Test Bank for College Mathematics for Business Economics

Life Sciences and Social Sciences 13th Edition by Barnett ISBN

0321945514 9780321945518
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business-economics-life-sciences-and-social-sciences-13th-edition-by-barnett-
isbn-0321945514-9780321945518/

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Use point-by-point plotting to sketch the graph of the equation.

1) y = x + 3

10

-10 -5 10 x

-5

-10

A)

1
 10

(5, 8)

(0, 3)

-10 -5 10 x

(-6, -3)
-5

-10

B)

(-6, 9) 10

(0, 3)

-10 -5 5(5, -2) 10 x

-5

-10

2
 C)

10

(-6, 3)

-10 -5 10 x
(0, -3)

-5

(5, -8)

-10

D)

10

(5, 2)

-10 -5 10 x

(0, -3)
-5

(-6, -9) -10

Answer: A

2) y = x2 + 2

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

3
 A)

10

-10 -5 10 x

-5

-10

B)

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C)

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

D)

10

-10 -5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: D

4
Determine whether the graph is the graph of a function.
3)

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) function
B) not a function
Answer: B

4)

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) function
B) not a function
Answer: A

5)

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) function
B) not a function
Answer: B

5
Determine whether the relation represents a function. If it is a function, state the domain and range.
6)

5→ 10
9→ 18
13 → 26
17 → 34

A) function
domain:{10, 18, 26, 34}
range: {5, 9, 13, 17}
B) function
domain: {5, 9, 13, 17}
range: {10, 18, 26, 34}
C) not a function
Answer: B

7)

Bob carrots
Ann peas
Dave squash

A) function
domain: {Bob, Ann, Dave}
range: {carrots, peas, squash}
B) function
domain: {carrots, peas, squash}
range: {Bob, Ann, Dave}
C) not a function
Answer: C

8) {(-1, -3), (-2, -2), (-2, 0), (2, 2), (14, 4)}
A) function
domain: {-3, -2, 0, 2, 4}
range: {-1, 2, -2, 14}
B) function
domain: {-1, 2, -2, 14}
range: {-3, -2, 0, 2, 4}
C) not a function
Answer: C

9) {(-2, 5), (-1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 2), (3, 10)}
A) function
domain: {5, 2, 1, 10}
range: {-2, -1, 0, 1, 3}
B) function
domain: {-2, -1, 0, 1, 3}
range: {5, 2, 1, 10}
C) not a function
Answer: B

6
Determine whether the function is linear, constant, or neither
x+3
10) y =
7
A) Linear
B) Constant
C) Neither
Answer: A

11) y = x3 - x2 + 8
A) Linear
B) Constant
C) Neither
Answer: C

2π
12) y =
3
A) Linear
B) Constant
C) Neither
Answer: B

13) y - 12 = 0
A) Linear
B) Constant
C) Neither
Answer: B

Use point-by-point plotting to sketch the graph of the equation.

2x
14) f(x) =
x-4

10

-10 -5 10 x

-5

-10

7
 A)

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

B)

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C)

10

-10 -5 10 x

-5

-10

D)

10

-10 -5 10 x

-5

-10

Answer: B

8
The graph of a function f is given. Use the graph to answer the question.
15) Use the graph of f given below to find f(10).

25

-25 25

-25

A) 0
B) -20
C) 15
D) 10
Answer: B

Find the function value.

16) Find f(-8) when f(x) = 7 - 3x2.
A) 199
B) -185
C) 55
D) 31
Answer: B
2
x -3
17) f(x) = ; f(4)
x3 + 2x
13
A)
64
13
B)
72
2
C)
9
13
D)
66
Answer: B

9
 18) Given that f(x) = 5x2 - 2x, find f(t + 2).
A) 5t2 + 18t + 16
B) t2 + 2t - 6
C) 5t2 - 18t + 16
D) 3t + 6
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

19) If g(x) = -4x2 + x - 9, find g(-2), g(1), and g .
2
33
Answer: -27, -12, -
2

20) For f(t) = 3t + 2 and g(t) = 2 - t2, find 4f(3) - g(-3) + g(0).
Answer: 53

f(a + h) - f(a)
21) For f(t) = 3 - 5t, find .
h
Answer: -5

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
f(x + h) - f(x)
Compute and simplify the difference quotient ,h ≠ 0.
h
22) f(x) = 5x2 + 7x
A) 15x - 7h + 14
B) 10x + 7
C) 10x + 5h + 7
D) 10x2 + 5h+ 7x
Answer: C

Determine the domain of the function.

