/21 12:05 PM

About the Authors
Spencer L. Seager
Spencer L. Seager retired from Weber State University in 2013 after serving for 52 years
as a chemistry department faculty member. He served as department chairman from
1969 until 1993. He taught general and physical chemistry at the university. He was also
active in projects designed to help improve chemistry and other science education in
local elementary schools. He received his B.S. in chemistry and Ph.D. in physical chem-
istry from the University of Utah.
Michael R. Slabaugh
Michael R. Slabaugh is an adjunct professor at the University of South Dakota and at
Weber State University, where he teaches the yearlong sequence of general chemistry,
organic chemistry, and biochemistry. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Pur-
due University and his Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from Iowa State University.
His interest in plant alkaloids led to a year of postdoctoral study in biochemistry at
Texas A&M University. His current professional interests are chemistry education and
community involvement in science activities, particularly the State Science and Engi-
neering Fair in Utah. He also enjoys the company of family, hiking in the mountains,
and fishing in local streams.
Maren S. Hansen
Maren S. Hansen has been a science teacher at West High School, where she taught
honors biology. She has also taught AP biology and biology in the International Bac-
calaureate Program. She received her B.A. and master of education degrees from Weber
State University. Her professional interests have focused upon helping students partici-
pate in Science Olympiad and Science Fair. Other interests include adventure travel,
mountain hiking, gardening, and the company of friends and family. She hopes to share
her love of science with her two children. She currently serves as an adjunct professor at
the University of South Dakota, where she teaches online courses in general chemistry,
elementary organic chemistry, and elementary biochemistry.
iv About the Authors
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Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 14
Matter, Measurements, and Calculations 2 Aldehydes and Ketones 446
Atoms and Molecules 46 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 478
Electronic Structure and the Periodic Law 70 Amines and Amides 510
Forces between Particles 96 Carbohydrates 546
Chemical Reactions 138 Lipids 582
The States of Matter 164 Proteins 614
Solutions and Colloids 198 Enzymes 646
Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 236 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 672
Acids, Bases, and Salts 260 Nutrition and Energy for Life 706
Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes 304 Carbohydrate Metabolism 736
Organic Compounds: Alkanes 330 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism 762
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 372 Body Fluids 792
Chapter 13
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 408
Brief Contents v
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Contents
Chapter 1 Concept Summary 64

Key Terms and Concepts 65
Matter, Measurements, Exercises 65
and Calculations 2 Additional Exercises 68
1.1 What Is Matter? 3 Chemistry for Thought 68
1.2 Properties and Changes 4 Environmental Career Focus 46
Health Connections 2.1 Uprooting Herbal
1.3 A Model of Matter 7
Myths 53
1.4 Classifying Matter 9
Health Connections 2.2 Take Care of Your
1.5 Measurement Units 13 Bones 54
1.6 The Metric System 13 Study tools 2.1 Help with Mole Calculations 63
1.7 Large and Small Numbers 19 Environmental Career Description 64
1.8 Significant Figures 23
1.9 Using Units in Calculations 28 Chapter 3
1.10 Calculating Percentages 30
Electronic Structure and
1.11 Density 32
Concept Summary 36
the Periodic Law 70
Key Terms and Concepts 37 3.1 The Periodic Law and Table 71
Key Equations 37 3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms 73
Exercises 38 3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical Properties 76
Additional Exercises 44 3.4 Electronic Configurations 78
Chemistry for Thought 44 3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table 82
Health Career Focus 2 3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Table 86
Environmental Connections 1.1 A Central Concept Summary 91
Science 5 Key Terms and Concepts 92
Health Connections 1.1 Effects of Temperature on Exercises 92
Body Functions 19
Additional Exercises 95
Study tools 1.1 Help with Calculations 32
Chemistry for Thought 95
Health Connections 1.2 Choose Wisely for Health
Information 34 Health Career Focus 70
Health Career Description 35 Health Connections 3.1 Watch the Salt 74

Study tools 3.1 The Convention Hotels Analogy 81
Health Connections 3.2 Zinc for Colds? 85
Chapter 2 Health Career Description 91
Atoms and Molecules 46
Chapter 4
2.1 Symbols and Formulas 47
2.2 Inside the Atom 49 Forces between Particles 96
2.3 Isotopes 51 4.1 Noble Gas Configurations 97
2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules 52 4.2 Ionic Bonding 99
2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights 55 4.3 Ionic Compounds 101
2.6 Avogadro’s Number: The Mole 57 4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 104
2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas 61 4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds 106
vi Contents
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4.6 Covalent Bonding 107 Chapter 6
4.7 Polyatomic Ions 111
4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions 114 The States of Matter 164
4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules 118 6.1 Observed Properties of Matter 166
4.10 More about Naming Compounds 122 6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 168
4.11 Other Interparticle Forces 125 6.3 The Solid State 169
Concept Summary 130 6.4 The Liquid State 170
Key Terms and Concepts 131 6.5 The Gaseous State 170
Exercises 132 6.6 The Gas Laws 171
Additional Exercises 136 6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume
Chemistry for Thought 136 Relationships 174
Health Career Focus 96 6.8 The Ideal Gas Law 178
Health Connections 4.1 Consider the 6.9 Dalton’s Law 180
Mediterranean Diet 103 6.10 Graham’s Law 181
Health Connections 4.2 Are All Iron Preparations 6.11 Changes in State 182
Created Equal? 119
6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 183
Study tools 4.1 Help with Polar and Nonpolar
6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point 184
Molecules 123
Environmental Connections 4.1 Ozone: Good
6.14 Sublimation and Melting 185
Up High, Bad Nearby 127 6.15 Energy and the States of Matter 186
Health Career Description 130 Concept Summary 190
Chapter 5 Key Equations 192
Exercises 193
Chemical Reactions 138
5.1 Chemical Equations 139
5.2 Types of Reactions 141 Environmental Career Focus 164
5.3 Redox Reactions 141 Health Connections 6.1 Get an Accurate Blood
5.4 Decomposition Reactions 145 Pressure Reading 174
5.5 Combination Reactions 146 Health Connections 6.2 Therapeutic Uses of
5.6 Replacement Reactions 146 Oxygen Gas 187
Study tools 6.1 Which Gas Law to Use 189
5.7 Ionic Equations 148
Environmental Career Description 190
5.8 Energy and Reactions 150
5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations 150
5.10 The Limiting Reactant 153 Chapter 7
5.11 Reaction Yields 155
Solutions and Colloids 198
Concept Summary 157
Key Terms and Concepts 158 7.1 Physical States of Solutions 199
Key Equations 158 7.2 Solubility 200
Exercises 159 7.3 The Solution Process 204
Additional Exercises 163 7.4 Solution Concentrations 208
Chemistry for Thought 163 7.5 Solution Preparation 212

Health Career Focus 138 7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 216
Health Connections 5.1 Add Color to Your Diet 150 7.7 Solution Properties 218
Health Connections 5.2 Teeth Whitening 152 7.8 Colloids 223
Study tools 5.1 Help with Oxidation Numbers 156 7.9 Dialysis 226
Health Career Description 157 Concept Summary 228
Contents vii
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Key Terms and Concepts 229 9.3 Naming Acids 263
Key Equations 229 9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water 265
Exercises 230 9.5 The pH Concept 267
Additional Exercises 234 9.6 Properties of Acids 271
Chemistry for Thought 235 9.7 Properties of Bases 275
Health Career Focus 198 9.8 Salts 276
Health Connections 7.1 Stay Hydrated 210 9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases 281
Study tools 7.1 Getting Started with Molarity 9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases 285
Calculations 210
9.11 Titration Calculations 287
Health Connections 7.2 Juices and Sports
9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts 288
Drinks 225
Environmental Connections 7.1 CO2 9.13 Buffers 289
Emissions: A Blanket Around the Earth 227 Concept Summary 293
Health Career Description 227 Key Terms and Concepts 294
Key Equations 294
Chapter 8 Exercises 295
Reaction Rates Additional Exercises 302

and Equilibrium 236 Health Career Focus 260
8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Environmental Connections 9.1 Carbon
Processes 237 Dioxide in the Oceans 263
8.2 Reaction Rates 239 Study tools 9.1 Writing Reactions of Acids 276
8.3 Molecular Collisions 240 Health Connections 9.1 Heartburn Alert 284
8.4 Energy Diagrams 242 Health Career Description 292
8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates 243
8.6 Chemical Equilibrium 246 Chapter 10
8.7 The Position of Equilibrium 247
Radioactivity and Nuclear
8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium
Position 250 Processes 304
Concept Summary 253 10.1 Radioactive Nuclei 305
Key Terms and Concepts 253 10.2 Equations for Nuclear Reactions 306
Key Equations 254 10.3 Isotope Half-Life 309
Exercises 254 10.4 The Health Effects of Radiation 311
Additional Exercises 258 10.5 Measurement Units for Radiation 313
Chemistry for Thought 258 10.6 Medical Uses of Radioisotopes 315
Health Career Focus 236 10.7 Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes 317
Health Connections 8.1 Energy Drinks 241 10.8 Induced Nuclear Reactions 318
Health Connections 8.2 Use Your Phone to Help 10.9 Nuclear Energy 321
You Stay Healthy 246
Concept Summary 325
Study tools 8.1 Le Châtelier’s Principle in Everyday
Life 252 Key Terms and Concepts 326
Health Career Description 252 Key Equations 327
Exercises 327
Chapter 9 Additional Exercises 329
Acids, Bases, and Salts 260 Health Career Focus 304
9.1 The Arrhenius Theory 261 Health Connections 10.1 Diagnostic
9.2 The Brønsted Theory 261 Radiation 314
viii Contents
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Health Connections 10.2 Check the Radon Level 12.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene
in Your Home 318 Derivatives 393
Health Career Description 325 12.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic
Compounds 396
Chapter 11 Concept Summary 398
Organic Compounds: Alkanes 330 Key Equations 399
11.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic Exercises 400
Compounds 331
11.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Compared 332
Health Career Focus 372
11.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism 334
Health Connections 12.1 Three-Dimensional
11.4 Functional Groups: The Organization Printers 378
of Organic Chemistry 336
Study tools 12.1 Keeping a Reaction Card File 385
11.5 Alkane Structures 339
Study tools 12.2 A Reaction Map for Alkenes 388
11.6 Conformations of Alkanes 343 Health Connections 12.2 Think before Getting
11.7 Alkane Nomenclature 345 Brown 395
11.8 Cycloalkanes 352 Health Career Description 398
11.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes 354
11.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes 357 Chapter 13
11.11 Alkane Reactions 359 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 408
Concept Summary 362
13.1 The Nomenclature of Alcohols
Key Terms and Concepts 363 and Phenols 410
Key Equations 363 13.2 Classification of Alcohols 412
Exercises 363 13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols 413
Additional Exercises 371 13.4 Reactions of Alcohols 415
13.5 Important Alcohols 422
Environmental Career Focus 330
13.6 Characteristics and Uses of Phenols 425
Study TOOLS 11.1 Changing Gears for Organic
13.7 Ethers 428
Chemistry 334
Health Connections 11.1 Is Organic Food Worth 13.8 Properties of Ethers 429
the Price? 340 13.9 Thiols 430
Health Connections 11.2 Take Care of Dry 13.10 Polyfunctional Compounds 433
Skin 357 Concept Summary 435
Environmental Connections 11.1 Reducing Key Terms and Concepts 436
Your Carbon Footprint 359
Key Reactions 436
Exercises 437
Chapter 12
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 372 Health Career Focus 408
Study TOOLS 13.1 A Reaction Map for Alcohols 423
12.1 The Nomenclature of Alkenes 374
Health Connections 13.1 Alcohol and
12.2 The Geometry of Alkenes 376
Antidepressants Don’t Mix 424
12.3 Properties of Alkenes 380 Health Connections 13.2 Take Advantage of Hand
12.4 Addition Polymers 386 Sanitizers 427
12.5 Alkynes 390 Health Connections 13.3 General
12.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Anesthetics 430
Structure 391 Health Career Description 434
Contents ix
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Chapter 14 Health Connections 15.2 Nitroglycerin in Dynamite
and in Medicine 498
Aldehydes and Ketones 446 Health Career Description 499
14.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes

