MUSCULAR SYSTEM

RAY RISNER C. OBENZA, MD, FPCS

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

♦ Functions:
1. Movement of body parts
2. Provide form and shape
3. Heat production
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

♦ General Classification
Skeletal Muscle - striated, voluntary
Cardiac Muscle - striated, involuntary
Smooth Muscle - non-striated, involuntary
SKELETAL MUSCLES
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ General Characteristics:
I. Attachments
Origin Insertion

II. Structure
Belly
Tendon or Aponeurosis
 SKELETAL MUSCLES

♦ Criteria for Nomenclature

1. Attachment
ex) Sternocleidomastoid
Temporalis
2. Function
extensor or flexor
abductor or adductor
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Criteria for Nomenclature
3. Length
longus or brevis
4. Relative Position
lateral or medial
superior or inferior
internal or external
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Criteria for Nomenclature
5. Size
maximus or minimus
major or minor
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Criteria for Nomenclature
6. Orientation of Fibers
rectus, oblique, or transverse
parallel or fusiform
convergent
pennate (uni, bi, or multipennate)
circular
 SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Muscle Groupings
Prime Movers/Agonists
Antagonists
Synergists
Fixators

Shunt Muscle – resists dislocation

Spurt Muscle – rapid & effective
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Associated Connective Tissues
1. Endomysium
2. Perimysium
3. Epimysium
3. Fascia – Superficial
Deep
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Innervation
Muscle Fiber
Motor Unit = Motor Neuron
Muscle Fiber
Coarse Movements
Fine Movements
Muscle Tone
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Organization
A. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
1. Muscles of Head & Neck
Facial Expression
Mastication
Extraocular Muscles
Lingual Muscles
Muscles of the Neck
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Organization
A. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
2. Muscles of the Torso
Respiratory Muscles
Abdominal Wall Muscles
Muscles of the Back
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
SKELETAL MUSCLES
♦ Organization
B. Muscles of the Appendicular Skeleton
1. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
2. Muscles of the Upper Extremity
3. Muscles of the Buttocks
3. Muscles of the Lower Extremity
CARDIAC MUSCLES
(MYOCARDIUM)
CARDIAC MUSCLES
General Characteristics
behaves as a single unit
all-or-none contraction
pacemaker stimulated
under autonomic innervation
possess intercalated discs
SMOOTH (VISCERAL) MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLES
♦ Classification:
A. Arrangement of Fibers
1. Circular
2. Longitudinal
3. Oblique
SMOOTH MUSCLES
♦ Classification:
B. Function
1. Single-unit = myogenic electrical
activity
ex) Uterine Contractions
Peristalsis of GIT & GUT
SMOOTH MUSCLES
♦ Classification:
2. Multi-unit = individual stimulation of
muscle fibers
ex) Arrector Pili Muscles
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
♦ Clinical Conditions
A. Symptoms of Muscular Disorders
1. Weakness or Paresis
2. Muscle Pain
3. Loss of Muscle Mass
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
♦ Clinical Conditions
B. Functional Muscular Conditions
1. Strain

2. Atrophy

3. Hypertrophy

4. Cramps
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Functions
1. Transport = Respiration
Nutrition
Excretion
2. Regulation
3. Protection
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Components
1. Heart
2. Blood Vessels
a) Arteries
b) Capillaries
c) Veins
3. Blood
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
2 Sides: Right Side = Venous Blood
Left Side = Arterial Blood
4 Chambers: 2 Atria
2 Ventricles
4 Valves: Tricuspid & Pulmonic Valves
Mitral & Aortic Valves
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Blood Vessels
A. Layers
1. Tunica Externa/CT Layer

2. Tunica Media/Muscular
Layer
3. Tunica Intima/Endothelial
Layer
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Arterial System
Characteristics:
- carry blood from heart to tissues
- divide into “branches”
- arterioles
- anastomosis
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Arterial System
Major Arteries:
1. Aorta = Arch, Thoracic & Abdominal
2. Arteries of Head & Neck
3. Arteries of the Upper Extremities
4. Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Extremities
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Arterial System
Anatomical End Arteries
- branches do not anastomose
Functional End Arteries
- branches anastomose but
insufficient
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Venous System
Characteristics
- convey blood to heart from tissues
- possess valves
- venules
- formed by “tributaries”
- “venous plexuses
- vena comitantes
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Venous Systems
A. Systemic Venous System
B. Portal Venous System
- interposed between two capillary beds
- sinusoids
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Venous System
Factors that assist blood flow:
1. Gravity
2. Muscular Contractions
3. Presence of Valves
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Venous System
Major Veins:
A) Tributaries to Superior Vena Cava
1. Veins draining the Head & Neck
2. Veins of Upper Extremities
3. Veins of the Thorax
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Venous System
Major Veins:
B) Tributaries to Inferior Vena Cava
1. Veins of the Abdominal Wall
2. Veins of the Kidneys
3. Veins of the Lower Extremities
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Venous System
Major Veins:
C) Tributaries to the Portal Vein
1. Veins of the Gastrointestinal Tract
2. Veins of the Spleen & Pancreas
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
♦ Capillaries
Types:
a) Continuous (muscles, lungs, fatty tissues)
b) Fenestrated (kidneys, small intestines)
c) Sinusoids (liver, spleen)

♦ Arteriovenous Anastomoses
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Functions:
1. Transport
2. Fat Absorption
3. Defense
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
♦ Components
1. Lymph Capillaries
2. Lymph Ducts
a) Thoracic Duct
b) Right Lymphatic Duct
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
♦ Components
3. Lymphatic Organs
a) Lymph Nodes
filters lymph
produce lymphocytes
b) Spleen
c) Thymus