Nestl: The Infant Formula Controversy

Global Marketing (MKT 690) Professor Godwin Ariguzo

Presented by: illian !e"ousa Kerri #e$es%ue Aziza Akila& 'illia(s August 6t&) *00+

Background
Nestl Company started off from a single mans idea, and developed into a giant corporation Nestls head!uarters are located in "#it$erland, %ut the company maintains factories and operations in almost ever country in the #orld The company has also %een increasing in si$e each year In addition to this increase, Nestl is also increasing its variety of product offerings Nestls %usiness strategy encourages product gro#th through innovation and renovation This strategy has allo#ed the company to develop different products in various fields including %a%y food, dairy products, prepared foods and %everages to name a fe#

The company has created Nestl Nutrition, a glo%al %usiness organi$ation designed to strengthen the focus on their core nutrition %usiness "trengthening their leadership in this market is the key element of the companys corporate strategy Further, Nestl Nutrition aims to deliver superior %usiness performance %y offering consumers trusted science %ased nutrition products and services In regards to international strategy, Nestls competitive strategies are associated mainly #ith foreign direct investment in dairy and other food %usinesses Nestl aims to %alance sales %et#een lo# risk, lo# gro#th countries of the developed #orld #ith high risk, potentially high gro#th markets such as &frica Nestl also claims that it #ill not take unnecessary risks for the sake of gro#th and #ill follo# and respect all applica%le local la#s in each of its markets DeSousa, Levesque, Williams Page 2 of 21 August 6th, 2008

Nestl has much strength, such as %eing a lo# cost operator, and having a research and development team that #ill aid in product innovation &lso, Nestl has health'%ased products #hich are %ecoming more popular as consumers are %ecoming more health conscious, such as in the ( " & threat to the company is that some of the markets that they are entering are already mature For e)ample, *anone, one of the top competitors, has already esta%lished a leadership position in the yogurt market +ther top competitors include Con&gra, ,raft Foods and -eneral .ills

Nestls goal is to maintain, prefera%ly to increase its market share and sales volume in order to have sta%ility in the market /Nestl adopts a sales oriented pricing scheme0 If Nestl has an increase in sales volume they #ill have an increase in market share 1hen Nestl maintains or increases its market share, their products #ill %e more #idely used %y consumers This #ill then increase share prices and stock, as Nestl #ill %e seen as having a sta%le position #hen compared to competitors in the same market

Proble(s and ,ssues

Problems with Marketing Techniques Nestls marketing tactics in promoting the use of infant formula in Third 1orld countries #asnt moral Nestl #as not acting #ithin the %oundaries of moral standards 2very corporation must understand and reali$e the corporate ethics and responsi%ilities they should have The pro%lem #as that Nestl used un!ualified sales girls, the distri%ution of free samples, marketed to people #ho #ere incapa%le to fulfill the minimum

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re!uirements for giving formula safely to the %a%y, and the association of %ottle'feeding #ith healthy %a%ies to promote the use of infant formula to mothers #ho #ould have %een %etter off %reast'feeding their %a%ies

In many Third 1orld countries there never should have %een advertising and promotions for infant formula %ecause it is not safe due to unsafe #ater supplies and the difficulties in keeping %ottles sterile 1here #ater is unsafe %a%ies are up to 34 times more likely to die if they are %ottle'fed The cost of the formulas is another pro%lem for some Third 1orld families costing them up to 567 of their familys #eekly income Back in 589: #hen the infant formula controversy %egan, in Nigeria the cost of feeding a 7 month old infant #as appro)imately 7;< of the minimum ur%an #age /#hat the ma=ority earn0 and %y the time the infant is > months, the cost #ould have risen to :9< This is #hat led some mothers to dilute the mi)ture up to 7 times #hat it ought to %e, it even led some to start using po#dered milk #hich is not intended for infants, %ut is cheaper This leads to dehydration, malnutrition and diarrhea, kno#n as %ottle %a%y disease Instead of saving a lot of money and %reast'feeding mothers #ere convinced %y advertisements, doctors, nurses and mid#ives to use formula

Formula milk companies #ere donating gift %ags containing %a%y vitamins and formula to hospitals and mid#ives even after the 2+C 45 Instead of mid#ives helping the %a%ies latch on to the %reast after %irth like they #ere supposed to, they #ere giving out promotional gift %ags (nholy alliances e)isted %et#een medical professionals and %a%y food companies &s a result of these alliances, the medical professionals helped

