Enver Hoxha Selected Works Volume V Eng

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WORKERS OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!
ENVER HOXHA
SELECTED WORKS
PUBLISHED BY DECISION OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA
ENVER
HOXHA
THE
INSTITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES AT THE CC OF THE PLA
ENVER HOXHA
VOLUME V
NOVEMBER 1976 - JUNE 1980
8 N N T O R I P U B L I S H I N G TIRANA 1985
HOUSE
FOREWORD
In the materials of this volume of Selected Works by Comrade Enver Hoxha, which belong to the period 1976-1980, the reader will be acquainted with the efforts and struggle of the Albanian people for the progress of socialism relying on their own forces, with the principled stand of the Party of Labour of Albania towards various international events and in defence of Marxism-Leninism, the cause of the revolution and socialism in the world. The main event of this period in Albania is the 7th Congress of the PLA which took place in November 1976. In this volume, an important place is given to the Report delivered at this Congress by the First Secretary, Enver Hoxha. The Report makes a Marxist-Leninist synthesis of the revolutionary thought and action of the PLA after its 6th Congress, gives a tableau of the new perspectives for the construction of socialism in Albania and brings out the content of the new Constitution of the PSR of Albania, which sanctioned the further qualitative development of the Albanian socialist state in conformity with the new stage of the revolution the complete construction of socialist society. Likewise, it deals with various problems of the international situation, the all-round crises of the capitalist-revisionist system, the contradictions between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the struggle against the political and ideological diversion of the bourgeoisie and revisionism and the struggles which the peoples are waging against the two superpowers and other imperialist powers.
VIII
FOREWORD
While making a detailed analysis of acute problems of the time, Comrade Enver Hoxha propounds and proves the important thesis that now the question of the revolution and people's liberation is not just an aspiration but a problem presented for solution. He points out that the national liberation movement, the national democratic revolutions, are component parts of a single revolutionary process, the world proletarian revolution, and that the people's liberation struggle can achieve real victory only when it is linked with the cause of the proletariat and socialism. In polemics with the anti-Marxist concepts of the Chinese revisionist leadership about the main enemy, Comrade Enver Hoxha also points out what a great danger the two superpowers, American imperialism and Soviet social-imperialism, represent to the revolution, socialism and the peoples, makes a profound principled criticism of the theory of three worlds and points out that class analysis of the social systems is the only criterion by which to assess and define the places which the various states occupy in the present division of the world. Included in this volume of Selected Works are a number of the most important theoretical works of Comrade Enver Hoxha which came out during this period, such as Yugoslav 'Self-Administration' a Capitalist Theory and Practice, Imperialism and the Revolution, and Eurocommunism Is Anti-Communism. They deal with capital questions which confront the communist revolutionary liberation movement of the world today for the defence and further development of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine. The allround analyses which are made of the retrogressive, counter-revolutionary role of social democracy and various trends of modern revisionism, from Browderism to Eurocommunism, occupy a special place. In many materials a detailed and scientifically sub-
FOREWORD
IX
stantiated Marxist-Leninist analysis is made of the ideotheoretical and philosophical roots of Chinese revisionism, the anti-Marxist essence of Mao Zedong thought and the Chinese reality and the policy of the Communist Party of China, stigmatizing the stand of the Chinese revisionists towards the proletariat, the peasantry, the army, the national bourgeoisie and its parties, as well as towards contradictions and compromises. The reasons why the Chinese revolution did not develop into a socialist revolution are shown. The warmongering foreign policy of the social-imperialist Chinese leadership and its plan to make China a superpower are unmasked. Special attention is devoted to problems of the Marxist-Leninist movement, its development, relations between the Marxist-Leninist parties and the role of their work in the working class and the ranks of the working masses for the extension and strengthening of the revolutionary movement of the proletariat. At the same time stern scientific criticism is made of concepts and stands of revisionists towards such fundamental problems as those to do with the revolution, socialist society, the so-called democratic socialism, the bourgeois state, democratic and peaceful transition to socialism in the framework of the existing bourgeois Constitutions, etc. This volume also includes articles, talks and speeches, about the peoples' struggle for national and social liberation, about proletarian democracy and other questions of current interest and importance. Some of the materials published in this volume have been abridged.
ON T H E ACTIVITY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA
Extracts from the Report_(1) submitted Congress of the PLA (2)
to
the
7th
November 1, 1976
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I T H E N E W CONSTITUTION (3) A G R E A T HISTORIC VICTORY OF THE PARTY AND THE PEOPLE Comrades, It is the gates of t h e entire P a r t y A l b a n i a , the honour and v e r y responsible task of the dele7 t h C o n g r e s s to e x p r e s s t h e o p i n i o n s of t h e o n t h e n e w F u n d a m e n t a l L a w o f socialist n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n o f o u r state.
T h e 6th Congress of the P a r t y put f o r w a r d the task _______________________________
1 In this volume, this report is p u b l i s h e d in abridged f o r m . T h e unabridged e d i t i o n has been p u b l i s h e d under the title: E n v e r H o x h a Report Submitted to the 7th Congress of the PLA, 8 Nntori P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1976. 2 T h e 7th Congress of the P L A was h e l d f r o m November 1 to November 7, 1976. 3 T h e 8th P l e n u m o f the C C o f the P L A h e l d i n October 1975 e x a m i n e d the draft of the n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h in J a n u a r y 1976 was p u b l i s h e d and presented to the people for discussion by the People's Assembly. A b o u t 1,500,000 people,
ENVER HOXHA
of drafting a n e w Constitution and instructed that it s h o u l d b e t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g one, w h i c h w o u l d express the c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n A l b a n i a , the u n i n t e r r u p t e d s t r u g g l e t o g u a r a n t e e t h e f r e e d o m a n d independence of the H o m e l a n d and the b u i l d i n g of socialism. On the other hand, it h a d to take into account our present r e a l i t y , t h e stage w h i c h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n has r e a c h e d . T h e n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n m u s t s a n c tion the m a j o r r e v o l u t i o n a r y transformations carried out a n d the successes a c h i e v e d , m u s t r e f l e c t t h e g e n e r a l l i n e of the P a r t y for the complete construction of socialism a n d t h e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r state o f t h e d i c t a torship of the proletariat. The old Constitution w a s the C o n s t i t u t i o n o f the b u i l d i n g o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f s o c i a l i s m , w h e r e a s t h e n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n w i l l b e the C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e c o m p l e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e socialist society. T h e d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n , w h i c h w i l l soon b e s u b m i t t e d to the People's A s s e m b l y for f i n a l approval, is a j u r i d i c a l d o c u m e n t of s p e c i a l i m p o r t a n c e . It is a d o c u m e n t of great theoretical and practical, political and ideological value, o n w h i c h o u r social, economic, a n d c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t at the stage of t h e c o m p l e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e socialist society w i l l b e based. The new Constitution is permeated through and through by the ideology and fundamental principles of Marxism-Leninism, embodies the teachings and the revolutionary experience of our Party of Labour, and bears the stamp of the creative thinking of the broad masses of our people. It p r o c l a i m s t h e basic p r i n c i p l e s of s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m a n d m a k e s t h e m its o w n , p r i n c i p l e s i n d i s p e n s a b l e
____________________________ practically a l l the adult population of the country, participated in the meetings w h i c h w e r e held, and about 300.000 people contributed to the discussion. It was approved by the People's A s s e m b l y on December 28, 1976.
REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA
f o r a g e n u i n e socialist society, i n w h i c h t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the proletariat has been established, in w h i c h the w o r k i n g class, w i t h its o w n P a r t y a t t h e h e a d , r e a l l y p l a y s its l e a d i n g r o l e . O u r n e w F u n d a m e n t a l L a w r e a f f i r m s t h e correct M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t principles w h i c h were the foundation of the first Constitution of the People's R e p u b l i c of A l b a nia. B u t the new Constitution m a r k s a further qualitative development of the existing Constitution, in conformity w i t h t h e p r e s e n t stage o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n o u r c o u n t r y . W h i l e sanctioning the victories attained and the trends of development of the country on the road to socialism, t h e n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n also serves as a p r o g r a m of s t r u g g l e a n d w o r k f o r t h e f u t u r e . Its a i m i s t o g i v e the m a x i m u m scope t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s of p r o d u c t i o n of a g e n u i n e socialist society, t o open t h e r o a d o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y e m a n c i p a t i o n a n d education of our n e w m a n , to safeguard and strengthen t h e socialist o r d e r a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t s t i l l better, t o create t h e best p o s s i b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e c o u n t r y o n its a d v a n c e t o w a r d s c o m m u n i s m . S u m m i n g up the l i n e and experience Of our P a r t y in t h e f i e l d o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n , t h i s i m p o r t a n t d o c u m e n t also sanctions the j u r i d i c a l , p o l i t i c a l , ideological and economic dispositions to bar the w a y to revisionism and the restoration of capitalism. In this respect, o u r C o n s t i t u t i o n constitutes a v a l u a b l e c r e a t i v e contribution of the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a to the theory and practice of scientific socialism. The new Constitution does not conceal its class character. It proclaims and sanctions the character of our state as a dictatorship of the proletariat in power, it proclaims and sanctions the undivided leading role of the Party in the state and in the whole society, it proclaims and sanc-
ENVER HOXHA
tions the class struggle as the main driving force of our entire society. Socialism, said M a r x ,
... is the class dictatorship of the proletariat, as the necessary transit point to the abolition of class distinctions generally , to the abolition of all the relations of production on which they rest, to the abolition of all the social relations that correspond to these relations of production, to the overthrow of all ideas that result from these social relations*
In the revolutionary experience of our c o u n t r y the correctness o f these t e a c h i n g s o f g e n i u s o f M a r x has b e e n c o m p l e t e l y c o n f i r m e d . T h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t i s t h e p o w e r f u l a n d d e c i s i v e w e a p o n t o c a r r y t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n f o r w a r d , t o its c o m p l e t e a n d f i n a l v i c t o r y . I t is t h r o u g h the dictatorship of the proletariat that the v i t a l task of the revolution, the a l l r o u n d development of t h e socialist e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t of the c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m a n d of t h e classless c o m m u n i s t society, is a c h i e v e d . It p l a y s a no less i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e s t r u g g l e t o p u r g e t h e socialist social l i f e o f a l l vestiges o f the o l d society, t o e r a d i c a t e f r o m t h e minds of the w o r k i n g people e v e r y t h i n g a l i e n that drags t h e m b a c k w a r d s , t o c a r r y out t h e i r c o m m u n i s t e d u c a t i o n , t o u n i t e a l l the w o r k i n g p e o p l e a r o u n d t h e v a n g u a r d force, t h e w o r k i n g class a n d i t s P a r t y , o n t h e r o a d o f socialism and communism. The experience of the revolution and the construction of socialism in A l b a n i a proves that the dictatorship of the p r o l e t a r i a t i s necessary t o t h e w o r k i n g class t o s u p p r e s s t h e resistance o f t h e class enemies, o l d a n d n e w , a n d t h e i r e f f o r t s t o restore t h e o l d order, t o cope w i t h t h e e x t e r n a l
___________________________________ * K. M a r x , F. Engels. Selected Works, v o l . 1. p. 226, A l b . e d .
danger, w h i c h comes b o t h f r o m t h e a g g r e s s i v e i n t e n t i o n s of imperialism and social-imperialism to strangle and des t r o y t h e socialist o r d e r w i t h f i r e a n d steel, o r w i t h blockade and starvation, as w e l l as f r o m the ideological aggression of the capitalist-revisionist w o r l d , w h i c h day b y d a y sends its w a v e s o f d e g e n e r a t i o n a n d c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n c r a s h i n g a g a i n s t o u r shores. T h e p r e s e r v a t i o n a n d ceaseless s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e dictatorship of the proletariat throughout the period of t r a n s i t i o n f r o m s o c i a l i s m t o c o m m u n i s m i s also d i c t a t e d b y t h e n e g a t i v e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d some o t h e r countries, w h e r e d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t g a v e b i r t h t o r e v i s i o n ism, the most dangerous w e a p o n of the counter-revolution, w h i c h l e d t o t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e socialist o r d e r a n d t h e re-establishment of capitalist slavery and social-fascism. The enemies of socialism, both i n t e r n a l a n d external, h a v e a l w a y s a i m e d t h e i r m a i n b l o w s against t h e d i c t a t o r ship of the proletariat. N o w , it is fashionable among all t h e r e v i s i o n i s t renegades a n d t h e l a c k e y s o f t h e b o u r geoisie t o l a u n c h savage a t t a c k s o n t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d indulge i n u n r e s t r a i n e d d e m a g o g y a b o u t t h e a l l e g e d r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e lost d e m o c r a c y . T h e i r p u r p o s e i s t o a t t a c k t h e v e r y essence o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism and the revolution and to destroy the fundamental instrument of the proletariat for the b u i l d i n g of the new socialist l i f e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s t a n d t o w a r d s the d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t h a s s e r v e d a n d c o n t i n u e s to serve as the m a r k e r of the line d i v i d i n g genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s and proletarian revolutonaries f r o m opportunists a n d renegades f r o m t h e w o r k i n g class o f e v e r y hue. I n o u r c o u n t r y t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t has a l w a y s stood s t r o n g a n d i n v i n c i b l e , because the P a r t y has c a r r i e d out the teachings of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m faithfully.
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h a s w a g e d the class s t r u g g l e c o r r e c t l y , a n d has a l w a y s m a i n t a i n e d k e e n r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i g i l a n c e . I t has c o n s t a n t l y s t r e n g t h e n e d a n d p e r f e c t e d t h e p r o l e t a r i a n state a n d t h e defence o f the c o u n t r y , a n d has c o n s i s t e n t l y c o m b a t e d a l l alien manifestations w h i c h lead to the peaceful degenerat i o n o f t h e socialist s o c i a l a n d state o r d e r . Reflecting and s u m m i n g up the r i c h revolutionary experience of our country, as w e l l as international experience, r e j e c t i n g t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t t h e o r i e s o f t h e r e v i s i o n i t s t h a t t h e stage of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t has a l l e g e d l y b e e n l e f t b e h i n d , o r a b o u t t h e state o f t h e e n t i r e people, t h e n e w d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n states i n a c l e a r c u t m a n n e r t h a t t h e People's Socialist Republic of Albania is a state of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which expresses and defends the interests of all the working people. The draft-Constitution is a vivid reflection of genuine socialist democracy and humanism. It is a confirmation of the teachings of Marxism-Leninism that the dictatorship of the proletariat is inseparable from the broadest, most thorough-going and complete democracy for the working people. E n s u r i n g b r o a d socialist d e m o c r a c y c o n stitutes a f u n d a m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t itself, just as the dictatorship of the proletariat constitutes an indispensable and decisive condition for the existence of genuine democracy for the w o r k i n g people. O u r socialist d e m o c r a c y has g u a r a n t e e d t h e w o r k i n g people the important right to have their say in the s o l u t i o n o f s o c i a l a n d state p r o b l e m s , t o e x e r c i s e c o n t r o l o v e r everybody and everything, to participate effectively on a b r o a d scale, i n a n o r g a n i z e d w a y a n d i n t h e m o s t v a r i o u s forms, in the administration of the country. T h e P a r t y considers t h i s p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d its constant e x t e n s i o n a s
the f u n d a m e n t a l d i r e c t i o n o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f socialist democracy, as a great m o t i v e f o r c e to p r o m o t e the s o c i a l ist c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d as one of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t factors t o protect o u r state a n d o u r s o c i e t y against the d a n g e r of bourgeois-revisionist degeneration. This line of the P a r t y has been f u l l y s a n c t i o n e d i n t h e n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n . T h e s p i r i t o f socialist d e m o c r a c y , w h i c h c h a r a c t e r i z e s o u r e n t i r e social l i f e , r u n s t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e s t r u c t u r e of o u r socialist state, f r o m t h e p e o p l e ' s c o u n c i l s at the base u p t o the P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y . T h e d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n c l e a r l y d e f i n e s t h a t t h e state p o w e r i s a n i n d i v i s i b l e w h o l e and is exercised completely by the organs and representatives elected b y t h e p e o p l e d i r e c t l y . A l l t h e o t h e r state organs c a r r y out t h e i r a c t i v i t y u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n a n d c o n t r o l o f the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e organs, a r e r e s p o n s i b l e a n d r e n d e r account t o t h e m . I t stresses t h a t n o t o n l y the elected state f u n c t i o n a r i e s b u t also t h e a p p o i n t e d ones m u s t r e n d e r account t o t h e masses a n d s u b m i t t o t h e i r direct c o n t r o l . I n t h i s w a y , t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e d a n g e r of estrangement of the representative organs f r o m the people, the s t r u g g l e against b u r e a u c r a c y a n d t h e t e n d e n c y t o place t h e e x e c u t i v e a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o r g a n s above the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r g a n s of p o w e r , is p u t on a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l basis. W i t h u s the b u i l d i n g a n d f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e e n t i r e socialist state a n d s o c i a l m e c h a n i s m p r o c e e d o n t h e basis of the p r i n c i p l e of d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m , t h e essence of w h i c h is the centralized leadership by the w o r k i n g class o f t h e e n t i r e l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y t h r o u g h its P a r t y a n d the p r o l e t a r i a n state, t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f c e n t r a l i z e d management w i t h the creative initiative of the local organs a n d the w o r k i n g masses. B y f u l l y e m b o d y i n g t h i s great M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r i n c i p l e , t h e d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n i s counterposed t o a l l a n t i - M a r x i s t concepts a n d p r a c t i c e s o f the revisionists, b o t h t h e l i b e r a l - a n a r c h i s t concepts t h a t
ENVER HOXHA
negate p r o l e t a r i a n c e n t r a l i s m , a n d t h e b u r e a u c r a t i c c e n t r a l ist concepts, w h i c h p r e v e n t p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g masses i n g o v e r n i n g t h e c o u n t r y . I n socialist A l b a n i a , the r i g h t s o f t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e t o w o r k , t o e d u c a t i o n a n d m e d i c a l services free o f charge, t o the m e a n s o f l i v e l i h o o d i n o l d age, f r e e d o m o f speech, the press a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n , h a v e b e e n e n s u r e d u n d e r t h e l a w and guaranteed in practice, complete equality before the law, without a n y restriction or privilege in rights and o b l i g a t i o n s on account of sex, race, n a t i o n a l i t y , e d u c a t i o n , p o s i t i o n o r m a t e r i a l c o n d i t i o n , etc, i s g u a r a n t e e d . O n e o f t h e great a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h e h i s t o r i c w o r k o f the P a r t y a n d t h e people's p o w e r i s t h e e m a n c i p a t i o n o f t h e A l b a n i a n w o m a n a n d her c o m p l e t e e q u a l i t y w i t h m a n i n w o r k a n d p a y a n d i n a l l f i e l d s o f o u r l i f e . A l l these colossal political and social victories achieved by our P a r t y and people, o c c u p y a n i m p o r t a n t p l a c e i n t h e n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n . O u r r e a l i t y , o u r socialist d e m o c r a c y r e f u t e a l l t h e s l a n d e r s o f the b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t i d e o l o g i s t s w h o charge t h a t the socialist o r d e r l a c k s d e m o c r a c y . W i t h us, f r e e d o m a n d d e m o c r a c y are o n l y f o r t h e b r o a d masses o f w o r k i n g people, a n d are not, a n d cannot be. f o r t h e enem i e s o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e people, f o r those w h o seek t o u n d e r m i n e t h e p r o l e t a r i a n state p o w e r a n d t h e socialist s o c i a l order, a s t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d the r e v i s i o n ist t r a i t o r s w o u l d l i k e . I n f u l l c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e t e a c h ings o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , o u r P a r t y a n d o u r d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t h a v e n o t a l l o w e d a n d n e v e r w i l l a l l o w t h i s k i n d o f d e m o c r a c y . O u r socialist d e m o c r a c y i s t r u e d e m o c r a c y f o r t h e people, f o r t h e masses o f the w o r k i n g people, a n d f o r t h e m alone. D u r i n g t h e p o p u l a r d i s c u s s i o n o f the d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n , the e n t i r e p e o p l e e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y h a i l e d t h e i n c l u s i o n in t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n as a f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e of the c l a u s e t h a t t h e Party of Labour of Albania, the vanguard
of the working class, is the sole political leading force of the state and the society. W i t h the greatest l o y a l t y a n d u n w a v e r i n g c o n s i s t e n c y o u r P a r t y has u p h e l d the great p r i n c i p l e t h a t e n s u r i n g the l e a d i n g r o l e o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y constitutes the decisive c o n d i t i o n f o r c a r r y i n g o u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n , e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m . I t has a l w a y s been a w a r e t h a t t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the P a r t y r e p r e s e n t s the c o n c e n t r a t e d a n d h i g h e s t e x pression o f t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e n u m b e r one s u b j e c t i v e f a c t o r f o r p u t t i n g its r e v o l u t i o n a r y program into practice. T h e fact t h a t t h i s has b e e n m a d e a f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n ciple o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n i s f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e t h a t o u r Party, as always, is determined to implement and defend the i m m o r t a l t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n o n e v e r y issue a n d i n a l l f i e l d s . T h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e P a r t y i n o u r s o c i e t y a n d state n o t o n l y constitutes a basic d e m a n d o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , b u t also r e p r e s e n t s a n h i s toric reality. W i t h t h e P a r t y i n t h e lead, o u r p e o p l e c a r r i e d out the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r a n d w o n t h e i r f r e e d o m a n d independence, o v e r t h r e w t h e o l d r e g i m e s a n d e s t a b l i s h e d the people's p o w e r . W i t h the P a r t y i n the l e a d , great r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d out. U n d e r t h e leadership of the P a r t y , our people defended the country f r o m t h e f r e n z i e d a t t a c k s o f e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l enemies, a n d s e c u r e d a n d c o n s o l i d a t e d its p o l i t i c a l a n d economic independence. W i t h the P a r t y at the head, this A l b a n i a at w h i c h we rejoice today and w h i c h we must always unceasingly strive to m a k e stronger and more prosperous, has b e e n b u i l t . B u t , a s M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches a n d a s o u r o w n h i s t o r i c a l e x p e r i e n c e , too, has c o n v i n c e d us. it is not just f o r a c e r t a i n t i m e t h a t t h e l e a d i n g r o l e of t h e Party is
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necessary. It is i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d of t h e c o m p l e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e socialist society, u p t o c o m m u n i s m . The more the revolution advances and deepens, the more the leading role of the Party must be strengthened and perfected in every sphere of life, and state and social activity. If this r o l e is a l l o w e d to b e c o m e w e a k ened o r e l i m i n a t e d , great d a n g e r s t h r e a t e n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m a n d g r a v e defeats a w a i t t h e m . The revisionist theories w h i c h c l a i m that i n the t r a n s i t i o n a l p e r i o d t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e P a r t y comes t o a n end, o r t u r n s i n t o a n e d u c a t i v e f u n c t i o n o n l y , are a i m e d a t l e a v i n g the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e people w i t h o u t a l e a d e r s h i p so t h a t t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o letariat and socialism can be o v e r t h r o w n and the counterrevolution triumph. B y p l a c i n g the p r i n c i p l e o f t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f the P a r t y a t the f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , w e are d e f e n d i n g M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m f r o m these f r e n z i e d attacks, d e f e n d i n g a n d c a r r y i n g f o r w a r d t h e cause o f t r u e s o c i a l ism in Albania. T h e fact t h a t M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m has n o w b e c o m e the d o m i n a n t i d e o l o g y i n o u r c o u n t r y represents a n o t h e r h i s t o r i c a l r e a l i t y . O u r e n t i r e p o l i t i c a l , economic, social, e d u cational and cultural life is guided by the principles of the i d e o l o g y o f the w o r k i n g class a n d p e r m e a t e d b y t h e p r i n c i p l e s of p r o l e t a r i a n m o r a l i t y . As a r e s u l t of t h e great w o r k o f the P a r t y , o f t h e i d e o l o g i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n , the r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t has b e e n e m b r a c e d b y t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e people, i t sets t h e t o n e f o r a n d d e t e r m i n e s t h e course of d e v e l o p m e n t of the e n t i r e s p i r i t u a l l i f e o f o u r society. M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , w h i c h illuminates our road to socialism and communism, has been t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a great m o t i v e f o r c e . The M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology, the line of the Party, e n a b l e the people t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p r e s e n t b e t t e r a n d
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h a v e e v e n greater c o n f i d e n c e i n the f u t u r e . L i f e o v e r t h e last t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s has f i r m l y c o n v i n c e d o u r people that o n l y o n t h e basis o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y o u t l o o k o f t h e w o r k i n g class i s i t p o s s i b l e t o e s t a b l i s h , s a f e g u a r d a n d s t r e n g t h e n the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t o b u i l d socialism successfully a n d to m a r c h confidently towards the classless c o m m u n i s t society. T h i s e x p e r i e n c e a n d these v i c t o r i e s h a v e h a d t h e r e sult t h a t the consistent defence a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m has b e c o m e t h e c o n c e r n o f a l l t h e w o r k i n g people a n d i s c o n s i d e r e d b y e v e r y b o d y a s a q u e s t i o n v i t a l to the f a t e of s o c i a l i s m . T h e r e f o r e , the statement of the Constitution that Marxism-Leninism is the dominant ideology in our socialist state, that the entire socialist social order is developed on the basis of its principles is a great historic victory of socialism in A l b ania. O n e o f the great p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d one o f the m a i n conclusions d r a w n f r o m o u r P a r t y ' s r e v o l u t i o n a r y e x p e r i e n c e is t h a t it is a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l to c o n t i n u e t o w a g e t h e class s t r u g g l e also i n t h e p e r i o d o f the c o m p l e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e socialist society, r i g h t up to communism. T h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s , w i t h the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s i n t h e l e a d , c l a i m t h a t class s t r u g g l e dies out w i t h t h e l i q u i d a t i o n of t h e e x p l o i t i n g classes. T h i s is a f r a u d designed t o d i s a r m the w o r k i n g class a n d l u l l i t t o sleep, t o open the w a y t o t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m . T h i s has been m o s t c l e a r l y p r o v e d i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the other f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s , w h e r e t h e n e w c a p i t a l i s t bourgeoisie has come t o p o w e r . O u r c o u n t r y ' s e x p e r i e n c e r e f u t e s these false a n d c a p i t u l a t i o n i s t t h e o r i e s a b o u t the d y i n g out of t h e class struggle i n s o c i a l i s m . . . In compliance w i t h the teachings of M a r x i s m - L e n i n -
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ism and relying on this r i c h revolutionary experience, the d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n explicitly states t h a t in all its activity, our socialist state upholds the great Marxist-Leninist principle of the class struggle, which constitutes the great motive force to carry the socialist revolution forward. In drafting the new Constitution, the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e has seen t o i t t h a t t h e l i n e o f t h e P a r t y c o n c e r n i n g m a j o r questions o f n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y a n d defence o f the c o u n t r y ' s f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e i s f u l l y r e f l e c t e d a n d c l e a r l y f o r m u l a t e d i n it. I n the c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t our country is encircled by imperialists a n d revisionists, that a l l - r o u n d p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y p r e s s u r e is b e i n g b r o u g h t to b e a r a g a i n s t it, t h a t c h a u v i n i s t i c theories o n l i m i t e d s o v e r e i g n t y a r e b e i n g s p r e a d , a n d the practice of r o b b i n g the peoples of their independence i s b e i n g i m p o s e d b y v i o l e n c e , these p r o b l e m s a s s u m e great i m p o r t a n c e , not o n l y t h e o r e t i c a l a n d j u r i d i c a l , b u t p r a c t i c a l and political as well. Proceeding f r o m the sacred goal of preserving a n d unceasingly strengthening the freedom, independence, and defence p o t e n t i a l o f t h e H o m e l a n d a n d t h e g a i n s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , the draft-Constitution states that nobody other than the representative organs of state power can exercise the sovereignty of the people or any of its attributes in the name of our Republic, that the territory of the Homeland is inalienable and its borders inviolable . U n d e r the C o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f f o r e i g n m i l i t a r y bases a n d t h e s t a t i o n i n g o f f o r e i g n troops, i n w h a t e v e r f o r m , i n t h e t e r r i t o r y o f socialist A l b a n i a a r e p r o h i b i t e d . A s w e l l a s this, n o one has t h e r i g h t t o s i g n o r accept the c a p i t u l a t i o n o r o c c u p a t i o n o f the c o u n t r y . These revolutionary principles of v i t a l importance unequivocally and clearly express the sovereign right and d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the A l b a n i a n p e o p l e t o d e f e n d t h e i r l i f e , t h e i r a c h i e v e m e n t s , a n d t h e i r free a n d i n d e p e n d e n t
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socialist H o m e l a n d t o the e n d . A t t h e same t i m e , t h e p r i n ciples s a n c t i o n e d i n t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y t h e one about t h e p r o h i b i t i o n o f t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f f o r e i g n bases a n d the s t a t i o n i n g of f o r e i g n troops, c o n s t i t u t e a s o l e m n pledge t h a t the t e r r i t o r y o f s o c i a l i s t A l b a n i a w i l l n e v e r b e used as a base f o r a g g r e s s i o n against t h e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . A l s o o f great i m p o r t a n c e f o r s a f e g u a r d i n g the i n d e pendence of the c o u n t r y a n d the socialist o r d e r is the provision in the draft-Constitution p r o h i b i t i n g the granting of concessions to f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , t h e s e t t i n g up of f o r eign economic and financial companies a n d other institutions o r e m b a r k i n g o n j o i n t v e n t u r e s w i t h b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c a p i t a l i s t m o n o p o l i e s a n d states, a s w e l l a s o b t a i n i n g credits f r o m t h e m . T h i s i s a n e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t ant q u e s t i o n o f p r i n c i p l e . N o c o u n t r y w h a t s o e v e r , b i g o r s m a l l , can b u i l d s o c i a l i s m b y t a k i n g c r e d i t s a n d a i d f r o m the bourgeoisie a n d the r e v i s i o n i s t s o r b y i n t e g r a t i n g its e c o n o m y i n t o the w o r l d s y s t e m o f c a p i t a l i s t e c o n o m y . A n y s u c h l i n k i n g of the e c o n o m y of a socialist c o u n t r y w i t h the e c o n o m y of b o u r g e o i s or r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s opens t h e doors to the o p e r a t i o n of t h e e c o n o m i c l a w s of c a p i t a l i s m a n d the d e g e n e r a t i o n of the socialist o r d e r . T h i s is the road of betrayal and the restoration of capitalism, w h i c h the r e v i s i o n i s t cliques h a v e p u r s u e d a n d a r e p u r s u i n g . O u r people a l w a y s regard the defence of freedom a n d n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y a s t h e d u t y a b o v e a l l duties. T h e r e f o r e , t h e P a r t y a n d the people's p o w e r h a v e a d o p t e d a series of v e r y i m p o r t a n t m e a s u r e s of a p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o gical, m i l i t a r y a n d o t h e r c h a r a c t e r , w h i c h h a v e also been sanctioned i n the d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of a r e l i a b l e a n d i m p r e g n a b l e defence, c a p a b l e of g u a r a n t e e i n g t h e socialist v i c t o r i e s a n d c o p i n g w i t h a n y enem y aggression, n o m a t t e r w h e r e i t comes f r o m . The Constitution also sanctions the great Marxist-Leninist principle that the defence of the Homeland and the gains of
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socialism are guaranteed by the armed people organized in the armed forces. It is a b s o l u t e l y p o s s i b l e to e n s u r e t h e n a t i o n a l s o v e r eignty, a n d p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d t o guarantee the defence o f the c o u n t r y , because i n A l b a n i a the p e o p l e are i n p o w e r , s o v e r e i g n t y belongs e n t i r e l y t o the w o r k i n g p e o p l e a n d i s e x e r c i s e d b y t h e m alone, b e cause the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , l e d b y t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r , i s i n p o w e r here. T h e s e basic p r i n c i p l e s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n s a n c t i o n e d in the draft-Constitution, reflect the revolutionary M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p o l i c y a n d l i n e o f the P a r t y a n d , a t the s a m e time, c o m p l y w i t h the a r d e n t a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e A l b a n i a n people w h o h a v e f o u g h t a n d s h e d t o r r e n t s o f b l o o d for their freedom, independence, and sovereign rights, f o r h u n d r e d s o f years o n e n d . T h i s i s w h y the e n t i r e people h a v e e x p r e s s e d t h e i r u n a n i m o u s a p p r o v a l o f these great p r i n c i p l e s o f the C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d t h e i r r e a d i n e s s to d e f e n d to a m a n t h e i r n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y a n d e v e r y i n c h o f t h e i r socialist H o m e l a n d a t a l l costs a n d u n d e r any circumstances. O u r c o u n t r y ' s e x p e r i e n c e p r o v e s t h a t the s a f e g u a r d i n g o f the economic a n d p o l i t i c a l i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d t h e d e fence o f n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y are closely l i n k e d w i t h t h e consistent i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the p r i n c i p l e of s e l f - r e l i a n c e . In connection w i t h this m a j o r question, the d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n says t h a t throughout the construction of socialism, the People's Socialist Republic of Albania upholds the principle of self-reliance . J u s t as t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e of a c o u n t r y are n o t donated, n e i t h e r are t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m i m p o r t e d . T h e y are t h e o u t c o m e o f t h e r e s o l u t e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e o f the b r o a d w o r k i n g masses o f each c o u n t r y w i t h the w o r k i n g class a t t h e h e a d a n d u n d e r the leadership of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party. The principle of
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s e l f - r e l i a n c e does n o t r u l e out the i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t a i d of the p r o l e t a r i a t , r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , a n d socialist countries. H o w e v e r , the e x t e r n a l factor, i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t s o l i d a r i t y a n d a i d , i s a n a u x i l i a r y a n d c o m p l e m e n t a r y element, but not t h e decisive one, despite its great i m p o r t a n c e . I n t h e N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r a s w e l l a s i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d defence o f s o c i a l i s m , o u r P a r t y has r e s o l u t e l y a p p l i e d the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r i n c i p l e o f selfreliance. P r e c i s e l y f o r this r e a s o n o u r c o u n t r y s u c c e s s f u l l y dealt w i t h the n a z i - f a s c i s t o c c u p i e r s a s w e l l a s a l l the pressures a n d b l o c k a d e s o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d r e v i s i o n ists, has b u i l t a p o w e r f u l a n d i n d e p e n d e n t e c o n o m y a n d d e v e l o p e d a p o w e r f u l a n d r e l i a b l e defence p o t e n t i a l , a n d a c u l t u r e a n d art o f s o u n d socialist content. B y u n d e v i a t i n g l y p u r s u i n g the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t course o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e , A l b a n i a w i l l a t t a i n n e w , e v e n greater, v i c t o r i e s i n t h e complete c o n s t r u c t i o n of the socialist society. T h e d r a f t - C o n s t i t u t i o n also sanctions a series of other important principles and norms, w h i c h underlie the cons t r u c t i o n a n d f u n c t i o n i n g o f the e n t i r e e c o n o m i c a n d s o cial, p o l i t i c a l a n d s p i r i t u a l l i f e s u c h a s those w h i c h g o v e r n the r e l a t i o n s o f o w n e r s h i p a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e p l a n n e d d e v e l o p m e n t o f the e c o n o m y , t h e socialist l a w , t h e r e l a tions b e t w e e n cadres a n d masses, b e t w e e n t h e state a n d the society, a s w e l l a s t h e p r i n c i p l e s a n d n o r m s w h i c h define t h e r i g h t s a n d d u t i e s of citizens, a n d so on. T h e s a n c t i o n i n g i n the C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n ciples g u i d i n g the f o r e i g n p o l i c y of o u r state is of special importance. The new Constitution provides a reflection of a true socialist society, built according to the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, embodied in, and borne out by, the revolutionary practice of our country . T h e r e f o r e , in c a l l i n g o u r R e p u b l i c a P e o p l e ' s S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c , the n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n expresses i n t h e m o s t c o m p l e t e a n d
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clearest w a y the class content a n d t h e socialist r e a l i t y o f A l b a n i a today. The approval of the new F u n d a m e n t a l L a w of our socialist state b y t h e P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y w i l l i m p a r t a fresh and p o w e r f u l impulse to the entire w o r k and struggle o f o u r p e o p l e f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d defence of socialism. The new Constitution w i l l m a k e the dictatorship of the proletariat in A l b a n i a even stronger and more invincible, it w i l l open up broader vistas to the progress a n d p r o s p e r i t y o f o u r F a t h e r l a n d .
II
THE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY AND THE TASKS OF THE PARTY
U n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e P a r t y a n d i n s p i r e d b y its correct M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e , o u r w o r k i n g class, t h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e people's i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , m u s t e r e d a l l t h e i r energies, a n d i n g e n e r a l , s u c c e s s f u l l y f u l f i l l e d the tasks set b y t h e 61h C o n g r e s s f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e . B y i m p l e m e n t i n g the P a r t y ' s d i r e c t i v e t h a t the e c o n omy must be developed in a proportionate and h a r m o nious w a y , f u r t h e r g r o w t h a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f a l l i t s branches w a s e n s u r e d i n t h e 5th f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d . I n 1975, as against 1970, s o c i a l p r o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d by 37 p e r cent a n d the n a t i o n a l i n c o m e by 38 p e r cent, at an average r a t e 3 t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n t h e increase i n t h e p o pulation. D u r i n g this p e r i o d , p r o c e e d i n g o n t h e r o a d o f s o c i a l ist i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , t h e r o l e o f i n d u s t r y a s the l e a d i n g b r a n c h i n the o v e r a l l e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t w a s f u r t h e r enhanced. N o w i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n m a k e s u p a b o u t 6 5 p e r cent o f t o t a l i n d u s t r i a l a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n . In 1975, as against 1970, i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d by 52 p e r cent, at an a v e r a g e a n n u a l r a t e of 8.7 p e r cent. D u r i n g these y e a r s , v i g o r o u s r e v o l u t i o n a r y w o r k w a s done t o p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e t h e correct p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y f o r the r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t a n d m o d e r n i z a t i o n o f socialist
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a g r i c u l t u r e , a s the basic b r a n c h o f the e c o n o m y . A g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d b y 3 3 p e r cent, a t a n a v e r a g e a n n u a l r a t e of 5.9 p e r cent. In this five-year period the volume of investments w a s 5 0 p e r cent g r e a t e r t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d . W o r k w a s done o n 310 i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m i c a n d social projects, h a l f o f w h i c h h a v e a l r e a d y been c o m m i s s i o n e d . On the basis of the o v e r a l l g r o w t h of p r o d u c t i o n , a f u r t h e r rise i n the m a t e r i a l w e l l - b e i n g a n d t h e c u l t u r a l l e v e l o f t h e people w a s e n s u r e d . T h e r e a l i n c o m e p e r c a p i t a i n c r e a s e d by 14.5 p e r cent, t h e t a r g e t set by the 6 t h C o n g r e s s . T h e p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r o f the p o p u l a t i o n has i n c r e a s e d a n d s u p p l y has s t e a d i l y i m p r o v e d . E i g h t y - f i v e p e r cent of the people's needs f o r i n d u s t r i a l a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l goods o f e v e r y d a y use w e r e m e t b y l o c a l p r o d u c t s . D u r i n g the past f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d , 62,000 f l a t s a n d d w e l l i n g houses w e r e b u i l t i n t o w n s a n d v i l l a g e s . T h e e d u c a t i o n a l a n d c u l t u r a l l e v e l o f the masses o f the p e o p l e w a s r a i s e d h i g h e r . I n t h e last f i v e y e a r s , o v e r 12,500 people g r a d u a t e d f r o m h i g h e r schools, a n d 72.000 others f r o m s e c o n d a r y schools. T h e r i s e i n t h e w e l l - b e i n g a n d t h e c u l t u r a l l e v e l , the e x t e n s i o n a n d i m p r o v e m e n t o f the h e a l t h services, r e s u l t e d i n t h e e x t e n s i o n o f the a v e r a g e l i f e e x p e c t a n c y a n d a h i g h r a t e o f increase i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n . T h i s a l l - r o u n d m a t e r i a l a n d c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t has been a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h t h e a d o p t i o n o f i m p o r t a n t m e a s u r e s f o r the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f socialist p r o p e r t y , t h e f u r ther revolutionary improvement of relations of d i s t r i b u tion and exchange. T h e r e s u l t s a c h i e v e d i n c a r r y i n g out the tasks l a i d down by the 6th Congress of the P a r t y for the developm e n t o f the e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e speak c l e a r l y o f t h e correctness o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e o f t h e P a r t y , the s u p e r i o r i t y o f o u r socialist system, t h e h i g h l e v e l o f c o n sciousness a n d creativeness of o u r people.
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. . . Proceeding f r o m the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t general line for the construction of socialism, the C e n t r a l Committee o f t h e P a r t y has d r a w n u p t h e d r a f t - d i r e c t i v e s f o r the n e w f i v e - y e a r p l a n o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e f o r t h e 1976-1980 p e r i o d , w h i c h i t n o w p u t s f o r w a r d to the Congress for consideration. T h e s e d r a f t - d i r e c t i v e s h a v e b e e n discussed b y t h e w o r k i n g masses, w h o e x p r e s s e d t h e i r o p i n i o n s , d i s c o v e r e d n e w reserves a n d possibilities, a n d m a d e v e r y v a l u a b l e proposals for advancing the indices of the p l a n and def i n i n g the w a y s t o e n s u r e t h e f u l f i l m e n t a n d o v e r f u l f i l m e n t of the targets. T h e 6th F i v e - y e a r P l a n is a m o b i l i z i n g a n d realistic p l a n . I t i s b a s e d o n the efforts, energies, a n d m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l capacities o f the people, o n t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a n d resources o f t h e e c o n o m y , o n t h e i n t e r n a l socialist a c c u m u l a t i o n . T h e a c h i e v e m e n t s t o date, the m a t e r i a l - t e c h n i c a l base created, t h e great e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d , t h e e n t h u siasm, readiness, a n d l o f t y p a t r i o t i s m s h o w n b y o u r p e o ple, are a r e l i a b l e g u a r a n t e e t h a t i t w i l l b e f u l f i l l e d successfully. In compliance w i t h the guidelines provided by the P a r t y in the draft-directives for the development of the e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e i n t h e 1976-1980 p e r i o d , the f o l l o w i n g basic task i s l a i d d o w n : To go on at rapid rates with the socialist construction of the country for the transformation of socialist Albania into an industrial-agricultural country, with advanced industry and agriculture, according to the principle of self-reliance, for the further all-round strengthening of the economic independence of the country; to further improve the socialist relations of production and the superstructure; to strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat and enhance the defence potential of the
20
ENVER HOXHA
Homeland; to raise the material and cultural level of the working masses higher while carrying further the narrowing of distinctions between town and countryside. This is to be achieved on the basis of the consistent waging of the class struggle and the mobilization of all the forces and energies of the people under the leadership of the Party. T o c a r r y out t h i s b a s i c task, t h e 6 t h F i v e - y e a r P l a n envisages a f u r t h e r a l l - r o u n d d e v e l o p m e n t of socialist i n d u s t r y , g i v i n g p r i o r i t y , a s b e f o r e , t o the d e v e l o p m e n t o f h e a v y i n d u s t r y , the v a n g u a r d o f t h e w h o l e process o f socialist i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y . W i t h t h e c o m missioning of n e w projects w i t h a h i g h level of c o n centration of production and technical equipment, industry w i l l assume n e w q u a l i t a t i v e d i m e n s i o n s a n d f e a t u r e s . . . .
1. T H E F U R T H E R D E V E L O P M E N T OF FACTOR FOR T H E S T R E N G T H E N I N G I N D U S T R Y T H E MAIN OF THE ECONOMY
I n its p r o g r a m f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e socialist e c o n o m y , r i g h t f r o m the start t h e P a r t y has a l w a y s f o l l o w e d a correct M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e , g i v i n g p r i o r i t y to the setting up and expansion of industry, t o s t r e n g t h e n i n g a n d m o d e r n i z i n g it. T h e v i c t o r i e s a c h i e v e d i n a l l fields, i n i n d u s t r y , t h e m i n e s , c o n s t r u c t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , etc., are t h e r e s u l t of t h e courageous i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s correct p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y f o r t h e socialist i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y . In 1975, as against 1960 w h e n t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s b e g a n t h e i r savage b l o c k a d e , t o t a l i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n h a d i n c r e a s e d 3.9 f o l d , o f w h i c h t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f o i l a n d c h r o m i u m i n d u s t r i e s 3.1 f o l d , c o p p e r i n d u s t r y 21 f o l d , t h e e l e c t r i c p o w e r i n d u s t r y 7.1 f o l d , c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y 24.8 f o l d , a n d t h e e n g i n e e r i n g i n d u s t r y 14.4 f o l d o v e r .
REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE P L A
21
L o o k i n g at the results achieved a n d the prospects o p e n e d f o r t h e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r c o u n t r y , one c a n realize h o w correct a n d f a r - s i g h t e d w a s t h e s t r u g g l e w h i c h the P a r t y has w a g e d a g a i n s t t h e suggestions and pressure of the Y u g o s l a v and Soviet revisionists and the defeatist v i e w p o i n t s o f t h e i n t e r n a l enemies, w h o sought t o d i v e r t o u r c o u n t r y f r o m t h e correct p a t h o u r P a r t y h a d chosen f o r its socialist i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n . T h e y strove w i t h m i g h t a n d m a i n t o sabotage t h e d e v e l o p ment of industry, concealing the geological data w i t h the a i m of p r o v i n g that our country allegedly lacked the r a w materials, that it was not w o r t h w h i l e m a k i n g investments i n the m i n i n g i n d u s t r y , t h a t i t w o u l d b e b e t t e r t o s p e n d these f u n d s o n s u n f l o w e r s a n d oranges. To develop the various branches of industry and the people's economy as a whole, the Party has relied, first and foremost, on the mineral resources of the country and their utilization. M i n i n g , w h i c h occupies t h e m a i n place i n h e a v y i n d u s t r y , ensures f o r t h e e c o n o m y e x tremely valuable and irreplaceable r a w materials, the staple f o o d o f i n d u s t r y a n d the m a i n source o f e x p o r t s . Our country extensively exploits such valuable resources a s c h r o m i u m a n d i r o n - n i c k e l ore, copper, p y r i t e , o i l , gas, a n d coal. U p t i l l n o w , m a n y k i n d s o f m i n e r a l s h a v e been d i s c o v e r e d . T h e facts s h o w t h a t u n d e r g r o u n d in A l b a n i a there is no lack of bauxites, phosphorites, polymetals, and other minerals. I n t h e n e w f i v e - y e a r p l a n , too, t h e r a p i d a n d s t e a d y d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n d u s t r y i s t o b e d i r e c t l y l i n k e d w i t h the expansion of the m i n i n g , extracting, and processing indust r y , w h i c h w i l l c o n t i n u e t o g r o w a t h i g h e r rates o f d e v e l opment than the other branches of industry. ... I n o r d e r t o f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n the p r o d u c t i v e forces of the c o u n t r y , to create a m o r e e f f i c i e n t s t r u c t u r e of
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i n d u s t r y a n d the other b r a n c h e s o f t h e e c o n o m y , t o f u r t h e r consolidate o u r e c o n o m i c i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e P a r t y attaches e x t r e m e i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t o f the e x t r a c t i n g a n d p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y . . . T h e P a r t y has a l w a y s c o n s i d e r e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the o i l , gas a n d c o a l i n d u s t r y as a p r o b l e m of s p e c i a l p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e , closely c o n n e c t e d w i t h the whole development of the country and the strengt h e n i n g o f its i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d defence p o t e n t i a l . T h e ceaseless g r o w t h o f i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , t r a n s p o r t a n d the other b r a n c h e s o f t h e e c o n o m y , t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d m o d e r n i z a t i o n o f t h e defence p o t e n t i a l o f t h e c o u n t r y , r e q u i r e e v e r m o r e coal, m o t o r f u e l , l u b r i c a n t s , a n d gas. P r e c i s e l y because t h e o i l , gas a n d c o a l i n d u s t r y i s s o v i t a l f o r t h e e c o n o m y a n d defence, t h e i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l enemies h a v e a l w a y s s t r i v e n t o h i n d e r a n d sabotage the r a p i d development of it by all m a n n e r of means. This is w h a t the enemies of the P a r t y a n d the people, A b d y l K l l e z i a n d K o o T h e o d h o s i d i d , too. W i t h r e f i n e d m e t h o d s , t h e y caused c o n f u s i o n i n gas a n d o i l p r o s p e c t i n g , and directed it on to a w r o n g anti-economic and a n t i s c i e n t i f i c course. B y careless d r i l l i n g , w h i c h y i e l d e d n o results, t h e y sabotaged t h e d i s c o v e r y o f n e w sources. T o cover t h e t r a c k s o f t h e i r sabotage a c t i v i t y i n t h e e x t r a c tion of oil, they encouraged barbarous methods of e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g sources, w i t h t h e a i m o f l e a v i n g the H o m e l a n d a n d the people w i t h o u t o i l . T h e d a m a g e caused b y t h e e n e m i e s c r e a t e d s o m e temporary difficulties, but the oil workers, led by the P a r t y , are f i g h t i n g p e r s i s t e n t l y t o o v e r c o m e t h e c o n s e q u ences o f t h e sabotage a c t i v i t y a n d t o g i v e t h e H o m e l a n d m o r e o i l a n d gas. T h e y are w o r k i n g h a r d t o e x p a n d t h e e x i s t i n g sources a n d are o p t i m i s t i c a b o u t d i s c o v e r i n g n e w o i l a n d gas f i e l d s . Under the conditions of a world energy crisis and
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w h e n the c o u n t r y ' s needs f o r o i l a n d gas are c o n s t a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g , the o i l w o r k e r s a r e c a l l e d u p o n t o w o r k w i t h greater i n t e n s i t y a n d s c i e n t i f i c d i s c i p l i n e , so t h a t the m a i n t e n a n c e a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f o i l a n d gas f i e l d s i s based on w e l l - s t u d i e d plans, m a k i n g e x t e n s i v e use of those m e t h o d s w h i c h raise t h e i n d i c e s o f e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d p r o l o n g the l i f e o f t h e f i e l d s . A s t h e P a r t y has a l w a y s directed, it is necessary to concentrate oil prospecting on already known and promising areas to ensure the discovery of new oil and gas fields, and to define the prospects for the coming five-year periods . O i l a n d gas a r e a m o n g the m o s t v a l u a b l e assets o f o u r c o u n t r y . O u r g e n e r a t i o n i s d u t y b o u n d t o t h i n k o f t h e c o m i n g g e n e r a t i o n s , too. A s concerns coal, t h e P a r t y ' s d i r e c t i v e has b e e n a n d continues t o b e t h a t t h i s f u e l m u s t f i n d e x t e n s i v e use w h e n e v e r possible. T h e c a l o r i f i c p o w e r o f o u r c o a l i s u p to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of most b r a n c h e s of t h e e c o n o m y . T h e r e f o r e i t s h o u l d not b e u n d e r r a t e d b y a n y means, a s i t w a s b y the enemies, w h e n t h e y i n t e n t i o n a l l y r e s t r i c t e d the e x t r a c t i o n o f coal, r e p l a c i n g i t w i t h o i l . T h i s f i v e - y e a r p l a n envisages t h a t t h e e x t r a c t i o n o f coal w i l l b e d o u b l e d . To r e a c h this h i g h o b j e c t i v e it is i n d i s p e n s a b l e to bring the new mines into production as quickly as possible, to maintain the existing mines and increase coal extraction in them , a n d in no case to a l l o w s t o c k p i l e d coal to deteriorate. T h e P a r t y has d e v o t e d great a t t e n t i o n t o t h e e x p a n sion a n d c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e e l e c t r i c p o w e r i n d u s t r y , w h i c h has p r i o r i t y i n the i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y and the g e n e r a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e people's e c o n o m y . W i t h the c o m m i s s i o n i n g o f the b i g F i e r z a h y d r o - p o w e r plant ( 4 ) a n d the n e w capacities t h a t w i l l b e a d d e d d u r i n g
____________________________________ 4 Today the L i g h t of the Party was inaugurated on October 12, 1978. h y d r o - p o w e r plant. It
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this five-year period, the average a n n u a l g r o w t h rate of p r o d u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c p o w e r w i l l b e 2.4 t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n t h e average a n n u a l g r o w t h r a t e o f s o c i a l p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g the years 1976-1980. T h e h i g h g r o w t h r a t e o f p r o d u c t i o n i n this b r a n c h m u s t b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a strict r e g i m e o f s a v i n g e l e c t r i c p o w e r i t s e l f a n d f u e l u s e d t o p r o d u c e it. H y d r o - p o w e r stations r e m a i n , a s t h e y h a v e b e e n u p t i l l n o w , t h e basis t o i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c p o w e r , w h e r e a s t h e r m a l - p o w e r stations m u s t b e b u i l t t o r u n m a i n l y o n c o a l a n d gas. O u r P a r t y ' s correct policy in appraising the v a l u e of o u r n a t u r a l resources a n d c o n s o l i d a t i n g t h e s o u n d a n d r e l i a b l e basis o f t h e socialist i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y has f o u n d f u l l a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e s e t t i n g u p o f a n extensive processing industry. One of the m a i n characteristics of this five-year period is the fact that n e w b r a n c h e s are a d d e d t o t h e e x i s t i n g p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y , such as the f u l l cycle ferrous metallurgy, the ferro-chrom i u m and pyro-metallurgical industries, the copper r o l l i n g industry. N e w plants of the chemical industry, as w e l l as m a n y p l a n t s a n d f a c t o r i e s f o r t h e e n r i c h m e n t o f ores a n d f u e l s w i l l also b e c o m m i s s i o n e d . T h e s e create t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of processing more m i n e r a l and non-mineral r a w m a t e r i a l s l o c a l l y , a s w e l l a s t h e n e c e s s a r y basis t o f u r t h e r d e v e l o p t h e e x i s t i n g b r a n c h e s o f i n d u s t r y a n d t o set u p n e w branches in the future. In this way, the level of s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e c o n o m y rises, t h e e c o n o m y i s further strengthened, export possibilities and the value of processed p r o d u c t s a r e i n c r e a s e d . T h u s , t h e e c o n o m y serves t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e defence p o t e n t i a l o f t h e c o u n t r y better. W i t h this development of the processing industry, in 1980, o v e r 65 p e r cent of t h e v o l u m e of e x p o r t s w i l l be m a d e up of l o c a l l y p r o c e s s e d goods as against 46 p e r cent i n 1960. T h i s i s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n d e x o f t h e c o r r e c t p o l i c y
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f o l l o w e d by t h e P a r t y . C o n t i n u i n g on t h i s course, a task for the future is that we must be able to process all our minerals locally, and cease exports of crude ores. D u r i n g this five-year period our industry w i l l be g r e a t l y s t r e n g t h e n e d . L a r g e - s c a l e p r o d u c t i o n w i l l start i n the E l b a s a n m e t a l l u r g i c a l c o m b i n e which, apart f r o m p i g - i r o n a n d h i g h q u a l i t y steel f r o m s m e l t i n g o u r ore, w i l l also g i v e o u r c o u n t r y n i c k e l a n d cobalt w h i c h h a v e v e r y great v a l u e o n t h e w o r l d m a r k e t . A s e a r l y a s its 4 t h C o n g r e s s ( 5 ) t h e P a r t y d e c i d e d t o build a metallurgical combine. B u t the Soviet revisionist l e a d e r s h i p sabotaged the r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h i s p l a n a t t h a t time. T h e y refused to accord our country credits for this project, because t h e y f o l l o w e d a n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t p o l i c y , they wanted our country to be economically dependent o n t h e m , a n d t o i m p e d e the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n Albania... The ferrous metallurgy, w i t h complex modern equipm e n t a n d technology, is a n e w i n d u s t r y to us. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s necessary f o r the P a r t y t o t a k e f i r m l y i n h a n d t h e ideo-political and professional education of young metall u r g i c a l w o r k e r s , f r o m the r a n k - a n d - f i l e w o r k e r s a n d t e c h n i c i a n s u p t o t h e e n g i n e e r s a n d directors, s o t h a t t h e y m a s t e r t h e a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y a n d the d i f f i c u l t a n d delicate p r o f e s s i o n o f t h e m e t a l l u r g i c a l w o r k e r , t o g i v e the c o u n t r y the m a x i m u m t o p - q u a l i t y steel a n d other metals. A n o t h e r great p r o j e c t w h i c h w i l l soon b e c o m m i s sioned i s the o i l r e f i n e r y o f B a l l s h , w h e r e the c r u d e o i l w i l l u n d e r g o a m o d e r n r e f i n i n g process. W h e n t h i s p l a n t commences w o r k , i t w i l l p r o d u c e m o t o r fuels a n d l u b r i cants o f h i g h q u a l i t y w h i c h w i l l f u l f i l t h e needs o f i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e a n d t r a n s p o r t better, a n d t h e i m p o r t
_______________________________ 5 In F e b r u a r y 1981.
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of a n u m b e r of k i n d s of m o t o r f u e l s w i l l be r e d u c e d , as w i l l exports of crude oil. T h e sense o f f r u g a l i t y , t h e t h r i f t y use o f r a w m a t e r ials, e s p e c i a l l y o i l , gas, c o a l a n d e l e c t r i c p o w e r , s h o u l d b e d e e p l y i m p l a n t e d i n t h e consciousness o f a l l t h e w o r k i n g people. S a v i n g s m u s t b e m a d e e v e r y w h e r e : i n p r o s p e c t ing, drilling, exploitation, wherever such materials are used, since t h e y r e p r e s e n t a great a n d i r r e p l a c e a b l e asset to our people and our economy. Excessive and unnecess a r y e x p e n d i t u r e damages t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l ism. O n t h e basis o f t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d l o c a l p r o c e s s i n g o f r a w m a t e r i a l s , s u c h a s o i l , gas a n d p h o s p h o r i t e s , t h e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y w i l l a s s u m e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t , especially through increased output of chemical fertilizers so necessary t o e x p a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o n . T h e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s i n d u s t r y w i l l also i n c r e a s e its p r o d u c t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y t h a t o f cement, t o c o m p l e t e l y meet t h e needs o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d t h e e c o n o m y , a n d f o r export as w e l l . T h e l o c a l p r o d u c t i o n o f p i g - i r o n a n d v a r i o u s steels creates f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s a n d opens u p n e w p r o s p e c t s f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e e n g i n e e r i n g i n d u s t r y . W i t h the powerful and advanced machinery base, all the possibilities, now exist for it to go over, on a broader and more organized scale, to the production of all the special machinery for mining, farming and the other branches of the economy, to build complete factories and production lines on the basis of self-reliance... A l o n g w i t h t h e p r i o r i t y i t has g i v e n t o t h e c o m p l e x d e v e l o p m e n t o f h e a v y i n d u s t r y , t h e P a r t y has a l w a y s a p p r e c i a t e d the i m p o r t a n c e o f r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e mass, c o n s u m e r goods i n d u s t r y w h i c h i s d i r e c t l y l i n k e d w i t h the constant i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s of the people. To t h i s e n d , it is envisaged that the light
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and food-processing industry will be further developed and strengthened during the 6th Five-year Plan, increasing the production of food-stuffs, clothing and footwear, household utensils, etc. In t h i s b r a n c h t h e P a r t y ' s i n s t r u c t i o n t h a t the needs o f t h e people m u s t b e e v e r b e t t e r fulfilled, as to volume, range, quality, a n d at reasonable prices, s h o u l d b e a l w a y s k e p t i n m i n d . T h e development of i n d u s t r y gives a l l branches of the e c o n o m y n e w a n d e v e r g r e a t e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e i r r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t . I t creates n e w m a t e r i a l a n d f i n a n c i a l resources. As a l e a d i n g f a c t o r of t h e e n t i r e e c o n o m y , industry w i l l give a vigorous impulse, especially, to the development of agriculture, by supplying it w i t h m o r e chemical fertilizers, f a r m m a c h i n e r y and spare parts. T h e P a r t y has u n s h a k e a b l e c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h e h e r o i c w o r k i n g class a n d a l l t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e o f i n d u s t r y w i l l m o b i l i z e a l l t h e i r energies a n d k n o w l e d g e t o f u l f i l a n d o v e r f u l f i l the i m p o r t a n t tasks o f the 6 t h F i v e - y e a r P l a n , thus m a k i n g a n o t h e r v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e g e n e r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d p r o g r e s s o f t h e people's e c o n omy, t o t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f A l b a n i a i n t o a n i n d u s t r i a l agricultural country w i t h developed industry and a d vanced agriculture.
2. A G R I C U L T U R E , T H E B A S I C BRANCH OF T H E E C O N O M Y , MUST BE RAISED TO A HIGHER L E V E L
Our Party of Labour, enlightened by MarxismL e n i n i s m , has a l w a y s b o r n e i n m i n d that, besides d e v eloped industry, the construction of socialism requires a d v a n c e d a n d m o d e r n a g r i c u l t u r e . A g r i c u l t u r e i s t h e basis of the economy, w h i c h , to a l a r g e extent, d e t e r m i n e s a n d conditions the f u l f i l m e n t o f t a s k s i n t h e o t h e r b r a n c h e s , the r a i s i n g of the g e n e r a l w e l l - b e i n g of the people, and.
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t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g of the defence p o t e n t i a l of the c o u n t r y . A r e a l r e v o l u t i o n has b e e n c a r r i e d o u t i n a l l d i r e c tions in our agriculture. A p o w e r f u l material-technical base, w h i c h i s s e r v i n g the e v e r g r e a t e r i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e , has b e e n set u p . A g r i c u l t u r a l a n d l i v e s t o c k products have r a p i d l y increased f r o m year to year, ever b e t t e r s a t i s f y i n g t h e needs o f t h e people a n d t h e e c o n o m y . D u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s f i v e - y e a r p l a n alone, b r e a d g r a i n p r o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d b y 3 5 p e r cent, o f w h i c h , w h e a t production doubled. Production of cotton increased by 48 p e r cent, s u g a r - b e e t 76 p e r cent, m i l k 47 p e r cent, a n d s o o n . O u r socialist c o u n t r y s i d e has r a d i c a l l y c h a n g e d its appearance and the standard of l i v i n g a n d well-being o f the p e a s a n t r y i s b e y o n d c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e past. A l l these successes are e v i d e n c e of t h e correctness of t h e l i n e of t h e P a r t y , of t h e course it has set f o r t h e socialist transformation of the countryside. The collectivization of a g r i c u l t u r e , c a r r i e d out o v e r a p e r i o d , step by step ( 6 ), as w e l l a s the u n c e a s i n g s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e c o m m o n p r o p e r t y , are p r o v i n g t h e s u p e r i o r i t y a n d v i t a l i t y o f t h e socialist c o o p e r a t i v i s t o r d e r r i g h t n o w , w h e n a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d , not o n l y i n t h e b a c k w a r d c o u n t r i e s , b u t e v e n i n t h e s o - c a l l e d a d v a n c e d countries, t h e r e is a great s h o r t a g e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s . M a n y o f these c o u n t r i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n , are h o l d i n g out t h e i r h a n d to US imperialism for bread. The revisionist countries are experiencing a grave crisis in agriculture, precisely because t h e y h a v e a b a n d o n e d the c o u n t r y s i d e a n d o p p o s e d collectivization, leaving the field free for the capitalist mode of production in the countryside. ... In this five-year period, the main objective of the
________________________________________ 6 T h e collectivization of A l b a n i a n agriculture was completed i n 1967.
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Party in agriculture is to achieve full self-sufficiency in bread grain. It has been p l a n n e d that, f r o m t h i s y e a r o n , sufficient g r a i n w i l l b e p r o d u c e d t o s a t i s f y a l l the needs o f the c o u n t r y , t o i n c r e a s e t h e state r e s e r v e s a n d g r a d u a l l y create reserves i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l e c o n o m i e s a s well, and to ensure better supplies of feed for the livestock. T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b r e a d g r a i n i n 1980 i s e x pected to be 56-60 p e r cent, a n d t h a t of potatoes 48 to 50 p e r cent, h i g h e r t h a n in 1975. A c h i e v i n g self-sufficiency in bread grain is a task of great economic, p o l i t i c a l , a n d s t r a t e g i c i m p o r t a n c e . H o m e p r o d u c t i o n o f g r a i n e n s u r e s the people's b r e a d a n d i m parts a p o w e r f u l i m p u l s e t o t h e e n t i r e e c o n o m y , f u r t h e r cements t h e f o u n d a t i o n s of t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e of o u r s o c i a l ist H o m e l a n d , is a g u a r a n t e e t h a t we s h a l l be a b l e to cope w i t h a n y situation, in good times a n d bad, makes the c o u n t r y i n d e p e n d e n t o f i m p o r t e d g r a i n once a n d f o r a l l , and releases l a r g e s u m s o f f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y w h i c h c a n b e used f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s . T h e f i r s t y e a r o f t h e f i v e - y e a r p l a n closed w i t h a great v i c t o r y . T h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e o t h e r farm workers successfully f u l f i l l e d the p l a n in grain production, ensuring a l l the g r a i n required w i t h i n the c o u n t r y f o r the f i r s t t i m e . T h i s year's g r a i n p r o d u c t i o n was about 30 p e r cent l a r g e r t h a n in 1975, w h i c h w a s a record y e a r i n the p r o d u c t i o n o f g r a i n . S u c h r e s u l t s c a n be achieved only by an agriculture that is developed on a sound socialist basis, a p a t r i o t i c p e a s a n t r y , a n d a h e r o i c people w h o l o y a l l y f o l l o w a n d i m p l e m e n t t h e l i n e a n d teachings o f t h e i r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t P a r t y . T h e v i g o r o u s g r o w t h i n the p r o d u c t i o n o f b r e a d g r a i n is a r e s u l t of t h e a l l - r o u n d e f f o r t s of the w o r k i n g people of a g r i c u l t u r e to c a r r y o u t a h i g h l e v e l of c u l t i v a t i o n a n d systematization of the l a n d w i t h good quality, a result of the use of selected seeds a n d m o r e c a r e f u l t e n d i n g of
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t h e crops. A l l these t h i n g s c o n f i r m once a g a i n w h a t t h e P a r t y has r e p e a t e d l y p o i n t e d out, t h a t i t i s n o t t h e w e a t h e r , n o t a t m o s p h e r i c factors, b u t p r i m a r i l y t h e p e r sistent w o r k o f m a n t h a t i s d e c i s i v e i n h i g h a c h i e v e m e n t s in agriculture. T h i s good b e g i n n i n g i n t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e t a s k o f achieving self-sufficiency in bread grain must be consolidated and carried further f r o m year to year. The party o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t h e organs o f state p o w e r a n d the e c o n o m y m u s t s u m u p a n d p u b l i c i z e the e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d , m u s t encourage a n d support creative initiatives a n d take the necessary o r g a n i z a t i o n a l m e a s u r e s f o r t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e m a t e r i a l - t e c h n i c a l base, so t h a t t h e targets set are not o n l y f u l f i l l e d , b u t also o v e r f u l f i l l e d . The priority the Party has given and continues to give to bread grain production, does not rule out, but on the contrary, absolutely demands the complex and harmonious development of agricultural production on a broad front. T h e e c o n o m y a n d t h e p e o p l e n e e d a l l k i n d s of a g r i c u l t u r a l and livestock products. T h e y need cotton a n d sugar-beet a n d tobacco, j u s t a s t h e y n e e d o l i v e s a n d sunflowers. These products are r e q u i r e d not o n l y as f o o d s t u f f s f o r the p o p u l a t i o n , b u t also f o r i n d u s t r y a n d , some of them, as export items as w e l l . In the w o r l d today cotton t e x t i l e s h a v e become a l u x u r y , a n d s u g a r a n d e d i b l e o i l f e t c h v e r y h i g h prices o n t h e w o r l d m a r k e t . Fruit and vegetable growing also calls f o r s p e c i a l care, because extension of their consumption improves the dietary structure of the people and saves bread . V e g e tables a n d f r u i t s are also a n i m p o r t a n t source o f i n c o m e i n f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y . O u r c o u n t r y has a l l t h e c o n d i t i o n s for abundant f r u i t and vegetable production a l l the year r o u n d . T h e r e are s t i l l m a n y u n p r o d u c t i v e h i l l s i d e s t h a t can and must be t u r n e d into fertile orchards, vineyards a n d o l i v e groves.
