• GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY

LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPI
Question 1
1(a)(i) Crude oil and natural gas.

1(a)(ii) Methane.

1(b)(i)
Mass of conical flask and water (g) 326,0

Mass of conical flask (g) 125.0

Mass of water used (g) 201.0

Final temperature of water (C) 39

Initial temperature of water (C) 27

Temperature change (C) 12

Initial mass of candle and watch glass (g) 97.5

Final mass of candle and watch glass (g) 96.0

Mass of candle burnt (g) 1.5

1(b)(ii) Heat absorbed by conical flask = (125.0 g) × (0.861 J g-1 C-1) × (12 C) = 1291.5 J.

1(b)(iii) Heat absorbed by water in the conical flask = = (201.0 g) × (4.2 J g-1 C-1) × (12 C) = 10130.4 J.

1(b)(iv) Total heat absorbed by the calorimeter = 1291.5 J + 10130.4 J = 11421.9 J.

1(b)(v) Heat of combustion = (11421.9 J/1.5 g) = 7614.6 J g-1.

1(b)(vi) To reduce heat losses to the surroundings/environment.

1(c)(i) • NO2 gas evolved i.e., NO3- ion present.

• O2 gas evolved.
• CO2 gas evolved i.e., CO32- ion present.

1(c)(ii) • Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s).

1(c)(iii) • White precipitate produced.

• Precipitate darkens/becomes purple (purplish grey) in colour.
• Precipitate dissolves to give colourless solution.
 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPI
Question 2
2(a)(i) Solid, liquid and gas.

2(a)(ii) In a solid the forces of attraction between particles are strong (stronger than in a liquid or gas). In a
liquid the forces of attraction between particles are weaker than in a solid but stronger than in a gas.
In a gas the forces of attraction between particles are weaker than in solids and liquids.

2(a)(iii) Sublimation.

2(a)(iv) The particles of solid iodine have very little energy. When heated, iodine molecules absorb energy
which allows them to overcome the attractive forces and go into the gaseous state where they
possess a relatively large amount of (kinetic) energy.

2(b) Sodium Chloride Diamond

• Carbon
atom
Strong (Strong)
ionic covalent
bond bond

2(c) Add one spatula of each solid to 5 cm3 of water (polar solvent) in separate test tubes and
shake/stir. The solid which dissolves is an ionic solid and the one which does not dissolve is a
molecular solid.

Add one spatula of each solid to 5 cm3 of tetrachloromethane (non-polar solvent) in separate test
tubes and shake/stir. The solid which dissolves is a molecular solid and the one which does not
dissolve is an ionic solid.
 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPI
Question 3
3(a)(i) Compound A: The alkanes.
Compound B: The alkenes.

3(a)(ii) Compound A: 2-methylbutane.

Compound B: but-2-ene.

3(b)(i) The existence of compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae.

3(b)(ii)

Structural Isomer of Compound A Structural Isomer of Compound B

3(c)(i) A polymer is a large molecule built up from many (> 50) smaller repeating units/monomers, which
are connected by covalent bonds.

3(c)(ii) Addition polymerization.

3(c)(iii) In the manufacture of plastic cups and plastic bags.

3((c)(iv) Polyvinyl chloride.

 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPI
Question 4
4(a)(i) • React aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate to give calcium carbonate
as shown in the following equation: CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq).

• Filter the mixture and retain the residue which is contaminated CaCO3.

• Wash residue with distilled water.

• Allow residue to dry in air on a paper towel. This is a pure, dry sample of CaCO3.

4(a)(ii) As a laxative.

4(a)(iii) Water molecules are polar. The dipoles of water molecules are able to form attractive forces
between the magnesium and sulfate ions in the MgSO4 ionic lattice and remove those ions from the
lattice to form solvated ions i.e., a solution of Epsom salts.

4(b) Carbon dioxide in air dissolves in rain water to form carbonic acid, which is a weak acid. The equation
of this change is:

CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq).

This weak acid is able to dissolve insoluble magnesium compounds in rocks and soil to produce
solutions of magnesium ions as follows:

MgCO3(s) + H2CO3(aq) → Mg(HCO3)2(aq).

Aqueous magnesium ions alongside sulfate ions in water are effectively aqueous magnesium sulfate
which is responsible for hardness in water.
 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPI
Question 5
5(a)(i) Process P: Sedimentation.
Process Q: Crystallization.

5(a)(ii) This process separates the sugar crystals from the molasses.

5(a)(iii) Molasses.

5(a)(iv) Bagasse is used in the boiler house. It is burnt to generate steam which is then used to produce
electricity via the use of turbines.

5(b)(i) Sucrose is hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose by the catalytic action of enzymes present in yeast
(invertase):

C12H22O11(aq) + H2O(l) → C6H12O6(aq) + C6H12O6(aq).

sucrose glucose fructose

Glucose is then fermented to produce ethanol, again by the catalytic action of enzymes present in
yeast (zymase):

C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g).

5(b)(ii)

concentrated
sample of
ethanol

diluted rum

Bunsen burner

5(c) The type of reaction is acid-base or neutralization.

The equation is: 2CH3COOH(aq) + MgO(s) → (CH3COO-)2Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l).
 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPIA • 739-2656 • GLOBAL CAPE CHEMISTRY LESSONS • CUNUPI
Question 6
6(a)(i) The water where Sally lives is soft water while the water where Ann lives is hard water. Hard water
contains dissolved calcium and magnesium salts which react with soap to form scum before lather
can be formed.

6(a)(ii) Soapless detergent will not give the same result because it does not form scum with dissolved
calcium and magnesium salts.

6(b) Phosphates are plant nutrients. When they get into rivers and streams they cause eutrophication
which leads to algal bloom. Death of algae result in consumption of oxygen during their
decomposition. This reduces oxygen available to aquatic life, which die as a result.

6(c)(i) Green chemistry is the use of principles and procedures that reduce and/or eliminate the use or
generation of hazardous materials in the design, manufacture, use and disposal f chemical products.

6(c)(ii) One benefit is a healthier environment since air which is less polluted due to reduced toxic emissions,
would lead to decreased incidence of respiratory disease/irritation. Another benefit is safer
consumer products which result from the reduced use of hazardous chemicals in their manufacture.