SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on

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this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a
cross .

1 In which of these ions does the metal have an oxidation number of +2?
A AlO2−
B [CrCl2(H2O)4]+
C [Fe(CN)6]4−
D VO2+

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Iodine is manufactured by the reduction of iodate(V) ions, IO3−, using hydrogensulfite ions, HSO3−.
In this reaction, the hydrogensulfite ions are oxidised to sulfate ions, SO42−.

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By considering the relevant oxidation numbers, the number of moles of
hydrogensulfite ions needed to reduce 1 mol of iodate(V) ions is
A 0.4
B 1
C 2.5
D 5

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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*P56130A0228*
 3 An electrode system and a diagram of its half-cell are shown.

` Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e− _
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(a) Identify the oxidising agent and X in the half-cell.

(1)

Oxidising agent X
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A MnO4− platinum

B MnO4− manganese

C Mn2+ platinum

D Mn2+ manganese

(b) As well as water, which components must be present in Y?

(1)
A Mn2+(aq) and H+(aq) only
B MnO4−(aq) and H+(aq) only
C MnO4−(aq) and Mn2+(aq) only
D MnO4−(aq), Mn2+(aq) and H+(aq) only
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(Total for Question 3 = 2 marks)

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4 For any reaction, E cell is related to the entropy change and also to the
equilibrium constant, K, for that reaction.

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E cell is directly proportional to both
A ¨Ssystem and K.
B ¨Ssystem and ln K.
C ¨Stotal and K.
D ¨Stotal and ln K.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 In the ethanol-oxygen fuel cell, the ethanol is

A oxidised at the anode.
B oxidised at the cathode.
C reduced at the anode.

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D reduced at the cathode.

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Which element could form a colourless ion with an oxidation number of +4?
A Titanium
B Manganese
C Iron
D Copper

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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 SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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17 This question is about chromium and its compounds. Some data are given in the table.

Electrode reaction E /V
` Zn(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2e− _ −0.76
` Cr(s)
Cr3+(aq) + 3e− _ −0.74
` Cr2+(aq)
Cr3+(aq) + e− _ −0.41
` 4OH−(aq)
O2(g) + 2H2O(l ) + 4e− _ +0.40
` 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l )
Cr2O72−(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e− _ +1.33

(a) One of the most important uses of chromium is in plating other metals such as steel
and brass. This gives them a hard shiny coating which is very resistant to corrosion.

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(i) Calculate E cell for the reaction of chromium with oxygen in the presence of water.
Write the equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required.
(3)

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(ii) By considering the E cell value calculated in (a)(i), suggest why a chromium
coating is corrosion resistant.
(2)

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 (b) The common oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3 and +6.
Chromium(III) compounds are the most stable.
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(i) Select a reagent from the table that could be used to convert chromium(III) to
chromium(II) in aqueous solution.
Justify your answer by calculating the relevant E cell value.
(2)

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(ii) When chromium(III) is converted to chromium(II) in aqueous solution, air has

to be kept out of the apparatus.
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Explain why this is necessary.

(2)

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(iii) State the colour change that you would see when chromium(III) is converted
to chromium(II) in aqueous solution.
(1)
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 *(iv) Explain why solutions of chromium(II) and chromium(III) have different colours.
(3)

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(c) Chromium(III) forms a very large number of complexes.

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(i) Give the formula and name the shape of the resulting complex when excess
hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of chromium(III) ions.
(1)

Formula ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shape ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................. ............................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

(ii) Give the formula and name the shape of the resulting complex when excess
ammonia is added to a solution of chromium(III) ions.
(1)

Formula ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shape ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................. ............................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

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*P56130A01428*
 (d) The most common ions in which chromium has the oxidation number +6 are
chromate(VI) and dichromate(VI).
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(i) Write an equation showing the conversion of chromate(VI) ions into

dichromate(VI) ions. State symbols are not required.
(2)

*(ii) Suggest why the [Cr(H2O)6]6+(aq) ion does not exist.

(3)

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(iii) If the [Cr(H2O)6]6+ ion did exist, suggest what colour the solution would be.
Justify your answer.
(1)

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 (e) Potassium dichromate(VI) crystals are very stable so the compound is used to
determine the exact concentration of sodium thiosulfate solutions.