and Ketones 447 Chapter 16
14.2 Physical Properties 450 Amines and Amides 510
14.3 Chemical Properties 452
16.1 Classification of Amines 511
14.4 Important Aldehydes and Ketones 464
16.2 The Nomenclature of Amines 512
Concept Summary 466
16.3 Physical Properties of Amines 514
16.4 Chemical Properties of Amines 515
Key Equations 467
16.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters 522
Exercises 468
16.6 Other Biologically Important Amines 525
16.7 The Nomenclature of Amides 528
16.8 Physical Properties of Amides 530
16.9 Chemical Properties of Amides 532
Health Connections 14.1 Faking a Tan 451
Study tools 14.1 A Reaction Map for Aldehydes Concept Summary 535
and Ketones 460 Key Terms and Concepts 536
Health Connections 14.2 Vanilloids: Hot Relief Key Equations 536
from Pain 463 Exercises 536
Health Career Description 465 Additional Exercises 543
Chapter 15 Health Career Focus 510
Carboxylic Acids and Health Connections 16.1 Aspirin Substitutes 522

Study tools 16.1 A Reaction Map for
Esters 478 Amines 525
15.1 The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 479 Health Connections 16.2 Try a Little
15.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 481 Chocolate 528
15.3 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 483 Health Career Description 534
15.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids 485

15.5 Carboxylic Esters 487
Chapter 17
15.6 The Nomenclature of Esters 492 Carbohydrates 546
15.7 Reactions of Esters 493
17.1 Classes of Carbohydrates 547
15.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids 497
17.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates 548
Concept Summary 499
17.3 Fischer Projections 552
17.4 Monosaccharides 556
Key Equations 500
17.5 Properties of Monosaccharides 557
Exercises 501
17.6 Important Monosaccharides 563
17.7 Disaccharides 564
17.8 Polysaccharides 568
Concept Summary 572
Environmental Connections 15.1 Plastics:
Cleanup Time 489
Health Connections 15.1 Consider Low-Dose Key Equations 573
Aspirin 495 Exercises 574
Study tools 15.1 A Reaction Map for Carboxylic Additional Exercises 579
Acids 496 Chemistry for Thought 579
x Contents
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Health Career Focus 546 19.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation 636
Health Connections 17.1 Sugar-Free Foods and Concept Summary 638
Diabetes 561
Study tools 17.1 Biomolecules: A New Focus 565
Key Equations 640
Health Connections 17.2 Put Fiber into Snacks
Exercises 641
and Meals 571
Health Career Description 572
Chapter 18 Health Career Focus 614

Health Connections 19.1 Higher-Protein Diet 621
Lipids 582 Health Connections 19.2 A Milk Primer 632
Study tools 19.1 Visualizing Protein Structure 636
18.1 Classification of Lipids 583
18.2 Fatty Acids 584
18.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils 588
Chapter 20
18.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils 589
18.5 Waxes 594 Enzymes 646
18.6 Phosphoglycerides 594 20.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes 647
18.7 Sphingolipids 597 20.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and
18.8 Biological Membranes 600 Classification 648
18.9 Steroids 602 20.3 Enzyme Cofactors 650
18.10 Steroid Hormones 604 20.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action 651
18.11 Prostaglandins 606 20.5 Enzyme Activity 652
Concept Summary 608 20.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 653
Key Terms and Concepts 609 20.7 Enzyme Inhibition 655
Key Equations 609 20.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity 660
Exercises 610 20.9 Medical Application of Enzymes 663
Additional Exercises 613 Concept Summary 665
Chemistry for Thought 613 Key Terms and Concepts 666
Health Career Focus 582 Key Equations 666
Study tools 18.1 A Reaction Map for Exercises 666
Triglycerides 594
Health Connections 18.1 Consider
Olive Oil 606
Health Connections 20.1 Cut Back on Processed
Meat 650
Chapter 19 Health Connections 20.2 No Milk, Please 658
Proteins 614 Study tools 20.1 A Summary Chart of Enzyme

Inhibitors 662
19.1 The Amino Acids 615 Health Career Description 665
19.2 Zwitterions 618
19.3 Reactions of Amino Acids 620 Chapter 21
19.4 Important Peptides 624
19.5 Characteristics of Proteins 625
Nucleic Acids and Protein
19.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins 628 Synthesis 672
19.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins 629 21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 673
19.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins 632 21.2 The Structure of DNA 676
19.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins 634 21.3 DNA Replication 680
Contents xi
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21.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 684 Chapter 23
21.5 The Flow of Genetic Information 687
21.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis 688 Carbohydrate Metabolism 736
21.7 The Genetic Code 690 23.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates 737
21.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis 693 23.2 Blood Glucose 737
21.9 Mutations 695 23.3 Glycolysis 738
21.10 Recombinant DNA 696 23.4 The Fates of Pyruvate 741
Concept Summary 700 23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle 743
Key Terms and Concepts 701 23.6 The Electron Transport Chain 746
Exercises 701 23.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation 747
Additional Exercises 704 23.8 The Complete Oxidation of
Chemistry for Thought 705 Glucose 749
Environmental Career Focus 672 23.9 Glycogen Metabolism 751
Health Connections 21.1 Is There a DNA Checkup 23.10 Gluconeogenesis 753
in Your Future? 690 23.11 The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate
Study tools 21.1 Remembering Key Words 692 Metabolism 754
Health Connections 21.2 Gene Editing and Your Concept Summary 755
Health 697 Key Terms and Concepts 757
Key Equations 757
Exercises 758
Chapter 22 Additional Exercises 761
Nutrition and Energy Chemistry for Thought 761
for Life 706 Health Connections 23.1 How Can We Avoid
22.1 Nutritional Requirements 707 Energy Crashes? 740
22.2 The Macronutrients 709 Health Connections 23.2 Lactate
Accumulation 745
22.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins 712
Study tools 23.1 Key Numbers for ATP
22.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals 714
Calculations 752
22.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere 716
22.6 Metabolism and an Overview
of Energy Production 718
22.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier 720
Chapter 24
22.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common Lipid and Amino
Catabolic Pathway 724
Acid Metabolism 762
Concept Summary 730
Key Terms and Concepts 731 24.1 Blood Lipids 763
Key Equations 731 24.2 Fat Mobilization 766
Exercises 732 24.3 Glycerol Metabolism 767
Additional Exercises 735 24.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids 767
Chemistry for Thought 735 24.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids 770
Health Career Focus 706 24.6 Ketone Bodies 771
Health Connections 22.1 Select a Heart-Healthful 24.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis 773
Diet 714 24.8 Amino Acid Metabolism 774
Study Tools 22.1 Bioprocesses 722 24.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate
Health Connections 22.2 Fiber of the Nitrogen Atoms 776
Supplements? 728 24.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate
Health Career Description 730 of the Carbon Skeleton 780
xii Contents
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24.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 783 25.6 Acid–Base Balance 801
Concept Summary 785 25.7 Buffer Control of Blood pH 801
Key Terms and Concepts 786 25.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH 802
Key Equations 786 25.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH 802
Exercises 787 25.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis 803
Additional Exercises 789 Concept Summary 806
Chemistry for Thought 790 Key Terms and Concepts 808
Health Career Focus 762 Key Equations 808
Health Connections 24.1 Are Certain Foods Better Exercises 808
for the Brain? 765
Study tools 24.1 Key Numbers for ATP
Calculations 773
Health Connections 24.2 Phenylketonuria
(PKU) 781 Health Connections 25.1 Pulse Oximetry 800
Health Connections 24.3 Phenylalanine and Diet Health Career Description 806
Foods 782
Appendix A The International System
Chapter 25 of Measurements A-1
Appendix B Answers to Even-Numbered
Body Fluids 792 End-of-Chapter Exercises B-1
25.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids 793 Appendix C Solutions to Learning Checks C-1
25.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport 794 Glossary G-1
25.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells 797 Index I-1
25.4 The Constituents of Urine 798
25.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 799
Contents xiii
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 13 22/06/21 12:05 PM

Preface
The Image of Chemistry

We, as authors, are pleased that the acceptance of the previous nine editions of this text-
book by students and their teachers has made it possible to publish this tenth edition. In
the earlier editions, we expressed our concern about the negative image of chemistry held
by many of our students, and their genuine fear of working with chemicals in the labora-
tory. Unfortunately, this negative image not only persists, but seems to be intensifying.
Reports in the media related to chemicals or to chemistry continue to be primarily nega-
tive, and in many cases seem to be designed to increase the fear and concern of the general
public. With this edition, we continue to hope that those who use this book will gain a
more positive understanding and appreciation of the important contributions that chemis-
try makes in their lives.
Theme and Organization

This edition continues the theme of the positive and useful contributions made by
chemistry in our world.
This text is designed to be used in either a two-semester or three-quarter course of study
that provides an introduction to general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry.
Most students who take such courses are majoring in nursing, other health professions, or
the life sciences, and consider biochemistry to be the most relevant part of the course of
study. However, an understanding of biochemistry depends upon a sound background in
organic chemistry, which in turn depends upon a good foundation in general chemistry.
We have attempted to present the general and organic chemistry in sufficient depth and
breadth to make the biochemistry understandable.
The decisions about what to include and what to omit from the text were based on our
combined 75-plus years of teaching, input from numerous reviewers and adopters, and
our philosophy that a textbook functions as a personal tutor to each student. In the role
of a personal tutor, a text must be more than just a collection of facts, data, and exercises.
It should also help students relate to the material they are studying, carefully guide them
through more difficult material, provide them with interesting and relevant examples of
chemistry in their lives, and become a reference and a resource that they can use in other
courses or their professions.
New to This Edition