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A s r e g a r d s i n d u s t r i a l crops, olives, f r u i t s a n d v e g e tables, the f i v e - y e a r p l a n envisages m a j o r tasks, t h e r e fore n o u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e m , s u c h a s occurs i n c e r t a i n districts o r a g r i c u l t u r a l economies, c a n b e p e r m i t t e d . A n i m a l husbandry is a v e r y important branch of f a r m i n g . I t constitutes a n i n e s t i m a b l e asset f o r t h e c o u n try, a n i r r e p l a c e a b l e s o u r c e o f m e a t , m i l k , w o o l a n d leather p r o d u c t i o n , a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n r a i s i n g t h e w e l l - b e i n g of t h e people. There can be no intensive agriculture without an advanced livestock-raising. That is why the party organs and party basic organizations and the state and economic organs must always pay great attention to its development. ... T h e P a r t y has a l w a y s stressed t h a t t h e s c i e n t i f i c treatment of the soil is of p r i m e importance for the increase o f a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o n . C o l o s s a l investments have been made for l a n d improvement, drainage a n d i r r i g a t i o n . S t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t also o n p e d o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s , o n t h e w a y s o f i n c r e a s i n g f e r t i l i t y , the c o m b i n a t i o n o f c r o p r o t a t i o n w i t h t h e s y s t e m o f t i l l a g e a n d use o f f e r t i l i z e r s , t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f l a n d f r o m e r o s i o n , l e v e l l i n g a n d t e r r a c i n g , etc. B u t t h e r e a r e s t i l l m a n y p r o b l e m s w h i c h r e q u i r e s o l u t i o n i n these d i r e c tions. The fundamental thing is that everybody must increase his concern for the land, to extend, preserve, and enrich it . W h i l e f u r t h e r e x t e n d i n g t e m p o r a r y d r a i n a g e , we m u s t go o v e r to a h i g h e r stage, t h a t of p e r m a n e n t drainage. T o t r a n s f o r m t h e s o i l , t o t a k e i n e v e r h i g h e r yields, one h a s t o d e l v e i n t o t h e l a w s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l science a n d a p p l y t h e m w i t h s t r i c t d i s c i p l i n e . T h e studies c a r r i e d out o n t h e i m p r o v e m e n t a n d i n c r e a s e o f t h e fertility of the soil m u s t be deepened and become the f o u n d a t i o n o f a l l t h e processes o f a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k . I f the p a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d t h e state organs u n d e r s t a n d
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t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f these p r o b l e m s , a n d e s p e c i a l l y o f t h e i r s o l u t i o n i n practice, t h e necessary conditions w i l l be created f o r the successful f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e tasks l a i d d o w n b y the P a r t y a t t h i s C o n g r e s s f o r i n c r e a s e d a g r i c u l t u r a l and livestock production. O n the basis o f t h e o r i e n t a t i o n s o f t h e P a r t y i n t h e f i v e - y e a r p l a n , the increase i n a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o n w i l l b e a c h i e v e d b y r a i s i n g y i e l d rates a n d breaking in virgin l a n d . . . A l b a n i a is a s m a l l country w i t h a rugged mountainous terrain and a l i m i t e d area of l a n d in the region of plains. T h e r e f o r e , the line of the Party has been and still is that agriculture must be developed rapidly in the hilly and mountainous areas, too. O f course, t h e h i g h l a n d s h a v e t h e i r o w n p e c u l i a r i t i e s , b u t there, too, the p o s s i b i l i t i e s a n d reserves f o r i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c t i o n a n d i m p r o v i n g l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e great. T o help in the development of the h i l l y and mountainous regions, t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e P a r t y a n d t h e G o v e r n m e n t h a v e a d o p t e d a series of i m p o r t a n t m e a s u r e s , such as those to i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i v e i n v e s t m e n t s , to r a i s e t h e p r i c e s a t w h i c h t h e state b u y s a n u m b e r o f a g r i c u l t u r a l and livestock products and to reduce the price at w h i c h i t sells n i t r o g e n o u s f e r t i l i z e r s , f o r t h e state t o p a y f o r w o r k done t o b r e a k i n n e w l a n d , b u i l d i r r i g a t i o n projects a n d p l a n t trees, a n d s o o n . T h e P a r t y has n e v e r v i e w e d t h e m e a s u r e s i t has t a k e n a n d w i l l t a k e f o r t h e development of the highlands f r o m the angle of profits, a s i s t h e case w i t h t h e c a p i t a l i s t s a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s . T h e a i m o f its p o l i c y h a s a l w a y s b e e n t h a t t h e p e a s a n t r y of these r e g i o n s s h o u l d l i v e at the best p o s s i b l e l e v e l a n d these areas s h o u l d a l w a y s b e k e p t p o p u l a t e d , t h e same a s the p l a i n s . A t present, a l m o s t h a l f t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y l i v e s i n these r e g i o n s a n d a b o u t 45 p e r cent of t h e a r e a of a r a b l e l a n d is l o c a t e d t h e r e .
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T h i s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t , b o t h f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m a n d f o r t h e defence o f the c o u n t r y . ... The forests are an asset of great national value. E v e r y w h e r e , especially in the highlands, there are suitable c o n d i t i o n s f o r a f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of this i m p o r t a n t sector o f the e c o n o m y . B e a r i n g i n m i n d the g r e a t r o l e o f the forests i n t i m b e r p r o d u c t i o n , s o i l p r o t e c t i o n a n d i m p r o v e m e n t of t h e c l i m a t e , it is n e c e s s a r y to i n c r e a s e care f o r t h e i r p r e s e r v a t i o n a n d e x t e n s i o n , not o n l y t o m e e t the i m m e d i a t e needs, b u t also t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e c o m i n g generations a s w e l l . T h e state f a r m s o c c u p y a n i m p o r t a n t p l a c e i n the context o f the d e v e l o p m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r e . T h e y r e p r e s e n t the h i g h e s t f o r m o f t h e socialist s y s t e m o f a g r i c u l t u r e . The most pressing task for the party organizations, the organs of the state and all the working people of the state farms is to make them, within the shortest possible time, the vanguard models of high yields, centres where the latest achievements of science are really put into practice and schools for the dissemination of advanced experience. Proceeding on the road of u n i n t e r r u p t e d development o f the c o o p e r a t i v i s t o r d e r , t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f the P a r t y has t a k e n m e a s u r e s t o i m p l e m e n t the d i r e c t i v e s o f the 6 t h C o n g r e s s t o t r a n s f o r m t h e e c o n o m i c a l l y s t r o n g cooperatives o f t h e l o w l a n d areas i n t o h i g h e r t y p e c o o p e r atives o n the basis o f t h e f r e e w i l l o f t h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t s . T o d a y t h e y o c c u p y 2 3 p e r cent o f the a r a b l e l a n d a n d produce 25 p e r cent of t h e g r a i n , 40 p e r cent of t h e sunflower and more t h a n half the rice a n d cotton p r o duced b y t h e c o o p e r a t i v e sector. D e s p i t e the s h o r t t i m e s i n c e t h e i r i n c e p t i o n , t h e y have already demonstrated their superiority in a n u m b e r of ways. T h e y have achieved relatively h i g h y i e l d rates
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o f a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t s a n d sped u p t h e r a t e o f increase o f p r o d u c t i o n w h i c h , f r o m y e a r t o y e a r , i s b e c o m i n g m o r e stable. T h e h i g h e r t y p e c o o p e r a t i v e s h a v e f u l f i l l e d the t a r g e t s o f t h e p l a n b e t t e r t h a n t h e o t h e r l o w l a n d cooperatives. T h e state assists these c o o p e r a t i v e s w i t h investments and gives them p o w e r f u l support by supplying them w i t h material and technical means. N e w measures have been applied to strengthen their management, t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e m t h r o u g h m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d the p r o c u r e m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d l i v e s t o c k p r o ducts, t o f u r t h e r i m p r o v e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d u t i l i z a t i o n of their income and for the transition to p a y m e n t of their members w i t h guaranteed wages related to production. The problems of increasing their economic and organizational strength, the further i m p r o v e m e n t of their planning, finances and accounting and the most efficient u t i l i z a t i o n o f the m a t e r i a l - t e c h n i c a l base a n d t h e l a b o u r force, are p r o b l e m s o f a l l t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l cooperatives, t o w h i c h t h e organs o f t h e P a r t y , o f t h e state a n d t h e e c o n o m y m u s t g i v e g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n a n d care. I n c r e a s e d care f o r t h e state f a r m s a n d h i g h e r t y p e c o o p e r a t i v e s s h o u l d i n n o w a y l e a d t o d i m i n i s h e d care a n d e f f o r t s t o h e l p the o t h e r c o o p e r a t i v e s o f t h e l o w l a n d a n d m o u n t a i n o u s zones. In the f r a m e w o r k of measures for the solution of economic a n d organizational problems, better studied work is required for the most appropriate distribution of agricultural crops, animal husbandry, and fruit-growing among the districts, regions and agricultural economies, and greater concentration and specialization of agricultural production . T h e e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d i n t h e m o s t a d v a n c e d a g r i c u l t u r a l economies o f t h e c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e w e l l studied and publicized for better p l a n n i n g of a g r i c u l t u r a l crops, i n t h e g e n e r a l c o n t e x t o f t h e c r o p r o t a t i o n s y s t e m to be set up a c c o r d i n g to t h e concrete c o n d i t i o n s
35
o f e a c h separate e c o n o m y a n d d i s t r i c t , i n o r d e r t o create the best p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e m a i n b r a n c h e s and the other branches of production, w i t h a v i e w to obligatory f u l f i l m e n t of the p l a n over the entire range of agricultural products. T h e f u l f i l m e n t of the 6th F i v e - y e a r P l a n w i l l raise agriculture a n d our countryside to a higher and more advanced level, f u r t h e r strengthen the economy and i m p r o v e the s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g o f t h e p e o p l e . T h e P a r t y expresses its p r o f o u n d c o n v i c t i o n that, i n i m p l e m e n t i n g its d i r e c t i v e s a n d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e , t h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t peasantry, t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e o f a g r i c u l t u r e , o u r e n t i r e people w i l l w o r k w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y e n t h u s i a s m , d r i v e and mobilization to achieve stability and permanent growth in agricultural and livestock production. ..........................
4. THE PEOPLE'S WELL-BEING MUST BE INCREASED AND IMPROVED
C o n c e r n f o r t h e constant i m p r o v e m e n t o f l i v i n g conditions and r a i s i n g the c u l t u r a l l e v e l of the w h o l e people has b e e n a n d r e m a i n s at the centre of a t t e n t i o n of the e n t i r e a c t i v i t y o f t h e P a r t y . D u r i n g t h e past f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d , t h a n k s t o t h e consistent i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e d i r e c t i v e s of t h e 6 t h C o n g r e s s , the g e n e r a l w e l l - b e i n g of the p e o p l e has b e e n c o n s t a n t l y a n d s t e a d i l y r a i s e d . R e a l per c a p i t a i n c o m e i n c r e a s e d b y 8.7 p e r cent a m o n g the u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n a n d 20.5 p e r cent i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e . O u r m a r k e t has b e e n a n d i s s t a b l e . I n n o i n s t a n c e h a v e the p r i c e s for foodstuffs and i n d u s t r i a l goods been increased. O n the c o n t r a r y , f o r some a r t i c l e s t h e y h a v e been r e d u c e d . will I n t h i s f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d , too, t h e people's w e l l - b e i n g b e i m p r o v e d step b y step. T h e P a r t y has s t r i v e n
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a n d i s s t r i v i n g t o m a k e t h e l i f e o f o u r people, b o t h i n country and town, ever more prosperous. O u r well-being, the h a p p y o p t i m i s t i c f u t u r e , are g u a r a n t e e d b y t h e w h o l e d y n a m i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r socialist society. T h e y a r e f o u n d e d o n t h e free w o r k o f o u r w o r k i n g people, l i b e r a t e d f r o m e v e r y sort o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n . W e l l - b e i n g i s e x p r e s s e d a n d f i n d s its r e f l e c t i o n i n a l l aspects o f t h e l i f e o f t h e people, i t i s a m a t e r i a l a n d s p i r i t u a l w e l l - b e i n g for everybody. Socialist A l b a n i a was the first country in t h e w o r l d t o d o a w a y w i t h t a x e s . I t has e d u c a t i o n a n d h e a l t h services f r e e o f c h a r g e f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n of t o w n and countryside. In the coming five years the population w i l l be better s u p p l i e d w i t h f o o d s t u f f s a n d i n d u s t r i a l goods, t h e l e v e l of cultural and social activities w i l l rise further, social services a n d h e a l t h i n s t i t u t i o n s w i l l b e e x t e n d e d a n d b r o u g h t closer t o t h e p e o p l e . The improvement of the housing conditions of the p e o p l e constitutes a q u e s t i o n of m a j o r i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e P a r t y a n d t h e state. I n t h e f u t u r e , too, great e f f o r t s w i l l b e necessary i n t h i s f i e l d , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e v i l l a g e s , because, a p a r t f r o m t h e n e e d t o i m p r o v e h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e cooperativists, m a n y y o u n g m e n a n d w o m e n f r o m the towns w i l l be going to w o r k a n d live there permanently. To this end, it is planned to build about 65 t h o u s a n d f l a t s a n d d w e l l i n g houses, of w h i c h about 42 t h o u s a n d i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l c o o p e r a t i v e s a n d state farms... T h e o r g a n s a n d w o r k i n g p e o p l e o f c o m m e r c e f a c e the task o f r a d i c a l l y i m p r o v i n g t h e i r s e r v i c e t o t h e p e o p l e and ensuring that they are s u p p l i e d better a n d better. The C e n t r a l Committee and the G o v e r n m e n t took m e asures t o e l i m i n a t e t h e h o s t i l e sabotage a c t i v i t y o f K i o Ngjela in the M i n i s t r y of Trade. N o w extensive w o r k is going on to strengthen the management of trade in k e e p i n g w i t h the teachings and directives of the P a r t y .
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The leading organs of production as well as those of distribution must make thorough and complex studies to ensure the best harmonization of production with consumption, to clarify the problems stemming from the increase in the population, the growth of its demands and purchasing power, and the distribution of productive funds. T h e y , a n d the t r a d i n g o r g a n s i n p a r t i c u l a r , m u s t become a s t r o n g b a r r i c a d e against t h e c r e a t i o n of stocks o f u n s o l d goods w h i c h cause d i s o r d e r a n d great e c o n o m i c f i n a n c i a l losses. C o n c e r n f o r t h e constant i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s of t h e masses raises t h e n e e d f o r a qualitative improvement in the w o r k of a l l w o r k e r s in the sphere of services. P e o p l e m u s t be s e r v e d in a c u l t u r e d manner and quickly, a n d conditions must be created so that p e o p l e d o n o t w a s t e t i m e i n o b t a i n i n g services a n d repairs. T h e o r g a n s o f i n d u s t r y a n d c o m m e r c e m u s t see to it that m o r e help is g i v e n to the solution of problems connected w i t h l i g h t e n i n g t h e b u r d e n o f h o u s e h o l d w o r k o n w o m e n . I n o r d e r t o s a f e g u a r d the h e a l t h o f t h e p e o p l e i t i s necessary t o s t r e n g t h e n a n d e x t e n d m e a s u r e s o f h y giene a n d s a n i t a t i o n a n d p r o p h y l a x i s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e a n d i n t h e r e m o t e regions, f u r t h e r i n t e n s i f y i n g care f o r the p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e h e a l t h o f m o t h e r a n d c h i l d . T h e P a r t y c o n s i d e r s t h a t one o f t h e m a i n w a y s t o a systematic r a i s i n g o f t h e s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g i s t h e e m ployment of all able-bodied citizens in socially useful w o r k . T h e mass p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f w o m e n o n a l l the f r o n t s of socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n is a great v i c t o r y . T o d a y w o m e n m a k e u p 4 6 p e r cent o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f w o r k i n g p e o ple i n o u r c o u n t r y . In the n e w workers w i l l be w i l l be engaged ensures jobs f o r five-year plan another 95 thousand new e m p l o y e d b y the state a n d 130 t h o u s a n d in the a g r i c u l t u r a l cooperatives. Socialism a l l . A w i d e r a n g e o f jobs i s o p e n i n g u p
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i n m i n e s , m e t a l l u r g y , i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f h y d r o - p o w e r plants, and other important projects. Agriculture is another v e r y extensive w o r k front r e q u i r i n g large n u m bers of w o r k i n g p e o p l e . Therefore, the new forces must be directed where the jobs are opened and where the country's needs are greatest. H e n c e , the P a r t y m u s t engage i n large-scale w o r k o f e d u c a t i o n a n d p e r s u a s i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n t o w n s , a n d c o m b a t concepts a n d m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f underestimation of w o r k in agriculture, the mines, forestry, and construction. The employment of the active population is an i m p o r t a n t i n d i c a t o r w h i c h speaks c l e a r l y o f t h e g r e a t s t r e n g t h o f o u r e c o n o m i c s o c i a l o r d e r , w h i c h , w i t h its h i g h rates o f d e v e l o p m e n t , has done a w a y , once a n d f o r a l l , w i t h u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d e m i g r a t i o n these g r a v e scourges o f the past t h a t r e n d e r e d l i f e m i s e r a b l e a n d t o r e t h e l o v e d ones f r o m t h e b o s o m o f t h e f a m i l i e s t o l e a v e t h e i r bones i n f o r e i g n l a n d s . T o d a y , u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d e m i g r a tion h a v e become c h r o n i c diseases in the capitalistr e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d . T h e y cause t h e c o m m o n p e o p l e f e a r a n d insecurity for the present a n d the future, a n d lower their standard of living. O u r r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r a c t i c e p r o v e s t h e correctness o f the road followed by the P a r t y for r a i s i n g the people's w e l l - b e i n g also t h r o u g h t h e increase o f s o c i a l c o n s u m p t i o n a t rates m o r e r a p i d t h a n t h e r a t e o f i n c r e a s e o f t h e d i r e c t wages f u n d . As a result of the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of this p o l i c y , t h e t o t a l f u n d o f s o c i a l c o n s u m p t i o n f o r 1975 w a s 2.1 t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of 1965. T h i s h a s e n a b l e d e v e r b e t t e r f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e c o m m o n needs o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e in t h e f i e l d of e d u c a t i o n , c u l t u r e , h e a l t h , a n d a series of other s o c i a l - c u l t u r a l services. On the basis of the d i r e c t i v e s of t h e 6 t h C o n g r e s s of the P a r t y important measures w e r e adopted for the i m p r o v e m e n t o f the p a y s y s t e m . B y t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e
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C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e P a r t y a n d the C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t ers, i s s u e d i n A p r i l 1976, h i g h e r s a l a r i e s e x c e e d i n g 900 leks w e r e r e d u c e d , t h e w a g e s o f t h e w o r k e r s o n t h e state f a r m s w e r e r a i s e d , a n d n e w m e a s u r e s o f a d v a n t a g e t o the c o u n t r y s i d e w e r e t a k e n . T h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f these m e a s u r e s w a s c o u p l e d w i t h a b e t t e r s u p p l y of the m a r k e t w i t h m a s s c o n s u m e r goods, o f w i d e r r a n g e a n d better q u a l i t y a n d a t s t a b l e p r i c e s . This brought about a f u r t h e r n a r r o w i n g of differences i n p a y b e t w e e n v a r i o u s g r o u p s a n d categories o f w o r k i n g people, a s w e l l a s o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n c o m e b e t w e e n t o w n and c o u n t r y s i d e . T h e r a t i o b e t w e e n t h e a v e r a g e w o r k e r s ' wages a n d t h e h i g h e s t s a l a r i e s of o f f i c i a l s is n o w 1 to 2, f r o m 1 to 2.5 in t h e past. T h i s is a correct, r e v o l u t i o n a r y course w h i c h o u r P a r t y i s c o n s i s t e n t l y i m p l e m e n t i n g . O n e o f t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h has c o n s t a n t l y c o n c e r n e d the P a r t y has b e e n a n d i s t h e n a r r o w i n g o f d i s t i n c t i o n s between t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e . I n t h i s q u e s t i o n i t h a s been g u i d e d by t h e p r i n c i p e t h a t socialism is not built only in the town, just for the working class, but also in the countryside and for the peasantry as well . The differences in real income per capita between town and countryside, caused by the objective conditions o f the great e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l b a c k w a r d n e s s o u r c o u n t r y i n h e r i t e d f r o m t h e past, c o n s t i t u t e a c o n t r a d i c t i o n w h i c h i s being o v e r c o m e step b y step. E d u c a t i o n a l , c u l t u r a l , a n d health i n s t i t u t i o n s h a v e b e e n e x t e n d e d t o t h e m o s t r e m o t e regions. F o l l o w i n g t h e great v i c t o r y o f t h e e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n o f the w h o l e c o u n t r y , t h e l i n k i n g o f a l l t h e v i l l a g e s b y telephone w a s c o m p l e t e d , a n d w o r k i s i n h a n d t o connect them all by road. Pensions have been established for the cooperativists, a n d a series of o t h e r p r o b l e m s of a s o c i a l character i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e h a v e b e e n s o l v e d . W i t h t h e A p r i l 1976 d e c i s i o n t h e state has u n d e r t a k e n t o m e e t expenditure for social-cultural measures in the country-
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side j u s t as in the city. T h e p e r c e n t a g e of p e n s i o n s f o r cooperativists was raised to a l e v e l equal to that of t o w n workers. Likewise, their m i n i m u m pension was raised. M a t e r n i t y l e a v e p a y f o r c o o p e r a t i v i s t w o m e n has been centralized. T o n a r r o w the d i s t i n c t i o n s b e t w e e n t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e f u r t h e r , t h e p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y has b e e n a n d i s a i m e d a t s e c u r i n g a m o r e r a p i d r a t e o f increase i n t h e incomes o f t h e peasant p o p u l a t i o n t h a n t h a t o f t h e t o w n p o p u l a t i o n . I n the c o m i n g f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d t h e rates o f i n crement of real income per capita in the countryside w i l l be more than three times higher than that of the t o w n . T h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a l l these m e a s u r e s t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o f the p e a s a n t r y , w i t h o u t a f f e c t i n g t h e l i v i n g standard of townspeople, has s t r e n g t h e n e d and will f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n t h e a l l i a n c e o f t h e w o r k i n g class w i t h the cooperativist peasantry and the dictatorship of the proletariat in our country. The objective of the P a r t y is to m a k e the life of the people as h a p p y as possible, to e n s u r e a g e n e r a l u p l i f t of their well-being. But it is important for everybody to u n d e r s t a n d t h a t i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n these o b j e c t i v e s t h e p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r has b e e n a n d r e m a i n s t h e a l l - r o u n d m o b i lization of the people of t o w n a n d countryside to increase socialist p r o d u c t i o n , t o increase t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f l a b o u r , g u i d e d b y o u r r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r i n c i p l e that, b e f o r e m a k i n g c l a i m s o n society, one m u s t c o n t r i b u t e t h e m a x i m u m . ......................
6. T H E PRINCIPLE OF S E L F - R E L I A N C E M U S T BE UNDERSTOOD A N D IMPLEMENTED CORRECTLY
T h e c o m p l e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n of socialist s o c i e t i y is closely connected w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p l e o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e i n e v e r y step a n d
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every field of life. This great M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t principle of p r o f o u n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y content is n o t o n l y a l a w f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , b u t also, i n t h e p r e s e n t c o n ditions, a n u r g e n t n e c e s s i t y f o r o u r c o u n t r y t o cope s u c cessfully w i t h e n e m y b l o c k a d e s a n d e n c i r c l e m e n t . T h e p r i n c i p l e o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e has a l w a y s b e e n a g u i d ing principle of our P a r t y and people since the t i m e of the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r , w h e n w e f o u g h t u n d e r t h e slogan, F r e e d o m i s n o t d o n a t e d , but w o n b y the p e o p l e themselves. L i k e w i s e , i n the s t r u g g l e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e defence o f t h e H o m e l a n d , t h e P a r t y follows and consistently implements this principle. T h e f r e e d o m w o n , a l l t h e successes a c h i e v e d s o f a r , o u r s o c i a l ist a n d i n d e p e n d e n t l i f e , are p r a c t i c a l v e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e L e n i n i s t c o n c l u s i o n t h a t s e l f - r e l i a n c e , t h e i n t e r n a l factor, i s the d e c i s i v e f a c t o r , b o t h i n the s t r u g g l e f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d the s e i z u r e o f p o w e r , a n d i n t h e struggle f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m a n d the defence of the H o m e l a n d . O u r P a r t y has a l w a y s defended the p r i n c i p l e that self-reliance i s n o t a t e m p o r a r y p o l i c y i m p o s e d b y c i r c u m stances, b u t a n o b j e c t i v e necessity f o r e v e r y c o u n t r y , b i g or s m a l l , d e v e l o p e d or u n d e r d e v e l o p e d , a p r i n c i p l e a p p l y ing b o t h i n l i b e r a t i o n w a r s a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u tion, a n d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e defence o f the H o m e l a n d . T h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s p r i n c i p l e bars a l l p a t h s t o t h e i n f l o w o f b a n k c r e d i t s f r o m b o u r g e o i s and r e v i s i o n i s t states, b y m e a n s o f w h i c h t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s and the s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s e n s l a v e c o u n t r i e s a n d nation's, and f a t t e n o n t h e i r b l o o d a n d sweat. T h e s o - c a l l e d a i d o f the i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s t o t h e d e v e l o p i n g countries constitutes a great f r a u d a n d is a i m e d at e x p l o i t i n g the economies o f these c o u n t r i e s a n d d i c t a t i n g their i m p e r i a l i s t p o l i c y t o t h e m . The bourgeois-revisionist propaganda endeavours to
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s p r e a d a n d c u l t i v a t e a m o n g t h e peoples, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g countries, t h e sense o f b o w i n g a n d s u b m i s s i o n t o the b i g i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s . T h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r , d i s t o r t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y essence o f t h e p r i n c i ple of self-reliance, labelling it as slipping into positions of narrow nationalism, as departure f r o m the position of p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , as r e j e c t i n g r e c i p r o c a l a i d a m o n g socialist c o u n t r i e s . W i t h these a n t i - M a r x i s t theses t h e y seek t o j u s t i f y t h e i r p o l i c y o f i m p e r i a l i s t e x pansion and their practices of capitalist exploitation of other countries. T h e i r a i m i s t o u n d e r m i n e t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f peoples i n the p o s s i b i l i t y o f b u i l d i n g a n i n d e p e n d e n t life, and generally, in their existence as free nations. W h i l e w o r k i n g f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i n c i p l e o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e , o u r P a r t y has never dreamed of creating an autarkic economy, isolated w i t h i n itself. A t t h e same t i m e , w h i l e c o m b a t i n g a n y feeling of inferiority and worshipping everything foreign, i t has not negated the v a l u e o f p r o g r e s s i v e w o r l d t h i n k i n g , o f the a c h i e v e m e n t s o f science a n d t e c h n o l o g y i n o t h e r countries. I t has a l w a y s p r i z e d the r e v o l u t i o n a r y e x p e r i e n c e of a l l peoples, e v e r y t h i n g t h a t serves the cause of the e m a n c i p a t i o n a n d p r o g r e s s o f m a n k i n d . F a r from excluding reciprocal collaboration and aid a m o n g the r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d socialist forces, s e l f - r e l i a n c e presupposes it. T h e a i d w h i c h t h e v i c t o r i o u s r e v o l u t i o n gives the c o u n t r i e s a n d people f i g h t i n g f o r n a t i o n a l a n d social l i b e r a t i o n , the m u t u a l a i d a m o n g c o u n t r i e s b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m , is an i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t d u t y . It is d e v o i d of a n y sort o f s e l f i s h interest a n d i n s p i r e d b y t h e l o f t y i n t e r e s t s of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . This aid is to the advantage not o n l y o f the c o u n t r y w h i c h receives i t b u t also o f t h e c o u n t r y w h i c h gives it, because t h e t r i u m p h o f s o c i a l i s m i n a n y c o u n t r y serves t h e t r i u m p h o f r e v o l u t i o n i n t h e other c o u n t r i e s , too, its t r i u m p h o y e r c a p i t a l i s m a n d r e v i s i o n i s m .
REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA D a y b y day, t h e r o a d t r a v e r s e d b y o u r c o u n t r y steadily s t r e n g t h e n e d the c o n v i c t i o n a n d t r u s t o f people i n the correctness o f t h e course steered b y P a r t y , i n the great p o s s i b i l i t i e s w h i c h e x i s t t o c a r r y w a r d the c o m p l e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialist society r e l y i n g o n o u r m a t e r i a l a n d h u m a n resources.
43 has the the forby
The principle of self-reliance demands, first of all, f i r m r e l i a n c e o n the c r e a t i v e m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l energies o f the people g u i d e d b y the P a r t y . S o c i a l i s m i s t h e w o r k of the masses, t h e r e f o r e , e v e r y t h i n g p r o d u c e d a n d created is the f r u i t of w o r k , of the sweat a n d b r a i n s of t h e people. U n d e r s t a n d i n g of the principle of self-reliance is complete w h e n e v e r y c o l l e c t i v e a n d i n d i v i d u a l f u l f i l s a n d o v e r f u l f i l s the tasks w i t h w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e e n c h a r g e d w i t h o u t a s k i n g t h e state a n d t h e s o c i e t y f o r s u p p l e m entary means. Hence, the task of striving, first and foremost, e v e r y w h e r e a n d w i t h d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o increase w o r k p r o d u c t i v i t y , t o increase p r o d u c t i o n a n d r e d u c e costs, t o p r e s e r v e , increase a n d use t h e m a c h i n e r y a n d equipment w i t h h i g h efficiency, to raise the technicalp r o f e s s i o n a l a b i l i t i e s o f the w o r k i n g p e o p l e a n d deepen the t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n . The principle of self-reliance is correctly understood w h e n i t i s i m p l e m e n t e d i n e v e r y f i e l d o f social a c t i v i t y , o n a n a t i o n a l a n d r e g i o n a l scale, w h e n i t i s e x t e n d e d t o every l i n k a n d c e l l o f o u r l i f e , t o e v e r y e n t e r p r i s e a n d cooperative, t o e v e r y i n s t i t u t i o n a n d a r m y u n i t , w h e n people w o r k a n d l i v e e v e r y w h e r e as in a state of siege. ...............................
IV
THE STRUGGLE OF THE PARTY ON IDEOLOGICAL FRONT
THE
T h e years that have elapsed have been years of m a j o r w o r k and struggle for the uninterrupted r e v o l u t i o n i z a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h i s great process o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n has l e d t o the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e P a r t y a n d the state p o w e r , t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e e c o n o m i c base, t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n a n d c u l t u r e a n d the defence p o t e n t i a l of t h e H o m e l a n d . It h a s l e d to a r i s e i n t h e consciousness o f t h e w o r k i n g people, e n d o w e d t h e m w i t h deeper M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o n v i c t i o n s , c r e a t e d a m i l i t a n t s p i r i t a n d g r e a t e r m o b i l i z a t i o n a t w o r k , has e n c o u r a g e d t h e i n i t i a t i v e o f t h e masses, s h a r p e n e d t h e i r political, and ideological vigilance and further strengthene d t h e i r c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e i r o w n forces. I n t h i s a l l - r o u n d struggle, the f i g h t i n g u n i t y o f t h e p e o p l e a r o u n d the P a r t y has b e e n e n h a n c e d , a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e proletariat defended and strengthened.
1. WE M U S T W A G E T H E C L A S S S T R U G G L E C O R R E C T L Y AND WITH DETERMINATION
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m is a process of s t e r n class s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e t w o roads, t h e socialist r o a d a n d the c a p i t a l i s t r o a d , a s t r u g g l e w a g e d o n a l l f r o n t s , p o l i t i c a l a n d economic, i d e o l o g i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y .
45
I n s o c i a l i s m , too, t h i s s t r u g g l e i s a n o b j e c t i v e p h e nomenon, the m a i n d r i v i n g force that carries the revo l u t i o n a n d the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m f o r w a r d , t h a t protects t h e P a r t y , t h e state a n d t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y f r o m bourgeois-revisionist degeneration and the restoration of c a p i t a l i s m , t h a t cleanses t h e consciousness o f t h e w o r k i n g people a n d s t r e n g t h e n s t h e i r p r o l e t a r i a n s p i r i t . T h e m a j o r successes a n d v i c t o r i e s o u r p e o p l e h a v e achieved u n d e r the leadership of the P a r t y , in their struggle t o d e v e l o p t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d c o n s t r u c t s o c i a l ism, are l i n k e d w i t h t h e fact t h a t t h e P a r t y has r e s o l u t e l y u p h e l d t h e l i n e o f t h e class s t r u g g l e a n d c o n s i s t e n t l y w a g e d i t against i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l enemies, a s w e l l a s a m o n g t h e p e o p l e a n d i n its o w n r a n k s . In t h e process of t h i s s t r u g g l e , a r i c h r e v o l u t i o n a r y e x p e r i e n c e o f m a j o r t h e o r e t i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l v a l u e has been g a i n e d f r o m w h i c h o u r P a r t y has d r a w n v e r y v a l u a b l e lessons a n d c o n c l u s i o n s o n h o w t o b u i l d a n d defend s o c i a l i s m a n d s t r e n g t h e n t h e P a r t y a n d t h e d i c tatorship of the proletariat. T h e class s t r u g g l e w a g e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e existence of the P a r t y , as w e l l as r e c e n t l y , has s h o w n t h a t the main danger and enemy to our Party and the entire international revolutionary communist and workers' movement has been and still is right opportunism, revisionism . T h i s d a n g e r always threatens a country w h i c h is b u i l d i n g socialism u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f c a p i t a l i s t e n c i r c l e m e n t , b u t i t has now become g r e a t e r s t i l l , e s p e c i a l l y since t h e l i q u i d a t i o n o f the socialist o r d e r i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e b o u r geois d e g e n e r a t i o n of m a n y c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s of the world. In a country where socialism is being built w i t h success, t h e e n e m i e s f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o come o u t o p e n l y with the banner of anti-communism. P s e u d o - M a r x i s m , revisionist c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n , i s t h e i r f a v o u r i t e w e a p o n t o overthrow socialism.
46
ENVER HOXHA
International experience and that of our country show t h a t the hopes o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d r e a c t i o n f o r t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m are n o t based o n l y o n t h e r e m n a n t s o f the o l d e x p l o i t i n g classes n o r o n l y o n the agents a n d d i v e r s i o n i s t s i n the p a y o f f o r e i g n e r s . T h e i r hopes a r e based e s p e c i a l l y o n o t h e r enemies o f s o c i a l i s m w h o e m e r g e f r o m t h e socialist society itself, o n p e o p l e s e r i o u s l y c o n t a m i n a t e d b y t h e h a n g o v e r s o f o l d ideologies, w i t h m a r k e d i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c a n d c a r e e r - s e e k i n g tendencies, c o n f u s e d b y the i m p a c t o f m o d e r n b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t ideologies, w h o y i e l d t o t h e p r e s s u r e o f e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l enemies, a n d w h o , e v e n t u a l l y , desert t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d degenerate i n t o c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . I n socialist society t h e r e e x i s t s t h e d a n g e r o f t h e d e generation of individuals, of the emergence of n e w b o u r geois elements, o f t h e i r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . A s M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches, t h i s comes a b o u t n o t o n l y because t h e n e w socialist society s t i l l p r e s e r v e s t r a d i t i o n s , customs, ways o f b e h a v i o u r a n d c o n cepts o f l i f e o f t h e b o u r g e o i s society f r o m w h i c h i t has e m e r g e d , b u t also because o f c e r t a i n e c o n o m i c a n d social c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h l i v e o n i n t h i s society i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n a l phase. T h e p r o d u c t i v e forces a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n , t h e m o d e o f d i s t r i b u t i o n based o n t h e m , are s t i l l f a r from being completely communist. The distinctions w h i c h e x i s t i n d i f f e r e n t fields, s u c h a s b e t w e e n c o u n t r y a n d town, manual and mental work, qualified and unqualified w o r k , etc. w h i c h cannot b e w i p e d out i m m e d i a t e l y , also e x e r t t h e i r i n f l u e n c e i n this d i r e c t i o n . T o t h e m m u s t b e added the p o w e r f u l and all-round pressure w h i c h the c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d e x e r t s f r o m outside. S o c i a l ism can greatly restrict the emergence of negative p h e n o m e n a a l i e n t o its n a t u r e , b u t i t c a n n o t a v o i d t h e m c o m pletely. Therefore, the discovery and defeat of individual
47
hostile elements or a h o s t i l e g r o u p , at a g i v e n t i m e , s h o u l d not l u l l u s t o sleep a n d m a k e u s t h i n k that, w i t h this, the enemies a r e done f o r . As long as the class struggle continues, as long as the hostile bourgeois pressure from within and without exists, the danger of the emergence of new enemies and of their activity against socialism also continues to exist . T h e P a r t y a n d t h e p e o p l e m u s t always remain on guard, vigilant and revolutionary, must w a g e a r e s o l u t e a n d u n c o m p r o m i s i n g class s t r u g g l e a n d block a l l t h e w a y s f r o m w h i c h t h e e n e m i e s m i g h t e m e r g e a n d h a r m us. Socialist A l b a n i a provides a m a j o r example w h i c h shows t h a t t h e e m e r g e n c e o f r e v i s i o n i s m a n d r e t u r n t o c a p i t a l i s m are not decreed by fate to be i n e v i t a b l e , as t h e bourgeois i d e o l o g i s t s t r y t o m a k e out. I t p r o v e s t h e v i t a l i t y o f s o c i a l i s m , the i n v i n c i b l e s t r e n g t h o f the ideas of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , w h i c h , w h e n they are consistently a p p l i e d , c a r r y the cause o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d the d i c t a t o r ship o f the p r o l e t a r i a t f o r w a r d w i t h sure steps. T h e correct u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h i s p r o b l e m , t h e d i a l e c t i c a l a p p r e c i a t i o n of it, is of g r e a t p r i n c i p l e d i m p o r t a n c e a n d is d i r e c t l y l i n k e d w i t h the fate o f s o c i a l i s m . T h e r e exists a v e r y close c o n n e c t i o n a n d c o o r d i n a tion between the i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l fronts of the struggle w a g e d b y the class e n e m i e s . T h e y are u n i t e d b y their a n t i - c o m m u n i s t i d e o l o g y , a n d t h e n e e d t h e y h a v e o f each other's s u p p o r t i n t h e i r s t r u g g l e against t h e P a r t y a n d the socialist o r d e r . It is i m p o r t a n t to r e c o g n i z e n o t o n l y this fact, w h i c h w i l l c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t a s l o n g a s the imperialist-revisionist encirclement and the survivals of c a p i t a l i s m t h e m s e l v e s e x i s t w i t h i n t h e c o u n t r y , b u t especially that this coordination m a y be strengthened and become e x t r e m e l y d a n g e r o u s i f w e are careless, l a c k i n g in vigilance, a n d f a i l to c a r r y out a resolute struggle against it.
48
ENVER HOXHA
T h e P a r t y has c a r r i e d o u t g r e a t a n d p e r s i s t e n t w o r k to g i v e t h e people a correct understanding of t h e imperialist-revisionist encirclement and the struggle w h i c h m u s t b e w a g e d a g a i n s t it. T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t r u g g l e a r e evident in a l l fields. U n d e r the leadership of the P a r t y , o u r people h a v e coped r e s o l u t e l y w i t h p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e s , economic blockades, m i l i t a r y threats a n d the ideological aggression o f t h e enemies. T h e y h a v e n e v e r b e e n t a k e n i n , either by the blandishments and demagogy of the enemies o r b y t h e i r d i p l o m a t i c m a n o e u v r e s . However, it remains a m a j o r and permanent task of t h e P a r t y i n the f u t u r e , too, t o m a k e o l d a n d y o u n g e v e r m o r e conscious o f t h e h o s t i l e n a t u r e o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t revisionist encirclement, of the dangers it represents and t h e tasks w e face t o cope s u c c e s s f u l l y w i t h t h e a l l - r o u n d pressure w h i c h it exerts on our country. Socialist A l b a n i a i s a t h o r n i n t h e f l e s h o f n u m e r o u s e n e m i e s w h o are s t r i v i n g i n e v e r y w a y t o u n d e r m i n e a n d d e s t r o y it. W h a t e v e r the tactics t h e y use a n d t h e c o n j u n c t u r e s c r e a t e d , t h e y a l w a y s r e m a i n enemies, t h e r e f o r e w e s h o u l d h a v e n o illusions about them. T h e imperialist-revisionist encirclement is not in the least p a s s i v e a n d m e r e l y g e o g r a p h i c a l , b u t a t h r e a t e n i n g and active encirclement w h i c h fights us in a l l fields and i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s . B u t t h e r e are s t i l l p e o p l e w h o h a v e a s u perficial and u n d u l y simple understanding of this encirclement, w h o u n d e r r a t e t h e d a n g e r o f m i l i t a r y a g g r e s sion, t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s s t e m m i n g f r o m t h e e c o n o m i c b l o c k a d e , o r the m e n a c e o f t h e f o r e i g n i d e o l o g i c a l d i v e r s i o n . S u c h attitudes are v e r y h a r m f u l . O u r socialist H o m e l a n d has b e e n a n d i s c o n s t a n t l y under threat of m i l i t a r y aggression by i m p e r i a l i s m and s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e aggressive p o l i c y o f t h e s u p e r powers is spearheaded first of all against socialism, the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f the peoples, against those
49
forces t h a t u n m a s k a n d oppose t h e i r h e g e m o n i c a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t course. T h e r e f o r e , the d a n g e r o f f o r e i g n m i l i t a r y a g g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t socialist A l b a n i a is real and should b e n e i t h e r u n d e r r a t e d n o r o v e r r a t e d . Besides their measures of coercion, the imperialist a n d r e v i s i o n i s t e n e m i e s also use t h e tactics o f p e a c e f u l d e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e socialist o r d e r , a t t a c h i n g s p e c i a l i m portance t o t h e i r i d e o l o g i c a l aggression, p r e c i s e l y t o t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y course w h i c h p r o v e d s o f r u i t f u l i n the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e o t h e r f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s . The imperialist-revisionist encirclement is operating v e r y p o w e r f u l l y i n t h e f i e l d o f the e c o n o m y a s w e l l . T h e savage e c o n o m i c b l o c k a d e , d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n t r a d e r e l a tions, t h e e f f o r t s t o i m p e d e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r o d u c tion are the w e a p o n s of t h e e n e m i e s to sabotage t h e construction o f s o c i a l i s m a n d u n d e r m i n e t h e e c o n o m i c and p o l i t i c a l i n d e p e n d e n c e o f the c o u n t r y . The a i m of the e x t e r n a l enemies is to put our internal front i n t o d i s a r r a y , t o a i d a n d abet t h e a n t i - s o c i a l i s t a n d c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y e l e m e n t s w i t h i n the c o u n t r y . T h e r e fore, we must cope with the united front of the enemies by strengthening our internal front in all directions, in the fields of defence and the economy, politics and ideology, always consistently waging the class struggle . We must resolutely combat any spirit of euphoria and o v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f o u r o w n forces, a n y l a c k o f seriousness o r o f t o t a l m o b i l i z a t i o n i n t h e s t r u g g l e against the i m p e rialist-revisionist encirclement. O u r p e o p l e s h o u l d l i v e e v e r y d a y w i t h the e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n s o f t h e c o u n t r y , a l w a y s see t h e i r t a s k s i n close c o n n e c t i o n w i t h these s i t u a t i o n s , w o r k w i t h a l o f t y s p i r i t o f s e l f - d e n i a l a n d sacrifice, a l w a y s b e ready, v i g i l a n t a n d r e s o l u t e f i g h t e r s against a l l t h e attempts a n d p r e s s u r e s o f t h e enemies. T h e s t r u g g l e against t h e i m p e r i a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t e n c i r c l e m e n t is n o t a
50
ENVER HOXHA
s i n g l e b a t t l e or a series of c a m p a i g n s , b u t a c o n t i n u o u s fight that must be waged every day. O u r P a r t y has stressed t h a t t h e s t r u g g l e o n the i d e o l o g i c a l f r o n t constitutes one o f the m a i n aspects o f t h e class s t r u g g l e . T h i s is a f i e r c e s t r u g g l e w a g e d on a b r o a d f r o n t against a l l a l i e n ideologies, o l d a n d n e w , w h i c h a r e kept alive, inspired and encouraged by internal and ext e r n a l b o u r g e o i s pressure. T h i s is a m a j o r f r o n t of struggle, e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t a n d c o m p l i c a t e d , w h i c h dem a n d s the p e r m a n e n t a t t e n t i o n o f t h e P a r t y . T h e successes w h i c h h a v e been a c h i e v e d i n t h i s f i e l d c o n s t i t u t e one o f the most i m p o r t a n t v i c t o r i e s o f t h e P a r t y a n d the people. T h e p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s p s y c h o l o g y a n d mentality, b a c k w a r d customs and religious prejudices, m a nifestations and influences of alien bourgeois-revisionist ideologies h a v e b e e n dealt p o w e r f u l a n d c r u s h i n g b l o w s . T h e a i m o f a l l t h i s w o r k has been t o h a v e o u r p e o p l e a l w a y s engaged i n r e v o l u t i o n , t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e y d o n o t s t a n d aside f r o m it e v e n f o r a m o m e n t , to e n c o u r a g e t h e m t o s t r u g g l e a n d w o r k selflessly, a l l t h e i r l i v e s , f o r t h e great cause o f the P a r t y , f o r s o c i a l i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m . T h e h i g h l e v e l o f p o l i t i c a l consciousness, t h e h e r o i s m a t w o r k , t h e sense o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d t h e s p i r i t of sacrifice are characteristic of our w o r k i n g people. T h i s i s t e s t i m o n y t o the i n v i n c i b l e s t r e n g t h o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m a n d s o c i a l i s m , the correctness o f t h e l i n e o f t h e Party. B u t this h e a l t h y r e v o l u t i o n a r y r e a l i t y s h o u l d n o t i n duce u s t o r e l a x o u r s t r u g g l e o n t h e i d e o l o g i c a l f r o n t , h o w e v e r s l i g h t l y , because t o d a y , too, t h e q u e s t i o n p r e sents itself i n t h e same w a y a s L e n i n p r e s e n t e d i t m a n y decades ago:
... either bourgeois or socialist ideology. There is no middle course... Hence, to belittle the socialist
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ideology in any way, to turn aside from it in the slightest degree means to strengthen bourgeois ideology.*
T h e fact t h a t the class s t r u g g l e o n the i d e o l o g i c a l f r o n t i s w a g e d i n the r a n k s o f the p e o p l e a n d t h e P a r t y , too, i n e v e r y b o d y ' s consciousness, m e a n s that some p e o p l e f a i l t o d i s t i n g u i s h the h o s t i l e content o f these a l i e n m a nifestations. Others underestimate this struggle, t h i n k i n g that t h e h a n g o v e r s f r o m o l d i d e o l o g i e s c o n s t i t u t e a p o t e n t i a l r a t h e r t h a n a r e a l d a n g e r . T h e y f o r g e t t h a t these r e m n a n t s a n d i n f l u e n c e s h a v e n o t b e e n a n d are not j u s t s o m e t h i n g u g l y , t h o u g h passive, i n people's consciousness, but a r e t h e source w h i c h i n c i t e s a n t i - s o c i a l i s t a t t i t u d e s and actions, s u c h as thefts f r o m , a n d d a m a g e to, socialist p r o p e r t y , breaches o f p r o l e t a r i a n d i s c i p l i n e a t w o r k , f a vouritism and nepotism, bureaucratic and liberal, patriarchal a n d c o n s e r v a t i v e a t t i t u d e s , etc. A l l these things, e v e n w h e n t h e y are not c o m m i t t e d b y enemies o r u n d e r t h e i r direct i n f l u e n c e , a r e j u s t a s h a r m f u l a n d become serious obstacles to t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m . T h e h a n g o v e r s of a l i e n ideologies, t h e p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s m e n t a l i t y , the feeling of private p r o p e r t y a n d the placing of self-interest above p u b l i c interest, c o n s t i t u t e t h a t h o t b e d i n w h i c h bourgeois degeneration, revisionist and capitulationist v i e w s are b r e d a n d n u r t u r e d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s t r u g g l e on the i d e o l o g i c a l f r o n t is n o t a p a s s i n g c a m p a i g n , b u t a continuous s t r u g g l e f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f p r o l e t a r i a n i d e o l o g y and morality, a struggle for the t r i u m p h of socialism and communism. O u r p r a c t i c e o f r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n teaches u s t h a t u n l e s s i t i s w a g e d i n a l l its m a i n d i r e c tions, p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d i d e o l o g i c a l , n o class s t r u g g l e
_________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 5, pp. 452-453, A l b . ed.
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c a n e v e r b e complete. T h e s e t h r e e f o r m s o f class s t r u g g l e are i n t e r t w i n e d w i t h a n d c o m p l e m e n t e a c h other. A t g i v e n periods, n o w one o r n o w t h e o t h e r f o r m o f class s t r u g g l e m a y come t o t h e fore, b u t i n e v e r y case i t s h o u l d be w a g e d on a l l fronts. We should not forget that the e n e m y , too, w a g e s h i s s t r u g g l e i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s : i d e o l o gical, economic and political. Practice over the recent y e a r s has b o r n e t h i s o u t c l e a r l y . U n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f one o r t h e o t h e r aspect i s f r a u g h t w i t h n e g a t i v e consequences, leads t o v a r i o u s d i s t o r t i o n s , a n d to t h e w e a k e n i n g of t h e class s t r u g g l e as a w h o l e . I n practice, t h e r e i s a n d c a n b e n o class s t r u g g l e o n a n y f r o n t o u t s i d e t h e s t r u g g l e t o s t r e n g t h e n the d i c t a t o r s h i p of the proletariat, to ensure the leading role of the P a r t y , a n d t o d e f e n d the H o m e l a n d . T h e class s t r u g g l e c a n n o t b e conceived apart f r o m the efforts to f u l f i l the economic plan and the tasks in every other field of social activity o r f r o m the s t r u g g l e t o i m p l a n t t h e p r o l e t a r i a n i d e o l o g y . T h e class e n e m y t r i e s t o b e n u m b t h e v i g i l a n c e o f t h e masses, i t l o o k s f o r p e r i o d s o f c a l m a n d l u l l s i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e class s t r u g g l e i n o r d e r t o m u s t e r its forces a n d s t r i k e s u d d e n l y . T h e t a s k o f t h e p a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s , o f a l l t h e w o r k i n g people, w i t h t h e w o r k i n g class at the h e a d , is to p r e v e n t t h e c r e a t i o n of s u c h s i t u a t i o n s favourable to the enemy, and to be always on the o f f e n sive, to k e e p t h e edge of t h e class s t r u g g l e c o n s t a n t l y sharp, a n d b e i r r e c o n c i l a b l e w i t h t h e e n e m i e s a n d t h e i r ideologies. O u r P a r t y has a l w a y s w a g e d t h e class s t r u g g l e c o r rectly a n d unerringly, according to the teachings of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h i s has been a n d r e m a i n s a q u e s t i o n o f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e , f o r a n y d e v i a t i o n i n w a g i n g the class s t r u g g l e i s f r a u g h t w i t h g r a v e consequences f o r t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e P a r t y a n d t h e masses. I t calls f o r m a i n t a i n i n g a p r i n c i p l e d s t a n d o n a l l occasions, w i t h o u t s l i p -
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ping either into opportunism or into sectarianism. In life, b o t h these p h e n o m e n a a r e e n c o u n t e r e d . T h e p a s s i v e n o n - m i l i t a n t stands o b s e r v e d i n some p a r t y basic o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d a m o n g c a d r e s o f t h e sectors, i n w h i c h t h e v a r i o u s c o n d e m n e d h o s t i l e g r o u p s c a r r i e d out their u n d e r m i n i n g activity, were opportunist. The enem i e s v i o l a t e d t h e l i n e , directives, a n d o r i e n t a t i o n s o f t h e P a r t y , d i s p l a y e d f e a t u r e s o f d e g e n e r a t e people, b u t these o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d cadres f a i l e d t o s p e a k o u t a n d t e l l t h e m f i r m l y t o stop t h e i r e v i l - d o i n g a c t i v i t y i n t i m e . T h e softh e a r t e d a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s t h e class e n e m y , t h e b o u r g e o i s s e n t i m e n t a l i t y s h o w n i n some cases t o w a r d s people w h o degenerate, w h o v i o l a t e t h e n o r m s o f socialist s o c i e t y a n d t h e state l a w s , a r e o p p o r t u n i s t , t o l e r a n t a n d c o n c i l i a t o r y attitudes towards manifestations alien to our ideology. R i g i d a n d s e c t a r i a n a t t i t u d e s also d a m a g e t h e l i n e o f the P a r t y . I n t h e recent t i m e s s u c h a t t i t u d e s h a v e b e e n a p p a r e n t a m o n g some c o m m u n i s t s a n d cadres w h o , w h e n the P a r t y e x p o s e d a n d c o n d e m n e d e l e m e n t s w i t h a l i b e r a l , opportunist and hostile spirit, began to look w i t h undue suspicion even at some s m a l l a n d u n i m p o r t a n t blemish. T h e t e n d e n c i e s o b s e r v e d s o m e t i m e s i n some p e o p l e t o resort t o a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m e t h o d s w h e r e p e r s u a s i o n a n d e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d b e u s e d are also s e c t a r i a n . T h o s e w h o d i s p l a y s e c t a r i a n tendencies o f t e n pose as consistent a n d p r i n c i p l e d r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . B u t i n f a c t t h e y are o p p o r t u n i s t s a n d act i n t h i s w a y i n o r d e r t o b e on t h e safe side. These opportunist vacillations stem f r o m lack of a correct g r a s p o f t h e n a t u r e o f the t w o t y p e s o f c o n t r a d i c tions w h i c h e x i s t i n o u r society, f r o m c o n f u s i n g a n t a g o n i s tic w i t h n o n - a n t a g o n i s t i c c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . T h e P a r t y m u s t m a k e these m a t t e r s c o m p l e t e l y c l e a r a n d e x p l a i n t h a t opportunism cannot be fought with success if sectarianism is not fought at the same time, and vice-versa . On t h e
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o t h e r h a n d , the class s t r u g g l e m u s t b e w a g e d n e i t h e r i n closed f o r m s n o r o n l y f r o m a b o v e , b u t j o i n t l y w i t h t h e masses, w i t h t h e i r b r o a d a n d a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n . I n t h i s w a y the r e v o l u t i o n a r y e d u c a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g people i s a c h i e v e d , a n d the u n i t y o f the P a r t y a n d t h e people is s t r e n g t h e n e d a n d steeled. T h e P a r t y has e m p h a s i z e d t h a t one o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t aspects of t h e class s t r u g g l e is t h e s t r u g g l e against b u r e a u c r a c y a n d l i b e r a l i s m , b o t h d a n g e r o u s e n e mies o f the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d s o c i a l i s m . T h e P a r t y has done great a n d p e r s i s t e n t w o r k against b o t h these n e g a t i v e p h e n o m e n a a n d has t a k e n a series of concrete measures, s u c h as those f o r b r i n g i n g the state p o w e r closer t o t h e p e o p l e a n d c u r t a i l i n g the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e apparatuses, f o r e n s u r i n g t h e m o r e a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f the masses i n t h e w o r k o f g o v e r n m e n t , f o r strengthening and further i m p r o v i n g the direct w o r k e r a n d peasant c o n t r o l , f o r e r a d i c a t i n g t h e s p i r i t o f t h e b u reaucratic hierarchy and democratizing life in the army, f o r b a r r i n g a l l w a y s t o t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f the a l i e n i d e o logy, a n d f o r r e v o l u t i o n i z i n g the school, l i t e r a t u r e a n d arts. B u t despite a l l t h e successes a c h i e v e d a n d t h e h e a v y b l o w s b u r e a u c r a c y a n d l i b e r a l i s m h a v e b e e n dealt, the P a r t y does n o t c o n s i d e r t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e m a s o v e r a n d done w i t h . T h e y a l w a y s r e m a i n a serious danger, a n d t h e s t r u g g l e against t h e m m u s t g o o n a l l t h e t i m e . T h e y are w e a p o n s i n the h a n d s o f t h e class e n e m i e s t o u n d e r m i n e t h e P a r t y , the p r o l e t a r i a n state, a n d o u r socialist l i f e . T h e analyses w h i c h t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e has m a d e in the sectors of c u l t u r e , t h e e c o n o m y , t h e a r m y , etc., h a v e s h o w n t h a t a l l t h e h o s t i l e elements, o n t h e one h a n d , r e l i e d o n l i b e r a l i s m a n d b u r e a u c r a c y , a n d o n the other h a n d , fostered these tendencies b y a l l m a n n e r o f means to further their counter-revolutionary aims. In their
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e f f o r t s t o u n d e r m i n e s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t i t w a s n o t t h e l i n e a n d the l e a d e r s h i p o f the P a r t y t h e y s t r o v e t o p u t i n the l e a d e v e r y w h e r e , b u t t e c h nocracy, t h e y t r i e d t o w e a k e n a n d e l i m i n a t e c o n t r o l b y the P a r t y , t h e state, a n d t h e masses, so as to h a v e t h e i r hands f r e e a n d d o a s t h e y l i k e d , t o e n c o u r a g e a n a r c h i s t d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n a n d create separate a n d i n d e p e n d e n t organisms, t o i n f l a t e t h e state a p p a r a t u s e s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s , to w e a k e n their proletarian composition a n d encourage o f f i c i a l d o m , t o o p e n the d o o r s t o t h e a l i e n , t o u n d e r m i n e confidence i n o u r forces, etc. B u t l i b e r a l a n d b u r e a u c r a t i c concepts a n d p r a c t i c e s are not l i n k e d w i t h the a c t i v i t y o f the e n e m i e s o n l y . T h e y are e n c o u n t e r e d also a m o n g o u r people, i n t h e w o r k o f our o r g a n s a n d a p p a r a t u s e s . T h e s t r u g g l e against b u r e a u c r a c y a n d l i b e r a l i s m w i l l b e a l o n g one, because these things are d e e p - r o o t e d , a r e l i n k e d w i t h economic, social, and i d e o l o g i c a l factors, a n d e n c o u r a g e d b y the i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l enemies. T h e scale o n w h i c h t h e y s p r e a d depends o n t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l l e v e l o f people, o n the w o r k o f t h e P a r t y f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y e d u c a t i o n and t e m p e r i n g o f t h e w o r k i n g people, o n the u n d e r s t a n d ing o f h o w d a n g e r o u s t h e y a r e a n d t h e w a y s t o c o m b a t them. B u r e a u c r a c y a n d l i b e r a l i s m a r e r e a c t i o n a r y , idealist, a n t i - p o p u l a r a n d a n t i - s o c i a l i s t w a y s o f t h i n k i n g a n d acting. It is the task of t h e p a r t y p r o p a g a n d a to expose t h e ideological class n a t u r e o f l i b e r a l i s m a n d b u r e a u c r a c y b y t h e o r e t i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l a r g u m e n t s . The communists, the workers and the broad masses of the working people should rise with deep conviction against liberal manifestations, bureaucratic distortions and routine, to expose and combat them in every link and in all the forms in which they crop up . It is necessary to f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n a n d deepen t h e
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struggle against technocratism and intellectualism as reflections of bureaucracy w h i c h lead to deviation f r o m the proletarian ideology a n d the policy of the Party, w e a k e n i n g t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n o u r society, a n d disparagement of the creative role and t h i n k i n g of t h e masses. I n t h e r e c e n t y e a r s , e s p e c i a l l y , t h e t e c h n o cratic and intellectualist influences have been expressed, a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , i n the o v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t e c h n o l o g y and special skills, in the failure to consider problems f r o m t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l angle, i n t h e l a c k o f f a i t h i n t h e d r i v e a n d o p t i m i s m o f t h e masses. The struggle against liberalism, as an expression of p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l o p p o r t u n i s m , o f concessions t o the class e n e m y , o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h t h e i n f l u e n c e s o f a l i e n ideologies, w i t h s h o r t c o m i n g s a n d weaknesses, m u s t become e v e r m o r e i n t e n s i v e . I t becomes e v e n m o r e essent i a l t o d e e p e n t h i s s t r u g g l e because i n r e c e n t y e a r s l i b eral manifestations and influences have emerged v e r y s h a r p l y a n d h a v e d a m a g e d t h e w o r k i n m a n y sectors, s u c h as in culture, the army, the economy, a n d elsewhere. Never, under any circumstances, should we underestimate these dangers, b u t w e m u s t a l w a y s m a i n t a i n k e e n p o litical and ideological vigilance, strengthen the check-up f r o m above a n d f r o m below, enhance discipline and p r o l e t a r i a n consciousness i n e v e r y b o d y . The P a r t y should devote particular attention to u p r o o t i n g l i b e r a l a n d a n a r c h i s t concepts a b o u t d e m o c r a c y a n d f r e e d o m i n t h e socialist society. S o m e p e o p l e t h i n k that, b e i n g i n a d e m o c r a c y , t h e y h a v e r i g h t s o n l y a n d n o duties a t a l l , t h a t t h e state a n d t h e society h a v e o b l i gations t o t h e m , w h i c h t h e y n e v e r f a i l t o d e m a n d , w h i l e t h e y t h e m s e l v e s a r e f r e e t o b e h a v e a n d act a s t h e y l i k e , to violate discipline at w o r k and social discipline, the l a w s of the state a n d t h e n o r m s of o u r society, w i t h o u t a care i n t h e w o r l d . T h e s e e x t r e m e l y h a r m f u l concepts
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s h o u l d b e c o m b a t e d w i t h d e t e r m i n a t i o n , f o r t h e y are a l i e n to the p r i n c i p l e s of s o c i a l i s m . A h e a l t h y s p i r i t o f l i v e l y p o l i t i c a l m i l i t a n c y exists i n the r a n k s o f o u r P a r t y a n d a m o n g t h e people, a n d t h i s constitutes a great v i c t o r y f o r o u r P a r t y . B u t t h i s m u s t i n n o w a y m a k e u s s e l f - s a t i s f i e d a n d close o u r eyes t o m a n i festations o f i n d i f f e r e n c e w h i c h a r e o b s e r v e d a m o n g many w o r k i n g people and even among a number of comm u n i s t s a n d cadres. T h e s t r u g g l e against m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of i n d i f f e r e n c e r e m a i n s a c u r r e n t t a s k of t h e P a r t y a n d its l e v e r s . T h e P a r t y has a l w a y s stressed t h a t the class struggle in the field of ideology should be frontal and waged against both liberalism and bureaucracy, against the vestiges of the ideology of the old exploiting classes, as well as against the influences and manifestations of the bourgeois and revisionist ideologies of today . W h i l e f i g h t i n g against d e g e n e r a t i n g l i b e r a l i s m of b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t o r i g i n , w e m u s t n o t u n d e r r a t e t h e s t r u g g l e against v a r i o u s manifestations of conservatism either, w h i c h , o w i n g to o u r h i s t o r i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , s t i l l h a v e roots a n d i n f l u e n c e s that are b y n o m e a n s s u p e r f i c i a l . T h e 4th, 5th, 6th, a n d 7 t h P l e n u m s o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e P a r t y h a v e b e e n great schools o f class struggle i n the p e r i o d b e t w e e n t h e t w o Congresses. T h e s e plenums uncovered and made short w o r k of the hostile groups o f F a d i l P a r a m i a n d T o d i L u b o n j a , o f B e q i r B a lluku, Petrit D u m e and Hito ako, of A b d y l Kllezi, Koo T h e o d h o s i a n d K i o N g j e l a , a n d others, w h o h a d engaged i n a f a r - r e a c h i n g u n d e r m i n i n g a n d sabotage a c t i v i t y i n the f i e l d o f i d e o l o g y a n d c u l t u r e , i n t h e a r m y , i n d u s t r y , planning, trade, a n d so on. (7)
________________________________________ 7 As was later discovered, these groups w e r e l e d by the former prime minister, M e h m e t Shehu, w h o had placed himself
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This was a major and extremely dangerous conspiracy. These enemies, i n close c o l l a b o r a t i o n a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s a n d i n c o - o r d i n a t i o n w i t h c e r t a i n f o r e i g n r e v i s i o n i s t states, i n t e n d e d t o l i q u i d a t e the P a r t y , t o o v e r t h r o w the people's power, to open the w a y to revisionism a n d to restore capitalism in A l b a n i a . The traitor group of F a d i l Parami, Todi L u b o n j a and company endeavoured to spread the bourgeois-revisionist ideology, c u l t u r e , a n d w a y of l i f e , to p r e p a r e a s u i t a b l e g r o u n d f o r t h e p o l i t i c a l c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n , i n the f i e l d o f i d e o l o g y a n d c u l t u r e . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e y a i m e d t o cause c o n f u s i o n a m o n g the y o u t h a n d t h e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , t o t u r n t h e m against the P a r t y a n d s o c i a l i s m , j u s t a s t h e e n e m i e s of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m in the revisionist countries have done. The traitor and putschist group of B e q i r B a l l u k u , Petrit D u m e and H i t o a k o was a faction at the head of the a r m y , a g r o u p of p l o t t e r s s e e k i n g to o v e r t h r o w t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e b y force, b y m e a n s o f a n a r m e d p u t s c h , a n d t o w i p e out the P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , w h i l e r e l y i n g also o n a r m e d i n t e r v e n t i o n f r o m a b r o a d . T o a c h i e v e t h e i r ends, t h e y w o r k e d t o w e a k e n the o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the P a r t y a n d its l e a d i n g r o l e i n the a r m y , t o r e p l a c e the M a r x i s t Leninist ideology of our P a r t y w i t h revisionist ideology, t o sabotage t h e m i l i t a r y l i n e o f t h e P a r t y a n d i m p o s e t h e i r c a p i t u l a t i o n i s t a n d t r a i t o r theses o n it. T h e y t r i e d t o u n d e r m i n e the defence p o t e n t i a l o f the c o u n t r y a n d t o i n t r o d u c e i n the a r m y t h e detestable m e t h o d s o f t h e b o u r geois a n d r e v i s i o n i s t a r m i e s . The traitor group of A b d y l Kllezi, K o o Theodhosi, K i o N g j e l a a n d c o m p a n y e n g a g e d i n f a r - r e a c h i n g hostile
______________________ in the service of a number of foreign secret services. (See: E n v e r H o x h a The Titoites H i s t o r i c a l notes), the 8 Nntori P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1982, E n g . ed. pp. 567-633.)
