Algebra for College Students 8th

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Find the root if it is a real number.

1) 81
A) 6,561
B) Not a real number
1
C)
81
D) 9
Answer: D

2) -100
A) 10
B) Not a real number
C) 10,000
10
D)
100
Answer: B

3) -225
A) 15
1
B)
225
C) 50,625
D) Not a real number
Answer: D

4) 625
1
A)
625
B) 25
C) Not a real number
D) 390,625
Answer: B

81
5)
16
5
A)
2
9
B)
5
9
C)
4
D) 5
Answer: C

1
 6) - 625
A) -312
B) 25
C) Not a real number
D) -25
Answer: D

7) 0.0121
A) 1.1
B) 0.11
C) 0.12
D) 0.011
Answer: B

3
8) - 125
A) -125
B) 25
C) -5
D) 5
Answer: C

3
9) 729
A) -9
B) 9
C) 81
D) 27
Answer: B

3
10) -1,000
A) -10
B) 100
C) 10
D) 32
Answer: A

4
11) 625
A) 25
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
Answer: C

2
 4
12) - 81
A) -9
B) -3
C) -2
D) Not a real number
Answer: B

4
13) - 81
A) Not a real number
B) -3
C) -9
D) 3
Answer: A

4 256
14)
81
16
A)
9
64
B)
27
256
C)
81
4
D)
3
Answer: D

5
15) -1,024
A) 20
B) -20
C) 4
D) -4
Answer: D

6
16) 4,096
A) 4
B) 24
2048
C)
3
D) -4
Answer: A

3
 6 1
17) -
729
A) -3
B) ∅
2
C) -
243
1
D) -
3
Answer: D

Graph the function and give its domain and its range.
18) f(x) = x + 4
10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) [-4, ∞); [0, ∞)

10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10
B) [0, ∞); [-4, ∞)

10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

4
 C) [0, ∞); [4, ∞ )
10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

D) [4, ∞); [0, ∞ )

10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: A

19) f(x) = x-4

10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10
A) [0, ∞); [4, ∞ )
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

5
 B) [0, ∞); [-4, ∞)
10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C) [4, ∞); [0, ∞ )

10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

D) [-4, ∞); [0, ∞)

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: B

3
20) f(x) = x-1

10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

6
 A) (- ∞, ∞ ); (-1, ∞ )
10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

B) (- ∞, ∞ ); (- ∞, ∞)
10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C) (- ∞, ∞ ); [-1, ∞ )
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10
D) (- ∞, ∞ ); [1, ∞)

10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: B

7
 3
21) f(x) = x+6
10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) (0, ∞); (- ∞, ∞)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

B) (- ∞, ∞ ); (6, ∞)

10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10
C) (- ∞, ∞ ); (- ∞, ∞)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

8
 D) (- ∞, ∞ ); [-6, ∞ )
10 y

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: C

Simplify the root.

3
22) x3
A) |x|
B) -x
C) x
D) -x
Answer: C

4
23) x24
A) x6
B) - x6
C) - x6
D) x6
Answer: A

3
24) x15
A) - x5
B) x5
C) - x5
D) x5
Answer: B

25) - x6
A) - x3
B) x3
C) - x3
D) -x3
Answer: C

9
 5
26) (-3)5
A) 3
B) Not a real number
C) 9
D) -3
Answer: D

4
27) (-14)4
A) Not a real number
B) 14
C) 196
D) -14
Answer: B

Find the decimal approximation for the radical. Round the answer to three decimal places.
28) 108
A) 10.389
B) 108.000
C) 10.392
D) 10.397
Answer: C

29) 2,381
A) 48.800
B) 48.792
C) 48.795
D) 2,381.000
Answer: C

30) - 26
A) -26.000
B) -5.099
C) -5.104
D) -5.096
Answer: B

31) 2.23
A) 1.493
B) 1.000
C) 1.508
D) 1.480
Answer: A

10
 3
32) 69
A) 69.009
B) 4.102
C) 68.996
D) 4.106
Answer: B

4
33) 100
A) 3.176
B) 3.162
C) 3.184
D) 3.194
Answer: B

5
34) -93
A) -2.506
B) -2.488
C) -2.497
D) -2.476
Answer: D

Solve the problem.

3
35) A manufacturer's cost is given by C = 100 n + 1,600, where C is the cost and n is the number of parts produced.
Find the cost when 125 parts are produced.
A) $2,718
B) $1,850
C) $20
D) $2,100
Answer: D

36) The cost of manufacturing clocks is given by c = 121 n + 16, where c is the total cost and n is the number
produced. What is the cost when no clocks are produced?
A) 484
B) 1,936
C) 121
D) 44
Answer: A

3V
37) The radius of a right circular cone is given by the formula r = , where V is the volume and h is the height.
πh
If the volume is 1,804 cubic inches and the height is 16 inches, what is the radius? Use 3.14 for π, and round
your answer to the nearest tenth of an inch.
A) 6 inches
B) 10.4 inches
C) 0.1 inches
D) 10.9 inches
Answer: B

11
 S
38) The radius of a sphere is given by the formula r = , where S is the surface area. If the surface area is 11,983
4π
square inches, what is the radius? Use 3.14 for π, and round your answer to the nearest tenth of an inch.
A) 97 inches
B) 54.7 inches
C) 0 inches
D) 30.9 inches
Answer: D

Provide an appropriate response.

39) True or false? The principal square root of 64 is 8.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

40) True or false? The negative square root of 36 is 6.

A) True
B) False
Answer: B

41) True or false? The principal fifth root of -1,024 is 4.

A) True
B) False
Answer: B

42) True or false? The negative sixth root of 729 is -3.

A) True
B) False
Answer: A

43) Suppose a rectangle has length 26 and width 79. Which of the following is the best estimate of its area?
A) 59
B) 28
C) 19
D) 45
Answer: D

44) Suppose a rectangle has length 53 and width 61. Which of the following is the best estimate of its perimeter?
A) 106
B) 22
C) 30
D) 56
Answer: C

45) If a > 0, which of the following correctly describes - -a ?

A) Positive
B) Not a real number
C) Zero
D) Negative
Answer: B

12
 46) If a < 0, which of the following correctly describes - -a ?
A) Zero
B) Negative
C) Not a real number
D) Positive
Answer: B

n
47) If n is even, under what condition is a negative?
A) When a is positive
B) When a is zero
C) When a is negative
D) Never
Answer: D

Simplify the expression involving rational exponents.