In this tenth edition of the text, we have some exciting new features, including Career Focus
boxes written by Monica Linford and Health Connections. We have also retained features
that received a positive reception from our own students, the students of other adopters, other
teachers, and reviewers. Over 133 figures and 170 examples have been added to the chapters.
Many of these new figures and examples are health-related. Moreover, 559 end-of-chapter
exercises have been added.
Also new to this edition are many new photographs and updated art to further enhance
student comprehension of key concepts, processes, and test preparation.
xiv Preface
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 14 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Revision Summary of Tenth Edition
Chapter 1
●● New Career Focus
●● New Career Description
●● 8 new or revised figures
●● 11 new or revised Examples
●● New photography
●● 22 new Exercises
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
●● 10 revised Exercises
Chapter 4
●● 12 new or revised Exercises
Chapter 5
●● 11 new or revised Exercises
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Preface xv
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 15 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Chapter 8
●● Several revised figures
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
xvi Preface
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 16 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Preface xvii
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 17 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Chapter 22
●● Figure revised to show a current food label
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
1
Matter, Measurements,
New Career Description
●●

and calculations
Features
Health Career Focus
Each chapter has features especially designed to Sterile ProceSSing technician
help students study effectively, as well as organize,
understand, and enjoy the material in the course. “Without us, nothing happens in this hospital. We’re essential to
every treatment, procedure, and surgery that occurs in this facility.”
Career Focus. These features introduce the di- “Here’s my locker where I change into my PPE, or personal pro-
verse fields of health care. The purpose of the ca- tective equipment—just as if I were dressing for surgery—
reer focus features is to stimulate inquiry; for that
including foot coverings and a face shield.”
reason, we’ve placed them at the beginning of each
“There, behind that window, we receive trays of used surgical
chapter of the book. Vocabulary and scenarios may
be unfamiliar to you who are studying these course equipment. We meticulously wash the blood, bone, and tissue off
materials, but our intent is to raise interest and and get them ready for steam-pressure sterilization. This job isn’t
pique your curiosity. A career description can be for the squeamish.”
found at the end of each chapter before the Concept “One of the most important parts of my job is actually counting
Summary.
the instruments, making sure each item returns from surgery and
is recorded carefully in the database. I also monitor equipment for
proper temperatures and settings to ensure we meet protocols.”
“This job requires extreme attention to detail. I initial everything
I sterilize. My work is traceable to me. Precision is important.”
Follow-up to this Career Focus appears at the end of the chapter

xviii Preface
before the Concept Summary.
VanoVasaio/Shutterstock.com
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 18 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Chapter Outlines and Learning Objectives. At the beginning of each chapter,
a list of learning objectives provides students with a convenient overview of what they
should gain by studying the chapter. In order to help students navigate through each chap-
ter and focus on key concepts, these objectives are repeated at the beginning of the section
in which the applicable information is discussed. The objectives are referred to again in
question format the concept summary at the end of each chapter. Thus, students begin
each chapter with a set of objectives and end with an indication of how well they satisfied
the objectives.
Key Terms. Identified within the text by the use of bold type, key terms are defined
in the margin near the place where they are introduced. Students reviewing a chapter can
quickly identify the important concepts on each page with this marginal glossary. A full
glossary of key terms and concepts appears at the end of the text.
Environmental Connections. These boxed features contain current chemistry-

related environmental issues such as “Ozone: Good Up High, Bad Nearby” and “CO 2
Emissions: A Blanket around the Earth.”
Health Connections. These boxed features contain current chemistry-related health

issues such as “Add Color to Your Diet,” and suggestions for maintaining good health such
as “Consider the Mediterranean Diet,” “Cut Back on Processed Meat,” and “Try a Little
Chocolate.”
HealtH ConneCtions 14.1

Faking a tan
Many people believe that a suntan makes one look healthy cells, may absorb and react with more tanning lotion and be-
and attractive. Studies, however, indicate that this perception come darker than other areas.
is far from the truth. According to these studies, sunbathing, Perhaps the greatest problem with chemical tans is the
especially when sunburn results, ages the skin prematurely false sense of security they might give. Some people with
and increases the risk of skin cancer. Cosmetic companies chemical tans think it is safe to go into the sun and get a
have developed a tanning alternative for those not willing to deeper tan. This isn’t true. Sunlight presents the same hazards
risk using the sun but who want to be “fashionably” tan. to chemically tanned skin that it does to untanned skin.
Tanning lotions and creams that chemically darken
the skin are now available. The active ingredient in these
“bronzers” is dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a colorless com-
pound classified by the Food and Drug Administration as a
safe skin dye.
O
HO CH2 C CH2 OH
dihydroxyacetone (DHA)
Within several hours after application, DHA produces a
brown skin color by reacting with the outer layer of the skin,
which consists of dead cells. Only the dead cells react with
DHA, so the color gradually fades as the dead cells slough
© Maren Slabaugh
off and are replaced. This process generally leads to the fad-
ing of chemical tans within a few weeks. Another problem
with chemical tans is uneven skin color. Areas of skin such
as elbows and knees, which contain a thicker layer of dead Some DHA-containing products.
Therefore, boiling points of pure aldehydes and ketones are expected to be lower than
those of alcohols with similar molecular weights. Remember, alcohols can form hydrogen
bonds with one another. Table 14.2 shows that the boiling points of propanal and acetone
Examples. To reinforce students in their problem-solving skill development, complete
are 49°C and 56°C, respectively, whereas the alcohol of comparable molecular weight,
step-by-step solutions for numerous examples are included.
1-propanol, has a boiling point of 97°C.
Table 14.2 a comparison of Physical Properties

Learning Checks. Short self-check exercises follow examples and discussions of key
Molecular Boiling Water
or difficult
Class concepts.Example
A complete setFormula
of solutions is included
weight in Appendix
point (ºC) C. These
solubility allow
studentsAlkane
to measure immediately
butane
their understanding
CH CH CH CH
and58
progress. 0 Insoluble
3 2 2 3
O
Study Aldehyde
Tools. Most chapters contain
propanal
a Study
CH CH C H
Tools feature
58
in which
3 49
2
a challenging
Soluble
topic,
skill, or concept of the chapter is addressed. O
Study suggestions, analogies, and approaches
are provided
Ketone
to help students master CH
propanone (acetone)
theseC ideas.
CH 58 56 Soluble
3 3
Alcohol 1-propanol CH3CH2CH2 OH 60 97 Soluble
Preface xix
Also notice in Table 14.2 that the boiling points of the aldehyde and ketone are higher
than that of the comparable alkane. This can be explained by differences in polarity.
Aldehydes
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves andto
the right Ketones 451 content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
remove additional
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 19 22/06/21 12:06 PM

❯❯❯❯❯❯❯ study tooLs 14.1
a reaction Map for aldehydes and Ketones
This reaction map is designed to help you master organic is to react with the functional group. If the reacting func-
reactions. Whenever you are trying to complete an organic tional group is an aldehyde or a ketone, find the reagent in
reaction, use these two basic steps: (1) Identify the func- the summary diagram, and use the diagram to predict the
tional group that is to react, and (2) Identify the reagent that correct products.
Aldehyde or Ketone
(O) H2, Pt alcohol
Oxidation Hydrogenation Hemi formation
If If If If If If
aldehyde ketone aldehyde ketone aldehyde ketone
Carboxylic No Primary Secondary

Hemiacetal Hemiketal
acid reaction alcohol alcohol
alcohol
and recording patient’s medical histories and providing guidance to ●● Neonatal NP

patients about medication interactions and side effects. ●● Acetal
Occupational health NP Ketal
Many opportunities for NP specialties exist. Here are some ●● Certified nurse midwife
of them: ●● Certified registered NP
●● Family NP ●● Acute care NP
Concept Summary.
●● Pediatric NP example
Located at the 14.7
end ofMore
eachidentifying
Rural
●● NP
chapter, Functional
this featuregroups
provides
a con-
Adult NP
●● Communities depend on NPsato fill the need for patient care
cise review of
Geriatric NP
the concepts and challenges
Identify students
each of the following to
as a cyclic
in the manyb.areas
check their
hemiacetal, achievement
hemiketal, an acetal, of the
or a ketal:
●●
a. O OH O where
OCH patients are better served by nursing
learning objectives
health NP related to the concepts.
3
Women’s
●● practices than doctors.
CH3 CH2CH3
c. O OCH3 d. O H
concept summary H OH
1 4 . 1 T h e n o m e n c l a t u r e o f Solution
aldehydes The polarity of the carbonyl group and the fact that aldehydes
●●
and ketones Use the same criteria that were applied can
and ketones to open-chain compounds
form hydrogen bonds in Example
with 14.3. Com-
water explain why
pound (A) has two oxygens
theattached to the same carbon.
low-molecular-weight One isofanthese
compounds —OH (hemiacetal
organic classes
Learning objective: can you recognize the carbonyl group
or hemiketal). The central are
carbon has no hydrogens. Thus, the compound is a hemiketal.
water-soluble.
in compounds and classify the compounds as aldehydes
These criteria give the following results for each structure:
or ketones? can you assign iuPac name to aldehydes and
a. O OH 14.3 Chemicalb.properties
O OCH3
ketones?
Learning objective: can you write key reactions for aldehydes
CH3
●● The functional groups characteristic of aldehydes and ketones
CH2CH3
and ketones?
are very similar. hemiketal ketal carbon
●● Aldehydes are prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols.
O carbon (—OH absent,

●● Ketones are prepared by the oxidation of secondary alcohols.
—H absent)
C ●● Aldehydes can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids, but ke-
tones resist oxidation.

●● They both contain a carbonyl group.
●● Thus, aldehydes are oxidized by Tollens’ reagent (Ag 1) and
460have
●● Aldehydes Chapter 14
a hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. Benedict’s solution (Cu21), whereas ketones are not.
O ●● A characteristic reaction of both aldehydes and ketones is the
addition of hydrogen to the carbonyl double bond to form

C H
alcohols.
●● Ketones have two carbons attached to the carbonyl carbon. ●● In a reaction that is very important in sugar chemistry, an alco-
O hol can add across the carbonyl group of an aldehyde to pro-

duce a hemiacetal.
C C C
Key Terms and Concepts. These are listed at the end of each chapter for easy re-
●● The substitution reaction of a second alcohol molecule with
the hemiacetal produces an acetal.