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activities i n the f i e l d o f the e c o n o m y . T h i s g r o u p sought t o d i s t o r t t h e l i n e o f the P a r t y f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the e c o n o m y , t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f its o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d m a n agement, a n d t o i n t r o d u c e r e v i s i o n i s t f o r m s a n d m e t h o d s of self-administration, a n d so on. T h e y engaged in sabotage a c t i v i t i e s w i t h g r a v e consequences i n s u c h k e y sectors a s p l a n n i n g , o i l , f o r e i g n t r a d e , etc. I n t h i s m a n n e r , they t r i e d t o w e a k e n a n d u n d e r m i n e the base o f o u r socialist o r d e r , o p e n t h e w a y t o t h e e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l subjugation and enslavement of the country by foreigners. T h e s e g r o u p s w e r e i m p e r i a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t agencies i n the b o s o m o f t h e P a r t y a n d state, c o m p o s e d o f p o l i t i c a l l y and m o r a l l y degenerate e l e m e n t s w h o h a d become b o u r geois a n d c a p i t u l a t e d t o the p r e s s u r e o f t h e e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l enemies, t o the i d e o l o g i c a l e n c i r c l e m e n t a n d aggression o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l i m p e r i a l i s m a n d r e v i s i o n i s m . T h e d a n g e r posed b y these h o s t i l e g r o u p s w a s e x t r e m e l y serious, because t h e y w e r e f i l l i n g i m p o r t a n t posts i n the P a r t y a n d state p o w e r a n d e x p l o i t i n g the great a u t h o r i t y o f the P a r t y t o c o v e r u p t h e i r h o s t i l e w o r k . They masked their counter-revolutionary activity by p r e t e n d i n g t h a t e v e r y t h i n g w a s done i n t h e n a m e o f the P a r t y a l l e g e d l y f o r t h e g o o d o f t h e P a r t y a n d the people, allegedy f o r t h e c r e a t i v e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of its decisions and d i r e c t i v e s . T h e y a c t e d o n t h e sly, n e v e r d a r i n g t o come out o p e n l y a g a i n s t t h e l i n e of the P a r t y , because, like a l l the o t h e r enemies, t h e y h a d n o basis e i t h e r i n t h e P a r t y o r a m o n g t h e people. T h e s t r e n g t h a n d steel u n i t y o f the P a r t y s u p p r e s s e d t h e m . Its s o u n d ties w i t h t h e people o v e r a w e d t h e m . F o r some t i m e t h e e n e m i e s m a n a g e d t o act a n d cause damage w i t h o u t b e i n g d i s c o v e r e d , because t h e y f o u n d weak spots i n t h e w o r k o f the P a r t y a n d the state p o w e r . They e x p l o i t e d m i s t a k e s a n d s h o r t c o m i n g s , m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of bureaucracy, l i b e r a l i s m a n d euphoria, w h i c h they did
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t h e i r best t o s p r e a d a n d e n c o u r a g e . T h e y p r o f i t e d f r o m the r e l a x a t i o n o f v i g i l a n c e a n d c o n t r o l , t h e f a i l u r e t o p e r s i s t e n t l y i m p l e m e n t the p r i n c i p l e s a n d n o r m s o f t h e P a r t y a n d state, f r o m v a r i o u s s h o r t c o m i n g s i n t h e e d u cative work, f r o m the failure to keep w e l l in m i n d the teachings o f the P a r t y o n t h e class s t r u g g l e a n d t h e i m perialist-revisionist encirclement. A l l t h e organs o f l e a d e r s h i p , i n c l u d i n g t h e C e n t r a l Committee and the Government, bear responsibility for these t h i n g s t h a t h a v e o c c u r r e d . S p e c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , both collective and i n d i v i d u a l , falls on the p a r t y o r g a n i zations, c o m m u n i s t s a n d cadres o f those sectors w h e r e t h e enemies w e r e m o s t active. T h e y b e a r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b e cause t h e y h a v e p e r m i t t e d t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e p a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s to be w e a k e n e d , because t h e y d i d n o t c o n s i s t e n t l y u p h o l d t h e decisions a n d d i r e c t i v e s o f t h e P a r t y a n d the l a w s of t h e state, because some of t h e m s h o w e d themselves to be politically short-sighted and liberal, w h i l e some o t h e r s l a c k e d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y c o u r a g e t o raise t h e i r voice, t o d e n o u n c e t h e e n e m i e s a n d p u t t h e m i n t h e i r place. B e c a u s e o f t h e steel u n i t y , t h e k e e n p o l i t i c a l sense and maturity, ideological clarity and revolutionary det e r m i n a t i o n o f the P a r t y a n d its l e a d e r s h i p , t h i s h o s t i l e activity was discovered and smashed. Socialist A l b a n i a w a s s a v e d f r o m a great a n d d a n g e r o u s c o n s p i r a c y . F r o m this fierce class b a t t l e t h e P a r t y e m e r g e d s t r o n g e r a n d more tempered, the u n i t y of the r a n k s of the P a r t y a r o u n d the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e , a s w e l l a s the u n i t y o f t h e people a r o u n d t h e P a r t y , w e r e r a i s e d t o a h i g h e r l e v e l . T h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i g i l a n c e o f t h e P a r t y a n d t h e masses was raised and strengthened. O u r economy was further consolidated a n d m a r k e d n e w successes o n t h e r o a d o f its socialist d e v e l o p m e n t , o u r a r t s a n d c u l t u r e i n c r e a s e d their party spirit and militancy. T h e army, all the armed
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forces, h a v e been u n i t e d m o r e t i g h t l y a r o u n d the P a r t y , their ideo-political tempering, r e v o l u t i o n a r y spirit and fighting readiness to confront and w i p e out a n y enemy that m i g h t d a r e a t t a c k o u r socialist H o m e l a n d , h a v e been raised to a higher level. In this struggle, our w o r k i n g class, t h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y , the y o u t h , w o m e n , i n t e l l i gentsia a n d cadres d i s p l a y e d t h e i r l o f t y p a t r i o t i s m , t h e i r u n w a v e r i n g c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e P a r t y a n d its l e a d e r s h i p , t h e i r l o y a l t y t o its correct l i n e . T h e u n c o v e r i n g a n d l i q u i d a t i o n o f the p l o t h a t c h e d u p b y the i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l e n e m i e s i s a great v i c t o r y o f o u r P a r t y a n d people, a v i c t o r y o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m over r e v i s i o n i s m .
2. THE L E A D I N G ROLE OF T H E WORKING CLASS A N D THE EDUCATION OF THE WORKING MASSES
G u i d e d b y t h e P a r t y , t h e w o r k i n g class has stood i n the f o r e f r o n t in the g r e a t h i s t o r i c events o v e r the last 35 years o f s t r u g g l e a n d w o r k f o r the l i b e r a t i o n o f A l b a n i a and the t r i u m p h o f t h e people's r e v o l u t i o n , t h e a l l - r o u n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y on a socialist basis. T h i s i s one o f t h e p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r s i n t h e consistent development o f o u r r e v o l u t i o n o n t h e correct M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t course. T h e w o r k i n g class is the l e a d i n g class of the society. I t has its o w n p o l i t i c a l p a r t y t h a t leads it, a n d t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y t h a t l i g h t s its w a y . I t i s t h e bearer of t h e i d e a l s of s o c i a l i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m . It is l i n k e d w i t h the h i g h e s t f o r m o f socialist p r o p e r t y a n d the l e a d i n g sectors of t h e e c o n o m y , it is the m o s t conscious, organized, a n d d i s c i p l i n e d class. Its w e i g h t i n p r o d u c t i o n and the s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s s t e a d i l y g r o w i n g . A s M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches us, no class or social
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s t r a t u m other t h a n the w o r k i n g class c a n p l a y t h e l e a d i n g r o l e i n the s t r u g g l e t o e s t a b l i s h t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e n e w socialist society. T h i s r o l e w i l l b e p r e s e r v e d a n d s t r e n g t h e n e d i n t h e f u t u r e , too, so l o n g as classes a n d the state of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t e x i s t . I n t h e i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n the t w o Congresses, t h e P a r t y has done a l l - r o u n d w o r k s o t h a t the r o l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class i s felt a n d e x e r t e d p o w e r f u l l y e v e r y w h e r e , so t h a t the w o r k i n g class sets the t o n e f o r t h e e n t i r e l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y w i t h its i d e o l o g y , r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i g o u r a n d example. Consequently, the political activity of the w o r k i n g class, its a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e s o l u t i o n o f m a j o r p r o b l e m s o f t h e P a r t y a n d t h e state h a v e i n c r e a s e d a n d its direct c o n t r o l o v e r the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e P a r t y ' s p o l i c y i n a l l f i e l d s has been e x t e n d e d a n d s t r e n g t h e n e d . A v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n d i c a t i o n of t h e e n h a n c e m e n t of the r o l e of the w o r k i n g class is the fact t h a t a l a r g e n u m b e r o f cadres, w h o h a v e e m e r g e d f r o m a m o n g t h e r a n k s o f t h e w o r k i n g class, h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t i n t o t h e o r g a n s a n d a p p a r a t u s e s o f t h e P a r t y , the state p o w e r , t h e e c o n o m y and culture, and they have f u r t h e r invigorated a n d revol u t i o n i z e d a l l the w o r k . These results have been achieved t h r o u g h a fierce s t r u g g l e against l i b e r a l a n d b u r e a u c r a t i c , t e c h n o c r a t i c a n d i n d i v i d u a l i s t concepts a n d attitudes, w h i c h e x p r e s s e d l a c k o f c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e a b i l i t i e s o f t h e w o r k i n g class, w h i c h d i d not accept its c o n t r o l , o r accepted i t f o r f o r m ' s sake only, and w h i c h , in various forms and ways, overestimated t h e r o l e o f the a p p a r a t u s , o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d specialists. I n t h e f u t u r e , too, the P a r t y w i l l w o r k u n t i r i n g l y t o ensure a n d s t r e n g t h e n m o r e a n d m o r e t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n t h e e n t i r e l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h e w o r k i n g class p l a y s t h i s r o l e t h r o u g h its P a r t y a n d its p r o l e t a r i a n state. W i t h o u t t h e P a r t y , t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f
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the w o r k i n g class w o u l d r e m a i n a d e m a g o g i c a n d f r a u d u lent phrase. Only the revolutionary party of the working class, armed with the Marxist-Leninist theory, can make the working class conscious of its historic mission and clearly define the objectives of its struggle and the ways to attaining them. The Party organizes, educates and mobilizes the working class and all its allies and leads them in the complicated struggle to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and build socialism. T h e r e v i s i o n i s t s o f e v e r y hue, spread a n d are s p r e a d i n g a l l sorts of h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n o f the w o r k i n g class, the l e a d i n g r o l e o f its v a n g u a r d , p a r t y , i n the r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialist old and new. have v i e w s to negate the especially to liquidate the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t construction.
W i t h t h e i r theories o f the p a r t y a n d state o f t h e entire people, of the p a r t y as m e r e l y an i d e o l o g i c a l factor or an instrument of co-ordination, w i t h their sermons about s p o n t a n e i t y i n the w o r k e r s ' m o v e m e n t , p l u r a l i s m , and t r a n s i t i o n to s o c i a l i s m u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p of other p o l i t i c a l classes a n d forces, t h e y i n t e n d t o l e a v e the w o r k ing class w i t h o u t l e a d e r s h i p a n d d i s a r m e d i n the face o f the e n e m y , w h i c h i s o r g a n i z e d a n d a r m e d t o t h e teeth, to sabotage the r e v o l u t i o n , to e l i m i n a t e the t h e o r y a n d practice of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . O u r P a r t y has c o n t e m p t u o u s l y r e j e c t e d these r e a c t i o n a r y theories, a s w e l l a s t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d a n a r c h i s t views of self-administration, and direct leadership by the w o r k i n g class. I t h a s p u t o u r w o r k i n g class i n t h e historic r o l e w h i c h b e l o n g s t o i t i n the socialist society. T h i s i s i n c o m p l e t e o p p o s i t i o n t o the concepts a n d p r a c tices o f the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s w h o treat the w o r k ing class of t h e i r c o u n t r i e s as m e r e l y a p r o d u c t i v e force, and h a v e t r a n s f o r m e d i t i n t o a n oppressed a n d e x p l o i t e d class, at w h o s e e x p e n s e t h e n e w b o u r g e o i s i e is g r o w ing r i c h .
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In our country, there is no p r o b l e m of the policy of t h e P a r t y a n d state o n w h i c h the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e other w o r k i n g masses d o n o t h a v e t h e i r s a y a n d i n the solution of w h i c h they do not take an active part. T h e P a r t y has a t t a c h e d a n d continues t o a t t a c h great i m p o r t ance t o c o n s u l t i n g the w o r k i n g class a n d the o t h e r w o r k i n g masses, t o t h e e x t e n s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c r i t i c i s m b y the masses o f s h o r t c o m i n g s a n d w e a k n e s s e s a t w o r k , a n d e n c o u r a g i n g t h e a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n g o v e r n i n g the c o u n t r y . T h e P a r t y has p a i d a n d c o n t i n u e s t o p a y s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e d i r e c t c o n t r o l b y t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e other w o r k i n g masses, t o t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s great Leninist principle in practice. It regards this control, w h i c h i s e x e r c i s e d u n d e r its l e a d e r s h i p o v e r a l l state a n d social a c t i v i t y , as a u n i v e r s a l a n d p e r m a n e n t p r i n c i p l e of o u r socialist society i n a l l its spheres a n d l i n k s , a s a n e x p r e s s i o n of the exercise of the d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t b y the w o r k i n g class i n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e p e a s a n t r y . T h e w o r k e r c o n t r o l is one of t h e v i t a l aspects of the class s t r u g g l e t o e n s u r e the t r i u m p h o f s o c i a l i s m , t o p r e v e n t t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n of the socialist order, a n d is a great school for the revolutionary education of the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e o t h e r w o r k i n g masses. T h e exercise o f d i r e c t w o r k e r a n d peasant c o n t r o l has y i e l d e d results o f great v a l u e i n d e t e c t i n g a n d a v o i d i n g m a n y s h o r t c o m i n g s a n d weaknesses, m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f l i b e r a l i s m , d i s t o r t i o n s a n d v i o l a t i o n s o f state l a w s a n d n o r m s of o u r society. It has s e r v e d as a p o w e r f u l m e a n s to s h a k e off the dust o f b u r e a u c r a c y a n d r o u t i n e i n m a n y a d m i n istrations, e c o n o m i c e n t e r p r i s e s a n d c u l t u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , a m o n g p a r t y cadres a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s , to create a l i v e l y revolutionary atmosphere a l l over the country, to implem e n t the l i n e o f t h e P a r t y c o r r e c t l y , a n d t o c a r r y out t h e tasks i n a l l fields o f socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n s u c c e s s f u l l y .
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Recently, the P a r t y took important measures to put the w o r k e r a n d p e a s a n t c o n t r o l o n a s o u n d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l basis a n d to r a i s e it to a h i g h e r q u a l i t a t i v e l e v e l . The consolidation of the organization of worker and peasant control groups, the qualified guidance of this control by the party organizations and committees, orientation and guidance of it to the most essential questions connected with the implementation of the line and decisions of the Party, better combination of worker and peasant control from below with state control from above, the summing up of the revolutionary experience of this control, in order to make it ever more thorough and richer in content and find new fruitful forms of exercising it, have now come to the fore . The further enhancement and strengthening of the l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class, the g r o w t h o f its i d e o p o l i t i c a l i n f l u e n c e a n d t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f its w o r k depend, to a c o n s i d e r a b l e extent, on its r e v o l u t i o n a r y e d u c a t i o n a n d t e m p e r i n g , on r a i s i n g its consciousness to s u c h a l e v e l as to e n a b l e it a c c o m p l i s h its m i s s i o n in socialist society. O n t h i s issue, t h e P a r t y b e a r s i n m i n d t h e fact t h a t our w o r k i n g class i s r e l a t i v e l y y o u n g , t h a t t h e b u l k o f the w o r k e r s c o m e f r o m n o n - p r o l e t a r i a n s t r a t a , t h a t its r a n k s are b e i n g r e p l e n i s h e d e v e r y d a y w i t h y o u n g w o r k e r s s t r a i g h t f r o m school, w h o l a c k e x p e r i e n c e i n w o r k a n d i n l i f e . A l l these t h i n g s , a s w e l l a s t h e w e a k n e s s e s i n the e d u c a t i o n a l w o r k , a r e some o f t h e reasons t h a t m a n y w o r k e r s d o n o t a l w a y s p l a y t h e r o l e t h a t belongs t o t h e i r class as t h e y s h o u l d , f a i l to s p e a k o u t c o u r a g e o u s l y a n d w i t h m a t u r i t y , d o n o t f e e l t h e great r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t h e y have t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e l i n e a n d decisions o f the P a r t y are c a r r i e d o u t c o r r e c t l y b y e v e r y b o d y , i n s i d e a n d outside the e n t e r p r i s e , d o n o t a l w a y s w o r k i n a h i g h r e v o l u t i o n a r y spirit, w i t h p r o l e t a r i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d d i s c i p l i n e . T h e r e f o r e , in the future, too, the Party will have to
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work persistently to educate the working class with the Marxist-Leninist ideology, to make it conscious of its role and tasks, so that it will be a staunch fighter for the construction of socialism, the strengthening of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the defence of the Homeland. T h e w o r k i n g class itself m u s t s t a n d i n t h e f o r e f r o n t o f the s t r u g g l e t o c a r r y out t h e t a s k s o f t h e state p l a n , p u t t h e g e n e r a l interest a b o v e e v e r y t h i n g , protect t h e c o m m o n property, w o r k with high productivity and quality, s t r e n g t h e n d i s c i p l i n e a t w o r k , become i n n o v a t o r a n d creator, p r e s e r v e a n d f u r t h e r d e v e l o p its p r o l e t a r i a n f e a tures a n d ceaselessly raise its e d u c a t i o n a l , c u l t u r a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l l e v e l . I n t h i s w a y t h e w o r k i n g class can educate the c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y , the y o u t h , the i n t e l l i gentsia, a l l the w o r k i n g people o f o u r c o u n t r y w i t h its e x a m p l e a n d i n its s p i r i t . T h e T r a d e U n i o n s , w h i c h d o great w o r k t o educate and mobilize the w o r k e r s and the other w o r k i n g people f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the n e w society, h a v e a s p e c i a l role and responsibility to m a k e this w o r k more thorough a n d c a r r y i t f u r t h e r . T h e m a i n task o f the T r a d e U n i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n has b e e n a n d s t i l l i s the c o m m u n i s t e d u c a t i o n o f the w o r k i n g people. A n y t e n d e n c y t o u n d e r r a t e t h e e d u c a t i o n a l w o r k o f the t r a d e - u n i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d t o convert them into adjuncts of administrations a n d the e c o n o m i c organs, i s h i g h l y d a n g e r o u s a n d l e a d s t o t h e d i v e r s i o n o f the T r a d e U n i o n s f r o m t h e i r f u n c t i o n a s schools of c o m m u n i s m . T h e v i e w t o the effect t h a t t h e T r a d e U n i o n s s h o u l d c o n c e r n t h e m s e l v e s w i t h e d u c a t i o n a l o n e a n d not i n v o l v e themselves in economic problems, w h i c h is encountered in some cases, i s also g r o s s l y w r o n g . O f course, t h e T r a d e U n i o n s h a v e n o r e a s o n t o d o t h e w o r k o f state a n d econ o m i c organs, o r d u p l i c a t e t h e m . B u t i t w o u l d b e u t t e r l y unforgivable for them not to interest themselves in p r o -
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d u c t i o n , i n t h e c a r r y i n g out o f t h e tasks o f the state p l a n . T h i s w o u l d create t h e d a n g e r o f t h e b u r e a u c r a t i z a t i o n o f t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m y . T h e effect o f the e d u c a t i o n a l w o r k o f the t r a d e - u n i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n s depends v e r y g r e a t l y o n l i n k i n g i t closely w i t h p r o d u c t i o n , a t h i n g w h i c h c a n n o t b e done w e l l w i t h o u t b e i n g f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e e c o n o m y . A t the same t i m e , i t d e v olves on the T r a d e U n i o n s to w a g e a m o r e energetic s t r u g g l e against a n y b u r e a u c r a t i c a c t i o n t h a t i n f r i n g e s t h e r i g h t s o f t h e w o r k i n g people, g u a r a n t e e d b y l a w , i n t h e slightest degree. W h i l e recognizing the leading role of the w o r k i n g class, the P a r t y has a l w a y s c o r r e c t l y assessed the p l a c e a n d t h e great p o t e n t i a l o f t h e peasantry i n o u r society. In the fire of the w a r for the liberation of A l b a n i a and the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e people's p o w e r , i n t h e f i e r c e class battles f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , the P a r t y created a n d t e m p e r e d t h e p o w e r f u l a l l i a n c e o f t h e w o r k i n g class w i t h t h e w o r k i n g p e a s a n t r y u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e w o r k i n g class. T h i s a l l i a n c e has b e e n a n d r e m a i n s t h e basic p r i n c i p l e of the d i c t a t o r s h i p of the p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e u n i t y o f t h e p e o p l e a r o u n d the P a r t y . T h e P a r t y a n d the state o f the w o r k i n g class h a v e implemented a broad p r o g r a m of an all-round political a n d i d e o l o g i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l - c u l t u r a l character, that has l e d t o d e e p - g o i n g r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s i n the c o u n t r y s i d e a n d t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the a l l i a n c e o f t h e w o r k i n g class w i t h t h e p e a s a n t r y . T o d a y the w h o l e of o u r c o u n t r y s i d e , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , has set out on the road of s o c i a l i s m . T h i s is a great h i s t o r i c v i c t o r y of t h e line of the P a r t y and our revolution. H o w e v e r , the P a r t y i s a w a r e t h a t e s s e n t i a l d i s t i n c tions b e t w e e n t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e e x i s t a n d w i l l b e p r e s e r v e d f o r a l o n g t i m e to come. T h e s t r u g g l e to r e d u c e them is the m a i n w a y to strengthen the alliance of the
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w o r k i n g class w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y a n d a n i n d i s p e n s a b l e c o n d i t i o n to close a n y p a t h s to b o u r g e o i s degeneration. The P a r t y is continually t a k i n g measures t o e n s u r e t h a t the d i s t i n c t i o n s b e t w e e n c o u n t r y s i d e a n d t o w n are s t e a d i l y r e d u c e d . B e c a u s e o f the g r e a t r o l e i t has p l a y e d a n d c o n t i n u e s t o p l a y i n t h e socialist society, the p e a s a n t r y o f o u r c o u n t r y deserves e v e r y t h i n g t h a t has b e e n d o n e t o m a k e t h e c o u n t r y s i d e progress a n d f l o u r i s h . I n t h e past i t b o r e the m a i n b r u n t o f the e a r l i e r l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s a n d t h e Anti-fascist N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r , it became the d e cisive f o r c e f o r the r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y , f r o m its r a n k s i t b r o u g h t f o r t h t h e n e w w o r k i n g class, i t h a s always s h o w n itself to be patriotic, revolutionary, and l o y a l t o t h e P a r t y a n d t h e cause o f t h e w o r k i n g class. In the future, too, the Party will give special attention to drawing the peasantry into increasingly active participation in the political, economic and social life of the country, to educating it politically and ideologically, to raising its educational, cultural, and professional level, and to consolidating the cooperativist system more and more. I n the e d u c a t i o n a l w o r k , i t s h o u l d n o t b e f o r g o t t e n that, f o r k n o w n reasons, the m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t h e f e e l i n g o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y a n d the h a n g o v e r s o f p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s p s y c h o l o g y s t i l l h a v e s t r o n g roots i n the c o u n t r y s i d e . T h e y a r e a source of m a n y evils, of h a n k e r i n g a f t e r n a r r o w self-interest, absenteeism, d a m a g e t o s o c i a l p r o p e r t y , a n d s o o n . T h e p e a s a n t r y m u s t r e s o l u t e l y c o m b a t these a l i e n manifestations, strengthen the spirit of collectivism, take a n a c t i v e p a r t i n the class s t r u g g l e a n d w o r k h a r d f o r t h e progress o f a g r i c u l t u r e a n d o u r socialist c o u n t r y s i d e . A s a l w a y s , the w o r k i n g class m u s t s t a n d b y its a l l y , m u s t exercise its c o n t r o l o v e r a l l t h e state a n d e c o n o m i c organs c o n c e r n e d w i t h the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f the P a r t y p o l i c y i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , a n d deepen the great r e v o l u -
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t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t T o m a k e a g r i c u l t u r e the c o n c e r n o f t h e e n t i r e people. T h r o u g h its e x a m p l e , i t m u s t educate a l l t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e t o l o v e the c o u n t r y s i d e , respect and honour f a r m work, fight any manifestation of cont e m p t f o r t h e c o u n t r y s i d e a n d f o r w o r k t h e r e . A t the s a m e t i m e , i t i s necessary t o c o m b a t a l l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f m i s t r u s t b y t h e c o u n t r y s i d e f o r the t o w n i n o r d e r t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e m i l i t a n t a l l i a n c e b e t w e e n t h e w o r k i n g class a n d the c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y m o r e a n d m o r e . T h e intelligentsia o f o u r c o u n t r y , w h i c h has e m e r g e d f r o m a m o n g t h e w o r k e r s a n d the peasants, has p l a y e d a n d c o n t i n u e s t o p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n the a l l - r o u n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f socialist A l b a n i a . U n l i k e t h e r e v i s i o n i s t countries w h e r e it became the m a i n force of counterr e v o l u t i o n t o l i q u i d a t e t h e gains o f s o c i a l i s m , o u r i n t e l l i g e n t s i a serves t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the p r o l e t a r i a t , the peop l e a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n , i t stands u n i t e d closely a r o u n d t h e P a r t y . T h i s i s a n o t h e r great v i c t o r y f o r t h e p o l i c y o f the Party. I n s t r u g g l e against l i b e r a l a n d t e c h n o c r a t i c concepts, m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f b u r e a u c r a c y a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l i s t conceit, a n d tendencies to c o m m a n d i s m and privilege-seeking, o c c a s i o n a l l y e n c o u n t e r e d a m o n g i n t e l l e c t u a l s , the Party is moulding the intelligentsia ever more thoroughly with the Marxist-Leninist ideology, with the moral features and qualities of workers and peasants. It educates it a n d m a k e s i t m o r e conscious o f its r o l e i n society, p u t s i t i n such c o n d i t i o n s o f w o r k a n d l i f e t h a t i t w i l l a l w a y s b e close t o t h e p e o p l e a n d u n d e r t h e p e r m a n e n t c o n t r o l o f the masses. A t the s a m e t i m e , t h e P a r t y r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a m u s t c o n s t a n t l y increase its k n o w l e d g e a n d p u t it at t h e s e r v i c e of t h e socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e country, and take an active part in the technical-scientific r e v o l u t i o n a n d the e n t i r e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e socialist culture.
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The heroic youth of our country have been and r e m a i n a n active f o r c e o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d a l o y a l a u x i l i a r y o f the P a r t y . T h e 35-years' e x p e r i e n c e o f the P a r t y s h o w s t h a t w h e n the i n e x h a u s t i b l e r e v o l u t i o n a r y energies o f t h e y o u t h are m e r g e d w i t h the energies o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e o t h e r w o r k i n g masses, u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a n P a r t y , t h e r e i s n o f o r c e w h i c h can stop the t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m . O u r y o u t h a r e s u r r o u n d e d b y the s p e c i a l care o f t h e P a r t y a n d t h e e n t i r e society. G r e a t prospects, w h i c h g u a rantee t h e i r present a n d f u t u r e a n d g i v e a l o f t y c o n t e n t a n d m e a n i n g t o t h e i r l i f e , h a v e been o p e n e d t o t h e m . T h e P a r t y has e v e r b e t t e r f u l f i l l e d the c u l t u r a l a n d s p i r i t u a l a s p i r a t i o n s a n d v a r i o u s m a t e r i a l needs o f the y o u t h , i t has m o b i l i z e d t h e m i n r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions a n d g i v e n t h e m the r o l e o f a c t i v e a n d i m p o r t a n t p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialist society. T h e r e f o r e , o u r y o u t h , too, h a v e a l w a y s f o l l o w e d the P a r t y e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y , o p t i m i s t i c a l l y a n d f a i t h f u l l y , a n d h a v e gone a l l out t o m a k e t h e H o m e l a n d f l o u r i s h , a n d t o s t r e n g t h e n its defence. W e see a n e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t p i c t u r e i n the b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t countries, w h e r e u n c e r t a i n t y f o r t h e p r e s ent a n d fear o f the f u t u r e nags a t t h e y o u t h d a y i n a n d d a y out. E v e r y second o f e v e r y h o u r t h e i r m i n d s a r e b e i n g poisoned by confusing propaganda, urging them to an e m p t y , d i s s i p a t e d l i f e , d e v o i d o f ideals, w h i c h a l i e n a t e s them f r o m the revolution, w h i c h drives t h e m to the road o f c r i m e a n d h o o l i g a n i s m , a n d casts t h e m i n t o a n a r c h i s m , a d v e n t u r i s m , U t o p i a a n d despair. Our Party aims to keep the communist ideals and the healthy revolutionary spirit always alive in the minds and hearts of the youth, to educate them to be loyal fighters of the Party, ready to dedicate their energies, talent and lives to the construction of socialism and the defence of
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the Homeland . L e d b y the P a r t y , t h e y o u t h m u s t ceaselessly develop the spirit of revolutionary initiative and a c t i o n i n p r o d u c t i o n a n d i n a l l f i e l d s . T h e y m u s t deepen their irreconcilable stand and be constantly on the attack against the class e n e m y , against a n y i n f l u e n c e of the b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t ideology, l i b e r a l a n d c o n s e r v a t i v e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s w h i c h i n h i b i t progress. T h e y m u s t s t r e n g then their w i l l and perseverance to acquire knowledge a n d c u l t u r e , become p o w e r f u l s u p p o r t e r s o f t e c h n i c a l a n d s c i e n t i f i c progress. T h e fact t h a t t h e r e are a f e w y o u n g people w h o ape c e r t a i n aspects o f the b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i sionist w a y o f l i f e , d i s p l a y c e r t a i n s y m t o m p s a l i e n t o p r o l e t a r i a n m o r a l i t y , w h o d e m a n d f r o m society m o r e t h a n t h e y c o n t r i b u t e , speaks m a i n l y o f gaps a n d w e a k n e s s e s i n o u r e d u c a t i o n a l w o r k . T h e e n t i r e society, t h e f a m i l y a n d t h e w o r k i n g collectives, the schools a n d v a r i o u s i n s t i tutions, t h e mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d the state organs m u s t w o r k , u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the P a r t y , s o that o u r y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n w i l l b e a shock d e t a c h m e n t i n the front-ranks of the revolution. T h e great actions o f t h e y o u t h t o b u i l d r a i l w a y s , roads, b r e a k i n v i r g i n l a n d , etc. b y v o l u n t a r y w o r k , i n w h i c h almost the entire younger generation have taken part, a s w e l l a s t h e i r m o v e m e n t s W e m u s t l e a r n f r o m the w o r k i n g class, W e m u s t w o r k w h e r e v e r the H o m e l a n d needs us, W e m u s t g o t o w o r k a n d l i v e i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , a n d s o o n , are v a l u e d , w e l c o m e d , a n d p o w e r f u l l y s u p p o r t e d b y t h e P a r t y a s great r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions a n d m o v e m e n t s , as schools f o r the c o m m u n i s t education a n d t e m p e r i n g o f t h e y o u t h . I n the f u t u r e , too, the P a r t y w i l l e n t r u s t t h e y o u t h a n d t h e i r m i l i t a n t o r g a n ization, the A l b a n i a n L a b o u r Y o u t h U n i o n , w i t h i m p o r tant actions, i n the f i r m b e l i e f t h a t o u r y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n w i l l , a s a l w a y s , c a r r y t h e m t h r o u g h t o the e n d successfully. A l l o w m e t o greet e s p e c i a l l y those t h o u s a n d s
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of young men and w o m e n w h o have responded to the call o f the P a r t y t o w o r k a n d l i v e i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , a n d express m y c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h o u s a n d s o f o t h e r s w i l l f o l l o w t h e i r e x a m p l e t o s t r e n g t h e n o u r socialist c o u n t r y s i d e a n d m a k e i t progress. U n d e r the leadership of the Party, the A l b a n i a n L a b o u r Y o u t h U n i o n has p l a y e d a great r o l e i n the e d u c a t i o n o f t h e y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n . I t has g a i n e d w i d e e x perience in the organization a n d m o b i l i z a t i o n of the y o u t h f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . I n t h e f u t u r e , the y 6 u t h o r g a n i z a t i o n i s c a l l e d u p o n t o f u r t h e r i n v i g o r a t e its p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l i f e a n d a c t i v i t y , t o e x t e n d the scope o f this a c t i v i t y i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e age a n d w i d e r a n g i n g i n t e r e s t s o f t h e y o u t h , i n w o r k a n d defence, e d u c a t i o n a n d c u l t u r e , science a n d t e c h n o l o g y , sports a n d p h y s i c a l c u l t u r e , m a k i n g better use o f a l l t h a t great m a t e r i a l base t h e P a r t y a n d t h e people's p o w e r h a v e c r e a t e d . The P a r t y and the people w a n t the y o u t h to be h e a l t h y , strong, capable i n w o r k a n d defence. T h e l a r g e scale d e v e l o p m e n t o f p h y s i c a l c u l t u r e a n d sports, t o w h i c h the y o u t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s h o u l d p a y s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n , i s e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t i n this d i r e c t i o n . T h e Y o u t h U n i o n s h o u l d f i g h t t o s t r e n g t h e n its o r g a n ization, discarding as dangerous any tendency to l i b e r a l i s m i n t h e l i f e o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , s u c h a s those w h i c h showed up prior to the 4th P l e n u m of the C e n t r a l C o m mittee of the P a r t y and w h i c h were strongly condemned b y t h e e n t i r e y o u t h . T h e Y o u t h O r g a n i z a t i o n has b e e n and w i l l always remain a militant political organization, a l o y a l a u x i l i a r y of t h e P a r t y . T h e correct M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y has led to that true, deep-going, a n d v e r y b r o a d revolution w h i c h has t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e l i f e o f t h e A l b a n i a n w o m a n . O u r e x p e r i e n c e has f u l l y c o n f i r m e d t h e necessity o f l i n k i n g the problem of the complete emancipation of the
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w o m a n w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n a n d the cause o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . W i t h o u t t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f the w o m a n t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n c a n n o t b e s u c c e s s f u l l y c a r r i e d out, a n d w i t h o u t t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n t h e c o m plete e m a n c i p a t i o n o f t h e w o m a n c a n n o t b e a c h i e v e d . T h e energies a n d a b i l i t i e s o f the w o m a n , w h i c h l a y d o r m a n t a n d s u p p r e s s e d i n t h e past, h a v e b u r s t out p o w e r f u l l y a n d i r r e s i s t i b l y i n a l l f i e l d s o f o u r socialist l i f e . T h e A l b a n i a n w o m a n has c o m e out i n t o the a r e n a o f the struggle for socialism f u l l of dignity, a n d is outstanding for her h i g h r e v o l u t i o n a r y spirit, her determination and patriotism, and distinguishes herself at w o r k and in life. T o d a y , she i s f o u n d e v e r y w h e r e , i n f i e l d s a n d factories, i n schools a n d l a b o r a t o r i e s . H i g h l y r e s p o n s i b l e p o s i t i o n s i n t h e P a r t y a n d t h e state h a v e b e e n e n t r u s t e d t o her. N e w r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f e q u a l i t y are b e i n g e s t a b l i s h e d b e t w e e n h u s b a n d a n d w i f e a t w o r k a n d i n the f a m i l y . T h e e m a n c i p a t i o n o f t h e w o m a n i s s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e socialist d e m o c r a c y d a y b y d a y . T h i s bears out M a r x ' s a f f i r m a tion that the level of emancipation of the w o m a n represents a n a t u r a l y a r d s t i c k of g e n e r a l e m a n c i p a t i o n . O u r reality refutes a l l the bourgeois a n d revisionist theories o n t h e r o a d s t o t h e e m a n c i p a t i o n o f t h e w o m a n . T h e a t t e m p t s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i n the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s to t u r n the struggle for the emancipation of the w o r k i n g w o m a n against her husband, children and family, are aimed at diverting her f r o m the revolutionary struggle and d i s r u p t i n g t h e c o m m o n f r o n t o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d the w o r k i n g people against t h e r e a l oppressors a n d e x p l o i t e r s . T h e d e m a g o g y o f t h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s , too, r e l a t i n g t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h i s m a j o r s o c i a l p r o b l e m t o the p o l i c y o f peace a n d d i s a r m a m e n t , i s i n t e n d e d t o m a k e the w o m a n g i v e u p t h e r e v o l u t i o n . I n the f u t u r e , too, the P a r t y w i l l c o n s i s t e n t l y f i g h t t o c a r r y out its p r o g r a m f o r t h e c o m p l e t e e m a n c i p a t i o n
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of t h e w o m a n . It is the duty of the party organizations, the state organs and all the mass organizations to always make a correct assessment of the real abilities of women, which the Party has so carefully awakened, cultivated and developed, though it is the task of the women themselves to fight like revolutionaries to assert their personality ever better . At the same t i m e , on t h e basis of t h e possibilities ensured by the economic development of the country, better material conditions must be created to l i g h t e n t h e w o m a n ' s b u r d e n of h o u s e h o l d chores so as to raise t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f h e r w o r k o n t h e p r o d u c t i o n f r o n t and her activity in political, social and cultural life to a higher level. W e n o t e w i t h s p e c i a l s a t i s f a c t i o n that, t h r o u g h t h e i r o w n e f f o r t s a n d t h a n k s t o t h e care o f the P a r t y , w o m e n are n a r r o w i n g the e d u c a t i o n a l , c u l t u r a l a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o f e s s i o n a l gap b e t w e e n t h e m a n d m e n . N o w , 3 7 p e r cent o f a l l t h e cadres w i t h m e d i u m a n d h i g h e r t r a i n i n g a r e w o m e n . In the future, we must fight to achieve complete e q u a l i t y i n t h i s f i e l d , too. T h e w o m e n c o m r a d e s i n l e a d i n g posts h a v e d i s t i n g u i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s f o r t h e i r l o y a l t y t o t h e l i n e o f t h e P a r t y , t h e i r a b i l i t i e s a s leaders a n d o r g a n izers, f o r t h e i r k n o w l e d g e a n d c u l t u r e . T h i s c o n f i r m s t h e correctness o f t h e d i r e c t i v e o f t h e P a r t y t h a t w o m e n s h o u l d b e p r o m o t e d b o l d l y t o posts o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , f r o m t h e l o w e s t t o t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l s o f t h e p a r t y a n d state organs. T h o s e s e c t a r i a n a t t i t u d e s w h i c h u n d e r r a t e t h e abilities of w o m e n and hinder the implementation of this p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y are v e r y h a r m f u l . A l i e n patriarchal and conservative, bourgeois a n d l i b e r a l concepts a r e s t i l l a great b a r r i e r t o t h e a l l - r o u n d a f f i r m a t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n a l i t y o f the w o m a n . U n d e r t h e leadership of the Party, the active Organization of the W o m e n ' s U n i o n o f A l b a n i a , t h e state a n d a l l t h e m a s s o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t h e s c h o o l a n d society h a v e t h e d u t y t o
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educate w o m e n a n d m e n in the spirit of the struggle for t h e c o m p l e t e e m a n c i p a t i o n o f a l l m e m b e r s o f o u r socialist society, s o t h a t e v e r y b o d y , m e n a n d w o m e n , y o u n g a n d old, m a y m a r c h ahead triumphantly. Constant preservation and strengthening of the unity of the people around the Party constitutes one of the most fundamental problems of the entire work of the Party and its levers, a decisive condition for the triumph of the revolution, the construction of socialist society and the defence of the homeland. T h e u n i t y of our people is not a u n i t y dependent on c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d t e m p o r a r y alliances. It is a l i v e a n d m i l i t a n t u n i t y of the people a r o u n d the P a r t y , created i n t h e w a r f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f the c o u n t r y a n d c e m e n t ed in the struggle for the implementation of the r e v o l u tionary M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t policy and ideology of the Party. B u t u n i t y i s n o t s o m e t h i n g g i v e n once a n d f o r a l l . The struggle to strengthen it must be continuous and permanent. T h e enemies have attempted to attack this unity, t o create s p l i t s b e t w e e n t h e p e o p l e a n d t h e P a r t y , a n d t h e y w i l l a t t e m p t t o d o s o a g a i n i n the f u t u r e . M a n i f e s t a tions o f b u r e a u c r a c y a n d l i b e r a l i s m , a t t i t u d e s a n d actions w h i c h r u n c o u n t e r t o t h e decisions o f t h e P a r t y , a n d i m p a i r t h e c o r r e c t r e l a t i o n s o f t h e P a r t y w i t h t h e masses also d a m a g e t h i s u n i t y . T h e r e m n a n t s a n d i n f l u e n c e s o f a l i e n ideologies, w h i c h a r e o p p o s e d t o t h e n e w n o r m s o f the s o c i a l i s t society, v i o l a t e it. H e n c e , t h e great t a s k s f a c i n g t h e P a r t y t o s a f e g u a r d the u n i t y o f t h e p e o p l e l i k e t h e a p p l e o f its eye, t o steel it and m a k e it even more invulnerable. This requires that w e m a i n t a i n h i g h r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i g i l a n c e , w a g e t h e class struggle ceaselessly a n d c o r r e c t l y , c a r r y out t h e p a r t y directives w i t h precision, a n d solve the various contradictions w h i c h a r i s e a m o n g t h e p e o p l e i n a t i m e l y m a n n e r . T h e Democratic Front of Albania , t h i s great p o l i t i c a l
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o r g a n i z a t i o n w h i c h realizes the u n i t y o f the A l b a n i a n p e o p l e u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e P a r t y , h a s w i d e scope o f a c t i o n i n t h i s f i e l d . I n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e other s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t h e F r o n t i s c a l l e d u p o n t o c a r r y out a l l r o u n d w o r k w i t h the u r b a n a n d r u r a l masses t o m a k e t h e policy, orientations and directives of the P a r t y clear to t h e m , t o educate t h e m i n t h e s p i r i t o f socialist p a t r i o t i s m , revolutionary vigilance, combat readiness a n d irreconcilability towards all alien manifestations, to constantly s t r e n g t h e n a n d t e m p e r t h e u n i t y o f t h e people. T h e D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t has b e e n a n d r e m a i n s a great t r i b u n e o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y o p i n i o n of the masses, a p o w e r f u l l e v e r o f the P a r t y t o d r a w t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n t o g o v e r n i n g t h e c o u n t r y a n d s o l v i n g p r o b l e m s o f t h e socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d the defence o f t h e h o m e l a n d . ......................
4. EDUCATION, C U L T U R E A N D SCIENCE M U S T BE RAISED TO THE L E V E L OF THE TASKS OF THE TIME
D u r i n g the y e a r s since t h e 6 t h C o n g r e s s g r e a t strides a h e a d h a v e b e e n t a k e n f o r the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e d i r e c t i v e s o f the P a r t y i n the f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n , c u l t u r e , a r t a n d science. T h e s e i m p o r t a n t sectors h a v e b e e n a c t i v e l y engaged i n t h e great s t r u g g l e w a g e d b y o u r e n t i r e people f o r the socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h e P a r t y has a l w a y s s h o w n p a r t i c u l a r care f o r e d u c a t i o n , f o r t h e u n i n t e r r u p t e d r a i s i n g o f its i d e o l o g i c a l a n d scientific level. Implementing the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r o g r a m a p p r o v e d b y t h e 8 t h P l e n u m o f the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e i n 1968. a n d the 6 t h C o n g r e s s o f the P a r t y f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i z a t i o n of e d u c a t i o n , o u r school has u n d e r g o n e great changes and achieved m a n y results in the strengthening of the
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i d e o l o g i c a l axis, i n the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s : lessons, p r o d u c t i v e w o r k , p h y s i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g , i n r a i s i n g the s c i e n t i f i c l e v e l o f the school a n d i n l i n k i n g i t w i t h l i f e . C o m m e n d a b l e w o r k has been done in d r a w i n g up plans and programs and compiling new textb o o k s f o r a l l categories o f schools. T h e s y s t e m o f e d u c a t i o n has b e e n i m p r o v e d a n d e x t e n d e d . T h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d f o r t h e p u p i l s a n d students t o a c q u i r e more knowledge, to be better trained for production and defence, t o b e e d u c a t e d a n d t e m p e r e d i n the s p i r i t o f the w o r k i n g class, w i t h p r o l e t a r i a n d i s c i p l i n e a n d m o r a l i t y . O u r school is more a n d m o r e consolidating itself as a socialist school, w i t h o r i g i n a l f e a t u r e s a n d a p o p u l a r c h a r a c t e r . I t i s f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n i n g its r e v o l u t i o n a r y class s p i r i t . T h i s process has gone t h r o u g h a s t e r n class s t r u g g l e , against c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d l i b e r a l , b u r e a u c r a t i c a n d t e c h n o c r a t i c concepts a n d practices, a g a i n s t b o u r g e o i s a n d revisionist influences and borrowings, w h i c h were strongl y c r i t i c i z e d also a t t h e 4 t h a n d 7th P l e n u m s o f the C e n tral Committee. Despite a l l the struggle waged, the m a j o r tasks w h i c h t h e e d u c a t i o n a l r e f o r m l a i d d o w n f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n i z a t i o n of t h e content of t e a c h i n g a n d e d u c a t i o n h a v e not b e e n f u l f i l l e d c o m p l e t e l y . T h e r e are s t i l l shortcomings and weaknesses w h i c h must be overcome, there a r e p r o b l e m s w h i c h are b e i n g s o l v e d w i t h d i f f i c u l t y a n d h e s i t a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y those c o n n e c t e d w i t h the f u l l harmonization of the three components. In the method o f w o r k o f t h e o r g a n s o f e d u c a t i o n t h e r e are s t i l l m a nifestations of practicism, a n d little effort is made to s t u d y a n d s u m u p t h e p r a c t i c e o f o u r school. The former leaders of the M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n and Culture exerted a negative influence on the i m p l e m e n t a tion o f t h e p r o g r a m l a i d d o w n b y the P a r t y f o r t h e d e v e l opment of education through their h a r m f u l w o r k w h i c h
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was characterized by a liberal and bureaucratic spirit, shallowness and inertia. F o r t h e f u t u r e , too, the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the i d e o l o g i c a l content of a l l t h e w o r k of t h e school, constitutes the f u n d a m e n t a l a n d most i m p o r t a n t aspect o f t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f the p o l i c y o f the P a r t y f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n i z a t i o n of education. The m a i n thing is to w o r k for a more thoro u g h a s s i m i l a t i o n o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , o f the t h e o r e t i c a l t h i n k i n g a n d t e a c h i n g s o f o u r P a r t y , w h i c h m u s t become m o r e a n d m o r e t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e process o f t e a c h i n g a n d e d u c a t i o n , m u s t p e r m e a t e a l l subjects. T h e b o o k i s h l e a r n i n g o f M a r x i s m , w h i c h i s s t i l l a p p a r e n t i n the school, a s w e l l a s the slowness i n r e f l e c t i n g t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e P a r t y a n d o u r socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n i n the t e x t b o o k s a n d i n the t e a c h i n g process, i m p e d e t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the e d u c a t i o n a l a n d f o r m a t i v e r o l e o f the school. H e n c e , the i m p o r t a n t task o f i m p r o v i n g the p r o g r a m s , t e x t b o o k s a n d lessons i n t h e subject o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , o f e n s u r i n g a closer l i n k i n g o f the lessons w i t h l i f e , w i t h t h e great w o r k a n d s t r u g g l e the p e o p l e a r e w a g i n g u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p of t h e P a r t y , of m a k i n g e x t e n s i v e use of the studies a n d g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s c a r r i e d out i n t h e f i e l d o f social sciences. The educational role of the school in the all-round communist formation of the new generation will be strengthened the more the school and the youth are engaged in the class struggle for the development of the revolution and the solution of the concrete problems of the socialist construction of the country. In putting before the school the task of introducing the t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s a n d o f t h e i r h a r m o n i z a t i o n , the P a r t y i s a i m i n g t o a c h i e v e t w o m a j o r objectives, t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y e d u c a t i o n a n d t e m p e r i n g o f t h e y o u t h , a n d the r a i s i n g o f the q u a l i t y o f a l l the w o r k o f t h e school. B u t i n practice, despite the e f f o r t s m a d e a n d t h e r e s u l t s
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a c h i e v e d , w e a r e s t i l l o n t h e i n i t i a l stage o f t h e s o l u t i o n of this problem. W h a t is required is the complete and o r g a n i c i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s , i n content a n d i n m e t h o d , s o t h a t t h e y c o m p l e m e n t e a c h other. T h e school, a s the p l a c e w h e r e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y Marxist-Leninist pedagogical t h i n k i n g of our P a r t y is a p p l i e d , has t h e d u t y t o a c q u a i n t i t s e l f w i t h a n d s t u d y the best a c h i e v e m e n t s i n t h i s f i e l d , t o d i s s e m i n a t e t h e m and carry t h e m further in order to ensure more creative a n d f r u i t f u l t e a c h i n g a n d e d u c a t i o n a l w o r k . T h i s constitutes a w i d e and important sphere of scientific w o r k i n t h e e d u c a t i o n sector. A major problem remains, a deeper mass character and system, by setting up a broader o f schools, e s p e c i a l l y v o c a t i o n a l part-time. that of g i v i n g the school of i m p r o v i n g t h e school and more varied network ones, b o t h f u l l - t i m e a n d
T h e u n i v e r s i t y a n d the o t h e r h i g h e r schools w h e r e the specialists f o r d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s o f a c t i v i t y a r e t r a i n e d , h a v e t h e task o f t u r n i n g out cadres f o r m e d a n d t e m p e r e d politically and ideologically, w i t h broad cultural h o r i zons, a r m e d w i t h p r o f o u n d s c i e n t i f i c k n o w l e d g e , p r e p a r e d f o r l i f e . I n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h the m i n i s t r i e s a n d w i t h the A c a d e m y o f Sciences, t h e y s h o u l d c a r r y o u t m o r e o r g a n ized w o r k f o r the p o s t - g r a d u a t e q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f cadres. T h e h i g h e r schools s h o u l d d e v o t e p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o studies a n d r e s e a r c h a s a n i n d i s p e n s a b l e p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r r a i s i n g the l e v e l o f a l l t h e i r t e a c h i n g w o r k a s w e l l . T h e m a j o r successes scored b y o u r people's e d u c a t i o n are a r e s u l t of the tireless w o r k of t h e g r e a t a r m y of teachers a n d pedagogues w h o , w i t h a h i g h l e v e l o f c o n s ciousness a n d a r d e n t l o v e f o r t h e i r h o n o u r e d p r o f e s s i o n , are m a k i n g a v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y education o f t h e y o u t h . T h e m i l i t a n t c o m m u n i s t s p i r i t , a passionate l o v e a n d a h i g h sense of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e i r
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w o r k , persistence i n p e r f e c t i n g t h e i r s k i l l s a s teachers a n d educators, t h e s t r u g g l e against a n y a l i e n i n f l u e n c e , s h o u l d c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e m . T h e s c h o o l a n d t h e teachers s h o u l d closely f o l l o w t h e process o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y development of the country, the economy a n d culture, as w e l l a s the p r o g r e s s o f w o r l d science a n d t e c h n o l o g y . T h e P a r t y h a s s h o w n constant care t h a t culture, literature and the arts d e v e l o p in a p u r e a n d s o u n d a t m o s p here, t h a t t h e y f o l l o w t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f the c o u n t r y step b y step a n d s t e a d i l y s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r socialist content, t h e i r m i l i t a n t character, t h e i r p o p u l a r s p i r i t a n d t h e i r n a t i o n a l features. The 4th P l e n u m of the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e sternly c r i t i c i z e d some h a r m f u l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s t h a t h a d t o d o w i t h imitations of reactionary foreign trends, w i t h the w r o n g t r e a t m e n t o f c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n o u r society, w i t h theories t h a t d i s p a r a g e d f o l k creativeness. etc. I t p u t f o r w a r d important tasks over the entire front of culture. Their implementation gave a fresh impulse to the develo p m e n t o f l i t e r a t u r e a n d art, t o a l l c u l t u r a l a n d a r t i s t i c a c t i v i t y . G r e a t p r o g r e s s has b e e n m a d e i n a l l f i e l d s , i n literature and music, in cinema and theatre, in p a i n t i n g a n d s c u l p t u r e , i n o p e r a a n d ballet. T h e w r i t e r s a n d artists h a v e a l w a y s stood close t o the P a r t y , a s its a u x i l i a r i e s i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r t h e c o m m u n i s t e d u c a t i o n o f t h e masses. A l o n g w i t h t h e e x p e r i e n ced c r e a t i v e forces, n e w talents, t h a t a r e m a k i n g t h e i r contribution to the further development of our literature a n d arts, h a v e e m e r g e d . T r u e a r t s t r e n g t h e n s its i n n o v a t o r y f e a t u r e s a n d achieves a h i g h a r t i s t i c l e v e l w h e n it e m b o d i e s a r e v o l u t i o n a r y content a n d i s g u i d e d b y t h e c o m m u n i s t ideals. T h e r e f o r e , the continuous strengthening of proletarian partisanship remains a basic task for the development of our culture and arts, for their advance on the road of socialism.
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A b e t t e r r e f l e c t i o n of some of t h e m a j o r themes in o u r a r t i s t i c creativeness, s u c h a s t h a t o f t h e h e g e m o n i c r o l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n o u r society, t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f o u r socialist c o u n t r y s i d e , t h e r e v o l u tionizing force of the communists, the treatment of cardinal themes and key moments of the history of our people, a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y , o f the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r a n d t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n , are a n e s s e n t i a l r e q u i r e m e n t to m a k e our literature and art even more r e v o l u t i o n ary. W i t h its r e v o l u t i o n a r y ideals a n d its o b j e c t i v e s o f s e r v i n g s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e people, o u r a r t o f socialist r e a l i s m t o w e r s a b o v e t h e degenerate, decadent, b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t art, counterposes i t s e l f to its r e a c t i o n a r y , p e s s i m i s t i c a n d c a p i t u l a t i o n i s t p h i l o s o p h y . L i t e r a t u r e a n d arts i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n h a v e b e e n p l a c e d u n d e r the c o m p l e t e d o m i n a t i o n o f t h e n e w bourgeoisie, a n d t h e w r i t e r s a n d a r t i s t s h a v e t u r n e d i n t o a caste i n t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e counter-revolution and the chauvinist and expansionist policy of Soviet social-imperialism. Negation of the major social p r o b l e m s , t h e m e s o f d i s i l l u s i o n m e n t a n d b o u r g e o i s h u m a n i s m , c o m p l e t e r e n u n c i a t i o n o f the p o s i t i v e h e r o , l a c k o f a n y r e v o l u t i o n a r y p e r s p e c t i v e , are c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t l i t e r a t u r e a n d arts. T h e socialist content o f a r t i s closely l i n k e d w i t h its p o p u l a r a n d n a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r . U n d e r the p r e s e n t c o n ditions, w h e n , proceeding f r o m their objectives of w o r l d domination, of the spiritual and political enslavement of the peoples, t h e U S i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d the S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t s are s p r e a d i n g t h e ideas of c o s m o p o l i t i s m , of the s o - c a l l e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f a r t a n d c u l t u r e , t h e s t r u g g l e t o d e f e n d t h e n a t i o n a l c u l t u r e o f t h e peoples assumes v e r y great i m p o r t a n c e . B y d e f e n d i n g a n d d e v e l o p i n g their national, democratic, and revolutionary culture, the peoples d e f e n d t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e i r e x i s t e n c e a n d
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their o w n traditions, and thus m a k e their contribution to the treasury of w o r l d culture. O u r socialist c u l t u r e has n e v e r s h u t itself a w a y i n its n a t i o n a l s h e l l . I t has p r o f i t e d f r o m t h e best a c h i e v e m e n t s o f p r o g r e s s i v e w o r l d c u l t u r e a n d , o n its p a r t , b e i n g the b e a r e r of o u r people's i d e a l s of f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o c i a l i s m , has been a n d is close to o t h e r peoples as w e l l . T h e national character and the p o p u l a r spirit are expressed through the t r u t h f u l reflection of reality, f r o m the s t a n d p o i n t o f M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y , t h e a s s i m i l a t i o n o f a l l t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f o u r c u l t u r e , b o t h its o l d p r o g r e s s i v e t r a d i t i o n a n d its n e w r e v o l u t i o n a r y e l e m e n t s , i n a c r i t i c a l w a y , p r o c e e d i n g f r o m the class s t a n d p o i n t , a n d f i r m l y r e l y i n g o n the people's creativeness. T h e p o p ular and national character is expressed not just in the c r e a t i o n o f the w o r k s a l o n e b u t also i n t h e i r e x e c u t i o n and interpretation. S o m e k i n d s o f arts, a r c h i t e c t u r e i n p a r t i c u l a r , a r e lagging behind in their expression of the national spirit a n d features. T o e l i m i n a t e t h i s s h o r t c o m i n g f u r t h e r s t u d y and more research w o r k is needed. G u i d e d b y t h e t e a c h i n g s o f t h e P a r t y , the w r i t e r s a n d artists s h o u l d direct t h e m s e l v e s t o w a r d s the l i f e o f t h e people, create a n a r t f o r t h e people, b e a u t i f u l , c l e a r a n d c o m p r e h e n s i b l e t o a l l , a p r o f o u n d l y p o p u l a r art. T h e l i f e o f t h e people, t h e i r s h a r p w i t , p o p u l a r p s y c h o l o g y a n d humour, should occupy a larger place in literary and a r t i s t i c w o r k s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e genres o f t h e stage. T h o s e artists w h o w o r k ceaselessly t o r a i s e t h e i r Marxist-Leninist ideological level, w h o master the teachings of the Party, w h o lead an active political life, w h o are t h o r o u g h l y i m m e r s e d i n t h e l i f e o f t h e masses a n d h a v e a p r o f o u n d k n o w l e d g e of t h e r o a d of the r e v o l u t i o n a r y historical development of our people and culture succeed best i n these tasks. R e v o l u t i o n a r y a r t i s c r e a t e d b y
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r e v o l u t i o n a r y artists w h o s e h e a r t s beat i n u n i s o n w i t h t h e hearts o f the people. T h e y a r e r e q u i r e d t o r e f l e c t a c c u r a t e l y i n t h e i r w o r k s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l processes a n d t r e n d s of d e v e l o p m e n t of o u r r e v o l u t i o n , t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s of life, a n d t o f i g h t a n y m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f f o r m a l i s m a n d stereotyped t r e a t m e n t o f t h e m , t o f a i t h f u l l y a n d c r e a t i v e l y a p p l y the m e t h o d o f socialist r e a l i s m , w h i c h i s t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a n a r t t o w h i c h t h e f u t u r e belongs. O u r socialist c u l t u r e i s p e n e t r a t i n g m o r e d e e p l y a m o n g the people d a y b y d a y a n d b e c o m i n g p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f their l i f e . T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f b o o k s a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f f i l m s has b e e n i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e n e t w o r k o f c u l t u r a l artistic centres t h r o u g h o u t the c o u n t r y e x t e n d e d . T h e a m a t e u r m o v e m e n t has u n d e r g o n e great q u a n t i t a t i v e a n d q u a l i t a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d a l o n g s i d e p r o f e s s i o n a l art, i s playing an important role in the progress of our new c u l t u r e a n d t h e e d u c a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g people. T h e masses, t h e m a n o f w o r k , t h e w o r k e r a n d the c o o p e r a t i v ist, the w o m a n a n d t h e y o u t h , o l d a n d y o u n g , h a v e m o u n ted the stage. T h e P a r t y demands that mass cultural w o r k must be raised to a h i g h e r l e v e l . To t h i s e n d , it is necessary to f o r m a b r o a d e r concept a b o u t c u l t u r e , v i e w i n g i t i n a l l the d i f f e r e n t aspects o f l i f e , a n d a b o u t t h e c u l t u r e d m a n . A l l the m a n y m e a n s t h e state has p l a c e d a t t h e s e r v i c e o f the masses s h o u l d b e p r o p e r l y u s e d , a n d w a y s a n d forms f o u n d f o r o u r c u l t u r e t o g o w h e r e v e r the masses o f the p e o p l e l i v e a n d w o r k . T o d a y , w h e n the P a r t y i s striving to n a r r o w the distinctions between t o w n and country, t h e f r o n t o f c u l t u r e , too, i s f a c e d w i t h i m p o r t a n t tasks c o n n e c t e d w i t h r a i s i n g the c u l t u r a l l e v e l o f t h e peasantry, t h r o u g h a b r o a d a c t i v i z a t i o n of t h e forces of the c o u n t r y s i d e a s i n t h e c i t y . T h e p a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s s h o u l d h a v e a better a p p r e ciation o f t h e great r o l e w h i c h c u l t u r e , l i t e r a t u r e a n d arts
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p l a y i n the e d u c a t i o n o f the masses, a n d s h o u l d c o n s i d e r t h e m a s i m p o r t a n t sectors o f t h e i r a c t i v i t y , s h o w i n g s p e c i a l care f o r the p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l e d u c a t i o n o f t h e c r e a t i v e artists. T h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e P a r t y , the consistent a p p l i c a t i o n o f its l i n e a n d d i r e c t i v e s i n these f i e l d s is of decisive importance for their development on the r i g h t r o a d . T h e state organs also face i m p o r t a n t d u t i e s t o increase t h e i r c o n c e r n a b o u t c u l t u r e a n d arts, a s w e l l a s t o i m p r o v e the f o r m s a n d m e t h o d s o f h a n d l i n g t h e m . U n d e r the leadership of the Party, the League of W r i t e r s a n d A r t i s t s s h o u l d i n t e n s i f y its w o r k f o r t h e i d e o esthetic a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a t i o n o f w r i t e r s a n d artists, b e c o m i n g s t i l l m o r e a centre w h e r e c r e a t i v e w o r k i s e n c o u r a g e d a n d its p h i l o s o p h i c a l , e t h i c a l , a n d esthetical p r o b l e m s are w i d e l y t h r a s h e d out f r o m the s t a n d p o i n t o f proletarian partisanship. I n t h e a l l - r o u n d e f f o r t s t o p u t t h e decisions o f t h e 6 t h C o n g r e s s o f t h e P a r t y i n t o l i f e , successes h a v e b e e n a c h i e v e d , also, in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of science a n d s c i e n tific experimentation. Functioning in our country today are v a r i o u s s c i e n t i f i c o r g a n i s m s , s p e c i a l i z e d i n s t i t u t e s a n d r e s e a r c h centres, a p a r t f r o m those o f the c h a i r s a n d faculties o f t h e h i g h e r schools. T h e founding of the A c a d e m y o f Sciences w a s a n i m p o r t a n t a c h i e v e m e n t . O v e r t h i s p e r i o d , a series of i m p o r t a n t s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l studies a n d e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e been c a r r i e d out i n geology a n d m i n i n g , h y d r o e n e r g e t i c s , a g r i c u l t u r e , etc. A n u m b e r of v a l u a b l e studies h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t also i n the f i e l d o f social p r o b l e m s , t h e A n t i - f a s c i s t N a t i o n a l Liberation W a r , history, archaeology, and the A l b a n i a n language. T h e c o u n t r y ' s p r e s e n t stage o f d e v e l o p m e n t a n d the great tasks a h e a d of us r e q u i r e t h a t scientific studies and research are transformed into a general method that must pervade and precede all activities, and give effective help
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in the solution of present and future problems of the construction of socialism and the defence of the Homeland. Science i s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h great tasks i n d e s i g n i n g a n d b u i l d i n g l a r g e h y d r o t e c h n i c a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l projects, discovering and using new r a w materials and other n a t u r a l resources, f i n d i n g n e w w a y s f o r t h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r e , etc. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f science raises t h e v e r y i m p o r tant p r o b l e m o f c a r r y i n g o u t i n t e n s i f i e d studies i n a n u m ber of fields, s u c h as b i o l o g y , genetics, m a t h e m a t i c s , p h y s ics, c h e m i s t r y , p h y s i o l o g y , etc., w i t h o u t w h i c h m a n y p r o b lems o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p p l i e d sciences a n d t e c h n i cal p r o g r e s s c a n n o t be s o l v e d , a n d a s o u n d t r a i n i n g of the v a r i o u s specialists a n d o f t h e y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n i n our s c h o o l c a n n o t be c a r r i e d out. G r e a t prospects are o p e n e d t o t h e f r u i t f u l d e v e l o p ment o f s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c sciences, w i t h the s c i e n t i f i c study a n d s u m m i n g u p o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h i n k i n g a n d practice o f o u r P a r t y a n d p e o p l e a s t h e i r f u n d a m e n t a l object. S t u d i e s o n the h i s t o r y , l i f e , l a n g u a g e a n d c u l t u r a l and a r t i s t i c t r a d i t i o n s o f o u r p e o p l e c o n s t i t u t e a n i m p o r tant f i e l d . A s t h e P a r t y has c o n t i n u o u s l y stressed, t h e t e c h n i c a l scientific r e v o l u t i o n i n o u r socialist society cannot b e carried a h e a d b y a f e w s p e c i a l i z e d r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t i o n s alone. T h e a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e b r o a d masses o f w o r k e r s a n d peasants, of cadres a n d specialists of p r o d u c t i o n is of decisive i m p o r t a n c e i n s c i e n t i f i c e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n . T h e specialized i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d t h e centres o f s c i e n t i f i c r e search s h o u l d l i n k t h e i r a c t i v i t y m o r e closely w i t h the scientific e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n o f t h e masses, t h e y s h o u l d s u m up advanced experience and disseminate scientific k n o w ledge a m o n g t h e masses. T h i s i s also the w a y t o protect them f r o m t h e diseases o f b u r e a u c r a c y , t e c h n o c r a t i s m a n d intellectualism.
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A t t h e p r e s e n t stage, a l l m a t e r i a l - t e c h n i c a l m e a n s a n d h u m a n resources e x i s t t o solve m a n y c o m p l i c a t e d e c o nomic, ideo-theoretical, c u l t u r a l a n d technical-scientific p r o b l e m s w i t h o u r o w n forces. I t is, t h e r e f o r e , necessary t o f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f t h e cadres, specialists, a n d w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n t h e i r o w n c r e a t i v e forces a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s , w h i l e a t t h e same t i m e g e t t i n g t o k n o w , a n d a p p l y i n g , i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h o u r c o n d i t i o n s , the a c h i e v e m e n t s o f w o r l d science a n d t e c h n o l o g y . T h e f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e t a s k s i n t h e f i e l d o f science requires the t a k i n g of further measures for the t r a i n i n g a n d q u a l i f i c a t i o n of s p e c i a l i z e d s c i e n t i f i c cadres of d i f f e r ent b r a n c h e s a n d the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e necessary m a t e r i a l base. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f science a n d t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n c o n f r o n t s t h e r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d the h i g h e r schools w i t h m a j o r t a s k s f o r r a i s i n g t h e q u a l i t y a n d effectiveness o f t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c studies a n d r e s e a r c h , in struggle w i t h alien technocratic and intellectualist, i d e a l i s t a n d m e t a p h y s i c a l concepts. T h e A c a d e m y o f Sciences s h o u l d p l a y a s p e c i a l r o l e here, e s p e c i a l l y t o w a r d s a b e t t e r u t i l i z a t i o n a n d c o o r d i n a t i o n of forces a n d m e a n s f o r science a n d r e s e a r c h . U n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the P a r t y , the state organs, f r o m t h e base t o t h e centre, s h o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e a t t e n t i o n t h e y devote t o the o r g a n i z a t i o n , p l a n n i n g a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e a c t i v i t y of the s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h organs a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s , p u t f o r w a r d concrete tasks a n d check u p o n t h e i r f u l f i l m e n t , a n d r e n d e r a l l t h e necessary h e l p i n t h e s o l u t i o n o f the p r o b l e m s t h a t arise.