23) f(x) = - 7x + 9
9
A) All real numbers except
7
B) No solution
C) All real numbers
9
D) x ≤
7
Answer: C

10
 x
24) f(x) =
x- 2
A) All real numbers except 2
B) x < 2
C) No solution
D) All real numbers
Answer: A

25) f(x) = 3 - x
A) x ≤ 3
B) No solution
C) All real numbers except 3
D) x < 3
Answer: A

8
26) f(x) =
x3
A) All real numbers except 0
B) No solution
C) x < 0
D) All real numbers
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

27) Only one of the following functions has domain which is not equal to all real numbers. State which function and
state its domain.
2x x+7
(A) h(x) = 4x2 - 3x - 5 (B) f(x) = (C) g(x) =
48 - x 2

2x
Answer: f(x) = has domain all real numbers except x = 48.
48 - x

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Determine if the equation specifies a function with independent variable x. If so, find the domain. If not, find a value of x
to which there corresponds more than one value of y.
28) x - y2 = 9
A) A function with domain ℛ
B) Not a function; for example, when x = 10, y = ±1
Answer: B

29) y = x2 + 2
A) A function with domain ℛ
B) Not a function; for example, when x = 2, then y = ±1
Answer: A

11
 30) xy = 4
A) A function with domain all real numbers except x = 0
B) Not a function; for example, when x = 4, y = ±1
Answer: A

31) xy + 3y = 4
A) A function with domain all real numbers except x = -3
B) Not a function; for example, when x = 4, y = ±3
Answer: A

32) x2 + y2 = 9
A) A function with domain ℛ
B) Not a function; for example, when x = 0, y = ±3
Answer: B

33) x2 - y2 = 9
A) A function with domain all real numbers except x = 5
B) Not a function; for example, when x = 5, y = ±4
Answer: B

Solve the problem.

34) The function F described by F(x) = 2.75x + 71.48 can be used to estimate the height, in centimeters, of a woman
whose humerus (the bone from the elbow to the shoulder) is x cm long. Estimate the height of a woman whose
humerus is 30.93 cm long. Round your answer to the nearest four decimal places.
A) 156.5375 cm
B) 43.3000 cm
C) 13.5775 cm
D) 105.1600 cm
Answer: A

35) The function M described by M(x) = 2.89x + 70.64 can be used to estimate the height, in centimeters, of a male
whose humerus (the bone from the elbow to the shoulder) is x cm long. Estimate the height of a male whose
humerus is 30.93 cm long. Round your answer to the nearest four decimal places.
A) 157.3400 m
B) 30.9300 cm
C) 156.5375 cm
D) 160.0277 cm
Answer: D

36) To estimate the ideal minimum weight of a woman in pounds multiply her height in inches by 4 and subtract
130. Let W = the ideal minimum weight and h = height. W is a linear function of h. Find the ideal minimum
weight of a woman whose height is 62 inches.
A) 120 lb
B) 118 lb
C) 378 lb
D) 130 lb
Answer: B

12
 37) The point at which a company's costs equals its revenue is the break-even. C represents cost, in dollars, of x
units of a product. R represents the revenue, in dollars, for the sale of x units. Find the number of units that must
be produced and sold in order to break even.
C = 15x + 12,000
R = 18x - 6000
A) 12,000
B) 6000
C) 800
D) 545
Answer: B

1
38) The function P, given by P(d) = d + 1, gives the pressure, in atmospheres (atm), at a depth d, in feet, under
33
the sea. Find the pressure at 200 feet. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
A) 7 atm
B) 201 atm
C) 200 atm
D) 8 atm
Answer: A

39) To estimate the ideal minimum weight of a woman in pounds multiply her height in inches by 4 and subtract
130. Let W = the ideal minimum weight and h = height. Express W as a linear function of h.
A) W(h) = 130h + 4
B) W(h) = 4h - 130
C) W(h) = 130
D) W(h) = 4 (h + 130)
Answer: B

Provide an appropriate response.

40) In a profit-loss analysis, point where revenue equals cost.
A) inflection point
B) turning point
C) break-even point
D) profit-loss point
Answer: C

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

41) Let T be the set of teachers at a high school and let S be the set of students enrolled at that school. Determine
which of the following correspondences define a function. Explain.
(A) A student corresponds to the teacher if the student is enrolled in the teacher's class.
(B) A student corresponds to every teacher of the school.
Answer: Choice (A) defines a function. To each element (student) of the first set (or domain), there corresponds
exactly one element (teacher) of the second set (or range).
Choice (B) does not define a function. An element (student) of the first set (or domain) corresponds to
more that one element (teacher) of the second set (or range).

13
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Give the domain and range of the function.

