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Chapter 02 - Sociological Research
Chapter 02
Sociological Research
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is true of sociology?

A. It is conducted primarily in a lab setting.
B. It represents a conversation between theory and research.
C. Its theories rely primarily on common sense assumptions.
D. It focuses on identifying biological differences that affect relationships.
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Bloom's Level: Comprehension
Topic: Social Sciences
Topic: Sociological Research
Topic: Sociological Theory
2. The scientific method

A. hinders the objectivity of scientists.
B. maximizes consistency in research.
C. enables researchers to prove their ideas are correct.
D. ensures value neutrality.

Topic: Scientific Method
2-1
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3. If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape
victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to
A. conduct interviews.
B. define a problem to study.
C. create a hypothesis.
D. choose a research design.

4. Defining a sociological problem involves

A. explicitly identifying the concepts you want to learn more about.
B. the creation of new social theory.
C. extensive field study and use of the scientific process.
D. decades of experience in the field and research into other theories.

5. An operational definition is
A. a speculative statement about the relationship between two variables.
B. the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
C. the transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and
measurable.
D. a relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in
the other.

Bloom's Level: Knowledge
Topic: Operational Definitions
2-2
6. Which of the following best describes theories?

A. They are objective statements that are known for a fact to be true.
B. They are measurable traits that are subject to change under different conditions.
C. They are testable statements about the relationship between two or more variables.
D. They are our most informed explanations of what happens and why.

Topic: Sociological Theory
7. Which of the following would be least likely to be used in formulating an operational

definition for a study on racial bias in the workplace?
A. racial discrimination complaints to the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission
B. racial discrimination lawsuits filed in court
C. the narrative of a single person describing an incident of employment discrimination
D. racial discrimination complaints to Human Resources directors at Fortune 500 companies

Topic: Operational Definitions
8. When researching a concept, why do sociologists conduct a review of the available

literature?
A. to refine the problem under study
B. to clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data
C. to eliminate or reduce avoidable mistakes
D. All of the answers are correct.

2-3
9. A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a
A. correlation.
B. hypothesis.
C. sample.
D. research design.

Topic: Hypotheses
10. The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have
babies" is an example of
A. an operational definition.
B. a hypothesis.
C. a research design.
D. causal logic.

Topic: Hypotheses
11. A variable is
A. a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.
B. the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
C. the unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their subjects.
D. a speculative statement about the relationship between two traits.

Topic: Variables
2-4
12. Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study?

A. marital status
B. ethnic background
C. age
D. All of the answers are correct.

Topic: Variables
13. The relationship between variables in which a change in one leads to a change in the other
is known as
A. observation.
B. causal logic.
C. a correlation.
D. an index.

Topic: Causation
Topic: Variables
14. The statement "People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier
citizens" is an example of
A. a dependent variable.
B. a hypothesis.
C. an independent variable.
D. the Hawthorne effect.

Topic: Hypotheses
2-5
15. The causal variable that brings about change is known as a(n)
A. independent variable.
B. dependent variable.
C. spurious variable.
D. operational variable.

Topic: Causation
Topic: Variables
16. Which of the following would be considered the independent variable in the statement
"People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens"?
A. life expectancy
B. level of income
C. source of income
D. quality of life

Topic: Variables
17. Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit
suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)
A. hypothesis.
B. independent variable.
C. dependent variable.
D. index.

Topic: Variables
2-6
18. The race of a criminal offender is associated with the frequency with which capital
punishment is administered. In this example, capital punishment would be considered the
A. hypothesis.
B. independent variable.
C. dependent variable.
D. index.

Topic: Variables
19. The relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change
in the other is known as a(n)
A. index.
B. correlation.
C. operational definition.
D. scale.

Topic: Correlation
Topic: Variables
20. Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to experience long-term adverse
effects than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This statement is an example
of a(n)
A. theory.
B. correlation.
C. independent variable.
D. law.