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Excess potassium iodide and dilute sulfuric acid were added to 10.00 cm3 of a
potassium dichromate(VI) solution of concentration 0.0495 mol dm−3.
The resulting solution was titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution.
The mean titre was 19.50 cm3.
The equations for the reactions are

Cr2O72−(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6I−(aq) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 3I2(aq) + 7H2O(l )

2S2O32−(aq) + I2(aq) → S4O62−(aq) + 2I−(aq)

(i) Identify the indicator that would be used in this titration and give the colour
change at the end-point.
(2)

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(ii) Calculate the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution.

(4)

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(Total for Question 17 = 27 marks)

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*P56130A01628*


4 A metal M reacts with nitrate ions, NO3−, in acid conditions.

The products are Mn+ ions, water and nitrogen(II) oxide, NO.
The reacting ratio of M atoms to nitrate ions is 3:2.
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What is the value of n in the Mn+ ion?

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Use these electrode potentials to answer the following questions.

Electrode reaction E  / V

V3+(aq) + e−  V2+(aq) −0.26

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VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e−  V3+(aq) + H2O(l) +0.34

I2(aq) + 2e−  2I−(aq) +0.54

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e−  VO2+(aq) + H2O(l) +1.00

Cl2(aq) + 2e−  2Cl−(aq) +1.36

(a) Which of these species is the strongest oxidising agent?

(1)
A V3+(aq)
B V2+(aq)
C Cl2(aq)
D Cl−(aq)
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(b) Which species would convert vanadium(IV) to vanadium(III) under standard

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conditions?
(1)
A V2+(aq)
B I−(aq)
C Cl2(aq)
D Cl−(aq)

(Total for Question 5 = 2 marks)

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6 Which statement about E  for a cell reaction is true?
A E  is proportional to ln K.

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E  is proportional to K.
B ln 
C E  is proportional to ln ΔStotal.
E  is proportional to ΔStotal.
D ln 

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 Which of the following cannot disproportionate?

A Cl2
B BrO−
C SO32−
D NO3−

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(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

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8 Which of these complex ions could exist as stereoisomers?
A [Co(NH3)6]3+
B [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+
C [Co(NH3)5(Cl)]2+
D [Co(NH3)4(Cl)2]+

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Iron is a suitable catalyst for the reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia
because iron
A can be oxidised easily.

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B adsorbs reactant molecules.

C does not desorb product molecules easily.
D forms hydrogen bonds with the ammonia.

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

4
*P54557A0428*


SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
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19 (a) The reaction between iron(II) ions and manganate(VII) ions was investigated by
setting up a cell.

5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

Electrode X V Electrode Y

Salt bridge

Solution A Solution B
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Solution A contains both iron(II) and iron(III) ions.

(i) Identify the substance used for the electrodes.
(1)
X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................
Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........................
(ii) A student suggested that, for standard conditions, solution A should be
made by mixing equal volumes of 1 mol dm−3 iron(II) sulfate solution and
1 mol dm−3 iron(III) sulfate solution.
This mixture is not suitable for measuring the standard electrode potential of
this cell.
State how this mixture should be changed. Justify your answer.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
*P54557A0928* Turn over

Identify the compounds that may be used to make solution B.
(iii)
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) A student suggested that the salt bridge could be made by soaking a strip of
filter paper in barium nitrate solution.
A reaction occurs when this salt bridge comes into contact with iron(II) sulfate
in solution A.
State what observation would be made and write the ionic equation for this
reaction. Include state symbols.
(2)

Observation:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(v) Suggest a more suitable compound to use when making the salt bridge.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Calculate E  for the cell. Use the data on page 17 of the Data Booklet.
(vi)
(1)