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promote %a%y food products #hile the %a%y food companies #ould provide gifts ranging from food to sponsored events and conferences *octors have %een kno#n to receive air conditioners and air fare to go places *octors #ere not e)plaining to mothers ho# they could #ork and %reast'fed #ith support, rather they #ere encouraging them to use formula

&dvertisements and posters used idealistic imagery, often sho#ing #hite children rather than the ethnicity of that country, suggesting that %ottle'feeding is the modern, #estern #ay, therefore the right #ay of doing things There #ere slogans used in Nestls ads and la%eling such as ?5;;< complete nutrition and ?No# even closer to mothers milk, misleading mothers to thinking formula is as good, almost as good, or even %etter than their o#n milk @eople in places like the @hilippines #ere kno#n to claim from advertisements that formulas have vitamins #hich allo# the %a%y to catch up faster #ith things %eing taught to them, gro# faster, and %ecome more intelligent, even geniuses

Other Problems +ne of the ma=or pro%lems is that the marketing practices of infant formula manufacturers, physician dominated medical systems, and the relationship %et#een industry and health professionals has resulted in #idespread misinformation a%out %reast'feeding, false claims of the e!uivalence %et#een %reast milk and artificial su%stitutes, and the devaluing of #omens kno#ledge a%out %reast'feeding in general &ll of Nestls infant feeding products did provide instruction leaflets in the main languages of the country #here they #ere sold including simple line dra#ings to

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illustrate the method of preparing the feed Nestl did not take into consideration that most Third 1orld mothers are illiterate and the four simple line dra#ings %y themselves are meaningless Nestls .other Book instructions on %ottle'feeding %egan #ith A1ash your hands thoroughly #ith soap each time you have to prepare a meal for %a%yB Nestl didnt take into consideration that many households in the Third 1orld had no #ashing facilities at all nor had an indoor kitchen

Nestl Issues Since the Infant Formula Controvers 2ven though the link %et#een %ottle'feeding and infant diseases and deaths #as %rought to pu%lic attention in the early 58>;s, it #as not until the pu%lication of the pamphlet, The !ab "iller# that the infant formula controversy gained prominence The pamphlet #as #ritten %y .ike .uller and %ecame availa%le in .arch 589: It raised a#areness a%out the pro%lem of ho# the %a%y formula #as %eing marketed resulting in thousands of infant deaths 1ar on 1ant, a Condon %ased activist group concerned #ith hunger and poverty and other pro%lems of the Third 1orld The pamphlet claimed that Third 1orld %a%ies #ere dying %ecause their mothers #ere feeding them infant formula that #as %eing marketed %y multinationals such as Nestl of "#it$erland and (nited ,ingdoms Co# and -ate The aftermath of the pu%lication led to an international crisis for Nestl Nestl mismanaged the crisis #hile N-+s got pu%lic support for their position %y cleverly and skillfully handling the controversy

The issue moved into a ne# phase #hen the Third 1orld &ction -roup /T1&-0 translated the pamphlet in -erman in "#it$erland and pu%lished a 73'page version in

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.ay 589: #ith a ne# title, Nestl Totet !ab s $Nestl "ills !abies%& Nestl had a fast response to this, %ut not a very good oneD they sued all those involved #ith the translation and pu%lication of the %ooklet The =udge found the 7; mem%ers of T1&guilty of li%el Nestl did #in its la#suit %ut they lost their pu%lic relations %attle at the same time &t the end of The Berne Trial the =udges closing statement is, AIf Nestl " & #ants to %e spared the accusations of immoral and unethical conduct, it #ill need to change its advertising practices B

The first Nestl %oycott in 5899 led %y Infant Formula &ction Coalition /INF&CT0 had a large impact on Nestls revenues Their products #ere %oycotted in the ( " to end the promotion of infant formula This #as a small part of the ma=or pro%lem #hich is to improve total infant nutrition throughout the Third 1orld that must %e resolved on a glo%al %asis if the health of %a%ies in the developing nations is to %e improved The %oycott against Nestls products and eventually those of the infant formula manufacturers generated the largest support of consumer movement in North &merican and its impact is still %eing felt in the industry, governments, and citi$ens action groups around the #orld The Nestl %oycott %ecame one of the most successful consumer %oycotts in history lasting 9 years, it ended in 58E: after talks #ith Nestl, 1F+, (NIC2F and .uskie Commission &ctivist groups It #as the largest nonunion %oycott in history #ith over 5;; organi$ations in >4 countries It cost Nestl as much as G4 E million in lost revenue