42) f(x) = x2 + 6
A) Domain: all real numbers; Range: [6, ∞)
B) Domain: [6, ∞); Range: all real numbers
C) Domain: all real numbers; Range: [-5, ∞)
D) Domain: [0, ∞); Range: [0, ∞)
Answer: A

43) g(x) = x2 - 4
A) Domain: [4, ∞); Range: all real numbers
B) Domain: all real numbers; Range: [-3, ∞)
C) Domain: all real numbers; Range: [-4, ∞)
D) Domain: [0, ∞); Range: [0, ∞)
Answer: C

44) h(x) = -4 x
A) Domain: all real numbers; Range: (-∞, -2]
B) Domain: (-∞, 0]; Range: all real numbers
C) Domain: [0, ∞); Range: [0, ∞)
D) Domain: all real numbers; Range: (-∞, 0]
Answer: D

45) s(x) =
A) Domain: (-∞, -6) ∪ (-6, ∞); Range: (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
B) Domain: ( -6, ∞); Range: (-∞, 0]
C) Domain: (-∞, -6]; Range: [0, ∞)
D) Domain: all real numbers; Range: [0, ∞)
Answer: C

46) r(x) = x - 6 - 6
A) Domain: all real numbers; Range: [- 6, ∞)
B) Domain: all real numbers; Range: [0, ∞)
C) Domain: [- 6, ∞); Range: all real numbers
D) Domain: all real numbers; Range: all real numbers
Answer: A

Provide an appropriate response.

47) How can the graph of f(x) = - x + 1 be obtained from the graph of y = x?
A) Shift it horizontally -1 units to the left. Reflect it across the x-axis.
B) Shift it horizontally 1 units to the left. Reflect it across the x-axis.
C) Shift it horizontally 1 units to the left. Reflect it across the y-axis.
D) Shift it horizontally 1 units to the right. Reflect it across the x-axis.
Answer: B

14
 48) How can the graph of f(x) = -(x -1 )2 6 be obtained from the graph of y = x2?
A) Shift it horizontally 1 units to the left. Reflect it across the x-axis. Shift it 6 unitsup.
B) Shift it horizontally 1 units to the right. Reflect it across the y-axis. Shift it 6 units down.
C) Shift it horizontally 1 units to the right. Reflect it across the x-axis. Shift it 6 unitsup.
D) Shift it horizontally 1 units to the right. Reflect it across the y-axis. Shift it 6 units up.
Answer: C

Write an equation for a function that has a graph with the given transformations.
49) The shape of y = x is shifted 5 units to the left. Then the graph is shifted 7 units upward.
A) f(x) = 7 x + 5
B) f(x) = x - 5 +7
C) f(x) = x+7+5
D) f(x) = x+5+7
Answer: D

50) Theshape ofy =x2 isvertically stretched by afactor of 10, and theresulting graph isreflected across thex-axis.
A) f(x) = - 10x2
B) f(x) = 10x2
C) f(x) = 10(x - 10)2
D) f(x) = (x - 10)2
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

51) The following graph represents the result of applying a sequence of transformations to the graph of a basic
function. Identify the basic function and describe the transformation(s). Write the equation for the given graph.

10

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 12345 x

Answer: Basic function is f(x) = x2; shift right 2 units, shift up 5 units. f(x) = (x - 2)2 + 5

15
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between the tropics. Several species (P. vulgaris, P. auriga, P.
bocagii) occur in the Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of
the Atlantic; one (P. argyrops) is well known on the coasts of the
United States under the names of “Scup,” “Porgy,” or “Mishcup,” and
one of the most important food fishes, growing to a length of 18
inches and a weight of 4 lbs.; another (P. unicolor) is one of the best-
known sea-fishes of Southern Australia and New Zealand, where it is
called “Snapper;” it is considered very good eating, like all the other
species of this genus, and attains, like some of them, a length of
more than 3 feet and a weight exceeding 20 lbs.
Pagellus.—Body oblong, compressed, with scales of moderate
size. Jaws without canines; molars on the sides arranged in several
series. Cheeks scaly. The spines of the dorsal fin, from eleven to
thirteen in number, can be received in a groove; anal spines three.
Seven species are known, the majority of which are European, as
P. erythrinus, common in the Mediterranean, and not rare on the
south coast of England, where it is generally termed “Becker;” P.
centrodontus, the common “Sea-bream” of the English coasts,
distinguished by a black spot on the origin of the lateral line; in the
young, which are called “Chad” by Cornish and Devon fishermen,
this spot is absent; P. owenii, the “Axillary or Spanish Sea-Bream,”
likewise from the British coasts. Pagellus lithognathus, from the
coasts of the Cape of Good Hope, attains to a length of four feet,
and is one of the fishes which are dried for export and sale to
whalers.
Chrysophrys.—Body oblong, compressed, with scales of
moderate size. Jaws with four or six canine teeth in front, and with
three or more series of rounded molars on each side. Cheeks scaly.
The spines of the dorsal fin, eleven or twelve in number, can be
received in a groove; anal spines three.
Some twenty species are known from tropical seas and the
warmer parts of the temperate zones. Generally known is Ch.
aurata, from the Mediterranean, occasionally found on the south
coast of England, where it is named “Gilthead.” The French call it
“Daurade,” no doubt from the Latin Aurata, a term applied to it by
ancient authors. The Greeks named it Chrysophrys (i.e. golden
eyebrow), in allusion to the brilliant spot of gold which it bears
between its eyes. According to Columella, the Aurata was among the
number of the fishes brought up by the Romans in their vivaria; and
the inventor of those vivaria, one Sergius Orata, is supposed to have
derived his surname from this fish. It is said to grow extremely fat in
artificial ponds. Duhamel states that it stirs up the sand with the tail,
so as to discover the shell-fish concealed in it. It is extremely fond of
mussels, and its near presence is sometimes ascertained by the
noise which it makes while breaking their shells with its teeth.
Several species found on the Cape of Good Hope attain to as large
a size as Pagellus lithognathus, and are preserved for sale like that
species. Chrysophrys hasta is one of the most common species of
the East Indian and Chinese coasts, and enters large rivers.
Fifth Group—Pimelepterina.—In both jaws a single anterior
series of cutting teeth, implanted by a horizontal posterior process,
behind which is a band of villiform teeth. Villiform teeth on the vomer,
palatines and the tongue. Vertical fins densely covered with minute
scales. Only one genus is known, Pimelepterus, with six species
from tropical seas. These fishes are sometimes found at a great
distance from the land.