●● The IUPAC ending for aldehyde names is -al, whereas the
view, with a reference to the chapter section in●●which
IUPAC ending for ketones is -one. Ketones they are presented.
can undergo similar reactions to form hemiketals and
ketals.
14.2 physical properties
Key Equations.
Learning This the
objective: can you compare feature
physicalprovides
properties a useful summaryaldehydes
14.4 important of general
andequations
ketones and re-
actions from
of aldehydes the chapter.
and ketones with those ofThis feature
compounds in otheris particularly
ketones?
helpful to students in the organic
Learning objective: can you give specific uses for aldehydes and
classes?
chemistry
●●
chapters.
Molecules of aldehydes and ketones cannot form hydrogen Formaldehyde is a key industrial chemical in the production
●●
bonds with each other. of plastics such as BakeliteⓇ and FormicaⓇ.

●● Acetone is an important solvent.
Exercises.
●● As a result, they have lower boiling points than alcohols of
Nearly 2200 end-of-chapter ●exercises
similar mocleuldar weight.
are arranged by section. Ap-
● Some naturally occurring aldehydes and ketones are impor-
proximately half of
●● Aldehydes and ketones the exercises are answered
have higher boiling points than al- tantin
in the
living back
systems. of the text. Solutions and
kanes of similar molecular weight because of the presence of ●● Some function as sex hormones; others are used as flavorings.
answers to all exercises
the polar carbonyl group.
are provided in the Instructor’s Manual. We have included a sig-
nificant number of clinical and other familiar applications of chemistry in the exercises.
xx Preface
466 Chapter 14
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 20 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Chemistry for Thought. Included at the end of each chapter are special questions
designed to encourage students to expand their reasoning skills. Some of these exercises
are based on photographs found in the chapter, while others emphasize clinical or other
useful applications of chemistry.
Possible Course Outlines

This text may be used effectively in either a two-semester or three-quarter course of study:
First semester: Chapters 1–13 (general chemistry and three chapters of organic chemistry)
Second semester: Chapters 14–25 (organic chemistry and biochemistry)
First semester: Chapters 1–10 (general chemistry)
Second semester: Chapters 11–21 (organic chemistry and some biochemistry)
First quarter: Chapters 1–10 (general chemistry)
Second quarter: Chapters 11–18 (organic chemistry)
Third quarter: Chapters 19–25 (biochemistry)
Supporting Materials
Additional instructor resources for this product are available online. Instructor assets in-
clude an Instructor’s Manual including solutions to exercises, an Educator’s Guide de-
scribing digital homework assets, a Transition Guide (9th to 10th edition), PowerPoint ®
slides, and a Test Bank powered by Cognero®. Sign up or sign in at www.cengage.com to
search for and access this product and its online resources.
Preface xxi
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 21 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Acknowledgments
We express our sincere appreciation to the following reviewers, who helped us revise many
editions:
Hugh Akers Lorraine Deck
Lamar University–Beaumont University of New Mexico
Johanne I. Artman Kathleen A. Donnelly
Del Mar College Russell Sage College
Gabriele Backes Jan Fausset
Portland Community College Front Range Community College
Bruce Banks Patricia Fish
University of North Carolina–Greensboro The College of St. Catherine
David Boykin Harold Fisher
Georgia State University University of Rhode Island
Deb Breiter John W. Francis
Rockford College Columbus State Community College
Lorraine C. Brewer Wes Fritz
University of Arkansas College of DuPage
Martin Brock Jean Gade
Eastern Kentucky University Northern Kentucky University
Jonathan T. Brockman Galen George
College of DuPage Santa Rosa Junior College
Kathleen Brunke Anita Gnezda
Christopher Newport University Ball State University
Christine Brzezowski Meldath Govindan
University of Utah Fitchburg State University
Sybil K. Burgess Jane D. Grant
University of North Carolina–Wilmington Florida Community College
Sharmaine S. Cady James K. Hardy
East Stroudsburg University University of Akron
Linda J. Chandler Leland Harris
Salt Lake Community College University of Arizona
Tom Chang Robert H. Harris
Utah State University University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Ngee Sing Chong David C. Hawkinson
Middle Tennessee State University University of South Dakota
Judith Ciottone Jack Hefley
Fitchburg State University Blinn College
Elizabeth Clizbe Claudia Hein
University at Buffalo Diablo Valley College
Caroline Clower John Henderson
Clayton State University Jackson Community College
Sharon Cruse Mary Herrmann
Northern Louisiana University University of Cincinnati
Thomas D. Crute Arthur R. Hubscher
Augusta College Brigham Young University–Idaho
Jack L. Dalton Kenneth Hughes
Boise State University University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh
xxii Preface
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 22 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Jeffrey A. Hurlbut W. Robert Midden
Metropolitan State College of Denver Bowling Green State University
Jim Johnson Pamela S. Mork
Sinclair Community College Concordia College
Richard. F. Jones Phillip E. Morris, Jr.
Sinclair Community College University of Alabama–Birmingham
Frederick Jury Robert N. Nelson
Collin County Community College Georgia Southern University
Lidija Kampa Marie Nguyen
Kean College of New Jersey Highline Community College
Laura Kibler-Herzog Elva Mae Nicholson
Georgia State University Eastern Michigan University
Margaret G. Kimble H. Clyde Odom
Indiana University–Purdue University Charleston Southern University
Fort Wayne Howard K. Ono
James F. Kirby California State University–Fresno
Quinnipiac University
Jeff Owens
Peter J. Krieger Highline Community College
Palm Beach Community College
Dwight Patterson
Terrie L. Lampe Middle Tennessee State University
De Kalb College–Central Campus
James A. Petrich
Carol Larocque San Antonio College
Cambrian College
Patrick Pierce
Richard Lavallee California State University Long Beach
Santa Monica College
Thomas G. Richmond
Donald Linn University of Utah
Indiana University—Purdue University
Kira Rose
Fort Wayne
University of Central Oklahoma
Leslie J. Lovett
James Schreck
Fairmont State College
University of Northern Colorado
James Luba
William Scovell
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Bowling Green State University
Regan Luken
Jean M. Shankweiler
El Camino Community College
Gregory Marks
Francis X. Smith
Carroll University
King’s College
Matthew Marmorino
J. Donald Smith
Indiana University South Bend
University of Massachusetts–Dartmouth
Armin Mayr
Malcolm P. Stevens
El Paso Community College
University of Hartford
James McConaghy
Eric R. Taylor
Wayne College
University of Southwestern Louisiana
Evan McHugh
Krista Thomas
Pikes Peak Community College
Johnson County Community College
Trudy McKee
Linda Thomas-Glover
Thomas Jefferson University
Guilford Technical Community College
Melvin Merken
James A. Thomson
Worcester State College
University of Waterloo
Preface xxiii
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 23 22/06/21 12:06 PM

Mary Lee Trawick Scott White
Baylor University Southern Arkansas University
Katherin Vafeades Cary Willard
University of Texas–San Antonio Grossmont College
Peter van der Geer Don Williams
San Diego State University Hope College
John Vincent Les Wynston
University of Alabama California State University–Long Beach
Anne Vonderheide Jean Yockey
University of Cincinnati University of South Dakota
We also give special thanks to the staff of Cengage Learning including Helene Alfaro and
Roxanne Wang, Product Managers, and Susan Pashos, Learning Designer, who guided and
encouraged us in the preparation of this tenth edition. We would also like to thank Brendan
Killion and Meaghan Ford, Content Managers; Dakin Sharum, Subject Matter Expert; Beth
McCracken, Digital Delivery Lead, Ivan Corriher, OWLv2 Program Manager; and Andrew
Stock, Marketing Manager. Timothy Cali’s work in marketing is also sincerely appreciated.
These and other people were essential to the team and contributed greatly to the success of the
project. We are grateful for the superb work of Charu Verma of MPS Limited for her outstand-
ing coordination of production and accuracy checking, and to Kelli Besse, IP Project Manager,
for coordinating the many new excellent photos. We are especially pleased with the new Career
Focus/Career Description feature and wish to thank Monica Linford for her excellent work. We
appreciate the significant help of four associates: Mary Ann Francis, who did an excellent job
of preparing and submitting the manuscript; Wayne Aprill, who helped write new exercises;
and Tracy Covey and Brandon Burnett, who helped revise organic and biochemistry chapters.
Finally, we extend our love and heartfelt thanks to our families for their patience, sup-
port, encouragement, and understanding during a project that occupied much of our time
and energy.
Spencer L. Seager
Michael R. Slabaugh
Maren S. Hansen
xxiv Preface
53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 24 22/06/21 12:06 PM

53384_Fm_ptg01.indd 25 22/06/21 12:06 PM

1 Matter, Measurements,
and Calculations
Health Career Focus
Sterile Processing Technician
“Without us, nothing happens in this hospital. We’re essential to
every treatment, procedure, and surgery that occurs in this facility.”
“Here’s my locker where I change into my PPE, or personal pro-
tective equipment—just as if I were dressing for surgery—
including foot coverings and a face shield.”
“There, behind that window, we receive trays of used surgical
equipment. We meticulously wash the blood, bone, and tissue off
and get them ready for steam-pressure sterilization. This job isn’t
for the squeamish.”
“One of the most important parts of my job is actually counting
the instruments, making sure each item returns from surgery and
is recorded carefully in the database. I also monitor equipment for
proper temperatures and settings to ensure we meet protocols.”
“This job requires extreme attention to detail. I initial everything
I sterilize. My work is traceable to me. Precision is important.”
Follow-up to this Career Focus appears at the end of the chapter

before the Concept Summary.
VanoVasaio/Shutterstock.com
Learning Objectives
When you complete the study of this chapter, you should be 4 On the basis of observation or information given to you,
able to: classify matter into the correct category of each of the fol-
1 Explain what matter is. (Section 1.1) lowing pairs: heterogeneous or homogeneous, solution or
2 Explain the difference between the terms physical and pure substance, and element or compound. (Section 1.4)
chemical as applied to the properties of matter and changes 5 Recognize the use of measurement units in everyday
in matter. (Section 1.2) activities. (Section 1.5)
3 Describe matter in terms of the accepted scientific model.
(Section 1.3)
2
53384_ch01_ptg01.indd 2 22/06/21 12:18 PM

