Test Bank for Social Inequality in a Global Age 5th Edition

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CHAPTER 2
The Great Debate

TEST ITEMS

Part I. Multiple-Choice Questions

1. According to Lenski, early radical social reformers included

a. the Hebrew prophets *
b. the Egyptian pharaohs
c. the Roman Senate
d. the Hindu priests

2. Confucius believed that the people should

a. respect rightful authority *
b. question authority
c. follow the Tao rather than the emperor
d. refuse to serve in the military

3. Lenski places Plato as a radical, for in Plato's ideal republic the rulers are superior to
the masses only in
a. income
b. wealth
c. power *
d. property

4. Radical Christian reformers argued that

a. God favors and honors the poor *
b. kings rule by divine right
c. God gave all power to the Pope
d. riches are a sign of God’s favor

5. Marx contends that under capitalism, a society's class structure becomes:

a. more egalitarian with more opportunity
b. more complex with many levels
c. more polarized into two classes *
d. more based on prestige than property

1
6. Karl Marx’s theories emphasized:
a. social class and class conflict *
b. supply and demand
c. goods and services
d. the role of personal prestige

7. Marx maintained that all history was the history of

a. capitalist accumulation *
b. great ideas
c. class conflict
d. proletariat revolutions

8. Marx believed that socialist revolutions had not yet occurred because industrial
workers were
a. not yet fully class conscious *
b. not yet alienated from their work
c. not yet fully exploited
d. not yet working for subsistence wages

9. According to Marx, the new class that emerges with industrial capitalism is:
a. the peasantry
b the patricians
c. the plebeians
d. the proletariat *

10. According to John Cassidy in The Return of Karl Marx, Marx's correct predictions
included
a. the fall of the Soviet Union
b. growing problems in the operation of capitalism *
c. the rise to economic power of the Pacific Rim countries
d. communist uprisings in the advanced capitalist countries

11. Ralf Dahrendorf contended that the real issue in class conflict was not property but
a. wealth
b. prestige
c. authority *
d. wages

12. For Max Weber, social honor within a community determines one’s
a. class
b. privilege
c. party
d. status *

2
13. Max Weber was particularly concerned about how one’s position in society affected
one’s
a. health
b. life chances *
c. voting patterns
d. class consciousness

14. Max Weber noted that privileged, powerful, and prestigious groups often seek
a. revolutionary change
b. democratic reforms
c. social closure *
d. a greater division of labor

15. For Emile Durkheim, an important element in modern social solidarity is

a. good government
b. class consciousness
c. improved life chances
d. the division of labor *

16. Conflict theory is rooted in the work of

a. Karl Marx and Max Weber *
b. Emile Durkheim and Adam Smith
c. Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton
d. John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau

17. Conflict theorists differ from functionalists in that they believe stratification:
a. serves the interests of powerful groups rather than all of society *
b. has changed in its form over the course of time
c. was most extreme in traditional societies and has declined over time
d. is multidimensional in nature

18. Davis and Moore argue that social stratification is functional for society because it
provides for
a. greater equity
b. less alienation
c. greater participation
d. greater motivation *

19. Gerhard Lenski called his synthesis of conflict and functionalist theories:
a. class differentiation theory
b. ecological-evolutionary theory *
c. world systems theory
d. structural privilege theory

Part II. True/False Questions

3
20. Ancient philosophers were all in agreement about one basic idea, that inequality was
good and right for society. F

21. Hebrew prophets denounced abuses of wealth, even at risk of angering kings and
rulers. T

22. Jesus preached that wealth was a sign of blessing from God. F
23. Muhammad told his followers that the freedoms women of his day enjoyed were
wrong, and they should be more restricted in their activities. F

24. Confucius (Kong Fuzi) taught that people should obey and respect rightful authority.
T

25. Medieval European kings believed that their right to rule came from the consent of
the people. F

26. John Locke argued that the authority of rulers comes from the consent of the
governed. T

27. Karl Marx contended that human history was the history of class struggle. T

28. Karl Marx believed that conflict was part of human nature, and all societies would
always have class conflict and warfare. F

29. Functionalists have argued that inequality is necessary for the smooth functioning of
economy and society. T

30. Conflict theorists believe that inequality serves the interests of powerful groups. T

Part III. Short-Answer Questions (2 items)

31. List four historical proponents of the “conservative thesis” that inequality is right and
proper.
Ans: Select from: Code of Hammurabi, Hindu caste system, Confucius, Aristotle,
Apostle Paul, medieval theology, John of Salisbury, Martin Luther, John Calvin, Adam
Smith, Gaetano Mosca, social Darwinism, functionalism.

