1(a)(i)

1(a)(ii)
Question 1

80
60
40
20
(C)
Temperature


247
245
249
243
Mass of Beaker and
100 cm3 of Water (g)


511
475
445
405


Salt Solution (g)
Mass of Beaker and

264
230
196
162


Mass of Salt
Dissolved (g)

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Question 1
1(a)(iii) 247 g per 100 cm3.

1(a)(iv) Mass of KI dissolved in 100 cm3 at 70 C = 247 g.

Mass of Ki dissolved in 100 cm3 at 30 C = 180 g.

Mass of KI that would be precipitated out from solution on cooling from 70 C to 30 C

= (247 – 180) g = 67 g.

1(a)(v) Molar mass of KI = (127 + 39) g mol-1 = 166 g mol-1.

Moles of KI in 180 g KI = (180/166) mol = 1.08 mol.
Hence moles of KI in 100 cm3 of saturated solution at 30 C = 1.08 mol.
Moles of KI in 1000 cm3 = (1.08 × 10) = 10.8 mol.
Therefore concentration of saturated solution of KI at 30 C = 10.8 mol dm-3.

1(b) KI is an ionic solid in which cations and anions are held together by ionic bonds. Water is a polar
covalent solvent so it can cause the ions in KI to dissociate. Ethanol is also a polar covalent solvent
but it is not as polar as water.

1(c)(i) Distilled water, stirring rod, beakers, aqueous barium chloride solution, filter funnel, filter paper,
Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze and evaporating dish.

1(c)(ii) 1. Dissolve the solid mixture in distilled water.

2. Add aqueous barium chloride solution slowly with stirring until no more precipitate forms.
3. Filter of the precipitate of barium sulfate.
4. Evaporate the filtrate to obtain solid NaCl.

1(c)(iii) • Colourless solution forms when salt mixture dissolves.

• White precipitate forms when aqueous barium chloride is added.
• Colourless filtrate is collected upon filtration.
• White solid forms upon evaporation of filtrate.

1(d)(i) Inference • NO2 gas formed.

• Acidic gas present; NO3- ions present.

1(d)(ii) Inference • Pb2+ ions present.

• Pb2+(aq) + I-(aq) → PbI2(s).
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Question 2
2(a)(i) Comparison: X is more easily ionized than Mg.

Explanation: X is lower in group II than Mg. The outer electrons of X are in a shell further away
from the nucleus than those of Mg. The outer electrons of X are therefore less
strongly held by the nucleus and more easily lost than the outer electrons of Mg.

2(a)(ii) Comparison: Cl is a stronger oxidizing agent than Y.

Explanation: Oxidizing power of elements decreases down group VII. Cl is higher in group VII than
Y. The nucleus of Cl is therefore less shielded than that of Y, making external
electrons more strongly attracted to the nucleus of Cl than of Y.

2(b)(i) Both elements are solid at R.T.P.

2(b)(ii) At R.T.P. X conducts electricity but Y does not.

2(c)(i) Covalent bonding occurs between phosphorous and element Y.

2(c)(ii)
•• • •
Key
• = Y electron
• Y • × = P electron
• Y ×× •
• × Y = nucleus and
× • inner electrons of Y.
P
•• ••
ו P = nucleus and
inner electrons of P.

• Y •
• •

••
2(c)(iii) Chemical formula: PY3.
Two properties of compound: 1. It is a solid with a low melting point.
2. It is soluble in non-polar (organic) solvents.
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Question 3
3(a) Cracking is the breakdown of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules including at least
one alkene.

3(b)(i) H-O-X-O-H

3(b)(ii) --X-O-X-O-X-O—n/3 where n is a very large number.

3(b)(iii) Type of polymerization: Condensation polymerization.

Family of polymers: Polysaccharides.

3(c)(i) The amide linkage is broken to form amino acid monomers.

3(c)(ii)

Structure of monomer

3(d)(i)a) P and R.

3(d)(i)b) Q.

3(d)(ii) The polyesters.

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Question 4
4(a) Temperature, concentration of reagent(s), surface area of solid and pressure for gaseous systems.

4(b)(i) 124 cm3.

4(b)((ii) From the balanced equation for the reaction, 1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2(g).
Moles of CO2 produced = (124/24000) mol = 0.0052 mol.
Hence moles of CaCO3 used = 0.0052 mol.
Molar mass of CaCO3 = (40 + 12 + (3 × 16)) g mol-1 = 100 g mol-1.
Mass of CaCO3 used = (0.0052 × 100) g = 0.52 g.

4(b)(iii) The time for the reaction to go to completion would decrease. This is due to an increase in the rate of
reaction since surface area of the solid increases as particle size decreases.

4(c)(i) Alloys have improved properties such as increased strength and better corrosion resistance, when
compared to the pure metals. This means that they can be used for building structures and
manufacture of automobiles and airplanes.

4(c)(ii) 1. React a sample of the alloy with excess dilute HCl(aq).

2. Filter the mixture to obtain the residue.
3. Wash the residue with distilled water.
4. Dry the residue in air on a paper towel. This is a sample of dry copper.
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Question 5
5(a)(i) The electrolyte is concentrated aqueous sodium chloride solution and is commonly called brine. The
ions present are H+(aq), Na+(aq), OH-(aq) and Cl-(aq).

5(a)(ii) At the cathode, H+ ions are preferentially discharged since they are lower in the electrochemical
series than Na+ ions. At the anode, Cl- ions are preferentially discharged due to their higher
concentration when compared to the concentration of OH- ions.

5(a)(iii) Cathode reaction: 2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2(g).

Anode reaction: 2Cl-(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e-.

5(a)(iv) The ion exchange membrane allows Na+ ions to pass through but prevents Cl- ions from passing
through.

5(b)(i) The anode is expected to decrease in size/dissolve.

5(b)(ii) Q = I × t = (5 × 30 × 60) C = 9000 C.

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s). So 2 moles of electrons deposit 1 mole of Cu.

(2 × 96500) C = 64 g Cu.
193000 C = 64 g Cu.
9000 C = ((64/193000) × 9000)g Cu i.e. 2.98 g of Cu.
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Question 6
6(a)(i) Ozone depletion: Chlorofluorocarbons.
Global warming: carbon dioxide.

6(a)(ii) Ozone depletion leads to increased levels of harmful uv radiation reaching the surface of the earth.
This can result in reduced immune function in humans and death of plant cells which lead to reduced
crop yields.

Global warming leads to increased temperatures on earth which can result in meting of polar ice caps
such that sea levels rise and submerge usable land. Also there would be more severe droughts.

6(b)(i) 1. Collect and store rain water to water plants.

2. Install taps with sensors or timers.

6(b)(ii) 1. Install recycle bins.

2. Compost organic waste.

6(b)(iii) 1. Use solar panels.

2. Use more natural lighting.

6(c) This is a good idea because:

1. Pollution from one country can affect other countries through wind and rivers.
2. Pressure can be applied if countries fail to maintain standards.