( " "enate hearings, chaired %y 2d#ard . ,ennedy, further damaged Nestls

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reputation and suggested the need for international consensus "enator ,ennedy asked the 1orld Fealth +rgani$ation to Aconvene an international conference on infant health and nutritionB &nother pro%lem #as the disagreements %et#een governments, the industry, health e)perts, legal e)perts and citi$en groups over key issues of the code, like differences %et#een educational advertising and promotional advertising, distinctions %et#een fee samples and free supplies, and distinguishing %et#een legitimate support for health service and inappropriate incentives to #in %rand loyalty Nestl should have paid more attention to the @rotein &dvisory -roup /@&-0 issued statement 37 #hich outlined the responsi%ilities of governments, pediatricians and the infant formula industry They should have also given more attention to @&- asking manufacturers to look to marketing practices and product la%eling Nestl did perform an internal audit and concluded that the only charge necessary #as greater emphasis on the Aprimacy of %reast feeding in its advertisements B

Nestl shouldnt have decided that the .uskie Commission fulfilled its mandate and let it dissolve *uring the 589E Congressional Fearings, a Nestl Bra$ilian operations manager, Ballarian, claimed that the %oycott and the campaign against the infant formula companies #ere really an Aattack on the free #orlds economic system,B led %y Aa #orld#ide church organi$ation #ith the stated purpose of undermining the free enterprise system B This #as a mistake for Ballarian to speak out like this, and it didnt make Nestl look good as far as pu%lic relations

By late 58E;s Nestl along #ith other %a%y food companies had diverted some of the

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marketing %udget from pu%lic promotion to e)panding the tactic of placing large !uantities of free or lo# cost milk in maternity facilities *ue to the inade!uacy of medical training of %reastfeeding management, health officials used the supplies for routine %ottle feeding of ne#%orns, #hich sa%otaged the successful esta%lishment of %reast'feeding

It #asnt until 588> that Nestl stopped providing health institutions #ith free supply of infant formula in many parts of the #orld, %ut the practice still remained in some regions, such as the .iddle 2ast in response to government re!uests for such free supplies In 5887 Ba%y .ilk &ction launched a campaign on the issue that the la%els on Nestl products in .ala#i #ere not #ritten in the national language In 588: the -overnment of .ala#i asked Nestl to la%el products in Chche#a the national language Nestl didnt agree to take action until four years later in 5889, after it #as raised from the floor of the "hareholders &-.

@erspectives
Nestl -estl. approached its product sales and marketing activities in developing countries the same #ay that it did in developed, more affluent countries The consumers %ehaviors, patterns, and needs #ere not the same Nestl faced a lot of scrutiny and even had %oycotts to deal #ith %ecause their approach in less developed nations There #ere environmental issues, like the availa%ility of only polluted #ater to mi) the po#dered formula #ith There #ere cultural issues like the fact that many #omen in these DeSousa, Levesque, Williams Page of 21 August 6th, 2008

countries #ere #ith their %a%ies all day as they didnt have a =o% or career to attend to They didnt account for the economic issues impacting the nations Nestl needed a systematic approach to identify #hat a%out their products needed adaption

'orl( )ealth Organi*ation $')O% *ue to the efforts of such groups as the Infant Formula &ction Coalition and the International Nestl Boycott Committee, the gro#ing a#areness among pu%lic health officials eventually resulted in the adoption of an infant formula marketing code %y the 1orld Fealth &ssem%ly in 58E5, #ith the (nited "tates one of a handful of countries casting a negative vote The 1orld Fealth +rgani$ation is charged #ith responsi%ility for monitoring the implementation of the Code, fre!uently called the 1F+ Code Its terms restrict the promotion of infant formula and set out re!uirements for la%eling all infant formula products It is less restrictive than regulations regarding prescription drugs, for e)ample, %ut it does for%id advertising of infant formula to the general pu%lic or the employment of Hmilk nursesH to promote formula use among e)pectant mothers It is intended to serve as a model for codes to %e adopted %y nations as #ell as a guide for company activities

Thir( 'orl( Organi*ations $T'O% &n illustrative term %eing used here to reflect a group of organi$ations and committees that accused Nestl of unethical and socially irresponsi%le %ehavior T1+ %elieved that NestlIs actions #ere socially irresponsi%le and unethical +ne of the their arguments #as that the consumers perceived the !uality of the product as high, and #ere using