32. List four historical proponents of the “radical antithesis” that inequality is wrong and
destructive.
Ans: Select from Hebrew prophets, Lao Tzu, the Buddha, Plato, Jesus, James brother of
Jesus, desert fathers, St. Francis of Assisi, Waldensians, Anabaptists, Levellers, Gerrard
Winstanley, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Karl Marx, Max Weber, conflict theory.

4
Part IV. Essay Questions (3 items)

33. What arguments have been offered in support of the social benefits of inequality, and
what counterarguments have been offered to challenge these supposed benefits? How
have these arguments formed the basis of conflict and functionalist views of social
inequality?
Ans: Arguments in support of inequality have ranged from theological arguments that an
unequal social order reflects the design of heaven or the will of God to sociological
arguments that inequality provides social order, motivation to work hard and achieve, and
a way to ensure that the most talented are recognized and rewarded. Arguments against
inequality or great inequality have included religious and philosophical arguments that all
are created equal, have equal rights and dignity, and that inequality is oppressive and
exploits the poor. Sociological arguments against inequality build on these to argue that
inequality suppresses talent, alienates poor workers, rewards greed, and deprives the poor
of the means and the motivation to use their abilities productively.

34. In what ways are Marx and Weber in agreement on the causes and nature of social
inequality? In what ways do their views of stratification and class formation differ?
Ans: Both are conflict theorists who see powerful groups trying to maintain and extend
their privilege. For Marx, the key factor is ownership of the means of production; wealth
is power, and the wealthy use their economic power to dominate the government and
social ideology. For Weber, power is multifaceted and also includes struggles to
dominate political access and to monopolize high-status positions.

35. Is social inequality desirable for society? Defend your view with arguments from
historical and sociological viewpoints discussed in the chapter.
Ans: Students arguing “yes” should be able to draw on the “conservative thesis”
arguments from early philosophers up to structural-functional theorists and
neoconservative economists. Students arguing “no” should begin with “radical”
philosophers and religious thinkers and continue to a range of conflict theorists, perhaps
including Marxist and feminist thought.

5
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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Isabel of
Castile and the making of the Spanish nation,
1451-1504
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Isabel of Castile and the making of the Spanish nation,

1451-1504

Author: Ierne L. Plunket

Release date: October 22, 2023 [eBook #71930]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915

Credits: Richard Tonsing, Clarity, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ISABEL OF

CASTILE AND THE MAKING OF THE SPANISH NATION, 1451-
1504 ***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.

ISABEL OF CASTILE

AFTER A PAINTING IN THE PRADO

GALLERY ATTRIBUTED TO MIGUEL
ZITTOZ

FROM “TORQUEMADA AND THE

SPANISH INQUISITION” BY RAFAEL
SABATINI
 ISABEL OF CASTILE

AND

THE MAKING OF THE SPANISH NATION

1451–1504

BY

IERNE L. PLUNKET
Author of “The Fall of the Old Order, 1763–1815”

Illustrated

G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Knickerbocker Press
1915
 Copyright, 1915
BY
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS

The Knickerbocker Press, New York

 FOREWORD

Isabel of Castile is one of the most remarkable, and also one of the
most attractive, figures in Spanish history. Her marriage with
Ferdinand the Wise of Aragon brought about the union of the
Spanish nationality, which had so long been distracted and divided
by provincial prejudices and dynastic feuds. She is the ancestress of
the Spanish Hapsburg line. But she is also important in Spanish
history as a wise and energetic ruler, who rendered invaluable
assistance to her husband and to some extent moulded his policy.
Under their government Spain was reduced from anarchy to order
and took her place among the great Powers of Europe. Isabel is
perhaps best known as the patroness of Christopher Columbus and
the unflinching ally of the Spanish Inquisition. But her career
presents many other features of interest. In particular it reveals the
problems which had to be faced by European governments in the
critical period of transition from mediæval to modern forms of
national organization.

H. W. C. D.

Balliol College, Oxford,

Dec. 17, 1914.
CONTENTS
 PAGE
CHAPTER I

CASTILE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 1

CHAPTER II

THE REIGN OF HENRY IV.: MISGOVERNMENT. 1454–1463 22

CHAPTER III

THE REIGN OF HENRY IV.: CIVIL WAR AND ANARCHY. 1464–

1474 51

CHAPTER IV

ACCESSION OF ISABEL: THE PORTUGUESE WAR. 1475–1479 88

CHAPTER V

ORGANIZATION AND REFORM 121

CHAPTER VI

THE MOORISH WAR. 1481–1483 158

CHAPTER VII

THE FALL OF GRANADA: THE MOORISH WAR. 1484–1492 185

 CHAPTER VIII

THE INQUISITION 231

CHAPTER IX

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS AND MUDEJARES 263

CHAPTER X

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 285

CHAPTER XI

ISABEL AND HER CHILDREN 319

CHAPTER XII

THE ITALIAN WARS. 1494–1504 346

CHAPTER XIII

CASTILIAN LITERATURE 387

APPENDIX I. HOUSE OF TRASTAMARA IN CASTILE AND

ARAGON 424

APPENDIX II. PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES FOR THE LIFE AND