Another random document with
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windows were all open, and a couple of softly-burning lamps lit up the
twilight with two half-veiled moons of light. There was not a lovely prospect
as at Sunninghill; nothing, indeed, but the London square, where a few trees
vegetated, just room enough for the dews to fall, and for ‘the little span of
sky and little lot of stars’ to unfold themselves. But even London air grows
soft with that musical effect of summer, and the sounds of passing voices
and footsteps broke in with a faint, far-off sound as in dreams: the country
itself could not have been more peaceful. Mrs. Beresford, half ashamed of
herself, sat down at the little, bright tea-table, just within the circle of one of
the lamps, and made tea, talking with a little attempt at gaiety, in which,
indeed, the natural revulsion of relief after that outbreak of alarm and
melancholy was evident. It was she now who was the soul of the little party;
for the doctor was moody and preoccupied, and her husband watched her
with an anxiety almost too great to be kept within the bounds of ordinary
calm. She rose, however, to the occasion. She began to talk of their probable
travels, of Baden and Homburg, and all the other places which had been
suggested to her. ‘We shall be as well known about the world as the
Wandering Jew,’ she said; ‘better, for he had not a wife; and now that we
have nearly exhausted Europe, there will be nothing for us but the East or
Egypt—suppose we go to Egypt; that would be original?’
‘Not at all original,’ said Mr. Maxwell, who seemed half to resent her
new-born gaiety. ‘All the cockneys in the world go to Egypt. Mr. Cook does
the Pyramids regularly; and as for Jerusalem, it is common, common as
Margate, and the society not much unlike.’
‘Margate is very bracing, I have always heard,’ said Mrs. Beresford, ‘and
much cheaper than a German bath. What do you say to saving money,
James, and eating shrimps and riding donkeys? I remember being at Margate
when I was a child. They say there is no such air anywhere; and Mr.
Maxwell says that the sea, if I like the sea——’
‘As for bracing air, my love, I think there is nothing like St. Moritz. Do
you remember how it set me up after that—that——’
‘Give him a big, well-sounding name, doctor,’ said Mrs. Beresford,
laughing; ‘it was only a bilious attack. But talking of the sea, there is Biarritz
—that would do, don’t you think? It is warm, and it was gay. After all,
however, I don’t think I care for the sea. The Italian lakes are fine in the
autumn, and as it gets cooler we might get on perhaps to Florence, or even
Rome—or Kamtschatka, or Timbuctoo, or the Great Sahara,’ she said, with a
burst of laughter. ‘You are complaisance itself, you gentlemen. Now I’ll go
and sing you something to reward you for humouring me to the top of my
bent, and licensing me to go where I please.’
She had a pretty voice and sang well. The piano was at the other end of
the room, the ‘back drawing-room’ of the commonplace London house. The
two men kept their places while she went away into the dim evening, and sat
down there scarcely visible, and sang. The soft, sweet voice, not powerful,
but penetrating, rose like a bird in the soft gloom. James Beresford looked at
the doctor with an entreating look of secret anguish as the first notes rose
into the air, so liquid, so tender, so sweet.
‘Are you afraid? tell me!’ he said, with pathetic brevity.
Maxwell could not bear this questioning. He started up, and went to look
this time at a picture on the wall. ‘I don’t know that I have any occasion to
be afraid,’ he said, standing with his back turned to his questioner, and quite
invisible from the piano. ‘I’m—a nervous man for a doctor when I’m
interested in a case——’
Here there was a pause, for she had ended the first verse of the song, and
the low warble of the symphony was not enough to cover their voices.
‘Don’t speak of her as a case,’ said Beresford, low but eager, as the
singing recommenced: ‘you chill my very blood.’
‘I didn’t mean to,’ said the doctor, with colloquial homeliness; and he
went away into the back drawing-room and sat down near the piano, to
escape being questioned, poor Beresford thought, who sat still mournfully in
the narrow circle of the lamplight, asking himself whether there was really
anything to fear. The soft security of the house with all its open windows, the
friendly voices heard outside, the subdued pleasant light, the sweet voice
singing in the dimness, what a picture of safety and tranquillity it made!
What should happen to disturb it? Why should it not go on for ever? James
Beresford’s sober head grew giddy as he asked himself this question, a
sudden new ache undreamed of before leaping up, in spite of him, into his
heart. The doctor pretended to be absorbed in the song; he beat time with his
fingers as the measure went on. Never in the memory of man had he shown
so much interest in singing before. Was it to conceal something else,
something which could not be put into words, against the peace of this happy
house, which had come into his heart?
Fortunately, however, Beresford thought, his wife forgot all about that
agitating scene for some days. She did not speak of it again; and for about a
week after was unusually lively and gay, stronger and better than she had
been for some time, and more light in heart, talking of their journey, and
making preparations for it with all the pleasant little sentiment which their
‘honeymooning’ expeditions had always roused in her. When everything was
ready, however, the evening before they left home a change again came over
her. Cara had been sent to Sunninghill with her nurse that day, and the child
had been unwilling to go, and had clung to her mother with unusual
pertinacity. Even when this is inconvenient it is always flattering: and
perhaps Mrs. Beresford was pleased with the slight annoyance and
embarrassment which it caused.
‘Remember, James,’ she said, with some vivacity, as they sat together that
evening, ‘this is to be the last time we go honeymooning. Next time we are
to be respectable old married people (as we are, with our almost grown-up
daughter). She is nearly as tall as I am, the child! nearly eleven—and so very
tall for her age.’
‘I think we might take her,’ said Beresford, who indeed had often wished
for her before. ‘She is old enough to bear the travelling, and otherwise it
would do her good.’
‘Yes; this must be the last time,’ she said, her voice suddenly dropping
into a sigh, and her mood changing as rapidly. A house is dreary on the eve
of departure. Boxes in the hall, pinafores on the furniture, the pretty china,
the most valuable nicknacks all carried away and locked up—even the
habitual books disturbed from their places, the last Pall Mall on the table.
The cloud came over her face as shadows flit over the hills, coming down
even while she was speaking. ‘The last time!’ she said. ‘I can’t help
shivering. Has it grown cold? or is it that someone is walking over my grave,
as people say?’
‘Why, Annie, I never knew you were superstitious.’
‘No. It is a new thing for me; but that is scarcely superstition. And why
should I care who walked over my grave? I must die some time or other and
be buried, unless they have taken to burning before then. But there is one
thing I feel a great deal about,’ she added, suddenly. ‘I said it once before,
and you were frightened, James. If you knew that I was going to die of a
painful disease—must die—that nothing could happen to save me, that there
was nothing before me but hopeless pain—James, dear, listen to me!—don’t
you think you would have the courage for my sake to make an end of me, to
put me out of my trouble?’
‘Annie, for Heaven’s sake don’t talk so. It is nonsense, but it makes me
unhappy.’
‘As a matter of speculation,’ she said, with a knowledge of his weakness,
‘you can’t think it would be wrong to do it—do you, James?’
‘As a matter of speculation,’ he said; and the natural man awoke in him.
He forgot the pain the idea had caused him, and thought of it only as an idea;
to put it in other words, the woman beguiled him, and he got upon one of his
hobbies. ‘There are many things one allows as speculation which one is not
fond of in fact. People must have a certain power over their own lives, and I
think with you, my love, that it is no charity to keep infirm and suffering
people just alive, and compel them to drag their existence on from day to
day. Notwithstanding Heaven’s canon ‘gainst self-slaughter, I think people
should be allowed a certain choice. I am not altogether against euthanasia;
and if indeed recovery is hopeless and life only pain——’
‘Yes, James,’ she said, eagerly, her eyes lighting up, her cheeks flaming
with the red of excitement; ‘I am glad you see it like that; one might go
further perhaps—when from any reason life was a burden; when one was
useless, hopeless, unhappy——’
‘Stop a little; we are going too fast,’ he said, with a smile, so entirely did
the argument beguile him. ‘No one is justified in treating unhappiness like a
mortal disease; unhappiness may pass away—does pass away, we all know,
even when it seems worst. I cannot allow that; neither would I let people
judge which lives were useless, their own or other people’s; but illness
which was beyond the possibility of cure might be different; therefore, if the
patient wished it, his wish, I think, should be law—— Annie, my darling!
what is this? what do you mean?’
She had suddenly risen from where she was sitting near him, and thrown
herself half at his feet, halt into his arms.
‘Only this,’ she said; ‘promise me—promise me, James! if this should
ever happen to me—if you had the assurance, not only from me, but from—
the people who know—that I had a terrible complaint, that I could never get
better; promise that you would put me out of my pain, James. Promise that
you would give me something to deliver me. You would not stand by and see
me going down, down into the valley of death, into misery and weariness
and constant pain, and, O God! loathsomeness, James!’
She buried her head in his breast, clinging to him with a grasp which was
almost fierce; her very fingers which held him, appealing strenuously,
forcing a consent from him. What could he say? He was too much distressed
and horrified to know how to shape his answer. Fond words, caresses,
soothings of every kind were all in vain for use at such a moment. ‘Far be it
from you, my darling; far be it from you,’ he cried. ‘You! oh, how can you
let your imagination cheat you so, my love! Nothing like this is going to
happen, my Annie, my best, my dearest—— ’
‘Ah!’ she cried; ‘but if it were not imagination!—promise me, James.’
Whether she did eventually wring this wild promise from him he never
knew. He would have said anything to calm her, and finally he succeeded;
and having once more cleared her bosom of this perilous stuff, she regained
her gaiety, her courage and spirits, and they set off as cheerful as any pair of
honeymoon travellers need wish to be. But after she had left him and gone to
her room pacified and comforted that night, you may fancy what sort of a
half hour that poor man had as he closed the windows, which had still been
left open, and put out the lamps, as was his practice, for they were
considerate people and did not keep their servants out of bed. He stepped out
on the balcony and looked up at the moon, which was shedding her stream
of silver light as impartially upon the London housetops as if those white
roofs had been forest trees. How still it seemed, every one asleep or going to
rest, for it was late—a few lights glimmering in high windows, a sensation
of soft repose in the very air! God help this silent, sleeping earth, upon
which, even in her sleep, dark evils were creeping! Was someone perhaps
dying somewhere even at that serene moment, in the sweet and tranquil
stillness? His heart contracted with a great pang. In the midst of life we are
in death. Why had those haunting, terrible words come into his ears?
CHAPTER III.
HONEYMOONING.
The real honeymoon is not always a delightful moment. This, which sounds
like heresy to the romantic, and blasphemy to the young, is a fact which a
great many people acknowledge readily enough when they have got beyond
the stage at which it sounds like an offence to the wife or to the husband who
is supposed to have made that period rapturous. The new pair have not the
easy acquaintance with each other which makes the happiness of close
companionship; perhaps they have not that sympathy with each other’s tastes
which is almost a better practical tie than simple love. They are half afraid of
each other; they are making discoveries every day of new points in each
other’s characters, delightful or undelightful as may be, which bewilder their
first confidence of union; and the more mind and feeling there is between
them, the more likely is this to be the case. The shallow and superficial ‘get
on’ better than those who have a great deal of excellence or tender depth of
sentiment to be found out. But after the pair have come to full acquaintance,
after they have learned each other from A B C up to the most difficult
chapter; after the intercourse of ordinary life has borne its fruit; there is
nothing in the world so delightful as the honeymooning which has passed by
many years the legitimate period of the honeymoon. Sometimes one sees
respectable fathers and mothers enjoying it, who have sent off their children
to the orthodox honeymoon, and only then feel with a surprised pleasure
how sweet it is to have their own solitude à deux; to be left to themselves for
a serene and happy moment; to feel themselves dearer and nearer than they
ever were before. There is something infinitely touching and tender in this
honeymooning of the old. James Beresford and his wife, however, were not
of these. They were still young, and of all the pleasures they had there was
none equal to this close and unbroken companionship. They knew each other
so well, and all their mutual tastes, that they scarcely required to put their
intercourse into words; and yet how they would talk—about everything,
about nothing, as if they had just met after a long absence, and had thoughts
to exchange on every subject. This is a paradox; but we are not bound to
explain paradoxes which are of the very essence of life, and the most
attractive things in it. It had been the habit of these two to go everywhere
together. Mrs. Beresford had not the prejudices of an English female
Philistine. She went where her husband wanted to go, fearing nothing, and
trotted about with him high and low, through picture galleries and old
churches, to studios, even behind the scenes of the operas, and through the
smoke clouds of big ateliers. Nothing came amiss to her with him by her
side. It is almost the only way in which a woman can enjoy the freedom of
movement, the easy locomotion of a man. Mrs. Beresford went away quite
cheerfully, as we have said. She forgot or put away her mysterious terrors.
She addressed herself to all the ordinary enjoyments which she knew so
well. ‘We shall never be so free again,’ she said, half laughing, half with a
remote infinitesimal pang. ‘We shall have to go to the correct places and do
the right things when Cara is with us.’ ‘We must give up bric-a-brac,’ she
said afterwards. ‘Cara must not grow up acquainted with all those dusty back
premises; her pretty frocks would be spoiled and her infantine sincerity. If
she had heard you bargaining, James, for that Buen Retiro cup! Saying it is
naught, it is naught, and then bragging of the treasure you had found as soon
as it was out of the dealer’s hands.’
‘Well,’ he said, with a shrug of his shoulders; ‘I only do as other people
do. Principles of honour don’t consist with collecting. I am no worse than
my neighbours.’
‘But that will never do for Cara,’ said the mother; ‘if you and I are not all
her fancy painted us, we will not do for Cara. No; I thought you had never