THE
INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND FOREIGN POLICY OF THE PRA
THE
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n A l b a n i a , the s t r u g g l e of o u r p e o p l e f o r the s t r e n g t h e n i n g of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the defence o f the H o m e l a n d , t h e i r efforts t o b u i l d a secure f u t u r e cannot b e s e p a r a t e d f r o m the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h w e l i v e , f r o m the g e n e r a l h i s t o r i c a l process o f w o r l d d e v e l o p m e n t t o d a y . The Party has followed with great attention and analysed the events and the creation of new situations, the direction and intentions of the various political forces that are active in the international arena, and has always maintained a correct and principled stand in complete accord with the teachings of Marxism-Leninism, our national interests, the interests of the revolution and the liberation of the peoples. I n g e n e r a l , t h e p r e s e n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n appears very c o m p l e x , f u l l o f great c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d c o n f r o n t a tions t h a t h a v e n o w e m b r a c e d the w h o l e globe a n d a l l aspects o f t h e h u m a n society t o d a y . F a c i n g i m p e r i a l i s m , s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e i r savage, a g g r e s s i v e a n d e x p a n sionist a c t i v i t y , f a c i n g the bourgeoisie, t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l monopolies a n d t h e i r b a r b a r o u s e x p l o i t a t i o n , f a c i n g r e a c tion a n d its v i o l e n c e a n d t e r r o r , w i t h m u l t i p l i e d forces stand t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e s t a u n c h r e v o l u t i o n aries, the peoples t h a t a r e s t r u g g l i n g f o r f r e e d o m a n d
88 democracy, for cause o f the peoples is n o t but a problem
ENVER HOXHA s o c i a l i s m . T h e w o r l d i s a t a stage w h e n t h e revolution a n d national liberation of the j u s t an a s p i r a t i o n a n d a f u t u r e prospect, taken up for solution.
In recent years, a p o w e r f u l u p s u r g e of t h e s t r u g g l e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t c a n b e seen i n a l l t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t ries. T h e w o r k e r s a n d t h e masses o f t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e e v e r y w h e r e are f i g h t i n g s e l f l e s s l y a g a i n s t p o l i t i c a l o p pression and economic exploitation, to defend their democratic rights and ensure a better life. W h a t distinguishes t h i s s t r u g g l e is t h e b r o a d e n e d scope of t h e d e m a n d s of t h e w o r k i n g people w h i c h are m o r e a n d m o r e g o i n g b e y o n d the bounds of economic demands. T h e strikes, protests, d e m o n s t r a t i o n s o f t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , B r i t a i n , France, the Soviet U n i o n , P o l a n d , Italy, G e r m a n y , S p a i n , etc., w h i c h o f t e n e n d u p i n b l o o d y clashes w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its a p p a r a t u s o f o p p r e s sion, are s t r i k i n g a t the v e r y f o u n d a t i o n s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t r u l e . I n these f i e r c e clashes w i t h c a p i t a l a n d the bourgeoisie, t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e b r o a d m a s ses o f the w o r k i n g p e o p l e are m o r e a n d m o r e s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e i r p r o l e t a r i a n consciousness, p r e p a r i n g a n d t e m p e r i n g t h e m s e l v e s e v e r b e t t e r f o r t h e c o m i n g class battles. T h e present s t r u g g l e o f t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t once m o r e p r o v e s the f u n d a m e n t a l thesis o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e i n t h e bourgeois a n d r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d c a n n o t b e s u p p r e s s e d either w i t h v i o l e n c e o r w i t h d e m a g o g y . D e s p i t e t h e p r e s sure, t h e d e m a g o g y , a n d t h e l a r g e - s c a l e d e c e p t i v e a n d d i s r u p t i v e p r o p a g a n d a o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its allies, t h e tendency to break a w a y f r o m the opportunist and u n dermining influences of social-democracy and the r e v i s i o n ists, w h o u n f o r t u n a t e l y s t i l l m a n i p u l a t e a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e w o r k i n g class, i s b r o a d e n i n g a n d d e e p e n i n g . T h e g r o w t h and strengthening of the n e w M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
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p a r t i e s i s v i v i d p r o o f t h a t the p r o l e t a r i a t has n e v e r lost its f a i t h i n M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , t h a t i t sees i n M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m its m o s t p o w e r f u l w e a p o n i n t h e s t r u g g l e against the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . D a y b y day, t h e l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t o f t h e peoples i s r i s i n g t o a h i g h e r l e v e l , b o t h i n content a n d i n i n t e n s i t y . T h e h i s t o r i c v i c t o r y o f w o r l d i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e peoples o f V i e t n a m , C a m b o d i a , a n d Laos, w h i c h w a s a v i c t o r y not o n l y o v e r U S i m p e r i a l i s m , b u t also o v e r t h e plots, i n t r i g u e s a n d acts o f i n t e r f e r e n c e o f S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , p r o v e d that, w i t h a l l t h e i r great p o w e r a n d w e a l t h , w i t h a l l t h e i r m o d e r n m e a n s o f w a r f a r e , the s u p e r p o w e r s are n o t a b l e t o s u b j u g a t e t h e peoples a n d c o u n t r i e s , e v e n s m a l l ones, i f t h e l a t t e r a r e d e t e r m i n e d t o f i g h t t o the end a n d m a k e a n y s a c r i f i c e . I t c o n f i r m e d the thesis t h a t f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e are w o n a n d d e f e n d e d w i t h the g u n . t h r o u g h s t r u g g l e , t h a t t h e s t r a t e g y o f t h e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n people's w a r is a s t r a t e g y t h a t e n s u r e s v i c t o r y . T o d a y A s i a , A f r i c a , a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a constitute a broad front of struggle against US i m p e r i a l i s m . Soviet social-imperialism, and the other imperialist powers. The peoples o f these c o n t i n e n t s a r e m a k i n g g r e a t a n d a l l - r o u n d efforts t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r p o l i t i c a l i n d e p e n d e n c e , t o s h a k e off c o l o n i a l a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l d o m i n a t i o n . A l l o f u s t o d a y , are w i t n e s s e s o f t h e d e t e r m i n e d e f f o r t s o f t h e A f r i c a n peoples f o r t h e i r c o m p l e t e e m a n c i p a t i o n , a f t e r t h e i r e m e r gence f r o m c e n t u r i e s o f s l a v e r y . T h e a c h i e v e m e n t o f independence b y c o u n t r i e s t h a t o n l y a l i t t l e w h i l e ago were u n d e r P o r t u g u e s e c o l o n i a l r u l e has f u r t h e r accelerated t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t r a c i s m a n d r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n in Rhodesia and South Africa. T h e struggle of against f a s c i s m a n d ing. T h e o v e r t h r o w ries, t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o g r e s s i v e a n d d e m o c r a t i c forces r e a c t i o n i s also g r o w i n g a n d e x p a n d of dictatorial regimes in some countthe patriots of B r a z i l a n d B o l i v i a , of
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T h a i l a n d a n d M a l a y s i a , t h e resistance of the peoples of C h i l e , A r g e n t i n a , a n d I n d o n e s i a , a g a i n s t the fascist r e gimes h a v e delt t e l l i n g b l o w s a t t h e r e a c t i o n a r y forces a n d t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t s u p p o r t e r s . T h e peoples o f t h e I n d i a n O c e a n r e g i o n , o f S o u t h - e a s t A s i a a n d the shores o f A f r i c a are f i g h t i n g p e r s i s t e n t l y f o r t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e m i l i t a r y bases a n d n a v a l fleets o f t h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s . E v e r y w h e r e t h e peoples are a w a k e n i n g a n d g r o w i n g e v e r m o r e conscious o f the d a n g e r t h a t t h e p o l i c y o f aggression, e x pansion and hegemony of US imperialism and Soviet s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m represents t o t h e i r existence. . . . It is this broadening and deepening of the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, this great intensification of the liberation struggle of the peoples, the victories of socialism, all taken together, that have further weakened imperialism and social-imperialism, that have sharpened the contradictions of the capitalist system and shaken it to its foundations. A direct r e s u l t of t h i s s t r u g g l e a n d of t h e i n e v i t a b l e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f t h e i r s y s t e m i s also t h e v e r y g r a v e crisis w h i c h a l l the c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s are g o i n g t h r o u g h t o d a y . D u r i n g the w h o l e p e r i o d since t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r e c o n o m i c crises h a v e f o l l o w e d one u p o n the other. B u t t h e present crisis is t h e greatest, a c r i s i s s w e e p i n g o v e r n o t o n l y t h e d e v e l o p e d countries, b u t also those less d e v e l o p e d ; it is an e c o n o m i c crisis, b u t also a p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l , a m i l i t a r y a n d c u l t u r a l crisis, a f f e c t i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e s a n d the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s - r e v isionist system. A t first, t h i s crisis w a s a p p a r e n t i n t h e f o r m o f a falling rate of production and an increasing rate of i n f l a t i o n . I t b e c a m e s t i l l m o r e acute a n d a s s u m e d b r o a d e r p r o p o r t i o n s because i t w a s c o m p l i c a t e d w i t h a n e x t r e m e l y g r a v e e n e r g y crisis a n d the c u r r e n c y crisis, w h i c h caused v e r y great upsets i n a l l the c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s .
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Some of them, such as Italy, B r i t a i n , Poland, Yugoslavia, etc, a r e n o w e x p e r i e n c i n g e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n s . A d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e of the present c r i s i s is t h a t it is d e v e l o p i n g i n the c o n d i t i o n s o f a n acute s h a r p e n i n g o f i n t e r - i m p e r i a l i s t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n the r i v a l r y o f the s u p e r p o w e r s f o r t h e d i v i s i o n o f m a r k e t s a n d spheres o f i n f l u ence. T h e d e e p l y aggressive p o l i c y o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d Soviet social-imperialism, their thirst for w o r l d d o m i n a t i o n a n d h e g e m o n y h a v e l e d t o a b i g i n c r e a s e i n state e x p e n d i t u r e f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f m i l i t a r y forces a n d bases i n f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , f o r m i l i t a r y a i d a n d v a r i o u s subsidies t o r e a c t i o n a r y r e g i m e s . T h i s has c r e a t e d great tensions i n t h e e c o n o m i e s o f t h e s u p e r p o w e r s a n d o f t h e i r allies, w h o a r e c o m p e l l e d t o t a k e u p o n t h e m s e l v e s n o s m a l l p a r t o f t h e b u r d e n o f t h e crisis. T h e m i l i t a r i z a t i o n of the e c o n o m i e s of t h e great i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , the i n crease i n m i l i t a r y e x p e n d i t u r e a n d b u d g e t s f o r r e p r e s s i v e apparatuses t o u n p r e c e d e n t e d p r o p o r t i o n s , i n g e n e r a l , t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f n a t i o n a l i n c o m e a n d assets f o r n o n - p r o ductive p u r p o s e s , m a k e s these upsets e v e r m o r e m a r k e d . T h e crisis is f u r t h e r sharpened by the unrestrained competition of the industrialized bourgeois and revisionist countries a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s , a s w e l l a s b e t w e e n t h e m a n d the d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , t h e m a i n p r o d u c e r s o f r a w materials. T h e operation of the l a w of uneven political and e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s d r e w the C o m m o n M a r k e t , J a p a n , C a n a d a a n d others i n t o t h e arena o f t h e s t r u g g l e f o r m a r k e t s a n d p r i v i l e g e s a n d o f challenging US d o m i n a t i o n in the sphere of capital exports. T h e p r e s e n t c r i s i s has once a g a i n c o n f i r m e d that, a s a social s y s t e m , c a p i t a l i s m c a n n e v e r escape its c o n t r a d i c tions a n d its i l l s , t h a t i t i s i n c a p a b l e o f e n s u r i n g its o w n superprofits w h i l e a t t h e same t i m e p r e s e r v i n g a n i n ternal social e q u i l i b r i u m . L i f e t h u s r e p e a t e d l y p r o v e s t h e theory o f M a r x a n d L e n i n t h a t e c o n o m i c crises are f e l l o w -
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t r a v e l l e r s of the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m , t h a t as l o n g as p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p a n d c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n exist, e c o n o m i c c r i s i s w i l l exist, too. A l l t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t states t r y t o s a d d l e t h e masses o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e w i t h t h e consequences o f t h e crisis. A n d i n fact, i n o r d e r t o k e e p t h e i r p r o f i t s intact, t h e bourgeoisie, t h e m o n o p o l i s t s a n d a l l e x p l o i t e r s everywhere have stepped up the oppression and e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g people, r e d u c i n g their means of livelihood and curtailing their rights. In these m o m e n t s o f g r a v e c r i s i s f o r t h e i m p e r i a l i s t a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s state p o w e r of every country, millions of workers, the n u m b e r of t h e m has n o w r e a c h e d a b o u t one h u n d r e d m i l l i o n , a r e b e i n g t h r o w n out o n t h e street, i n f l a t i o n i s r a m p a n t , p r i c e s f o r necessities are b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e o u t o f r e a c h . In present-day capitalist a n d revisionist society that p h e nomenon of polarization, w h i c h M a r x described, is t a k i n g p l a c e : o n t h e one h a n d t h e p o v e r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e i s i n c r e a s i n g a n d , o n t h e other, t h e w e a l t h o f t h e c a p i t a l ists i s g r o w i n g . B i g c a p i t a l a n d its state p o w e r , s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d o t h e r o p p o r t u n i s t s are a c c o m p a n y i n g t h i s g r a v e s i t u a t i o n , t h i s p o l i c y o f savage o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n , w i t h a great a m o u n t o f l y i n g p r o p a g a n d a m e a n t t o c o n v i n c e the masses o f t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e t h a t the p r e s e n t u p h e a v a l s a r e a l l e g e d l y a p a s s i n g p h e n o m e n o n , t h a t e v e r y t h i n g w i l l get b a c k t o w h a t i t w a s before, h e n c e they should patiently bear the heavy b u r d e n that has f a l l e n o n t h e m , a n d not t r y t o f i n d its causes a n d r i s e i n r e v o l t . T h e y are s t r i v i n g w i t h e v e r y m e a n s t o a v o i d t h e great danger, t h e r e v o l u t i o n , w h i c h i s t h e o n l y w a y f o r t h e w o r k i n g class t o escape f r o m t h e c r i s i s a n d t h e e x p l o i t i n g c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t s y s t e m once a n d f o r all.
REPORT TO THE 7th CONGE ESS OF THE PLA
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T h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its state p o w e r also u t i l i z e t h e trade unions, in w h i c h they have incorporated the proletariat a n d the w o r k i n g people of most bourgeois countries, f o r t h i s c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y a i m . T h e t r a d e u n i o n s are a l l e g e d l y d e m o c r a t i c , a l l e g e d l y i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e bosses a n d v a r i o u s d e m o c r a t i c , socialist a n d o t h e r p a r t i e s . I n r e a l i t y , these s o - c a l l e d t r a d e u n i o n s , o p e n l y m a n i p u l a t e d by the bourgeois parties a n d led by the labour aristocracy, strive by all manner of means to mislead the w o r k i n g people a n d sabotage t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e . A s w e l l as this, the laws concerning the w o r k e r s ' activity and struggle for economic, social and other demands have been constructed and doctored by big capital in such a manner that every action must take place w i t h i n the limits a l l o w e d by the bourgeoisie, that nothing should d a m a g e its interests, a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r m u s t n o t t h r e a t e n the f o u n d a t i o n s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t state p o w e r . W h e n i t f i n d s i t i m p o s s i b l e t o cope w i t h t h e r e v o l t s o f t h e w o r k ers a n d people i n the p s e u d o - d e m o c r a t i c f o r m s o r w i t h the t a l k i n g - s h o p m e t h o d s o f p a r l i a m e n t s , t h e n t h e b o u r geois state c l a m p s d o w n o n t h e m w i t h its l a w s , its v i o l ence, its b u l d g e o n . T h a t i s w h a t i s h a p p e n i n g n o w i n m o s t countries w h e r e t h e crisis has s h a r p e n e d t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s between labour and capital, and the revolt of the w o r k i n g people a t the s i t u a t i o n c r e a t e d i s b e c o m i n g e v e r m o r e powerful. I n these s i t u a t i o n s t h e d a n g e r o f f a s c i s m i s b e c o m i n g ever m o r e t h r e a t e n i n g . I t i s a k n o w n fact t h a t w h e n capital finds itself d r i v e n into a b l i n d alley a n d under the h e a v y b l o w s o f t h e w o r k i n g class, i t i s c o m p e l l e d either t o d e c l a r e i t s e l f b a n k r u p t o r t o e s t a b l i s h its fascist dictatorship and head for w a r . This danger of fascism is evident i n S p a i n , I t a l y , a n d i n m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . I f the I t a l i a n fascist p a r t y , w h i c h i s c a l l e d the I t a l i a n S o c i a l M o v e m e n t , lost votes i n t h e recent I t a l i a n elections, t h i s
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is no defeat f o r it, because it has p u t its s q u a d r i s t i ( 8 ) contingents i n t o the C h r i s t i a n - d e m o c r a t i c P a r t y .
For it is the great significance of all crises, s a i d V. I. L e n i n , that they make manifest what has been hidden; they cast aside all that is empty form, superficial, and trivial; they sweep away the political litter and reveal the real causes of the class struggle that develops in reality.*
T h e political, economic and social events of the w o r l d today, the causes t h a t g i v e rise to t h e m , t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f actions a n d t h e a n t a g o n i s t i c forces t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e m , are e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e i n c h a r a c t e r , interests, d u r a t i o n and the forms of struggle employed. It is essential that w e s h o u l d g r a s p the m a i n things, t h e issues o f p r i n c i p l e , and submit them to a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t analysis if we are to m a k e t h i n g s c l e a r t o t h e P a r t y a n d the people, t o f i n d o u r bearings in any activity and in any situation. Otherwise, it i s d i f f i c u l t t o r e a c h correct a n d v a l u a b l e conclusions. Our Party is of the opinion that the world situation today is turbulent, and consequently, there is no room for complacency, passivity or euphoria. T h e r e f o r e , a n a l y s i s a n d assessment of, a n d a consistent class s t a n d t o w a r d s , the p o l i c y a n d a c t i v i t y o f the i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e o f the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s , i n the c u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n s a s s u m e f i r s t - r a t e i m p o r t a n c e f o r a l l t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces, a l l t h e n a t i o n s a n d peoples f i g h t i n g f o r l i b e r a t i o n a n d i n d e pendence, f o r peace a n d s e c u r i t y a m o n g n a t i o n s . A p r i n c i p l e d s t a n d o n t h i s f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s t i o n constitutes t h e o n l y correct basis f o r d e f i n i n g a consistent a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, a n d t h e c r i t e r i o n f o r assessing
____________________________________ 8 M e m b e r s of the fascist terrorist groups. * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 24, p. 219, A l b . e d .
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w h o a r e t h e p r o g r e s s i v e forces, a n d s e p a r a t i n g t h e m f r o m the r e a c t i o n a r y forces. C o n c r e t e facts a n d actions, t h e o b j e c t i v e r e a l i t y , leads u s t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i n t h e w o r l d t o d a y the t w o superpowers, the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a and the Soviet U n i o n , a r e t h e biggest a n d most d a n g e r o u s aggressive imperialist powers k n o w n in history. Each separately or together, t h e s u p e r p o w e r s represent, i n t h e same degree a n d t o t h e same extent, t h e m a i n e n e m y o f s o c i a l i s m , a n d the f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f n a t i o n s , t h e greatest force d e f e n d i n g o p p r e s s i v e a n d e x p l o i t i n g systems, a n d the d i r e c t t h r e a t t h a t m a n k i n d w i l l b e h u r l e d i n t o a t h i r d world war. T h e w o r l d has e n c o u n t e r e d a n d c o n t i n u e s t o e n c o u n t e r the a g g r e s s i v e a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t a i m s o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m . E v e r since t h e e n d o f the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , U S i m p e r i a l i s m has b e e n p u r s u i n g a c r i m i n a l p o l i c y a n d c a r r y i n g out c r i m i n a l activity against c o m m u n i s m and the freedom a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e peoples. I t w a s U S i m p e r i a l i s m that u n l e a s h e d t h e b a r b a r o u s a g g r e s s i o n i n K o r e a a n d i n V i e t n a m , c o m m i t t i n g some o f t h e m o s t h i d e o u s c r i m e s m a n k i n d has e v e r k n o w n t h e r e . I t w a s U S i m p e r i a l i s m that i n t e r v e n e d i n the C o n g o , t h a t s t r a n g l e d the D o m i n ican r e v o l u t i o n , t h a t c a r r i e d t h e w a r t o L a o s a n d C a m bodia, t h a t set the M i d d l e E a s t a b l a z e a n d o r g a n i z e d t h e fascist p u t s c h e s i n C h i l e a n d A r g e n t i n a . I n a c c o r d w i t h its i m p e r i a l i s t n a t u r e , U S i m p e r i a l i s m has e x t e n d e d its tentacles to a l l the c o n t i n e n t s a n d is s t r e n g t h e n i n g its p o s i t i o n s e v e r y w h e r e , a n d i n e v e r y w a y , t h r o u g h aid, e n s l a v i n g credits, v a r i o u s a g r e e m e n t s a n d treaties, t h r o u g h m i l i t a r y bases e s t a b l i s h e d i n m a n y c o u n tries, t h r o u g h b r u t a l i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , u p t o a r m e d a g g r e s s i o n . A l l these are the u g l y f e a t u r e s o f s a v a g e U S i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e n u m e r o u s c o m p r o m i s e s a n d the u n p r i n c i p l e d c o n -
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cessions o f the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s h a v e n o t m a d e i t a n y softer-natured or better-behaved. It still remains the political and economic bastion of the exploiting capitalist system, the great d e f e n d e r o f c o l o n i a l i s m a n d n e o - c o l o nialism, the inspirer of racism and the arch-gendarme of international reaction. O u r P a r t y consistently upholds the v i e w t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m i s aggressive a n d w i l l r e m a i n so as l o n g as it has a s i n g l e t o o t h l e f t in its h e a d . As a result of r e v o l u t i o n a r y and liberation struggles, o f its c o n t i n u o u s d e g e n e r a t i o n a n d i n s u r m o u n t a b l e i n t e r n a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m has lost m a n y positions. S u f f i c e i t t o m e n t i o n t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e colonial system and the w i n n i n g of independence by m a n y c o u n t r i e s . I n t h e f u t u r e , i m p e r i a l i s m w i l l lose e v e r m o r e p o s i t i o n s a s w e l l . B u t a t the same t i m e i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d U S i m p e r i a l i s m especially, w i l l increase its e f f o r t s t o w i n b a c k its lost p o s i t i o n s a n d t o c a p t u r e n e w ones. T h i s i s t h e d i a l e c t i c s o f the d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e c l i n e o f i m p e r i a l i s m . Therefore, now just as in the past, the consistent and unceasing struggle to expose the policy and foil the aggressive plans of imperialism, headed by US i m perialism, constitutes an essential condition for the defence of freedom and socialism, for the triumph of the revolution and the liberation of peoples. T h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d are also f i g h t i n g a g r e a t b a t t l e against t h e o t h e r e n e m y , j u s t a s d a n g e r o u s a n d barbarous, Soviet social-imperialism. T h e P o l i c y of the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s is a t y p i c a l l y a g g r e s s i v e c o l o n i a l i s t a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t p o l i c y w h i c h i s based o n the p o w e r o f c a p i t a l a n d force o f a r m s . T h e s t r u g g l e t h a t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i s w a g i n g t o d a y t o o c c u p y strategic p o s i t i o n s i n t h e M i d d l e East, its e x p a n s i o n t o t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , t o the A t l a n t i c a n d I n d i a n O c e a n s , its i n t e r f e r e n c e i n A f r i c a a n d i n L a t i n A m e r i c a , its p r e s s u r e o n E u r o p e a n d its m e d d l i n g i n t h e a f f a i r s o f A s i a , a l l these actions b e a r the s t a m p
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of this policy. L i k e the US imperialists, the Soviet sociali m p e r i a l i s t s are s t r i v i n g e v e r y w h e r e t o p u t out the f l a m e s o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s o f t h e peoples. I n c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m , the S o v i e t s o c i a l imperialists hatch up counter-revolutionary plots and i n t r i g u e s a g a i n s t t h e peoples, s t i r u p c o n f l i c t s a n d s o w d i s cord a m o n g n a t i o n s , s t r i v e t o e x e r t t h e i r c o n t r o l a n d dictate w h e r e v e r t h e y c a n . O u r Party has continuously stressed that any illusion or vacillation, however slight, in the stand towards the present-day Soviet Union is fraught with catastrophic consequences for those political forces and movements that continue to believe the demagogy and lies of Moscow . In order to c a r r y out their policy of expansion and hegemonism, imperialism, social-imperialism, and internat i o n a l c a p i t a l i s m , h a v e c r e a t e d a series of m i l i t a r y , p o l i t ical, economic, c u l t u r a l a n d o t h e r o r g a n i s m s a n d i n s t i t u tions w h i c h , t o d a y , are t h e i r m a i n w e a p o n s a n d m e a n s o f d o m i n a t i o n o v e r t h e peoples. A t t h e same t i m e , t h e y h a v e also w o r k e d o u t a w h o l e series of theories, concepts a n d theses t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e y t r y t o d e c e i v e a n d i n t i m i d a t e the peoples a n d j u s t i f y t h e i r h e g e m o n i s m a n d o p p r e s s i o n , to brainwash people in the direction they want. M i l i t a r y aggression, e c o n o m i c e x p a n s i o n , a n d i d e o l o g i c a l aggression, constitute t h e basis of t h e g e n e r a l l i n e of these enemies whose m a i n a i m i s t o d e s t r o y s o c i a l i s m , t o s t r a n g l e t h e revolution and perpetuate their enslaving system. U n d e r these c o n d i t i o n s t h e t a s k o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s and peoples i s t o c o u n t e r p o s e t h e i r u n i t e d a n d d e t e r m i n e d struggle o n a l l f r o n t s a n d i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s t o t h i s g e n e r a l , a l l - r o u n d o n s l a u g h t o f t h e enemies, t o expose a n d d e s t r o y all t h e i r w e a p o n s a n d bases, w h e t h e r p o l i t i c a l o r e c o n omic, m i l i t a r y o r i d e o l o g i c a l . N o w , a s i n t h e past, t h e m a i n p i l l a r s o n w h i c h a l l their h e g e m o n i s t i c a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t s u p e r p o w e r p o l i c y i s
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based a n d c a r r i e d out, t h e p r i n c i p a l s h i e l d s p r o t e c t i n g t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t systems, t h e f u n d a m e n t a l w e a p o n s f o r their r i v a l r y a n d w a r preparations, are N A T O and the W a r s a w T r e a t y , the p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y a l l i a n c e s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s , a n d t h e i r bases a n d armies in foreign countries. N A T O a n d the W a r s a w T r e a t y , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e bourgeois a n d r e v i s i o n i s t a r m i e s o f t h e m e m b e r c o u n t r i e s , p r o v i d e the m a i n p r o t e c t i o n f o r the c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i sionist systems a n d t h e greatest a r m e d f o r c e t o a t t a c k the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m , t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d ence o f t h e peoples. T h e m i l i t a r y blocs a r e t h e p r o p s o f the i n t e r n a l r e a c t i o n a r y , a n t i - p a t r i o t i c forces, of forces w h o are s e l l i n g a n d s u b j u g a t i n g t h e i r c o u n t r i e s t o f o r e i g n ers, a n d l i q u i d a t i n g t h e i r n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y . N A T O a n d the W a r s a w T r e a t y h a v e been a n d c o n t i n u e t o b e i n s t r u m e n t s f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n a n d u n l e a s h i n g o f w a r . C O M E C O N and the European C o m m o n M a r k e t have b e e n created t o serve t h i s aggressive, o p p r e s s i v e a n d e x ploiting policy. T h r o u g h C O M E C O N , w h i c h is a Soviet r e v i s i o n i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r t h e e n s l a v e m e n t o f its m e m b e r countries, the S o v i e t U n i o n c a r r i e s out its n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t policy in the satellite countries, pillages their w e a l t h a n d achieves t h e i r e c o n o m i c i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o the S o v i e t state. T h e S o v i e t U n i o n has e m p o v e r i s h e d its a l l i e s e c o n o m i c a l l y , has t i e d t h e m h a n d a n d foot, i m p o s e s o n t h e m t h e prices i t w a n t s , c o n t r o l s the d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i r e c o n o m y a c c o r d i n g t o its interests, g r a n t s t h e m j u s t a s m u c h o f t h e r a w m a t e r i a l s necessary t o k e e p t h e i r i n d u s t r y r u n n i n g , t o t h e e x t e n t i t desires a n d w h e n i t desires, w i t h o u t r e g a r d f o r its progress. T h e c r e d i t s t h e S o v i e t U n i o n grants to its satellites e n s l a v e t h e m . L i k e C O M E C O N , the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t i s just s u c h a n o t h e r r e a c t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n . It is a l a r g e u n i o n o f c a p i t a l i s t m o n o p o l i e s a n d trusts, bent o n t h e savage
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e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the masses o f the w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n E u r o p e a n d o t h e r peoples o f t h e w o r l d . F r o m its i n c e p t i o n , t h e a i m o f t h e C o m m o n M a r k e t was to f i n d w a y s and means of barbarous plunder for the great t r u s t s a n d c o n c e r n s a n d t o rescue c a p i t a l i s m f r o m crises a n d u p h e a v a l s . I n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a , t h e C o m m o n M a r k e t is a b i g neo-colonial p o w e r w h i c h not o n l y competes w i t h t h e s u p e r p o w e r s f o r t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f the d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , b u t also e n d e a v o u r s t o r e g a i n a n d m a i n t a i n the o l d p r i v i l e g e s o f t h e f o r m e r c o l o n i a l p o w e r s i n these c o u n t r i e s . T h o u g h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s o f f i c i a l l y outside t h e C o m m o n M a r k e t , t h r o u g h t h e e n t a n g l e m e n t o f U S c a p i t a l w i t h the c a p i t a l o f e a c h m e m b e r c o u n t r y , t h e U n i t e d States, i n d i r e c t l y , p l a y s a v e r y great r o l e i n it. I n the C o m m o n M a r k e t , U S i m p e r i a l i s m h a s h a d a n d s t i l l has a p o w e r f u l s u p p o r t a g a i n s t t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t bloc. T o g e t h e r w i t h N A T O , t h e C o m m o n M a r k e t constitutes a n o r g a n i z e d base a n d r e a r a r e a o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m i n its r i v a l r y a n d contest w i t h the o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r , t h e revisionist Soviet U n i o n . The Party of Labour of Albania, the Albanian state and people, are against N A T O and the Warsaw Treaty, against C O M E C O N and the Common Market, because these organizations are the basic instruments of the expansionist policy of the two superpowers, because they oppress, exploit and impoverish both the peoples of E u rope and the peoples of the developing countries, undermine both the revolution and the liberation of the peoples, and are instruments of enslavement. T h e S o v i e t U n i o n declares t h a t a c o m m u n i t y o f f r e e and e q u a l socialist states has b e e n created, b u t t h e S o v i e t fist r u l e s t h i s alliance. T h e r e i s n o t h i n g socialist a b o u t it, i t i s a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d a n o u t r i g h t f r a u d t o k e e p t h e peoples u n d e r t h e y o k e o f s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m .
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The monopolists of Western Europe, both bourgeois a n d r e v i s i o n i s t , h a v e a great d e a l to s a y a b o u t t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e so-called U n i t e d E u r o p e . So f a r some sort of a E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n has b e e n set u p w i t h a P a r l i a m e n t , a c o m m o n g o v e r n m e n t , some f o r m a l l a w s , w h i c h has t a k e n u p o n itself t o create t h e state u n i f i c a t i o n o f t h e E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s . P l a n s are b e i n g m a p p e d o u t for this part of Europe to have a joint army, a r m e d to t h e teeth, a n d a p o w e r f u l c a p i t a l i s t e c o n o m y a l l e g e d l y t o c o n f r o n t t h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s . I n fact, t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d States o f E u r o p e i s m e a n t t o e l i m i n a t e t h e notion of nationality in various E u r o p e a n countries, to integrate and amalgamate their culture a n d traditions, in other w o r d s , t o d o a w a y w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l i t y o f t h e peoples a n d states o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e u n d e r t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f the c o s m o p o l i t a n r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e o f t h i s continent. T h i s U n i t e d E u r o p e , its r e a c t i o n a r y content, w a s e x p o s e d a n d c o n d e m n e d b y L e n i n a s e a r l y a s 1915 w h e n he wrote:
From the standpoint of economic conditions of imperialism i. e., the export of capital and the division of the world by the 'advanced' and 'civilized' colonial powers a United States of Europe, under capitalism, is either impossible or reactionary. A n d f u r t h e r : Of course, temporary agreements are possible between capitalists and between states. In this sense, a United States of Europe is possible as an agreement between the European capitalists... but to what end? Only for the purpose of jointly suppressing socialism in Europe.*
__________________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n . Collected Works, v o l . 21, p p . 370, 372, A l b . ed.
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W o r l d capitalism, w h i c h is proceeding irretrievably t o w a r d s crises a n d decline, j u s t a s M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n p r e d i c t e d w i t h s u c h genius, has n o w r e a c h e d the stage o f i m p e r i a l i s m i n decay. I n o r d e r t o s u r v i v e , i t has d e v i s e d n e w f o r m s f o r the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e masses, not j u s t on a n a t i o n a l scale, b u t also on a w o r l d scale, has c o n t r i v e d its last a n d m o s t s o p h i s t i c a t e d m e a n s o f p l u n d e r , n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m , has c r e a t e d f i n a n c i a l l i n k s a n d e c o n o m i c and m i l i t a r y alliances through w h i c h it intends to hold in c o m p l e t e o r p a r t i a l d e p e n d e n c e m a n y states b e l o n g i n g t o w h a t i s c a l l e d t h e second w o r l d , t h e t h i r d w o r l d , the n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d o r t h e d e v e l o p i n g countries. A l l these t e r m s , w h i c h r e f e r t o t h e v a r i o u s p o l i t i c a l forces acting in the w o r l d today, cover up and do not b r i n g out the class c h a r a c t e r of these p o l i t i c a l forces, t h e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f o u r epoch, the k e y p r o b l e m w h i c h i s p r e d o m i n a n t t o d a y o n a n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l scale, the r u t h l e s s s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e b o u r g e o i s - i m p e r i a l i s t world, on the one hand, and socialism, the w o r l d proletariat, a n d its n a t u r a l allies, o n t h e other. T h e m o s t t h a t these t e r m s a n d d i v i s i o n s c a n i n d i c a t e is the extent of the influence and impact of w o r l d capital, i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r n a t i o n a l , o n v a r i o u s states a n d areas o f the w o r l d . T h e y c a n also i n d i c a t e t h e m o r e p o w e r f u l o r less p o w e r f u l s u p p o r t p o i n t s o f i m p e r i a l i s m a n d s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d t h e y m a y also i n d i c a t e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f the p e o p l e s ' a s p i r a t i o n s t o l i v e f r e e a n d i n d e p e n d e n t o f the s u p e r p o w e r s . B u t . v i e w i n g t h e q u e s t i o n f r o m t h e a n g l e o f the class c r i t e r i o n , w i t h some e x c e p t i o n s , i n these s t a tes, a n t a g o n i s t i c classes a n d t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f m a n b y m a n exist, a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d w o r k i n g p e o p l e o f these c o u n t r i e s a r e r u l e d b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i n t h i s o r that f o r m . M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches u s t h a t i n o u r epoch, c o u n t r i e s a r e g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s o c i a l s y s tem p r e v a i l i n g in them, into bourgeois-capitalist countries
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a n d socialist countries. T h e t h e o r i e s o n the s o - c a l l e d i n t e r m e d i a t e stage of n o n - c a p i t a l i s t d e v e l o p m e n t , so z e a l o u s l y p r o p a g a t e d b y the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s , are m e a n t t o sabotage the sincere socialist a s p i r a t i o n s t h a t e x i s t i n m a n y countries, t o cause i d e o l o g i c a l c o n f u s i o n , a n d t o u n d e r m i n e the s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o g r e s s i v e forces. S i m i l a r l y , r e g a r d i n g the assessment o f t h e p o l i c y p u r s u e d b y v a r i o u s states a n d g o v e r n m e n t , t h e M a r x i s t s p r o c e e d a g a i n f r o m the class c r i t e r i o n , f r o m t h e s t a n d s these g o v e r n m e n t s a n d c o u n t r i e s m a i n t a i n t o w a r d s i m p e r i a l i s m a n d s o c i a l i s m , t o w a r d s t h e i r o w n people a n d reaction. O n the basis o f these t e a c h i n g s t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t a n d the p r o l e t a r i a t b u i l d t h e i r s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, f i n d a n d u n i t e w i t h t h e i r t r u e a l l i e s i n the s t r u g g l e against i m p e r i a l i s m , the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d r e a c t i o n . T h e t e r m s t h i r d w o r l d , n o n - a l i g n e d states o r d e v e l o p i n g countries, create the i l l u s i o n a m o n g t h e b r o a d masses f i g h t i n g f o r n a t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n t h a t a r o o f has a l l e g e d l y been f o u n d u n d e r w h i c h t o s h e l t e r f r o m the threat of the superpowers. These terms conceal the real s i t u a t i o n i n the m a j o r i t y o f these countries, w h i c h , i n t h i s or that manner, politically, ideologically, a n d economically, are b o u n d to, a n d d e p e n d o n , the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s a n d the former colonial metropolises. The Yugoslav revisionists champion the idea of nona l i g n e d countries. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , f a l l i n g w i t h i n t h i s g r o u p a r e those c o u n t r i e s w h i c h h a v e n o t a l i g n e d t h e m selves t h r o u g h m i l i t a r y t r e a t i e s w i t h the b i g i m p e r i a l i s t and revisionist powers, m a i n l y w i t h N A T O and the W a r s a w T r e a t y . B u t w i t h o u t f o r m a l l y p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n these t w o m i l i t a r y blocs, m a n y of these c o u n t r i e s are so c o m p l e t e l y a l i g n e d w i t h the s u p e r p o w e r s a n d the b i g c a p i t a l i s t c o u n tries t h r o u g h a series of t r e a t i e s a n d agreements, t h a t t h e w o r d n o n - a l i g n e d has a v e r y h o l l o w s o u n d t o it.
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This situation of the non-aligned movement was borne out by the C o l o m b o Conference. W i t h difficulty i t m a n a g e d t o cover u p the d i v e r g e n c i e s a n d the o p p o s i n g political aims w h i c h i n d i v i d u a l countries and groups of p a r t i c i p a t i n g states are p u r s u i n g . T h i s t i m e n o b o d y spoke out a g a i n s t o r o p e n l y a t t a c k e d t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n b y n a m e a n d opposed t h e i r a g gressive a n d w a r - m o n g e r i n g p o l i c y a n d a c t i v i t y . H o w ever, t h e y d i d f i n d i t o p p o r t u n e a n d a d v a n t a g e o u s t o attack F r a n c e ! M a n y states w h i c h p r e t e n d t o b e n o n - a l i g n e d h a v e c o n c l u d e d a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s d e f e n s i v e a n d aggressive m i l i t a r y t r e a t i e s i n w h i c h i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s t a k e p a r t , too. N o n e o f the p a r t i c i p a n t s h a v e d e n o u n c e d these treaties. S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m i s t r y i n g t o set u p t h e A s i a n Security Treaty, tomorrow a similiar treaty on African S e c u r i t y , etc. A l l these are d i f f e r e n t f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a tion intended to t u r n an allegedly non-aligned country into a c o u n t r y e n s l a v e d f r o m e v e r y v i e w p o i n t . T h e s l o g a n o f n o n - a l i g n e d c o u n t r i e s g i v e s t h e false i m p r e s s i o n t h a t a g r o u p of states w h i c h h a v e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f o p p o s i n g t h e s u p e r p o w e r blocs i s b e i n g created. It gives t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t these c o u n t r i e s , a l l of t h e m , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , a r e a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t , opposed t o w a r , opposed to t h e d i c t a t e of others, t h a t t h e y are d e m o cratic a n d e v e n socialist. T h i s helps t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e pseudo-democratic and anti-popular positions of the leadi n g g r o u p s o f some states w h i c h p a r t i c i p a t e a m o n g t h e non-aligned, a n d creates t h e i m p r e s s i o n a m o n g t h e peoples o f these c o u n t r i e s t h a t w h e n t h e i r c h i e f s e s t a b l i s h or dissolve relations of any k i n d and nature w i t h the i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d the s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s , o p e n l y o r i n secret, t h e y d o t h i s n o t o n l y i n t h e c a p a c i t y o f p o p u l a r governments, b u t also in t h e c a p a c i t y of a g r o u p of states w i t h w h i c h e v e n the s u p e r p o w e r s m u s t r e c k o n .
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Our Party is of the opinion that the peoples must be told openly about the situations, because it is only thus that their true unity, the unity of the truly anti-imperialist and progressive states and governments is aided. In order to unite the peoples in the fight for freedom, independence and social progress, against any oppression and exploitation by whomsoever, first, it is necessary to establish the dividing line, to make clear who is their chief enemy, against whom they must fight, and with whom they must unite. T h e i r e n e m i e s are i m p e r i a l i s m , s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l b i g bourgeoisie, w h i c h p u r s u e a p o l i c y of expansionism and exploitation towards the countries of Asia, A f r i c a and Latin America. The superpowers and w o r l d capital w a n t to keep intact a l l the international forms and institutions established in the old colonial p e r i o d . W h e n t h e i r i n t e r e s t s are a f f e c t e d , e v e n i n t h e s l i g h t est, s u c h a s i n t h e case o f r a i s i n g t h e p r i c e s o f o i l a n d some o t h e r r a w m a t e r i a l s , t h e y r i s e i n w r a t h a n d d o not hesitate e v e n t o t h r e a t e n w a r against t h e peoples a n d countries that w a n t to establish sovereignty over their o w n n a t i o n a l assets, t h a t f i g h t f o r j u s t i c e a n d e q u a l i t y i n w o r l d exchanges a n d economic relations. B u t t h i s p l u n d e r a n d savage e x p l o i t a t i o n c a n n o t g o o n f o r ever. N o w e c o n o m i c d e c o l o n i z a t i o n has b e e n p l a c e d o n t h e o r d e r o f t h e d a y . a n d t h e r e i s n o t h i n g w h i c h can stop t h i s n e w r e v o l u t i o n a r y process w h i c h has e m e r g e d o n t h e w o r l d stage. T h e peoples h a v e t h e u n d e n i a b l e r i g h t to establish complete sovereignty over their n a t u r a l r e sources a n d t o n a t i o n a l i z e t h e m . H o w e v e r p r o t r a c t e d a n d f i e r c e t h e resistance a n d c o u n t e r - a t t a c k o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d other e x p l o i t e r s m a y be. n o t h i n g c a n p r e v e n t a t t a i n m e n t o f t h i s o b j e c t i v e . N o t h i n g c a n stop t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples f o r e q u a l i t y i n t h e f i e l d o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l exchanges, a n d t o e n s u r e t h a t the i n c o m e o b t a i n e d f r o m
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the sale o f r a w m a t e r i a l s i s u s e d t o d e v e l o p t h e i r i n d u s t r y and culture and i m p r o v e their life. T h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples f o r e c o n o m i c i n d e p e n d e n c e is spearheaded against the superpowers, against the m o n o p o l i e s o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t states, against the m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s . T h e r e f o r e , the p r o l e t a r i a t , a l l those who are for the revolution and socialism, must closely l i n k t h e i r s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples f o r f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e . T h i s c a n b e done o n l y b y r e s o l u t e l y s t r u g g l i n g against t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o f one's o w n c o u n t r y , b y s t r u g g l i n g against i m p e r i a l i s m a n d p r e d a t o r y w a r . T h i s i s also t h e most e f f e c t i v e a n d d i r e c t a i d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t c a n g i v e the l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t o f t h e peoples. T h e aggressive p o l i c y a n d the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i v i t y o f t h e s u p e r p o w e r s , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l b i g b o u r geoisie a n d r e a c t i o n i s d e v e l o p e d a m i d great a n d i r r e c o n cilable c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n i m p e r i a l i s m and sociali m p e r i a l i s m , b e t w e e n t h e m a n d t h e i r o w n allies. T h e s e contradictions, w h i c h are signs o f t h e i r w e a k n e s s a n d o f the t e l l i n g b l o w s w h i c h t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e p e o p l e s ' f i g h t f o r l i b e r a t i o n has dealt t h e m , a g a i n c o r r o b o r a t e t h e i m m o r t a l theses o f Marx, Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n on the development of bourgeois s o c i e t y a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a n s t r a t e g y o f t h e r e v olution. T h e m a j o r c r i s i s w h i c h has descended u p o n the t w o superpowers a n d t h e i r a l l i e s has a p o w e r f u l effect w e a k ening t h e aggressive a l l i a n c e s t h e y h a v e set u p . It has rocked m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d o n a l l t h e continents, and has a r o u s e d t h e w e l l - b a s e d s u s p i c i o n t h a t the m i s f o r tunes w h i c h h a v e beset t h e m h a v e t h e i r source i n t h e aggressive a n d p r e d a t o r y a c t i v i t i e s o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d Soviet s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h i s s u s p i c i o n has caused splits in the alliances, so t h a t some c o u n t r i e s have, p a r t l y or
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completely, broken a w a y f r o m them. H e r e declared a n d t h e r e k e p t secret, but a l w a y s a c t i v e a n d corrosive, m i s trust t o w a r d s t h e m i s c o n s t a n t l y g r o w i n g . N o w it is apparent that neither the US imperialists n o r the S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s c a n i m p o s e t h e i r respective hegemonism on their partners in the N A T O bloc and t h e W a r s a w T r e a t y a s t h e y w i s h . T h e deep c r a c k s i n t h e military, economic and political groupings of i m p e r i a l i s m and social-imperialism are becoming more disquieting for the s u p e r p o w e r s d a y b y d a y . T h e c e n t r i f u g a l forces, w h e t h e r of t h e w e s t e r n c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s states or of t h e e a s t e r n r e v i s i o n i s t states, a r e b e c o m i n g m o r e a p p a r e n t and active every day. W i t h i n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t bloc, S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m i s k e e p i n g a s t r i c t w a t c h o v e r its allies t o p r e v e n t a n y a t t e m p t t o b r e a k r a n k s . D e s p i t e this, the p o l i t i c a l a n i m o sity and ideological differences, if not as open as in Czec h o s l o v a k i a a t the t i m e o f D u b e k , e x i s t e v e r y w h e r e i n secret a n d a r e m a n i f e s t e d i n v a r i o u s f i e l d s a n d f o r m s , e s p e c i a l l y a r o u n d e c o n o m i c issues. A l l t h e d i s c o n t e n t t h a t is showing up in the relations between the revisionist c o u n t r i e s a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n i s c o v e r e d o v e r w i t h t h e theories o f l i m i t e d s o v e r e i g n t y a n d e c o n o m i c i n t e g r a tion expounded by Brezhnev, w h i c h means, in other words, in the interests of socialism the Soviet dictate o v e r t h e m m u s t b e p r e s e r v e d a n d m u s t not b e opposed. T h e f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t states o f t h e E a s t w i t h the S o v i e t U n i o n , t h e i r discontent, a r e f u r t h e r i n c i t e d b y U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its allies. T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s m a k i n g great e f f o r t s t o w e a k e n s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , t o k e e p its a s p i r a t i o n s f o r h e g e m o n y u n d e r t i g h t r e i n , t o split t h e satellites a w a y f r o m the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d d r a w t h e m closer t o itself. A n d t h i s i s t h e desire o f t h e satellites o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , too. T h e y h a v e h a d a n d s t i l l h a v e hopes o f d e v -
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e l o p i n g t h i s t e n d e n c y w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . A w a r e o f t h e e c o n o m i c w e a k n e s s o f the S o v i e t U n i o n , its u r g e n t n e e d f o r t e c h n o l o g y , a n d e s p e c i a l l y its p r e s s i n g n e e d t o release i n t e r n a l f u n d s f o r a r m a ments, n o w U S i m p e r i a l i s m i s t r y i n g t o m a k e the m o s t of this s i t u a t i o n a n d to p u t its p l a n s i n t o p r a c t i c e . It is giving credits to the Soviet government, but g i v i n g t h e m to the o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t countries, too, a n d at the same time e n c o u r a g i n g t h e W e s t e r n c a p i t a l i s t states t o i n v e s t their c a p i t a l i n these c o u n t r i e s . T h i s v e n t u r e i s f a c i l i t a t e d also b y t h e fact t h a t i n these p e r i o d s o f crises W e s t E u r o pean c a p i t a l i s s e e k i n g e c o n o m i c e x p a n s i o n w h e r e v e r i t can. D e s p i t e its e f f o r t s t o k e e p its satellites u n d e r m i l i t a r y and p o l i t i c a l y o k e , e c o n o m i c a l l y s u b j u g a t e d a n d s h a c k l e d w i t h m a n y steel chains, t h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n i s obliged t o a l l o w t h e m t o b u i l d contacts w i t h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the o t h e r b i g c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e , t o ask f o r a n d r e c e i v e c r e d i t s f r o m them. O f course, f o r e a c h c r e d i t t h e y m u s t p l e d g e some economic-political collateral security, and it is precisely this w h i c h w o r r i e s t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s m o s t . O n t h e i r p a r t , t h e S o v i e t s , also, a r e t r y i n g t o o p e n some b r e a c h a n d i n f i l t r a t e t h e W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s . T h e s e countries m a d e a great fuss a b o u t w h a t w a s h a p p e n i n g i n Portugal, about the interference of the Soviet U n i o n t h r o u g h t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y o f C u n h a l . A n d , i n fact, s u c h a n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e . B u t a l l t h e fuss w a s r a i s e d m o r e for sensation t h a n f r o m f e a r t h a t t h e S o v i e t s m i g h t e v e n tually get a f o o t h o l d in t h e I b e r i a n P e n i n s u l a . A t present, t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e p o l i t i c a l , military a n d economic alliances headed by US i m p e r i a l ism h a v e b e c o m e v e r y acute. T h e s q u a b b l e s a n d c o m p e t i tion b e t w e e n t h e m o n o p o l i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n d J a pan, o n t h e one h a n d , a n d t h e m o n o p o l i e s o f t h e U n i t e d
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States, on t h e other, h a v e n o w r e a c h e d a n e w stage at w h i c h each p a r t y i s t r y i n g t o secure t h e m a x i m u m s u p e r i o r positions, p r i v i l e g e s a n d f a v o u r s f o r itself. T h e c o n tradictions between them have been even further increased as a r e s u l t of the e n e r g y a n d r a w m a t e r i a l s crisis, t h e n a r r o w i n g o f the sphere f o r t h e e x p o r t o f c a p i t a l , a n d the i n c r e a s i n g d i f f i c u l t i e s o v e r s e c u r i n g p r o f i t s t h r o u g h the neo-colonialist policy. This is f u l l y corroborating Stalin's analysis and pred i c t i o n o f 1952, w h e n h e s a i d :
Outwardly, everything would seem to be 'going well'; the US has put Western Europe, Japan and other capitalist countries on rations; Germany (Western), Britain, France, Italy, and Japan have fallen into the clutches of the USA and are meekly obeying its commands. But it would be mistaken to think that things can continue to 'go well' for 'all eternity', that these countries will tolerate the domination and oppression of the United States endlessly, that they will not endeavour to tear loose from American bondage and take the path of independent development.*
W i t h i n the f r a m e w o r k o f t h e a l l i a n c e s o f t h e W e s t , t h e greatest q u a r r e l s are those b e t w e e n the U n i t e d States a n d the C o m m o n M a r k e t , w h i c h , u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e a n d t h r o u g h v a r i o u s m a n o e u v r e s o f t h e S o v i e t bloc also t e n d to increase. B e c a u s e o f the c o m p e t i t i o n , i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t the C o m m o n M a r k e t f r o m a f f i r m i n g itself and becoming consolidated, the U n i t e d States t r i e s t o m a n i p u l a t e its m e m ________________________________________ * J. Stalin, Economic Problems T i r a n a 1968, p. 39. A l b . ed. of Socialism in the USSR,
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bers s e p a r a t e l y a n d t o i n c i t e t h e m against one another. Besides its e n s l a v e m e n t o f t h e other w e a k m e m b e r s , the U n i t e d States i s m a k i n g s p e c i a l e f f o r t s t o i m p e d e t h e German-French rapprochement by weakening France and supporting Federal G e r m a n y and Britain. I t m u s t b e s a i d that, despite t h e o r g a n i s m s t h e y h a v e created, t h e c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e h a v e not g i v e n u p t h e i r great i n d i v i d u a l e f f o r t s i n w h i c h each s t r i v e s t o g r a b f o r i t s e l f t h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f concessions a n d m a r k e t s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d . O f course, t h i s c o m p e t i t i o n i s d i r e c t e d against t h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s , b u t , i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h the economic, m i l i t a r y and political might of the t w o b i g states, a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h a t o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m , these c o u n t r i e s a r e w e a k . T h u s , these c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e d o n o t m a n a g e t o d i p t h e i r f i n g e r i n the h o n e y a s t h e y w o u l d l i k e , a n d n o t j u s t i n the e c o n o m i c f i e l d , i n the d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , b u t w h e n t h e y r a i s e t h e i r v o i c e in political matters v e r y little, if any, notice is taken of t h e m . A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m has c r e a t e d s u c h a s i t u a t i o n t h a t i t has n o t o n l y e l i m i n a t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e e c o n o m i c i n t r u s i o n of these countries, b u t it has also shut the m o u t h s o f its p a r t n e r s i n a l l i a n c e . A s M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches us, f r o m these s i t u a tions t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces r e a c h the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e y m u s t i n t e n s i f y t h e i r a l l - r o u n d struggle a g a i n s t U S i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d t h e r e a c t i o n a r y c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , the s t r u g g l e t o deepen t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d d i v e r g e n c i e s t h a t exist among their enemies. T h e enemies must not be given a m o m e n t ' s r e s p i t e t o come t o a g r e e m e n t , t o g r o u p t h e i r forces a n d o r g a n i z e t h e m s e l v e s t o f i g h t the r e v o l u t i o n , s o c i a l i s m , a n d t h e peoples w i t h n e w s t r e n g t h . I n t h i s struggle t h e a l l i e s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t are a l l those w h o are oppressed b y . a n d s u f f e r i n g a t t h e h a n d s of, the i m p e r i a l i s t s , the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d r e a c t i o n , w h o w a n t f r e e d o m a n d i n d e -
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pendence f o r t h e i r peoples, those w h o oppose i m p e r i a l i s m and social-imperialism and their hegemonistic plans. Loyal to the interests of the revolution, socialism, and the peoples, our Party will support the proletariat and the peoples who are against the two superpowers and for their destruction, against the capitalist and revisionist bourgeoisie and for its overthrow. I n crisis a n d w i t h m a n y c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e m , i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n w i t h t h e i r allies a s w e l l a s w i t h t h e p e o ples, t h e s u p e r p o w e r s are t r y i n g t o f i n d n e w f o r m s o f c o l l a b o r a t i o n a m i d divergencies, t o i n v e n t n e w d e m a g o g i c a l theories, t o d r a f t n e w e n s l a v i n g p l a n s a n d t o r e d i v i d e t h e w o r l d i n t o n e w spheres o f i n f l u e n c e a n d m a r k e t s . N e v e r b e f o r e has t h e w o r l d b e e n s u b j e c t e d to s u c h a campaign of propaganda and diplomatic diversion as this the i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d the s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s are e n g a g e d i n a t present, w h i c h i s i n t e n d e d t o p r e t t i f y t h e h e g e m o n i c a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t p o l i c y o f the s u p e r p o w e r s , t o j u s t i f y t h e i r aggressions a n d t o c o n c e a l t h e i r w a r p r e p a r a t i o n s . B o t h i n t h e E a s t a n d i n t h e West, the i m p e r i a l i s t a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t l e a d i n g circles c l a i m t h a t m a n k i n d i s l i v i n g i n a p e r i o d o f r e d u c e d tension, t h a t the cold w a r and the confrontation threatening a clash between the s u p e r p o w e r s h a v e g i v e n w a y t o dtente, p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t ence; i n t e r n a t i o n a l h a r m o n y , general s e c u r i t y , etc., t h a t the dangers h a v e passed a n d t h e clouds o f w a r a n d disaster h a v e b e e n d i s p e r s e d . B y m e a n s o f these h i g h f l o w n slogans, t h e s u p e r p o w e r s , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o u r geoisie a n d r e a c t i o n are t r y i n g t o d u p e t h e peoples, t o w e a k e n t h e i r resistance a n d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t control and domination. The People's Republic of Albania does not accept and publicly exposes the so-called theory about the need to preserve the balance between the superpowers as a condition or a basis to avoid war and defend peace. It rejects
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the imperialist concepts on the preservation of the spheres of influence allegedly as factors of stability and security, the concepts of limited sovereignty and the interdependent world, of bipolarization, the policy of blackmail, etc. T h e s e s o - c a l l e d theories a n d doctrines i n v e n t e d i n M o s c o w a n d W a s h i n g t o n are m e a n t t o create a c a p i t u l a t i o n i s t o p i n i o n t h a t n o state o r n a t i o n c a n l i v e outside t h e d o m i n a t i o n a n d t u t e l a g e o f one o r t h e other superpower. T h e h i s t o r y o f E u r o p e h a s p r o v e d t h a t the balance of forces a m o n g t h e b i g p o w e r s has a l w a y s been a w e a p o n i n t h e h a n d s o f e x p l o i t i n g classes t o suppress the national liberation and revolutionary movements. Intervention has been always the w e a p o n of the system of balance, t o r e s t o r e i t w h e n i t i s upset o r t o g u a r d against its b e i n g upset. Peace and international security in Europe and in the w o r l d are not achieved through the establishment of h a r m o n y o r balance b e t w e e n t h e s u p e r p o w e r s , b u t through struggle against imperialist pressure and interv e n t i o n , t h r o u g h e f f o r t s f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e peoples, through the strengthening of national independence and sovereignty. T h e s u p e r p o w e r s are c a r r y i n g o n a b i g t r a d e i n a r m s w h i c h is becoming the most lucrative business in our days. I n the s i m p l e v i e w , i t m i g h t seem a s i f those a r m s add to and strengthen the fighting ability of the countries w h i c h r e c e i v e t h e m . I n fact, t h i s t r a d e constitutes a n e w noose r o u n d t h e n e c k o f the p u r c h a s e r s , c h a i n s w h i c h b i n d t h e m h a n d a n d foot. N o t o n l y c a n these w e a p o n s n e v e r b e f i r e d i n o p p o s i t i o n t o a n y e v e n t u a l aggression b y t h e sellers a n d t h e i r allies, b u t t h e y c a n n o t b e f i r e d a t a n y o n e a t a l l w i t h o u t t h e sellers' p e r m i s s i o n . By means of their arms trade the superpowers encourage m i n o r a r m s races a m o n g s m a l l a n d m e d i u m - s i z e d
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countries, w h i c h t h e n become the cause o f q u a r r e l s a n d conflicts among neighbours, stirring up local wars, a t h i n g w h i c h opens the w a y t o t h e e x p a n s i o n a n d h e g e m o n i s m o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h r o u g h t h e a r m s t r a d e , a s w e l l a s the w a r p s y c h o s i s w h i c h they develop w i t h p o w e r f u l propaganda, the two superpowers are t r y i n g especially to penetrate into A f r i c a , the M i d d l e East, L a t i n A m e r i c a a n d A s i a . I n these countries, t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n a r e v y i n g w i t h e a c h other. I n o r d e r t o s u b j u g a t e v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s of these zones, t h e y create and b r i n g to p o w e r cliques of allegedly l i b e r a t i o n colours a n d set t h e m a t l o g g e r h e a d s w i t h one a n o t h e r a c c o r d i n g t o the p r i n c i p l e o f d i v i d e a n d r u l e . I n fact, w h e t h e r U S i m p e r i a l i s m , i n its o p e n a n d savage w a y , o r S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s m , l i k e w i s e i n its w a y , w h i c h i s j u s t a s savage but m a s k e d w i t h a p s e u d o - s o c i a l i s t p r o p a g a n d a , t h e y a r e w o r k i n g t o a g g r a v a t e r e l a t i o n s , t o s t i r u p a n d i n f l a t e the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a m o n g t h e peoples t o f u r t h e r t h e i r o w n interests, t o e s t a b l i s h n a v a l bases i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s , t o b u i l d m i l i t a r y alliances, t o c o n c l u d e e n s l a v i n g t r a d e a g r e e ments, etc. O n e o f t h e most t y p i c a l e x a m p l e s o f t h i s p o l i c y o f the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s i s p r o v i d e d b y t h e M i d d l e East, w h e r e the m a i n issue i s o i l . T h e h o s t i l i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e A r a b peoples a n d Israel, t h e s i t u a t i o n a m o n g s t t h e A r a b peoples themselves, w h o are s p l i t a n d i n d i s a g r e e m e n t w i t h one another, w h i c h i s b e i n g a g g r a v a t e d b y t h e S o v i e t - U S i n t r i g u e s , are a consequence of t h i s k e y p r o b l e m , of the e n d e a v o u r s of the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s to seize the o i l resources. T h e b l o o d o f the A r a b peoples has been a n d i s b e i n g shed o n a c c o u n t o f t h i s w e a l t h . U n i t e d States i m p e r i a l i s m o p e n l y assists I s r a e l t o k e e p t h e A r a b w o r l d d i v i d e d . T h e S o v i e t U n i o n a l l e g e d l y helps t h e A r a b p e o ples b y s e l l i n g t h e m a r m s , w h i l e i t i s s e n d i n g l a r g e n u m -
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bers o f S o v i e t J e w s t o I s r a e l w h e r e t h e y are u s e d a s c a n non f o d d e r against the A r a b peoples. A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e s u p e r p o w e r s are also t r y i n g t o e l b o w e a c h o t h e r out. N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g its c l e a r l y p r o Israeli stance, U S i m p e r i a l i s m n o t o n l y succeeded i n k e e p i n g t h e course o f f r i e n d s h i p w i t h S a u d i A r a b i a a n d the P e r s i a n G u l f E m i r a t e s i n its f a v o u r , b u t i t also m a n a g e d to u n d e r m i n e the Soviet positions in the area. Egypt's denunciation of the Egyptian-Soviet T r e a t y as w e l l as the e x p u l s i o n o f t h e a g g r e s s i v e S o v i e t n a v a l fleet f r o m its ports is a defeat a n d n o t a v i c t o r y f o r S o v i e t s o c i a l imperialism. N o w it is the A m e r i c a n s w h o have the upper h a n d in d i c t a t i n g t h e i r schemes i n t h i s r e g i o n . O f course S o v i e t social-imperialism is not sitting i d l y by w i t h folded arms, either. I t i s s t r i v i n g t o m a k e g o o d its loss i n E g y p t , b y c l i n g i n g t o t h e p o s i t i o n s i t s t i l l has i n some A r a b c o u n t r y , o r b y s e e k i n g t o secure some n e w base, b y a t t a c h i n g itself to n e w f r i e n d s . On the A f r i c a n continent, the struggle between the two s u p e r p o w e r s has j u s t b e g u n a n d i s f a r f r o m c o m i n g t o a n e n d . U n i t e d States i m p e r i a l i s m has l o n g ago set u p its o w n bases t h e r e . Its i m p e r i a l i s t interests h e r e a r e also i n t e r w o v e n w i t h the i n t e r e s t s o f its W e s t - E u r o p e a n allies, and j o i n t l y t h e y c o n s t i t u t e a p o w e r f u l b a r r i e r t o S o v i e t penetration in this region. The events in A n g o l a are being advertised as a major Soviet success, s o m e t h i n g w h i c h serves s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l ism to pose as a l i b e r a t o r of t h e peoples. T h i s also serves U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d a l l w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m t o f a n u p the p s y chosis o f a n t i - c o m m u n i s t f e a r a n d w a r , t h o u g h c o m m u n i s m has n o t h i n g w h a t s o e v e r t o d o w i t h it. T h e c u r r e n t struggle of t h e A f r i c a n peoples is a r e v o l t a g a i n s t the interference a n d p l u n d e r of the t w o superpowers. The b i g imperialist powers m a k e the most of the dif-
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f i c u l t e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n s o f the peoples, the countries a n d states o f A f r i c a , w h e r e t h e y h a t c h u p a t h o u s a n d a n d one i n t r i g u e s . T h e s e a r e n e v e r - e n d i n g i n t r i g u e s e n g i n e e r e d t o r e t a r d t h e r e v i v a l o f t h i s vast c o n t i n e n t w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h has l i v e d i n p o v e r t y f o r c e n t u r i e s b u t w h i c h has a n a n c i e n t c u l t u r e , w h i c h has n e w s t r e n g t h a n d energies, w h i c h i m p e r i a l i s m , s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m and w o r l d capital do not allow to be channelled o n t o t h e correct r o a d t o t h e progress, f r e e d o m , d e m o cracy, a n d f u l l i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y o f these states. Our Party upholds the thesis that both when the superpowers work together and when they quarrel, it is others who pay the bill. The collusion and rivalry between the superpowers are the two sides of the one contradictory reality, important expressions of the same imperialist strategy, to rob the peoples of their freedom and to dominate the world. They pose the same danger, therefore the two superpowers are the main and greatest enemies of the peoples. That is why one must never rely on one imperialism to fight or escape from the other. T h e r e are states that, a w a r e of a t h r e a t f r o m e i t h e r one o r the o t h e r s u p e r p o w e r , base t h e i r defence o n the m i l i t a r y p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , o r o f the Soviet U n i o n . B u t m i l i t a r y protection by the superp o w e r s i s a n i l l u s o r y defence because its a i m i s t o c o n v e r t t h e defended c o u n t r y i n t o a p r o t e c t o r a t e . S h e l t e r u n d e r t h e defence u m b r e l l a o f t h e s u p e r p o w e r s i s a l w a y s a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c concessions, w i t h concessions i n the r e a l m o f n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y a n d r e strictions in the field of decision-making on internal and e x t e r n a l issues. T h e peoples s h o u l d n o t f a l l i n t o t h e t r a p o f t h e socalled anti-imperialist front advertised by the Soviet s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s , i n w h i c h t h e y are s e e k i n g t o e m b r o i l a l l those w h o are opposed to, a n d f i g h t against, U n i t e d
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States i m p e r i a l i s m . T o j o i n t h i s f r o n t m e a n s t o s a c r i f i c e the l o f t i e s t i n t e r e s t s of y o u r c o u n t r y , to expose the p e o p l e to d a n g e r , to b e c o m e a m i n i o n of the s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s and c a n n o n f o d d e r f o r t h e i r a m b i t i o n s . T h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r ica are n o t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n s o c i a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l ism, as M o s c o w is t r y i n g to pass t h e m off, b u t c o n t r a d i c tions b e t w e e n t w o b i g i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s . W h i l e r e j e c t i n g t h e d e m a g o g y a n d d e c e p t i v e tactics of anti-imperialism preached by the Soviet revisionists, it is n e c e s s a r y also to r e j e c t t h e a n t i - s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e m o n o p o l y bourgeoisie o f t h e w o r l d are p r o p a g a t i n g . T h e peoples cannot a l l o w t h e m s e l v e s t o f a l l v i c t i m s t o t h e r i v a l r y o f the U n i t e d States a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d b e c o m e pawns i n t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t m a n o e u v r i n g . T h e b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t p r o p a g a n d i s t s are n o w h a v i n g a g r e a t d e a l to s a y a b o u t secure borders, r e n u n ciation of t h e use of force, p e a c e f u l c o o p e r a t i o n a n d so on, p r e s e n t i n g the H e l s i n k i C o n f e r e n c e as the m o d e l . Our P a r t y d e c l a r e d its v i e w a b o u t t h i s c o n f e r e n c e a t t h e proper t i m e , c a l l i n g it a m e e t i n g of E u r o p e a n i n s e c u r i ty. ( 9 ) W e c o n d e m n e d i t f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g a n d refused t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n it. W e acted i n t h i s w a y p r o c e e d ing f r o m a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n a l y s i s of events. It w a s n o t only t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s , b u t t h e U n i t e d States i m perialists, too, w h o w a n t e d t h a t conference. T h e y w a n t e d it as a b r e a t h i n g space to get o v e r t h e crisis, to b u i l d up their s t r e n g t h , t o p u l l t h e m s e l v e s t o g e t h e r a n d t o c r e a t e the i l l u s i o n t h a t E u r o p e i s b e i n g secured, t h a t i t w i l l not b e a t t a c k e d b y the S o v i e t s since i t w i l l b e d e f e n d e d b y the A m e r i c a n s . F o r t h e s a k e o f appearances, t h e s u p e r __________________________________________________________ 9 See: E n v e r H o x h a , Selected Works, v o l . 4, the 8 N n tori P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1982, pp. 935-946, E n g . ed.