Fifth Family—Hoplognathidæ.
Body compressed and elevated, covered with very small ctenoid
scales. Lateral line continuous. The bones of the jaws have a sharp
dentigerous edge, as in Scarus. The teeth, if at all conspicuous,
being continuous with the bone, forming a more or less indistinct
serrature; no teeth on the palate. The spinous portion of the dorsal
fin is rather more developed than the soft; the spines strong; anal
with three spines, similar to the soft dorsal. Ventrals thoracic, with
one spine and five soft rays.
One genus only is known, Hoplognathus, with four species from
Australian, Japanese, and Peruvian coasts.
 Fig. 176.—Teeth of Hoplognathus.

Sixth Family—Cirrhitidæ.
Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales; lateral
line continuous. Mouth in front of the snout, with lateral cleft. Eye
lateral, of moderate size. Cheeks without a bony stay for the
præoperculum. Generally six, sometimes five or three
branchiostegals. Dentition more or less complete, composed of small
pointed teeth, sometimes with the addition of canines. One dorsal
fin, formed by a spinous and soft portion, of nearly equal
development. Anal with three spines, generally less developed than
the soft dorsal. The lower rays of the pectoral fins simple and
generally enlarged; ventrals thoracic, but remote from the root of the
pectorals, with one spine and five rays.
The fishes of this family may be readily recognised by their
thickened, undivided lower pectoral rays, which in some are
evidently auxiliary organs of locomotion, in others, probably, organs
of touch. They differ from the following family, the Scorpænidæ, in
lacking the bony connection between the infraorbital ring and the
præoperculum. Two groups may be distinguished in this family,
which, however, are connected by an intermediate genus
(Chironemus). The first, distinguished by the presence of vomerine
teeth, consists of Cirrhites and Chorinemus, small prettily coloured
fishes. The former genus is peculiar to the Indo-Pacific, and consists
of sixteen species; the second, with three species, seems to be
confined to the coasts of Australia and New Zealand. The second
group lacks the vomerine teeth, and comprises the following genera:
—
Chilodactylus.—One dorsal fin, with from sixteen to nineteen
spines; anal fin of moderate length; caudal forked. One of the simple
pectoral rays more or less prolonged, and projecting beyond the
margin of the fin. Teeth in villiform bands; no canines. Præoperculum
not serrated. Scales of moderate size. Air-bladder with many lobes.

Fig. 177.—Chilodactylus macropterus, from Australia.

Seventeen species are known, chiefly from the temperate parts
of the Southern Pacific, and also from the coasts of Japan and
China. They belong to the most valuable food-fishes, as they grow to
a considerable size (from five to twenty-five lbs.), and are easily
caught in numbers. At the Cape of Good Hope they are very
abundant, and preserved in large quantities for export.
 Mendosoma from the coast of Chili, and Nemadactylus from
Tasmania, are allied genera.
Latris.—Dorsal fin deeply notched; the spinous portion with
seventeen spines; anal fin many-rayed. None of the simple pectoral
rays passes the margin of the fin. Teeth villiform; no canines.
Præoperculum minutely serrated. Scales small.
Two species only are known from Tasmania and New Zealand,
which belong to the most important food-fishes of the Southern
Hemisphere. Latris hecateia or the “Trumpeter,” ranges from sixty to
thirty lbs. in weight, and is considered by the colonists the best
flavoured of any of the fishes of South Australia, Tasmania, and New
Zealand, and consumed smoked as well as fresh. The second
species, Latris ciliaris, is smaller, scarcely attaining a weight of
twenty lbs., but more abundant; it is confined to the coast of New
Zealand.

Fig. 178.—Skull of Scorpæna percoides; so, Suborbital ring;

pr, Præoperculum; st, Bony stay, connecting the sub-orbital with
the præoperculum.