remarked her really. She is the most uncompromising little idealist! and if
we disappoint her, James, I don’t know what the child will do.’
‘It appears to me that you are making a bugbear of Cara.’
‘No; but I know her. We must give up the bric-a-brac; for if you continue
with it under her blue eyes you will be ruined. If she was here she would
make you go back and tell the man he has sold you that cup too cheap.’
‘That would be nonsense,’ said Mr. Beresford, involuntarily putting his
hand into the pocket where he kept his money. ‘Folly! You don’t suppose he
gave half as much for it as he sold it to us for. The very mention of that sort
of sickening conscientiousness puts one out. We are to sell in the dearest and
buy in the cheapest market, eh? That’s the true principle of trade.’
‘It is not in the Bible, though,’ said Mrs. Beresford, with a smile. ‘Cara
would open her eyes and wonder; and you, who are the weakest of men,
could never stand against her if Cara made big eyes.’
‘The weakest of men! You flatter me, it must be allowed——’
‘Yes; so you are, James. You could not endure to be disapproved of. What
would have become of you if I, instead of giving in to all your ways, had
been a more correct and proper person? If I had made you visit just the right
things—go to English parties, and keep to the proper sort of tourist society?
If you had been obliged to sit indoors in the evenings and read a Galignani
or a Tauchnitz novel while I worked, what would have become of you? I
know well enough, for my part.’
‘I should have done it, I suppose,’ he said, half laughing; ‘and will Cara
—little Cara—be like that? You frighten me, Annie; we had better make
away with her somehow; marry her, or hand her over to the aunts, before it
comes to this.’
Then a sudden change came over the smiling face. ‘Cara—or someone
else—will most likely be like that. Poor James! I foresee trouble for you.
How you will think of me when you are in bonds! when you want to go out
and roam about on the Boulevards, and have to sit still instead and read
aloud to somebody! Ah, how you will think of me! You will say, Poor
Annie! if Annie had but lived——’
‘What is this? what is this?’ he said. ‘Again, Annie! I think you want to
make me miserable; to take all the comfort out of my life.’
‘Oh, no, no; not that,’ she said. ‘I am only going to get my bonnet, and
then we shall go out. Cara is not here yet to keep us in order. We can
honeymoon yet for one more year.’
Was this only the caprice of her nature (she had always been capricious)
going a little further than usual? Her husband liked her all the better for her
quick changes of sentiment; the laughing and crying that were like an April
sky. He said to himself that she had always been like that; always changing
in a moment, quarrelling sometimes even, making him uncomfortable for
mere variety. Monotony was the thing she hated; and now she had taken this
fad, this fancy, and thought herself ill. How could she be ill when she still
could run about with him and enjoy herself as much as ever? How keen she
had been in the bric-a-brac shop of which she had chosen to talk! He never
should have found out that Buen Retiro cup but for her. It was her sharp eyes
that saw it. It was she who had rummaged through the dust and all the
commonplace gatherings to those things which had really interest. Ill!
though all the College of Physicians swore it, and she to boot, he would not
believe that she was ill. Disturbance of the system—that was all the worst of
them ever said; but how little meaning there was in that! Out of sorts!
reduced to plain English, that was what disturbance of the system meant; and
everybody was subject to as much. She came in, while he was in the full
course of these thoughts, with a brilliant little flush on her cheeks, her eyes
shining, her whole aspect full of animation. ‘I am ready, Sir,’ she said,
making him a mocking curtsey. Yes; capricious, that was what she had
always been, and he loved her for it. It explained her changes, her fancies,
her strange notions better than anything else could do.
That was the first day, however, on which her strength really showed
symptoms of breaking down. She got tired, which was a thing she never
owned to; lost the pretty flush on her cheek, became pale, and worn out. ‘I
don’t know what is the matter with me,’ she said; ‘all at once I feel so tired.’
‘And with very good reason,’ said he. ‘Think how rapidly we have been
travelling; think what we have been doing since. Why, you were on foot the
whole morning. You are tired; so am I, for that matter. I was thinking of
saying so, but you are always so hard upon my little fatigues. What a
comfort for me to find that you, too, for once in a way, can give in!’ Thus he
tried to take her favourite part and laugh her out of her terrors. She
consented with a smile more serious than her gravity had been of old, and
they went back to their room and dined ‘quietly;’ and he sat and read to her,
according to the picture of English domesticity which she had drawn out
with smiles a few hours before. It was so soon after that tirade of hers that
they could not but remember it, both of them. As it happened, there was
nothing but a Tauchnitz novel to read (and who that has been ill or sad, or
who has had illness or sadness to solace in a foreign place, but has blessed
the novels of Tauchnitz?) and he read it, scarcely knowing what the words
were which fluttered before his eyes. And as for her, she did not take much
notice of the story either, but lay on the sofa, and listened, partly to his voice,
partly to the distant sound of the band playing, with strange heaviness and
aching in her heart. It was not that she wished to be out listening to the band,
moving about in the warm air, hearing the babble of society—that was not
what she cared for; but to be lying there out of the current; to have dropped
aside out of the stream; to be unable for the common strain of life! So he
read, sadly thinking, not knowing what he read; and she half listened, not
knowing what she was listening to. It was the first time, and the first time is
the worst, though the best. ‘It is only once in a way,’ he said to her, when the
long evening was over; ‘to-morrow you will be as well as ever.’ And so she
was. It was the most natural thing in the world that both or either of them
should be tired, once in a way.
The Beresfords stayed for a long time on the Continent that year. They
went about to a great many places. They stayed at Baden till they were tired
of the place. They went to Dresden, because Mrs. Beresford took a fancy to
see the great San Sisto picture again. Then they went on to lovely old-world
Prague, and to lively Vienna, and through the Tyrol to Milan, and then back
again to the Italian lakes. Wherever they went they found people whom it
was pleasant to know, whom they had met before on their many journeys—
people of all countries and every tongue—noble people, beautiful people,
clever people—the sort of society which can only be had by taking a great
deal of trouble about it, and which, even with the greatest amount of trouble,
many people miss entirely. This society included ambassadors and hill-
farmers, poor curés, bishops, great statesmen, and professors who were
passing rich on five shillings a day: nothing was too great or too small for
them; and as wherever they went they had been before, so wherever they
went they found friends. Sometimes it was only a chambermaid; but,
nevertheless, there she was with a pleasant human smile. And, to tell the
truth, James Beresford began to be very glad of the friendly chambermaids,
and to calculate more where they were to be found than upon any other kind
of society; for his wife had followed her usual practice of coming without a
maid, and, as her strength flagged often, he was thankful, too thankful, to
have someone who would be tender of her, and care for her as he himself
was not always permitted to do, and as nobody else but a woman could. Oh,
how he longed to get home, while he wandered about from one beautiful
spot to another, hating the fine scenery, loathing and sickening at everything
he had loved! Commonplace London and the square with its comforts would
have pleased him a hundred times better than lovely Como or the wild glory
of the mountains; but she would not hear of going home. One day, when the
solemn English of a favourite Kammer Mädchen had roused him to the
intolerable nature of the situation, he had tried, indeed, with all his might to
move her to return. ‘Your goot laty,’ Gretchen had said, ‘is nod—well. I
ton’t untershtand your goot laty. She would be bedder, mooch bedder at
‘ome, in Lonton.’ ‘I think you are right, Gretchen,’ he had said, and very
humbly went in to try what he could do. ‘My love,’ he said, ‘I am beginning
to get tired of the Tyrol. I should like to get home. The Societies are
beginning. I see Huxley’s lectures start next week. I like to be there, you
know, when all my friends are there. Shouldn’t you be pleased to get home?’
‘No,’ she said. She had been lying on the sofa, but got up as soon as he
came in. ‘You know I hate autumn in London; the fogs kill me. I can’t—I
can’t go back to the fogs. Go yourself, James, if you please, and attend all
your dear Societies, and hear Mr. Huxley. Take me to Como first, and get me
rooms that look on the lake, and hire Abbondio’s boat for me; and then you
can go.’
‘It is likely that I should go,’ he said, ‘without you, my darling! When did
I ever leave you? But there are so many comforts at home you can’t have
here; and advice—I want advice. You don’t get better so fast as I hoped.’
She looked at him with a strange smile. ‘No; I don’t get better, do I?’ she
said. ‘Those doctors tell such lies; but I don’t get worse, James; you must
allow I don’t get worse. I am not so strong as I thought I was; I can’t go
running about everywhere as I used to do. I am getting old, you know. After
thirty I believe there is always a difference.’
‘What nonsense, Annie! there is no difference in you. You don’t get back
your strength——’
‘That’s it; that’s all. If you were to leave me quite alone and quiet, to
recruit now; yes, I think I should like to know that you were in London
enjoying yourself. Why shouldn’t you enjoy yourself? Women get worn out
sooner than men; and I don’t want to cripple you, James. No; take me to
Como—I have taken a fancy to Como—and then you can come back for me
whenever you please.’
‘I am not going to leave you,’ he said, with a sigh. ‘You must not be
unreasonable, my darling. What pleasure would it be to me to go home
without you? It was you I was thinking of; for me it is all right. I am quite
happy here. As for Huxley and the rest, you don’t think I care for them. It
was you I was thinking of.’
‘You said the Societies. Whatever you do, James, speak the truth. I
suppose,’ she added, with a laugh which sounded harsh, ‘you are afraid I
shall get very ill—die, perhaps, away from home?’
Poor man! what was he to say? ‘Oh, Annie!’ he cried, ‘how you stab me!
If I thought anything of the kind, you know I’d have Sir William here to-
morrow, or any one, if it should cost me all I have. I know very well there is
no danger,’ he went on, taking a certain forlorn comfort out of his own bold
words; ‘but you don’t get up your strength as you ought, and knocking about
in these bare rooms can’t be good for you; and, living as we are—and you
have no maid——’
‘I hate a maid. I like Gretchen a great deal better. She makes so much of
me.’
‘Then take Gretchen with you, my dearest; take her to Como; keep her
with you till you get home.’
‘Oh, how like a man that is!’ she said, laughing. ‘Take Gretchen with me
—Gretchen, who is her father’s only daughter, the life and soul of the place!
What would he do without Gretchen? He would have to shut up altogether. I
might drop out of the world, and I would not be missed half so much as she
would be. Do you know I begin to get tired of this place, and the hills,
James,’ she cried, starting up. ‘Let us go and ask about Donato and his
horses. I want to get to Como before October. Why, we’ll come in for the
vintage! I like the vintage; and there are advertisements everywhere about a
sale at one of the villas. We shall be sure to pick up something. Is it too late
to start to-day?’
‘My darling, when you take a thing into your head——’
‘Yes, to be sure, I like to do it all at once. I was always hot-headed. Now
mind, we are to start to-morrow. I always loved Como, James; you know I
always did. We went there the first year we were married. I don’t call it
honeymooning when we don’t go to Como; and remember this is our last
bout of honeymooning; we shall have Cara next year.’
She laughed, and was very gay all the evening, delighted with the idea of
the change. But when he put her into Donato’s big old-fashioned vettura
next morning, and saw everything fastened on, and prepared for the long,
slow journey, poor Beresford was very sad. He thought, if he could only
have a long talk with Maxwell, and hear what Sir William had got to say,
and know what it was that he had to fear, he should be less unhappy. There
must be something, or she would not be so strange; but what was it? Almost
anything was better, he thought, than fighting in the dark—fighting with
ghosts, not knowing what you were afraid of. She was quite light-hearted at
first, interested with the drive, and waved her hands to the hills as they went
slowly out of sight. ‘Good-bye,’ she said, ‘you dear old giants! I hope those
white furs of yours will keep you warm till we bring Cara. What will Cara
think of the mountains? She never saw anything bigger than Sunninghill.’
‘Sunninghill has the effect of being much higher than it is with that great
level stretch of flat country. It impresses the imagination just as much as
your giants. Don’t laugh, Annie; but your mountains stifle me. I never have
air enough to breathe. I like miles and miles of country round me. You know
my weakness.’
‘Sunninghill before the Alps!’ she cried, laughing. ‘ ’Tis clear you are a
true cockney. Give me your shoulder for a pillow; I think I shall go to sleep.’
And so she did; and the horses jogged on and on, now slow, now fast,
their bells jingling, and Donato’s whip making harmless circles and slashes
over their heads; and houses and hedgerows, and slopes of mountain, flew
past in a dream. James Beresford could see nothing but the wan lines of the
face that rested on his shoulder, solemn in that deep sleep of weariness. How
worn she was! how pale! growing whiter, he thought, and whiter, till
sometimes in terror he stooped down close to make sure that the pale lips
were parted by living breath.
CHAPTER IV.
THE THREE CHARITIES.
To live at Sunninghill, with one’s feet on a level with the highest pinnacle of
the big Castle at St. George’s, what a thing it was in summer! All that
country is eloquent with trees—big beeches, big oaks, straight elms, sweet
birch-trees; even the very holly-bushes, in their dark green, grow tall into
prickly, straggling monsters, as big as the elms. But the triumph of the place
perhaps is in spring, when the primroses come too thick for counting, and
the woods are full of their fairy, indefinable fragrance. In the ripe summer
there was no such lovely suggestion about; all was at that perfection which
suggests only decay. The wild flowers were foxgloves, with here and there in
the marshy places a lingering plume of meadow-sweet. The ferns had grown
too strong and tall, like little trees. The woods were in their darkest, fullest
garments of green; not another leaflet to come anywhere; all full, and
mature, and complete. Wild honeysuckle waved flags of yellow and brown
from the high branches of big trees, which it had caught and tangled in; and
made the hedge into one big wall of flowers—almost too much when the sun
was on it. In the very heart of August it was as cool in these shadowy wood-
walks as in a Gothic chapel, and here and there on a little plateau of brown