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p o w e r s sought t o freeze the s i t u a t i o n i n o u r continent, e s p e c i a l l y the r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n the t w o blocs o f t h e East a n d the W e s t . The H e l s i n k i Conference was a comedy, w i t h the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e U n i t e d States a s t h e s t a r p e r f o r m ers. A l l the rest w h o took p a r t i n it, d i d not believe, either b e f o r e o r a f t e r t h e m e e t i n g , t h a t i t w o u l d d o a n y good. The m o u n t a i n laboured and brought forth a mouse. In fact, n o t h i n g has a l t e r e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s i t u a t i o n except that a t t e m p t s a r e b e i n g m a d e t o create a n a t m o s p h e r e a s t h o u g h a p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l status q u o a n d m o r e d e v e l o p e d e c o n o m i c c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n the states o f E u rope, w i t h the e x c e p t i o n o f A l b a n i a , are b e i n g e s t a b l i s h e d . I n a l l these d i r e c t i o n s , n o t o n l y w a s t h e status q u o n o t c o n f i r m e d , b u t n e w conflicts, s u c h a s t h a t b e t w e e n G r e e c e and Turkey, flared up. T h e c l a m o u r o f t h e K r e m l i n bosses a b o u t a p e a c e f u l s p i r i t a f t e r H e l s i n k i has been i n c r e a s e d , b u t a l o n g s i d e t h i s the e x c u r s i o n s o f the S o v i e t n a v a l fleet h a v e been increased, too, a n d i t has n o w b e g u n t o c o m m i t a r r o g a n t violations of the m a r i t i m e sovereignty of the freedoml o v i n g N o r d i c c o u n t r i e s a n d t o t r y t o e s t a b l i s h its d o m i n a t i o n o v e r a l l t h e seas o f t h e N o r t h . A s concerns t h e s o - c a l l e d s e c u r i n g o f E u r o p e against a w o r l d w a r , t h i s has t a k e n n o step f o r w a r d . W h a t i s m o r e , t h i s i s u n a t t a i n a b l e , since n e i t h e r t h e E a s t n o r the W e s t c a n d i s a r m t h e m s e l v e s a n d c a n m a k e not e v e n the slightest a t t e m p t i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n , because b o t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w o u l d b e d a m a g e d . T h e o n l y e f f o r t s these t w o i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s a r e m a k i n g , are t o increase t h e n u m b e r o f t h e i r o f f e n s i v e w e a p o n s f o r w a r a n d t h e i r n u c l e a r a r m s . T h e S A L T meetings, l i k e w i s e , h a v e y i e l d e d n o r e s u l t s w h a t e v e r , t h e y are bogged d o w n . T h e p a r t i e s i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n a r e s i m p l y indulging in fruitless talk.
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T h e c a m p a i g n a b o u t d i s a r m a m e n t w h i c h the s u p e r p o w e r s a r e c o n d u c t i n g , t h e i r endless p l a n s a n d schemes, the conferences a n d t a l k s w h i c h h a v e b e e n g o i n g o n f o r years on end, are a b l u f f a n d s w i n d l e aimed at disguising t h e i r a r m i n g . T h e i r a i m i s t o f o r c e the o t h e r peoples a n d states t o r e c o n c i l e t h e m s e l v e s to, a n d a l l o w t h e s a n c t i o n i n g of, t h e m o n o p o l y o f n u c l e a r a n d o t h e r m o d e r n w e a p o n s o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , a n d to recognize their right to uncontrolled a n d u n l i m i t e d a r m i n g a n d ceaseless p e r f e c t i n g o f t h e t e c h n o l o g y o f w e a p o n s o f mass e x t e r m i n a t i o n . T h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s k n o w that, b y m a i n t a i n i n g t h e i r stocks a n d m o n o p o l y o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m o d e r n w e a p o n s , t h e y c a n also m a i n t a i n t h e i r b l a c k m a i l and threat, the fear and insecurity w h i c h their m i l i t a r y m a c h i n e i n s t i l s i n others, a n d t h e p e r m a n e n t p r e s sure w h i c h t h e i r w e a p o n s e x e r t e v e n i f t h e y are not f i r e d . T h e p r o b l e m s o f w a r a n d peace h a v e a l w a y s p r e o c c u p i e d t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d , t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g m a s ses, w h o w a n t n o n e w d i s a s t e r t o b e f a l l m a n k i n d a g a i n . The danger is real. T h e superpowers are m a k i n g p r e p a r a tions f o r a w o r l d w a r , a n d t o t h i s e n d , a p a r t f r o m t h e i r u n r e s t r a i n e d a r m s race, t h e y are also t r y i n g t o create t h e circumstances w h i c h they judge suitable, by p l a y i n g the bourgeois cliques i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s off against one another, b y s t i r r i n g u p n a t i o n a l i s t sentiments, t o set t h e peoples a t l o g g e r h e a d s w i t h each other, a n d s o o n . A l l this a c t i v i t y a n d these h i d e o u s m e t h o d s o f the s u p e r p o w e r s l e a d s t r a i g h t to t h e r o a d of p r e p a r a t i o n of a n e w world war. These preparations are accompanied w i t h b l a c k m a i l and m a n y threats, t h e w o r k o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t social-imperialism or other capitalist bourgeois countries. T h e y h a v e c r e a t e d t h e o p i n i o n that t h e f u t u r e w a r w h i c h i s i n t h e m a k i n g a n d m a y b e l a u n c h e d , b y one o r t h e
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o t h e r s u p e r p o w e r , w h e t h e r an a l l - o u t or a p a r t i a l one, w i l l be a lightning war, so short that w i t h i n three to four days the S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s w i l l succeed i n o c c u p y i n g the w h o l e o f Y u g o s l a v i a (since A l b a n i a , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , w i l l b e s w a l l o w e d a t one bite!!), a n d thus, the S o v i e t t a n k s w i l l r e a c h the e a s t e r n A t l a n t i c s e a b o a r d , i n P o r t u g a l , i n a m a t t e r o f t e n d a y s ! T h i s i s the u t t e r l y m i s g u i d e d state o f m i n d t h a t i s b e i n g n u r t u r e d e v e r y d a y b y the p r o p a g a n d a o f t h e s u p e r p o w e r s t o i n t i m i d a t e the states a n d the peoples, t o w e a k e n t h e i r defence, t o l o w e r the v i g i l a n c e a n d m o r a l e o f t h e masses o f t h e people, t o sap t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y w i l l t o f i g h t i n d e f e n c e o f f r e e d o m and independence. O u r P a r t y holds that this propaganda a n d these v i e w s r e p r e s e n t a s p e c i a l s t r a t e g y a n d tactics to establish imperialist and social-imperialist control and d o m i n a t i o n o v e r the n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y l i f e o f a l l states. T h e r e f o r e a s such, t h e y m u s t b e r e s o l u t e l y c o m b a t e d . A s t o A l b a n i a ' s b e i n g o n l y one m o u t h f u l w a t c h out, g e n t l e m e n , f o r socialist A l b a n i a is a h a r d bone that'll stick in y o u r throat and choke y o u ! S h o u l d the S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s u n d e r t a k e s u c h a v e n t u r e against o u r c o u n t r y , t h e y w i l l s u f f e r a n i r r e p a r a b l e defeat. T h e s a m e h o l d s g o o d f o r U S i m p e r i a l i s m , too. S h o u l d i t dare p e r p e t r a t e s u c h aggression, it, too, w i l l n e v e r c o m e o u t o f i t a l i v e . T h e lessons f r o m its defeat i n V i e t n a m a n d C a m b o d i a are v e r y fresh. I n a n y c o u n t r y , its f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e a r e dependent m a i n l y on the stand adopted, whether y o u decide t o l i v e f r e e a n d o n y o u r feet, o r o n y o u r k n e e s a s slaves. W h e n y o u are d e t e r m i n e d t o l i v e f r e e a n d s t a n d r e a d y t o f i g h t , t h e n t h e b l a c k m a i l i s k n o c k e d back, s t r e n g t h i s r e v i v e d , t h e people's c o u r a g e m o u n t s , a n d i t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r the aggressor t o a t t a c k y o u . T h i s i s h o w o u r people think, and they put this v i e w b l u n t l y to any enemy
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who m a y imagine that he w o u l d have a walk-over in A l b a n i a , too. O u r p e o p l e h a v e n e v e r been, a n d a r e not, afraid of any power, no matter whether it is a big power o r a m e d i u m one, a n d n o m a t t e r h o w w e l l a r m e d i t m a y be, t h a t m i g h t d a r e t o a t t a c k o u r c o u n t r y . O u r p e o p l e w i l l fight valiantly, intelligently, and w i t h every means a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l , c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e y w i l l defeat t h e a g gressors, w h o e v e r t h e y m i g h t be. T h i s s t a n d i s based o n the sound r e a l i t y o f o u r c o u n t r y , o n t h e s t e e l - l i k e u n i t y o f the people, o n t h e l o f t y a i m o f d e f e n d i n g t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e H o m e l a n d a n d t h e great v i c t o r i e s o f socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n , a t a l l costs, w h i c h t h e P a r t y has inculcated in everybody, old a n d y o u n g ; it is based on the intensive m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g of the entire soldier people and t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e t e r r i t o r y o f A l b a n i a . T h e a g gressors w i l l f i n d t h e m s e l v e s q u i t e u n a b l e t o w a l k o v e r A l b a n i a . Instead, they w i l l f i n d their o w n death here. T h e e n e m i e s c a n b e s u r e o f one t h i n g , t h a t t h e y w i l l never set foot o n o u r s o i l , t h a t t h e i r w e a p o n s a n d b o m b s w i l l n e v e r b e a b l e t o s u b d u e t h e great resistance, t h e spirit o f h e r o i s m , a n d t h e a r d e n t p a t r i o t i c f e e l i n g s o f t h e A l b a n i a n people. L e n i n teaches u s t h a t w a r b r e a k s out w h e n t h e d e p t h and a b r a s i v e n e s s o f t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s reaches t h e m o s t acute stage, w h e n a l l t h e t a l k , p r o p a g a n d a a n d e c o n o m i c r e f o r m s a r e n o l o n g e r a b l e t o r e s t r a i n it. T h e i m p e r i a l i s t s and t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s a r e h e a d i n g f o r w a r . B u t t h e y are n o t e n t i r e l y f r e e t o act a t w i l l . M a n y f a c t o r s e x e r t their i n f l u e n c e o n t h i s issue. W a r m a y b r e a k o u t i n E u rope, a s i t m a y i n A s i a , o r i n o t h e r regions, s u c h a s t h e M i d d l e East, f o r e x a m p l e , w h e r e s o m a n y c o n t r a d i c t i o n s are e n t a n g l e d a n d s u c h d a n g e r o u s events are u n f o l d i n g . N o p o s s i b i l i t y c a n b e r u l e d out. into T h e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g is that the people should not f a l l fatalism, become passive observers and be caught
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unawares; they must be prepared for the worst and fight to prevent it from occurring. M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches u s t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the war-mongers must be weakened t h r o u g h the r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s o f t h e peoples. I f a n aggressive i m p e r i a l i s t w a r c a n n o t b e p r e v e n t e d , t h e n i t i s t h e task o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t o t u r n it i n t o a l i b e r a t i o n w a r . I t s h o u l d b e d r i v e n h o m e t o t h e peoples t h a t t h e e n e mies of the revolution and the w o r l d proletariat, the enem i e s o f f r e e d o m a n d t h e oppressed peoples, t h e i n s t i g a t o r s a n d the cause o f w a r , are U S i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d t h e r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e o f each c o u n t r y . T h e s e p o w e r s c o n s t i t u t e a n d r e p r e s e n t the savage w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m , w h i c h has its source i n , and draws its s t r e n g t h f r o m , the i n h u m a n e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e masses and t h e peoples. A stern, consistent, a n d d e t e r m i n e d s t r u g g l e m u s t b e o r g a n i z e d against these savage p o w e r s , against t h e i r i d e o l o g y a n d v a r i o u s f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n , f r o m the different reactionary a n d demagogic parties, the trusts a n d m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s d o w n t o t h e i r s m a l l e s t national and international organisms, f r o m the banks and political and m i l i t a r y alliances d o w n to their aggressive armies, u n t i l , i n t h e e n d , t h e i r state p o w e r i s s m a s h e d r i g h t d o w n t o its f o u n d a t i o n s . The present conditions d e m a n d that this merciless a n d a l l - r o u n d s t r u g g l e i s w a g e d b y a l l t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d , b y a l l p r o g r e s s i v e people w h o h a v e t h e t r u e a n d complete interests of their nations at heart and have made t h e m the a i m of their struggle and life. If this struggle i s l e d b y the w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its v a n g u a r d , t h e c o m munist party, w h i c h is guided by the u n e r r i n g theory of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , i t w i l l b e m o r e resolute, u n c e a s i n g , and ever m o u n t i n g . The imperialists and the social-imperialists have as
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t h e i r close a l l i e s t h e r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e o f e a c h c o u n t r y w h e r e t h e y e x e r c i s e t h e i r i n f l u e n c e . T h e y use these allies t o d o t h e i r d i r t y w o r k a n d w i e l d the w h i p o n t h e i r behalf, s o t h e y f e e d a n d a r m t h e m t o h a v e t h e m r e a d y as a s t r i k i n g f o r c e in a w o r l d c o n f l a g r a t i o n a n d against peoples w h o r i s e i n r e v o l u t i o n against t h e i r i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l oppressors. T h e r e f o r e , these t w o forces cannot be s e p a r a t e d f r o m one a n o t h e r . W i t h o u t c o m b a t i n g t h e one, y o u c a n n o t c o m b a t t h e other, w i t h o u t c o m b a t i n g the i n t e r n a l r e a c t i o n a r y f o r c e u n t i l y o u h a v e o v e r t h r o w n it, you cannot combat the e x t e r n a l enemy, y o u cannot prevent w a r . Y o u m u s t d e s t r o y e v e r y k i n d o f base the s u p e r powers have established and created in a given country, for i n this w a y y o u w e a k e n a n d destroy the w o r l d i n f l u ence a n d s t r e n g t h t h e y h a v e based o n the e n s l a v e m e n t o f peoples a n d c o u n t r i e s . It is essential that we Marxist-Leninists w o r k to arouse t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s p i r i t i n t h e masses o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its closest allies, t h e p e a s a n t r y , t h e w o r k i n g masses, t h e p r o g r e s s i v e a n d p a t r i o t i c people. T h i s w e m u s t d o w i t h o u t f a i l , because a l l t h e e n e m i e s are c o m p e t i n g w i t h one a n o t h e r t o d e s t r o y s o c i a l i s m , t o s t r a n g l e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d e n s l a v e t h e peoples. W e m u s t base o u r s e l v e s o n the m o b i l i z a t i o n a n d strength o f t h e peoples, o n t h e u n i t y o f a l l those w h o w a n t t o t h r o w off t h e i m p e r i a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t y o k e . W e stand f o r t h e u n i t y o f t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d a l l the true a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t and progress-loving forces who, t h r o u g h t h e i r s t r u g g l e , w i l l s m a s h t h e aggressive p l a n s o f the i m p e r i a l i s t a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t w a r - m o n g e r s . Consistent in their Marxist-Leninist line, the Party of Labour of Albania and the Albanian people have been and are against the two superpowers, against predatory imperialist war, against the monopoly bourgeoisie and international reaction. Therefore, in the future, too, they
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will spare no effort and will fight, together with all the other anti-imperialist and anti-social-imperialist peoples, with all the Marxist-Leninist parties, all the revolutionaries and the world proletariat, all progressive people, to foil the plans and manoeuvres of the enemies and ensure the triumph of the cause of the freedom and security of the peoples. At every moment our country will be found standing beside all those peoples whose freedom and independence are threatened and whose rights are violated. We h a v e repeatedly declared this stand, a n d not just in good times, b u t i n d a n g e r o u s t i m e s a s w e l l ; t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d c a n b e s u r e t h a t socialist A l b a n i a i s w i t h t h e m a n d f e a r s no sacrifice.
* * *
The important tasks set by the 6th Congress of the Party in the field of foreign policy and our country's relations with the other countries have been successfully fulfilled. L i f e a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e v e n t s h a v e f u l l y v i n d i c a t e d the correctness o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e a n d stands o f o u r P a r t y i n the f i e l d o f f o r e i g n p o l i c y . The international position of A l b a n i a is unwavering. T h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a has e x p r e s s e d its o p i n i o n on international events a n d problems publicly, u n hesitatingly, and courageously, and it has always m a i n t a i n e d a w i s e a n d u n w a v e r i n g s t a n d i n defence o f t h e interests of o u r socialist H o m e l a n d , the peoples, a n d g e n e r a l peace a n d s e c u r i t y . T h e a u t h o r i t y a n d p r e s t i g e o f o u r c o u n t r y are e v e r o n t h e rise. T h e v o i c e a n d w o r d o f socialist A l b a n i a a r e
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l i s t e n e d to, a n d r e s p e c t e d b y , t h e peoples, t h e r e v o l u t i o n aries a n d p r o g r e s s i v e s . Its m a n y f r i e n d s a n d w e l l - w i s h e r s l o v e a n d respect socialist A l b a n i a f o r its f r a n k a n d p r i n cipled policy. The People's Republic of Albania has its independent foreign policy. Its aim is that its opinion on foreign policy should find the approval of the progressive and freedomloving peoples, the revolutionary progressive forces, the true Marxist-Leninists. We make no secret of this. T h i s is also i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f a l l peoples, a n d o f those states i n the w o r l d w h i c h respect t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f o u r c o u n t r y , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n the e c o n o m i c and social order. O u r s o c i a l i s t state does n o t i n t e r f e r e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f a n y c o u n t r y w i t h w h i c h i t has v a r i o u s p o l i t i c a l , economic a n d c u l t u r a l r e l a t i o n s . B u t this does n o t m e a n that, f o r t h e s a k e o f these r e l a t i o n s , o r o f g o o d n e i g h b o u r l i n e s s w i t h t h e b o r d e r i n g states, o r o f t h e p o l i c y o f n o n - i n t e r f e r e n c e i n i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , the A l b a n i a n state s h o u l d n o t a i r its v i e w s o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i c y i n g e n e r a l , a s w e l l a s o n t h e i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l stands o f these states, j u s t a s t h e y , too, h a v e t h e r i g h t t o e x p r e s s t h e i r o p i n i o n s o n the i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l s t a n d s o f t h e A l b a n i a n state. W e t h i n k t h a t these a t t i t u d e s s h o u l d b e n o h i n d r a n c e to economic, c u l t u r a l and p o l i t i c a l relations in the fields i n w h i c h i t i s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t w e h a v e c o m m o n interests, because these r e l a t i o n s s e r v e t o d e v e l o p f r i e n d s h i p a m o n g the peoples. F o r o u r p a r t , w e s h a l l c o n d u c t these r e l a tions o n l y f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . I t i s the r i g h t o f t h e o t h e r s t o j u d g e t h e m f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t o f t h e i r o w n ideologies, a n d t h e y a r e w e l c o m e t o d o so. T h e People's R e p u b l i c of A l b a n i a holds that this is the w a y t h a t r e l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d w i t h its n e i g h b o u r i n g states a s w e l l a s w i t h t h e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s w i t h
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w h i c h we m a i n t a i n various relations. B u t the leaders of some states t h i n k , a n d t h i s stems f r o m t h e i r p o l i t i c a l a n d ideological views, that to have good neighbourly relations, i n the a f o r e - s a i d f o r m s , m e a n s t h a t each side s h o u l d s h u t its m o u t h a b o u t the i d e o l o g i c a l l i n e f o l l o w e d b y t h e other. They think that to trade w i t h a given country means to cease polemics, t o r e f r a i n f r o m e x p r e s s i n g one's o p i n i o n s o n the p o l i c y p u r s u e d a n d i d e o l o g y u p h e l d b y t h a t c o u n t r y . T h e p o l e m i c w e conduct i s a l w a y s w e l l - c o n s i d e r e d a n d based on facts. It singles o u t f o r c r i t i c i s m those s t a n d s a n d actions t h a t a s s u m e a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r , t h a t exercise a n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e i n t h e w o r l d , o r t h a t d a m a g e the i n t e r e s t s of o u r state. It is c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e t h a t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s of a p o l i tical and ideological character, sometimes v e r y p r o f o u n d ones, d e v e l o p b e t w e e n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s a n d c o n t i n u a l l y come to l i g h t . B u t i r r e s p e c t i v e of this, r e l a t i o n s of g o o d n e i g h b o u r l i n e s s a s w e l l a s economic, c o m m e r c i a l , a n d c u l t u r a l r e l a t i o n s are m a i n t a i n e d b e t w e e n o u r c o u n t r y a n d a series of states. O u r d i f f e r i n g p o l i t i c a l or i d e o l o g i c a l v i e w s d o not c o n s t i t u t e a n obstacle i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n . The imperialists and the social-imperialists claim that t h e s m a l l e r states s h o u l d n o t b e a l l o w e d t o r a i s e t h e i r voice a s l o u d l y a s the b i g g e r states o v e r d i f f e r e n t p r o b lems. T r u e , A l b a n i a is a s m a l l state, b u t it c a n n o t accept s u c h a v i e w . It rejects t h i s d i s c r i m i n a t o r y c l a i m of g r e a t p o w e r c h a u v i n i s m . O u r c o u n t r y does not agree t h a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c s s h o u l d be a m o n o p o l y of t h e b i g states alone. T h e y base t h i s m o n o p o l y o n t h e i r e c o n o m i c s t r e n g t h a n d the p o w e r f u l p r o p a g a n d a m e a n s t h e y h a v e a t t h e i r disposal, t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e y s t r i v e t o create t h e o p i n i o n a n d the m e n t a l a t t i t u d e t h a t t h e w o r l d c a n n e v e r f i n d s t a b i l i t y except u n d e r t h e i r t u t e l a g e . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h i s m e a n s t h a t h e w h o w a n t s t o l i v e i n s l a v e r y , o f course, s h o u l d n e v e r speak h i s m i n d , b u t s h o u l d b e s o f t - s p o k e n
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a n d w e a r a sweet s m i l e i n face o f t h e crimes, b l a c k m a i l , fraud a n d double-dealing of the great or m e d i u m i m perialist, capitalist or revisionist powers. T h e y accompany these a b o v e - s t a t e d c l a i m s w i t h t h e f e a r o f w a r a n d w i t h direct a n d i n d i r e c t t h r e a t s addressed t o t h i s o r t h a t state, w i t h t h e t h r e a t a n d act o f t h e c a n c e l l a t i o n o f some p r o m i sed credit, etc. T h o s e states, w h e t h e r b i g o r m e d i u m , t h a t s u b m i t t o p o l i t i c a l b l a c k m a i l o r are a f r a i d o f w a r , are c o n s t a n t l y i n a f e v e r a n d lose m u c h , i f n o t a l l , o f t h e i r confidence i n t h e i r o w n s t r e n g t h . T h e bourgeois a n d revisionist politicians resort to a l l sorts o f t r i c k e r y , deceit, feints, f l a t t e r y a n d h y p o c r i t i c a l attitudes a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s c r e a t e d i n the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n . T h e y are a l l t r y i n g t o create, a n d to a c e r t a i n e x t e n t h a v e succeeded in c r e a t i n g , the o p i n i o n that t h i s i s t h e p r o p e r w a y t o act, f o r t h i s i s h o w p o l i t ies i s c o n d u c t e d . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , t o engage i n p o l i t ics m e a n s t o change f l a g s a t a n y t i m e a n d o n a n y occasion, t o h a v e g o o d r e l a t i o n s w i t h one o r t h e other, n o t t o d o h i m some good b u t t o o u t w i t h i m , t o c o n c e a l one's real i n t e n t i o n s b y c o v e r i n g t h e m w i t h smiles. P o l i t i c i a n s of t h i s sort a i m , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , to create t h e false and v e r y h a r m f u l o p i n i o n t h a t those w h o o p e n l y d e f e n d the r i g h t s of t h e peoples, w h o do not conceal the o p i n i o n s they h a v e o n states a n d t h e i r l e a d e r s h i p s , are n o t s k i l f u l politicians, b u t i n f l e x i b l e a n d s e c t a r i a n people. W e A l b a n i a n s are a p e o p l e w h o f e a r n o one, w h o d o not f e a r t h e a t t a c k s of enemies, let a l o n e slanders, f o r we are c o n v i n c e d o f t h e correctness o f o u r l i n e a n d d e t e r m i n ed to d e f e n d it. In case of w a r , if we a r e a t t a c k e d , we have the r i f l e r e a d y , l i k e w i s e w e h a v e a r e a d y t o n g u e t o reply t o e n e m y s l a n d e r s . The bourgeois and revisionist w o r l d t h i n k that we are a n i s o l a t e d c o u n t r y . T h i s i s t h e c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t view o f t h i n g s . T h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t s consider
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t h a t c o u n t r y w h i c h has closed its doors t o t h e i n v a s i o n o f t h e i r decadent c u l t u r e a n d d e g e n e r a t i o n t h r o u g h e n s l a v i n g credits, t o u r i s t s a n d spies, a s i s o l a t e d . F r o m t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w w e r e a l l y are, a n d i n t e n d t o r e m a i n , a n i s o l a t e d country. B u t this is a l l to the good of our people. O u r country is progressing and flourishing, and our people are l i v i n g v e r y w e l l . I f w e w e r e t o act o t h e r w i s e w e w o u l d become slaves. W e h a v e k n o w n fascist s l a v e r y a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p r e s s u r e a n d attacks, t h e r e f o r e i t i s n o t easy f o r t h e m t o deceive u s w i t h t h e i r slogans a n d w a y s o f l i f e . W e d o n o t a n d n e v e r w i l l a l l o w fascists, spies a n d agents, people w h o w a n t t o s m u g g l e i n b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t degeneration, to enter A l b a n i a . B u t we are h a p p y to w e l c o m e honest a n d correct p e o p l e w h o w i s h A l b a n i a a n d her people well, friends of our country, even though their beliefs m a y b e d i f f e r e n t f r o m o u r s . W e respect t h e i r f r i e n d l y feelings a n d a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e A l b a n i a n p e o p l e . A l l these, a n d t h e y a r e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f m a n k i n d , a r e w e l c o m e h e r e . W i t h these w e are f r i e n d s , w i t h the peoples f i g h t i n g f o r t h e i r f r e e d o m a n d r i g h t s w e a r e f r i e n d s , w i t h the p r o l e t a r i a n s a n d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w e are f r i e n d s . W i t h t h e capitalists a n d r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h o w a n t t o e n s l a v e a n d oppress t h e peoples a n d suppress t h e i r p r o g r e s s i v e ideas, w e h a v e b e e n a n d s h a l l b e enemies. T h e capitalists and the revisionists measure isolation w i t h trade. We have traded and continue to trade w i t h a l l countries, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , I s r a e l , a n d some o t h e r states r u l e d b y fascists a n d racists. B u t t r a d e i s o f m u t u a l a d vantage. T h e c a p i t a l i s t s n e e d o u r goods, j u s t a s w e n e e d some o f t h e i r s . I f a n y b o d y t h i n k s t h a t A l b a n i a w i l l d i e i f some state, f o r e v i l a i m s , r e f u s e s t o s e l l u s these goods, he is grossly mistaken. The revisionist Soviet U n i o n establ i s h e d a savage b l o c k a d e a g a i n s t us, b u t A l b a n i a i s l i v i n g
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and can l i v e a thousand years w i t h o u t trading w i t h the Soviet revisionists a n d in spite of their blockade. C u l t u r a l exchanges w i t h different countries are a v e r y good t h i n g . W e h a v e p r a c t i s e d c u l t u r a l e x c h a n g e s a n d w i l l g o o n p r a c t i s i n g t h e m i n t h e f u t u r e , too, b u t i n a g r e e m e n t a n d e q u a l i t y w i t h one a n o t h e r . T h o s e w h o w a n t t o h a v e c u l t u r a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h us, m u s t respect o u r t r a d i t i o n s , customs, feelings, a n d tastes. D e c a d e n t c u l t u r e i s n o t a c cepted i n A l b a n i a . O t h e r s , f o r t h e i r p a r t , h a v e t h e r i g h t to accept s u c h of o u r p e r f o r m a n c e s , f i l m s , b o o k s as a r e acceptable to t h e i r c o u n t r y . T h i s , also, is a q u e s t i o n of reciprocity. O u r country carries on this practice w i t h many states... W e w a n t t o d e v e l o p these r e l a t i o n s f u r t h e r , a n d w i t h each p a s s i n g y e a r p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e c r e a t e d t o e x p a n d t h e m . O f course, w e h a v e o u r o w n art, m u s i c , l i t e r a t u r e , t r a d i tions a n d c u l t u r e , w h i c h w e l o v e , a n d w o u l d l i k e o t h e r s t o b e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e m a s w e l l . B u t w e also respect progressive w o r l d culture, f r o m w h i c h we take w h a t is u s e f u l t o u s a n d s p r e a d w h a t serves u s i n o u r c o u n t r y . O u r P a r t y has a l w a y s g i v e n i m p o r t a n c e a n d d e v o t e d the p r o p e r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e p r o m o t i o n a n d e x p a n s i o n o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s i n a l l fields, b e t w e e n the P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a a n d t h e states i n f a v o u r of respecting the w e l l - k n o w n principles of equality, sovereignty a n d territorial integrity, non-interference i n i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s a n d m u t u a l b e n e f i t . D u r i n g t h e y e a r s since the 6 t h C o n g r e s s o f t h e P a r t y t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a has b e e n constantly increased a n d strengthened. T o d a y our country m a i n t a i n s d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h 7 4 states. ( 1 0 ) T h e P e o ple's R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a t a k e s a n a c t i v e p a r t a n d has
________________________________________ 10 U n t i l the end of 1984 the P S R of A l b a n i a h a d established diplomatic relations w i t h 101 states.
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its say i n t h e U N O a n d m a n y i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , m e e t i n g s a n d conferences, o n t h e p r o b l e m s p r e o c c u p y i n g m a n k i n d today. ... O u r P a r t y a n d people h a v e h a i l e d t h e g r e a t v i c t o r y achieved b y the V i e t n a m e s e people i n t h e i r a r m e d s t r u g g l e against U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its f l u n k e y s . T h e l i b e r a t i o n o f S o u t h V i e t n a m a n d the u n i f i c a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y i n t o a single state m a r k e d t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of the l o f t y n a t i o n a l a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e V i e t n a m e s e people, f o r w h i c h t h e y h a v e m a d e i n n u m e r a b l e sacrifices. W e w i l l p r e s e r v e a n d f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n the m i l i t a n t f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n our t w o fraternal countries. O u r Republic maintains relations of friendship and fraternal collaboration with the People's Democratic Republic of K o r e a . O u r P a r t y and people support the just cause o f the K o r e a n people f o r the l i b e r a t i o n o f S o u t h K o r e a and the reunification of the country, and their s t r u g g l e against t h e aggressive p o l i c y o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m . . . The A l b a n i a n people have hailed w i t h j o y the c r o w n ing w i t h victory of the prolonged struggle of the Laotian people against the U S i m p e r i a l i s t aggressors a n d t h e l o c a l reactionaries, a n d t h e c r e a t i o n o f the P e o p l e ' s D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c o f Laos. W e s t a n d f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t o f f r i e n d ly relations between the two countries, in the interest of o u r t w o peoples a n d o f the s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t i m p e r i a l i s m and reaction. T h e People's R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a has a l w a y s stood f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n o r m a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h the n e i g h b o u r i n g states o n t h e basis o f the w e l l - k n o w n p r i n c i p l e s o f e q u a l i t y , respect f o r state s o v e r e i g n t y a n d t e r r i t o r i a l i n t e g r i t y , n o n - i n t e r f e r e n c e i n each other's i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , a n d m u t u a l benefit. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f r e l a t i o n s based o n the p o l i c y of good n e i g h b o u r l i n e s s responds to t h e i n t e r ests a n d a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g a n d B a l k a n p e o -
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ples t o l i v e i n t e r m s o f f r i e n d s h i p a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h one a n o t h e r . O u r country maintains normal trade and cultural r e l a t i o n s w i t h Y u g o s l a v i a w h i c h are b e n e f i c i a l b o t h t o u s and the Yugoslavs. O u r p o l i c y t o w a r d s Y u g o s l a v i a has not c h a n g e d a n d w i l l n o t change, p r o v i d e d t h a t the Y u g o s l a v g o v e r n m e n t , too, i s correct t o w a r d s us. T h e d e c l a r a t i o n o f the P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a , t h a t i n case o f a n y e v e n t u a l a g g r e s s i o n against Y u g o s l a v i a b y t h e S o v i e t U n i o n o r some other p o w e r t h e A l b a n i a n people w i l l s t a n d b y the Y u g o s l a v peoples, w i l l a l w a y s h o l d g o o d . B u t t h e Y u g o s l a v s i d e must respond to this stand of A l b a n i a w i t h just and correct actions t o w a r d s us. T h e Y u g o s l a v state, o f course, has t h e r i g h t t o p u r s u e w h a t e v e r p o l i c y i t f i n d s m o s t reasonable, b u t the A l b a n i a n state, also, h a s t h e r i g h t t o c r i t i c i z e those acts w h i c h a r e detrimental to the good neighbourliness between our t w o countries. T h e Y u g o s l a v g o v e r n m e n t m a k e s concessions to, p r o v i d e s f a c i l i t i e s for, a n d a d m i t s t o its p o r t s t h e w a r s h i p s o f t h e aggressive n a v a l fleet o f t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l ists. T h a t i s its o w n a f f a i r , b u t i t also c o n c e r n s A l b a n i a , the o t h e r B a l k a n c o u n t r i e s , a n d t h e c o u n t r i e s o f the M e diterranean basin. A s a t r u e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y , o u r P a r t y has a l w a y s m a i n t a i n e d a correct s t a n d w i t h r e g a r d t o o u r A l banian brothers who live on their lands in Kosova, Macedonia, a n d M o n t e n e g r o . T h e e n d e a v o u r s m a d e b y s o m e Yugoslav authorities to stir up e n m i t y between the A l b a nians i n Y u g o s l a v i a a n d t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a are i n v a i n , b u t t h e y d o great h a r m . W e A l b a n i a n s a r e still the same n o w as we were before, we m a i n t a i n and w i l l always maintain a Marxist-Leninist stand towards the peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a , a s w e l l a s t o w a r d s t h e p r o b l e m o f the A l b a n i a n p o p u l a t i o n i n Y u g o s l a v i a . O u r f r a t e r n a l
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ties o f b l o o d a n d l a n g u a g e w i t h t h e A l b a n i a n s i n K o s o v a , M a c e d o n i a , a n d M o n t e n e g r o , t h e ties o f t r a d i t i o n a n d n a t i o n a l customs g i v e u s t h e r i g h t , w i t h o u t i n t e r f e r i n g i n the i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f t h e Y u g o s l a v state a n d r e s p e c t i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l n o r m s , t o c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s t o see t h a t t h e y enjoy a l l the rights, freedoms, and advantages that the other peoples o f the Y u g o s l a v F e d e r a t i o n h a v e . A n d t h i s i s not a q u e s t i o n o f some a g r i c u l t u r a l c o o p e r a t i v e i n A l b a n i a , w h i c h has a M a c e d o n i a n p o p u l a t i o n w h o e n j o y a l l the rights provided by the Constitution of the People's R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a , o r a b o u t some n o n - e x i s t e n t m i n o r i t y f r o m Montenegro in A l b a n i a , as the Y u g o s l a v propaganda claims. W h e n w e speak o f o u r b r o t h e r s l i v i n g i n Y u g o s l a v i a , w e are s p e a k i n g a b o u t m o r e t h a n one m i l l i o n f i v e hundred thousand Albanians. I t has a l w a y s b e e n o u r o p i n i o n a n d d e s i r e t h a t t h e u g l y stands a n d acts o f t h e t i m e o f R a n k o v i s h o u l d n e v e r b e repeated, t h a t the A l b a n i a n p o p u l a t i o n i n Y u g o slavia should not be persecuted, or left in poverty, that the K o s o v a r e g i o n s h o u l d not b e d i s c r i m i n a t e d against i n the p o l i t i c a l , economic, a n d c u l t u r a l f i e l d s , a n d t h a t i t should be given equal treatment w i t h the other n a t i o n alities. I t w o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s u n f r i e n d l y p o l i c y t o wards the People's R e p u b l i c of A l b a n i a if attempts, of whatever nature, by the Soviet revisionists to h a r m our country from Kosova were permitted. W e consider t h e peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a a s f r a t e r n a l peoples, a n d are c o n v i n c e d that, n e i t h e r n o w n o r i n t h e future, w i l l they allow the territory of their h o m e l a n d to b e t r e a t e d l i k e C z e c h o s l o v a k i a . T h e y w i l l accept n o b o d y ' s yoke, t h e y w i l l not a l l o w t h e S o v i e t t a n k s o f t h e W a r s a w T r e a t y , n o r those o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m , t o r o l l f r e e l y o v e r Y u g o s l a v s o i l . D e s p i t e the i r r e c o n c i l a b l e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f p r i n c i p l e b e t w e e n u s a n d t h e Y u g o s l a v state a n d t h e League of Communists of Yugoslavia in ideology and p o l i -
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tics, o v e r w h i c h w e h a v e n o t s h u t o u r m o u t h a n d w i l l n o t d o s o i n t h e f u t u r e , e i t h e r , w e respect a n d t r u s t the peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a , because h i s t o r y has s h o w n t h a t t h e y a r e v a l i a n t peoples. In r e g a r d to our relations w i t h Greece, for our part, they are based on the policy of good neighbourliness, of n o n - i n t e r f e r e n c e i n e a c h other's i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , o f m u t u a l b e n e f i t a n d respect f o r t e r r i t o r i a l i n t e g r i t y , s o v e r e i g n t y a n d national independence. We have sought and w i s h to live in terms of friendship w i t h the fraternal Greek people, a n d have made a n d continue to m a k e every effort to e n s u r e t h a t t h e ties l i n k i n g o u r t w o c o u n t r i e s become c o n s t a n t l y s t r o n g e r . T h e p r e s e n t G r e e k g o v e r n m e n t has sought and continues to m a i n t a i n a f r i e n d l y stand towards o u r country. This is in the interests of our t w o countries a n d t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f o u r c o m m o n enemies. We realize that the present G r e e k government is a g o v e r n m e n t o f a c o a l i t i o n o f p a r t i e s , a n d t h a t i t has m a n y opponents in the r a n k s of the opposition parties. E a c h o f these p a r t i e s has i t s o w n s t a n d . N a t u r a l l y , t h i s i s a n i n t e r n a l q u e s t i o n o f t h e G r e e k s . Nonetheless, w e t h i n k a n d desire t h a t a l l these p a r t i e s s h o u l d c o n s i d e r t h e friendship, cooperation and good neighbourly relations between Greece and A l b a n i a as beneficial both to Greece itself a n d to A l b a n i a . A t a n y time and u n d e r a n y circumstance, the struggle o f t h e A l b a n i a n p e o p l e i n defence o f t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e , freedom and sovereignty is at the same t i m e beneficial t o t h e defence o f t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f G r e e c e a n d its people. T h i s w e s a y t o the f r a t e r n a l G r e e k p e o p l e w i t h a n o p e n heart, f o r w e a r e t h e descendants o f those w h o a i d e d t h e m a n d stood l o y a l t o t h e e n d t o t h e r e v o l u tion of the year 1821, w h e n o t h e r s a b a n d o n e d a n d b e t r a y e d i t . T h e f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n o u r t w o peoples has been
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t e m p e r e d i n o u r c o m m o n f i g h t against I t a l i a n fascists a n d t h e G e r m a n nazis. W e A l b a n i a n s d o not w a n t o u r p o l i c y w i t h the G r e e k state to be a t e m p o r a r y p o l i c y d e p e n d e n t on c i r c u m stances, b u t a realistic, f r i e n d l y , a n d d u r a b l e p o l i c y b e t w e e n o u r t w o peoples. A s f o r the m o n a r c h o - f a s c i s t s a n d the c r a z y s e l f - s t y l e d N o r t h e r n E p i r o t s w h o , f r o m t i m e to t i m e , seek to create a tense a t m o s p h e r e in t h e r e l a t i o n s between our two countries w i t h their absurd claims, we w i s h t o say t h a t t h e i r cries h a v e b r o u g h t o n l y l o u d l a u g h t e r f r o m the G r e e k m i n o r i t y l i v i n g h a p p i l y i n A l b a nia. W e tell t h e m : C a r r y on, i f y o u w i s h , w i t h y o u r old t r a d e of s t y l i n g y o u r s e l v e s as N o r t h e r n E p i r o t s , because n e i t h e r w e n o r the G r e e k m i n o r i t y i n A l b a n i a h a v e a n y t h i n g t o f e a r f r o m y o u , since t h e A l b a n i a n s a n d the G r e e k m i n o r i t y are closely l i n k e d t o each other l i k e b r o t h e r s . W e are c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e r e are r e a s o n a b l e p o l i t i c i a n s i n G r e e c e w h o v i e w p r o b l e m s r e a l i s t i c a l l y a n d are c l e a r t h a t n o e v i l w i l l e v e r come t o t h e m f r o m socialist A l b a n i a , a n d t h a t t h e f r i e n d s h i p o f the A l b a n i a n s i s v a l u a b l e t o t h e m , j u s t a s t h e f r i e n d s h i p o f the G r e e k p e o p l e i s v a l u a b l e to us. A s f o r the overseas n e i g h b o u r , I t a l y , w e m a i n t a i n n o r m a l d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h it, a n d are t r y i n g t o develop trade and cultural relations. B u t it is u n d e r s t a n d a b l e t h a t t h i s does n o t d e p e n d o n o u r side alone. W e w a n t a n d t r y t o b e f r i e n d s w i t h the I t a l i a n people. T h i s desire e m a n a t e s f r o m the p u r e f e e l i n g s o f t h e A l b a n i a n people a n d t h e correct p o l i c y o f o u r socialist state. W e hope that every Italian, and every Italian politician w h o takes a r e a l i s t i c v i e w o f things, m a y also t h i n k t h a t f r i e n d s h i p w i t h A l b a n i a i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r Italy, a s well. T o s u m u p , a s r e g a r d s these t h r e e n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n tries, i t i s o u r desire t o l i v e a s good n e i g h b o u r s , i n o p e n
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c o o p e r a t i o n , w i t h o u t i n t e r f e r i n g i n each other's i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s a n d w i t h o u t a n y b o d y t r y i n g , i n one w a y o r the other, t o i m p o s e h i s o w n v i e w s . G o o d relations exist between the T u r k i s h R e p u b l i c a n d A l b a n i a . T r a d e a n d c u l t u r a l e x c h a n g e s are d e v e l o p i n g n o r m a l l y . T h e r e i s n o obstacle t o o u r peoples a l w a y s b e i n g f r i e n d s a n d l i v i n g a s good n e i g h b o u r s w i t h e a c h other. W e c o n t i n u e t o c h e r i s h sincere f r i e n d s h i p f o r t h e f r a t e r n a l B u l g a r i a n people. B u t w e a r e o b l i g e d t o p o i n t out that we do not trust the leadership of the B u l g a r i a n p a r t y a n d state i n t h e slightest degree, since i t has d e m o n s t r a t e d its hostility towards our country a n d has become a t o o l i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l ists. B u l g a r i a has been t u r n e d i n t o a c o u n t r y w h i c h c o n cocts i n t r i g u e s a n d has b e c o m e a S o v i e t b r i d g e h e a d . P r o ceeding f r o m these positions, i t i s t r y i n g t o b l a c k m a i l the neighbouring countries, Y u g o s l a v i a , T u r k e y , Greece and A l b a n i a . W i t h t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s b e h i n d it, B u l g a r i a i s r e a d y a t a n o p p o r t u n e m o m e n t t o seize the D a r d a n e l l e s , a n d t h u s the S a n - S t e f a n o T r e a t y w o u l d b e r e - e n a c t e d . F o r these reasons, i t i s o u r desire t h a t r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n T u r k e y a n d G r e e c e p r o c e e d t o w a r d s the best a n d m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e s o l u t i o n f o r t h e t w o B a l k a n peoples a n d states, v i a open and f r a n k negotiations between the t w o parties. T h a t w o u l d b e a great v i c t o r y f o r u s o t h e r B a l k a n c o u n tries, a s w e l l . W i t h R u m a n i a , too, a s a B a l k a n c o u n t r y , w e w a n t t o h a v e good r e l a t i o n s a n d d e v e l o p t h e m n o r m a l l y . W e h a i l the efforts of the fraternal R u m a n i a n people for the progress a n d p r o s p e r i t y o f t h e i r c o u n t r y . A great d e a l has b e e n a n d is b e i n g s a i d a b o u t a l l r o u n d c o o p e r a t i o n of t h e peoples of t h e B a l k a n s , about a B a l k a n conference, a n d s o o n . O u r P a r t y a n d t h e G o v e r n ment o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a l o n g ago stated their opinion about B a l k a n cooperation, and have e x p l a i n -
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e d w h y t h e y d i d not t a k e p a r t i n t h e A t h e n s m e e t i n g . In our view, in the situation in the B a l k a n s today, the indispensable conditions necessary for a m u l t i l a t e r a l m e e t i n g a n d a g r e e m e n t d o n o t e x i s t . W e b e l i e v e that, a t present, the d e v e l o p m e n t of b i l a t e r a l r e l a t i o n s is t h e best w a y t o create a s p i r i t o f t r u s t a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n t h e Balkans and the conditions to achieve genuine a n d sincere c o o p e r a t i o n o n a b r o a d e r basis i n t h e f u t u r e . O u r relations w i t h the A r a b R e p u b l i c of Egypt, the Democratic and People's Republic of A l g e r i a , and the other A r a b c o u n t r i e s a r e d e v e l o p i n g n o r m a l l y i n a p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n , o n t h e basis o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l f r i e n d s h i p w h i c h exists b e t w e e n the A l b a n i a n people a n d t h e A r a b p e o p l e s , to t h e b e n e f i t of the s t r u g g l e against t h e a g g r e s s i v e h e g e monic policy of the t w o imperialist superpowers a n d reaction. F o r t h e A r a b peoples w e n u r t u r e sincere f e e l i n g s o f affection and friendship w h i c h we shall continue to d e v e l o p f u r t h e r . T h e y are p r o g r e s s i v e a n d p e a c e - l o v i n g peoples, w h o h a v e m a d e a v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o m a n y aspects o f w o r l d c u l t u r e . W e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e A r a b peoples w i l l achieve their complete liberation f r o m the yoke of foreign capital and the blood-thirsty imperialists, and v i c t o r y i n t h e i r j u s t s t r u g g l e against t h e I s r a e l i aggressors. W e w i l l p o w e r f u l l y a n d f i r m l y s u p p o r t the j u s t cause o f t h e A r a b peoples t o oppose i m p e r i a l i s t - z i o n i s t a g g r e s sion, t o l i b e r a t e t h e o c c u p i e d A r a b t e r r i t o r i e s , a n d t o cope w i t h t h e conspiracies o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s m . O u r p e o p l e a n d o u r c o u n t r y s u p p o r t the j u s t struggle of the Palestinian people to gain their national rights, t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r homes, o f w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e e n robbed b y Israel, the instrument o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m . W e m a i n t a i n ties w i t h , a n d s u p p o r t , t h e P a l e s t i n e L i b e r a t i o n O r g a n i z a t i o n . W e w o u l d l i k e t o see a s t r o n g m i l i t a n t u n i t y , w h i c h i s t h e r e l i a b l e basis o f t h e i r t r i u m p h o v e r t h e
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z i o n i s t a n d i m p e r i a l i s t enemies, e s t a b l i s h e d a m o n g t h e A r a b peoples. The People's Republic of A l b a n i a maintains friendly relations w i t h France, a n d they are developing in the interests o f t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s . W e respect t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e f o r t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y past a n d t h e i r p r o g r e s s i v e c u l t u r e . D i s t i n g u i s h e d m e n o f F r e n c h science, a r t a n d culture are sincere friends of A l b a n i a . We m a i n t a i n norm a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e F r e n c h state, t h o u g h t h e y d o n o t a p p r o v e o f o u r r e g i m e , n o r w e o f t h e i r s . B u t w e o b s e r v e that the F r e n c h g o v e r n m e n t does n o t i n t e r f e r e i n o u r a f f a i r s . T h e same holds good for the governments of B e l g i u m , A u s t r i a and Switzerland, w i t h w h i c h the bilateral r e l a t i o n s a r e correct. W e o b s e r v e w i t h s a t i s f a c t i o n t h a t o u r country's relations w i t h Sweden, N o r w a y , Finland, and D e n m a r k a r e e x t e n d i n g , a n d w e a p p r e c i a t e the r e a l i s t i c a n d f r i e n d l y a t t i t u d e o f these c o u n t r i e s t o w a r d s A l b a n i a . T h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a has e s t a b l i s h e d diplomatic relations w i t h a large n u m b e r of countries of Asia, Africa, and L a t i n America, and w i l l w o r k to promote exchanges i n v a r i o u s f i e l d s w i t h M e x i c o , P e r u , T a n z a n i a , P a k i s t a n , etc., step b y step a n d w i t h i n t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s . A l b a n i a i s r e a d y t o e s t a b l i s h r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r states, too, w h i c h d e s i r e s u c h a t h i n g , on the basis of the r e c o g nized principles governing relations between sovereign countries. W i t h the F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y w e h a v e u n r e solved p r o b l e m s d a t i n g b a c k t o t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r . . . T h e B o n n g o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h poses a s a d e m o c r a t i c g o v e r n m e n t , does n o t m a k e e v e n t h e s l i g h t e s t a t t e m p t t o pay the reparations for the damage w h i c h the G e r m a n n a z i b a r b a r i t y i n f l i c t e d o n A l b a n i a a n d its people. I t should not t h i n k that this p r o b l e m w i l l r e m a i n just a p r o p a g a n d a issue. I t w i l l b e p u r s u e d b y o u r side, w i t h e v i dence a n d facts, i n a l l t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l bodies.
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E v e r since t h e r e v i s i o n i s t cliques i n p o w e r i n t h e countries o f E a s t E u r o p e e m b a r k e d o n t h e r o a d o f h o s t i l i t y t o w a r d s socialist A l b a n i a , b l i n d l y c a r r y i n g o u t t h e c o m mands of the Soviet revisionist leadership, they have r e duced relations w i t h out country to a v e r y l o w and r e stricted level. As long as they follow this road, there can b e n o change i n o u r r e l a t i o n s w i t h these c o u n t r i e s . T h e stand of A l b a n i a towards the revisionist Soviet U n i o n , the e n e m y o f A l b a n i a , s o c i a l i s m , t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f a l l the peoples, r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d . O u r c o u n t r y has n o t m a i n t a i n e d a n d w i l l n o t m a i n t a i n a n y relations whatsoever w i t h the M o s c o w social-imperialists. The Soviet U n i o n is in pursuit of openly expansionist aims, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e B a l k a n s a n d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n . I t has h e g e m o n i s t i c designs n o t o n l y o n R u m a n i a , b u t also on Turkey, Yugoslavia, Greece and A l b a n i a . It is seeking t o a c h i e v e these a m b i t i o n s t h r o u g h a g g r e s s i o n o r s u b v e r s i o n . U n d e r these c o n d i t i o n s , w e , t h e B a l k a n c o u n t r i e s , have a duty to sharpen our political and m i l i t a r y vigilance a n d be p r e p a r e d to cope w i t h a p o s s i b l e attack. It is c o m m o n knowledge that the enemies strike w h e r e v e r they f i n d weakness and division. O u r s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s a l r e a d y k n o w n . A l b a n i a a n d t h e A l b a n i a n p e o p l e a r e not consumed w i t h grief over the lack of relations w i t h A m e r i c a , w h i c h has p u r s u e d a n d i s p u r s u i n g a s a v a g e l y h o s t i l e p o l i c y t o w a r d s o u r c o u n t r y . I n t h e f u t u r e , a s i n the past, w e s h a l l a l w a y s r e s o l u t e l y d e n o u n c e a n d oppose t h e aggressive a n d h e g e m o n i s t i c p o l i c y o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h i s a i m e d against s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d ence of the peoples. A s r e g a r d s B r i t a i n , t h i s c o u n t r y i s v e r y closely l i n k e d w i t h the p o l i c y o f t h e U n i t e d States, a n d i n its s t a n d t o w a r d s A l b a n i a t a k e s t h e same p o s i t i o n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , o u r s t a n d cannot b e d i f f e r e n t , either. B r i t a i n m u s t r e t u r n
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the g o l d i t p l u n d e r e d f r o m t h e A l b a n i a n p e o p l e a n d m a k e good t h e d a m a g e i t has caused A l b a n i a . W e w i l l n e v e r renounce this right. The P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a is convinced that the s t a n d s o f s o c i a l i s t A l b a n i a h a v e a l w a y s b e e n a n d c o n t i n u e to be correct, a n d to a c e r t a i n degree, e x p r e s s the a s p i r a t i o n s n o t o n l y o f p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s b u t also o f p r o g r e s s i v e p e o p l e w h o v i e w m a n y t h i n g s a s w e do, b u t w h o f o r m a n y reasons, d o n o t e x p r e s s t h e m openly. In its analysis of situations, in the conclusions it has drawn, in the assessments it has made and the stands it has adopted, our Party has always acted and continues to act in close unity with the people. That is why the entire Party firmly defends this policy, why the entire people support and implement it. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , it is t h i s u n i t y , t h i s correct M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l events, t h e p r i n c i p l e d a n d r e s o l u t e stands t o w a r d s t h e l o f t y i n t e r e s t s o f o u r socialist H o m e l a n d , t o w a r d s t h e g r e a t cause o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , s o c i a l i s m a n d the l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e peoples, w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e t h a t s o u n d guarantee t h a t o u r c o u n t r y w i l l a l w a y s h a v e u n s h a k a b l e international positions and w i l l always advance on a r e l i a b l e course, p r o u d a n d u n d a u n t e d . ............................
P r i n c i p a l Documents P L A , vol. 7
of the
BRATISLAVA 1968
Article published in the newspaper Zri i popullit

November 16, 1976
T h e h i s t o r y o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s i n recent y e a r s is f u l l of m a n y plots hatched up by the imperialists a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s against t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f the peoples. S o m e h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d out a n d the w h o l e w o r l d has a l r e a d y seen h o w t e r r i b l e t h e y are. O t h e r s r e m a i n as projects locked a w a y in the strong-rooms of m i l i t a r y staffs a n d i n the t o p g o v e r n m e n t c h a n c e l l e r i e s , a w a i t i n g t h e set h o u r s o r s u i t a b l e t i m e s . M e a n w h i l e , others are b e i n g h a t c h e d u p i n t h e s i n i s t e r b a r g a i n i n g w h i c h i s c a r r i e d o n b y t h e secret d i p l o m a c y a n d the i n t e l ligence a n d espionage agencies. T h e c o n t r i v i n g o f plots i s t h e strongest i n s t i n c t o f imperialist wolves, is that field of banditry which, more t h a n a n y t h i n g else, f i r e s t h e c r a z y d r e a m s o f e n e m i e s o f t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e peoples w i t h t h e lust for plunder and incites in them the unhealthy spirit of m i l i t a r y and political adventures. T h e only concern w h i c h these g e n t l e m e n h a v e n o w i s lest t h e i r p l o t s m a y b e r e v e a l e d p r e m a t u r e l y a n d the peoples l e a r n w h a t t e r r i b l e t h i n g s are b e i n g p r e p a r e d b e h i n d t h e i r b a c k s . T h e w h o l e a r s e n a l of gangsters t r e a c h e r y a n d p e r f i d y , c y n i c i s m a n d lies, sweet d e c e p t i v e w o r d s a n d l u l l a b i e s
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to p u t p e o p l e to sleep is f i n e f o r t h e i r m o r a l i t y . Indeed, w h e n t h e i m p e r i a l i s t a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t chiefs come out f r o m t h e i r m e e t i n g s a n d speak a b o u t f r a t e r n i t y a n d c o l l a b o r a t i o n , a b o u t g e n e r a l peace a n d p e r m a n e n t s e c u r i t y , then w a t c h out, because t h e y h a v e t h e t r a p set a n d t h e dagger d r a w n . W e a l l r e m e m b e r t h e t r a g i c events i n C z e c h o s l o v a k i a in 1968, w h i c h no one c a n forget. T h e y are a m a j o r lesson of h i s t o r y . On A u g u s t 3, 1968, t h e r e v i s i o n i s t chiefs of t h e S o v i e t Union, B u l g a r i a , P o l a n d , H u n g a r y , the G e r m a n D e m o cratic R e p u b l i c a n d C z e c h o s l o v a k i a g a t h e r e d i n B r a t i s l a v a at a m e e t i n g w h i c h , as t h e y s a i d at t h e t i m e , w a s in the tradition of routine consultations. A n d the documents and the c o m m u n i q u e s w e r e s i g n e d a c c o r d i n g t o a l l the rules w h i c h t h e p o m p o u s ceremonies, p o l i t i c a l f r a u d s a n d the m a s k i n g o f m i l i t a r y a t t a c k s r e q u i r e . T h e p a r t i c i p a n t s kissed t h r e e t i m e s a s i s t h e c u s t o m o f t h e H o l y R u s s i a n Church and had photographs taken as souvenirs for their successors. F a c i n g t h e c i n e m a a n d t e l e v i s i o n cameras, a s the w h o l e w o r l d w a s t o w a t c h , t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d their l a c k e y s a l m o s t s m o t h e r e d i n t h e i r e m b r a c e s D u b e k , the m o s t e m i n e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of r e v i s i o n i s m w i t h a h u m a n face, a n d t h e y a l l w e n t h o m e h a p p y a n d c o n t e n t e d . N o less s e n s a t i o n a l w a s the s o - c a l l e d D e c l a r a t i o n o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t i e s o f t h e S o c i a l i s t C o u n t r i e s w h i c h was i s s u e d o n t h i s occasion. I n i t t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , fraternal collaboration, and opposition to imperialism were p r a i s e d to t h e skies, t h r o u g h a w h o l e t o r r e n t of d e m a gogic slogans. T h e r e w a s great ado, especially, a b o u t the atmosphere of c o m p l e t e s i n c e r i t y , a d h e r e n c e to p r i n c i p l e , f r i e n d s h i p a n d u n i t y a n d s o on, w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o them, h a d p r e v a i l e d a t t h e m e e t i n g . B r e z h n e v a n d Z h i v kov, G o m u l k a a n d K a d a r , U l b r i c h t a n d D u b e k c o m p e t e d w i t h one a n o t h e r o v e r w h o c o u l d s i n g t h e loudest praises
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of the Bratislava document w h i c h was a new foundation stone f o r t h e a l l e g e d s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the f r e e d o m , i n d e pendence, s o v e r e i g n t y a n d e q u a l i t y o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g states a n d p a r t i e s . T h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e meeting, s a i d the Declaration, expressed their complete determination to do e v e r y t h i n g w h i c h depends on t h e m for the f u r t h e r all-round development of collaboration between their c o u n t r i e s o n t h e basis o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f e q u a l i t y , respect for their national sovereignty and independence, territorial integrity, reciprocal fraternal aid and solidarity. E n t h u s e d b y t h e results, D u b e k d e c l a r e d v e r y confidently, The economic development of our country can b e e n s u r e d , a n d m o r e o v e r , its s e c u r i t y a n d i n d e p e n dence g u a r a n t e e d o n l y i n u n i t y w i t h the socialist c o u n tries. T h e n e w s p a p e r s o f M o s c o w , E a s t B e r l i n , W a r s a w a n d S o f i a w e r e f i l l e d w i t h t h e decisions o f p l e n u m s a n d statements o f r e v i s i o n i s t chiefs e u l o g i z i n g t h e p e r f e c t solutions to problems w h i c h h a d arisen amongst t h e m and t h e measures w h i c h h a d b e e n t a k e n t o cope w i t h t h e w o r l d situation. B u t a l l this euphoria so a r t f u l l y built up ended in a great t r a g e d y , i n a n act o f b a r b a r i t y w h i c h r e p e a t e d t h e t e r r i b l e events o f t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f C z e c h o s l o v a k i a b y H i t ler. The i n k of the signatures to the Charter of B r a t i s l a v a w a s n o t yet d r y w h e n , o n the o r d e r s o f B r e z h n e v , the S o v i e t t a n k s a t t a c k e d P r a g u e a n d o c c u p i e d t h e w h o l e of Czechoslovakia. The plot functioned perfectly. T h e p r e p a r a t i o n s o f G r e c h k o a n d Y a k u b o v s k y f o r the a t t a c k w e r e covered up beautifully by the demagogy of the meeting a n d t h e l o u d c l a m o u r o f the r e v i s i o n i s t p r o p a g a n d a m a chine. T h o s e w h o p u t t h e i r t r u s t i n B r e z h n e v ' s w o r d o f h o n o u r a n d i n t h e s o o t h i n g assurances o f h i s j o i n t c o n spirators, U l b r i c h t , G o m u l k a a n d Z h i v k o v , p a i d d e a r f o r their naivety. At that time, in the columns of this n e w s p a p e r w e w r o t e t h a t the B r a t i s l a v a D e c l a r a t i o n i s o n e
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of t h e m o s t h y p o c r i t i c a l a n d d e m a g o g i c d o c u m e n t s of the r e v i s i o n i s t s . A n d t i m e has p r o v e d u s r i g h t . The general secretary of the Soviet revisionist party was not yet a m a r s h a l and had not t a k e n the reins of all the m i l i t a r y commands into his hands at that time. N o w h e has g a t h e r e d u p a l l t h e l e v e r s o f p o w e r f o r h i m self a n d p u t t h e b a d g e s of r a n k of a m a r s h a l of t h e S o v i e t U n i o n o n h i s epaulets. N o w the n e w czar of the K r e m l i n is m a k i n g ready to go to t h e c a r d b o a r d castle of m o c k a n t i - s o c i a l - i m p e r a l ism in Bucharest, w h e r e he w i l l assemble his conspirators in the W a r s a w Treaty. It is expected that communiques and declarations w i l l be signed as usual. Likewise, there w i l l c e r t a i n l y b e n o l a c k o f f i n e w o r d s i n t h e m about friendship, sovereignty, equality a n d independence. I n these d o c u m e n t s i t w i l l n o t b e d i f f i c u l t f o r a n y of t h e m to r e g i s t e r h i s i n d i v i d u a l v i e w s , j u s t as he w i l l b e free, l a t e r , t o m a k e t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s w h i c h please h i m . H o w e v e r , h i s t o r y has p r o v e d , also, t h a t the S o v i e t t a n k s a r e n o t g u i d e d b y t h e f a i r y t a l e s o f these declarations, j u s t a s B r e z h n e v i s n o t g u i d e d b y t h e i r morality. T h e r e v i s i o n i s t s are u t t e r l y u n i n h i b i t e d i n t h e i r a m bitions f o r e x p a n s i o n a n d h e g e m o n y . T h e v i s i t s w h i c h Brezhnev undertakes to different countries of Europe, allegedly f r i e n d l y or courtesy visits in r e t u r n for visits made b y heads o f these c o u n t r i e s t o the S o v i e t U n i o n , conceal g r a v e a n d i r r e p a r a b l e m i s f o r t u n e s f o r t h e peoples of those c o u n t r i e s , f o r t h e i r f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d sovereignty, a n d l i k e w i s e a r e d a n g e r o u s f o r t h e peoples w h o are n e i g h b o u r s o f those c o u n t r i e s w h i c h w e l c o m e a n d farewell such conspirators as the inveterate revisionist, Leonid Brezhnev. A n y m e a n s w h i c h serves t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r d o m i n a t i o n o v e r t h e peoples a n d t o r o b n a t i o n s o f t h e i r f r e e d o m
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i s u s a b l e f o r the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s . T h e d e m a g o g y a n d plots, the d i a b o l i c a l s m i l e s a n d base deceptions of t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t chiefs g o h a n d i n h a n d . O n e serves the other. L e t u s not forget t h e w o r d s o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y C z e c h o s l o v a k c o m m u n i s t , J u l i u s F u i k , e x e c u t e d b y the H i t l e r i t e s : People, b e v i g i l a n t !
From
the newspaper Z r i i popullit, November 16, 1976
THE PARTY STANDING AT THE HEAD OF THE MASSES INSPIRES AND MOBILIZES T H E M TO CARRY OUT THE TASKS
From the talk with the First Secretary of the CC of the Communist Party of Brazil, Joao Amazonas
November 25, 1976
Welcome, C o m r a d e A m a z o n a s ! We are very happy to see y o u i n good h e a l t h . O n b e h a l f o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e of t h e P a r t y , I w a n t to stress t h e great p l e a s u r e w e feel o v e r t h e fact t h a t y o u a n d o t h e r c o m r a d e s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of B r a z i l have come to our Congress. We. c o n s i d e r t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s of o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a great assistance to our P a r t y a n d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t . O u r P a r t y a n d people f e e l great j o y t h a t t h e 7 t h Congress b e c a m e a t r i b u n e f o r t h e p o w e r f u l m a n i f e s t a tion o f the p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m a n d t h e M a r x i s t Leninist u n i t y of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t communist and workers' parties w h i c h militate and struggle in different countries o f E u r o p e , A s i a , L a t i n A m e r i c a , a n d e l s e w h e r e . It is the duty of all us the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t communist parties t o use a l l t h e m e a n s a t o u r d i s p o s a l t o m a k e o u r militant internationalism and unity k n o w n , to explain their great i m p o r t a n c e a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , a n d t o s t r e n g then t h e m ceaselessly i n t h e f u t u r e .