48) 2,0251/2
A) 22.5
B) 45
C) 180
D) 90
Answer: B

49) 271/3
A) 243
B) 81
C) 3
D) 9
Answer: C

50) 2,4011/4
A) 7
B) 16,807
C) 28
D) 196
Answer: A

51) 644/3
A) 256
B) 1,024
C) 16,384
D) 4,096
Answer: A

52) 815/4
A) 2,187
B) 19,683
C) 6,561
D) 243
Answer: D

13
53) 324/5
A) 256
B) 512
C) 128
D) 16
Answer: D

54) (-125)1/3
A) 5
B) -5
C) -125
D) Not a real number
Answer: B

55) (-125)2/3
A) -5
B) Not a real number
C) 25
D) -25
Answer: C

56) (-16)1/2
A) Not a real number
B) -2
C) 4
D) -4
Answer: A

81 1/2
57) -
64
A) Not a real number
9
B) -
8
8
C)
9
81
D) -
128
Answer: B

14
 64 -1/2
58)
81
8
A)
9
B) Not a real number
32
C)
81
9
D)
8
Answer: D

59) 1,000-4/3
A) -10,000
4000
B) -
3
1
C)
10,000
D) Not a real number
Answer: C

64 -2/3
60) -
27
16
A) -
9
16
B)
9
C) Not a real number
9
D)
16
Answer: D

1,331 -2/3
61)
343
1331
A)
343
343
B)
1331
49
C)
121
121
D)
49
Answer: C

15
 62) 64 -2/3
A) - 16
1
B)
17
1
C)
16
1
D) -
16
Answer: C

Write with radicals. Assume that all variables represent positive real numbers.
63) (mn)1/5
5
A) mn
1
B)
5
mn

C) ( mn)5
D) (mn)-5
Answer: A

1/5
64) (x8y8 )
5 8
A) xy
8 5
B) xy
1
C)
5 8
xy
D) x40y40
Answer: A

1/5
65) (7py2 )
5
A) 7py
B) 7py2
5
C) 7py2
7
D) 7py
Answer: C

16
 -2/5
66) (8m 4 + 8k2 )
1
A)
2 5
8m 4 + 8k2
5 2
B) 8m 4 + 8k2
1
C)
5 2
8m 4 + 8k2
2 5
D) 8m 4 + 8k2
Answer: C

67) (8m + n) 8/9

9
A) (8m + n)8
8
B) (8m + n)9
8
C) 8m + n9
9
D) 8m + n8
Answer: A

68) 8 1/2
A) 2 2
B) 8
C) 4
D) 2.83
Answer: B

69) (8x)2/7 + (3y) 4/5

7 2 5 4
A) ( 8x) + ( 3y)
7 2 5 4
B) ( 8) + ( 3)
7 2 5 4
C) ( 8) x+ ( 3) y
2 7 4 5
D) ( 8x) + ( 3y)
Answer: A

Simplify by first converting to rational exponents. Assume that all variables represent positive real numbers.
70) 34
A) 27
B) 9
C) 3
D) 34
Answer: B

17
 3
71) 46
A) 16
B) 64
3
C) 4 6
D) 4
Answer: A

72) s24
A) s24
B) s12
C) s4.899
D) s12
Answer: D

73) z10
A) z 5
z
B)
2
C) 2z
D) z 20
Answer: A

3
74) x21
A) 3z
B) x63
z
C)
3
D) x7
Answer: D

5
75) r∙ r
10
A) r7
7
B) r2
7
C) 2r
5
D) r2
Answer: A

18
 4 7
76) u∙ u2
28
A) u15
11
B) u3
11
C) u2
28
D) u3
Answer: A

4
77) 9v10
4
A) 9v10
B) 3v5
C) 3v5
v
D) 3v2
Answer: B

4
t7
78)
9
t7
5
A) t7
36
B) t35
4
t7
C)
9
t7
13
D) t7
Answer: B

10
z3
79)
12
z
10
z3
A)
12
z
B) z
120
C) z 26
60
D) z13
Answer: D

19
Use the rules of exponents to simplify the expression. Write the answer with positive exponents. Assume that all
variables represent positive real numbers.
80) x1/5 ∙ x4/5
1
A)
x
B) x4/25
C) x
D) x4/5
Answer: C

y9/8
81)
y5/8
A) y
B) y9/8
1
C)
y
D) y1/2
Answer: D

7/6
82) (b6)
A) b7
B) b7/36
C) b1/6
D) b13/6
Answer: A

83) z -2/7 ∙ z 3/7

A) z -1/7
B) z 7/6
C) z 1/7
D) z 6/7
Answer: C

1/2
x2
84)
y-4
A) xy
x
B)
y2
C) xy1/2
D) xy2
Answer: D

20
 1/2
85) (9k2 m -4 )
A) 2km 2
3k
B)
m2
C) 3km 2
2k
D)
m2
Answer: B

3
86) (6a1/7b5/7)
A) 6a3/7b15/7
B) 18a 3/7b5/7
C) 216a 3/7b15/7
D) 216(ab)15/7
Answer: C

1/4
a2 b-2
87) 16
a-2 b6
2a
A)
b2
B) 2ab2
4b2
C)
a
4a
D)
b2
Answer: A

2
88) (r1/6s1/6)
A) r1/36s1/36
B) r2 s2
C) r1/3s1/3
D) r1/12s1/12
Answer: C

3/2
89) (16h 12k14)
A) 16h 18k21
B) 64h 18k21
C) 64k18h 21
D) 64h 18k18
Answer: B

21
 4
z -8/5 -2
90) (z-1/2 s1/3)
s-7/4
s19/3
A)
z 27/5
z 27/5
B)
s19/3
s23/3
C)
z 37/5
z 37/5
D)
s23/3
Answer: A

x1/2
91)
x5/4 ∙ x-3
1
A)
x 19/4

B) x9/4
1
C)
x 9/4

D) x19/4
Answer: B

x3/5
92)
x6/5 ∙ x-5
1
A)
x 22/5

B) x22/5
C) x34/5
1
D)
x 34/5

Answer: B

2
(x4/3)
93)
8/3
(x3 )
A) x32/3
1
B)
x 32/3

C) x16/3
1
D)
x16/3
Answer: D

22
 x1/2 ∙ x3/10 ∙ x2/5
94)
-1/2
(x2 )
1
A)
x 22/7

B) x11/5
C) x22/7
1
D)
x11/5
Answer: B

95) y1/3(y4/9 - 8y2/9)

A) y-1/9 - 8y1/9
B) y3/4 - 8y3/2
C) y7/9 - 8y5/9
D) y4/27 - 8y2/27
Answer: C

96) -6k1/8(-2k3/8 + 7k3/4)

A) 12k3/64 - 42k3/32
B) 12k1/2 + 42k7/8
C) 12k1/2 - 42k7/8
D) 12k-1/4 + 42k-5/8
Answer: C

97) 3x3/5(x11/5 - 2x)

3
A) - 6x8/5
x 14/5
6
B) 3x14/5 -
x 8/5

C) 3x14/5 - 6x8/5
3 6
D) -
x 14/5 x 8/5

Answer: C

Write with rational exponents and then apply the properties of exponents. Assume that all radicands represent positive
real numbers. Give answers in exponential form.
4 5
98) x7 ∙ x4
A) x51/20
B) x20/28
C) x28/20
D) x11/9
Answer: A

23
 x7
99)
x14
1
A)
x 7/2
1
B)
x 21/2
1
C)
x14
D) x7/2
Answer: A

5 3
100) w
A) w15
B) 15w
1
C)
w15
D) w1/15
Answer: D

Solve the problem.