Seventh Family—Scorpænidæ.
 Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with ordinary
scales, or naked. Cleft of the mouth lateral or subvertical. Dentition
feeble, consisting of villiform teeth; and generally without canines.
Some bones of the head armed, especially the angle of the
præoperculum, its armature receiving additional support by a bony
stay, connecting it with the infraorbital ring. The spinous portion of
the dorsal fin equally or more developed than the soft and than the
anal. Ventrals thoracic, generally with one spine and five soft rays,
sometimes rudimentary.
This family consists of carnivorous marine fishes only; some
resemble the Sea-Perches in form and habits, as Sebastes,
Scorpæna, etc., whilst others live at the bottom of the sea, and
possess in various degrees of development those skinny
appendages resembling the fronds of seaweeds, by which they
either attract other fishes, or by which they are enabled more
effectually to hide themselves. Species provided with those
appendages have generally a coloration resembling that of their
surroundings, and varying with the change of locality. The habit of
living on the bottom has also developed in many Scorpænoids
separate pectoral rays, by means of which they move or feel. Some
of the genera live at a considerable depth, but apparently not beyond
300 fathoms. Nearly all are distinguished by a powerful armature
either of the head, or fin spines, or both; and in some the spines
have been developed into poison organs.
The only fossil representative known at present is a species of
Scorpæna from the Eocene of Oran.
Sebastes.—Head and body compressed; crown of the head scaly
to, or even beyond, the orbits; no transverse groove on the occiput.
Body covered with scales of moderate or small size, and without
skinny tentacles. Fin-rays not elongate; one dorsal, divided by a notch
into a spinous and soft portion, with twelve or thirteen spines; the anal
with three. No pectoral appendages. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer, and generally on the palatine bones. Vertebræ more than
twenty-four.
About twenty species are known, principally from seas of the
temperate zones, as from the coasts of Northern Europe (S.
norvegicus, S. viviparus), of Japan, California, New Zealand, and
Van Diemen’s Land. All seem to prefer deep water to the surface,
and Sebastes macrochir has been obtained at a depth of 345
fathoms. In their general form they resemble the Sea-Perches, attain
to a weight of from one to four lbs., and are generally esteemed as
food.
Scorpæna.—Head large, slightly compressed, generally with a
transverse naked depression on the occiput; bones of the head armed
with spines, and generally with skinny tentacles. Scales of moderate
size. Mouth large, oblique. Villiform teeth in the jaws, and at least on
the vomer. One dorsal, 12–13/9, A. 3/5. Pectoral fins without detached
rays, large, rounded, with the lower rays simple and thickened. Air-
bladder none. Vertebræ twenty-four.

Fig. 179.—Head of Scorpæna percoides, from New Zealand.