Topic: Correlation
2-7
21. In which type of sample does each member of the entire population have the same chance
of being selected?
A. a random sample
B. a quota sample
C. an index sample
D. a Roper sample

Topic: Research Methods
22. If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they
might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a
A. scale.
B. control variable.
C. quota sample.
D. random sample.

23. Valid research measures

A. always provide consistent results.
B. are always independent, rather than dependent, variables.
C. accurately reflect the phenomenon under study.
D. are typically ambiguous when put into words.

Topic: Variables
2-8
24. Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual's

intelligence?
A. the individual's employment
B. the researcher's opinion
C. the number of years of school that the individual has completed
D. None of the answers are correct.

25. A research measure that provides consistent results is considered

A. valid.
B. reliable.
C. an index.
D. a scale.

26. A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a
A. control variable.
B. dependent variable.
C. correlation.
D. cross-tabulation.

Topic: Variables
2-9
27. Which of the following is true about a research design?

A. It is a specific explanation of an abstract concept that allows researchers to measure the
concept.
B. It is a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
C. It is an indicator of attitudes, behavior, or characteristics of people or organizations.
D. It is a detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.

28. Developing an effective research design is important because it directly influences both
the amount of time needed to collect the data and the
A. ethics of the study.
B. cost of the project.
C. purpose of the project.
D. general interest in the study.

29. To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist

interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in
the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as
A. a secondary analysis.
B. participant observation.
C. a survey.
D. a content analysis.

2-10
30. In order to provide information that is useful, open-ended survey questions

A. must require a yes or no answer.
B. should be varied for each respondent.
C. should contain the answer that will confirm the study.
D. must be worded accurately and without bias.

31. The results of an interview may be influenced by

A. the gender of the interviewer.
B. the race of the interviewer.
C. Neither answer is correct.
D. Both answers are correct.

32. Surveys most often represent research, which collects and reports data primarily
in numerical form.
A. qualitative
B. quantitative
C. descriptive
D. ethnographic

2-11
33. The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of
values is referred to as the
A. mean.
B. mode.
C. median.
D. percentage.

34. The midpoint, or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers
of values, is referred to as the
A. mean.
B. mode.
C. median.
D. percentage.

35. Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5?
A. 10
B. 8
C. 7
D. 5

2-12
36. Research that relies on what sociologists observe in the field and naturalistic settings, and
that often focuses on small groups and communities, is referred to as
A. qualitative research. B.
quantitative research. C.
ethnographic research. D.
experimental research.

37. Researchers who use sociological observation to collect data do so by either watching a
group or by
A. directly participating in a group.
B. reading literature about a group.
C. interviewing members of a group.
D. giving questionnaires to a group.

38. A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over
several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of
the community's social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is
conducting a(n)
A. content analysis.
B. secondary analysis.
C. quantitative study.
D. ethnography.

2-13
39. The initial obstacle participant observers encounter is

A. maintaining their objectivity when studying people face-to-face.
B. formulating the sequence of questions in an interview.
C. determining which group will be the experimental group.
D. gaining acceptance into an unfamiliar group.

40. Once a researcher has been accepted into a group, a major challenge of participant
observation is
A. maintaining a degree of detachment.
B. finding a group to study.
C. getting funding.
D. collecting enough useful information.

41. An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables is known
as a(n)
A. survey.
B. experiment.
C. replication.
D. research design.

2-14
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Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is true of sociology?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. The scientific method

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Defining a sociological problem involves

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. Which of the following best describes theories?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Which of the following would be least likely to be used in formulating an operational

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. When researching a concept, why do sociologists conduct a review of the available

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23. Valid research measures

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24. Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual's

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25. A research measure that provides consistent results is considered

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27. Which of the following is true about a research design?

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29. To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist

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30. In order to provide information that is useful, open-ended survey questions

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31. The results of an interview may be influenced by

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39. The initial obstacle participant observers encounter is

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