101) A formula for calculating the distance, d, one can see from an airplane to the horizon on a clear day is
d = 1.22x1/2, where x is the altitude of the plane in feet and d is given in miles. How far can one see in a plane
flying at 18,000 feet? Round your answer to the nearest tenth mile, if necessary.
A) 148.2 miles
B) 1,098 miles
C) 163.7 miles
D) 10,980 miles
Answer: C

102) In an economics study, three quantities m, p, and q have been found to be related by the equation
m = p1/2 ∙ q1/2. Find m, if p = 4 and q = 16.
A) 8
B) 32
C) 6
D) 64
Answer: A

103) A manufacturer's cost is given by C = 400n 1/3 + 1,800, where C is the cost in dollars and n is the number of parts
produced. Find the cost when 343 parts are produced.
A) $57
B) $3,200
C) $9,208
D) $4,600
Answer: D

24
 104) The cost of manufacturing clocks is given by c = 64(n + 16)1/2, where c is the cost in dollars and n is the number
produced. What is the cost when no clocks are produced?
A) $64
B) $1,024
C) $32
D) $256
Answer: D

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

105) How many real square roots does any negative number have?
Answer: None

106) Explain how to evaluate (-8)2/3.

Answer: Answers may vary. One possibility: First, satisfy the power in the denominator of the exponent by taking
the cube root. Then, multiply the result by the power in the numerator of the exponent.

-1
107) What is wrong with this? (3x3 ) = 3x-3
Answer: The exponent was not applied to the numerical coefficient.

108) Explain why if n is odd, x1/n is defined even if x is negative.

Answer: Answers many vary. One possibility: Odd powers of negative numbers are negative, hence negative
numbers can have odd roots.

109) How many real number cube roots does any negative number have?
Answer: One

3 3
110) Explain why -15 and - 15 represent the same number.
3 3 3 3 3
Answer: Answers will vary. One possibility: -15 = -1 ∙ 15 = -1 ∙ 15 = - 15.

111) Can a represent a negative real number?

Answer: No.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Multiply using the product rule.

112) 7 ∙ 6
4
A) 13
B) 13
C) 42
4
D) 42
Answer: C

25
 3 3
113) 49x ∙ 25x
3
A) 74x2
B) 12x
C) 35x
3
D) 1,225x2
Answer: D

4 4
114) 2∙ 4
4
A) 8
B) 2
8
C) 6
4
D) 6
Answer: A

3 3
115) 9xy ∙ 25xy
A) 15xy
3
B) 225x2 y2
C) 8xy
3
D) 34x2 y2
Answer: B

Simplify the radical. Assume that all variables represent positive real numbers.
10
116)
r4
10
A)
r4
10
B)
r2

10r4
C)
r4
10
D)
r
Answer: B

26
 39
117)
x4
39
A)
x
39
B)
x4

39x4
C)
x4
39
D)
x2
Answer: D

9
118)
49
A) 1
3
B)
7
7
C)
3
D) 21
Answer: B

3 1,296x4
119)
6x
3
A) 6x 6
3
B) 6x x
3
C) x 216
D) 6x
Answer: D

4 5y7
120)
3,125y3
y
A)
5
y2
B)
25
y
C)
4
125
D) 5y
Answer: A

27
 3 216
121)
125
A) 30
216
B)
125
6
C)
5
36
D)
25
Answer: C

3 27
122) -
64
27
A) -
64
9
B)
16
3
C)
4
3
D) -
4
Answer: D

4 1,296
123)
625
216
A)
125
6
B)
5
1,296
C)
625
36
D)
25
Answer: B

28
 6 z5
124)
46,656
6
z5
A)
6
6
z
B)
6
z
C)
6

z5
D) 6
46,656
Answer: A

16
125) - 4
m4
2
A) -
m
4
B)
m2
C) Not a real number
2
D)
m
Answer: A

Express the radical in simplified form.

126) 50
A) 5
B) 7
C) 25 2
D) 5 2
Answer: D

127) - 216
A) 14
B) -36 6
C) 6
D) -6 6
Answer: D

3
128) 750
3
A) 5 6
B) 27
3
C) 6 5
D) 9
Answer: A

29
 4
129) 324
4
A) 4 3
B) 4
C) 18
4
D) 3 4
Answer: D

4
130) - 512
4
A) -2 4
B) 4
C) -4
4
D) -4 2
Answer: D

3
131) -729
A) 81
B) 9
C) -9
D) -81
Answer: C

132) -864
A) Not a real number
B) -12 -6
C) 12 6
D) -12 6
Answer: A

4
133) 128
A) Not a real number
4
B) 2 + 8
4
C) 2 8
D) 8 2
Answer: C

Express the radical in simplified form. Assume that all variables represent positive real numbers.
134) 343x2
A) 7 7x
B) 7x
C) 7x 7
D) 343x
Answer: C

30
135) - 500k7 q8
A) 10k3 q4 5k
B) 10k7 q8 5k
C) -10k3q4 5
D) -10k3q4 5k
Answer: D

3
136) - 1,000x4y5
3
A) -10xy xy2
3
B) xy xy2
3
C) 10xy xy2
3
D) -10xy xy
Answer: A

3
137) -8a8 b5
3
A) 2ab a 2 b2
3
B) 2 a 2b2
3
C) -2a 2 b a 2b2
3
D) 2ab a 3 b3
Answer: C

4
138) 256a 4
A) 256a
B) 4a
C) 4 a
D) 4a2
Answer: B

3
139) 125k6
A) 125k2
B) 5k2
C) 5k9
D) -5k2
Answer: B

31
 3 y8
140)
64
3
A) y2 - 4 y2
3
y2 y2
B)
4
3
y2 + y2
C)
4
3
D) 4y2 y2
Answer: B

Simplify the radical. Assume that all variables represent positive real numbers.
4
141) 482
A) 48
B) 16 3
C) 4 + 3
D) 4 3
Answer: D

4
142) 802
A) 80
B) 4 5
C) 80
D) 4 + 5
Answer: B

6
143) 27
A) 3
B) 3
C) 3 3
3
D) 3
Answer: B

8
144) x20
4
A) x2 x2
B) x x
C) x2 x
8
D) x2 x4
Answer: C

32
Simplify by first writing the radicals with the same index. Then multiply.
4 5
145) 5 ∙ 4
9
A) 800,000
20
B) 3,381
20
C) 20
20
D) 800,000
Answer: D

5
146) 5∙ 4
7
A) 50,000
10
B) 20
10
C) 50,000
10
D) 10,000
Answer: C

3
147) 3∙ 4
6
A) 144
6
B) 108
6
C) 432
6
D) 12
Answer: C

Find the unknown length in the right triangle. Simplify the answer if necessary.
148)

16 c

12
A) 20
B) 4 7
C) 14
D) 2 7
Answer: A

33
149)

b 10

6
A) 2 34
B) 8
C) 4
D) 9
Answer: B

150)

b 39

15
A) 42
B) 37
C) 27
D) 36
Answer: D

24 c

151) 10
A) 2 119
B) 18
C) 26
D) 22
Answer: C

34
 152)

b 18

9
A) 9 3
B) 3 3
C) 3 5
D) 9 5
Answer: A

b 8

153) 2
A) 6
B) 2 15
C) 2 17
D) 10
Answer: B

Find the distance between the pair of points.