 Fig. 180.—Scorpæna bynoensis, from the coasts of Australia.
About forty species are known from tropical and sub-tropical
seas. They lead a sedentary life, lying hidden in the sand, or
between rocks covered with seaweed, watching for their prey, which
chiefly consists of small fishes. Their strong undivided pectoral rays
aid them in burrowing in the sand, and in moving along the bottom.
The type of their coloration is very much the same in all the species,
viz. an irregular mottling of red, yellow, brown, and black colours, but
the distribution of these colours varies exceedingly, not only in the
same species but also in the same individuals. They do not attain to
any considerable size, probably never exceeding a length of 18
inches. Their flesh is well flavoured. Wounds inflicted by their fin-
spines are exceedingly painful, but not followed by serious
consequences.
Glyptauchen and Lioscorpius are genera closely allied to
Scorpæna, from Australian seas.
Setarches is also allied to the preceding genera, and provided
with very large eyes, in accordance with the depth (215 fathoms)
which the two species known at present inhabit; one has been found
near Madeira, the other near the Fiji Islands.
Pterois.—Head and body compressed; scales of small or
moderate size. Bones of the head armed with numerous spinous
projections, between which often skinny tentacles are developed. The
dorsal spines and pectoral rays are more or less prolonged, passing
beyond the margin of the connecting membrane. Twelve or thirteen
dorsal spines. Villiform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer.
Nine species are known from the tropical Indo-Pacific. They
belong to the most singularly formed and most beautifully coloured
fishes of the Tropics, and formerly were believed to be able to fly, like
Dactylopterus. But the membrane connecting their pectoral rays is
much too short and feeble to enable them to raise themselves from
the surface of the water.
Apistus.—Head and body compressed, covered with ctenoid
scales of rather small size. Some bones of the head, and especially
the præorbital, are armed with spines. One dorsal with fifteen spines;
the anal with three. The pectoral fin is elongate, and one ray is
completely detached from the fin. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer, and palatine bones. Air-bladder present. A cleft behind the
fourth gill.
Two species from the Indian Ocean. These fishes are very small,
but of interest on account of the prolongation of their pectoral fins,
which indicates that they can take long flying leaps out of the water.
However, this requires confirmation by actual observation.
Agriopus.—Head and body compressed, scaleless; head without
any, or with very feeble, armature. Cleft of the mouth small, at the end
of the produced snout. One dorsal fin, which commences from the
head, the spinous portion being formed by from seventeen to twenty-
one strong spines; anal short. Villiform teeth in the jaws, generally
none on the vomer.
Seven species. This singular genus is peculiar to the temperate
parts of the South Pacific, occurring at the Cape, on the coast of
South Australia, and Chili. The largest species (A. torvus) attains a
length of two and a half feet. Nothing is known of its mode of life.
Synanceia.—General appearance of the fish, especially of the
head, monstrous. Scales none; skin with numerous soft warty
 protuberances or filaments. Mouth directed upwards, wide. Eyes
small. From thirteen to sixteen dorsal spines; pectoral fins very large.
Villiform teeth in the jaws, and sometimes on the vomer.
Four species are known from the Indo-Pacific, of which S. horrida
and S. verrucosa are the most generally distributed, and,
unfortunately, the most common. They are justly feared on account
of the great danger accompanying wounds which they inflict with
their poisoned dorsal spines, as has been already noticed above, p.
191. The greatest length to which they attain does not seem to
exceed eighteen inches. They are very voracious fishes, and their
stomach is of so great a capacity that they are able to swallow fishes
one-third of their own bulk.
Micropus.—Head and body strongly compressed, short, and
deep; no scales, but the skin is covered with minute tubercles. Snout
very short, with nearly vertical anterior profile. Præorbital, præ- and
inter-operculum with spines on the edge. Dorsal fin with seven or
eight, anal with two spines. Pectorals short, ventrals rudimentary.
Jaws with villiform teeth.
These fishes belong to the smallest of Acanthopterygians,
scarcely exceeding 1½ inches in length. Two species are known,
which are rather common on the coral reefs of the Pacific.
Chorismodactylus.—Head and body rather compressed,
scaleless, with skinny flaps. Bones of the head with prominent ridges;
the præorbital, præoperculum, and operculum armed; a depression on
the occiput. One dorsal fin, with thirteen spines; the anal with two.
Three free pectoral appendages. Ventral fins with one spine and five
rays. Villiform teeth in the jaws only.
Only one small species, Ch. multibarbis, is known, from the
coasts of India and China.
 Fig. 181.—Chorismodactylus multibarbis.
To complete the list of Scorpænoid genera, we have to mention
Tænianotus, Centropogon, Pentaroge, Tetraroge, Prosopodasys,
Aploactis, Trichopleura, Hemitripterus, Minous and Pelor.

Eighth Family—Nandidæ.
Body oblong, compressed, covered with scales. Lateral line
interrupted. Dorsal fin formed by a spinous and soft portion, the
number of spines and rays being nearly equal; anal fin with three
spines, and with the soft portion similar to the soft dorsal. Ventral fins
thoracic, with one spine, and five or four rays. Dentition more or less
complete, but feeble.
This small family consists of two very distinct groups.
A. Plesiopina. Marine fishes of small size, with pseudobranchiæ
and only four ventral rays. Plesiops from the coral-reefs of the Indo-
Pacific, and Trachinops from the coast of New South Wales, belong
to this group.
B. Nandina. Freshwater fishes of small size from the East Indies,
without pseudobranchiæ, and five ventral rays. The genera are
Badis, Nandus, and Catopra.

Ninth Family—Polycentridæ.
Body compressed, deep, scaly. Lateral line none. Dorsal and
anal fins long, both with numerous spines, the spinous portion being
the more developed. Ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five soft
rays. Teeth feeble. Pseudobranchiæ hidden.
Only two genera, each represented by one or two species in the
Atlantic rivers of Tropical America, Polycentrus and Monocirrhus,
belong to this family. They are small insectivorous fishes.

Tenth Family—Teuthididæ.
Body oblong, strongly compressed, covered with very small
scales. Lateral line continuous. Eye lateral, of moderate size. A
single series of cutting incisors in each jaw; palate toothless. One
dorsal fin, the spinous portion being the more developed; anal with
seven spines. Ventral fins thoracic, with an outer and an inner spine,
and with three soft rays between.
This family consists of one very natural genus, Teuthis, readily
recognised by the singular structure of the fins. In all the species the
fin-formula is D. 13/10. A. 7/9. The incisors are small, narrow, and
provided with a serrated edge. The air-bladder is large, and forked
anteriorly as well as posteriorly. Their skeleton shows several
peculiarities: the number of vertebræ is twenty-three, ten of which
belong to the abdominal portion. The abdominal cavity is surrounded
by a complete ring of bones, the second piece of the coracoid being
exceedingly long, and extending along the whole length of the
abdomen, where it is joined to a spinous process of the first
interhæmal. The pubic bones are slender, long, firmly attached to
each other, without leaving a free space between them. They are
fastened by a long process which passes the symphysis of the radii,
and extends on to that of the humeri.