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... W e are o f the o p i n i o n t h a t t h e c o u n t r i e s o f L a t i n A m e r i c a h a v e n o w b e c o m e one o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t centres o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t l e d b y t h e M a r x i s t Leninist communist parties. L a t i n A m e r i c a , w h e r e big N o r t h - A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l rules, s u p p o r t e d b y the l o c a l c o m p r a d o r e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t h e m i l i t a r y cliques, has b e c o m e one o f the w e a k e s t l i n k s o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m . I n s t r u g g l e i n each L a t i n - A m e r i c a n c o u n t r y t h e r e i s a r e v o l u t i o n a r y people, a courageous w o r k i n g class, t h e r e a r e t h e p e a santry, the a l l y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , a f i e r y y o u t h , a n d progressive intellectuals. The historic d u t y devolves on the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m m u n i s t p a r t y t o m a k e a l l these classes a n d s t r a t a its a l l i e s a n d l e a d t h e m o n t h e course o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e against l o c a l r e a c t i o n a r y cliques, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d S o v i e t social-imperialism. O f course, y o u k n o w b e t t e r t h a n a n y o n e else h o w s t r o n g t h e e n e m y i s i n y o u r c o u n t r i e s , w h e r e its w e a k p o i n t s are, a n d h o w y o u w i l l o r g a n i z e a n d d e v e l o p t h e s t r u g g l e against i m p e r i a l i s m , s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , l o c a l c a pital, and the revisionist parties and pseudo-Marxist g r o u p s w h i c h t h e y f o r m , a s w e l l a s against o t h e r a n t i M a r x i s t c u r r e n t s , w h i c h s t r i v e t o create c o n f u s i o n a n d hinder y o u in your w o r k and the struggle y o u wage. Y o u are a c q u a i n t e d w i t h a l l these f o r m s o f t h e o r g a n i z a tion of the enemy. T h e P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a a p preciates y o u r s t r u g g l e . I t i s o u r c o m m o n s t r u g g l e , b e cause w e are f a c i n g t h e same e n e m i e s w h o c o n f r o n t u s w i t h v a r i o u s tactics o f s t r u g g l e . T h r o u g h o u r s t r a t e g y a n d tactics w e s h a l l w o r k a n d s t r u g g l e t o f o i l t h e i r p l a n s . W e s h a l l p u b l i c i z e a n d assist t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g gle o f t h e L a t i n - A m e r i c a n peoples, l e d b y t h e M a r x i s t Leninist communist parties. W e , t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m m u n i s t parties, m u s t o r -
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ganize o u r s e l v e s s o l i d l y , because, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , w e h a v e t o e x p e c t o t h e r savage s t o r m s a n d a t t a c k s o n t h e i n t e r n a tional communist movement. The P a r t y of Labour of A l b a n i a , a s a sister p a r t y o f y o u r p a r t i e s , w i l l a l w a y s remain loyal to Marxism-Leninism and proletarian i n ternationalism. After the Brazilian friend expressed his thanks for these warm words, and expressed his opinions about the important problems which were raised in the conversation, and after he made an exposition of the situation in Brazil, and of the activity and tasks of his party, Comrade Enver Hoxha continued: W e are convinced that y o u r P a r t y w i l l achieve a l l these t h i n g s w h i c h y o u s p o k e about, because it is a s t r o n g p a r t y , w h i c h keeps the f l a g o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m f l y i n g high. T h e f a i t h w h i c h y o u h a v e i n o u r P a r t y encourages u s g r e a t l y a n d charges u s w i t h great r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o p r o v e w o r t h y o f it. N o t only must the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties increase and m u l t i p l y their efforts in the political and ideological s t r u g g l e against e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l enemies, b u t a t t h e same t i m e , t h e y m u s t assist one a n o t h e r e v e n m o r e t o strengthen the international communist movement. At our 7th Congress we spoke specifically about m a n y international problems and tried to m a k e a synthesis of these p r o b l e m s , ( 1 ) because o u r a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s A m e r i c a n imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism and the reactionary bourgeoisie has l o n g b e e n d e f i n e d . O n t h i s occasion w e spoke o p e n l y not because w e w a n t e d t o please someone, o r a v o i d f a l l i n g out w i t h someone else, b u t because w e t h o u g h t o f the i n t e r e s t s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t and the l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e peoples f r o m e n s l a v e m e n t a n d
_________________________ 1 See pp. 87-137 of this volume.
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c a p i t a l . O u r C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e t o o k u p those c a p i t a l p r o b l e m s l o n g ago a n d has a l w a y s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t w e m u s t speak o p e n l y a b o u t t h e m , w i t h o u t r e g a r d f o r t h e sacrifices a n d obstacles w h i c h w i l l e m e r g e b e f o r e us. I f t h e communists do not fight against imperialists a n d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s t h e n t h e y are n o t M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s b u t o p p o r tunists. O u r P a r t y t h i n k s t h a t w i t h a f r i e n d w e s h o u l d l a y o u r cards o n t h e table, a n d i t s i n c e r e l y accepts a n y c r i t i c i s m or a n y open M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t discussion f r o m h i m . O u r 7th C o n g r e s s l a i d d o w n v e r y i m p o r t a n t r e s p o n sible t a s k s w h i c h the P a r t y , b y s t a n d i n g a t t h e h e a d o f t h e people, the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses, w i l l c a r r y out t o the letter. O f course, t h i s requires a h i g h level of political understanding, M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g i c a l i n s p i r a t i o n , great o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d tempering in practice, in w o r k . The accomplishment of tasks also r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e p e o p l e a c q u i r e t e c h n i c a l competence i n a n y sector i n w h i c h t h e y w o r k . N o w , f o l l o w i n g t h e Congress, a great m o b i l i z a t i o n o f the masses o f t h e p e o p l e i n w o r k c a n b e seen i n o u r country. Everyone w i l l read and study the materials o f t h e Congress, i n d i v i d u a l l y o r i n g r o u p s . O u r P a r t y has g a i n e d good e x p e r i e n c e a b o u t h o w these m a t e r i a l s s h o u l d b e h a n d l e d , b u t since the f o r m s t h a t w e u s e d f i v e y e a r s ago o r those w h i c h w e u s e d last y e a r a r e n o w o u t d a t e d , t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e has r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t n e w a n d better f o r m s s h o u l d b e f o u n d . E x t r a o r d i n a r y e n t h u s i a s m w a s d i s p l a y e d a t the C o n g ress; it w a s a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of those r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n s o f the w o r k i n g masses, o f the w h o l e people, w h i c h y i e l d e d great r e s u l t s i n the a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f tasks. O u r people are b u i l d i n g t h e i r l i f e w i t h t h e m a t u r i t y w h i c h characterizes t h e m a n d w i t h t h e i r o w n s k i l f u l h a n d s . T h e m a t e r i a l s of t h e C o n g r e s s s e r v e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of the e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e a n d the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e d e f e n c e
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of the country, therefore we have exchanged opinions about h o w , a l o n g w i t h t h e s t u d y o f these m a t e r i a l s , w e can w o r k out the w a y s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e y assist o u r work properly. In this direction it is important to achieve that the l i n e o f t h e P a r t y becomes t h e f l e s h a n d b l o o d of t h e people. We h a v e set a t i m e - l i m i t f o r t h e s t u d y a n d h a v e i n s t r u c t e d t h a t t h e masses s h o u l d l i n k this study w i t h the accomplishment of the p l a n . In order to achieve this, m a n y m e a s u r e s h a v e b e e n e n v i s a g e d a n d applied. As always, the accomplishment of the p l a n w i l l b e t h e r e s u l t o f great w o r k a n d s t r u g g l e . W e h a v e c o n f i dence i n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e P a r t y , i n t h e s t r e n g t h a n d e n t h u s i a s m o f o u r w o r k i n g class a n d o u r people. W e d o not h i d e t h e fact t h a t i n t h e c o u r s e o f o u r w o r k w e w i l l encounter d i f f i c u l t i e s , i n d e e d , s o m e t i m e s m a j o r d i f f i c u l t i e s , w h i c h w e foresee u p t o a c e r t a i n point, b u t w e s h a l l strive t o s u r m o u n t t h e m b y t a k i n g p r e l i m i n a r y measures. T h e r e w i l l also b e s h o r t c o m i n g s a n d m i s t a k e s b u t w e s h a l l correct t h e m , because i t i s o u r d u t y t o correct t h e m . I a m n o t g o i n g t o d w e l l o n a l l these m a t t e r s here, b u t I w a n t to s p e a k a b o u t t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g of the w o r k of the P a r t y i n e v e r y sector, e s p e c i a l l y a b o u t t h e u n d e r s t a n d ing o f t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h the P a r t y raises. I f w e d o n o t succeed i n doing s u c h a t h i n g , o u r w o r k w i l l b e l a m e , t h e p l a n w i l l not b e a c c o m p l i s h e d , d i f f i c u l t i e s w i l l b e c r e a t e d f o r us, and w e s h a l l not a c h i e v e t h e p r o g r e s s w h i c h the P a r t y r e q u i r e s i n t h e socialist d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o u n t r y . Y o u can set t h e l a t h e g o i n g , b u t i f t h e t u r n e r does n o t h a v e a p o l i t i c a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the i m p o r t a n c e of h i s w o r k there, o f t h e tools w h i c h h e m a k e s , a n d w h i c h are needed, for e x a m p l e , f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b r e a d , a n d considers his w o r k i n g m e a n s s i m p l y a s a l u m p o f i r o n , h e w i l l t u r n out p r o d u c t s of p o o r q u a l i t y . As y o u heard, at the Congress we said that we are
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doing extensive w o r k for the political and ideological e d u c a t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i s t s a n d t h e masses t h r o u g h schools, courses a n d s e m i n a r s a n d t h r o u g h t h e w o r k f o r the a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f tasks. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y is taught in our country. We do not learn this theory as a d o g m a , or as a l i t u r g y , b u t as it is, a l i v i n g , m i l i t a n t , revolutionary theory closely l i n k e d w i t h the problems of the l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y . W e closely l i n k the mass M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t e d u c a t i o n o f the people, w h i c h w e d o i n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d w a y s because o f the d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c u l t u r a l l e v e l o f o u r people, w i t h life, w i t h the i n t e r n a l d e v e l o p m e n t , w i t h e v e n t s f r o m t h e life of the P a r t y a n d a l l the other factors w h i c h serve the accomplishment of our political tasks inside and outside the c o u n t r y . H e n c e , t h e P a r t y has a c h i e v e d that, b y m e a n s o f t h e press a n d other f o r m s o f p r o p a g a n d a , the p e o p l e u n d e r s t a n d its p o l i c y a n d the p o l i c y o f o u r state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t n o t o n l y o n i n t e r n a l questions, but also o n e x t e r n a l questions, u n d e r s t a n d the p r o b l e m s of the imperialist-revisionist encirclement, as w e l l as all the other p r o b l e m s w h i c h e m e r g e a n d d e v e l o p i n t h e course o f l i f e . T o m a k e these m a t t e r s c l e a r a n d e s t a b l i s h a clear u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e m , c o n s t r u c t i v e debates a n d discussions are h e l d . W e are n o t f o r a h u n d r e d f l o w e r s , o r f o r a h u n d r e d schools, o r i n f a v o u r o f t w o l i n e s i n t h e P a r t y . W e are against s u c h e r r o n e o u s theories, b u t w e a r e not i n the least against open debate i n the basic o r g a n i z a tions o f t h e P a r t y , the e c o n o m i c enterprises, o r w h e r e v e r people raise p r o b l e m s . W e speak t o the masses a b o u t a l l the k e y p r o b l e m s , f o r e x a m p l e , a b o u t t h e f i v e - y e a r p l a n a s w e l l a s the a n n u a l p l a n s . S u c h k e y p r o b l e m s w e raise a m o n g the p e o p l e f i r s t , s o t h a t t h e y not o n l y u n d e r s t a n d the p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e o f these
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plans, but also d r a f t t h e m t h e m s e l v e s , express t h e i r opinions, s o t h a t o u r e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e w i l l d e v e l o p correctly a n d such a m o b i l i z a t i o n is achieved and organizat i o n a l f o r m s c o n s t r u c t e d as to e f f e c t i v e l y assist the a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f tasks. S u b s e q u e n t l y , a l l these o p i n i o n s and p r o p o s a l s g o b a c k t o centre, w h e r e v e r y serious d e bates a r e h e l d i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t , the P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u , and i n t h e S e c r e t a r i a t o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f the P a r t y . A f t e r t h e d i s c u s s i o n , these e l a b o r a t e d p r o p o s a l s are sent b a c k to t h e b r o a d masses of the people a n d t h e r e detailed e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e m begins, o r g a n i z a t i o n a l m e a sures f o r t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f the p l a n are t a k e n a n d the w o r k a n d c h e c k - u p o n t h e s y s t e m a t i c a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of t h e t a s k s c o m m e n c e s . W e h a v e g i v e n great i m p o r t a n c e t o c h e c k - u p . I n t h i s w e h a v e a l w a y s b a s e d o u r s e l v e s o n the t e a c h i n g s o f L e n i n , o r g a n i z i n g b o t h state c h e c k - u p a n d i n s p e c t i o n a n d w o r k e r and p e a s a n t c o n t r o l i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f our c o u n t r y . T h e P a r t y sends m a n y p e o p l e o r g a n i z e d i n groups, t r a i n e d a n d i n s t r u c t e d a b o u t v a r i o u s sectors, t o carry out surprise, unannounced inspections a n d to give assistance i n t h e e c o n o m i c , c u l t u r a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i tutions w h e r e t h e y c h e c k u p o n t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f plans a n d p r o g r a m s , t h e t r a i n i n g o f teachers a n d p u p i l s i n t h e schools, t h e reserves, t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f n o r m s , proletarian discipline, the administration of property in the e n t e r p r i s e , i n t h e h e a l t h s e r v i c e a n d e v e r y w h e r e else. The c o m r a d e s w h o t a k e p a r t i n these c o n t r o l teams, a n d there are t h o u s a n d s o f t h e m , g i v e t h e i r o p i n i o n a b o u t h o w t o i m p r o v e t h e w o r k a n d t a k e m e a s u r e s o n the spot t o correct t h e defects. F o r those m a t t e r s w h i c h h a v e g r e a t e r importance they i n f o r m the highest forums of the Party, p r o p o s i n g t h e concrete m e a s u r e s w h i c h s h o u l d b e t a k e n . T h i s w o r k , C o m r a d e A m a z o n a s , has b e e n e x t r e m e l y h e l p f u l t o us, n o t o n l y i n the f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e p l a n s but
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also i n t e a c h i n g the b r o a d masses o f t h e p e o p l e t o r u n the c o u n t r y c o r r e c t l y , t o become c o m p e t e n t t o d e a l w i t h state a n d w i t h P a r t y p r o b l e m s , t o p r e v e n t abuses a n d distortions, t o b e courageous, t o c r i t i c i z e e v e r y t h i n g w h i c h i s n o t g o i n g w e l l a n d t o t a k e correct decisions. O f course, w e h a v e n o t a c h i e v e d p e r f e c t i o n i n the o r g a n i z i n g o f the w o r k e r a n d peasant c o n t r o l , b u t w h a t w e h a v e done i s a step t o w a r d s p u t t i n g i n t o p r a c t i c e L e n i n ' s great t e a c h i n g , w h i c h i s i m p o r t a n t because i t opens t h e eyes of the b r o a d masses of the people a n d not o n l y educates t h e m c o r r e c t l y i n p o l i t i c s a n d i d e o l o g y , but also m a k e s t h e m a b l e to c o n t r o l v a r i o u s sectors of the s o c i a l economic life of the country and understand the whole process o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . T h i s i s the w a y i n w h i c h w e u n d e r s t a n d t h e w o r k o f t h e w o r k e r a n d peasant c o n t r o l w h i c h w e are a p p l y i n g . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r w h i c h I w i s h e d t o stress i n t h i s t a l k has t o d o w i t h the u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a p p l i c a tion of proletarian democracy. As you k n o w , proletarian democracy is democracy only for the broad w o r k i n g masses a n d not f o r t h e class enemies. O u r P a r t y , b a s i n g itself o n M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , has f o u n d t h e most a p p r o p riate forms for putting proletarian democracy effectively into practice. It is understandable, however, that this d e m o c r a c y i n o u r c o u n t r y i s also t h r e a t e n e d b y e v i l s s u c h as bureaucracy, indifference, intellectualism, technocracy, a n d so o n . T h e deepening of the understanding and application of p r o l e t a r i a n d e m o c r a c y serves as a great i d e o l o g i c a l f o r c e w h i c h h e l p s t o p r o v i d e correct t h e o r e t i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l e x p l a n a t i o n s o f t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f s o c i a l i s m a n d the e v i l s o f t h e r e m n a n t s o f t h e past, w h i c h e x i s t a n d w i l l continue to exist in the future, but w h i c h w i l l g r a d u a l l y d i s a p p e a r as a r e s u l t of w a g i n g the class s t r u g g l e in t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l f i e l d s . T h e r e m n a n t s o f t h e past,
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w h i c h i m p e r i a l i s m a n d revisionism incite, a n d w h i c h i n t e r n a l e n e m i e s o r e l e m e n t s f r o m t h e r a n k s o f t h e people who degenerate spread energetically, we t r y to combat on a l l f r o n t s a n d ceaselessly. I t i s o u r a i m t h a t d e m o c r a c y s h o u l d not b e d e v e l o p e d i n close circles o r o n l y i n s i d e f o r u m s , b u t s h o u l d b e e x t e n d e d t o i n c l u d e t h e masses. W h e n s o m e b o d y , w h e t h e r a c o m m u n i s t or n o t a P a r t y m e m b e r , m a k e s a m i s t a k e , naturally, the relevant basic organization of the P a r t y o r state o r g a n j u d g e s h i m a n d t a k e s m e a s u r e s o f a n e d u c a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r t o assist h i m . I n m o s t cases, h i s m i s t a k e s a r e also m a d e k n o w n t o the c o l l e c t i v e i n w h i c h this p e r s o n w o r k s . T h e P a r t y gives t h e w o r k i n g c o l l e c t i v e the r i g h t a n d p o w e r t o c r i t i c i z e a l l w r o n g actions b y a n y p e r s o n w h o e v e r h e m a y be, n o t e x c l u d i n g t h e c o m r a d e s o f t h e l e a d e r s h i p , a n d t o g i v e c o n s t r u c t i v e ideas o n the w o r k a n d the persons i n v o l v e d in it. If, say, s o m e m a n a g e r o f a n e n t e r p r i s e , P a r t y s e c r e t a ry, c h a i r m a n of a c o m m i t t e e , or a n y o n e else, e x p l o i t i n g his o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n , b e h a v e s b a d l y , p r o v e s despotic o r takes r e v e n g e o n h i s s u b o r d i n a t e s , t h e P a r t y advises a n d encourages t h e masses to speak out o p e n l y , or to c o m p l a i n b y letter, r i g h t u p t o the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e P a r t y . W o r k i n g p e o p l e come t o m e e t u s a t the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o r s e n d u s l e t t e r s w i t h v e r y v a l u a b l e p r o p o s a l s , suggestions, d e m a n d s , c o m p l a i n t s , etc. P e o p l e c o m p l a i n o r s e n d letters n o t o n l y w h e n t h i n g s i n some sector a r e n o t g o i n g w e l l , b u t also w h e n t h e y w a n t t o s h o w t h e P a r t y m a n y ways to solve problems. G r e a t attention is given to the letters t h a t come f r o m t h e people. T h e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h are r a i s e d i n t h e m are s t u d i e d w i t h great care i n t h e special sectors w e h a v e a t t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e , t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d a t the base. W e s t r i v e a l l the t i m e a n d w i t h a l l o u r m i g h t t o a p p l y p r o l e t a r i a n d e m o c r a c y r e a l l y a n d not j u s t i n f o r m a l w a y s .
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F o r t h e a d m i s s i o n o f someone t o t h e P a r t y , too, w e pass h i m t h r o u g h t h e f i l t e r o f t h e masses, t h e f i l t e r o f t h e collective i n w h i c h h e w o r k s . F i r s t , the p e r s o n c o n c e r n e d is a d m i t t e d as a c a n d i d a t e f o r P a r t y m e m b e r s h i p . T h e d e c i s i o n to a d m i t h i m as a c a n d i d a t e or, after he has c o m p l e t e d his p r o b a t i o n p e r i o d , a s a P a r t y m e m b e r , o r t h e d e c i s i o n t o e x p e l a c o m m u n i s t f r o m t h e P a r t y i s t a k e n b y the basic o r g a n i z a t i o n alone. I t i s t h e r i g h t o f t h e P a r t y t o admit or expel members, but it always proceeds f r o m the interests o f the w o r k i n g class w h i c h a i m s a n d s t r u g g l e s t o e n s u r e t h a t its v a n g u a r d w i l l b e p u r e , c o m p r i s e d o f h o n est, courageous, v a l i a n t r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s of a h i g h p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l e v e l . T h e r e f o r e , t h e P a r t y c a n n o t base itself o n l y o n t h e k n o w l e d g e o f t w o o r t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o r e c o m m e n d the p e r s o n f o r a d m i s s i o n a s a c a n d i d a t e f o r P a r t y m e m b e r s h i p , b u t b e f o r e i t decides w h e t h e r o r n o t t o a d m i t h i m t o its r a n k s , i t presents t h e m a t t e r t o t h e c o l l e c t i v e f o r d i s c u s s i o n a n d asks. W h a t d o y o u k n o w o f t h i s p e r s o n ? W h a t good p o i n t s a n d w e a k n e s s e s has he a n d is he w o r t h y of a d m i s s i o n as a c a n d i d a t e m e m b e r o f t h e P a r t y ? T h e w o r k e r s b e g i n t o speak a n d give their opinions about the comrade w h o is to become a c o m m u n i s t . T h e basic o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e P a r t y t a k e s these o p i n i o n s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n a n d , p r o v i d e d t h a t the p e r s o n discussed has m a n y p o s i t i v e aspects a n d n o p o l i t i c a l or m o r a l b l e m i s h e s , t h e n he is a d m i t t e d as a c a n didate. O n the basis o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d rules, e v e n a f t e r h i s a d m i s s i o n , the c a n d i d a t e m u s t do a p r o b a t i o n p e r i o d o f t h r e e y e a r s i n one o f t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t sectors o f w o r k , s u c h a s i n t h e mines, c o n s t r u c t i o n , a g r i c u l t u r e , etc. A f t e r t h r e e years, t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g c o l l e c t i v e o f the e n t e r p r i s e o r t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l c o o p e r a t i v e a b o u t the c a n d i d a t e i s sought a g a i n . I f h e has w o r k e d w e l l d u r i n g t h e t h r e e - y e a r p e r i o d of p r o b a t i o n , he is a d m i t t e d as a P a r t y m e m b e r , o r this d e c i s i o n m i g h t b e p o s t p o n e d f o r
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a further probation period, or if he is considered u n w o r thy he is not admitted to the P a r t y . . . T h e enthusiasm w h i c h y o u saw d u r i n g the proceedings o f the C o n g r e s s r e f l e c t s t h e e n t h u s i a s m o f o u r P a r t y , o u r w o r k i n g class, o u r c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y , o u r y o u t h a n d o u r people's i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , b u t w e d o n o t f o r g e t t h a t e v e n i n socialist s o c i e t y t h e r e are i n d i v i d u a l s w h o degenerate. A s s o o n a s t h e P a r t y sees t h a t someone i s t a k i n g a w r o n g course i t w o r k s w i t h h i m t o correct h i m . A t f i r s t i t advises h i m , h e l p s h i m , c r i t i c i z e s h i m once o r t w i c e , a n d t h e n w a r n s h i m a n d o n l y w h e n i t sees t h a t h e i s c o n t i n u i n g o n h i s w r o n g c o u r s e a g a i n s t t h e P a r t y o r t h e state does i t t a k e measures of c o e r c i o n . ... A s y o u h e a r d a t t h e C o n g r e s s , w e h a v e acted s t e r n l y against enemies, because t h e class s t r u g g l e i s w a g e d i n s o c i a l i s m , too. W e s p o k e i n t h e C o n g r e s s a b o u t t h e d a n gerous p l o t o f t h e t r a i t o r s B e q i r B a l l u k u , A b d y l K l l e z i a n d their associates, a n d e x p l a i n e d w h a t t h e y w e r e a i m i n g a t . . . Beqir B a l l u k u and a group of militarymen who were enemies w o r k e d s e c r e t l y b e h i n d the b a c k o f t h e P a r t y t o c h a n g e o u r m i l i t a r y s t r a t e g y a n d tactics l a i d d o w n o n the basis o f t h e l i n e o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e . T h e i r a i m was t o l e a v e t h e w h o l e coast a n d the cities o p e n a n d undefended to an eventual enemy attack and to prevent the a p p l i c a t i o n , a t a n y m o m e n t , o f t h e m i l i t a r y m e a s u r e s w h i c h t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e h a d t a k e n f o r t h e defence o f the w h o l e c o u n t r y , t h e m o u n t a i n s a n d t h e p l a i n s . A c cording t o t h e i r plans, a t t h e f i r s t a t t a c k w h i c h m i g h t b e l a u n c h e d o n A l b a n i a b y the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s , o u r w h o l e army, o r g a n i z e d i n t h e i r w a y , s h o u l d n o t d e f e n d e v e r y inch o f t h e c o u n t r y , b u t s h o u l d r e t r e a t t o t h e m o u n t a i n s . The p l a n o f B e q i r B a l l u k u a n d h i s g a n g w a s c o - o r d i n a t e d w i t h the p l a n s of a n u m b e r of r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s . H o w ever, the P a r t y d i s c o v e r e d a n d e x p o s e d these enemies.
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This m i l i t a r y p l a n was linked w i t h an ideological p l a n t o a t t a c k t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , t o use f i l m s , t h e t h e atre, a n d c u l t u r e t o i n t r o d u c e t h e b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t w a y o f l i f e , e s p e c i a l l y a m o n g t h e y o u t h . T h e enemies' a i m w a s t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n a n d l i q u i d a t i o n o f t h e socialist o r d e r a n d the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e P a r t y has great i m p o r t a n c e . We have always struggled for the perfection of the lead e r s h i p o f the P a r t y a n d its w o r k a n d t h e w o r k o f t h e state a n d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b y e x p o s i n g a n d r e j e c t i n g the r i g i d a n d despotic b u r e a u c r a t i c schemes p r a c t i s e d b y the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f S t a l i n . W e h a v e a l w a y s e v a l u a t e d t h e r o l e o f the l e a d ers o f t h e P a r t y a n d the g o v e r n m e n t c o r r e c t l y , b y t h e i r actions a n d the decisions t h e y t a k e , b y w h a t t h e y d o i n t h e i r l i f e a n d w o r k . T h e P a r t y has s u b m i t t e d t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e l e a d e r s h i p t o t h e j u d g e m e n t o f the masses of c o m m u n i s t s , f i r s t of a l l , b u t also to t h e j u d g e m e n t o f t h e masses n o t o r g a n i z e d i n t h e P a r t y . T h e P a r t y teaches its m e m b e r s a n d t h e masses t h a t o n l y that l e a d e r s h i p , w h e t h e r P a r t y o r state, w h i c h r e cognizes a n d corrects its m i s t a k e s , is w o r t h y of respect. W i t h i n o u r f o r u m s , f r o m the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e , t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u , t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d r i g h t d o w n t o t h e basic organizations, we have created complete e q u a l i t y amongst i n d i v i d u a l s . T h e r e a l l a r e e q u a l , c o m m u n i s t s , t h e r e are n o badges o f r a n k o r p r i v i l e g e s o f office, a l l a r e c h a r g e d w i t h tasks a n d t h e actions o f e a c h are p r a i s e d o r c r i t i c i z e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e case w h e n t h e m a j o r i t y o f those w h o m a k e u p the f o r u m s o r the basic o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the P a r t y c o n s i d e r t h e m so, a n d w h e n i t i s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e i r actions are n o t r i g h t , m e a s u r e s are t a k e n t o correct t h e m . W e h a v e c r e a t e d s u c h a s i t u a t i o n t h a t w h e n i t comes t o d e f e n d i n g t h e o v e r r i d i n g interests o f t h e P a r t y , those w h o m a k e m i s t a k e s are c r i t i c i z e d w i t h o u t
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hesitation. I n this d i r e c t i o n , h o w e v e r , c a r e i s t a k e n t o preserve t h e sense o f p r o p o r t i o n a n d t h e c o m r a d e s a r e c r i t i c i z e d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e y are t o b l a m e . W h e n the m i s t a k e is a s m a l l one, t h e c r i t i c i s m is l i g h t a n d if the m i s t a k e i s g r a v e , the g u i l t y p e r s o n i s c r i t i c i z e d severely. Likewise, we have w o r k e d everywhere among the masses, w i t h i n the f o r u m s a n d o u t s i d e t h e m , t o p r e v e n t the c r e a t i o n of a n y k i n d of cult a r o u n d the c o m r a d e s of the l e a d e r s h i p , t o e n s u r e t h a t d e s p o t i s m , h a u g h t i n e s s a n d megalomania are condemned and to avoid any undere s t i m a t i o n o f t h e c o l l e c t i v e l e a d e r s h i p o f the C e n t r a l C o m mittee a n d t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s . S u c h a c t i v i t y has s t r e n g t h e n e d the r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i g i l a n c e , has s t r e n g t h e n e d the s t r u g g l e against c r o n y i s m , has i n c r e a s e d the l o v e f o r one's c o m r a d e , a n d teaches u s t h a t i n w o r k a n d f o r t h e interests o f the P a r t y t h e r e cannot a n d m u s t not b e a n y unhealthy f a m i l i a r i t y . A l t h o u g h we cannot say that we have c o m p l e t e l y a c h i e v e d o u r a i m , w e t r y t o e n s u r e t h a t our p e o p l e a r e n o t d i s h e a r t e n e d a n d e m b i t t e r e d b y c o r rect M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c r i t i c i s m . I n t h i s d i r e c t i o n w e h a v e to do continuous political and ideological w o r k . At the same t i m e , w e e d u c a t e o u r c o m r a d e s s o t h a t w h e n a n y baseless, s l a n d e r o u s c r i t i c i s m is m a d e , t h e y t a k e a s t r o n g stand against those w h o c o m m i t s u c h acts o f d e n i g r a t i o n . T h i s does n o t m e a n t h e s m o t h e r i n g o f c r i t i c i s m . O n t h e contrary, i t i s a n e n c o u r a g e m e n t f o r c r i t i c i s m , b u t c r i t i c ism i n t h e correct w a y , based o n facts a n d a r g u m e n t s and not on concocted s l a n d e r s . The Party works hard to prevent rumour-mongering and g o s s i p i n g . U n w o r t h y s t a n d s i n s p i r e d b y m o t i v e s o f personal interest, u n v e r i f i e d a n d e x a g g e r a t e d stands i n the assessment of p e t t y events, are not p e r m i t t e d a m o n g s t us. T h e s e stands h o n o u r n o b o d y . O u r P a r t y t r i e s t o rescue the people w h o d i s p l a y s u c h defects a n d the t r u t h i s t h a t w e h a v e e d u c a t e d m a n y o f t h e m , w h o h a v e become f i g h t -
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ers for the Party, and we are educating m a n y others. T h i s is positive. O u r P a r t y i s r e l a t i v e l y y o u n g , b u t i t has l e a r n e d a great d e a l f r o m t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its o w n p e o p l e a n d f r o m t h e other M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s . T h r o u g h o u t its existence a n d i n a l l its a c t i v i t y o u r P a r t y h a s e n c o u n t e r e d great d i f f i c u l t i e s , plots, e c o n o m i c sabotage, g r o u p i n g s o f a n t i - P a r t y elements, agencies t r a i n e d b y t h e i m perialists, the Soviet, Y u g o s l a v a n d other revisionists, b u t the P a r t y a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t i n our country have faced up to the dangers a n d overcome t h e m successfully. I n t h i s s t r u g g l e against its e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l enemies o u r P a r t y has l e a r n e d a great d e a l . T h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e o f o u r w o r k i n g class a n d the w o r k i n g masses, u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e P a r t y , p r o v i d e s i t w i t h u n l i m i t e d e x p e r i e n c e a n d raises p r o b l e m s w h i c h a b s o l u t e l y d e m a n d correct s o l u t i o n s . I t also b r i n g s t o l i g h t t h e best f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r t h e solution of the problems w h i c h emerge. N o w , for example, a f t e r t h e Congress, m a n y i n i t i a t i v e s h a v e b e e n s p r e a d t o a l l the enterprises. T h e f i v e - y e a r p l a n w h i c h w e h a v e d r a w n u p sets h i g h targets, n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e w o r k e r s a n d peasants h a v e p l e d g e d t o o v e r f u l f i l t h e m . T h u s , n e w f o r m s o f w o r k are e m e r g i n g . So, w e see i n t h e s t r u g g l e w h a t s t r e n g t h s o c i a l i s m has, w h a t g r e a t p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h i s social system provides for creative w o r k in all the fields o f life, i n c l u d i n g t h e economic, social a n d c u l t u r a l f i e l d s , a n d the f i e l d o f defence. H a d y o u k n o w n o u r c o u n t r y n o t o n l y b e f o r e L i b e r a t i o n , b u t also i n the f i r s t p o s t - l i b e r a t i o n y e a r s , i n t h e f i r s t decade a f t e r the e n d o f t h e w a r , y o u w o u l d see h o w m u c h i t has a d v a n c e d i n these y e a r s of people's state p o w e r . W e are the f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n o f the P a r t y . N o w o u r c o m r a d e s are b e c o m i n g g r e y - h e a d e d a n d t h e y a r e g o i n g o n t h e p e n s i o n , b u t t h e y n e v e r cease t h e i r w o r k , d o not
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agree t o sit i d l e , a n d s o w e see t h e m e v e r y w h e r e , i n the jobs t o w h i c h t h e y h a d b e e n a p p o i n t e d , w h e r e t h e y receive o n l y t h e p e n s i o n . T h e p e n s i o n e r s i n o u r c o u n t r y , w i t h t h e i r g r e a t m a t u r i t y a n d e x p e r i e n c e , s o l v e a series o f p r o b l e m s w i t h w h i c h t h e o r g a n s o f t h e state a n d t h e P a r t y a t t h e c e n t r e a n d the base c h a r g e t h e m . T h e P a r t y i s t r a i n i n g the next generation w h i c h w i l l take over and is t a k i n g over the responsibility. An elevat i o n of a great n u m b e r of p e o p l e to t h e l e a d e r s h i p of t h e w o r k , w h i c h has e x t e n d e d i n a l l sectors, c a n b e seen everywhere. T h i s s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n o f f o r t y - y e a r olds i s t r a i n i n g another younger generation in the w o r k . Thousands of workers, w h o have graduated f r o m the general or vocat i o n a l s e c o n d a r y schools, n o t t o m e n t i o n those w i t h h i g h e r schooling, h a v e b e e n a p p o i n t e d t o state e n t e r p r i s e s o r agricultural cooperatives. T h e t r a i n i n g of n e w w o r k e r s i s a great a n d i m p o r t a n t t a s k o f o u r P a r t y . S o c i a l i s m , t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the correct l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e P a r t y b r o u g h t these p e o p l e t o l i g h t a n d d e v e l o p e d t h e m . B y i n j e c t i n g n e w b l o o d i n t o its r a n k s the P a r t y i s kept e t e r n a l l y y o u n g . T h i s n e w b l o o d a l w a y s i n v i g o r a t e s the P a r t y a n d serves t o d e f e n d t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a f r o m a n y danger. T h i s is a factor w h i c h contributes t o t h e p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l e l e v a t i o n of the people in the enterprises and institutions, organizations, schools a n d e v e r y w h e r e else. B y a p p l y i n g t h e p r i n c i p l e o f v e r y great a n d u n i v e r s a l i m p o r t a n c e o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e , w h i c h w e stressed f o r c i b l y once again a t t h e 7 t h C o n g r e s s o f the P a r t y , w e h a v e b e e n able to create a s o u n d e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n in o u r c o u n t r y . The f i g u r e s w h i c h w e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e C o n g r e s s are t h e best e v i d e n c e o f o u r successes. I n o u r c o u n t r y a l l m a r k e t s are r e g u l a r l y s u p p l i e d w i t h goods, p r i c e s a r e n o t g o i n g up, b u t g r a d u a l l y d i m i n i s h i n g , w h i l e t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d
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r e v i s i o n i s t states are i n f l i c t e d w i t h i n f l a t i o n a n d o t h e r i n c u r a b l e illnesses. W e h a v e t a k e n m e a s u r e s t o f u r t h e r r e d u c e the d i s t i n c tions between t o w n and countryside and w i l l continue to do so. T h a n k s to these m e a s u r e s we h a v e m a d e a great s t r i d e f o r w a r d i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n . S c h o o l i n g a n d c u l t u r e i n t h e v i l l a g e are d e v e l o p i n g j u s t a s i n t h e city, b u t we must do more for the further improvement of the e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s i n the c o u n t r y s i d e . A t p r e s e n t t h e w o r k e r i n the c i t y has some c o n d i t i o n s a l i t t l e better, b u t w e are s t r u g g l i n g t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e peasant w i l l e v e n t u a l l y h a v e these, too. W h e n w e s a y t h a t t h e peasants w i l l have them, we have in m i n d the comparison w i t h the w o r k e r s ' conditions, because i n g e n e r a l , o u r p e a s a n t too, has b u i l t a v e r y good l i f e . I n the v i l l a g e s t h e r e i s n o h o m e w i t h o u t a r a d i o a n d m a n y peasants h a v e T V - s e t s a n d washing machines. The distribution of domestic equipment there is aimed at lightening the b u r d e n on the w o m e n . E v e r y type of foodstuff is available in the v i l l a ges. I am not g o i n g to speak at l e n g t h on a l l l e g a l r i g h t s in the economic and c u l t u r a l fields w h i c h the peasants e n j o y e q u a l l y w i t h the u r b a n d w e l l e r s , s u c h a s t h e r i g h t t o the old-age p e n s i o n , p a i d m a t e r n i t y l e a v e f o r t h e w o m a n , a n d s o o n . T h e peasants also b e n e f i t f r o m t h e a b o l i t i o n o f a l l direct a n d i n d i r e c t t a x e s . O n this course w e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e 6 t h F i v e - y e a r P l a n , w h i c h the 7th C o n g r e s s o f t h e P a r t y a p p r o v e d , w i l l raise the l e v e l o f t h e w e l l - b e i n g o f t h e p e o p l e e v e n h i g her, s o c i a l i s m w i l l become s t i l l s t r o n g e r i n A l b a n i a , a n d the defence o f o u r H o m e l a n d w i l l b e m o r e p o w e r f u l . W e base these t h i n g s o n o u r o w n forces, o n t h e w o r k o f the P a r t y a n d the people. T h e P a r t y w i l l b e t e m p e r e d i n n e w battles t o d e f e n d a l l these v i c t o r i e s , t o d e f e n d Marxism-Leninism, and to fight more effectively and
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s t e r n l y against A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s m , the r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e a n d a l l t h e i r l a c k e y s o f w h a t e v e r h u e . W e s h a l l f i g h t w i t h o u t y i e l d i n g f o r the t r i u m p h of the revolution, socialism and communism.
In this talk with the Brazilian Enver Hoxha also dealt with some Amongst other things he pointed out:
guest, other
Comrade questions.
M a o Zedong said that it w i l l take 10 thousand years f o r the cause o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t o t r i u m p h u n t i l the great force emerges w h i c h w i l l c a r r y the r e v o l u t i o n ahead a n d destroy i m p e r i a l i s m . H o w e v e r , we communists cannot close t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o l e t a r i a t by recommending that it supports the reactionary bourgeoisie o f its o w n c o u n t r y , c a n n o t close the p e r s p e c t i v e to the proletariat for the sake of collaboration w i t h the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a . T h e p r o l e t a r i a t is a colossal leading force for the r e v o l u t i o n a r y transformation of society. W e r e w e t o act o t h e r w i s e , t h e n w e w o u l d b e d o i n g w h a t t h e socialist M i l l e r a n d ( 2 ) d i d i n h i s t i m e , w h o e v e n f o r m e d h i s g o v e r n m e n t . M a r c h a i s , also, i s f o l l o w i n g t h e s a m e course, b u t t h e F r e n c h p r o l e t a r i a t has n o t lost t h e s t r e n g t h w h i c h i t i n h e r i t e d f r o m the R e v o l u t i o n o f 1848 a n d e s p e c i a l l y f r o m the C o m m u n e o f P a r i s , f r o m
______________________________________ 2 A. M i l l e r a n d (1859-1943). W h i l e a member of the F r e n c h Socialist Party, in 1899 he entered the reactionary g o v e r n ment of W a l d e c k Rousseau, and as a member of the g o v e r n ment a n d later as prime-minister and president of the R e public, assisted a n d supported the bourgeoisie's policy of oppression. He asserted the necessity of a certain socialization of the means of production, but w a s also a defender of p r i vate property. T h e opportunist leaders of the F r e n c h Socialist Party a n d those of the 2nd International d i d not c o n d e m n M i l lerand's p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the bourgeois government, w h i c h w a s a clear expression of the policy of class collaboration w i t h the bourgeoisie. O n l y L e n i n condemned this f i r s t p r a c t i c a l display of revisionism w h i c h openly betrayed the interests of the proletariat.
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the experience of w h i c h M a r x wrote his famous w o r k . (3) H o w can i t b e t h o u g h t t h a t u n d e r t h e r u l e o f t h e b o u r geoisie t h e p r o l e t a r i a t has a c h i e v e d a l l t h e blessings, a s the revisionists c l a i m ? ! S u c h a conclusion is u n t h i n k a b l e because i t does n o t r e s p o n d t o t h e r e a l i t y . . . Y u g o s l a v i a is n o t a socialist state, as it p r e t e n d s to be, b u t a c o u n t r y d e p e n d e n t on t h e i m p e r i a l i s m of t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , o n t h a t o f W e s t G e r m a n y a n d on S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , etc. T h e r e is a clause in t h e Y u g o s l a v C o n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h says t h a t f o r e i g n c a p i t a l has the right to invest in Y u g o s l a v i a in a l l the economic sectors i n w h i c h i t i s i n t e r e s t e d . T h e shares a r e d i v i d e d i n t h i s w a y : f o r t y - n i n e p e r cent f o r f o r e i g n c a p i t a l a n d f i f t y - o n e p e r cent f o r Y u g o s l a v c a p i t a l . N e v e r theless, those w h o b u i l d the i n d u s t r y i n Y u g o s l a v i a h a v e r a i s e d t h e i r shares f r o m t h e 4 9 p e r cent e n v i s a g e d i n t h e Y u g o s l a v C o n s t i t u t i o n to 60 or 70 p e r cent. T h e foreign monopolies have invested in Yugoslavia f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m o d e r n factories, because i t i s i n t h e i r interests t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n t u r n e d o u t by t h e cheap l a b o u r s h o u l d cost as l i t t l e as p o s s i b l e a n d t h e goods f r o m these f a c t o r i e s b e s o l d t o t h e W e s t e r n countries, t h u s the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e o t h e r capitalist countries reap the profits. D u r i n g this period Y u g o s l a v i a i s not a b l e t o p a y its debts because its o b l i g a tions have amounted to billions. (4) Imperialism strips y o u of everything, therefore nothing is left for the economy of Yugoslavia. N o w the a i m of the local and foreign capitalists is t o deceive t h e w o r k e r t h e r e a n d k e e p h i m b o u n d i n chains. T h e c a p i t a l i s t m e t h o d o f i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d t h e
_______________________ 3 The Civil War in France 4 Yugoslavia's f o r e i g n debt amounts to more than 20 b i l l i o n dollars today.
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i n f l o w o f f o r e i g n c a p i t a l n o t o n l y does not e n s u r e w o r k f o r a l l t h e w o r k e r s , b u t has c o m p e l l e d Y u g o s l a v i a t o e x p o r t l a b o u r p o w e r a n d its i n t e l l i g e n t s i a . O n e a n d a h a l f million workers have emigrated f r o m Yugoslavia to E u rope w h e r e they live a difficult life. As y o u k n o w , there are more t h a n 2 m i l l i o n A l b a n ians i n Y u g o s l a v i a . W h e n t h e T u r k i s h E m p i r e w a s b e i n g c a r v e d u p , a n u p r i s i n g , t h e centre o f w h i c h w a s K o s o v a , b r o k e out i n A l b a n i a . T h e l e a d e r s o f t h e A l b a n i a n N a tional M o v e m e n t gathered in P r i z r e n and created the League o f P r i z r e n ( 5 ) t o d e f e n d t h e n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s o f A l b a n i a . The Great P o w e r s and the neighbouring chauv i n i s t s w a n t e d t o p a r t i t i o n A l b a n i a . Indeed, B i s m a r c k went so far as to say that they w e r e not going to bother about a f e w A l b a n i a n cottages. T h e L e a g u e o f P r i z r e n organized and led the uprising w h i c h was bloodily suppressed. T h r o u g h t h e o p e n a n d secret t r e a t i e s w h i c h t h e y signed, these P o w e r s cut u p A l b a n i a , g i v i n g a great p a r t of it to Serbia and other neighbours. The Albanians in Yugoslavia have lived and continue to live enslaved, without freedom, and for years on end have been persecuted and forcibly expelled f r o m K o s o v a t o T u r k e y , w h e r e t h e y w e r e o b l i g e d t o sleep o u t s i d e i n the streets o r i n m o s q u e s . I n 1946 w e t a l k e d w i t h T i t o a b o u t t h e q u e s t i o n o f K o s o v a . I e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t K o s o v a a n d the
____________________________________ 5 On J u n e 10, 1878, on the eve of the Congress of B e r l i n w h i c h was to revise the decisions of the T r e a t y of San Stefano, delegates f r o m a l l the A l b a n i a n regions gathered in the city of P r i z r e n a n d decided to f o r m a p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y u n i o n w h i c h took the name T h e A l b a n i a n L e a g u e o f P r i zren. T h e L e a g u e fought for self-government, n a t i o n a l u n i t y and the defence of the t e r r i t o r i a l integrity of A l b a n i a w h i c h was endangered by the chauvinist aims of the neighbouring states.
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other regions inhabited by A l b a n i a n s belonged to A l b a n i a a n d s h o u l d b e r e t u r n e d t o it. O n the q u e s t i o n o f K o s o v a w e h a v e m a i n t a i n e d a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s t a n d , w h i c h consists i n the defence o f o u r K o s o v a brothers, who, w i t h i n the Federation, must be given a l l n a t i o n a l r i g h t s , m u s t not b e p e r s e c u t e d , e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e state, d i s c r i m i n a t e d against, o r v i o l e n t l y oppressed. W h e n the internal situation in Y u g o s l a v i a became acute a n d t h e s t r u g g l e f o r p o w e r w i t h t h e G r e a t - S e r b c l a n became m o r e fierce, T i t o , w h o i s a great p o l i t i c a l acrobat, seeing t h e d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n , m a d e c e r t a i n c o n cessions t o w a r d s t h e A l b a n i a n p e o p l e o f K o s o v a i n o r der t o m a n o e u v r e better, a n d p l a c e d a l l t h e b l a m e f o r t h e p e r s e c u t i o n o f these people o n R a n k o v i . B u t t h e people of K o s o v a saw for themselves w h a t was the true a i m o f T i t o ' s concessions a n d p r o m i s e s . W e c o n d u c t t r a d e w i t h Y u g o s l a v i a a n d w e also h a v e cultural relations, but the Titoites pursue a hostile policy t o w a r d s o u r c o u n t r y . T h e C u l t u r a l C o n v e n t i o n has been p r e p a r e d f o r f i v e y e a r s n o w b u t t h e y d o not w a n t t o s i g n it, because i n i t w e s a y : W e s h o u l d h a v e c u l t u r a l e x c h a n g e s w i t h t h e p e o p l e s o f Y u g o s l a v i a a n d t h e people o f K o s o v a . T h e y d o n o t l i k e t h e fact t h a t w e s p e a k a b o u t a n d are i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p e o p l e o f K o s o v a . W i t h G r e e c e w e h a v e n o r m a l state r e l a t i o n s . W e think we should develop them further in the field of trade and culture. We can carry on trade w i t h m u t u a l benefit and have cultural exchanges. T h e s e w e r e some ideas o f the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f our P a r t y w h i c h charged me to talk w i t h you. T h a n k y o u ! Published for the first time w i t h some abridgements from the notes taken at this meeting, w h i c h are kept in the CAP
SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT THE BALLIST DECALOGUE OF MAO ZEDONG

December 28, 1976
T h i s w e e k , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s h e a d e d b y the H u a G u o f e n g g r o u p , w h i c h seized p o w e r i n C h i n a t h r o u g h a m i l i t a r y p u t s c h , p u b l i s h e d a d o c u m e n t of M a o Zedong's, a speech o f t e n p o i n t s (On T h e T e n M a j o r R e l a t i o n ships), w h i c h h e d e l i v e r e d a t the e n l a r g e d m e e t i n g o f t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e i n A p r i l 1956. T h i s d o c u m e n t w a s w r i t t e n b e f o r e the 8 t h C o n g r e s s of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a , at w h i c h L i u Shaoqi delivered the m a i n report. T h e report h a d a revisionist content. W e w h o w e r e p r e s e n t a t the C o n g r e s s w e r e a s t o n i s h e d o v e r h o w this r e p o r t c o u l d b e d e l i v e r e d a n d a t least h o w i t w a s not c o n d e m n e d e v e n l a t e r , t o g e t h e r w i t h L i u S h a o q i , w h o w a s l i q u i d a t e d . I n this r e p o r t t o the 8 t h C o n g r e s s , the p r o b l e m s w e r e dealt w i t h a c c o r d i n g t o t h e ideas o f M a o Z e d o n g , a n d t h a t i s w h y e v e n a f t e r the C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n i t w a s c o n s i d e r e d correct. The ten points of Mao's Ballist decalogue, which form his non-Marxist eclectic strategy and world outlook, confirm this. These ten points of Mao's were w r i t t e n and put forw a r d a f t e r t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f the S o v i e t U n i o n , w h e r e t h e r e v i s i o n i s t r e n e g a d e K h r u s h chev a t t a c k e d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d s l a n d e r e d a n d t h r e w m u d at S t a l i n . In this document Mao took the initiative,
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which might have been co-ordinated with the Khrushchevites, as it was in fact. Khrushchev had informed Mao of his revisionist ideas and about the actions he was to undertake. Mao was in agreement with Khrushchev, a thing which he stated publicly at the Moscow Meeting of 1957, where be praised Khrushchev, attacked Stalin, and approved Khrushchev's liquidation of the anti-party group o f Molotov and company. A n d i n t h i s w a y M a o assisted K h r u s h c h e v . He was in agreement w i t h the line of the 20th C o n g r e s s a n d against S t a l i n . T h e 8 t h C o n g r e s s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a w a s i n t u n e w i t h t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s , because t h e t w o c h u m s h a d t h e s a m e ideas. N a t u r a l l y , K h r u s h c h e v m a d e p r o m i s e s t o M a o , b u t did not keep them, a n d only deceived h i m u n t i l he could get o v e r h i s d i f f i c u l t i e s . M a o ' s a i m w a s t o h e l p not K h r u s h c h e v b u t h i m s e l f , so that C h i n a w o u l d become the m a i n leader of the c o m munist w o r l d and M a o w o u l d replace Stalin, w h o m they t h o u g h t t h e y h a d b u r i e d . M a o acted q u i c k l y t o t a k e hegemony. Khrushchev for his part wanted to bring Mao Zedong into line and under his direction, meanwhile, however, the Party of Labour of Albania intervened by defending Marxism-Leninism and the Communist Party of China. The fire of the polemic was kindled at Bucharest and the Party of Labour of Albania continued it with a volley of machine-gun fire at the Meeting of 81 Parties in Moscow. Mao was for putting out this great fire, was opposed to the polemic. He wanted meetings, wanted social-democratic agreements because he himself was a social-democrat, an opportunist, a revisionist. B u t M a o c o u l d not e x t i n g u i s h t h e f i r e o r the p o l e m i c , a n d seeing t h a t h e w a s u n a b l e t o establish h i s h e g e m o n y , h e c h a n g e d h i s s t a n d . M a o t o o k a s o m e w h a t better. a n t i - S o v i e t s t a n d , a n d h e r e he appeared to be in accord w i t h us w h o were fighting K h r u s h -
ABOUT THE DECALOGUE OF MAO ZEDONG
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chevite revisionism consistently. B u t even at this time he h a d hopes o f r a p p r o c h e m e n t w i t h t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i sionists. E f f o r t s w e r e m a d e t o t h i s e n d b y the C h i n e s e leaders, but we opposed them. W h e n K h r u s h c h e v f e l l , M a o ' s hopes r e v i v e d . H e sent Z h o u t o M o s c o w , w h o p r o p o s e d t o u s t h a t w e s h o u l d go, too. B u t w e r e s o l u t e l y r e f u s e d this. T h i s w a s a fiasco f o r M a o Z e d o n g . T h e n , f r o m t h e s t r a t e g y o f t h e f i g h t o n the t w o f l a n k s h e t u r n e d t o w a r d s the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . T h e f r e q u e n t m e e t i n g s b e t w e e n the C h i n e s e a n d the A m e r i c a n ambassadors i n W a r s a w prepared K i s s i n ger's v i s i t t o C h i n a , a n d a f t e r t h a t N i x o n ' s v i s i t , too. ( 1 ) The Cultural Revolution fizzled out. This revolution stopped half-way, or to put it better, strengthened the personal position of Mao Zedong. The leftist elements were liquidated with a single blow by the rightists headed by H u a Guofeng. T h u s , the r e v i s i o n i s t l i n e of M a o t r i u m p h e d , a n d n o w this decalogue, w h i c h i s s u i t a b l e f o r t h e r i g h t i s t s , has c o m e to l i g h t . In this decalogue there is no mention at all of the world revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat, the class struggle, or aid for the peoples who want freedom and are fighting to liberate themselves. This document is a reflection of the revisionist ideas of Mao who is for peaceful coexistence even with the United States of America, although this is not mentioned at all. I h a v e g l a n c e d o v e r t h i s d o c u m e n t , b u t it m u s t be analysed thoroughly. Nothing should surprise us in regard to the antiMarxist, pragmatic, liberal, putschist stands full of zigzags of Mao Zedong. Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Hua Guofeng and other Chinese revisionists. These ideas of theirs are old, fifty years old, they are interwoven with
_______________________________________ 1 N i x o n w e n t on a visit to P e k i n g on F e b r u a r y 21. 1972.
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idealism and mysticism, and given a coat of red paint which the sun of Marxism-Leninism peels off them. One of the main aims of this decalogue of Mao's is to mark a dividing line between himself and Stalin, between the socialist construction in the Soviet Union and the ideology which guides the construction of socialism i n China. I n o t h e r w o r d s , M a o Z e d o n g opposes the M a r x ist t h e o r y w i t h h i s o w n ideas, M a o Z e d o n g thought, a s t h e C h i n e s e n o w c a l l t h e m , c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e y are f u n d a m e n t a l l y t h e same a s t h e t h e o r y o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism, a l t h o u g h i n r e a l i t y t h e y are i n o p p o s i t i o n t o it. L e n i n foresaw the activity of anti-Marxists, whether M a o , M a o i s t s , a n d o t h e r s w h e n i n 1913, i n h i s w o r k T h e Historical Fate of the Doctrine of K a r l M a r x , he says:
The dialectics of history were such that the theoretical victory of Marxism compelled its enemies to disguise themselves as Marxists*
A s t h i s decalogue shows, M a o Z e d o n g has l o n g been i n o p p o s i t i o n t o the r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y a n d p r a c tice o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m o n m a n y issues o f p r i n c i p l e . A s emerges f r o m t h i s decalogue, since t h e t i m e o f t h e Long M a r c h , since t h e t i m e h e w a s i n Y e n a n , h e h a d a n t i - M a r x i s t views about the hegemony of the w o r k i n g class a n d p r e a c h e d t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e p e a s a n t r y i n the revolution. A n d even today M a o makes the so-called t h i r d w o r l d the centre a n d t h e l e a d i n g f o r c e o f t h e revolution, thus denying the leading role of the international proletariat. Mao's anti-Marxist views, w h i c h are r e f l e c t e d i n t h i s decalogue a n d w e r e c r y s t a l l i z e d i n t h e heat o f t h e C h i n e s e l i b e r a t i o n w a r , n o t o n l y d o not a d vocate w a g i n g the class struggle, b u t o p e n l y a d v o c a t e q u e l l i n g it.
_________________________________ * V . I . L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 18, p. 653, A l b . ed.
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H e n c e , these a n t i - r e v o l u t i o n a r y , r e a c t i o n a r y theses o f M a o ' s are f i x e d i n t h e decalogue o f 1956. S u c h f l a g r a n t a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d a n t i - L e n i n i s t theses d o not a p p e a r i n t h e f o u r v o l u m e s o f his p u b l i s h e d w o r k s . A s i t t u r n s out, M a o Z e d o n g w a s a n eclectic, a d i s g u i s e d r e v i s i o n i s t w h o t o r e off h i s d i s g u i s e w h e n h e came t o a g r e e m e n t w i t h the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s t o a t t a c k S t a l i n a n d t o d e t h r o n e L e n i n i s m . U n d e r the d i s g u i s e o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , M a o Z e d o n g u n f u r l e d his p s e u d o - M a r x i s t t h e o r y and f r o m n o w on this theory was to lead the w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n . H e r e i n lies t h e source o f M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , o f its f r a u d , m e g a l o m a n i a a n d of its d e n i g r a t i o n of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . Mao Zedong thought also led the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in order to counter the Great October Socialist Revolution which, together with the theory of M a r x and Lenin, in other words, had been superseded, outdated for Mao. T h e t i m e s h a v e c h a n g e d , thus, according to h i m , a n e w theory was needed to replace Marxism, and this was Mao Zedong thought. This is the t h e o r y o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m w h i c h , l i k e the K h r u s h chevite t h e o r y , r e t a i n s its L e n i n i s t disguise. T h e s e t w o v a r i a n t s of m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m are a single, i n s e p a r a b l e whole, but the problem is w h i c h w i l l dominate, the revisionist v a r i a n t of K h r u s h c h e v or that of M a o , irresp e c t i v e t h a t b o t h o f t h e m e n d u p i n the same r o a d , t h a t o f a n t i - M a r x i s m . T h e q u e s t i o n o f w h i c h great state w i l l m a n a g e t o d o m i n a t e the other, w h i c h w i l l m a k e t h e l a w , i s b a s e d o n this r i v a l r y . O n t h i s course, b o t h o f t h e m h a v e t a k e n t h e d e n i g r a t i o n o f S t a l i n ' s w o r k o f g e n i u s a s t h e i r cue. T h e K h r u s h chevites s l a n d e r e d S t a l i n t o t h e l i m i t , w h i l e M a o p r o f i t e d f r o m t h i s d e n i g r a t i o n w h i c h w a s c a r r i e d out against S t a l i n a n d u s e d those facts w h i c h h e n e e d e d t o conceal his r e v i s i o n i s t line, to e x t o l this to t h e skies as M a r x i s t -
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L e n i n i s t , a n d t o disguise h i m s e l f b e t t e r a n d g a i n g r o u n d o v e r the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s . Mao said that 30 per cent of Stalin's work was wrong and 70 per cent was good. The great master of the scales! He weighs the work of Stalin with the same precision as tomatoes in the field are weighed!! The first point of the decalogue of Mao Zedong presents the anti-Marxist thesis of giving priority to light industry and agriculture, and not to heavy industry. M a o Zedong backs up this Kosyginite-revisionist deviation w i t h t h e a r g u m e n t t h a t the i n v e s t m e n t s i n h e a v y i n d u s t r y are l a r g e a n d u n p r o f i t a b l e , w h i l e the c o n f e c t i o n a r y a n d r u b b e r shoe i n d u s t r y b r i n g s i n i n c o m e a n d i s m o r e p r o f i t a b l e . A s f o r a g r i c u l t u r e , i t p r o d u c e s the people's f o o d . M a o ' s a n t i - M a r x i s t thesis does not c a r r y f o r w a r d , b u t r e s t r i c t s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the p r o d u c t i v e forces. A g r i c u l t u r e a n d l i g h t i n d u s t r y c a n n o t b e d e v e l o p e d a t the necessary rates i f t h e m i n i n g i n d u s t r y i s not d e v e l o p e d , i f steel i s not p r o d u c e d , i f o i l , t r a c t o r s , t r a i n s , a u t o m o b i les, ships, are n o t p r o d u c e d , i f the c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y i s n o t b u i l t u p , etc., etc. The development of industry, according to Mao, is an a r t i s a n process. L i g h t i n d u s t r y , w h i c h M a o c l a i m s s h o u l d d e v e l o p , cannot b e b u i l d u p w i t h b r i c k s , bicycles, t e x t i l e s , t h e r m o s f l a s k s a n d f a n s alone. T r u e , t h e y c a n b r i n g i n i n c o m e , b u t f o r the p e o p l e t o b u y s u c h t h i n g s t h e y m u s t h a v e b u y i n g p o w e r . In 1956, C h i n a , as a c o u n t r y w i t h a big population, was b a c k w a r d economically, and m a n y k i n d s of c o n s u m e r goods h a d to be s o l d b e l o w cost p r i c e . A t t h a t t i m e p r o d u c t i v i t y w a s n o t great. I n t h i s decalogue M a o c r i t i c i z e s S t a l i n a n d t h e economic s i t u a t i o n i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . B u t the l i g h t cannot b e h i d d e n u n d e r a b u s h e l . R e a l i t y s h o w s t h a t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , d u r i n g the 24-25 y e a r s f r o m t h e r e v o l u -
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tion to the Second W o r l d W a r , under the leadership of L e n i n a n d t h e n o f S t a l i n , t h a n k s t o a correct p o l i t i c a l line, h e a v y i n d u s t r y w a s b u i l t u p t o s u c h a l e v e l t h a t i t not o n l y g a v e a n i m p u l s e t o t h e i n t e r n a l e c o n o m y o f t h i s first s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r y , b u t e n a b l e d i t t o resist t h e a t t a c k of the terrible juggernaut of Hitlerite G e r m a n . M e a n w h i l e , f r o m 1949 d o w n t o t h e p r e s e n t day, n e a r l y 3 0 y e a r s have passed w i t h M a o ' s economic policy, and w h e r e is C h i n a w i t h its i n d u s t r i a l p o t e n t i a l ? V e r y b a c k w a r d ! A n d allegedly The F o u r are to b l a m e for this! No, it is not The F o u r t h a t a r e t o b l a m e , b u t M a o ' s l i n e , a s i s p r o v e d i n t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f h i s v i e w s i n t h e decalogue. B u t h o w c o u l d g r e a t socialist C h i n a get a l o n g w i t h o u t h e a v y i n d u s t r y ? O f course, M a o t h o u g h t t h a t h e w o u l d be helped by the Soviet U n i o n in the construction of h e a v y i n d u s t r y , o r h e w o u l d t u r n t o A m e r i c a n credits. W h e n he saw that the Soviet U n i o n w a s not obeying h i m a n d d i d n o t g i v e h i m t h e a i d h e sought, M a o b e g a n t o cast steel w i t h f u r n a c e s w h i c h w e r e b u i l t o n t h e footpaths o f b o u l e v a r d s , o r w i t h m i n i - f u r n a c e s f o r i r o n . China remained backward, China remained without modern technology. It is true that the Chinese people did not go h u n g r y as b e f o r e , b u t to go so f a r as to c l a i m , as M a o d i d , t h a t t h e C h i n e s e p e a s a n t in 1956, at a t i m e w h e n h e w a s t r u l y b a c k w a r d , w a s b e t t e r off t h a n t h e S o v i e t c o l l e c t i v e f a r m e r , m e a n s t o d e n i g r a t e the c o l l e c t i v ization of agriculture and the construction of socialism i n the S o v i e t U n i o n i n t h e t i m e o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n . M a o says s c o r n f u l l y : W h a t sense i s t h e r e i n t a l k i n g about t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f h e a v y i n d u s t r y ? T h e w o r k e r s must b e g u a r a n t e e d t h e m e a n s o f l i v e l i h o o d . I n o t h e r words, this is the goulash theory of K h r u s h c h e v . A n d as a c o n c l u s i o n , M a o says in h i s decalogue t h a t t h e y have n o t m a d e m i s t a k e s l i k e t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , o r t o p u t it more b l u n t l y (though he dared not say so openly), l i k e
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L e n i n and S t a l i n allegedly made. However, to cover up h i s d e v i a t i o n , h e does n o t f a i l t o s a y t h a t t h e y m u s t develop heavy industry, but must devote m o r e attention t o a g r i c u l t u r e a n d l i g h t i n d u s t r y . T h i s v i e w o f his, w h i c h w a s a p p l i e d i n a p r a g m a t i c w a y a n d w h i c h has l e f t C h i n a b a c k w a r d , has b r o u g h t a b o u t t h a t i t w i l l t a k e d e c a des u n t i l the y e a r 2000 f o r C h i n a t o o v e r c o m e its b a c k w a r d ness t o some extent... w i t h t h e a i d o f A m e r i c a n c r e d i t s a n d c a p i t a l w h i c h the n e w s t r a t e g y i s s e c u r i n g . T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t C h i n a c o u l d r e l y o n its o w n s t r e n g t h ; i t has c o l o s s a l m a n p o w e r a n d also c o n s i d e r a b l e e c o n o m i c p o w e r , b u t has r e m a i n e d b a c k w a r d because o f its m i s t a k e n l i n e . The question is raised in the second point of the decalogue of where industry should be built, on the coast or in the interior. M a o says t h a t about 70 p e r cent of all our industry, both light and heavy, is to be found i n t h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n s a n d o n l y 3 0 p e r cent i n t h e i n t e r i o r . T h i s i r r a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n is a p r o d u c t of h i s t o r y . It is self-evident that this i n d u s t r y w a s built by foreigners w h o h a d concessions t h e r e , d r e w t h e r a w m a t e r i a l f r o m the interior of C h i n a and found slave w o r k e r s on the coast. M a o gives i m p o r t a n c e t o t h i s m e t h o d o f d e v e l o p m e n t . H e stresses t h a t e v e n i n the f u t u r e , i n d u s t r y s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o b e b u i l t i n t h e coastal r e g i o n s a n d t o t h i s end makes a fantastic reckoning that w i t h the income f r o m one l i g h t i n d u s t r y f a c t o r y , w e (the C h i n e s e ) c o u l d earn enough in four years to b u i l d three n e w factories o r t w o , o r one, o r a t least h a l f o f one. T h i s i s l i k e t h e theory of the revisionist K o o Tashko, w h o said at the 1st C o n f e r e n c e o f the P a r t y a t L a b i n o t , t h a t w e m u s t c a r r y out the r e v o l u t i o n w i t h m u c h b l o o d s h e d , w i t h l i t t l e bloodshed, o r p o s s i b l y w i t h o u t b l o o d s h e d a t a l l . Regarding this question M a o draws the conclusion: W e m u s t b u i l d i n d u s t r y i n t h e i n t e r i o r also, s o t h a t w e have it in time of war.