154) (4, 4) and (-7, -6)
A) 21
B) 221
C) 110
D) 1
Answer: B

155) (5, -6) and (7, -2)

A) 12 3
B) 12
C) 2 5
D) 2
Answer: C

156) (-1, -2) and (1, -6)

A) 2 5
B) 6
C) 18
D) 2 3
Answer: A

35
 157) (-5, 5) and (5, -7)
A) 22
B) 2 61
C) 244
D) 2 26
Answer: B

158) (2 2, 2 11) and (9 2, -2 11)

A) 274
B) 2 55
C) 220
D) 274
Answer: A

159) (m, m + n) and (m - n, n)

A) n + m
B) n - m
C) n 2 - m 2
D) n2 + m2
Answer: D

Find the equation of a circle satisfying the given conditions.

160) Center: (3, -2); radius: 6
A) (x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 = 6
B) (x + 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 36
C) (x - 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 6
D) (x - 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 36
Answer: D

161) Center: (8, 0); radius: 9

A) (x - 8)2 + y2 = 81
B) (x + 8)2 + y2 = 81
C) x2 + (y + 8)2 = 9
D) x2 + (y - 8)2 = 9
Answer: A

162) Center: (0, -7); radius: 2

A) (x + 7)2 + y2 = 4
B) (x - 7)2 + y2 = 4
C) x2 + (y - 7)2 = 2
D) x2 + (y + 7)2 = 4
Answer: D

36
 163) Center: (4, -6); radius: 7
A) (x - 4)2 + (y + 6)2 = 7
B) (x - 6)2 + (y + 4)2 = 49
C) (x + 6)2 + (y - 4)2 = 49
D) (x + 4)2 + (y - 6)2 = 7
Answer: A

164) Center: (0, 5); radius: 6

A) (x + 5)2 + y2 = 36
B) x2 + (y - 5)2 = 6
C) (x - 5)2 + y2 = 36
D) x2 + (y + 5)2 = 6
Answer: B

165) Center: (8, 0); radius: 11

A) (x - 8)2 + y2 = 11
B) (x + 8)2 + y2 = 11
C) x2 + (y + 8)2 = 121
D) x2 + (y - 8)2 = 121
Answer: A

Graph the circle.

166) x2 + y2 = 4
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

37
 B)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

D)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: C

38
167) (x - 4)2 + (y - 5)2 = 16

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

B)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

39
 D)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: D

168) x2 + (y - 1)2 = 25
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

40
 B)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

D)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: B

41
169) (x - 4)2 + y2 = 25
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

B)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

42
 D)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: C

Solve the problem.

170) The length of the diagonal of a rectangle is given by D = L2 + W2 where L and W are the length and width of
the rectangle. What is the length of the diagonal, D, of a rectangle that is 83 inches long and 72 inches wide?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth of an inch, if necessary.
A) 77.3 in.
B) 12.4 in.
C) 41.3 in.
D) 109.9 in.
Answer: D

171) The length of the diagonal of a box is given by D = L2 + W2 + H2 where L, W, and H are the length, width,
and height of the box. Find the length of the diagonal, D, of a box that is 4 ft long, 3 ft high, and 6 ft wide. Give
the exact value.
A) 61 ft
B) 72 ft
C) 13 ft
D) 6 2 ft
Answer: A

43
 172) The following table gives data on two different solar modules being developed for use in roofing.

Model Watts Volts Amps Size (in inches) Cost (in dollars)
ABC-01 78 17.1 4.48 44 × 20 505
ABC-02 84 17.6 4.76 44 × 26 495

You must determine the size of the frame needed to support each panel on a roof. (Note: The sides of each frame
will form a right triangle, and the hypotenuse of the triangle will be the width of the panel.) Use the
Pythagorean theorem to find the dimensions of the legs for each frame if the legs have equal length. Round your
answers to the nearest tenth when necessary.
A) ABC-01: 10 in.;
ABC-02: 13 in.
B) ABC-01: 3.2 in.;
ABC-02: 3.6 in.
C) ABC-01: 5 in.;
ABC-02: 6.5 in.
D) ABC-01: 14.1 in.;
ABC-02: 18.4 in.
Answer: D

173) The following table gives data on two different solar modules being developed for use in roofing.

Model Watts Volts Amps Size (in inches) Cost (in dollars)
ABC-01 72 16.8 3.8 44 × 22 475
ABC-02 68 17.3 4.21 44 × 18 480

You must determine the size of the frame needed to support each panel on a roof. (Note: The sides of each frame
will form a right triangle, and the hypotenuse of the triangle will be the width of the panel.) Use the
Pythagorean theorem to find the dimensions of the legs for each frame if one leg is twice the length of the other.
Round your answers to the nearest tenth when necessary.
A) ABC-01: 12.7 in. by 25.4 in.
ABC-02: 10.4 in. by 20.8 in.
B) ABC-01: 2.1 in. by 4.2 in.
ABC-02: 1.9 in. by 3.8 in.
C) ABC-01: 2.7 in. by 5.4 in.
ABC-02: 2.4 in. by 4.9 in.
D) ABC-01: 9.8 in. by 19.7 in.
ABC-02: 8 in. by 16.1 in.
Answer: D

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

174) Is 25 = 5 ?
Answer: Yes.

175) Is 11 simplified?
Answer: Yes.

176) Is (-2)(-8) = 4?
Answer: Yes.

44
 177) Tell whether the statement is true or false. If it is false, give the correct answer. Explain.
3 3
x∙ x=x
3
Answer: The statement is false. The correct answer is x2 . It is obtained by applying the product rule for radicals.
The answer would be x if you were multiplying square roots, not cube roots. (Explanations will vary.)

178) True or false? 9 ∙ 4 = 9 ∙ 4

Answer: True

179) Tell whether the statement is true or false. If it is false, give the correct answer. Explain.
4 4
x∙ x=x
4 4 4
Answer: The statement is false. The correct answer is x. x ∙ x = x2 by the product rule for radicals. Then
4
x2 = x2/4 = x1/2 = x. (Explanations will vary.)

n
180) If n is a positive integer, does xn = x? Explain.
n 3
Answer: No. When n is an odd positive integer, xn = x, as in (-5)3 = -5, but when n is an even positive
n 4
integer, xn = x , as in (-5)4 = -5 = 5. (Explanations will vary.)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Simplify. Assume that all variables represent positive real numbers.

181) 225 + 64
A) 17
B) 23
C) 23
D) 11.5
Answer: B

182) 9 - 81
A) -3
B) - 6
C) - 6 2
D) -6
Answer: D

183) 8 5 + 2 5
A) 10 5
B) 50
C) 16 5
D) 10 10
Answer: A

45
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 1806–1838.