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this over %reast feeding, #hen in fact %reast feeding #as a more healthy approach The T1+ felt Nestl #as %eing unethical %y promoting their product as a %etter choice over %reastfeeding, as the consumers in these developing nations #ere educated enough to make #ell informed decisions &nother of the T1+Is agreements #as that in some countries, only polluted #ater #as availa%le therefore mothers #ould have to use contaminated #ater for mi)ing the formula, ultimately passing the %acteria and diseases on to the %a%y "elling a product that has to %e mi)ed #ith #ater #hen no healthy #ater source availa%le is socially irresponsi%le

,no#ledge
1hen Nestl first entered these developing countries they didnt have a multi'domestic market orientation They didnt tailor their products or marketing activities to the culture of the nations they #ere entering They sold the formula in the developing countries as they did in the (" and other more developed nations +nly a%out 5;< of products sold in developing nations can %e sold #ithout any changes, meaning that companies planning on entering these types of nations must do e)tensive research /including diffusion research0 to determine #hat adaption, if any, to their products and marketing strategies has to occur in order to %e successful

In the (nited "tates and other more developed countries, formula does conform to the values and %ehavior patterns of mothers .any moms #ork and do not have more than > #eeks at home #ith their %a%y 1hile they could pump milk and %ottle feed the %a%y later, this takes a lot of time .ost #orking mothers dont have free time to sit around DeSousa, Levesque, Williams Page 11 of 21 August 6th, 2008

doing this +ften #omen turn to formula at the point they have to go %ack to #ork In a society #here #omen dont #ork or they have 5'3 years at home #ith their children %reast feeding is more of an option In less developed countries #here many moms dont #ork, dont have much money, and stay home #ith their children all day, nursing is a necessity and formula feeding is more of a lu)ury .arketers act as change agents any time they introduce an innovative idea or product Nestls entrance into the Third 1orld markets and the advertising messages they delivered started influencing the minds and %ehaviors of the mothers They %rought a%out culture change in societies as #omen #ere shifting to#ards feeding their children infant formula instead of %reast milk "ince Nestl #as a change agent they had even more responsi%ility #hen it came to the development of those societies @rior to entering the market, Nestls plan should have included an assessment as to their %est marketing approach given the market To determine #hether the marketing approach and promotions #ere socially responsi%le or ethical, look to the three ethical principles: utilitarian ethics, rights of the parties, and =ustice or fairness NestlIs actions did not optimi$e the %enefits for all constituents 1hile their sales in Third 1orld countries %enefited increased their profits, %a%ies receiving the formula #erenIt more suscepti%le to getting sick and %eing malnourished NestlIs actions didnIt reflect fairness or respect the rights of all parties involved They marketed their infant formula po#der mi) to societies that only had contaminated #ater at their disposal They promoted their products in a #ay as to infer that healthy #estern children drink formula For these reasons and others, Nestls actions did demonstrate some unethical %ehavior, unintended or not

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Behaving in a socially responsi%le #ay is something that #ill take a significant amount of resources for a .NC that has operations in various countries The international marketer #ill have to understand all of the different societies &cting socially responsi%le !uite possi%ly could mean different things in different markets Therefore, the %usinesses actions may %e ethical in one country #hile the same actions and decisions are considered unethical in another

Businesses can not make all of their decisions %ased upon the operating nationIs e)isting la#s This is true %ecause in some cases local la#s donIt e)ist and in some markets certain %ehaviors are condoned #hile in others it is fro#ned upon "ince la#s #ere developed %ased on historical %ehaviors that society felt #ere unethical and or socially irresponsi%le, %usinesses must operate at higher standards than dictated %y the la#s in order to %e considered ethical

Companies need to understand ho# the cultural influences are inter#oven #ith the perceived value and importance a market places on their products @roducts are a %undle of utilities that the consumer receives and the culture and values of the consumers plays a significant role in ho# important the product is to them @rior to entering these Third 1orld markets, Nestl should have thoroughly researched the society and culture to determine the e)tent of adaption re!uired of their products in order to ma)imi$e the value of their products Nestl may have %een a%le to offer a different formulaJ If #ater pollution is a concern, they could sell only the ready'to'serve

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formula in that nation .ay%e changing the name and6or la%eling of the package to %etter align themselves #ith the needs of the specific market #ould have %een helpful