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10
*P54557A01028*


(b) A 3.00 g sample of powdered haematite contains iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3 , as the
only iron compound. It was dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid forming a solution of
iron(III) sulfate.
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The Fe3+(aq) was reduced to Fe2+(aq) using a solution of sulfur dioxide (H2SO3(aq)).
The resulting solution was made up to 250.0 cm3 with dilute sulfuric acid in a
volumetric flask.
25.00  cm3 portions of this solution were titrated with
0.0250 mol dm−3 potassium manganate(VII) solution.
The mean titre was 24.50 cm3.
(i) Explain why the solution of sulfur dioxide is suitable for reducing the iron(III) ions.
Use the electrode potentials on page 15 of the Data Booklet.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the percentage, by mass, of iron(III) oxide in this sample of

haematite.
(4)
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11
*P54557A01128* Turn over

(iii) Iron(II) sulfate can be oxidised by dichromate(VI) ions in acid conditions.
Use the half equations for the oxidation of iron(II) ions and the reduction of
dichromate(VI) ions to write the overall ionic equation for the reaction.

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State symbols are not required.
(2)

(iv) Suggest a practical reason why potassium manganate(VII) is preferred to

potassium dichromate(VI) for use in titrations with iron(II) sulfate.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 19 = 18 marks)

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12
*P54557A01228*
 SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on

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this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

1 A cell could be set up as shown to measure the electrode potential for the reaction
between iron(III) sulfate and chromium(II) sulfate:

Fe3+(aq) + Cr2+(aq) o Fe2+(aq) + Cr3+(aq)

V salt bridge

platinum electrode
platinum electrode

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Fe3+(aq) / Fe2+(aq)
Cr3+(aq) / Cr2+(aq)

(a) This reaction is classified as a redox reaction because the chromium(II) ions are
(1)
A oxidised and iron(III) acts as an oxidising agent.
B oxidised and iron(III) acts as a reducing agent.
C reduced and iron(III) acts as a reducing agent.
D reduced and iron(III) acts as an oxidising agent.

(b) This reaction proceeds spontaneously. From this it can be deduced that
(1)
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A Ecell and ǻStotal for this reaction must both be negative.

B Ecell and ǻStotal for this reaction must both be positive.
C Ecell for this reaction must be positive and ǻStotal negative.
D Ecell for this reaction must be negative and ǻStotal positive.

2
*P55449A0232*
 (c) Which of these saturated solutions should be used in this salt bridge?
(1)
A Potassium carbonate
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B Potassium hydroxide
C Potassium iodide
D Potassium nitrate

(d) What mass of iron(III) sulfate is present in 100 cm3 of the solution used to measure
the standard electrode potential of this cell?
[Molar mass of Fe2(SO4)3 = 399.9 g mol–1]
(1)
A 19.995 g
B 39.990 g
C 79.980 g
D 199.950 g
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(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

2 Which compound does not contain a metal with the same oxidation number as
manganese in K2MnO4?
A BaFeO4
B K2Cr2O7
C Na3FeF6
D WO3

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 What happens to hydrogen in the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

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A It is oxidised at the negative electrode.

B It is oxidised at the positive electrode.
C It is reduced at the negative electrode.
D It is reduced at the positive electrode.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

*P55449A0332*
3
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4 An aqueous solution of zinc nitrate is colourless.

Addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide to zinc nitrate solution results in a white precipitate which

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dissolves to form a colourless solution when more aqueous sodium hydroxide is added.

(a) The overall ionic equation for the conversion of the initial colourless solution to
the final colourless solution is
(1)
A Zn(OH)2 + 2OH – o [Zn(OH)4]2–
B Zn(OH)2 + 4OH – o [Zn(OH)6]4–
C [Zn(H2O)6]2+ + 4OH – o [Zn(OH)4]2– + 6H2O
D [Zn(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH – o Zn(OH)2 + 6H2O

(b) Why is the aqueous solution of zinc nitrate colourless?

(1)
A There is no splitting of the 3d subshell in zinc complexes.
B There is no movement of electrons in the 3d subshell as it is empty.

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C There is no movement of electrons in the 3d subshell as it is full.
D There is movement of electrons in the 3d subshell but the energy absorbed is
not in the visible region.

(Total for Question 4 = 2 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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4
*P55449A0432*
 SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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13 Some ionic half-equations and their standard electrode potentials are given in the table.