When the British took forcible possession of the Cape colony a second time, in
1806, they found a total population of 74,000. Of these 17,000 were native
Hottentots, 30,000 were slaves of African, Asiatic and mixed blood, and 27,000
were of European descent—mostly Dutch, with a sprinkling of German and
French. Nearly all spoke the dialect of Holland Dutch, into which the speech of a
people so mixed and so isolated had degenerated.

In the beginning of the second English regime there was a fair promise of peace
and of the gradual fusion of the Africander and the English elements in a
homogeneous people. The Dutch, from whom the Africanders were principally
descended, and the English were cognate nations. Though separated as to
national life and history [69]by fourteen centuries, they possessed the same
fundamental principles that give tone to character—the two languages were so
far alike that the one people found it easy to learn the speech of the other; they
both loved liberty, and they both held the Protestant faith. On the surface of
things there was every reason to expect that the common features in blood,
language, political ideals and religion would lead to kindly intercourse,
intermarriages, and a thorough blending of the two races in one.

The first few years of experience seemed to strengthen this promise of good into
certainty. Two successive British governors were men of righteousness and
wisdom. The restrictions upon trade imposed by the Dutch East India Company
were removed. Schools were founded. Measures were taken to improve the
breed of horses and cattle. The trade in slaves was forbidden, and missionaries
were sent among the natives. The administration of this period was careful to
leave untouched as far as possible the local institutions, the official use of the
Dutch language, and the Dutch-Roman law, which had become the common law
of all civilized South Africa, both Dutch and English.

Under these favoring influences the two peoples [70]became friendly and began
to intermarry. In 1820 the British government promoted emigration from England
and Scotland to South Africa, to the extent of about five thousand. From that
time there was a steady increase of the population from Great Britain, and to a
much smaller extent from Germany, France and other European nations. The
newcomers from continental Europe soon lost their nationality and learned to
speak either English or the local Dutch dialect.

The promise of peace, and of the complete fusion of all the elements in one
people loyal to the British crown, was not fulfilled. The causes of the failure—
then insidious, but now easy to detect and analyze—must be considered at this
point, for only in their light can we understand the Africander people and form a
just judgment of their subsequent course.

Doubtless the colonists were influenced, to a greater degree than they realized,
by the natural dislike of any civilized people to be transferred to the rule of a
foreign nation. They were not the kind of people to make much of the fact that
the Dutch and the English sprang from a common origin more than fourteen
hundred years before—if they had any knowledge of it. To them [71]the British
were a different race, and the British government was a kind of unloved step-
father who had first conquered dominion over them by the strong hand and then
bought them with money, as perpetual chattels, from their degenerate mother
country.

Another cause of the failure to amalgamate was in the now fixed character of the
South African Dutch. Few of them dwelt or cared to dwell in village communities.
Some were farmers, it is true, living in touch with the towns; but most of them
were stockmen roaming in a pastoral life over large tracts of the country—almost
without local habitation. At long intervals they saw something of their always
distant next neighbor ranchmen, but they saw nothing of the life in the few
colonial towns. The intercourse between these pastoral Africanders and the
British was so infrequent, and so limited as to scope, that the two races knew
but little of one another. As a result, the process of social amalgamation, going
on at Cape Town and in some other places where the population lived in
communities, made little progress in the country districts where the great
majority of the Africanders dwelt.
 LIGHTHOUSE, DURBAN.

A single incident, of no great proportions in itself, must be given a separate

mention among [72]the causes of estrangement between the two civilized races
in South Africa. It was not so much the cause of a new line of cleavage as it was
the wedge driven to the head into one of the existing lines. In 1815 a Boer was
accused of seriously injuring a native servant. When the authorities sent out a
small force to arrest the accused his neighbors rallied to his defense, and a brief
resistance was offered to the serving of the warrant. The uprising—a mere
neighborhood affair—was easily suppressed. Several prisoners were taken, six
of whom were condemned to death. Five of the condemned were hanged, and
their women—who had fought beside them—were compelled to stand by and
witness the execution. Some promise of reprieve had been made by the
governor, Lord Charles Somerset. The crowd of Africanders stood about the
gallows on the fatal day, hoping to the last moment that their friends would be
spared, but no reprieve came. The tragedy was completed, and the story of it
went into the Africander folklore, becoming, and remaining to this day, a part of
the nursery education of every Africander child. They named the ridge on which
the execution took place, “Schlachter’s Nek,” which, being interpreted, is
“Butcher’s Ridge.” Canon [73]Knox Little, in his late work on South Africa, is
authority for the statements that Lord Somerset actually reprieved the
condemned men, that the reprieve reached the Field-Cornet appointed to carry
out the execution in good time to save the victims, and that the Field-Cornet
executed the death warrant having the governor’s reprieve in his pocket, being
actuated to the murderous deed by private spite. The Canon adds that the Field-
Cornet was so sure that he, himself, would be punished for his iniquity that he
committed suicide. It is to be devoutly hoped that the learned Canon is well
informed both as to the governor’s purpose of mercy and the Cornet’s motive for
suicide. Whatever the interior facts may have been, they were unknown to the
Africanders. The cruel act—justified by the doers as a piece of necessary
firmness—caused bitter and widespread resentment at the time, and continues
to foster anti-British feeling among all the Dutch of South Africa.

Another cause that made for disruption was an unwarrantable and most unwise
interference of the British authorities with two cherished and guaranteed rights of
the colonists—the old system of local government, and the use of the Dutch
language in official documents and legal proceedings. [74]In the forms of
government changes were made which greatly reduced the share formerly
enjoyed by the people in the control of their local affairs. The substituting of
English for Dutch in official and legal documents was a still more serious
grievance to a people of whom not more than one-sixth understood English.

Still another cause of disaffection grew out of wars with the Kaffirs on the
eastern border. Between 1779 and 1834 four struggles to the death occurred
between the whites and the tribes living beyond Fish river. By dint of hard
fighting the Kaffirs were finally subdued and driven forth into the Keiskama river
region. But for some reason the home government assumed that the colonists
had ill-treated the natives and provoked them to war. The dear bought victories
of the whites were rendered sterile by strict orders from the British Colonial
Office that the Kaffirs be allowed to return to their old haunts, where they once
more became a source of constant apprehension to the border farmers. This
action on the part of the home authorities was taken as an evidence of either
weakness or hostility to the Africander population, and led them to think of the
British Colonial Office as their enemy.