(sing the @roduct Component .odel, the marketer can assess the impact of the factors affecting the acceptance of a product, focusing on three main components: the core component, the packaging component, and the support services component These components consist of the #hole %undle of utilities, including all tangi%le and intangi%le assets In NestlIs case, the core component #as the actual po#dered formula, the packaging component included the %ottle and the la%eling, and the support services could have %een vie#ed as providing nutrition to the children &fter assessing these factors Nestl may have discovered that it should have converted from po#der formula mi) to premade formula, changing the core component In regards to the packaging component, Nestl could have created la%eling that #ould %e understood %y the common person in that society This might mean having pictures in place of #ords, or clearly stating this is a second choice alternative to %reast feeding To add to the support services component, Nestl may have provided educational resources and or nurses to help ensure the countries are utili$ing the formula in a healthy and safe #ay

A/tions and 0e/o((endations

Increasing their Social +es,onsibilit an( -thical !ehaviors

1 Nestl needs to do #hat ever it can to reposition itself as a force of good

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1 *efense restrictions on commercial milk products #ill not necessarily promote more
%reast'feeding %ecause mothers may =ust feed their infants something else, so more needs to %e done to promote %reast'feeding and Nestl should find #ays to help (NIC2F e)ecutive *irector Kames -rant along #ith other health e)perts have estimated that as many as 5 million infant lives a year could %e saved %y the promotion of %reastfeeding, others have estimated that 5; million cases a year of malnutrition and infectious disease are directly attri%uta%le to faulty %ottle'feeding

1 Nestl should find a #ay to %ecome involved #ith the Ba%y'Friendly Fospital Initiative,
like sending in donations or even #orking #ith the organi$ation to help

1 Nestl should remain a mem%er of Infant Food .anufactures /IF.0 1 Nestl should keep its internal Nestl instructions to Nestl employees updated and
up to standards to avoid any more pro%lems

1 Nestl should continue their efforts on social responsi%ility %y sponsoring events at

international medical and nutrition conferences, and events like cele%rating the Canadian Lear of the Family, and funding research on infant feeding

1 Nestl should %e careful #ith their pricing strategy and make sure they are selling their
products in third #orld countries for reasona%le and afforda%le prices for the people, and they should may%e consider selling the products for even less in these places

1 Nestl also needs to learn from its mistakes and not %e so neglectful and they should
respond to issues in a reasona%le amount of time, %ecause #hen they dont they look irresponsi%le and careless

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+ecommen(ations +elate( to )I. 1ith the increased risk of FIM infection %eing spread via a mothersI milk, Nestl has an opportunity as a market for formula indeed e)ists if %reast milk isnIt feasi%le Neach out to the governments and the health agencies "ho# them you have an international commitment to their country "pecific to the nation, ho# can Nestl help them fight in the %attle of FIM6&I*"J Can they provide testing and free samples to those positive for FIM, as they did in one countryJ .ay%e they can offer education on the %enefits of %reast feeding and the risks as #ell if the mother isnt healthy For those not healthy provide them #ith education a%out formula and some samples

If a mom is FIM positive she can pass it to the %a%y via conception, %irth, and %reastfeeding Lou might %e a%le to educate all of the people a%out FIM6&I*" so that further spreading can %e limited If using condoms is a possi%ility for the people, may%e provide them so that fe#er #omen #ill contract FIM leading to fe#er %a%ies contracting it from their moms "etting up clinics for preconception, prenatal, and post'partum check ups for the #omen providing them #ith the resources necessary to make informed decisions a%out their health and their %a%ies #ell %eing

Nestl should continue to offer testing and samples in less developing countries all the #hile kno#ing ho# and #hat issues that society is facing, ensuring these efforts #ill make matters %etter not #orse They should provide money and or prescriptions to help those moms and %a%ies infected They should #ork #ith the governments and health

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agencies to provide regular testing and condoms and education on contracting FIM6&I*" 2ducate the #omen on diseases that can %e passed on to children /conception, delivery, %reast feeding0 2ducate moms6#omen on the %enefits of %reast feeding #hen a mom is healthy +ffer tests for moms to determine if %reast feeding is the %est option If they are disease free, properly nourished, have enough #ater6food for moms so their milk supply is healthy and plentiful Increase the +B6-LN use @ay for doctor to provide checkups to the moms to help promote healthy pregnancy and ne#%orns