Fig. 182.—Teuthis nebulosa, Indian Ocean.

Thirty species are known, all from the Indo-Pacific; but they do
not extend eastwards beyond 140° long., or to the Sandwich Islands.
They are herbivorous, and do not exceed a length of fifteen inches.

Second Division—Acanthopterygii Beryciformes.

Body compressed, oblong, or elevated; head with large
muciferous cavities which are covered with a thin skin. Ventral fins
thoracic, with one spine and more than five soft rays (in Monocentris
with two only).
One family only belongs to this division.

Family—Berycidæ.
Body short, with ctenoid scales, which are rarely absent. Eyes
lateral, large (except Melamphaës). Cleft of the mouth lateral,
oblique; jaws with villiform teeth; palate generally toothed. Opercular
bones more or less armed. Eight (four) branchiostegals.
 This family offers several points of biological interest. All its
members are strictly marine; but only two of the genera are surface-
forms (Holocentrum and Myripristis). All the others descend
considerably below the surface, and even some of the species of
Myripristis habitually inhabit depths of from 50 to 100 fathoms.
Polymixia and Beryx have been found in 345 fathoms. Melamphaës
must live at a still greater depth, as we may infer from the small size
of its eye; this fish is not likely to come nearer to the surface than to
about 200 fathoms. The other genera named have extremely large
eyes, and, therefore, may be assumed to ascend into such
superficial strata as are still lit up by a certain proportion of sun-rays.
The highly-developed apparatus for the secretion of superficial
mucus, with which these fishes are provided, is another sign of their
living at a greater depth than any of the preceding families of
Acanthopterygians. In accordance with this vertical distribution,
Berycoid fishes have a wide horizontal range, and several species
occur at Madeira as well as in Japan.
Fossil Berycoids show a still greater diversity of form than living;
they belong to the oldest Teleosteous fishes, the majority of the
Acanthopterygians found in the chalk being representatives of this
family. Beryx has been found in several species, with other genera
now extinct: Pseudoberyx, with abdominal ventrals, from Mount
Lebanon; Berycopsis, with cycloid scales; Homonotus, Stenostoma,
Sphenocephalus, Acanus, Hoplopteryx, Platycornus, with granular
scales; Podocys, with a dorsal fin extending to the neck; Acrogaster,
Macrolepis, and Rhacolepis, from the chalk of Brazil. Species of
Holocentrum and Myripristis occur in the Monte Bolca formation.
Monocentris.—Snout obtuse, convex, short; eye of moderate
size. Villiform teeth on the palatine bones, but none on the vomer.
Opercular bones without armature. Scales very large, bony, forming a
rigid carapace. Ventrals reduced to a single strong spine and a few
rudimentary rays.
 Fig. 183.—Monocentris japonicus.
One species only is known (M. japonicus) from the seas off
Japan and Mauritius. It does not attain to any size, and is not
common.
Hoplostethus.—Snout very short and obtuse; eye large. Villiform
teeth on the palatine bones, but none on the vomer. Operculum
unarmed, a strong spine at the scapulary and the angle of the
præoperculum. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size; abdominal edge
serrated. One dorsal, with six spines; ventrals with six soft rays;
caudal deeply forked.
One species only is known (H. mediterraneus), which occurs in
the Mediterranean, the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic, and in the
sea off Japan.
Trachichthys.—Snout very short and obtuse, with prominent
chin; eye large. Villiform teeth on the palatine bones and on the
vomer. A strong spine at the scapulary and at the angle of the
præoperculum. Scales rather small; abdomen serrated. One dorsal,
with from three to six spines; ventral with six soft rays. Caudal forked.
 Four species are known from New Zealand and Madeira.
Anoplogaster is an allied genus from tropical parts of the Atlantic;
it is scaleless.
Beryx.—Snout short, with oblique cleft of the mouth and
prominent chin; eye large. Villiform teeth on the palatine bones and
vomer. Opercular bones serrated; no spine at the angle of the
præoperculum. Scales ctenoid, of moderate or large size. One dorsal,
with several spines; ventrals with seven or more soft rays. Anal with
four spines; caudal forked.

Fig. 184.—Beryx decadactylus.