The final, probably the principal, cause, the one that fanned the slumbering
resentment of [75]many things into active flame, arose out of the slave question.
To the great detriment of their manhood and womanhood the early Dutch
colonists resorted to slave labor. From 1658 onward slavery had been practiced
throughout the colony, as, indeed, it had prevailed in most of the world. Trouble
began to grow out of it as early as 1737. In that year the first European mission
to the Hottentots was undertaken by the Moravian church. Their work was much
obstructed by the colonists, who even compelled one pastor to return to Europe
because he had administered Christian baptism to some native converts. In later
years most of the missionaries came from England, where the anti-slavery
sentiment was fast becoming dominant, and from 1810 the English missionaries
were cordially disliked by the colonists because they openly espoused the cause
of the slaves and reported every case of cruelty to them that came to their
knowledge. Possibly they sometimes exaggerated, as it has been asserted of
them, but this may be excused in the only friends the oppressed blacks had.
Besides this conflict between the slave-owners and the missionaries, there was
a steady increase of disaffection from a cognate cause—the temper and action
of the government towards the servile classes. In 1828, to the great [76]disgust of
the colonists, a civil ordinance placed all Hottentots and other free colored
people of South Africa on the same footing with the whites as to private civil
rights. This was followed by enactments restricting the authority of masters over
their slaves, the purpose being to mitigate the sufferings of the enslaved. Then
came the abolition of slavery in all British dominions, in 1834. To provide
compensation to slave-owners parliament set apart the sum of £20,000,000, to
be distributed to the several colonies where slavery had existed. The share of
this amount appropriated to the Cape Colony slave-holders was a little over
£3,000,000—a sum considerably below the equitable claim for the 39,000
slaves to be set free. Additional irritation was felt when it was found that the
certificates for compensation were made payable in London only, so that most of
the Cape slave-holders were forced to sell them to speculators at a heavy
discount. Many farmers were impoverished by the change, and labor became so
scarce and dear that it was impossible to carry on agriculture to profit.

Serious enough was the summing up of the causes that made for the disruption
of the Dutch and the English classes in Cape Colony. Hitherto the Africanders
had been able to indulge [77]their love of independence by living apart from the
centers of organized government. But now they had come under the conquering
hand of an alien and masterful people; they had been sold for money by their
mother country; they had been treated with undue sharpness and cruelty—as
witness the atrocity of Schlachter’s Nek; they had been spied upon and
denounced by the missionaries; they had been forced to transact all their official
and legal business in a foreign language which few of them understood; the
savage native blacks had been put on a level with them; their victory over the
Kaffirs at the cost of much blood had been rendered fruitless by the interference
of the home government; and now their slave property, which they had acquired
under law, had been taken away without adequate compensation, and the
further practice of slavery had been interdicted.

Rebellion against the power of Great Britain was hopeless and not to be thought
of. But they could go out into the wilderness and begin life anew where they
could follow the independent pastoral pursuits they preferred, enjoy the isolation
and solitude they loved, preserve all their ancient customs, and deal with
whatever native people they might find there in their own way, untrammeled by
the English who had undertaken [78]to govern them on principles which they
could neither understand nor approve.

Then began the “Great Trek” of 1836—the Africander secession and exodus,
leaving their former country to the possession of the English, and seeking
towards the north for a country wherein they would be free according to their
own ideals of liberty.

To the north and east of the utmost limit of European settlement in 1836 was a
region now divided into the Orange Free State, The Transvaal or South African
Republic, and the British colony of Natal. A few hunters had penetrated a little
way into it, and some enterprising border farmers had occasionally driven their
flocks and herds into the southern fringe of it in search of better pasture. It had
been described by the few who had explored it as having districts that were well
watered and fertile—a country of arable and pasture lands. Within it, and
bordering close to it on the northwest, were the fierce Zulus; and it abounded
with big game and enormous beasts of prey. But the Africanders knew what it
was to battle for place and for life with wild beasts and savage men. They had
less dread of these than of the experiences they foresaw for themselves under
the new government set up in Cape Colony. They made choice of the
[79]wilderness with all its hardships and perils, and set forth.

One may not be able to laud all their motives for taking this course, as we judge
such matters now, after more than half a century during which there has been a
constant brightening of the light of moral truth. It must be admitted that their
action was taken, in part, because of attachment to slavery. But condemnation of
that part of their complex motives should be modified by the thought that the
best peoples of the world were just then coming to see with John Wesley that
human slavery is “the sum of all villainies.” And it should be remembered that
nearly thirty years later than the Africander secession and exodus partly in the
interest of slavery, fully one-third of the free population of the United States
seceded from the Union wholly in the interest of the same “peculiar institution,”
claiming to hold their lands as well as their slave property, and that it cost the
nation a million lives and a thousand million dollars to transmute into American
practice the lofty sentiment embodied in the American Declaration of
Independence that, being created equal, all men have sacred rights to “life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

After discounting fairly the nobility of their [80]motives in making the “Great Trek,”
it will be allowed by every unprejudiced mind that with the less laudable were
mingled the love of manly independence and a reasonable resentment at
injustices done them in several matters, and that they were supported in the
hazardous undertaking by a courage equal to that of the Pilgrim Fathers in
venturing into the New England wilderness.

Not inaptly they compared themselves to Israel forsaking Egypt and beginning
the long wilderness journey to a land of promise, thinking it not unlikely that the
British governor, like Pharaoh, would pursue after them and try to turn them
back. But their Pharaoh, after consulting his legal adviser, decided to let them
go. It was serious, indeed, to lose so many stalwart and useful citizens, but there
was no legal way of stopping them; and it would not do to use the strong hand,
for Great Britain had just abolished slavery.

Slowly and in small parties the exodus began, for there must not be cattle
enough in one train to exhaust the pasture along the route they were to follow.
Places of rendezvous were appointed beforehand, where, at necessary intervals
of time, all might come together for mutual encouragement and counsel. The
men carried [81]arms for defense and for the killing of game for food. Long
experience in shooting, not for sport but for life itself, had made them almost
infallible marksmen—an accomplishment that proved their only salvation in the
fierce and long continued struggle that was before them.

Between 1836 and 1838 nearly 10,000 Africanders set forth, traveling in large
covered wagons drawn by strings of oxen numbering in some cases ten and
even twelve yoke. It is interesting to know that among the few survivors of that
historic pilgrimage is Paul Kruger, who, as a boy of ten years, helped to drive his
father’s cattle across velt and mountain range.

The story of the wanderings of these emigrant Africanders, and of their conflicts
with the warlike aborigines, is romantic to the highest degree, recalling in some
of its features the adventures of the eleventh century crusaders and of the
Spaniards in Mexico in the sixteenth century.

The first division that trekked, consisting of ninety-eight persons traveling in thirty
wagons, suffered defeat and almost ruinous disaster. They had penetrated into
the far northeast beyond the Vaal river—the territory of the present South African
Republic—where many of their number fell in battle with the natives. The
remainder [82]was rapidly thinned out by deaths from fever and from privation
caused by the wholesale destruction of their cattle by the tsetse-fly. After
incredible sufferings a mere handful escaped eastward to Delagoa Bay.