Ionic half-equation E9 / V

Zn2+(aq) + 2e– U Zn(s) –0.76

V 3+(aq) + e– U V 2+(aq) –0.26

SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– U SO32–(aq) + H2O(l) +0.17

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e– U V 3+(aq) + H2O(l) +0.34

+0.77

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e– U VO2+(aq) + H2O(l) +1.00

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O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– U 2H2O(l) +1.23

Cl2(aq) + 2 e– U 2 Cl–(aq)

(a) Use page 17 of the Data Booklet to complete the table by giving both the ionic
half-equation for the system which has a standard electrode potential of +0.77 V
and the missing electrode potential value.
(1)
(b) From the substances shown in this table select:
(i) the species which is the most powerful reducing agent.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) the species which, in acidic solution, will reduce VO2+ to V 3+, but will not
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reduce V 3+ to V 2+ under standard conditions.

(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P55449A01232*
 (c) An excess of zinc powder was added to an acidic solution containing VO2+ ions and
warmed gently. When the reaction was complete, a mauve solution had formed.
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(i) Use the data given in the table to determine the vanadium species present in the
solution at the end of this reaction. State the oxidation number of vanadium in
this species and write the half-equation for its formation from VO2+.
State symbols are not required.
(2)

Oxidation number of vanadium in the final species ............................................

Half-equation
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*(ii) Whilst still warm, the mauve solution was filtered into a boiling tube to remove
the excess zinc. During filtration, the solution became green. On standing for
some time, the solution finally turned blue, showing the presence of VO2+ ions.
Explain the changes of colour in the solution and write two equations.
Calculate the relevant Ecell values for the reactions occurring.
(4)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P55449A01332*
13
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 (iii) Suggest why the solution containing blue VO2+ ions might be expected to
change to yellow VO2+ ions, but does not do so.
(2)

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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 13 = 11 marks)

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14
*P55449A01432*

20 Standard electrode potentials are used to predict the thermodynamic feasibility of
chemical reactions.

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(a) Standard electrode potentials can be determined by using the standard hydrogen
electrode as a reference standard.
(i) Label the diagram of the standard hydrogen electrode, indicating the
essential conditions associated with each substance used.
(2)

platinum
electrode

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........

........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........

........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The platinum electrode of the standard hydrogen electrode is coated in finely

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divided platinum (‘platinum black’). Suggest why platinum is used as the

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electrode and why it is coated in platinum black.
(2)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State the value assigned to the electrode potential of the standard hydrogen
electrode.
(1)

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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Explain why a reference electrode is needed to measure the electrode

potentials of chemical systems.
(1)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P51938A01428*


d
(v) Sometimes the calculated value of E cell for a reaction shows it to be
thermodynamically feasible but, in the laboratory, no reaction occurs.
Give two possible explanations for this.
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(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Potassium dichromate(VI) in acid conditions is a laboratory oxidising agent widely

used in organic chemistry. Some electrode potentials relating to the use of this
reagent are given in the table below.

Electrode reaction E /V

CH3COOH(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−  CH3CHO(aq) + H2O(l) −0.94

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CH3CHO(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−  C2H5OH(aq) −0.61

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Cr2O72−(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e−  2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33

(i) Deduce the ionic equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal by
potassium dichromate(VI) in acid conditions. State symbols are not required.
(2)

Calculate Ecell for the oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) of

(ii)
● ethanol to ethanal
● ethanal to ethanoic acid.
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(2)

15
*P51938A01528* Turn over

(iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) to suggest why it is necessary to distil ethanal
directly out of the reaction mixture in the preparation of ethanal by the
oxidation of ethanol.

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(1)

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(c) Potassium manganate(VII) is another laboratory oxidising agent used in organic

chemistry. Use the data on page 17 of your Data Booklet to answer the questions
about manganese compounds.
(i) Suggest why potassium manganate(VII) is not used to oxidise alcohols such as
ethanol, whereas potassium dichromate(VI) is used. Give the relevant electrode
reaction and its standard electrode potential. No calculation is required.
(2)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
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(ii) Write the equation for the disproportionation of manganate(VI) ions, MnO42−,
and calculate whether or not the reaction is thermodynamically feasible.
State symbols are not required.
(3)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(Total for Question 20 = 18 marks)

16
*P51938A01628*