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B u t w h e r e w i l l t h e w a r come f r o m ? F r o m t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , J a p a n , o r the S o v i e t U n i o n ? A p p a r e n t ly, h e i s t h i n k i n g , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h a t w a r w i l l n o t come f r o m a n y side, least o f a l l f r o m t h e sea, since M a o r e c o m m e n d s t h a t factories s h o u l d b e b u i l t o n t h e coast. I t seems M a o i s not t h i n k i n g o f t h e w a y t h e y m u s t d e p o p u l a t e t h e S o u t h a n d t h e S o u t h e a s t t o some e x t e n t in order to populate the N o r t h a n d the West. In point three of the decalogue Mao Zedong defines the relationship between economic construction and construction for defence. W h e n he says t h a t t h e y m u s t r e d u c e the e x p e n d i t u r e f o r defence, i t i s q u i t e a p p a r e n t t h a t h e is basing himself on w r o n g definitions. A c c o r d i n g to M a o , the C h i n e s e defence i s a l l e g e d l y m o r e p o w e r f u l t h a n t h a t o f the S o v i e t U n i o n b e f o r e t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r . K h r u s h c h e v publicized the allegation that left t h e S o v i e t U n i o n defenceless f a c i n g t h e M a o . too, adopts t h i s s l a n d e r , w h i l e b o a s t i n g those a i r c r a f t a n d those g u n s w h i c h h e h a d the a t o m i c b o m b w h i c h K h r u s h c h e v w a s t o the defence o f C h i n a w a s secure. Stalin had Hitlerites. that w i t h (and w i t h give him)
T h e facts s h o w t h a t C h i n a r e m a i n e d b a c k w a r d . T h i s w a s the r e s u l t o f the u n d e r r a t i n g o f h e a v y i n d u s t r y a n d r e l i a n c e o n o t h e r s t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e defence c a p a c i t y w i t h a w r o n g m i l i t a r y strategy. N o w C h i n a h a s b e g u n t o change its m i n d a b o u t its defence, b u t t o g e t h e r w i t h t h i s it has also c h a n g e d its alliances. It h a s a c h i e v e d r a p p r o c h e m e n t w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n s a n d has b o u g h t m o d e r n military equipment from them. I n t h e s a m e p o i n t o f t h e decalogue M a o expresses clearly that he is for light armament, for p a y i n g the C h i n e s e s o l d i e r s (as a m e r c e n a r y a r m y ) a n d f o r r e d u c i n g the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b u t i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n n o t h i n g has been done. O n t h e c o n t r a r y , the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a s b e e n t r a n sformed into a malignant g r o w t h for C h i n a . We noticed
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t h i s w h e n w e w e r e i n C h i n a i n 1956, a n d t h e y t h e m s e l v e s told us that a l l C h i a n g Kaishek's former officers w e r e being kept on as paid officials. Point four of the decalogue speaks about relations between the state, the units of production, and producers. Naturally, we have never learned w h a t this organization and this organizational division of C h i n a is and neither d o w e k n o w w h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s a r e b e t w e e n t h e state, the units of production and the producers. C h i n a could a n d m u s t h a v e its o w n s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s because i t has a large, t e r r i t o r y w i t h m a n y n a t i o n a l i t i e s , a n d i s not d i v i d e d into republics, but provinces. We have been aware that t h e r e i s d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m there, b u t w e c o u l d n e v e r have imagined that the provinces w o u l d not have a u t h o r i t y i n t h e i r o w n i n t e r n a l d i v i s i o n s a n d the f a c t o r i e s w o u l d not b e e c o n o m i c a l l y s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g . M a o tells u s t h a t i n the S o v i e t U n i o n (the t i m e o f S t a l i n i s i m p l i e d ) t h e r e w a s great, b u r e a u c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m , a n d a c c o r d i n g t o h i m , the hands of the Soviet republics were tied. H o w true this, i s w e d o n o t k n o w , b u t t h e r e i s a t least a s m u c h , if not more, bureaucracy and centralism in C h i n a today as there w a s in the Soviet U n i o n . B u t C h i n a is on the line of the denigration of the Soviet U n i o n of the time o f S t a l i n , a n d a c t i n g l i k e K h r u s h c h e v . M a o desires t o s h o w h i m s e l f as m o r e of a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t o r g a n i z e r , b u t w i t h these t h i n g s h e i s d o i n g , i s h e not p r o c e e d i n g o n the road of Titoite self-administration? At this same point Mao likens the army to the state, i.e., he calls the state weapon of the state and puts it above the party. In fact, in the o l d C h i n a a n d in this n e w one, t h e a r m y has p l a y e d a decisive r o l e . It has s u p p o r t e d one f a c t i o n a n d l i q u i d a t e d t h e o t h e r . M a o banalizes democratic centralism and economic i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m the c e n t r e w i t h a r i d i c u l o u s a n d s i m p l i s t i c e x a m p l e w h i c h m a k e s one w o n d e r h o w this great
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theoretician explains such an important political, ideological and economic organizational problem of socialism in such a c a s u a l w a y ? ! W h e n he speaks about the peasantry, a n d M a o is s p e a k i n g in 1956, o n l y a f e w y e a r s a f t e r l i b e r a t i o n , he stresses that the system of collective farms and state farms in the Soviet Union is a failure, that the peasants there are crushed by taxes, that their products are bought at low prices, and other evils, whereas he all but says that in China the peasantry is living in plenty and content, that p r o d u c t i o n i s a m p l e , t h a t p r i c e s a r e l o w , t h a t t h e state a c c u m u l a t i o n i s s m a l l . A n a s t o n i s h i n g a n a l y s i s ! W e have personal k n o w l e d g e of the situations both in the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d i n C h i n a , because w e w e r e i n b o t h countries i n those y e a r s , t h e r e f o r e w e k n o w t h a t w h a t M a o says i s n o t r e a l . A t t h i s p o i n t o f t h e decalogue, M a o ' s a n a l y s i s a b o u t the r e l a t i o n s o f t h e state w i t h a g r i c u l t u r e , t h e c o m m u n e s a n d t h e i r m e m b e r s , a b o u t t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e i r incomes, about t h e p r o b l e m o f i n v e s t m e n t s , a b o u t t h e q u e s t i o n o f accumulation, a n d the standards of l i v i n g of the peasant c o m m u n e s a n d o f t h e c i t y i s not a t a l l M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , is n o t a c l e a r a n d o b j e c t i v e r e f l e c t i o n of t h e s i t u a t i o n , b u t m e r e l y a d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e false s u p e r i o r i t y o f C h i nese a g r i c u l t u r e o v e r S o v i e t a g r i c u l t u r e . K h r u s h c h e v came out as a t h e o r e t i c i a n of a g r i c u l t u r e w h o w a s g o i n g to p u l l i t o u t o f the mess t h a t S t a l i n h a d got i t i n t o . M a o , too, i s i m i t a t i n g t h i s k u l a k a n d d o u b l e - d e a l e r . M a o closes t h i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m w i t h w o r d s intended to show that everything is going w e l l in C h i n a ; h e p u t s h e a v y i n d u s t r y i n t h i r d place, i n t e g r a t e s b o u r geois f a c t o r y - o w n e r s i n t o s o c i a l i s m ; h e p r e a c h e s t h e s a m e thing about the k u l a k s in the countryside, and so everything is to be put in order according to his Maoist theory, w h i c h i s a l l e g e d l y c o m p l e t e l y correct a n d i n f a l l i b l e ! I n
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r e a l i t y , these ideas of M a o ' s are in o p p o s i t i o n to those of Lenin and Stalin. T h e m e g a l o m a n i a o f t h i s r e v i s i o n i s t classic a n d h i s denigration of the w o r k of L e n i n and S t a l i n could not be put more clearly. In point five of the decalogue, where he speaks about the relations between the centre and the base, Mao Zedong defines what these relations should be. N a t u r a l l y this depends o n w h a t competences the c e n t r e h a s g i v e n t o the base i n C h i n a . A l l t h i s i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e vast e x t e n t o f the t e r r i t o r y o f t h i s c o u n t r y . H e r e M a o Z e d o n g puts f o r w a r d that the example of the Soviet U n i o n s h o u l d not b e f o l l o w e d i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a l l m a t t e r s i n the h a n d s o f t h e c e n t r a l organs w h i l e r e p r e s s i n g t h e i n i t i a t i v e o f l o c a l organs, b u t t h a t e f f o r t s m u s t b e m a d e s o t h a t t h e l o c a l organs r u n t h i n g s i n d e p e n d e n t l y . W i t h this M a o i m p l i e s t h a t t h e f e d e r a l r e p u b l i c s i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n h a d no a u t h o r i t y . T h i s is a b l u f f , a l i e , because as we know, the Soviet republics had their o w n plans of economic development, i n d u s t r i a l plans, a g r i c u l t u r a l plans, etc., closely l i n k e d , o f course, w i t h the centre. H e n c e , t o say that the republics of the Soviet U n i o n , w h i c h are l i k e t h e p r o v i n c e s i n C h i n a , d i d not h a v e t h e i r o w n a u t h o r i t y , m e a n s t o d e n i g r a t e the s o c i a l i s m w h i c h w a s b u i l t t h e r e in the time of Stalin, means to t r y to show that the organization, management, ideology and policy of C h i n a a r e s u p e r i o r t o those o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t h a t t h e L e n i n ist p r a c t i c e o f the e c o n o m i c c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i s n o t correct, a c c o r d i n g t o M a o , because Stalin allegedly distorted this Leninist practice! However, w e k n o w t h a t S t a l i n f a i t h f u l l y i m p l e m e n t e d t h e economic, o r g a n i z a t i o n a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l p o l i c y o f L e n i n . T h i s does not exclude the possibility that mistakes m a y have been m a d e t h e r e d u r i n g a l l t h a t colossal w o r k . M a o Z e d o n g h i m s e l f says t h a t m i s t a k e s h a v e been m a d e i n C h i n a , too,
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but w h e n h e speaks a b o u t the S o v i e t U n i o n , h e g r e a t l y i n f l a t e s these m i s t a k e s , i n d e e d h e e n l a r g e s t h e m t o s u c h an extent that it is quite obvious he aims to denigrate the c o r r e c t s y s t e m o f socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e t i m e of S t a l i n . It is absurd to claim that there was no initiative f r o m t h e l o c a l o r g a n s in t h e t i m e of S t a l i n . Can it be that with this claim Mao Zedong wants to minimize and weaken the role of democratic centralism and justify the course of Titoite self-administration? We do n o t forget Mao Zedong's h i g h opinion of Tito. W h e n he claims that S t a l i n w a s w r o n g i n the q u e s t i o n o f T i t o , t h i s m e a n s t h a t Mao Zedong must have approved the self-administration methods i n t h e Y u g o s l a v e c o n o m y , t h a t is, t h e m e t h o d s o f the T i t o i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . M a o w a n t s to implement this self-administration gradually in C h i na. H e does n o t f a i l t o s p e a k a b o u t t h e specific, e i t h e r . It is interesting that the Chinese say that they w a n t to b u i l d a s p e c i f i c s o c i a l i s m . O n t h i s q u e s t i o n , t h e y are a t one w i t h T i t o , w h o has l o n g b e e n p r a t t l i n g a b o u t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of specific s o c i a l i s m . T h i s is n o t j u s t a m a t ter of the t e r m w h i c h t h e C h i n e s e use, b u t a m a t t e r of the content a n d the i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h e e x p e r i e n c e a la Tito into that country. In point six Mao speaks about the relations between the H a n nationality and the minority nationalities which live i n China. S a y w h a t y o u l i k e i n t h e o r y a b o u t t h e e q u a l i t y b e t w e e n n a t i o n s , b u t i n fact, t h e H a n n a t i o n a l i t y r u l e s i n C h i n a . I n r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n n a t i o n a l i t i e s the H a n people h a v e h e l d a n d m a i n t a i n s u p e r i o r i t y , t h e y d o m i n a t e the o t h e r n a t i o n a l i t i e s a n d o r d e r t h e m about, r e g a r d l e s s o f the stale d e m a g o g i c f o r m u l a s w h i c h a r e used. I n t h e t i m e o f S t a l i n , the state o f r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e R u s s i a n nationality and the national minorities was not as M a o claims. T h e r e w e r e m i s t a k e s , b u t n o t i n t h e w a y h e says.
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In China, democracy and equality between nationalities d o not exist. A s i n e a r l i e r t i m e s , a m i l i t a r y d i c t a t o r s h i p exists there. T h a t f a c t i o n o f t h a t n a t i o n a l i t y w h i c h h a d the a r m y w i t h i t i m p o s e d its w i l l o n t h e masses o f t h e p e o p l e a n d the p a r t y . Hence, the army is at the head of the party and also at the head of the state there. In point seven, in connection with relations between party members and non-party people, Mao Zedong is completely on the opportunist, revisionist line. He does not put the communist party at the head, in the leadership. He implies that it is in the leadership, bat demands and affirms that power must be shared with the bourgeois parties. Hence, Mao is for pluralism of parties in the leadership of the proletarian state. He considers it essential t h a t these v a r i o u s p a r t i e s m u s t exist f o r m a n y reasons: because o f t h e c r i t i c i s m s w h i c h t h e y c a n m a k e o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , because m u c h c a n b e learned f r o m them, in order to uncover everything w h i c h is o r g a n i z e d a n d done u n d e r t h e l a p , etc. He considers the existence of these parties a determining factor, or to put it better, a factor essential for the construction of socialism in China. W i t h this M a o is in contradiction w i t h L e n i n who, of course, d i d n o t a l l o w o t h e r p a r t i e s , a p a r t f r o m t h e B o l s h e v i k P a r t y , t o r u n t h e S o v i e t state. H e n c e , t o accept the s y s t e m o f m a n y p a r t i e s i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p m e a n s t o be guided by anti-Marxist ideological views. In this chapter, M a o t r i e s to r e d u c e these p a r t i e s to a f e w people, to a f e w leaders w h o m a k e some c r i t i c i s m o r a p p r o v e t h e decisions o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a . T h i s i s n o t a m a t t e r of c e r t a i n p r o g r e s s i v e d e m o c r a t i c i n d i v i d u a l s , w h o m t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d o u r P a r t y and all the other parties admitted to the F r o n t , w h o m t h e y h a v e k e p t close a n d h a v e c o n s u l t e d w h e n necessary, but Mao Zedong legalizes the existence of bour-
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geois parties in the leadership of the proletarian state. With this thesis of his he explains, allegedly, that the democratic parties are the product of history and that everything that emerges in history is eliminated in history. I t i s c l e a r t o M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s t h a t e v e r y p a r t y represents t h e i n t e r e s t s o f c e r t a i n g i v e n classes o r s t r a t a , therefore, w h a t does i t m e a n i f y o u p r e s e r v e t h e p a r t i e s w h i c h represent the interests of the bourgeoisie in socialism? I t m e a n s t o f a i l t o w a g e t h e class s t r u g g l e , t o f a i l t o fight f o r t h e h e g e m o n i c r o l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its party. A c c o r d i n g t o M a o , these s o - c a l l e d d e m o c r a t i c parties, i n c l u d i n g the K u o m i n t a n g , w i l l d i s a p p e a r j u s t a s t h e c o m munist p a r t y w i l l disappear. We w i l l be v e r y h a p p y w i t h the e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y a n d t h e d i c t a t o r ship of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , he says. M a o does n o t f a i l t o s a y t h a t a t p r e s e n t t h e y c a n n o t do w i t h o u t the dictatorship of the proletariat and the p a r t y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . H e stresses t h i s a n d says t h a t t h e p a r t y m u s t b e c o m e p o w e r f u l , i n d e e d h e cites L e n i n o n this, b u t o n l y a f t e r h e has s p r e a d h i s p o i s o n . L e n i n s a i d that w e cannot d o w i t h o u t t h e p a r t y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t and t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , a n d h e e x p l a i n e d the p u r p o s e o f t h i s d i c t a t o r s h i p . I n 1920 L e n i n s a i d :
Whoever brings about even the slightest weakening of the iron discipline of the party of the proletariat (especially during its dictatorship), is actually aiding the bourgeoisie against the proletariat.*
Likewise Stalin says:
_________________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 33, A l b . ed.
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It would be enough to shake the Party, to weaken it, for the dictatorship of the proletariat to be shaken and weakened in an instant.*
I n p o i n t eight i n w h i c h h e speaks a b o u t the r e l a tionship between the revolution and the counter-revolut i o n , M a o Z e d o n g says t h a t t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i s necessary t o suppress the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a n d the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y h e p a m p e r s t h e c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . At first we killed some counter-revolutionaries, he admits, but we should not kill any more, should not imprison them, should not put them on trial, but should convince them, send them to the countryside where they will be reformed through labour, etc., etc. We can keep the law on capital punishment in force, says Mao, but should not apply it in practice! W h a t is t h i s ? T h i s is n o t class s t r u g g l e . S u c h a s t a n d does n o t w i p e o u t the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n , does n o t e l i m i n a t e t h e e x p l o i t i n g classes. I n this c o n n e c t i o n , a m o n g s t o t h e r t h i n g s , L e n i n teaches u s that w e m u s t m o v e
... right down to the wholesale deportation or internment of the most dangerous and stubborn exploiters and the institution of strict surveillance over them, so as to foil their inevitable attempts to resist and to restore capitalist slavery only such measures can ensure real submission of the whole class of exploiters.**
M a n y t h i n g s m u s t h a v e been cut o u t f r o m t h e theses of M a o ' s decalogue, because some m o n t h s a f t e r t h e 8 t h Congress o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , i t w a s stated
_______________________________ * J. V. S t a l i n , Works, v o l . 7, p. 347. A l b . ed. ** V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 201, A l b . e d .
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explicitly that the owners of factories should receive rent a n d b e v i c e - d i r e c t o r s o f t h e i r factories, a n d t h i s v i e w i s apparent throughout t h i s thesis o f M a o Zedong. He keeps t h e c a p i t a l i s t r e a c t i o n a r i e s i n t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f factories w h i c h h a v e b e e n t h e i r p r o p e r t y , gives t h e m i n come f r o m these f a c t o r i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n n a t i o n a l i z e d , but w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d p a r t l y t h e i r s , a n d forgets t h a t these f a c t o r i e s h a v e b e e n b u i l t a n d e x t e n d e d b y e x p l o i t ing the blood and sweat of w o r k e r s . C a n this be called class s t r u g g l e ? N o , t h i s is n o t class s t r u g g l e at a l l . According to Mao Zedong, these former owners must be integrated into society, become part of society, be educated in society. (That m e a n s t h e y m u s t b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o s o c i a l ism. M a n y bourgeois a n d revisionist theoreticians as w e l l a s t h e T i t o i t e s a n d t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , etc., a r e n o w t a l k i n g a l o t a b o u t the i n t e g r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m i n t o s o c i a l i s m , etc.) T h i s w i l l b e a v e r y g o o d t h i n g , c l a i m s M a o , for m a n y reasons, one o f w h i c h i s t h a t w e (the Chinese) w i l l p r o v i d e a good e x a m p l e f o r o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n t h e w o r l d i n t h i s w a y . ( A fine e x a m p l e o f h o w t h e enemies o f t h e p e o p l e a r e n o t c o m b a t e d ! ) L e n i n thought completely differently. He says:
And the fight against this element cannot be waged solely with the aid of propaganda and agitation, solely by organizing competition and by selecting the organizers. This struggle must also be waged by means of coercion.*
A n d again on this problem L e n i n points out:
... the very idea of the capitalists peacefully submitting to the will of the majority of the exploi____________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 27, p. 295, A l b . ed.
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ted, the very idea of a peaceful, reformist transition to socialism, is not merely sheer philistine stupidity but also downright deception of the workers.*
Another view of Mao's is that if we eliminate the capitalists, a c c o r d i n g t o h i m , w e s h a l l also lose a s o u r c e of information and thus w i l l not k n o w w h a t is going on in their ranks. W h a t brilliant conclusions in order to e x t i n g u i s h t h e class s t r u g g l e ! T h i s w a s t h e sort o f class struggle Z h o u E n l a i t r i e d t o p e r s u a d e u s t o c a r r y out w h e n h e accused u s o f n o t w a g i n g t h e class s t r u g g l e ! H i s a i m w a s t o see h o w f a r w e w e r e g o i n g i n t h i s s t r u g g l e , whether we were on the line of M a o Zedong of e x t i n g u i s h i n g the class s t r u g g l e , o r o n t h e L e n i n i s t a n d S t a l i n ist r o a d o f w a g i n g t h i s s t r u g g l e s t e r n l y . In the Communist Party of China Mao has cultivated his own cult and has not applied the great teachings of Marxism-Leninism, the class struggle, iron proletarian discipline, or the dictatorship of the proletariat. The C o m munist Party of China has been built up and imbued with liberal, reformist norms and two or more lines. Hence, for Mao and the Communist Party of China the basic theses of Marxism-Leninism are fictitious. P e o p l e l i k e M a o Z e d o n g accuse S t a l i n o f h a v i n g a l l e g e d l y m a d e m i s t a k e s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e class s t r u g gle, w h i l e t h e y t h e m s e l v e s c l a i m t h a t i n s o c i a l i s m t h e class s t r u g g l e becomes g r a d u a l l y w e a k e r . I n d e e d , M a o Z e d o n g says q u i t e o p e n l y t h a t w e s h o u l d n o t w a g e t h e class s t r u g g l e , s h o u l d not e x e c u t e t h e c r i m i n a l s , s h o u l d not shoot t h e d a n g e r o u s enemies, o r p u t a n y o n e i n p r i s o n . However, this was never Stalin's w a y . In practice, he c a r r i e d t h e s t r u g g l e against t h e e n e m i e s o f t h e p e o p l e
___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 201, A l b . e d .
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through to the end, sternly and w i t h determination. M a o Z e d o n g p r o v i d e s f i v e o r s i x excuses t o e x o n e r a t e t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n , t o d e f e n d i t a n d , i n t h i s w a y , tries t o prove t h a t h i s course i s a l l e g e d l y correct a n d M a r x i s t Leninist. M a o claims he w a n t s to eliminate violence, capital p u n i s h m e n t , the l a w c o u r t s a n d t h e p r o c u r a t o r i a l o r g a n s , to avoid p u n i s h i n g counter-revolutionaries. He advocates o n l y e d u c a t i o n a n d p r o p a g a n d a . W h e r e i s t h e class s t r u g gle o n M a o ' s p a r t i n a l l t h i s ? W h e r e does t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the proletariat exist in his views and practice? In point nine Mao speaks of the relations between right and wrong. W h a t i s h i s a i m i n s p e a k i n g a b o u t these relations? In doing this M a o tries to attack S t a l i n . He says t h a t S t a l i n shot p e o p l e f o r t h e m o s t t r i f l i n g m i s take. T h i s is a s l a n d e r . S t a l i n d i d n o t shoot p e o p l e for m a k i n g m i s t a k e s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , h e s t r u g g l e d t o correct those w h o m a d e m i s t a k e s a n d t h e r e are d o c u m e n t s which show this is true. Stalin directed that evil-doers should b e p u t i n p r i s o n o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n camps, a n d t h a t c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , t r a i t o r s , spies, a n d t h e o t h e r enemies o f t h e p e o p l e s h o u l d b e shot f o r e s p e c i a l l y d a n g erous c r i m e s . I f h e h a d n o t d o n e this, s o c i a l i s m c o u l d n o t have b e e n b u i l t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , a n d S t a l i n w o u l d not h a v e b e e n o n t h e L e n i n i s t r o a d . M a o Z e d o n g i s o p posed t o t h i s l i n e . H e g e n e r a l i z e s t h e issue a n d t r e a t s b o t h those w h o h a v e c o m m i t t e d n o t v e r y d a n g e r o u s c r i m e s , who c e r t a i n l y s h o u l d n o t b e shot, a n d c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n aries, i n t h e s a m e w a y . W h o says t h a t w e s h o u l d shoot those w h o h a v e n o t c o m m i t t e d g r a v e c r i m e s ? N o b o d y . O n the c o n t r a r y , w e are f o r c o r r e c t i n g s u c h people, a n d t h i s i s w h a t w e h a v e done. The tenth and final point of the decalogue treats relations between China and other countries. T h e s e r e l a tions, a s h e e x p l a i n s t h e m a n d raises t h e m t o theses, a r e
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opportunist, revisionist relations. T h e i r purpose is to avoid a p p l y i n g a correct r e v o l u t i o n a r y l i n e i n C h i n a i n a i d o f the w o r l d proletariat and the w o r l d revolution, in aid of t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m m u n i s t parties, s o t h a t t h e y a r e prevented f r o m fighting successfully against the bourgeoisie, c a p i t a l i s m a n d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m . I n fact, M a o is a m o d e r n revisionist just like the Soviet, Titoite a n d other revisionists. In connection w i t h the foreign policy of C h i n a , the f a m o u s theses o f M a o Z e d o n g s a y : O u r p o l i c y i s t o l e a r n f r o m the strong points of a l l nations and a l l countries, l e a r n a l l t h a t i s good i n t h e p o l i t i c a l , economic, s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l f i e l d s a n d i n l i t e r a t u r e a n d art. T h i s i s h i s w h o l e p o l i c y . I n o r d e r t o d o this, a c c o r d i n g t o M a o Z e d o n g , p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e (revisionist) m u s t b e e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h a l l the states o f t h e w o r l d . F o r M a o t h e r e i s n o d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n these states. L a t e r , i g n o r i n g t h e socio-economic o r d e r w h i c h e x i s t s i n one o r t h e o t h e r c o u n t r y , M a o Z e d o n g d i v i d e d the w o r l d i n t h r e e a n d i s f o r t h e s t r a t e g y o f three w o r l d s . H e i s n o t a g a i n s t a n y w o r l d . H e does n o t m a k e a n y d i s t i n c t i o n e v e n i n t h e first world in w h i c h M a o puts imperialist A m e r i c a and the social-imperialist Soviet U n i o n . N o w he is pro A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , t o m o r r o w h e m i g h t b e against i t ; t o d a y h e i s against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , t o m o r r o w h e m i g h t be f o r it. H e n c e , he s h i f t s a c c o r d i n g to c i r c u m s t a n c e s , as the r e v i s i o n i s t interests o f t h e C h i n e s e state r e q u i r e a n d does n o t act o n t h e basis o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r i n ciples, does not t h i n k t h a t t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s m u s t be combated and the peoples' national liberation struggle supported. W i t h t h i s l i n e M a o Z e d o n g cannot d e f e n d t h e p e o p l e s ' national liberation struggle. L e t h i m indulge i n demagogy a n d declare t h a t w e , t h e C h i n e s e , are w i t h t h e peoples o f the t h i r d w o r l d , b u t these a r e m e r e w o r d s . S i n c e h e
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enunciates t h e t a c t i c I m e n t i o n e d above, since he is w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m w i t h w h i c h h e does not w a n t t o f a l l out, because h e m u s t l e a r n f r o m i t a n d get c r e d i t s f r o m it, e i t h e r o p e n l y o r secretly, M a o Z e d o n g c a n n o t b e w i t h the peoples of the so-called t h i r d w o r l d , w h o are fighting against A m e r i c a n imperialism, cannot help them t o escape f r o m t h e y o k e o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . T h r o u g h d e m a g o g y he t r i e s to a p p e a r as a d e f e n d e r of states w h i c h are u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , b u t h e does t h i s s o t h a t t h e y c o m e u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e e i t h e r of C h i n a or of the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a . P u r s u i n g a n a n t i - M a r x i s t strategy, M a o a l l o w e d N i x o n t o g o t o C h i n a w i t h o u t t h a t state b e i n g o f f i c i a l l y r e c o g nized by the U S A ; likewise, to facilitate the visit of the A m e r i c a n president, he agreed to remove the barrier of the q u e s t i o n o f T a i w a n , w h i c h h a d b e e n r a i s e d l i k e a steel w a l l to any country w h i c h wanted to establish diplomatic r e l a t i o n s w i t h C h i n a . S i n c e t h a t t i m e n o m o r e has b e e n said a b o u t T a i w a n . W i t h t h i s h e i s t e l l i n g t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t h a t i t c a n s t a y i n T a i w a n , i n J a p a n , in O k i n a w a , B u r m a and elsewhere, and C h i n a and the present C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h a v e based t h e w h o l e o f t h e i r f o r e i g n p o l i c y a n d defence o n t h i s s t r a t e g y o f Mao's. O f course, t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p m u s t h a v e a g r e e d that t h e A m e r i c a n s c o u l d s t a y i n S o u t h V i e t n a m , too. a n d the w a r cease, t h a t t h e V i e t n a m e s e s h o u l d e s t a b l i s h friendship w i t h the Americans. This must have been w h y the o p p o s i t i o n arose b e t w e e n t h e C h i n e s e a n d t h e V i e t namese, w h o . at one t i m e , d e c l a r e d o p e n l y , W e (the V i e t n a m e s e ) d o n o t a l l o w a n y o t h e r state t o m e d d l e i n our i n t e r n a l affairs... M a o Z e d o n g accuses S t a l i n o f left a d v e n t u r i s m , o f h a v i n g e x e r t e d great p r e s s u r e o n C h i n a a n d t h e C o m munist P a r t y of C h i n a . S t a l i n must have had no faith in the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a . When
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China was liberated, Stalin expressed his doubt that the Chinese leadership might follow the Titoite course. Glancing over all the main principles of Mao Zedong's revisionist line, in regard to all those things which he raises against Stalin, we can say without reservation that Stalin was truly a great Marxist-Leninist who foresaw correctly where China was going, who long ago realized what the views of Mao Zedong were, and saw that, in many directions, they were Titoite revisionist views, both on international policy and on internal policy, on the class struggle, on the dictatorship of the proletariat, on peaceful coexistence between countries with different social systems, etc. By printing this decalogue, H u a Guofeng and company want to legalize their revisionist line, to legalize their counter-revolutionary activity, to legalize the stopping of the Cultural Revolution, because t h e y t h i n k t h a t t h i s w i l l m a k e t h i n g s easier f o r t h e m , a l t h o u g h , a s I h a v e w r i t t e n earlier, the C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n i n C h i n a w a s not on a r e v o l u t i o n a r y basis, b u t on an o p p o r t u n i s t basis. It w a s a s t r u g g l e o f one o p p o r t u n i s t g r o u p , h e a d e d b y M a o Z e d o n g , against a n o t h e r o p p o r t u n i s t g r o u p , h e a d e d b y L i u S h a o q i , Z h o u E n l a i , D e n g X i a o p i n g , P e n g C h e n , etc., w h i c h h a d usurped power. M a o Zedong h a d been e n d a n g e r e d b y t h e o p p o s i n g g r o u p , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e tossed h i m i n t o t h e r u b b i s h b a s k e t o f h i s t o r y a s h e tossed L i u Shaoqi. M a o k n e w h o w to take advantage of the cult about h i m , w h i c h h a d been built up sky-high, although he accused others as boasters o v e r t h e q u e s t i o n of cult. A c c o r d i n g t o M a o , these boasters are S t a l i n a n d h i s associates. H e n c e , M a o t o o k a d v a n t a g e o f the u n r e s t r a i n e d cult a r o u n d h i s p e r s o n , w h i c h h a d b e e n f o s t e r e d d u r i n g his whole lifetime, aroused the army, relied on it and the school youth, and launched the so-called C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n . B u t h e p r e v e n t e d this r e v o l u t i o n f r o m b e i n g c a r r i e d
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t h r o u g h t o t h e e n d , because i t w a s e n d a n g e r i n g a l l the o p p o r t u n i s t cadres o f t h e g r o u p o f L i u S h a o q i a n d Z h o u Enlai, was endangering even M a o Zedong himself. A n d after a t i m e , h e t u r n e d the h e l m i n a n o t h e r d i r e c t i o n , s u p ported t h e r i g h t i s t s a n d g a v e p o w e r t o Z h o u E n l a i w h o elaborated h i s p l a n s a n d p u t t h e m i n t o o p e r a t i o n . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , n e w elements w h o e m e r g e d i n t h e process o f t h e C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y T h e F o u r who are n o w c a l l e d t r a i t o r s b y H u a G u o f e n g , s a w this t e r r i b l e abyss f o r w h i c h C h i n a w a s h e a d i n g , a n d w i t h their o w n m e t h o d s , i n t h e i r o w n w a y , w h i c h i t seems w e r e not w e l l - s t u d i e d a n d m a t u r e , a n d p e r h a p s e v e n not c o m pletely correct, b u t w e r e a t least m o r e o r less r e v o l u tionary, t r i e d t o set a l i m i t t o t h i s h o s t i l e a c t i v i t y w h i c h was l e a d i n g C h i n a t o s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . O n the d e a t h o f Mao the rightists managed to take power. Immediately, w i t h one b l o w , a s t h e y say, t h e y s t r u c k t h e l e f t i s t e l e ments a n d s u p p r e s s e d t h e r e v o l u t i o n . H e n c e , t h e c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w h o h a d b e e n b r o u g h t i n t o t h e state a n d the p a r t y b y M a o Z e d o n g a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s , suppressed the r e v o l u t i o n i n C h i n a .
Reflections on China, vol. II
THE JUST CAUSE OF THE ARAB PEOPLES IS INVINCIBLE (1)

November 24, 1977
I n recent d a y s the p r o b l e m s o f the M i d d l e E a s t h a v e become a n object o f great i n t e r e s t f o r a l l i n t e r n a t i o n a l p u b l i c o p i n i o n . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s t h e v i s i t w h i c h the E g y p t i a n p r e s i d e n t , Sadat, p a i d t o J e r u s a l e m a n d the talks w h i c h he held w i t h Israeli p r i m e minister, Begin. (2) W o r d s a b o u t peace t h e r e are i n p l e n t y , b u t the r e a l and just solution of the problems of the M i d d l e East is not a p p a r e n t o n t h e h o r i z o n . Israel, t h a t a r m e d i n s t r u ment of the political, economic and m i l i t a r y interests of the A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s i n the M i d d l e East, i s s t i l l k e e p i n g the A r a b t e r r i t o r i e s o c c u p i e d , t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s are s t i l l left w i t h o u t t h e i r h o m e l a n d a n d t h e s u p e r p o w e r s are still intriguing and interfering in the i n t e r n a l affairs of the peoples of t h a t zone. T i m e a f t e r t i m e , t h e enemies o f the A r a b peoples b r i n g out w i t h great p u b l i c i t y a l l sorts o f p l a n s a n d
__________________________________ 1 T h e p o l i t i c a l events and problems of the M i d d l e East have been extensively treated in C o m r a d e E n v e r Hoxha's book, Reflections on the Middle East, p u b l i s h e d in A l b a n i a n and some foreign languages in 1984. 2 In November 1977.
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projects a l l e g e d l y t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h are c o n c e r n i n g t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d t o p u t a n e n d t o the A r a b Israeli c o n f l i c t w h i c h has b e e n g o i n g o n f o r t h i r t y y e a r s . A great d e a l of t a l k has b e e n h e a r d a b o u t these plans, Rogers o r K i s s i n g e r p l a n s , G r o m y k o o r V a n c e p l a n s , p l a n s o f s h e i k s a n d e m i s s a r i e s o f U N O . B u t these p l a n s h a v e changed n o t h i n g a n d c o u l d n o t h a v e done so. T h e a i m o f a l l o f t h e m has b e e n t o q u e l l the l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f the A r a b peoples, t o c o m p e l t h e m t o r e l i n q u i s h t h e i r s u p r e m e n a t i o n a l interests, t o a b a n d o n t h e P a l e s t i n i a n p e o ple a n d l e a v e t h e m i n the l u r c h , t o c a p i t u l a t e t o t h e b l a c k mail of Israel and to submit completely and f i n a l l y to foreign imperialist domination. T h e A r a b peoples a r e w e l l a w a r e w h o t h e i r enemies are, k n o w t h a t the aggressors m u s t b e u n m a s k e d , i s o l a t e d a n d f o u g h t . T h e y k n o w t h a t I s r a e l i s a savage, i n satiable aggressor against t h e A r a b peoples, against t h e i r f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e . O n s e v e r a l occasions i t has shed t h e b l o o d o f t h e f r a t e r n a l A r a b peoples, has o c c u p i e d their t e r r i t o r i e s a n d has k e p t t h e m u n d e r c o n t i n u a l t h r e a t of further expansion. E v e r y day Israel is attacking, m a i m ing a n d k i l l i n g a n a n c i e n t a n d g l o r i o u s people, s u c h a s the f r a t e r n a l P a l e s t i n i a n people, w h o m t h e Zionists, w i t h the u r g i n g a n d s u p p o r t o f t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s , h a v e left w i t h o u t h o m e s o r h o m e l a n d . I n f l a g r a n t v i o l a t i o n o f all h i s t o r i c a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d h u m a n j u s t i c e , t h e P a l e s t i n i a n p e o p l e h a v e b e e n f o r c i b l y d r i v e n f r o m t h e i r homes, from t h e t e r r i t o r i e s o n w h i c h t h e y w e r e b o r n a n d h a v e lived f o r centuries, w h e r e t h e y d e v e l o p e d t h e i r l o f t y c i v i l i z a t i o n f r o m w h i c h the w h o l e o f m a n k i n d has b e n e f i t e d . Now they have been dispersed a n d are l i v i n g the miserable l i f e of refugees, as guests in t h e h o m e s of t h e i r Arab brothers. Despite their suffering and fragmentation, the P a l e s t i n i a n p e o p l e h a v e r e t a i n e d a l l t h e i r f i g h t i n g spirit a n d l o f t y n a t i o n a l consciousness. T h e y h a v e n e v e r
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l a i d d o w n t h e i r a r m s i n the f i g h t t o g a i n t h e i r f r e e d o m , their rights and their homeland. The heroic liberation struggle w h i c h the Palestinian people have a l w a y s been w a g i n g w i l l r e m a i n t h r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y a s a great e x a m p l e o f those s m a l l peoples w h o m n o e n e m y , h o w e v e r m i g h t y , can i n t i m i d a t e , w h o , w h e n i t comes t o d e f e n d i n g t h e i r f r e e d o m a n d r i g h t s , are r e a d y t o m a k e a n y sacrifice, t o endure any suffering and hardship, however protracted a n d s t e r n t h e f i g h t m a y be. T h e A l b a n i a n people, w h o f e e l a close a f f i n i t y t h e P a l e s t i n i a n people a n d t h e i r s t r u g g l e , n u r t u r e a cere a f f e c t i o n a n d great respect a n d a d m i r a t i o n f o r l o n g - s u f f e r i n g , v a l i a n t people a n d h a v e u n w a v e r i n g fidence in their f i n a l victory. with sinthis con-
N u m e r o u s e f f o r t s h a v e b e e n a n d are b e i n g m a d e f r o m various directions to b r i n g about agreement and compromise w i t h Israel, neglecting and violating the v i t a l interests o f t h e A r a b peoples, e s p e c i a l l y , the i n t e r e s t s o f t h e P a l e s t i n i a n a n d S y r i a n peoples. T h i s i s t o b e c o n d e m n e d a n d c a n n o t b e accepted e i t h e r b y the A r a b peoples and their true friends, or by anybody to w h o m the f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e peoples i s dear. O u r people, a s close a n d l o y a l f r i e n d s o f t h e A r a b peoples, consider these a t t e m p t s t o r e a c h a g r e e m e n t a s a c t i v i t y a i m e d against the i n t e r e s t s o f t h e A r a b s , a s p r o - i m p e r i a l ist a n d f u r t h e r i n c i t e m e n t t o I s r a e l i a g g r e s s i o n . A l l progressive and patriotic A r a b opinion, f r o m the Palestinians, the Syrians, the Algerians, the Iraqis and the L i b y a n s t o t h e E g y p t i a n s , has e x p r e s s e d o p e n o p p o s i tion to agreement and compromise w i t h Israel. L i k e wise, a l l w h o a r e g e n u i n e f i g h t e r s against A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , w h o are opposed t o r e a c t i o n a n d o p p r e s s i o n , a l l w h o are f o r t h e f r e e d o m o f peoples a n d s u p p o r t t h e i r l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , h a v e criticized and f i r m l y condemned the agreements w i t h
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Israel, h a v e a d o p t e d a c l e a r - c u t s t a n d a g a i n s t a n y c o m promise w i t h it. C o n t r a r y to this widespread healthy opinion, however, it is n o t i c e a b l e t h a t at p r e s e n t t h e n o n - a l i g n e d forces are p l a y i n g n o r o l e . T h e y are k e e p i n g q u i e t a n d t r y i n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t y t o m a n o e u v r e t o get o u t o f t h e d i f f i c u l t p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h the p l a n f o r a g r e e m e n t w i t h I s r a e l i s p u t t i n g t h e m . W h a t has h a p p e n e d t o a l l those speeches and pledges about defending the rights of the A r a b peoples a n d t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s ? W h a t has h a p p e n e d t o a l l those r e s o l u t i o n s a n d decisions a b o u t t h e just s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e c o n f l i c t i n the M i d d l e East, t h a t o p p o s i t i o n e x p r e s sed f r o m t h e t r i b u n e s o f conferences t o t h e i m p e r i a l i s t interference in that zone? T h i s silence o n the p a r t o f those u n r e s t r a i n e d l o v e r s of e m p t y talk is not accidental. T h e things that have o c c u r r e d , t h e concrete events, t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e class s t r u g g l e h a v e b r o u g h t t o l i g h t the f a l s i t y o f t h e o ries o r m o v e m e n t s w h i c h are i n t e n d e d t o q u e l l r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s a n d t o deceive t h e peoples. T h i s f a l s i t y i s b e i n g r e v e a l e d b y the i m p e r i a l i s t s themselves w h o , w h e n i t comes t o d e f e n d i n g t h e i r o w n interests, d o n o t w o r r y a t a l l a b o u t t h e d i f f i c u l t p o s i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e y p l a c e t h e i r f r i e n d s . W h a t can t h e t h e o r e t i c ians a n d s u p p o r t e r s o f t h e n o n - a l i g n e d m o v e m e n t s a y when the standard-bearers of non-alignment openly show t h e m s e l v e s t o b e c o m m i t t e d t o a n d d e p e n d e n t o n i m p e r i a l i s m , t h a t t h e y a r e p l a y i n g t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s ' game, that t h e p o l i c y t h e y p u r s u e i s i n d e p e n d e n t f o r m a l l y , b u t i n r e a l i t y i s d i c t a t e d b y o t h e r s a n d d e f e n d s interests a l i e n t o the A r a b p e o p l e s ? The non-aligned movement m a y still continue to exist i n conferences, m e e t i n g s a n d p r o p a g a n d a , b u t i t has been dead since t h e t i m e w h e n , i n the M i d d l e E a s t a n d the O g a d e n desert, i n A n g o l a a n d Z a i r e , i t p r o v e d i n -
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capable o f h i d i n g the fact t h a t m a n y g o v e r n m e n t s o f c o u n t r i e s w h i c h pose a s n o n - a l i g n e d a r e l i n k e d w i t h t h i s o r that b i g c a p i t a l i s t o r i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r , t h a t o n m a n y occasions t h e y p l a y t h e g a m e o f i m p e r i a l i s m a n d d e f e n d its n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t interests. N o w i t i s incapable of covering up and justifying the interference, i n t r i g u e s a n d m a n o e u v r e s o f the i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s in m a n y non-aligned countries w i t h empty words, or c o n c e a l i n g a n d j u s t i f y i n g t h e p r o - i m p e r i a l i s t actions o f m a n y heads o f these c o u n t r i e s against l i b e r a t i o n struggles. In connection w i t h the agreement and compromise w i t h Israel there is no apparent activity of the so-called t h i r d w o r l d , e i t h e r . W e d o n o t see t h e s u p p o r t e r s o f the theory of three worlds, w h o shout so l o u d l y and t r y to prove w i t h quotations that they unreservedly supp o r t the l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s a n d d e f e n d t h e i n t e r e s t s o f peoples o f t h e w o r l d , d e f e n d i n g t h e j u s t cause o f t h e A r a b peoples o r c o m i n g out i n t h e i r s u p p o r t . W h y i s t h i s ? C a n it be that the interests a n d territories of the A r a b s , the f u t u r e a n d e x i s t e n c e o f t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s , m u s t b e s a c r i f i c e d f o r t h e sake o f t h e a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e second w o r l d a n d t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a ? O r , p e r h a p s , t h i s i s r e q u i r e d b y the s u p r e m e i n t e r e s t s o f i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s w h i c h t h e s m a l l peoples a n d o r d i n a r y f o l k are q u i t e u n a b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d ? The very embarrassing position of the supporters of the t h e o r y o f t h r e e w o r l d s f o r w h o m t h e a g r e e m e n t a n d c o m p r o m i s e w i t h I s r a e l has t o r n t o s h r e d s t h e scheme w h i c h links their worlds, is understandable. T h e question is simple: in whose favour is this agreement? In favo u r of the f i r s t w o r l d , t h e second or t h e t h i r d ? Does i t serve t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f peoples o r n a t i o n a l o p p r e s s i o n , the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t s t r u g g l e o r t h e q u e l l i n g o f t h i s s t r u g g l e ? T h e i r silence s h o w s t h a t t h i s a g r e e m e n t c a n n o t b e u s e d f o r t h e i r p r o p a g a n d a purposes, t h a t i n t h i s case t h e i r
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slogans a n d theories are q u i t e u n a b l e t o a l t e r the nature of t h e fact. C a n the policy of the A m e r i c a n imperialists w h i c h defends a n d s u p p o r t s t h e i r m o s t a g g r e s s i v e satellite, Israel, be c o n s i d e r e d a n o n - a g g r e s s i v e p o l i c y , a r e t r e a t ? At the p r e s e n t t i m e a g g r e s s i v e w a r i s b e i n g p r e p a r e d step b y step, t h r o u g h m i n o r w a r s , b y i n c i t i n g separate a g g r e s sions a n d k i n d l i n g l o c a l c o n f l i c t s . I f t h e A m e r i c a n i m perialists p r o c l a i m t h a t t h e y a r e a l l e g e d l y f o r t h e status quo t h i s does n o t m e a n t h e y h a v e g i v e n u p t h e i r a g g r e s sive a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t a i m s , b u t t h a t t h e status q u o serves their h e g e m o n i c a i m s t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f t h e A r a b peoples and i n f a v o u r o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t i n t e r e s t s o f t h e U n i t e d States a n d its a l l y , I s r a e l . W e are against a n d c o n d e m n C a r t e r ' s e f f o r t s t o c o n ceal his a g g r e s s i v e p o l i c y . L i k e w i s e , w e are against t h e presentation o f t h e A m e r i c a n p o l i c y o f t h e status quo not as aggressive, b u t as a d e f e n s i v e p o l i c y . T h e t e e t h o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m h a v e n o t yet f a l l e n o u t n o r h a v e its c l a w s b e e n c l i p p e d . T o d e f e n d t h e p o l i c y o f t h e status quo m e a n s to d e f e n d i m p e r i a l i s t occupations, to d e f e n d the d i v i s i o n o f t h e w o r l d b e t w e e n great p o w e r s , t o defend n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m a n d t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f oppressed peoples b y i m p e r i a l i s m a n d a l l the o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t p o w e r s . To d e f e n d t h e status q u o m e a n s to g i v e y o u r b l e s s i n g t o the o c c u p a t i o n o f t h e A r a b t e r r i t o r i e s b y t h e I s r a e l i s and t h e v i o l e n t e x p u l s i o n o f P a l e s t i n i a n s f r o m t h e i r homes, m e a n s t o d e f e n d t h e m i l i t a r y bases i n f o r e i g n countries, t h e a g g r e s s i v e b l o c s o f i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e m u l t i national m o n o p o l y c o m p a n i e s a n d the w h o l e i m p e r i a l i s t system o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n . The P a r t y of Labour of A l b a n i a and the A l b a n i a n people s c o r n f u l l y reject a l l the i m p e r i a l i s t c a l c u l a t i o n s . Our people h a v e a l w a y s b e e n a n d are w i t h t h e j u s t cause o f the A r a b peoples a n d w i l l b e beside t h e m i n a n y
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s i t u a t i o n , good o r b a d , i n j o y s a n d v i c t o r i e s , i n g r i e f a n d i n t e m p o r a r y defeats. T h e A l b a n i a n s are a s m a l l people, b u t f o r the peoples w h o a r e f i g h t i n g f o r f r e e d o m a n d justice, s u c h a s t h e A r a b peoples a n d t h e peoples o f A f r i ca, t h e y a r e u n w a v e r i n g l o y a l b r o t h e r s . T h e d a i l y facts o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l l i f e s h o w c l e a r l y that the g e n e r a l p o l i c y w h i c h the i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s p u r s u e has b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e i r o w n s e l f i s h interests, each p r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h e a i m o f e s t a b l i s h i n g its h e g e m o n y m o r e f i r m l y a n d q u i c k l y over the peoples o f a l l c o n t i n e n t s . E a c h o f the i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s , b o t h w h e n i t has p l a n t e d its c l a w s deep i n t h e f l e s h o f t h e v i c t i m a n d w h e n i t has j u s t t a k e n the f i r s t steps i n its e x p a n s i o n , s t r u g g l e s t o i m p o s e its p o l i c y on other countries and groups of countries. The Soviet social-imperialists are striving w i t h all t h e i r m i g h t t o deceive the l e a d e r s o f v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s o f A f r i c a b y h i d i n g b e h i n d t h e m a s k o f a socialist c o u n try and presenting themselves as champions of freedom. T h e y s e l l these c o u n t r i e s a r m a m e n t s a n d i n r e t u r n gain the r i g h t t o e s t a b l i s h m i l i t a r y bases f o r t h e i r o w n i n t e r ests o f d o m i n a t i o n a n d t o f u r t h e r e x t e n d t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t expansion. A t t h e same t i m e , a n o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r , the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , i s maneuvering t h r o u g h its agents, b y m e a n s o f credits, w e a p o n s a n d d o l l a r s , and l e a v i n g n o stone u n t u r n e d t o t r i p u p the S o v i e t sociali m p e r i a l i s t s . T h e r e i s n o l i m i t t o t h e contest o f s u p e r powers for d o m i n a t i o n and hegemony, it recognizes no rules or morality, deception and p e r f i d y go h a n d in hand w i t h crime and violence. T h e peoples, t h e v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s w h i c h b e c o m e objects o f t h e savage S o v i e t - A m e r i c a n r i v a l r y , f a l l v i c t i m t o these dangerous g a m e s o f s u p e r p o w e r s . N o w w e see t h a t E t h i o p i a a n d S o m a l i a w h o s e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g and
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p e a c e - l o v i n g peoples, b o t h w i t h a n c i e n t c u l t u r e s , a n d w h o have suffered every k i n d of h o r r o r at the hands of the I t a l i a n c o l o n i a l i s t occupiers, h a v e gone t o w a r w i t h a n d are k i l l i n g one a n o t h e r . D o these peoples w a n t t h i s w a r w h i c h causes t h e m s o m u c h s u f f e r i n g a n d m i s e r y ? N o t a t a l l . C o u l d t h e y settle t h e d i s a g r e e m e n t s w h i c h e x i s t b e t w e e n t h e m w i t h o u t t h e need t o f i g h t against a n d s l a u g h t e r one a n o t h e r ? O f course, t h e y h a v e p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o settle these d i s a g r e e m e n t s b y f i n d i n g t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e w a y s . T h e n , w h y a r e t h e y f i g h t i n g ? I t i s c l e a r t h a t others, the i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s a n d s u p e r p o w e r s , h a v e d r i v e n these peoples t o w a r f o r t h e i r o w n h e g e m o n i c a n d p r e d a t o r y interests. M e a n w h i l e , as the b l o o d of these u n h a p p y peoples is being shed in torrents and the hatred between them mounts, t h e r e a r e i m p e r i a l i s t a n d c a p i t a l i s t p o w e r s w h i c h sometimes t a k e one side, s o m e t i m e s t h e other, s o m e t i m e s a p p l a u d one c o u n t r y , s o m e t i m e s the other, w i t h o u t m a k i n g the slightest g e s t u r e to h e l p these l o n g - s u f f e r i n g peoples g a i n peace a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o b u i l d t h e i r o w n l i v e s i n complete f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e . T h e p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has always been in support of the national liberation struggle of the peoples, in defence of t h e i r interests. It has a l w a y s been o p e n a n d p r i n c i p l e d . A s w a s p o i n t e d out a t the 7 t h Congress o f t h e P L A , o u r P a r t y t h i n k s t h a t w e s h o u l d speak o p e n l y t o t h e p e o p l e s a b o u t t h e s i t u a t i o n because this i s the o n l y w a y t o assist t h e i r t r u e u n i t y , the u n i t y o f t r u l y a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t a n d p r o g r e s s i v e states a n d g o v e r n ments. I n o r d e r t o u n i t e t h e peoples i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o c i a l progress, against e v e r y kind of oppression and exploitation by anyone, first of all, the d e m a r c a t i o n l i n e m u s t b e l a i d d o w n , i t m u s t b e m a d e clear w h o t h e i r m a i n e n e m y is, against w h o m t h e y m u s t fight a n d w i t h w h o m t h e y s h o u l d u n i t e .
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T h e peoples m u s t g u a r d against the i n t r i g u e s o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s , w h o come o u t a s f r i e n d s a n d benefactors, b u t w h o s e t r u e a i m i s t o d o m i n a t e a n d l a y the basis f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e i r h e g e m o n y . T h i s i s o c c u r r i n g i n A n g o l a , i n Z a i r e a n d e l s e w h e r e . T h i s has been g o i n g o n f o r a l o n g t i m e i n t h e M i d d l e East, too, w i t h t h e d r a m a w h i c h i s b e i n g p l a y e d w i t h the f a t e o f the A r a b peoples, i n w h i c h the i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s are p u l l i n g a l l the strings, a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h one a n o t h e r , in order to f u l f i l their expansionist exploiting ambitions. The history of liberation and revolutionary struggles a n d the p r a c t i c e o f d a y - t o - d a y i n t e r n a t i o n a l l i f e teaches u s t h a t the enemies m u s t n o t b e l e f t i n peace s o t h a t t h e y h a v e t i m e t o come t o agreement, t o g r o u p t h e i r forces, a n d o r g a n i z e t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e s t r u g g l e against t h e p e o ples. W e are f u l l y c o n f i d e n t t h a t a l l those w h o a r e o p p r e s sed a n d s u f f e r i n g a t t h e h a n d s o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d r e a c t i o n , a l l those w h o w a n t t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n dence o f t h e i r countries, w i l l m o b i l i z e t h e m s e l v e s s t i l l m o r e i n o r d e r t o expose t h e p l a n s a n d a i m s o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s t o s t r a n g l e the r e v o l u t i o n a n d e n s l a v e t h e peoples, a n d w i l l f u r t h e r e n h a n c e t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e t o resist a n d c o n q u e r the enemies.
F r o m the newspaper Zri i popullit, November 24, 1977
WHEN THE PRESENT STANDS ON STEEL FOUNDATIONS THE FUTURE IS SECURE
From the speech delivered to the cadres of the district of Gjirokastra

March 18, 1 9 7 8
Dear
comrades,
W e c o m m u n i s t s a n d cadres m u s t t h i n k a l l t h e t i m e , e v e r y y e a r , e v e r y m o n t h , e v e r y day, a n d e v e r y h o u r , about t h e h a p p y f u t u r e o f o u r people, a b o u t the c o n t i n u o u s s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f o u r socialist society, a b o u t t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f the v i c t o r i e s w e h a v e a c h i e v e d a n d w i l l achieve u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f o u r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t P a r ty. W e m u s t n e v e r d o a n y t h i n g w i t h o u t w e i g h i n g i t u p w e l l and considering it f r o m this stand-point. The future is b u i l t on t h e basis of the present. If the p r e s e n t is b u i l t correctly, if it stands on s o u n d , steel f o u n d a t i o n s , t h a t is, if the w a l l s and battlements of this fortress are solidly built, t h e f u t u r e i s secure. O t h e r w i s e , w h a t has b e e n created m a y b e d a m a g e d . W e m u s t n e v e r a l l o w t h e t h i n g s we have gained to be damaged. Therefore, every idea, every action, must be carefully weighed up, analysed and a p p l i e d w e l l . P r o p e r l y c o m b i n e d w i t h e a c h other, t h o u g h t and action must b r i n g the material, political, ideological and m o r a l f r u i t s e n v i s a g e d . O t h e r w i s e , o u r people, w h o have f o u g h t a n d a r e f i g h t i n g f o r t h e h a p p y p r e s e n t a n d
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f o r t h e e v e n m o r e p r o s p e r o u s a n d secure f u t u r e , c a n n o t b e assured o f t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g of s o c i a l i s m . W e m u s t a l w a y s d r a w correct c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m h i s t o r y a n d f r o m events i n the w o r l d , f i n d out the causes o f those events w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e t h e h i s t o r y of a people, or h u m a n h i s t o r y . W e m u s t e x a m i n e these e v e n t s f r o m t h e stand-point of dialectical and historical materialism and f r o m t h i s s t a n d - p o i n t alone. I n t h i s w a y w e s e r v e t h e interests o f the w o r k i n g class, its d i c t a t o r s h i p a n d t h e construction of socialism in our country. T h e e v e n t s w h i c h occur i n t h e w o r l d a n d i n s i d e the country, whether political, ideological, economic or m i l i t a ry, simple or complicated, must not be simply watched l i k e a n e w s r e e l f i l m w h i c h passes b e f o r e o u r eyes. W e m u s t d e l v e i n t o t h e m a n d e x a m i n e t h e reasons f o r t h e m a n d t h e i r consequences, m u s t k n o w w h a t i n f l u e n c e , f o r good o r e v i l , t h e y c o u l d h a v e i n t h e w o r l d a n d w i t h i n o u r c o u n t r y s o t h a t w e b e n e f i t f r o m t h e events, d r a w t h e necessary d e d u c t i o n s a n d a r m t h e P a r t y a n d t h e p e o p l e w i t h sharp weapons to fight against the shortcomings a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s w h i c h arise f o r u s a n d t o c o n s o l i d a t e t h e victories achieved.
The peoples throughout the world are advancing towards the revolution W e see t h a t t h e w o r l d i s i n m o v e m e n t . The peoples throughout the world are advancing towards the revolution, t o w a r d s economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y l i b e r a t i o n f r o m the y o k e o f t h e n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t s a n d i m p e r i a l i s t s o f e v e r y hue, w h e t h e r c a p i t a l i s t i m p e r i a l i s t s o r r e v i s i o n i s t i m p e r i a l i s t s , i n the W e s t o r i n the East, i n C e n t r a l E u r o p e , C e n t r a l A s i a o r i n the F a r E a s t .
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T h e revolution is advancing all the time and the peoples, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , are f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t c a p i t a l i s m a n d a l l the political-ideological trends w h i c h are t r y i n g to enslave t h e m i n d s o f t h e b r o a d masses o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e . These p o l i t i c a l - i d e o l o g i c a l t r e n d s h a v e b e e n o r g a n i z e d i n t o various parties of the bourgeoisie and revisionism and are f i g h t i n g j o i n t l y , i n d i f f e r e n t w a y s , w i t h v a r i o u s slogans a n d v a r i o u s p l a n s , t o h i n d e r t h e r e v o l u t i o n . O f course, i t i s i m p o s s i b l e f o r t h e m t o stop t h e r e v o l u t i o n , but t h e y cause d a m a g e a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s f o r it, s o m e t i m e s drown it in blood and f r o m time to time, in certain countries, d r i v e i t u p a b l i n d a l l e y o r c o m p e l i t t o t a k e a z i g z a g course. A l l these actions o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e democracy, sovereignty and changes in various w o r l d c a p i t a l i n s t r u g g l e against peoples w h o a s p i r e t o f r e e d o m , a n d s o c i a l i s m cause d i s t u r b a n c e s countries.