)ow Coul( Nestl /voi( These /ccusations0 +ne thing that Nestl could have done to have avoided the accusations of Hkilling Third 1orld %a%iesH and still market their product is to develop a /glo%al0 (arketing /a(2aign designed specific to the country, supporting %reastfeeding and its %enefits 2ducate or fund the education of communities a%out %reastfeeding .arket %ottle feeding and formula as options to moms if they are sick, malnourished, or if the %a%y isnt gaining ade!uate #eight +ffer testing for FIM and other contagious diseases that can %e passed from a mom to her %a%y via %reastfeeding

+ecommen(ations on Protecting Themselves from Future /ttacks Cearn and kno# the culture of the nation you are doing %usiness in They must ensure that their marketing strategies and advertisements fit in #ith the culture and promote the things specific to the society that are most important ,no# if the country is sick 1hat is the rate of FIM and other infectious diseases and can they %e contracted via %reast

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milkJ ,no# the culture of nations to %est direct the marketing approach & .NC must have various marketing strategies dependent upon the characteristics of the market "ome strategies may differ from region to region and only %e a%le to use the same strategies for various countries and6or regions

1ork #ith the government and any national health organi$ation /e)ample in the (" each state has a department of health0 Identify their policies and %eliefs Fo# can you sell your products and %e6remain socially responsi%le If you #ork #ith a nation and get their support you might %e a%le to th#art attacks from the likes of the T1+ ,no# a%out the various #orld organi$ations for e)ample 1F+, and their stance on your products and the issues surrounding your products and the impact to their society of your products and marketing activities

Nestle has to make every effort to market their products in a socially responsi%le #ay, #hich means different approaches in different societies If malnourishment is a %ig issue, market the formula as supplemental, only to %e used in addition to %reast milk in order to ensure the %a%y gets all the nutrition re!uired In the (", the formula commercials state that %reast feeding is preferred, and there is usually a statement in fine print at the %ottom of the screen The issue some have #ith this is they %elieve that the people arenIt as educated in developing countries therefore they dont kno# or understand the importance of %reast feeding They dont have the same medical care as in more affluent, developed countries

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&ny products ne# to a social system are considered to %e innovations +%taining kno#ledge a%out the diffusion of these products #ill help to determine a successful marketing strategy, guiding the communication of product information and attri%utes This is #here Nestl can ensure that their advertising and product la%eling provide an accurate representation of the %enefits and #eaknesses in feeding formula to your infants If they are a#are that the product is going to %e dispersed at a hospital upon delivery, they can provide thorough education to the medical professionals so that they clearly understand the product and its intended use, and can then share that info #ith the ne# mothers

ustifi/ation
Nestl #ill favor continued sales rather than more restricted promotional methods, they have changed their practices sufficiently to #arrant cancellation of the %oycott Further, Nestls efforts to comply #ill pro%a%ly not result in greater protection of infants as competing companies #ill !uickly fill the gaps, this #ould place Nestl at a competitive disadvantage that they may not %e a%le to resist and #ill return to such practices &lso, ne# strategies to encourage hospitals and health professionals to implement the 1F+ Code #ill effectively control Nestl and its competitors & strategy that seeks national adoption and enforcement of the 1F+ Code #ould %e more relia%le and fair to all companies than the current %oycott method #hich depends on violations coming to the attention of leaders in affluent countries #ho can put forth commercial pressures on the offending company

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Conse!uences
It is the %usinesss responsi%ility to perform an analysis paying careful attention to the possi%le negative implications the introduction of their product may have +ther#ise, the diffusion of their product can result in unplanned dysfunctional conse!uences to the society It is the marketers responsi%ility to develop marketing programs that #ill %oth achieve product diffusion goals as #ell as avoid negative impacts to the culture &s in the Nestl case, its products had a negative impact on various cultures The outcome resulted in the company demonstrating corporate social responsi%ility %y ensuring that the %est interests of mothers and %a%ies are served %y Nestl employees around the #orld

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Neferences
5 Cateora, @hilip N , Kohn C -raham International .arketing 57th ed Ne# Lork: 3;;9 *3 Nestl Boycott, &tt2:44en3wiki2edia3org4wiki4-estl5675A98boy/ott

3. www3nestle3/o( 4. www39stor3org 5. &tt2:44(utinational(onitor3org 6. www3&eritage3org 7. www3baby(ilka/tion3org 8. www3baby(ilk3nestle3/o( 9. ### %reastfeeding com

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