TIMES OF ISABEL OF CASTILE 425

Index 427
ILLUSTRATIONS
 PAGE
ISABEL OF CASTILE Frontispiece
After a painting in the Prado Gallery attributed to Miguel
Zittoz.
From Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition, by Rafael
Sabatini.

HENRY IV 22
From Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia, vol. lxii.
From a photograph by Hauser and Menet.

ALFONSO V. OF ARAGON 24
From Iconografia Española, by Valentin Carderera y
Solano.

JUAN PACHECO, MARQUIS OF VILLENA 28

From Iconografia Española, by Valentin Carderera y
Solano.

ALFONSO, BROTHER OF ISABEL OF CASTILE 66

From Iconografia Española, by Valentin Carderera y
Solano.

FERDINAND OF ARAGON 90
From Iconografia Española, by Valentin Carderera y
Solano.

TOLEDO, LA PUERTA DEL SOL 106

From a photograph by Anderson, Rome.

TOLEDO, CHURCH OF SAN JUAN DE LOS REYES 110

From a photograph by Anderson, Rome.

SEGOVIA, THE ALCAZAR 114

From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid.

PRINCE JOHN, SON OF FERDINAND AND ISABEL 116

 (FUNERAL EFFIGY)
From Iconografia Española, by Valentin Carderera y
Solano.

JOANNA “LA BELTRANEJA” 118

From Sitges’ Enrique IV. y la Excelente Señora.

SPANISH HALBERDIER, FIFTEENTH CENTURY 162

From Spanish Arms and Armour.
Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert.

SPANISH CROSSBOWMAN, FIFTEENTH CENTURY 166

From Spanish Arms and Armour.
Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert.

ARMS BELONGING TO BOABDIL 172

From Lafuente’s Historia General De España, vol. vii.

ALHAMBRA, COURT OF LIONS 178

From a photograph by Anderson, Rome.

DOUBLE BREECH-LOADING CANNON, IN BRONZE 192

From Spanish Arms and Armour.
Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert.

RONDA, THE TAJO OR CHASM 200

From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid.

MALAGA TO-DAY 214

From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid.

BOABDIL, LAST KING OF GRANADA 222

From Altamira’s Historia de España.

ALHAMBRA, PATIO DE L’ALBERCA 226

From a photograph by Anderson, Rome.

Á
THE CARDINAL OF SPAIN, DON PEDRO GONSÁLEZ DE 234
MENDOZA
From Historia de la Villa y Corte de Madrid, by Amador de
los Rios.

XIMINES DE CISNEROS 242

From Iconografia Española, by Valentin Carderera y
Solano.

TORQUEMADA 258
After a painting attributed to Miguel Zittoz.
From Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition.
Reproduced by kind permission of the author, Mr. Rafael
Sabatini.

TOMB OF FRANCISCO RAMIREZ (“EL ARTILLERO”) 282

From Historia de la Villa y Corte de Madrid, by Amador de
los Rios.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 286

From Christopher Columbus, by Washington Irving.

A CARAVEL UNDER SAIL 298

From Christopher Columbus, by Washington Irving.

ISABEL OF CASTILE 322

Carved wooden statue from the Cathedral at Granada.
From A Queen of Queens, by Christopher Hare, published
by Messrs. Harper.

TOMB OF FERDINAND AND ISABEL 330

From Nervo’s Isabelle La Catholique.
Reproduced by permission of Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co.,
publishers of translated edition.

AVILA, TOMB OF PRINCE JOHN, SON OF FERDINAND AND

ISABEL 334
From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid.
AVILA, THE CATHEDRAL 336
From a photograph by Hauser and Menet.

ISABEL, QUEEN OF PORTUGAL, ELDEST DAUGHTER OF

FERDINAND AND ISABEL 338
From Iconografia Española, by Valentin Carderera y
Solano.

AVILA FROM BEYOND THE CITY WALLS 344

From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid.

A KING-AT-ARMS 364
From Spanish Arms and Armour.
Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert.

SPANISH MAN-AT-ARMS, FIFTEENTH CENTURY 368

From Spanish Arms and Armour.
Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert.

TILTING ARMOUR OF PHILIP THE FAIR 376

From Spanish Arms and Armour.
Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert.