earth a bench underneath a tree offered rest and a view to the wayfarer. Mrs.
Burchell was sitting on one of these, panting a little, on the special day we
have to record. She was that rector’s wife already mentioned, who was a
contemporary of Cherry Beresford, and who grudged so much that ‘two
single women’ should have all the delights of Sunninghill. She was just Miss
Cherry’s age, fat and fair, but more than forty, and she had seven children,
and felt herself inconceivably in advance of Cherry, for whom she retained
her old friendship however, modified by a little envy and a good deal of
contempt. Cherry was an old maid; that of itself surely was quite enough to
warrant the contempt and the envy. You had but to look at Mr. Burchell’s
rectory, which lay at the foot of the hill under the shadow of the woods, but
facing towards the high road, which was very dusty, and exposed without a
tree to the blaze of the west, and to compare it with the beautiful house on
the top of the hill, sheltered so carefully, not too much nor too little—set in
velvet lawns and dewy gardens, dust and noise kept at arm’s length—to see
the difference between them. It was a difference which Mrs. Burchell for her
part could not learn not to resent; though, indeed, but for the benefice
bestowed by Miss Beresford, the Burchells must have had a much worse lot,
or indeed perhaps never would have united their lots at all. The rector’s wife
might have been as poor a creature as Miss Cherry, an old maid, and none of
the seven Burchells might ever have come into being, but for the gift of that
dusty Rectory from the ladies on the hill; but the rectorinn did not think of
that. She was seated on the bench under the big oak, fanning herself with her
handkerchief, while Agnes, her eldest daughter, and Dolly, her youngest,
dutifully waited for her. They were going up to ‘The Hill’ for tea, which was
a weekly ceremonial at least.
‘At all events, mamma, you must allow,’ said Agnes, ‘that it is better to
live at the foot of the hill than at the top. You never could take any walks if
you had this long pull up every time you went out.’
‘They don’t have any long pull,’ said her mother; ‘they have their
carriage. Ah, yes, they are very different from a poor clergyman’s wife, who
has done her duty all her life without much reward for it. It is not those who
deserve them most, or who have most need of them, who get the good things
of this life, my dear. I don’t want to judge my neighbours; but Miss Charity
Beresford I have heard all my life was not so very much better than a
heathen. It may not go so far as that—but I have seen her, with my own eyes,
laugh at your papa’s best sermons. I am afraid she is not far removed from
the wicked that flourish like a green bay tree; yet look at her lot in life and
your papa’s—a gentleman, too, and a clergyman with so many opportunities
of doing good—and she in this fine place, a mere old woman!’
‘If papa lived here should we all live here?’ said Dolly, whose small brain
was confused by this suggestion; ‘then I should have the pony instead of
Cara, and Miss Cherry would be my auntie! Oh, I wish papa lived here!’
‘Hold your tongue,’ said her mother. ‘Cherry Beresford is a ridiculous old
creature. Dear me, when I think of the time when she and I were girls
together! Who would have thought that I should have been the one to toil up
here in the sun, while she drove in her carriage. Oh, yes, that’s very true, she
was born the richest—but some girls have better luck than others! It was
mine, you see, to marry a poor clergyman. Ah, well, I daresay Cherry would
give her head to be in my place now!’
‘And you in hers? Is that what you mean, mamma?’
‘Me in hers! I’d like to be in her house, if that’s what you mean; but me a
fanciful, discontented, soured old maid—me!’
‘Then, mamma dear, if you are better off in one way and she in another,
you are equal,’ said Agnes, somewhat crossly; ‘that’s compensation. Have
not you rested long enough?’ Agnes was in the uncomfortable position of an
involuntary critic. She had been used to hear a great deal about the Miss
Beresfords all her life, and only a little while before had awoke out of the
tranquil satisfaction of use and wont, to wonder if all this abuse was
justifiable. She stood under the tree with her back to her mother, looking out
upon the view with an impatient sadness in her face. She was fond of her
mother; but to hear so many unnecessary animadversions vexed and
ashamed her, and the only way in which she could show this was by an
angry tone and demeanour, which sat very badly upon her innocent
countenance and ingenuous looks.
Just then they heard the sound of footsteps coming towards them, and
voices softly clear in the warm air. ‘But, Cara, we must not be so ready to
blame. All of us do wrong sometimes—not only little girls, but people who
are grown up.’
‘Then, Aunt Cherry, you ought not, and one ought to blame you. A little
child who cannot read—yes, perhaps that ought to be excused—it does not
know; but us——’
‘We do wrong, too, every day, every minute, Cara. You will learn that as
you grow older, and learn to be kind, I hope, and forgive.’
‘I shall never learn that.’
They came within sight as these words were said. Miss Cherry, in a cool
grey gown, with a broad hat which Mrs. Burchell thought far too young for
her; little Cara in her white frock, the shadows speckling and waving over
her, erect as a little white pillar, carrying herself so straight. They made a
pretty picture coming down the brown mossy path all broken up by big roots
under the cool shade of the trees. On the bank behind them were low forests
of coarse fern, and a bundle of foxgloves flowering high up on a brown
knoll. The cool and tranquil look of them felt almost like an insult to the hot
and panting wayfarers who had toiled up the path this hot day. Mrs. Burchell
was in black silk, as became her age and position; she had a great deal of
dark hair, and, though she blamed Miss Cherry for it, she, too, wore a hat;
but, though she had been resting for ten minutes, she was still red and
panting. ‘Ah, Cherry,’ she said, ‘how lucky you are coming downhill while
we have been climbing! Some people have always the best of it. It makes me
feel hotter and hotter to see you so cool and so much at your ease.’
‘We have come to meet you,’ said Miss Cherry, ‘and we shall be equal
the rest of the way, for we shall all climb. Little Dolly, will you drag me up?
You are so big and so strong, and you like to help old ladies. Come.’
Dolly being a very little mite, more fit to be carried, was made very
happy by this address. She stretched forth two fat, small hands, and made
great pretences to drag her thin charge. ‘But you must want to come, or I
can’t drag you,’ she said.
‘Dolly is a little, wise woman, and speaks proverbs and parables,’ said
Miss Cherry. ‘Yes, dear, I want to come; but we must wait for mamma.’
‘Oh, go on, you are light and airy; you have not been tried with a large
family like me! You had better give me your arm, Agnes, for the rest of the
way. What a pull it is! I don’t think I should ever walk if I had my choice. If
I could afford a pair of ponies like yours; but with so many children ponies
are out of the question,’ said Mrs. Burchell, still aggrieved. Miss Cherry
looked wistfully at the pretty daughter upon whose arm her friend laid a
heavy hand.
‘Perhaps we both have something that the other would like to have,’ she
said, mildly. ‘I believe that is the way in life.’
‘Oh, it would never do for you, a single woman, to wish for children! I
consider that most improper,’ said the rector’s wife. ‘Of course we all
wished for husbands in our day, and some of us were successful and some
weren’t; but it isn’t a subject to be talked of, pardon me, my dear Cherry,
before young girls.’
Miss Cherry opened her mild eyes very wide, and then she blushed a
delicate, overwhelming old-maidenly blush, one of those demonstrations of
feeling which are almost more exquisite in the old than in the young. She did
not make any reply. Mrs. Burchell went on in her daughter’s ear: ‘She is an
old fool—look at her. Blushing! as if she were a young girl.’
‘I can’t blush when I please, mamma,’ said Agnes; ‘neither, I suppose,
can she. Lean on me a little heavier; we shall soon get to the top now.’
‘Why, she runs actually,’ said poor Mrs. Burchell. ‘She is as light as
Dolly; she doesn’t mind the hill. So, Cara, your papa and mamma have gone
away again? Why don’t they take you with them? I should think you are old
enough now to go too. How different people are! Now, I can never bear to be
separated from my children. I like them to go everywhere with me. It is quite
astonishing the difference. Doesn’t your Aunt Charity think it strange that
they should always send you here?’
‘Aunt Charity likes to have me,’ said Cara; ‘for mamma travels very fast,
and I should get very tired. I think I like the Hill best. Mamma is not very
strong, and I should have to stop all my lessons.’
‘But you would not mind that, I should think. My girls are always so glad
to get lessons over. They would go mad with joy to have their month’s
holiday, and I am sure so would you.’
‘No,’ said Cara; ‘I am nearly twelve, and I can only play three or four
tunes, and talk a little French with Aunt Cherry. We pronounce very badly,’
she continued, with a blush. ‘I know by the French people who come to see
us in the Square.’
‘You poor child! do you mean to say they let you stay up at night, and
hear people talking in the drawing-room? How very wrong for you, both for
your mind and health! that is what makes you so thin, I am sure; and you
must hear a great many things that you ought not to hear.’
Cara opened her blue eyes very wide. She was on the whole gratified by
the idea that she had heard things she ought not to hear. That perhaps
accounted for her superior wisdom which she felt in herself.
‘Mamma says I ought to learn to judge for myself,’ she said, with dignity.
‘When there is an argument going on I like to listen, and often she makes me
tell her what I thought, and which side I take.’
Mrs. Burchell gave Agnes a significant look; and Agnes, it must be
allowed, who heard little conversation which did not turn on personal
subjects, was slightly horrified too.
‘Poor child!’ repeated the rector’s wife; ‘at your age!—and what kind of
subjects do they talk about? It must be very bad for you.’
‘Oh, about books chiefly,’ said Cara, ‘and pictures—but I don’t
understand pictures—and sometimes about politics. I like that—about
Ireland and Mr. Gladstone they talked once. And to hear the Frenchmen talk
about Ireland—just as if it were Poland, papa said.’
‘Well, I am sure it could not be much worse,’ Mrs. Burchell said, after a
pause of alarm. She did not know much about Ireland, except that they shot
landlords there, and that when she advertised for a housemaid she said ‘No
Irish need apply;’ and she knew nothing at all about Poland, and what the
analogy was between them she had not an idea. She looked at Cara after this
with a little awe; but naturally held fast by her censure, which no doubt must
be just, though she could not tell how.
‘It cannot be good for you to hear such talk as that,’ she said. ‘A good
romp and go to bed at eight o’clock, that is what I hold with for my girls.
You are a great deal too old for your age. Before you are eighteen, people
will be taking you for five-and-twenty. To hear you talk, one would think
you were eighteen now.’
‘I wish they would,’ said Cara; ‘I don’t like to be always thought a child.
I have often things I want to say just on my very lips. I know I could set the
people right if I might but speak. But mamma holds up her finger, and I dare
not. If I were eighteen, I should be grown up, and I might give my opinion—
and twenty-five! Is Agnes twenty-five?’
‘Agnes! you spiteful little thing!’ cried the mother, getting redder and
redder. Agnes was sixteen, and the eldest of five, so that to add anything to
her age was very undesirable. Cara was too much bewildered to ask what it
was which made her a ‘spiteful little thing,’ for just then they came to the
final plateau, where the path reached the level of the lawn. And there,
snipping away at her roses, was Miss Beresford herself, in a deep sun-bonnet
and garden gloves, with a large pair of scissors in her hand, and two baskets
at her feet. The roses were in the full flush of their second bloom,
notwithstanding their mistress’s fears. She was snipping off the withered
flowers, the defective buds, and yellow leaves on one hand, and here and
there making a savage dash at a sound twig infested by a colony of green
flies, while she cut roses for the decoration of the room. One of the baskets
was filled with these flowers, and Miss Cherry, who had preceded them, had
lifted this basket from the path, and was looking at it with a perplexed face.
‘There’s a “Malmaison” which is perfect,’ said Miss Charity; ‘and as for
those “Giant of Battles”——’ She liked to pronounce their names in her own
way, scorning pretence, as she said; and she put down her nose into the
basket with true satisfaction. The one thing in the world Miss Charity was a
little ‘off her head’ about was a fine rose.
‘They are fine flowers,’ said Miss Cherry, very seriously, her soft voice
relaxing, with no smile; ‘but the stalks are so short! How am I to arrange
them? unless you put them bolt upright, each one by itself, as they are in a
rose show?’
‘You don’t think I’m going to sacrifice my buds,’ said Miss Charity;
‘never! I see you do it, and that dolt of a gardener, and it goes to my heart.
Put them bolt upright; what could be better? or they do very well in flat
dishes. You can’t go wrong with roses; but sacrifice my buds—not for the
world!’
‘There is not one long enough to put in one’s belt,’ said Miss Cherry, who
looked half disposed to cry. ‘We have more roses than any one, but they
never look nice, for they never have any stalks. I must think what is to be
done. The flat dishes are not effective, and the pyramids are wearisome, and
specimen glasses make the table like a child’s garden.’
‘There’s a dinner party to-night,’ said Miss Beresford; ‘that’s why Cherry
is put out. Come to the arbour and sit down, you poor hot people. How very
hot you look, to be sure. That is what it is to be stout. Neither Cherry nor I
are stout, and it is a great advantage to us, especially in summer. Come,
Maria, you shall have some tea.’
‘I don’t consider myself stout,’ said Mrs. Burchell, offended. ‘The mother
of a large family naturally develops a little. “It would not do, my dear, if you
were as slim as you were at twenty,” my husband says to me; “only old
maids are thin:” and if he likes it——’
‘Yes; you see we’re all old maids here,’ said Miss Charity, with one of
her hearty laughs. Her handsome old face shone cool at the bottom of the
deep tunnel of her sun-bonnet, clear red and white, as if she had been
twenty; and with large, blue, undimmed eyes, from which little Cara had
taken hers, and not from either father’s or mother’s. Cara, indeed, was
considered by everybody ‘the very image’ of Miss Charity, and copied her
somewhat, it must be allowed, in a longer step and more erect carriage than
was common to little girls. Miss Charity put down her scissors in her other
basket, while Miss Cherry bent her reflective and troubled countenance over
the roses, and drew off her big garden gloves, and led the way to the arbour
or bower, which was not so cockney an erection as its name portended. At
that height, under the shadow of a group of big fragrant limes, in which two
openings cleverly cut revealed the broad beautiful plain below, one with St.
George’s noble Castle in the midst of the leafy frame, the air was always
fresh and sweet. By stretching your neck, as all the young Burchells knew,
you could see the dusty road below, and the Rectory lying deep down in the
shadow of the trees; but not a speck of dust made its way up to the soft
velvet lawn, or entered at the ever-opened windows. ‘Ah, yes, there’s our