Five species are known from Madeira, the tropical Atlantic, and
the seas of Japan and Australia. The species figured is B.
decadactylus, common at Madeira, and occurring near Japan at a
depth of 345 fathoms; it attains a length of 1½ feet.
Melamphaes.—Head large and thick, with very thin bones, nearly
all the superficial bones being transformed into wide muciferous
channels. Eye small. Palate toothless; no barbels; opercles not
 armed. Scales large, cycloid. One dorsal, with six spines; anal spines
very feeble; caudal forked. Ventrals with seven rays.
Two species, deep-sea fishes of the Atlantic; they are very
scarce, as only three or four specimens have been found hitherto.
Polymixia.—Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth nearly
horizontal; eye large. Two barbels at the throat. Opercles without
armature. Scales of moderate size. One dorsal. Anal with three or four
spines; caudal forked; ventrals with six or seven soft rays.
Three species are known: P. nobilis from Madeira and St. Helena,
P. lowei from Cuba, and P. japonica from Japan; the latter species
from a depth of 345 fathoms. Average size eighteen inches.
Myripristis.—Snout short, with oblique cleft of the mouth and
prominent chin; eye large or very large. Villiform teeth on the vomer
and palatine bones. Opercular bones serrated; præoperculum without
spine. Scales large, ctenoid. Two dorsals, the first with ten or eleven
spines; anal with four spines; caudal forked; ventrals with seven soft
rays. Air-bladder divided by a contraction in two parts, the anterior of
which is connected with the organ of hearing.
Eighteen species from the tropical seas of both hemispheres, the
majority living near the coast at the surface. The coloration is
(principally) red or pink on the back and silvery on the sides. They
attain a length of about 15 inches, and are esteemed as food.
Holocentrum.—Snout somewhat projecting, with the cleft of the
mouth nearly horizontal; eye large. Villiform teeth on the vomer and
palatine bones. Opercular bones and præorbital serrated; operculum
with two spines behind; a large spine at the angle of the
præoperculum. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size. Two dorsals, the
first with twelve spines; anal with four spines, the third being very long
and strong; caudal forked. Ventrals with seven soft rays.
 Fig. 185.—Holocentrum unipunctatum, from the South Sea.
About thirty species are known from the tropical seas of both
hemispheres; all are surface fishes, and very common. The young
have the upper part of the snout pointed and elongate, and were
described as a distinct genus (Rhynchichthys). The coloration of the
adult is uniform; red, pink, and silvery prevailing. They attain to a
length of about 15 inches, and are esteemed as food.

Third Division—Acanthopterygii Kurtiformes.

One dorsal fin only, much shorter than the anal, which is long and
many-rayed. No superbranchial organ.
One family only belongs to this division.

Family—Kurtidæ.
Body compressed, oblong, deep in front, attenuated behind.
Snout short. The spines of the short dorsal are few in number, if
developed. Scales small or of moderate size. Villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer, and palatine bones.
 This family consists of a small number of species only, which
form two distinct genera, Pempheris and Kurtus. They are shore
fishes of tropical seas. In both the air-bladder shows some
peculiarity: in Pempheris it is divided into an anterior and posterior
portion; in Kurtus it is lodged within the ribs, which are dilated,
convex, forming rings. The number of vertebræ is respectively
twenty-four and twenty-three.

Fourth Division—Acanthopterygii Polynemiformes.

Two rather short dorsal fins, somewhat remote from each other;
free filaments at the humeral arch, below the pectoral fins;
muciferous canals of the head well developed.
One family only belongs to this division.

Family—Polynemidæ.
Body oblong, rather compressed, covered with smooth or very
feebly ciliated scales. Lateral line continuous. Snout projecting
beyond the mouth, which is inferior, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral,
large. Villiform teeth in the jaws and on the palate. Ventrals thoracic,
with one spine and five rays.
The fishes of this natural family have been divided, on slight
differences, into three genera—Polynemus, Pentanemus, and
Galeoides. They are found in rather numerous species on the coasts
between the tropics, and the majority enter brackish or even fresh
water. Very characteristic are the free filaments which in this family
are organs of touch; they are inserted on the humeral arch at some
distance from the pectoral fin; but, nevertheless, can be regarded
only as a detached portion of that fin; they can be moved quite
independently of the fin; their number varies from three to fourteen,
according to the species; in some they are exceedingly elongate,
twice as long as the fish, in others they are not longer or even
shorter than the pectoral. It is evident from the whole organisation of
these fishes that they live on muddy bottom or in thick water, such as
is found near the mouths of great rivers. Their eyes are large, but
generally obscured by a filmy skin, so that those feelers must be of
great use to them in finding their way and their food. The
Polynemoids are very useful to man: their flesh is esteemed, and
some of the species are provided with an air-bladder which yields a
good sort of isinglass, and forms an article of trade in the East
Indies. Some of these fishes attain to a length of four feet.

Fig. 186.—Pentanemus quinquarius, from the West Coast of Africa and the
West Indies.

Fifth Division—Acanthopterygii Sciæniformes.

The soft dorsal is more, generally much more, developed than
the spinous, and than the anal. No pectoral filaments; head with the
muciferous canals well developed.
Also this division is composed of one family only.

Family—Sciænidæ.
Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with ctenoid scales.
Lateral line continuous, and frequently extending over the caudal fin.