Another and larger division was formed by the union of several smaller parties at
a rocky peak called Thaba ’Ntshu, situated near the eastern border of what is
now the Orange Free State, and visible from Bloemfontein. This division soon
became involved in hostilities with a branch of the fierce Zulu race, known in
later history as the Matabele. The chief of this tribe, Moselekatse, was a general
of much talent and energy as well as a brave warrior. The Matabele, regarding
the Africanders as trespassers upon their territory, immediately provoked war by
attacking and massacring a small detached body of emigrants. Doubtless the
whites were intruders; but they knew that the Matabele had lately slaughtered or
driven out of that region the weaker Kaffir tribes, and therefore had no
conscientious scruples about meting to them the same treatment they had
measured to others. Indeed, the Africanders seem to have regarded their
relation to all the natives as being similar to that of the Israelites under Joshua to
the tribes of Canaan—they were there to possess the [83]land, and to reduce the
heathen inhabitants to submission and servitude by whatever means it might be
necessary to use. They now had an unprovoked and murderous attack to
avenge, which they proceeded to do with great promptitude and courage.
Hurling their whole strength against Moselekatse with the utmost fury, they
routed his greatly superior force with terrific slaughter, so that he fled before
them, far and fast, toward the northwest, not halting in his flight until he had
crossed the Limpopo River. There he, in turn, made havoc of the natives
dwelling between that stream and the Zambesi River, and established in that
region the Matabele kingdom in such strength that it continued a scourge to all
neighboring peoples until its overthrow in 1893. By the defeat and expulsion of
the Matabele the Africanders obtained possession of the immense territories
lying between the Orange River on the south and the Limpopo on the north. The
small communities with which they were able to people the country at first grew
in numbers until they became in course of time, the population of the Orange
Free State and the Transvaal Republic.

Meantime, the largest and best organized of the three pioneering expeditions,
under the capable leadership of Pieter Retief—a man much [84]respected by all
Africanders to this day—trekked eastward and then southward into the warmer
and more fruitful country lying between the Quathlamba range of mountains and
the Indian Ocean. Here they found a region practically emptied of native
inhabitants, save a not very numerous tribe of Zulus. Native wars had nearly
depopulated the country in 1820. They also found a small English settlement at
Fort Natal, where the flourishing town of Durban is now situated. These few
Englishmen had obtained a cession of the narrow maritime strip they occupied
from King Tshaka, and were maintaining a little republic as a temporary form of
government until they could obtain the status of a British colony. They had
applied for that standing in 1835, with the request that a legislature be granted
them. The British government was still considering their request, and was in
doubt as to whether it should occupy the fort and establish a colony there, when
the Africanders arrived. The settlement was so insignificant, and the prospective
action of the British authorities so uncertain that the emigrants paid little
attention to it.

Desiring to live on terms of peace with the Zulus the Africanders applied to their
king, Dingaan, for a cession of territory, rashly visiting [85]his kraal for that
purpose. The king made the grant readily enough, but the next day when they
were about to depart after drinking a farewell cup of native beer, he
treacherously ordered his warriors to slay his guests, alleging that they were
wizards. Pieter Retief, with all who had accompanied him on the embassy
perished that day, and the deed was followed up with an attack on a small body
of emigrants camped near by. The surprise was complete, and every soul was
massacred without mercy.

These atrocities roused the whole body of emigrants to execute vengeance, and
they did it so effectually that anniversaries of that day, December 16th, 1838, are
still observed by the people of the Transvaal. A mere handful of the Africanders
decimated and put to rout King Dingaan’s great host. They owed their victory to
expert markmanship and horsemanship as well as to their lion-like bravery and
prowess. Riding swiftly into easy range they fired a volley with deadly precision
and then wheeled and as swiftly rode out of reach of the Zulu assagais without
suffering harm. Several repetitions of this maneuver so reduced the fighting
force and the courage of the Zulus that they turned and fled precipitately. Two
years later, 1840, the king’s brother, Panda, then in rebellion against Dingaan,
[86]made common cause with the Africanders, and together they drove the
warlike king out of Zululand. Panda was then made king in his brother’s stead,
accepting the relation of vassal to the government of the Natalia Republic
established by the Africanders. They began about this time to survey and
apportion the land, and founded a city about sixty-five miles inland from Port
Natal, known ever since as Pietermaritzburg.

This action, with some others of a like nature, brought about the second contact
of Boer and Briton, the subject to be treated in the next chapter. [87]
[Contents]
CHAPTER V.
 SECOND CONTACT OF AFRICANDER AND BRITON—IN
NATAL.

The British authorities at Cape Colony suffered the Africanders to go forth in

peace on their Great Trek in search of isolation and independence. But the light
of succeeding events shows that, without formally announcing it at first, the
government held that the Africanders, go where they might, were to be
considered British subjects, and that any territory they might occupy would
become British territory by virtue of such occupancy.

About the time when the Republic of Natalia was being organized by the
Africanders a small detachment of British troops which had been landed at Port
Natal was withdrawn. This was construed by the emigrants as an abandonment
by the British government of all claim to the country.

It soon became evident, however, that the proceedings of the new settlers in
Natal were [88]narrowly watched by the authorities at the Cape, and that some of
the measures taken were looked upon with serious displeasure. The expulsion
of the Kaffirs, and an attempt to force them into a territory already occupied by
another tribe, were condemned as being likely to provoke further disorder and
conflict. And then, the Cape government, since the Great Trek, had asserted
over and over again its right to control the Africanders in any region they might
occupy, as subjects of the British crown. Their action in establishing a new and
independent white state on the coast was viewed with alarm; for it would
certainly affect trade with the interior tribes, and it might create a local rival to
Britain’s maritime supremacy within what had been considered her own borders.
Besides, the colonial government held that it was the natural guardian and
protector of the natives, and the attack of the Africanders on the Kaffirs living in
near neighborhood to the eastern borders of the Cape settlements was regarded
as an insolent aggression which ought to be resented and checked.
 PRESIDENT STEYN, ORANGE FREE STATE.

The Africanders, on the other hand, denied that the Cape government had any
authority over them. The British government, they averred, was territorial and
had no authority outside [89]the region hitherto formally claimed by the British
crown. And they had trekked out of the territory to which Great Britain had laid
claim purposely to be a separate, free and independent people. England’s thirty
million dollars had purchased such territorial rights and public improvements in
South Africa as were formerly possessed by the Netherlands, but her money
had not bought people.

At this time the British government was unwilling to add to its already too
extensive colonial possessions and the heavy responsibilities connected with
them. Nevertheless, after careful consideration of all that would be involved in
not checking the Africander aspirations and movements towards independence,
it was determined to establish British dominion over Port Natal and the territory
west of it as far as the crest of the Quathlamba chain of mountains and the
extension of them to the north. Pursuant to this policy a small military force
under Captain Smith was sent to take possession of Port Natal in 1842.

Smith’s command was selected from the post garrison at Umgazi River, and
consisted of only two hundred men and two field pieces. The route was over
nearly three hundred miles of sea coast in a wilderness state, across numerous
rivers, [90]and through the habitat of elephants and lions whose fresh spoor the
men saw frequently. After an arduous march of thirty-five days, from the 31st of
March to the 4th of May, they reached Port Natal and camped on a hill about six
miles from the town.