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Chemistry for Today: General, Organic,

and Biochemistry 10th Edition Spencer

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Chemistry for Today

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iv About the Authors

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Chapter 1 Concept Summary 64

Health Career Description 35 Health Connections 3.1 Watch the Salt 74

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Key Equations 158 7.2 Solubility 200

Exercises 159 7.3 The Solution Process 204

Additional Exercises 163 7.4 Solution Concentrations 208

Chemistry for Thought 163 7.5 Solution Preparation 212

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Reaction Rates Additional Exercises 302

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14.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Carboxylic Acids and Health Connections 16.1 Aspirin Substitutes 522

15.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids 485

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Chapter 18 Health Career Focus 614

Proteins 614 Study tools 20.1 A Summary Chart of Enzyme

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Key Equations 731 24.2 Fat Mobilization 766

Exercises 732 24.3 Glycerol Metabolism 767

Additional Exercises 735 24.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids 767

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The Image of Chemistry

Theme and Organization

New to This Edition

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●● 4 new or revised Examples

Follow-up to this Career Focus appears at the end of the chapter

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Environmental Connections. These boxed features contain current chemistry-

Health Connections. These boxed features contain current chemistry-related health

HealtH ConneCtions 14.1

Table 14.2 a comparison of Physical Properties

Alcohol 1-propanol CH3CH2CH2 OH 60 97 Soluble

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(O) H2, Pt alcohol

Oxidation Hydrogenation Hemi formation

Carboxylic No Primary Secondary

and recording patient’s medical histories and providing guidance to ●● Neonatal NP

O carbon (—OH absent,

tones resist oxidation.

addition of hydrogen to the carbonyl double bond to form