JOANNA “THE MAD,” DAUGHTER OF QUEEN ISABEL 380

From Historia de la Villa y Corte de Madrid, by Amador de
los Rios.

CODICIL TO ISABEL’s WILL, WITH HER SIGNATURE 384

From Lafuente’s Historia General De España, vol. vii.

FERDINAND OF ARAGON 388

Carved wooden statue from the Cathedral at Malaga.

GRANADA CATHEDRAL, ROYAL CHAPEL, TOMB OF

FERDINAND AND ISABEL 392
From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid.

BURGOS CATHEDRAL 396

 From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid.

COINS, CATHOLIC KINGS 402

From Lafuente’s Historia General De España, vol. vii.

COINS, CATHOLIC KINGS 404

From Lafuente’s Historia General De España, vol. vii.

COINS, CATHOLIC KINGS 406

From Lafuente’s Historia General De España, vol. vii.

COINS, FERDINAND 408

From Lafuente’s Historia General De España, vol. vii.

FAÇADE OF SAN PABLO AT VALLADOLID 420

From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid.

MAP AT END
ISABEL OF CASTILE
 CHAPTER I
CASTILE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

There are some characters in history, whose reputation for heroism

is beyond reproach in the eyes of the general public. There are
others, however, whose claims to glory are ardently contested by
posterity, and none more than Isabel of Castile, in whose case
ordinary differences of opinion have been fanned by that most
uncompromising of all foes to a fair estimate, religious prejudice.
Thus the Catholic, while deploring the extreme severity of the
methods employed for the suppression of heresy, would yet look on
her championship of the Catholic Faith as her chief claim to the
admiration of mankind. The Protestant on the other hand, while
acknowledging the glories of the Conquest of Granada and the
Discovery of the New World, would weigh them light in the balance
against the fires and tortures of the Inquisition and the ruthless
expulsion of the Jews.
One solution of the problem has been to make the unfortunate
Ferdinand the scapegoat of his Queen’s misdeeds. Whatever tends to
the glory of Spain, in that, if not the originator, she is at least the
partner and moving spirit. When acts of fanaticism hold the field,
they are the result of Ferdinand’s material ambitions or the religious
fervour of her confessors; Isabel’s ordinarily independent and clear-
sighted mind being reduced for the sake of her reputation to a
condition of credulous servility.
Such a view has missed the consistency of real life. It is probably
responsible for the exactly opposite summary of another critic, who
denies Isabel’s superiority to her husband in anything but hypocrisy
and the ability to make her lies more convincing. He even fails to
admit that, this being granted, her capacities in one direction at least
must have been phenomenal, since Ferdinand was the acknowledged
liar of his day par excellence.
Faced by the witness of the Queen’s undoubted popularity, he
sweeps it away with a tribute to Spanish manhood: “The praise
bestowed on the character of Isabel is, to no small amount, due to the
chivalrous character of the Spaniards, who never forgot that the
Queen was a lady.”
Such an assumption must be banished, along with Isabel’s weak-
mindedness on religious matters, to the realms of historical fiction.
The very Castilians who extol her glory and merit do not hesitate to
draw attention in bald terms to her sister-in-law’s frailties. Indeed a
slight perusal of Cervantes’ famous novel, embodying so much of the
habits and outlook of Spain at a slightly later date will show it was
rather the fashion to praise a woman for her beauty than to credit her
with mental or moral qualities of any strength.
The Catholic Queen, like other individuals of either sex, must
stand or fall by the witness of her own actions and speech; and these
seen in the light of contemporary history will only confirm the
tradition of her heroism, which the intervening centuries have
tended to blur. The odium that sometimes attaches to her name is
largely due to the translation of Spanish ideals and conditions of life
in the Middle Ages into the terms that rule the conduct of the
twentieth century.
“Quien dice España dice todo,” says the old proverb,—“He who
says Spain has said everything.”
This arrogance is typical of the self-centred, highly strung race,
that had been bred by eight centuries of war against the Infidel. The
other nations of Western Europe might have their occasional
religious difficulties; but, in the days before Luther and Calvin were
born, none to the same extent as Spain were faced by the problem of
life in daily contact with the unpardonable crime of heresy, in this
case the more insidious that it was often masked by outward
observance of rule and ritual.
The greater part of the modern world would dismiss the matter
with a shrug of its shoulders and the comfortable theory that truth,
being eternal, can take care of itself; but this freedom of outlook was
yet to be won on the battlefields of the Renaissance and in the
religious wars of the sixteenth century. It would be an anachronism
to look for it in Spain at a time when the influence of the new birth of
thought and culture had extended no further than an imitation of
Italian poets.