The resident English, while rejoiced to see the soldiers, were both amused and
alarmed when they saw how small a force had been sent to deal with a people
who could muster 1,500 well-armed men. Nothing daunted, however, Captain
Smith took a few of the artillery and marched into the town on the 5th day of
May, hauled down the flag of the Natalia Republic, hoisted in its place the British
Union Jack, and spiked the one Africander gun found beside the flagstaff.

For the next few days there was much diplomatic correspondence between the
Africander leader, A. W. Pretorius, and the English commander—without coming
to any terms of agreement. In the meantime the English moved their
encampment to a piece of level ground in front of the town, and the Africanders
began to gather a force at the old Dutch camping ground on the Congella, about
three miles from the British force. Captain Smith had written instructions to give
the “emigrant farmers” fifteen days [91]to come to a decision, which time the
farmers used in strengthening their ranks and intrenching their camp.
It will throw light on the policy pursued at this time by the Africanders to take into
view the action of a certain Dutch ship-master who put into Port Natal one day
before the arrival of the British. This man, Captain Reus, speaking as one
having authority, gave the Africanders to understand that the Dutch government
would espouse their cause and interest other European powers therein. He also
advised them to pursue an evasive policy, to avoid collision, and to keep the
English in play till their friends in Europe could act. In accordance with this
advice the Africanders drew up a declaration of allegiance to the Dutch
government, coupled with a protest against the occupation of the country by the
English. With the exception of the occasional lifting of cattle, they refrained from
acts of hostility.

Matters continued in this state until the 23d of May—three days in excess of the
fifteen allowed the Africanders for consideration—when a night attack was made
on their camp by the British. Captain Smith found his enemy on the alert, and
after a sharp engagement in which the British lost 103 men in killed, wounded
and missing, [92]and both the field guns, he retired to the fortified camp near Port
Natal.

The Africanders immediately laid siege to the British garrison and, doubtless,
would have compelled it to surrender in the end had it not been for the bravery
and endurance of a young Englishman named Richard King. It was six hundred
miles, across the breadth of Kaffraria, from Port Natal to Grahamstown, the
nearest point at which help for the beleaguered garrison could be found. Young
King made the distance, crossing two hundred rivers on the way, in ten days—
really in eight, for he was compelled by fever to rest two days out of the ten.

Immediately on receipt of the news at Grahamstown, a force under Lieutenant-

Colonel Cloete was dispatched by sea, and reached the famished garrison after
it had endured a close siege of thirty-one days. The approach of the re-
enforcements was resisted in an action in which the British succeeded in
landing, drove the Africanders from their positions, and effected a junction with
the garrison in Port Natal. The loss of life in this engagement was not severe,
but the siege was raised, and no fresh hostilities were undertaken at that time.
The Africanders withdrew to a camp about twelve miles from Port Natal, where
they awaited developments[93]—expecting to be attacked. But the British
commander was not in a position for immediate aggression. His provisions and
ammunition were to be landed, and there were safe magazines to be provided
and strategic posts to be established.
On the 30th of June, 1842, A. W. Pretorius, commandant of the Africander force
—now four hundred strong—sent a communication to Lieutenant-Colonel
Cloete, asking if he wished to confer with them. The reply was to the effect that
no negotiations would be entered into without a previous declaration by the
Africanders of their submission to the British government.

On the 3rd of July Mr. Pretorius again wrote the British commander, complaining
that the Kaffirs were committing serious outrages upon his people and
plundering them of their cattle, which were being sold to the English. He also
informed the commander that, anxious as they were to put an end to the war
and so prevent all future bloodshed, the Africanders found it impossible to
accede to the condition imposed as a necessary preliminary to negotiations for
peace, viz.: that the Africanders should declare their submission to the British
crown. Mr. Pretorius added, as a reason for this, that they had [94]already made
over the country to the king of the Netherlands, and had invoked his protection.

Lieutenant-Colonel Cloete replied on the same date, deploring the melancholy

prospect of continued war, which would doubtless be complicated with such
barbarities as the native savages might be expected to perpetrate. But he
maintained that the Africanders were themselves responsible for that prospect,
because of their determined acts of hostility to the British government. He
intimated that, if they were sincere in the professed desire to avert the coming
bloodshed, there would be nothing degrading in giving in their submission to her
Britannic Majesty’s government, and assured them that there was every
disposition on the part of the British authorities to make the final adjustment of
affairs both just and generous toward the emigrant farmers. He also expressed
much regret that they had allowed themselves to be deceived with regard to the
intentions of the King of Holland by a person possessed of no authority to act in
the matter. He should be happy, he added in closing, to use his best efforts to
prevent acts of violence by the Zulus and Kaffirs, but felt his inability to do much
in that respect as long as the Africanders continued in arms against her
Majesty’s authority, and thus gave these tribes reason to think [95]that whatever
injury done to her rebellious subjects must be pleasing to her government.

The diplomatic correspondence was prolonged into 1843, when a meeting

between Mr. Pretorius and other Africander leaders and Lieutenant-Colonel
Cloete attended by three or four advisers took a place at Pietermaritzburg. The
outcome of the conference was a treaty by which Natal was declared a British
colony, but it was remarkably indefinite as to other particulars. The Africanders
were to acknowledge themselves British subjects, but were not required to take
the oath of allegiance to the queen. The guns they had captured, as well as all
their own ordnance, were to be given up. All public and private property was to
be restored to the rightful owners or custodians. All prisoners were to be
released, and a general amnesty was to be proclaimed to all persons who had
been engaged in hostilities against her Majesty’s troops and authority, with the
exception of four persons, among whom was Mr. Pretorius. By a subsequent
article in the treaty the lieutenant-colonel included Mr. Pretorius in the amnesty
in consideration of his valuable services and co-operation in arranging the final
adjustment of the terms of surrender.

The Volksraad of the little Africander republic [96]submitted to the terms of the
treaty, and to the British administration, in much bitterness and wrath, protesting
vehemently but without effect against a certain leveling up process, introduced
soon after the transfer of authority, by which the savage blacks were given equal
civil rights with the whites.

How the Africanders of Natal in general received the new regime, and how they
acted under it, will be the subject of another chapter.

THE VAAL RIVER.

The annexation of the young republic by the English defeated the first attempt of
the Africanders to secure access to the sea. It seemed to be a turning point in
the history of South Africa, for by it Great Britain obtained command of the east
coast, and established a new center of British influence in a part of the country
which has come to be called the garden of Africa. Moreover, it opened the way
for the acquisition of large contiguous territories in Zululand and in Tongaland.

It has been said that if the little Dutch republic had been left to itself the natives
would have suffered under a more rigorous treatment than they have
experienced at the hands of the British government, and that the internal
dissensions which became quite serious during its brief history would have
necessitated British interference [97]in the general interest of European South
Africa. But one cannot feel perfect confidence in uninspired prophecy. And one
cannot repress the feeling that the people who had trekked into an unclaimed
and unoccupied country for the sake of being isolated from the British, who had
subdued the savage Zulu tribes and set up a civilized government of their own,
were seized of sacred rights to peaceful possession and independence. [98]
[Contents]