1(a)(i)

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Question 1

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Question 1
1(a)(ii) 25 cm3.

1(a)(iii) 11 C.

1(a)(iv) Total volume of liquid at neutralization = (25 + 25) cm3 = 50 cm3.

Mass of liquid at neutralization = 50 cm3 × 1 g cm-3 = 50 g.
ΔH = (0.05 × 4.2 × 11) = 2.31 kJ.

1(b)(i) To investigate the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction of magnesium with iron(III) chloride
solution.

1(b)(ii) The yellow colour of the solution will decrease in intensity while the size of the magnesium strips will
decrease.

1(b)(iii) 3Mg(s) + 2Fe(aq) → 3Mg2+(aq) + 3Fe(s).

1(b)(iv) The loss of yellow colour intensity in beaker B would not be as pronounced as in beaker A.
The magnesium strips in beaker A would have shown a greater/faster decrease in size than the one
in beaker B.

1(b)(v) There is a larger surface area of solid magnesium available for reaction with the FeCl3(aq) in beaker
A when compared to beaker B. This leads to a faster rate of reaction in beaker A which results in the
Mg in beaker A displacing iron from solution at a faster rate than in beaker B.

1(c)(i) Aqueous acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution.

1(c)(ii) Expected changes: the colour of solution Y changes from orange to green.
Explanation: Sulfur dioxide which was produced from the reaction in Flask 1 reduced the potassium
dichromate(VI) to Cr3+.

1(c)(iii) Replace solution Y with lime water i.e. Ca(OH)2(aq).

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Question 2
2(a)(i) Element X would react more vigorously than K, with water.

2(a)(ii) The solution formed would be basic because the ultimate products of reactions between group I
elements and excess water are a solution of the metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

2(b)(i) 2.8.2.

2(b)(ii) QCO3.

2(b)(iii) QCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → QCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g).

2(c) The compound is ionic. Sodium is a metal and Z is a non-metal. Metals react with non-metals to form
ionic compounds.

2(d)(i) A brown gas would be evolved.

2(d)(ii) From the balanced equation for the reaction 1 mole of calcium nitrate produces 2 moles of NO2.
Moles of calcium nitrate used = (5/164) mol. = 0.0305 mol.
Moles of NO2 produced = (2 × 0.0305) mol. = 0.061 mol.
Volume of NO2 produced = (24 000 × 0.061) cm3 = 1463 cm3.
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Question 3
3(a)(i) Structural isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae.

3(a)(ii) Isomer 1 Isomer 2

3(b)(i) Test: Bubble both compounds through H+(aq)/KMnO4(aq).

Observation: Compound A would cause the H+(aq)/KMnO4(aq) to change from purple to colourless
while no change would be observed with compound B, i.e. the purple colour of H+(aq)/KMnO4(aq)
would remain.

3(b)(ii) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g).

3(b)(iii) Use for Compound A: As a starting material to manufacture propanol.

Use for Compound B: As cooking gas.

3(c)(i) X is H2O.

3(c)(ii) Name: Propan-2-ol.

Homologous series: The alcohols.

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Question 4
4(a)(i) There is ionic bonding in magnesium oxide and covalent bonding in sulfur oxide. Magnesium oxide
has strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. These forces require a
large amount of energy to overcome so that magnesium oxide has a high melting point.

There are weak van der Waals’ forces of attraction between molecules of sulfur oxide which require
a relatively small amount of energy to overcome so that sulfur oxide has a low melting and boiling
point.

4(a)(ii) Magnesium oxide will conduct electricity in the molten state but not in the solid state. Conduction in
the molten state is due to the availability of mobile charged particles, as the ions are no longer in
fixed positions.

Sulfur oxide will not conduct electricity in the gaseous state because there are no mobile charged
particles available to carry charge.

4(b)(i) There is no ammeter in the circuit.

4(b)(ii)
A

4(b)(iii) Aqueous lead(II) nitrate – conductor.

Ethanol – non-conductor.
Aqueous ammonia – conductor.
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Question 5
5(a)(i) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s).

5(a)(ii) Zinc is higher in the electrochemical series than Cu and can displace copper from its compounds.

Ag is lower in the electrochemical series than Cu and therefore cannot displace copper from its
compounds.

5(a)(iii) Yes. Aluminium would displace copper from the copper(II) sulfate solution because Al is above Cu in
the electrochemical series.

5(b)(i) The presence of oxygen gas and water.

5(b)(ii) Paint acts as a barrier, preventing oxygen gas and water from coming into contact with the surface of
the metal.

5(c) Duralumin is an allow of aluminium with copper and magnesium. It is stronger than pure aluminium
and more corrosion resistant than pure aluminium. This allows aircraft made with aluminium to be
more durable than if they were constructed of pure aluminium.
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Question 6
6(a) Missing nutrients are:

Magnesium which is used to make chlorophyll so that its absence can result in yellow leaves.

Potassium whose deficiency results in curling of leaves.

6(b) Organic manure releases nutrients over a longer period of time and is more environmentally friendly.

6(c) Organic manure may spread disease.

6(d) A sample of soil is mixed with water in a beaker. The mixture is allowed to settle and the supernatant
solution is tested with universal indicator. A red, orange, yellow or yellow-green colour says that the
soil is acidic.

6(e) The chemical name for lime is calcium oxide and its formula is CaO. Lime should be used when the
soil is acidic and it is desired to decrease the soil acidity.

6(f) When lime is added to soil at the same time as commercial ammonium fertilizer, the following
reaction can occur: NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) → NH3(g) + H2O(l). This results in loss of nitrogen from the soil as
the ammonia gas enters the atmosphere. Addition of the ammonium fertilizer was intended to make
that nitrogen available for uptake by the plants.