T h e s e changes r e s u l t f r o m t h e class struggle, f r o m the s t e r n o p p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n oppressors a n d oppressed, from the inevitable and u n d y i n g contradictions between capital and the proletariat. These contradictions b u i l d up t o e v e r m o r e acute l e v e l s a n d the t i m e comes w h e n t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t t u r n s f r o m q u a n t i t y i n t o q u a l i t y . I n the f i n a l analysis, t h e i r q u a l i t a t i v e e x p l o s i o n i s the r e v o l u t i o n . I n order t o escape t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m , t o p r e v e n t the w o r k i n g class f r o m b e c o m i n g t h e l e a d i n g class, seizing p o w e r , a n d c r u s h i n g a n d d e s t r o y i n g t h e c a p i t a l i s t jungle, t h e c a p i t a l i s t s , r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d t h e i r h a n g e r s - o n adapt t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e s i t u a t i o n s a n d t h e m o m e n t s . F a c e d with this typhoon, this m i g h t y storm w h i c h is b r e w i n g in their l a i r , t h e y are o b l i g e d t o create a n d a d o p t f o r m s o f government disguised even w i t h leftist formulas and slogans, a l t h o u g h i n r e a l i t y t h e y are r i g h t i s t . F o r t h e i r part, t h e y d o e v e r y t h i n g t o k e e p t h e p o w e r o f t h e c a p i t a l ist b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e p o w e r o f c a p i t a l , i n existence, t o
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s a f e g u a r d t h e p r o f i t s w h i c h the b o u r g e o i s i e has g a i n e d f r o m t h e t o i l a n d b l o o d s h e d o f t h e peoples. T h e r e f o r e w e m u s t f o l l o w a l l these changes w h i c h w e see e v e r y d a y o n a l l c o n t i n e n t s w i t h the greatest c a r e a n d t h o r o u g h l y s t u d y the reasons f o r t h e m , t h e m e t h o d s a n d w a y s w h i c h the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e e m p l o y s t o conceal its a i m s o f p r o l o n g i n g its e x i s t e n c e a n d d o m i nation. L e t u s l o o k a t the facts o f w h a t i s g o i n g o n b o t h in the revisionist countries and in the capitalist countries. M a n y revisionist countries, before they became such, w e r e socialist c o u n t r i e s . S t a r t i n g f r o m t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s o f p e o p l e ' s d e m o c r a c y t h e regimes changed: right opportunist, putschist, anarchist, T r o t s k y i t e , r e v i s i o n i s t r e a c t i o n o v e r t h r e w t h e socialist state a n d d e s t r o y e d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e n e w bourgeoisie, c r e a t e d i n these c o u n t r i e s g r a d u a l l y a n d i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s , seized p o w e r a n d b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m a socialist c o u n t r y to a c a p i t a l i s t revisionist country and subsequently f r o m a capitalistrevisionist country, l i k e the Soviet U n i o n , into a socialimperialist country. A l t h o u g h this t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w h i c h o c c u r r e d i n these e r s t w h i l e socialist c o u n t r i e s i n f l i c t e d e x t r e m e l y great damage on the revolution, it could not and never w i l l be a b l e t o c r u s h it. T h e r e v i s i o n i s t i d e o l o g y w h i c h serves the l e a d i n g cliques of those c o u n t r i e s s t r i v e s in a t h o u s a n d ways and a thousand forms to throw m u d at and blacken the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t science, b u t i t i s s u f f e r i n g defeat, j u s t as the theories of s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y h a v e a l w a y s s u f f e r e d defeat, because t h e y a r e c o n t r a r y t o t h e t h e o r y o f M a r x , Engels and Lenin. The transformation w h i c h is b e i n g c a r r i e d out i n those f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s i s not p e r m a n e n t , b u t t i m e w i l l b e needed f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n to t r i u m p h there again, to overcome revisionism and
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s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a n d r e s t o r e the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o letariat. S u c h a t h i n g c a n b e done o n l y t h r o u g h s t r u g g l e , t h r o u g h a l o n g a n d b l o o d y s t r u g g l e i n w h i c h t w o forces, w h i c h a r e i n i r r e c o n c i l a b l e o p p o s i t i o n , m o r t a l enemies, w i l l c o n f r o n t e a c h other. I n those c o u n t r i e s , o n the one side s t a n d s the n e w revisionist bourgeoisie w h i c h controls the apparatus of oppression a n d t h e p o l i t i c a l a p p a r a t u s w h i c h i t has t u r n e d i n t o w e a p o n s o f t h e fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p , w h i l e o n the opposite side s t a n d s t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e w o r k i n g class w h i c h i s e x p l o i t e d a n d oppressed. T h i s s i t u a t i o n e x a c e r bates t h e e x i s t i n g c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , p r e p a r e s t h e r e v o l u t i o n which w i l l b u i l d up, perhaps slowly and through m a n y obstacles, b u t it w i l l d e v e l o p a n d t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t , as I p o i n t e d o u t above, w i l l t u r n f r o m q u a n t i t y i n t o q u a l i t y . So, t h e t i m e w i l l c o m e w h e n the r e v o l t , t h e discontent o f the people, w i l l r e a c h s u c h a l e v e l t h a t t h e n e w r e v i s i o n i s t leadership, t h e n e w b o u r g e o i s i e , w i l l b e u n a b l e t o g o v e r n t h r o u g h t h e n e w f o r m s o f o p p r e s s i o n w h i c h i t has c r e a t e d and w i l l h a v e n o p o s s i b i l i t y t o s t e m the o v e r w h e l m i n g tide of the r e v o l u t i o n . A t t h e m o m e n t , i n those r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s i n w h i c h the t e m p o r a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m s o c i a l i s m t o c a p i t a l i s m has t a k e n p l a c e n o r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t i s apparent on t h e s u r f a c e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , I b e l i e v e t h a t s u c h a m o v e m e n t is f o r m i n g deep u n d e r g r o u n d , because it is i m p o s s i b l e t h a t the r e v o l u t i o n a r y elements, the resolute communist elements w i t h the ideology of M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism, t h a t f o u g h t a n d t r i u m p h e d a t t h e t i m e o f the r e v o l u tion u n d e r t h e b a n n e r o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y , h a v e failed t o l e a v e a n y traces a m o n g the w o r k i n g class a n d the masses of t h e p e o p l e of those c o u n t r i e s . I b e l i e v e t h a t these traces e x i s t deep u n d e r g r o u n d a n d t h a t these e l e m ents w i l l g r a d u a l l y converge, cohere i n t o a great force w h i c h w i l l r i s e i n s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h a t class w h i c h o v e r -
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t h r e w t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t i n those c o u n tries. T h i s cohesion a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n cannot b e seen a t present because o f the b a r b a r o u s o p p r e s s i o n w h i c h i s e x e r t e d b y the fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e n e w r e v i s i o n i s t b o u r g e o i s class. However, we must delve even more deeply into this q u e s t i o n t o d i s c o v e r a l l t h e reasons f o r it, t h e causes a n d the a l i e n p h e n o m e n a w h i c h h a d p e n e t r a t e d those c o u n t r i e s a n d w h i c h , y o u m i g h t say, b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e decay o f t h e socialist r e g i m e . S o w e m u s t d i s c o v e r t h e reasons w h i c h p e r m i t t e d t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f p h e n o m e n a alien to socialism and prevented the t a k i n g of measures f o r the p o l i t i c a l - i d e o l o g i c a l a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r e n g t h e n ing of the w o r k of the Party, for the construction of s o c i a l i s m a n d the d e v e l o p m e n t a n d p r o g r e s s o f t h e s o c i a l ist c u l t u r e , s o a s t o h i n d e r t h i s u n d e r m i n i n g a c t i v i t y b y t h e w e a k c a p i t a l i s t element, w h i c h f o u n d breaches, f o u n d somewhat favourable soil and developed disguised in various ways and. while cheering for socialism and for the c o m m u n i s t p a r t y , i n r e a l i t y w a s p r e p a r i n g t h e t e r r a i n f o r t h e o v e r t h r o w o f t h e socialist r e g i m e a n d the l i q u i d a tion of the Marxist-Leninist communist party. The M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties of the countries w h e r e the r e v i s i o n i s t s seized p o w e r a n d c a r r i e d o u t t h e t e m p o r a r y capitalist transformation h a d m a n y weaknesses w h i c h were not appreciated to the extent they should h a v e been. T h o s e p a r t i e s d i d n o t s t u d y a n d a n a l y s e t h e p r o b l e m s i n t h e i r f u l l d e p t h a n d extent, a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y , d i d n o t come t o correct conclusions i n o r d e r t o r e m e d y a dangerous and difficult situation w h i c h was created for them. I n these parties t h e r e w a s a n y a m o u n t o f t a l k a n d slogans, M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t n o r m s e x i s t e d , t h e r e w e r e r e s o l u t e r e v o l u t i o n a r y c o m m u n i s t s , a n d i n these c o u n t r i e s t h e r e w a s a s o u n d w o r k i n g class a n d a l e a d e r s h i p w h i c h
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had e m e r g e d f r o m the w o r k i n g masses. L i k e w i s e , t h e r e was t a l k o f t h e f i n e s t p r o l e t a r i a n d e m o c r a c y , t a l k a b o u t o p p o s i t i o n t o b u r e a u c r a c y a n d a r b i t r a r y actions t o t h e detriment of socialism, talk of w i d e - r a n g i n g political work of persuasion, explanation and mobilization, talk o f o p p o s i t i o n t o r o u t i n e a n d m a n y m a n y o t h e r e v i l s left over f r o m the o l d c a p i t a l i s t l i f e , o p p o s i t i o n t o the p e t t y bourgeois r e m n a n t s i n people's m i n d s a n d hearts w h i c h s h o w e d u p i n t h e d a i l y l i f e o f the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l ism. O f course, these p a r t i e s d i d not sit i d l e , b u t t h e remedies h a d l i t t l e effect o n a l l these a i l m e n t s , because a s t u d y of these n e g a t i v e p h e n o m e n a , of these a i l m e n t s , t o the d e p t h a n d e x t e n t r e q u i r e d w a s not c a r r i e d out. A s a r e s u l t the correct d i a g n o s i s w a s not m a d e because those who made the diagnosis were themselves infected by these a i l m e n t s , a n d w h e n it is left to i n f e c t e d persons to diagnose the illnesses, the illnesses become m o r e serious a n d t h e cure m o r e d i f f i c u l t . T h i s i s w h a t o c c u r r e d w i t h t h e f o r m e r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s a n d the f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s i n w h i c h the r e v i s i o n i s t s m a n a g e d t o seize p o w e r . T h e r e f o r e w e m u s t p r o f i t f r o m a l l this e x p e r i e n c e and m u s t e x a m i n e o u r a f f a i r s i n d e t a i l , b e a r i n g i n m i n d those causes, those reasons w h i c h b r o u g h t the catastrophe in the f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s w h i c h I m e n t i o n e d above. We h a v e to u n d e r s t a n d t h a t those r i g h t i s t changes, those negative p h e n o m e n a w h i c h d a m a g e d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d destroyed s o c i a l i s m i n those c o u n t r i e s d i d not s h o w u p all a t one a n d the same t i m e , b u t e v o l v e d g r a d u a l l y u n t i l they a s s u m e d s u c h a f o r m that, f o l l o w i n g a m a j o r h i s t o r ical event s u c h a s t h e d e a t h o f S t a l i n , f o r e x a m p l e , w h i c h was a great loss f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n , the d e v e l o p m e n t on the r o a d of s o c i a l i s m w a s i n t e r r u p t e d a n d a regressive, reactionary situation was created. T h e precursors of this plague, the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h o h a d r e m a i n e d
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d i s g u i s e d u p t o t h a t t i m e , b e g a n t o come out o p e n l y w i t h slogans w h i c h w e r e a l l e g e d l y a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s i t u a t i o n created a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f S t a l i n . N a t u r a l l y , t h a t w a s a s a d s i t u a t i o n , n o t o n l y f o r t h e S o v i e t peoples w h o lost t h e i r great M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l e a d e r b u t also f o r t h e w h o l e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d p r o g r e s s i v e w o r l d w h i c h lost a g r e a t M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t leader, t h e f a i t h f u l d i s c i p l e o f K a r l M a r x and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Immediately after the death of Stalin, the Soviet revisionists took all-round measures to achieve their a n t i M a r x i s t p u r p o s e s . T h e y f o u n d s u p p o r t f o r t h i s i n those i n f e c t e d s t r a t a o f t h e i r society w h o r e f u s e d t o accept t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , its l a w s , d i s c i p l i n e a n d ideology, a n d w h o aspired to a great liberalization in every field of social activity. The representatives of a l l these s t r a t a w h i c h h a d b e e n c r e a t e d u n d e r cover, w e r e the Khrushchevites who, after the death of Stalin, began t o e m e r g e o n t h e scene, c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e y r e t a i n e d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c o m m u n i s t s , a n d also h a d a n a l l e g e d l y B o l s h e v i k past. N o w t h e y p r e s e n t e d t h e m s e l v e s a s n e w Bolsheviks able to adapt the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology t o m o d e r n s i t u a t i o n s . P r e c i s e l y these i n d i v i d u a l s set t o w o r k to prepare the Soviet people and proletariat to accept t h e r e g r e s s i v e change w h i c h o c c u r r e d i n t h a t country. B u t w h a t happened to the Soviet proletariat and the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of the Soviet U n i o n , to the B o l s h e v i k P a r t y o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n , w h i c h c a r r i e d out t h e G r e a t O c t o b e r S o c i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n , w h i c h d e f e a t e d the H i t l e r i tes, w h i c h l i b e r a t e d t h e peoples f r o m fascist b o n d a g e a n d h a d become t h e h o p e t o w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n ? The first homeland of the proletarians of the world and the Bolshevik Communist Party were not prepared and did not prove sufficiently vigilant to understand the capitalistrevisionist fraud which was being perpetrated against
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them and take all the measures to become a barricade against this plague. I t i s n o t i m p o r t a n t h o w p o w e r w a s seized b y t h e Khrushchevite revisionists, w h o overthrew the dictatorship o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t h r o u g h a p u t s c h i n t h e K r e m l i n . O f great i m p o r t a n c e , h o w e v e r , a r e t h e v i e w s o f those against w h o m t h i s p u t s c h w a s c a r r i e d out, t h a t is, t h e people o f M o l o t o v ' s g r o u p w h o w e r e n o t i n a p o s i t i o n t o resist a n d i n d e e d m a d e t h i n g s easier f o r t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s , headed b y K h r u s h c h e v , t o c a r r y o u t s u c h a n act a f t e r the d e a t h of S t a l i n . S t a l i n always propagated and applied the laws of the proletarian revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat and t h e L e n i n i s t n o r m s o f the p a r t y , b u t t h e others a r o u n d h i m , f r o m those o n t h e t o p t o those w i t h less responsibility, all h i d and disguised themselves behind h i m a s l o n g a s h e w a s a l i v e . I t w a s p r e c i s e l y these i n d i v i d u a l s w h o h a d c r e a t e d t h e c u l t o f S t a l i n t o cover t h e i r o w n sinister actions a n d h a d v i o l a t e d t h e l a w s o f t h e p r o l e t arian revolution and the l a w s of the Bolshevik Party, w h o s u b s e q u e n t l y accused S t a l i n o f t h e c u l t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l . S t a l i n w a s a m o d e s t m a n , b u t these i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e not, because t h e y w e r e b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t s . A c c o r d ing to these c o n s p i r a t o r s it w a s n o t t h e masses of t h e people b u t a f e w i n d i v i d u a l s w h o c a r r i e d o u t t h e r e v o l u tion, t h e r e f o r e t h e y g a v e t h e m s e l v e s great i m p o r t a n c e . They protected themselves, protected w h a t they were up t o a n d d i s g u i s e d i t b y b u i l d i n g u p t h e cult o f S t a l i n , w h o combated t h i s cult, b u t t h e w h o l e p a r t y s h o u l d h a v e combated it. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n did n o t p r o p e r l y u n d e r s t a n d S t a l i n ' s b o l s h e v i k t e a c h i n g that the p a r t y w a s a b o v e a l l , a p a r t y w h i c h h a d t o a p p l y the g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y n o r m s a n d put t h e t e a c h i n g s o f t h e g r e a t L e n i n i n t o p r a c t i c e . T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s accused S t a l i n o f sec-
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t a r i a n i s m a n d the B o l s h e v i k P a r t y o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n o f being a sectarian party, a p a r t y w h i c h did not adapt itself t o s i t u a t i o n s . W h a t w e r e these s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h S t a l i n a n d L e n i n b e f o r e h i m f a c e d u p to? T h e s e w e r e g r a v e situations f o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n w h i c h h a d t r i u m p h e d for the first time in the Soviet U n i o n , for socialism w h i c h was built in the Soviet U n i o n , for the w o r l d w h i c h was threatened w i t h and eventually hurled into war by w o r l d capitalism and G e r m a n nazism. The Bolshevik Party of Lenin and Stalin and Stalin, in particular, h a d t o cope w i t h t h i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n b o t h nationally and internationally. T h e pressure of i m p e r i a l i s m , of w o r l d capitalism, on the S o v i e t U n i o n , w h e r e t h e r e v o l u t i o n h a d t r i u m p h e d a n d w h i c h h a d b e c o m e a source o f i n s p i r a t i o n f o r t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t , w a s v e r y great. T h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the B o l s h e v i k P a r t y h a d t o w i t h s t a n d not o n l y the i n t e r v e n t i o n , not o n l y t h e i d e o l o g i c a l , p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y e n c i r c l e m e n t a n d p r e s s u r e b u t also the a t t a c k w h i c h came from w o r l d capitalism and fascism. They withstood a l l these c r i t i c a l l y d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n s successfully. B u t h o w w a s this p a r t y a b l e t o w i t h s t a n d s u c h s i t u a t i o n s ? B y b e i n g r i g h t o p p o r t u n i s t , b y m a k i n g concessions at home and abroad? No, certainly not! Such a thing w o u l d h a v e b e e n a catastrophe b o t h f o r t h e S o v i e t U n i o n itself a n d f o r t h e w h o l e o f m a n k i n d . H o w e v e r , S t a l i n w i t h h i s courage a n d w i s d o m a n d the B o l s h e v i k P a r t y o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n w i t h its correct stands a v e r t e d this catastrophe. G r a d u a l l y , h o w e v e r , the c a p i t a l i s t e l e m e n t s o p e r a t e d i n disguise f r o m w i t h i n , u n d e r t h e b a n n e r o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , in order to undermine the construct i o n of s o c i a l i s m a n d to r e s t o r e c a p i t a l i s m . N a t u r a l l y , the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t i n the S o v i e t U n i o n h a d t o s t r i k e h a r d a t t h e i n t e r n a l enemies, t h e T r o t s k y i t e s , the B u k h a r i n i t e s , t h e Z i n o v i e v i t e s , the
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T u k a c h e v s k y s , a n d others, a l l o f w h o m w e r e i n the service o f w o r l d c a p i t a l a n d w a n t e d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t o change colour, to t u r n i n t o a b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t d e m o cracy. A r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e h a d to be w a g e d against all this scum. H o w e v e r , n e i t h e r w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m n o r the d i s g u i s e d revisionists, the T r o t s k y i t e s , t h e B u k h a r i n i t e s a n d the others w a n t e d t h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e a n d c o u l d not reconcile t h e m s e l v e s t o it. T o d a y w e f i n d t h e i r disguises on the faces of t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s . T h e r e f o r e , after t h e d e a t h o f S t a l i n , t h e y rose i n a j o i n t chorus w i t h the f o r e i g n e n e m i e s a n d d e s c r i b e d the great e r a o f S t a l i n a s a n e r a o f t e r r o r w h i c h came t o a n e n d w i t h h i s d e a t h . T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s t r i e d , a n d t h e y succeeded i n t h e i r a t tempt, t o deceive t h e S o v i e t peoples a n d t h e S o v i e t p r o l e t a r i a t t h a t f r o m n o w o n , a f t e r t h e w a r , complete a n d true f r e e d o m o u g h t t o e x i s t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e s e t r a i t o r s t o M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , these r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d r e negades, e x p l o i t e d p r e c i s e l y t h a t colossal e c o n o m i c a n d political strength w h i c h had been created by the C o m munist P a r t y led by the true Bolsheviks, w i t h L e n i n and S t a l i n a t t h e h e a d , b y p u r s u i n g a correct l i n e a l w a y s based o n t h e d o c t r i n e o f M a r x . W i t h o u t t h i s l i n e , t h a t great e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y f o r c e w h i c h d e f e a t e d t h e H i t l e r i t e s c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n created. It is also a fact t h a t in P o l a n d , a l t h o u g h the d i c t a t o r ship o f the p r o l e t a r i a t w a s e s t a b l i s h e d , a l t h o u g h i t b o r dered o n the S o v i e t U n i o n , a n a l l y w h i c h assisted it. soc i a l i s m d i d not a d v a n c e a t the rates r e q u i r e d i n t h a t country. W h e n the U n i t e d W o r k e r s ' P a r t y of Poland, headed b y B o l e s l a v B i e r u t , stood o n s o u n d p o s i t i o n s soc i a l i s m g r e w s t e a d i l y s t r o n g e r there. I n P o l a n d the C o m munist P a r t y united w i t h other parties w h i c h were bourgeois. P e r h a p s , this u n i f i c a t i o n w a s necessary, b u t the b o l s h e v i k w o r k o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f P o l a n d s h o u l d
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h a v e b e e n at s u c h a l e v e l t h a t t h e sections of those p a r t i e s w h i c h w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o i t w e r e not o n l y a s s i m i l a t ed, but also t h o r o u g h l y e d u c a t e d w i t h t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist n o r m s . W e are u n a b l e t o j u d g e t o w h a t e x t e n t i t d i d this work, but we can give the o p i n i o n that it d i d not do i t t o the p r o p e r e x t e n t . I n d u s t r y d e v e l o p e d i n P o l a n d , the p r o l e t a r i a t i n c r e a s e d , p r o g r e s s i v e ideas w e r e p r o p a g a t e d amongst the masses, b u t i n one w a y o r a n o t h e r t h e b o u r geois c a p i t a l i s t e l e m e n t s s t i l l r e m a i n e d i n p o w e r . T h e l a n d r e f o r m w a s n o t c a r r i e d out t h e r e a n d t h e r e w a s n o c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n . B e s i d e s this, the t r a d i t i o n a l h o s t i l i t y o f the P o l i s h b o u r g e o i s i e against c z a r i s t R u s s i a e x i s t e d i n P o l a n d . T h e h o s t i l i t y o f t h i s bourgeoisie, w h i c h h a d n o t b e e n h i t h a r d b y t h e P o l i s h p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its p a r t y , f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d its h a t r e d o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the party of L e n i n and Stalin. A n d we saw that after the death of Bierut there were disturbances in Poland, the Gomulkas, C y r i a n k i e v i c z e s a n d o t h e r e l e m e n t s o f the b o u r g e o i s i e , a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d c a p i t a l i s t elements, h a v e came t o p o w e r a n d , together w i t h the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s , c a r r i e d o u t the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e socialist r e g i m e i n t o a fascist, b o u r geois, c a p i t a l i s t r e g i m e . A s i m i l a r t h i n g o c c u r r e d i n H u n g a r y , too. T h e C o m munist P a r t y of H u n g a r y was united w i t h the socialdemocratic p a r t y and it was thought that this u n i f i c a t i o n w a s c o m p l e t e a n d e v e r y t h i n g w a s a c h i e v e d successf u l l y . T h a t is, i t w a s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e social-democratic party, w h i c h was a bourgeois party, h a d become c o m m u n i s t . I n fact, these p e o p l e s t u c k t o their old views and the dictatorship of the proletariat in t h a t c o u n t r y d i d n o t d e v e l o p o n t h e basis o f t h e L e n i n i s t ideology, d i d n o t t a k e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m s o f n o r m a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e concrete c o n d i t i o n s o f H u n g a r y and i n the w a y that M a r x and L e n i n teach. T h u s , w i t h the a d v e n t t o p o w e r o f t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s ,
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R a k o s i a n d h i s c o m r a d e s , w h o w e r e p o s i t i v e elements i n the W o r k e r s ' P a r t y o f H u n g a r y , w e r e d i s c r e d i t e d a n d sabotaged t o t h e p o i n t t h a t t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n b u r s t out i n H u n g a r y , a s w e k n o w , a n d t h e S o v i e t t a n k s h a d t o intervene in order to restore to p o w e r the counter-revolutionaries w h o w e r e l a b e l l e d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s , b u t w h o w e r e n o t h i n g b u t r e v i s i o n i s t s , c o m r a d e s - i n - a r m s o f the Khrushchevite revisionists. I n Y u g o s l a v i a m a t t e r s t o o k a n e v e n w o r s e course. Titoism, w h i c h our P a r t y has fought a n d w i l l continue to f i g h t s t e r n l y , is one of t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s agencies of world capital and of A m e r i c a n imperialism, in particular. T i t o i s m has c o m p l e t e l y l i q u i d a t e d t h e f o r m e r C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f Y u g o s l a v i a a n d has c r e a t e d a c a p i t a l i s t s t r u c t u r e . This anarcho-syndicalist capitalist structure, w h i c h is called s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d has n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h M a r x i s m a n d s o c i a l i s m , comes d i r e c t l y t o t h e a i d o f c a p i t a l i n decay, n o t o n l y f o r t h e r e t e n t i o n o f c a p i t a l ism w i t h i n Y u g o s l a v i a , b u t also a s a m o d e l w h i c h w o r l d c a p i t a l needs t o sabotage t h e r e v o l u t i o n . I n t h e i n t e r n a tional arena this capitalist structure and a n t i - M a r x i s t superstructure is covered w i t h the pseudo-theory of the n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d . A b o u t a w e e k ago, C a r t e r w e l c o m e d Tito to the W h i t e House and described h i m as a great statesman f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : because h e c r i t i c i z e d S t a l i n , because h e c r e a t e d t h e s y s t e m o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tion, a n d because h e l e a d s t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d . T h e l a c k e y T i t o c o n t i n u e s t o a p p l y these t h r e e basic orientations on behalf of his patron, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . . . . I n g e n e r a l , these a r e t h e reasons w h i c h m a d e p o s sible t h e r e g r e s s i o n i n t h e c o u n t r i e s a n d p a r t i e s t h a t I m e n t i o n e d above. T h e t a s k d e v o l v e s o n u s t o s t u d y a n d delve d e e p l y i n t o these p r o b l e m s , i n t o these u n p l e a s a n t facts a n d e v e n t s i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e c o m m u n i s t a n d w o r k ers' m o v e m e n t , t o disclose the reasons for, causes a n d
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consequences of t h e m as c o r r e c t l y a n d r e a l i s t i c a l l y as we can, t o a r r i v e a t a c c u r a t e a n d c o n v i n c i n g c o n c l u s i o n s a n d to m a k e t h e m w e a p o n s to e n s u r e t h a t s u c h a c a l a m i t y is n e v e r p e r m i t t e d t o occur i n o u r c o u n t r y . N o w let u s t u r n t o t h e o t h e r side t h e c a p i t a l i s t countries. I s i m p e r i a l i s m t o d a y i n its f o r m e r p h a s e ? N o , i t i s not. I m p e r i a l i s m i s u n d e r g o i n g e v o l u t i o n , because a s c a p i t a l i s m i n decay i t i s b o u n d t o d o so. L e n i n f o r e s a w this. I m p e r i a l i s m i s the f i n a l phase o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d the e p o c h w e are p a s s i n g t h r o u g h i s the epoch o f p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n s . T h i s i s clear. A n d w h e n w e s a y t h a t t h i s epoch is the epoch of proletarian revolutions, w i t h this w e m u s t u n d e r s t a n d t h a t the p r e s s u r e o f t h e b r o a d masses o f the people, the p o w e r f u l p r e s s u r e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n a l l t h e c a p i t a l i s t countries, i s s u c h t h a t the o l d c a p i t a l i s m has b e e n f o r c e d t o f i n d a n d has f o u n d a n o t h e r f o r m o f government, oppression and exploitation. Before the Second W o r l d W a r colonialism existed. A f t e r t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r this c o l o n i a l i s m a s s u m e d another form, allegedly more democratic, although equally oppressive and exploiting, w h i c h is called neo-colonialism. N o w this n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m e x p l o i t s the peoples o f the w o r l d while allegedly giving them a certain freedom, a c e r t a i n i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d a c e r t a i n s o v e r e i g n t y , a l l of w h i c h i n fact are f i c t i t i o u s , false, because these peoples a n d states are u n d e r a d o u b l e b o n d a g e : b o n d a g e to i n t e r n a l capital and bondage to foreign capital. These t w o types o f c a p i t a l are i n t e r d e p e n d e n t , i n a l l i a n c e w i t h each other t o oppress a n d e x p l o i t the peoples a n d t o p r e v e n t the b r o a d masses a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t f r o m h u r l i n g t h e m selves i n t o r e v o l u t i o n . T o d a y w e see t h a t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s are o c c u r r i n g i n t h i s p a r t o f t h e w o r l d , too, t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s w h i c h , o n t h e one h a n d , express t h e decay of t h e i m p e r i a l i s t - c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m a n d . o n the other h a n d , i n d i c a t e the v i g o u r o f t h e
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broad masses of t h e people a n d the p r o l e t a r i a t . As I pointed out above, c a p i t a l has c r e a t e d n e w f o r m s o f g o v e r n m e n t i n these c o u n t r i e s . I t disguises these f o r m s with an allegedly n e w economic policy, w i t h a n e w m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t ideology, w i t h a n e w l i f e i n the A m e r ican style, w i t h greater f r e e d o m , w h i c h m e a n s m o r e c o r r u p t i o n , w i t h w h a t i s c l a i m e d t o b e great d e m o c r a c y , but w h i c h in r e a l i t y is a d e m o c r a c y u n d e r the t i g h t control o f t h e police, the s e c u r i t y service, the C I A a n d the a r m y , w h i c h are a l l a r m e d t o the teeth a n d i n t h e hands o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e a n d A m e r i c a n . F r e n c h , British and other imperialisms. I t i s k n o w n t h a t i n t h e v a r i o u s c a p i t a l i s t states i n the West t h e r e i s n o h a r m o n y , e i t h e r i n t e r n a l l y o r a m o n g s t themselves e x t e r n a l l y . I n t e r n a l l y t h e y h a v e p r o f o u n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s caused b y t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the peoples. T h i s s t r u g g l e i s s t i l l d i f f u s e , but i t w i l l t u r n f r o m q u a n t i t y i n t o q u a l i t y . A n d a t t h e most s u i t a b l e m o m e n t , w h e n a l l t h e c o n d i t i o n s are ripe, the r e v o l u t i o n w i l l b u r s t out. a s L e n i n has foreseen. T h e fact i s t h a t i n o r d e r t o resist t h e change f r o m q u a n t i t y into q u a l i t y , t h e v a r i o u s c a p i t a l i s t g r o u p s of a p a r t i c u l a r country, c o m b i n e d w i t h f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i s m , create f u r t h e r contradictions w i t h i n the country. These contradictions are a d d e d t o the m a j o r c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h e x i s t b e tween t h e w o r k i n g masses w h o are e x p l o i t e d a n d t h e r u l ing classes w h o e x p l o i t t h e m . T h e i n c r e a s i n g decay upsets the s t a b i l i t y in those c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s . T h i s is a process which is developing and w i l l continue to develop further. I n o r d e r t o h a l t t h i s process o f decay, t h e m o d e r n r e v i sionists, the p a r t i e s of s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , the p a r t i e s of capital i n a l l t h e i r d i f f e r e n t f o r m s a n d the b o u r g e o i s capitalist state, a l l i n a g r e e m e n t together, s t r i v e t o f i n d such f o r m s a n d w a y s o f t h i n k i n g , l i v i n g a n d a c t i n g i n order to cause t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n of t h e masses a n d the
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proletariat, to w e a k e n and reduce their revolutionary impulse. In the capitalist countries, the m o d e r n revisionists p l a y a special role in aid of capital. Thus, in France, for instance, the F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y has r e j e c t e d a l l t h e basic p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d the a c h i e v e m e n t of the proletarian revolution. This party of Marchais, w h i c h has n o c o n n e c t i o n w i t h M a r x i s m , a d v o c a t e s t h e revolution, not t h r o u g h violence, however, but t h r o u g h r e f o r m s , i n p a r l i a m e n t a r y a n d p l u r a l i s t w a y s , t h a t is, completely contrary to Lenin's teachings about the r e v o l u tion. T h e F r e n c h revisionist p a r t y rules out the dictatorship of the proletariat. It preaches the u n i t y of all bourgeois capitalist and T r o t s k y i t e parties in order to take power and allegedly to t r a n s f o r m the bourgeoisc a p i t a l i s t state i n t o a socialist state. T h e p u r p o s e of these things, w h i c h t h i s c o m m u n i s t p a r t y advocates, i s to disorganize the proletariat, to keep it l i n k e d to this p a r t y a n d p e r m i t i t t o r a i s e its v o i c e o n l y f o r c e r t a i n economic claims and not political claims, and to divert it towards a non-revolutionary reformist struggle. In Italy, likewise, the Italian revisionist p a r t y is striving to become a w o r t h y servant of Italian capital a n d an ally of American imperialism. This party is in favour o f t h e presence o f A m e r i c a n bases i n Italy, i n f a v o u r o f N A T O bases, j u s t a s t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n i s i n f a v o u r o f t h e presence o f N A T O i n its c o u n t r y . I h a v e s p o k e n a b o u t these p a r t i e s i n p a r t i c u l a r o n o t h e r o c c a sions, b u t h e r e I w a n t to d w e l l on the q u e s t i o n of t h e evolution of the Francoite dictatorship in Spain. The Francoite dictatorship in Spain underwent an evolution. A f t e r the death of Franco, y o u m i g h t say that h i s d i c t a t o r s h i p d i e d , too. It u n d e r w e n t a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , or rather a toning down. At first it was a bloody dictatorship, it k i l l e d and m a i m e d and savagely cracked d o w n
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on the people and everything w h i c h was for liberation a n d progress. N e v e r t h e l e s s , despite t h e fact t h a t F r a n c o suppressed a n y k i n d o f d e m o c r a t i c s t r i v i n g s o f the p r o l e t ariat a n d t h e masses w i t h h i s fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p , t h e whole development of w o r l d capitalism, t r y i n g to a v o i d destruction, e x e r t e d a n i n f l u e n c e o n t h e S p a n i s h state, too. T h u s , w i t h t h e passage o f t i m e , t h e fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p o f F r a n c o w a s o b l i g e d t o t o n e d o w n its f o r m e r v i r u l e n c e and t h e m o r e t i m e passed, the m o r e t h i s d i c t a t o r s h i p proved to be tamed u n d e r the pressure of the proletariat and t h e w o r k i n g masses w h o w e r e i n m o t i o n . T h e o r i g i n a l f i e r y f a l a n g i s t s aged a n d w e r e r e p l a c e d b y a n e w g e n e r a tion of falangists w h o w a n t e d a certain democratic f r e e d o m l i k e t h a t o f F r a n c e , the U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica, o r I t a l y , W e see t h a t i n t h e last y e a r s o f F r a n c o ' s life s t r i k e s a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s t o o k p l a c e a n d a l t h o u g h they w e r e s u p p r e s s e d w i t h f i r e a n d steel, f u r t h e r s t r i k e s and d e m o n s t r a t i o n s w e r e h e l d , a n d t h i s s h o w s t h e v i t a l i t y of t h e S p a n i s h p r o l e t a r i a t . Hence, in order to defend itself f r o m the revolution the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e w i t h its l i b e r a l f o r m s a n d i d e ology e x e r t e d its i n f l u e n c e a n d o b l i g e d e v e n t h e fascist dictatorship to undergo an evolution. Thus, w h e n F r a n c o died, i t w a s t h o u g h t t h a t c i v i l w a r m i g h t o c c u r i n S p a i n , but u n f o r t u n a t e l y t h i s d i d n o t h a p p e n . A n e w m o n a r c h took F r a n c o ' s t h r o n e a n d i n t h e f i r s t d a y s o f h i s career h e p r o c l a i m e d g e n e r a l elections. W i t h t h i s h e w a n t e d t o tell t h e p e o p l e t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p o f Franco had changed. In reality, however, this was a f o r m t o deceive t h e S p a n i s h p e o p l e . K i n g J u a n C a r l o s , w h o c a m e t o p o w e r , w a s one o f t h e o l d F r a n c o i t e s w h o appointed Suarez as p r i m e minister. W h o was this Suarez? S u a r e z w a s a m e m b e r of t h e f a l a n g i s t p a r t y , b u t o n l y 38 years o l d , w h i l e t h e k i n g w a s 35. H e n c e , t h e S p a n i s h people, w h o h a d e v o l v e d a n d w a n t e d t o b e l i b e r a t e d
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f r o m t h e savage fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p , w e r e left i n t h e h a n d s o f these t w o y o u n g m e n . T h i s w h o l e s i t u a t i o n also b r o u g h t a b o u t the r e a c t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e p a r t y o f I b a r r u r i . I t w a s the p a r t y o f I b a r r u r i that h a d w a g e d t h e w a r against F r a n c o , w h i l e n o w it has t u r n e d i n t o a s e r v a n t of t h e bourgeoisie, b e t r a y i n g t h e interests o f t h e S p a n i s h p e o p l e a n d the S p a n i s h p r o l e t a r i a t . C a r r i l l o , the g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y o f t h a t r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y , l e g a l i z e d t h e p a r t y , accepted S u a r e z ' s r e f o r m s , accepted the m o n a r c h y , accepted t h e f l a g of the Spanish m o n a r c h y and declared: We do not w i s h to b u i l d s o c i a l i s m i n the o l d f o r m , w e a r e n o l o n g e r f o r v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n (as M a r x a n d L e n i n advocated), w e c a l l ourselves E u r o c o m m u n i s t a n d w a n t t o g o t o s o c i a l i s m i n p l u r a l i s m t o g e t h e r w i t h a l l t h e o t h e r parties. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t d o c t r i n e o n t h e r e v o l u t i o n i s outdated. Hence, w e see t h a t i n the w o r l d o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l i s m , too, f r o m t i m e t o t i m e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s disg u i s e d a s leftist, b u t w h i c h are a l w a y s r i g h t i s t , are c a r r i e d out i n o r d e r t o h i n d e r t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o deceive the masses o f the people a n d the p r o l e t a r i a t . A n d the p s e u d o Marxists, the revisionists w h o militate in the ranks of the f o r m e r c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n d t h e rest o f the c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e n e w M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m m u n i s t parties, a r e m i x e d u p i n t h i s a n d are a r d e n t l y s e r v i n g t h i s cause. A l s o m a k i n g its b i d o n t h i s course o f the d e f e n c e o f capitalism and imperialism and of A m e r i c a n imperialism, i n p a r t i c u l a r , i s the t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s the p a r t i s a n s o f w h i c h d e n y the r e v o l u t i o n a n d h i n d e r the people's struggle for freedom and independence. F r o m a l l these e v e n t s a n d m a n y o t h e r s l i k e t h e m , w h i c h are n o t a l l t h a t s i m p l e , w e m u s t d r a w m a n y lessons f o r the present a n d f u t u r e o f s o c i a l i s m i n o u r c o u n t r y .
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T h e problems of each stage must be solved w i t h prudence and maturity, never forgetting the future Comrades, H o w i s the s i t u a t i o n w i t h u s ? T h e s i t u a t i o n i n o u r c o u n t r y i s v e r y s o l i d . O u r P a r t y i s o n the s o u n d r a i l s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . Socialism is being built successfully in A l b a n i a , the r e v o l u t i o n a r y , socialist, p a t r i o t i c s p i r i t i s m o u n t i n g e v e r h i g h e r . W e m u s t c o n s o l i d a t e a l l these victories a n d w o r k c o n s i s t e n t l y t o a d v a n c e , a l w a y s g u i d e d b y the compass o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . W e m u s t t h o r o u g h l y master M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m as a t h e o r y , b u t t h i s alone is not e n o u g h . W e m u s t a p p l y t h i s t h e o r y i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s o f the m a n y - s i d e d d e v e l o p m e n t of o u r society, always firmly bearing in mind the fact that our Albanian socialist society is being built and developed in an ocean of capitalist-revisionist hostility , w h i c h i s s t r i v i n g i n e v e r y w a y to e x e r t a d i r e c t or i n d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e to h i n d e r us a n d w h i c h could hinder our advance. T h i s i s w h y o u r P a r t y has a l w a y s stressed this q u e s tion. The communists, the leadership of our Party and state, must know and study all the events occurring in the world, must weigh up these events and draw from them the proper conclusions, whether pleasant or bitter, for us. The p l e a s a n t ones s h o u l d h e l p us to s t r e n g t h e n the s i t u a tion a n d t h e b i t t e r ones, l i k e w i s e , s h o u l d h e l p u s t o t a k e all m e a s u r e s t o e n s u r e t h a t n o t h i n g b a d occurs i n o u r country. T h i s i s a c o n t i n u o u s , s t e r n , a n d m a n y - s i d e d s t r u g gle w h i c h o u r P a r t y m u s t w a g e . Such a thing demands great maturity, cool-headedness, love for socialism, for the Party, for the Homeland, for the things we have achieved and for our people. It demands pure, clear thinking about the consolidation of the unity of the peo-
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ple politically and ideologically under steel unity of the Party. If we do n o t in this way, the possibility that decay w i l l infiltrate into our country comes greater.
O u r P a r t y m u s t a l w a y s b e a r i n m i n d these d a n g e r s w h i c h a s s a i l i t a n d o u r socialist c o u n t r y . I t m u s t w a g e a c o n t i n u o u s s t r u g g l e against these d a n g e r s a n d t h i s is a political-ideological and an economic-organizational struggle. F o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e s o u n d e d u c a t i o n o f t h e cadres o f t h e P a r t y a n d t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e p e o p l e i s o f p r i m e i m p o r t a n c e , because t h e P a r t y a n d t h e p e o p l e h a v e t o understand that socialism can be built only under the leadership of a p a r t y that always applies the principles of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n precisely and in every situation, that socialism can be built successfully and defended f r o m any enemy if the universal truths of the science o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m are p r o p e r l y c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e v a r i o u s s i t u a t i o n s t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e c o u n t r y passes i n t h e course o f its d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e P a r t y has t o u n d e r s t a n d a n d m a k e clear t o t h e masses t h a t each stage of development, of progress, creates new conditions in our socialist society. If these new conditions are created as they should be, the country advances confidently towards progress. If these conditions are not understood and develop in distorted ways, the country does not move in the direction of progress, but towards regression. T h e P a r t y m u s t a l w a y s t a k e account o f these t w o e v e n t u a l i t i e s a n d f i g h t p e r s i s t e n t l y a n d ceaselessly f o r p r o g r e s s against r e g r e s s i o n . T h e e v i l , t h e diseases t h a t c o u l d i n f e c t o u r P a r t y , the w o r k i n g class, t h e p e a s a n t r y o r o u r i n t e l l i g e n t s i a are so numerous and complicated that only a genuine M a r x ist-Leninist p a r t y can classify them and recognize the degree o f t h e i r danger, w h i c h i s n o t t h e same f o r a l l .
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H o w e v e r , t h e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of these illnesses is that t h e y g a t h e r a n d a c c u m u l a t e i n t o a single w h o l e t o damage t h i s h e a l t h y b o d y . A t t h e same t i m e o u r P a r t y must b e a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t r u e d i a g n o s i s f o r a n d a p p l y t h e e f f e c t i v e c u r e to o v e r c o m e each of these illnesses w h i c h appear in the life of our people d u r i n g the period of the c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m . I n o u r c o u n t r y t h e w o r k i n g class u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t P a r t y o f L a b o u r i s i n the l e a d . I t has e s t a b l i s h e d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d each y e a r a n d e a c h f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d i t h a s a c c o m p l i s h e d important economic and cultural plans w h i c h have changed t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o f o u r c o u n t r y . W e are b u i l d i n g a n d w o r k i n g f o r t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f s o c i a l ism, h a v e c r e a t e d t h e n e w m a n w i t h t h e socialist w o r l d outlook a n d are e d u c a t i n g h i m d a y b y d a y . W e h a v e built h e a v y and light i n d u s t r y and along w i t h that we have p l a c e d o u r socialist a g r i c u l t u r e , t h e basis o f o u r e c o n o m y w h i c h i n d u s t r y leads, o n s o u n d f o u n d a t i o n s . A new c u l t u r e o f socialist r e a l i s m i s d e v e l o p i n g a n d a d v a n c ing in a l l forms in our country. W h o l e generations of y o u n g p e o p l e w h o h a v e b e e n b o r n i n s o c i a l i s m are g r o w ing u p i n A l b a n i a , y o u n g p e o p l e w h o are b u i l d i n g s o c i a l ism t h e m s e l v e s , w h o h a v e b e e n e d u c a t e d b y o u r P a r t y and t h e i r p a r e n t s , w h o y e s t e r d a y f o u g h t f o r t h e l i b e r a tion o f t h e c o u n t r y a n d t o d a y are f i g h t i n g f o r t h e const r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n A l b a n i a , f o r t h e defence o f t h e victories a c h i e v e d a n d f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e i n d e p e n dence a n d s o v e r e i g n t y of t h e c o u n t r y . A l l these g e n e r a t i o n s , o l d a n d y o u n g , i n c o m p l e t e unity, t a k e p a r t i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m a n d w o r k together t o e n s u r e t h a t o u r s o c i e t y forges s t e a d i l y a h e a d for the f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces o f the c o u n t r y , f o r t h e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r c u l t u r e and e d u c a t i o n , w i t h a t h o r o u g h l y M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l -
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o g i c a l content, w h i l e p r e s e r v i n g the best f e a t u r e s o f t h e finest t h i n g s i n t h e h e r i t a g e o f o u r p e o p l e . A n d t h e fact is that our culture has been built and developed in conformity with the new socialist structure, has been able to harmonize the moral qualities of our people, their penetrating thinking and fine feelings, with the MarxistLeninist ideology. A l l these v i c t o r i e s o f t h e P a r t y a n d the p e o p l e c o n s t i t u t e a s o l i d f o u n d a t i o n which must be kept sound and pure because the danger exists that it could be damaged. T h e dangers w h i c h t h r e a t e n t o d a m a g e t h i s f o u n d a t i o n are those w h i c h I p o i n t e d o u t a l i t t l e e a r l i e r , t h e r e f o r e , t h e P a r t y m u s t n o t f a i l t o clear these d a n g e r s f r o m its course, f r o m the course o f a d v a n c e t o w a r d s t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f s o c i a l i s m a n d classless c o m m u n i s t society. T a k i n g a l l these t h i n g s i n t o account, i t emerges c l e a r l y what a great role must be played by the Party with its line, which must always be a Marxist-Leninist line in conformity with the conditions of our country, with the stages and the problems of each particular stage, which must be solved prudently and with maturity, while never losing sight of the perspective , the f u t u r e , t h a t we m u s t r e a c h . Well considered, well studied and well applied, the present prepares a clear and brilliant future. If I c a n p u t i t t h i s w a y , w e are c l i m b i n g t h e steps o f t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f o u r society one b y one. W e o v e r t h r e w f e u d a l i s m a n d d r o v e out t h e occupiers, p r o c l a i m e d the People's R e p u b l i c , c o m m e n c e d the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , are w o r k i n g t o consolidate this c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m a n d are c l i m b i n g t o w a r d s c o m m u n i s t society. It will still take decades to reach communist society, because, first of all, our revolution must not suffer any defeat and when I speak of the revolution I have in mind all aspects of it , w h i c h m u s t a d v a n c e h a r m o n i o u s l y , a n d , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n the w o r l d , outside the b o r d e r s o f o u r c o u n t r y ,
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favourable r e v o l u t i o n a r y conditions must be created. That i s t o s a y t h a t c o u n t r i e s a n d peoples m u s t g a i n t h e i r t r u e f r e e d o m , t r u e i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y a n d set out on the c o u r s e of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m . A t a l l t i m e s the P a r t y teaches u s t h a t w e m u s t c a r r y out t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of c u l t u r e a n d e d u c a t i o n a n d t h e defence o f the H o m e l a n d a c c o r d i n g to a l i n e , a c c o r d i n g to a w e l l - c o n s i d e r e d , b a l a n ced p l a n , t h a t is, on t h e basis of a p l a n w h i c h m u s t be a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h t h e c r e a t i v e m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l forces of our people. T h e communists struggle to ensure that the p e o p l e a r e l i n k e d w i t h t h e P a r t y l i k e f l e s h t o bone a n d have c o m p l e t e c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e i r P a r t y , n o t s i m p l y b e cause i t i s i n p o w e r b u t because i t i s t h e v a n g u a r d o f the w o r k i n g class, t h e k e e n w e a p o n o f the w o r k i n g class, formed f r o m the most resolute, advanced and self-sacrifici n g i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a l w a y s l i v e , t h i n k a n d f i g h t f o r the interests of t h e p e o p l e . In the course of our advance and the successes we have achieved we must always examine the shortcomings, mistakes and the difficulties which we have encountered and which we have overcome in many ways. I t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h e P a r t y , t h e p e o p l e a n d the c o m i n g g e n e r a t i o n s r e a l i z e t h a t l i f e is a s t r u g g l e , a class struggle. T h e m o s t a d v a n c e d classes, h e a d e d b y t h e w o r k i n g class, f i g h t c o n t i n u o u s l y , f o u g h t y e s t e r d a y against the e x p l o i t i n g classes w h o w e r e o v e r t h r o w n a n d a r e f i g h t i n g t o d a y a g a i n s t e l e m e n t s a n d r e m n a n t s o f those classes. N e v e r s h o u l d t h e P a r t y a n d o u r p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t the d a n g e r of t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e e x p l o i t i n g classes, e v e n w h e n dressed u p a s r e v i s i o n i s t s , has b e e n e l i m i n a t e d . I n fact, the P a r t y d i d n o t e l i m i n a t e those classes p h y s ically, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f those e l e m e n t s w h o a t t h a t time h a d c o m m i t t e d g r a v e c r i m e s a g a i n s t t h e people, against t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , against t h e
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c o m m o n p r o p e r t y a n d o u r socialist society, o r those w h o d o s o today. A s f o r t h e others, the P a r t y p u t s t h e m t o w o r k l i k e e v e r y b o d y else, i n o r d e r t o e d u c a t e a n d save them through work. Nevertheless, the Party, the people a n d t h e c o m i n g g e n e r a t i o n s m u s t n e v e r a l l o w these e l e m e n t s o f e x p l o i t i n g classes t o b e p l a c e d i n l e a d i n g p o s i tions i n o u r state w i t h o u t h a v i n g passed severe tests o r m a d e great sacrifices. S u c h a t h i n g m u s t b e p r o p e r l y u n d e r s t o o d , because it constitutes a great d a n g e r to t h e fate of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t since t h e r e a c t i o n a r y forces, d e f e a t e d p o l i t i c a l l y , i d e o l o g i c a l l y , m i l i t a r i l y and economically, never for a moment give up the idea of recapturing power and re-establishing the bourgeois state. T h e r e f o r e , o u r w o r k i n g class, p e a s a n t r y a n d people's i n t e l l i g e n t s i a m u s t s a f e g u a r d a n d p r o t e c t t h e state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t f r o m the s t r i v i n g s a n d v i l e s of r e m n a n t s of t h e b o u r g e o i s class, as w e l l as f r o m t h e n e w r e v i s i o n i s t elements w h i c h e m e r g e e v e n i n t h e p e r i o d o f o u r state p o w e r . T h e y h a v e t o b e a r i n m i n d t h a t s u c h elements s t r i v e t o f i n d the f o r m s a n d m e t h o d s i n w h i c h t o operate t o b r i n g a b o u t t h e d e c a y o f t h i s state, t o penetrate gradually into that terrain w h e r e v e r there are weaknesses, w h e r e t h e w o r k o f t h e P a r t y , its p r o p a g a n d a a n d e d u c a t i o n , t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f the P a r t y i n t h e e c o n o m y a n d i n a l l f i e l d s a r e not g i v e n d u e p r o m i n e n c e , a r e n o t p r o p e r l y u t i l i z e d a n d m a d e t h e m o s t o f b y people. A n d t o p r e v e n t this c o m i n g a b o u t e v e r y b o d y m u s t b e b r o u g h t u p i n t h e s p i r i t o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t expresses t h a t c o r rect M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e w h i c h t h e P a r t y l a y s d o w n f o r a l l sectors o f the l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f this line means the advance, the education of the b r o a d masses o f the people i n t h e s p i r i t o f socialist r e a l i s m , the e f f o r t s w h i c h are m a d e t o e d u c a t e a n d t r a n s f o r m
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elements f r o m t h e classes w h i c h lost p o w e r a n d , especially, the c h i l d r e n o f those classes. T h e P a r t y w o r k s t o e n s u r e that these y o u n g people, too, b e c o m e good w o r k e r s , t o cleanse t h e i r consciousness a n d t u r n t h e m i n t o p e o p l e o f o u r society, t h a t is, n o t t o a l l o w these y o u n g p e o p l e w h o s e class o r i g i n i s n o t g o o d t o n u r t u r e secret h o s t i l i t y a n d s t r u g g l e u n d e r c o v e r t o a t t a c k the state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . I n t h e course o f t h i s l o n g , d i f f i c u l t , b u t h e r o i c class s t r u g g l e w h i c h o u r P a r t y has w a g e d s u c c e s s f u l l y , h u n d reds o f e l e m e n t s w h o a r e u n d e s i r a b l e o r h a r m f u l t o o u r society h a v e b e e n h i t , w h i l e o t h e r s h a v e been c r i t i c i z e d for various faults or punished according to the crimes t h e y h a v e c o m m i t t e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , n o t a l l these elements have been isolated a n d we must a l w a y s bear this in m i n d . A g o o d p a r t o f t h e m l i v e i n o u r society, w o r k i n o u r society, h e r e a m o n g us. T h e y h a v e t h e i r o w n c i r c l e a n d r e l a t i v e s , h a v e t h e i r h e i r s w h o , to a g r e a t e r or lesser degree, nurture feelings of resentment over the just punishment of their fathers or their brothers w h o have taken a w r o n g course. I n g e n e r a l , o f course, these i n d i v i d u a l s d o n o t approve the evil activity of the particular member of their family, but the P a r t y is duty bound to w o r k w i t h them so that they not only acknowledge and condemn the m i s t a k e t h e i r r e l a t i v e has m a d e , b u t are also e d u c a t e d and d r a w lessons f r o m t h i s o r t h a t case a n d a r e n o t left harbouring feelings of resentment, even in latent f o r m . This we must achieve through our continuous painstaking w o r k , because at a moment of difficulty f o r s u c h a p e r s o n , this resentment increases and assumes more severe forms , forms w h i c h infect his t h i n k i n g and m a k e it more unhealthy, c l o u d h i s p o l i t i c a l ideas so t h a t he e x e r t s a b a d i n f l u e n c e o n h i s circle, o l d a n d n e w . T h e P a r t y m u s t c o n t i n u e its w o r k f o r the d i f f e r e n t i a t e d e d u c a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s , t h a t is, i t s h o u l d n o t c o n -
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sider e v e r y o n e t o b e o f t h e one l e v e l , w i t h t h e s a m e degree o f i d e o l o g i c a l , p o l i t i c a l , c u l t u r a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l u p l i f t . It must not think that the feelings, aspirations and desires of everybody in our country are clear-cut and that the word of the Party carries the same weight with all. T h e P a r t y s h o u l d n o t p r o c e e d f r o m the i d e a t h a t those persons w h o stick t h e i r n e c k s o u t a b i t o r those w h o t r y t o escape n o t i c e are n o t o n t h e l i n e o f t h e P a r t y a n d i m m e d i a t e l y t a k e a s t a n d against t h e m . W h e n i t comes t o t h e e d u c a t i o n o f people t h e r e a r e cases i n w h i c h i t i s t h o u g h t t h a t a l l o u g h t t o t h i n k i n the s a m e w a y a n d efforts are not made to adapt the propaganda to people las they are, rather than as they ought to be. T h i s is a m a t t e r t h a t I h a v e stressed at other t i m e s , too. O u r p r o p a g a n d a m u s t b e a d a p t e d t o the society a n d t o the people. T h e r e are some e l e m e n t s o f o u r p r o p a g a n d a a n d e d u c a t i o n w h i c h a r e f i x e d , the s a m e f o r a l l , b u t there are also nuances, t h e r e is d e v e l o p m e n t of t h i s e d u c a tion and propaganda w h i c h must avoid stereotypism, routine and bureaucracy. I f a t t e n t i o n i s n o t p a i d t o these m a t t e r s a l l these t h i n g s create a n u n h e a l t h y s i t u a t i o n a m o n g those v a c i l l a t i n g i n d i v i d u a l s w h o are n o t c o m p l e t e l y c o m m i t t e d t o the n e w socialist l i f e , a l t h o u g h t h e y l i k e i t m o r e o r less a n d s t r u g g l e a n d w o r k f o r it, b u t t h e i r s e n t i m e n t s a r e not yet c h a n n e l l e d o n t h e course o f t h e w o r k i n g class, t h e i r ideas are not a l l as clear as t h e y s h o u l d be a n d as the P a r t y w a n t s t h e m t o be. T h e r e f o r e i t i s t h e d u t y o f t h e P a r t y a n d its p r o p a g a n d a t o e d u c a t e a n d t e m p e r these people, to clarify their t h i n k i n g and f o r m sound opinions a m o n g t h e m . T h u s , o u r w h o l e society, o r a t least t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g b u l k o f it, s h o u l d s u p p o r t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n o u r c o u n t r y a n d the l i n e o f t h e P a r t y h e a r t a n d soul, w i t h a l l its p h y s i c a l a n d m e n t a l forces. B u t i s t h i s w o r k done p r o p e r l y b y t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s
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of t h e P a r t y , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s of t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s , t h e y o u t h , t h e w o m e n , etc.? O f course, a l l these o r g a n i z a t i o n s are d o i n g a great d e a l o f w o r k i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n , b u t w h a t I am g e t t i n g at is t h a t the i n t i m a t e , d e t a i l e d , d i f f e r e n t i a t e d w o r k w h i c h the P a r t y r e q u i r e s i s n o t b e i n g done t o t h e e x t e n t a n d i n t h e w a y i t s h o u l d be. M y o p i n i o n i s t h a t t h e cadres o f t h e P a r t y a n d t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f the masses d o n o t a l w a y s e l a b o r a t e t h e l i n e o f the P a r t y extensively and thoroughly so that it is carried to the b r o a d masses o f the p e o p l e w i t h a m i l i t a n t , r e v o l u t i o n a r y spirit, so t h a t it encourages, arouses a n d a c t i v i z e s people. This M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t political-educational work, this r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n , w h i c h goes o n e v e r y m i n u t e a n d h o u r o f t h e day, s h o u l d not w e a r y a n d b o r e people, b u t s h o u l d stimulate them, open up horizons for creative work, for w o r k w h i c h i s e n j o y a b l e a n d f r u i t f u l a t t h e same t i m e . Through well-considered political-educational work we should enable the new man of socialist society to find in the line of the Party, the course in which it leads him, the source of a happy and contented life. T h i s is t h e w a y to combat the old remnants w h i c h we must never imagine have b e e n w i p e d out. Let us take the question of religion, for example. O n t h i s q u e s t i o n t h e r e a r e p e o p l e i n the P a r t y a n d t h e p a r t y c o m m i t t e e s , let a l o n e a m o n g s t t h e masses, w h o think that the influence and remnants of religion were liquidated w i t h the closing of churches and mosques. S u c h a n i d e a i s m i s t a k e n a n d h a r m f u l . T h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f those religious i n s t i t u t i o n s d i d n o t l i q u i d a t e , b u t o n l y w e a k e n e d , the a t a v i s t i c i n f l u e n c e of r e l i g i o u s beliefs. T r u e , as a result o f t h e p r o p a g a n d a o f t h e P a r t y a n d t h e c u l t u r a l and i d e o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e b r o a d masses o b v i o u s successes h a v e b e e n a c h i e v e d i n t h e atheist f o r m a t i o n o f the y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n s , i n p a r t i c u l a r . F r o m the o l d e r generations, too, w e i n h e r i t good t r a d i t i o n s o f a n a t t i t u d e
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of indifference and criticism towards religious institutions w h i c h , in general, have supported the invaders, the bayr a k t a r s , the beys, t h e b i g aghas a n d k u l a k s t h r o u g h o u t t h e h i s t o r y o f o u r people. N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e m u s t not f o r g e t t h a t c u l t u r e a m o n g t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e p e o p l e i s not yet d e v e l o p e d i n s u f f i c i e n t b r e a d t h a n d d e p t h f o r t h e m t o u n d e r s t a n d the w o r t h l e s s n e s s o f t h e o l o g y f r o m the philosophic stand-point and that it is the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t science w h i c h has e x p o s e d t h i s w o r t h l e s s n e s s a n d t h e idealist p h i l o s o p h y w h i c h s u p p o r t s t h e o l o g y . T h e r e fore, e v e r y o n e m u s t u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f r e l i g i o n i s n o t e l i m i n a t e d s o easily. A f t e r s e v e r a l g e n e r a tions t h e P a r t y w i l l s t i l l h a v e t o s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e remnants of religion w h i c h w i l l be expressed in various forms in conformity w i t h the development of our country, w h i l e also b e a r i n g i n m i n d t h e i n f l u e n c e f r o m a b r o a d , because f o r e i g n i n f l u e n c e a n d p r e s s u r e m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o account i n these m a t t e r s . The more vigorous our economic and political-ideological development and the more organized the p r o p a g a n d a a n d e d u c a t i o n a l w o r k o f t h e P a r t y w i t h t h e people, t h e less r o o m t h e r e w i l l b e f o r these r e m n a n t s o f r e l i g i o n to establish themselves. However, we must not forget t h a t a l t h o u g h r e l i g i o n has n o t b e e n s o v i r u l e n t a m o n g s t u s a s i t has b e e n i n o t h e r countries, f o r t h e reasons w h i c h w e h a v e e x p l a i n e d , s t i l l i t has b e e n i n t e r c o n n e c t e d w i t h the events, t h e customs, t h e o p i n i o n s o f A l b a n i a n society of v a r i o u s p e r i o d s a n d has b e e n a b l e to e x e r t a g r e a t e r o r lesser i n f l u e n c e o n these e v e n t s a n d h a p p e n i n g s a n d the c h a r a c t e r o f o u r people. T h e r e f o r e , w e h a v e the d u t y t o c o m b a t these r e m nants in intelligent, p r u d e n t a n d well-organized w a y s and must never overlook them, never underestimate them, because w e see t h a t i n t h e c o u n t r i e s w h e r e m o d e r n revisionism is ruling, such as the Soviet U n i o n and other
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countries, w h e r e t h e n e w b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t class seized power f r o m the proletariat, churches a n d mosques have recommenced their activity, w h i c h they carry on openly. Hence, t h e c o m m u n i s t s m u s t f i g h t w i s e l y i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n and this matter must not be neglected. Likewise, the P a r t y m u s t not t h i n k that a l l its members, w h o have been punished for various faults and have b e e n e x p e l l e d f r o m its r a n k s , a r e f u l l y c o n v i n c e d that t h e P a r t y ' s s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e m h a s b e e n j u s t . N o , it is difficult for them to truly acknowledge and fully a d m i t t h e m i s t a k e a n d f a u l t w h i c h caused t h e i r e x p u l s i o n from the P a r t y . G e n e r a l l y speaking, w i t h i n themselves, they c l i n g t o t h e o p i n i o n a n d f e e l i n g t h a t t h e y w e r e r i g h t , while the P a r t y w h i c h punished them by expelling them f r o m its r a n k s w a s n o t r i g h t . I n t h i s d i r e c t i o n o u r P a r t y has a l w a y s a c t e d c a u t i o u s l y a n d p r u d e n t l y . P e r h a p s , a n occasional m i s t a k e has b e e n m a d e , b u t i t has b e e n c o r rected. M a n y t i m e s t h e P a r t y h a s r e v i e w e d t h e a p p e a l s of these i n d i v i d u a l s a n d has d o n e d e t a i l e d studies of t h e i r cases. I t has r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e p a i d t o those p e o p l e w h o h a v e b e e n i n t h e P a r t y a n d n o w a r e not its m e m b e r s , a n d t a k e s great care t h a t t h e y r e m a i n close t o t h e P a r t y because t h e y k n o w its l i n e , r e c o g n i z e the b e n e f i t s o f t h i s l i n e , b u t t h e y also h a v e t o r e c o g n i z e their m i s t a k e s . T h e d i r e c t i v e w h i c h the P a r t y has i s s u e d a n d c o n s t a n t l y repeats i s t h a t these e l e m e n t s m u s t b e k e p t close t o the P a r t y . I f t h i s d i r e c t i v e i s n o t t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t a n d properly applied, then we ourselves are p e r m i t t i n g the creation o f a c o n t i n g e n t o f p e o p l e w i t h s c h o o l i n g a n d e x perience, b u t w h o h a v e b e e n a n d m a n y s t i l l are i n f e c t e d , who c o u l d i n c r e a s e the c o n t i n g e n t s o f d i s c o n t e n t e d p e o ple w h o , a t t h e m o m e n t , p e r h a p s , d o n o t d i s p l a y t h e i r discontent, b u t a t d i f f i c u l t m o m e n t s w h i c h m i g h t occur for the P a r t y these e l e m e n t s g a t h e r t o g e t h e r a n d a t t e m p t
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t o seize p o w e r , a s has o c c u r r e d i n other c o u n t r i e s w h e r e s o c i a l i s m has b e e n d e s t r o y e d a n d c a p i t a l i s m r e s t o r e d . In our country the peasantry is closely l i n k e d w i t h the w o r k i n g class a n d i s w o r k i n g a n d b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m i n the c o u n t r y s i d e . T h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y c a n see the a d v a n c e s w i t h its o w n eyes. W i t h its m i n d , w i t h its hands, w i t h t h e m o d e r n m e a n s o f a g r i c u l t u r e w h i c h t h e P a r t y a n d t h e people's state p o w e r h a v e s e c u r e d f o r it, w i t h t h e cadres w h i c h the l a t t e r h a v e t r a i n e d , w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o f a g r o - t e c h n i c a l science, i t has c o m p l e t e l y t r a n s f o r m e d t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , a g r i c u l t u r e a n d its l i f e . T h e whole countryside is flourishing. Nevertheless, we must not f a l l i n t o s e l f - s a t i s f a c t i o n , t h i n k i n g t h a t t h e M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t e d u c a t i o n i s u n d e r s t o o d i n a l l its d i m e n s i o n s a n d t h a t t h e r e is a complete, d e e p l y - i m p l a n t e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g about s o c i a l i s m i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e b y t h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y . T h e fact i s t h a t t h e r e a r e c o o p e r a t i v e m e m b e r s w h o are f i n e d b y t h e v i l l a g e p e o p l e ' s c o u r t s . W h y a r e t h e y f i n e d ? T h e y are f i n e d because t h e y d a m a g e t h e c o m m o n p r o p e r t y o f t h e cooperative, e s p e c i a l l y , b y l e t t i n g their household livestock into the fields of the cooperative. T h e i m p o s i t i o n o f f i n e s creates d i s c o n t e n t a m o n g s t t h o s e w h o a r e p u n i s h e d . B u t can t h i s b e a v o i d e d ? O f course, i t can b e a v o i d e d , but, w e m u s t u n d e r s t a n d , n o t w i t h a w a v e of the magic w a n d . S u c h a t h i n g can be avoided only through political and ideological education and technical-organizational measures. ... T h e r e f o r e i t i s i m p e r m i s s i b l e t h a t the s h o r t c o m i n g s a n d w e a k n e s s e s i n t h e w o r k s h o u l d e v e r escape t h e eye o f the P a r t y , because t h e y are l i k e b l a c k o i l stains w h i c h w e m u s t r e m o v e , o t h e r w i s e t h e y ooze a n d s p r e a d a n d c a n become a d a n g e r t o t h e P a r t y a n d s o c i a l i s m a t a n u n g u a r d e d m o m e n t . I f t h e m i s t a k e s a r e a l l o w e d t o get w o r s e
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and assume m a j o r proportions, this shows that the o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f t h e P a r t y are n o t i n r e v o l u t i o n a r y positions, t h a t t h e y h a v e gone t o sleep o r h a v e b e c o m e d i z z y w i t h success, t h a t t h e y h a v e n o t s h a k e n t h e m s e l v e s u p t o get r i d o f t h e dust t h a t g a t h e r s i n t h e course o f t h e w o r k , a n d t h a t t h e y h a v e n o t w a g e d t h e class s t r u g g l e a s t h e y s h o u l d . T h e p r o p e r w a g i n g o f t h e class s t r u g g l e , t h a t is, the a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e l i n e o f t h e P a r t y f r o m the r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a n d - p o i n t , s h o u l d b e c o n c e i v e d not a s i m p o s i tion of the line, but on the contrary, as the adoption, embracing and assimilation w i t h ardent revolutionary desire a n d w i l l o f t h e e n l i g h t e n i n g p r i n c i p l e s o f s c i e n t i f i c socialism and the m a j o r tasks w h i c h the P a r t y lays d o w n f o r t h e g o o d o f t h e H o m e l a n d a n d t h e people. T h e r e f o r e , careful w o r k must be done to ensure proper understandi n g o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , its l a w s , t h e d e m o c r a c y f o r t h e people, p r o l e t a r i a n d i s c i p l i n e a n d s o on. P r o v i d e d t h e w o r k i s d o n e s o t h a t p r o p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f these t h i n g s i s a c h i e v e d w e w i l l b e a b l e t o c o m b a t those e v i l s w h i c h I m e n t i o n e d above, t o educate o u r p e o ple in the r i g h t spirit, to overcome the ills and the r e m nants of the past and, in this w a y , we shall achieve the success w e d e s e r v e d w h i l e g e t t i n g r i d o f t h e slag, because there w i l l a l w a y s b e some slag, b u t t h e m o r e w e a d v a n c e i n t h i s M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y s p i r i t t h e less s l a g t h e r e w i l l be. The line of the Party must be understood properly by everybody; it is neither opportunist nor sectarian. It has been s a i d t h a t t h e p r e s e n t d a n g e r i s r i g h t o p p o r t u n i s m . T h i s i s t r u e , b u t l e f t o p p o r t u n i s m , s e c t a r i a n i s m , i s n o less dangerous t h a n r i g h t o p p o r t u n i s m . T h e l i n e o f t h e P a r t y is opposed to these t w o e x t r e m e s . The ideology of our Party is that ideology which fights opportunism, but it also fights sectarianism at the same time. T o some i t seems t h a t these a r e m o m e n t s i n w h i c h
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t o b e s e c t a r i a n . T h e y a r e w r o n g , because s e c t a r i a n i s m a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e s u p p o s i n g f o r a m o m e n t t h a t it is a n d o u g h t to be on t h e a g e n d a causes discontent a m o n g people, imposes a r e s t r i c t i o n a n d an o b l i g a t i o n o u t s i d e the n o r m s o f the P a r t y . S e c t a r i a n i s m i s caused b y those w h o t h i n k t h e y are o m n i p o t e n t , those w h o a r e c o n c e i t e d a n d a r r o g a n t . I t has t o b e r e a l i z e d t h a t a n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s conceal t h i s a r r o g a n c e a n d conceit b y a l l e g e d l y f i g h t i n g c e r t a i n o p p o r t u n i s t m a n i f e s t a t i o n s . H e n c e , sectarianism increases the ranks of the discontented who at the moment are keeping quiet, but at some dangerous moment, w h e n t h e y t h i n k t h a t t h e i r t i m e has c o m e t h e y w i l l s a y : N o w w e c a n b r e a t h e f r e e l y , a n d cause disaster. Those comrades who think that sectarianism is not dangerous at this moment are preparing the opportunism of the future. T h e r e f o r e , the Party is obliged to fight the two extremes, both the current opportunism and the current sectarianism. A n d i t a d v i s e s a n d i n s t r u c t s t h a t c o r rect M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t stands m u s t b e m a i n t a i n e d . T h e P a r t y a t t a c k s t h e class e n e m y w i t h o u t m e r c y . I n a l l its i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d a c t i v i t y i t c o n s i s t e n t l y d e m a n d s that the u n i t y w i t h the people must be safeguarded and strengthened. T h e sound u n i t y of the people a r o u n d the P a r t y is safeguarded, developed and strengthened w h e n the line of the P a r t y is applied wisely, w i t h o u t d e v i a tions e i t h e r t o t h e l e f t o r t o t h e r i g h t , t h a t is, w h e n t h e P a r t y condemns sectarianism and opportunism, and w h e n I s a y c o n d e m n s I m e a n t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n a n d correct o r g a n i z a t i o n a l measures, a n d w i t h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m e a sures o n l y w h e n necessary. A d m i n i s t r a t i v e m e a s u r e s are a l w a y s the last resort, w h e n t h e c u p i s f u l l , w h i l e e d u c a tion must be daily. As I said earlier, in life the characters o f i n d i v i d u a l s are m o u l d e d i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s , w i t h d i f f e r e n t intensities a n d i n t h e course o f t h e w o r k one u n d e r s t a n d s a n d proceeds m o r e c o r r e c t l y w h i l e a n o t h e r
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goes a l i t t l e astray, a n d hence, he m u s t be b r o u g h t b a c k t o t h e r i g h t r o a d , one a d v a n c e s q u i c k l y , the o t h e r s l o w l y , o r s t i c k s i n t h e one p l a c e a n d s o o n . H e n c e , i n r e g a r d t o a l l these questions, i f t h e l i n e o f t h e P a r t y i s t h o r o u g h l y studied a n d p r o p e r l y a p p l i e d b y t h e P a r t y m e m b e r s , b y the a c t i v i s t s a n d t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e people, i t w i l l b e seen t h a t i t c o n t a i n s a l l these a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m s a n d methods o f w o r k w h i c h p u t p e o p l e o n a s o u n d basis a n d consolidate t h e t r i u m p h o f s o c i a l i s m i n o u r c o u n t r y .
No situation must catch us off guard A l l these p r o b l e m s I h a v e r a i s e d t o p o i n t o u t t h a t the P a r t y a n d its l e a d e r s h i p m u s t devote c o n t i n u o u s care t o see h o w t h e l i n e o f t h e P a r t y i s a p p l i e d i n a l l its aspects a n d t o t a k e a p p r o p r i a t e m e a s u r e s t o e n s u r e t h a t e v e r y t h i n g i s done c o r r e c t l y a n d i n t i m e a n d t o create contentment w i t h t h e i r w o r k a n d l i f e a m o n g t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e p e o p l e . T h e y m u s t d e v e l o p c r e a t i v e t h i n k ing, i n c u l c a t e t h e sense of l o v e a m o n g s t people, a r e v o l u tionary love, not clanish but proletarian, educate people to t h i n k w i t h p u r e proletarian justice, the justice of the masses in e v e r y t h i n g . The Party should combat the bad traits which emerge and develop in an unformed character and should work ceaselessly to ensure that the character of each individual is imbued with the Marxist-Leninist ideology and lofty human virtues. I a m s a y i n g a l l these t h i n g s s o t h a t t h e P a r t y w i l l bear i n m i n d t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c a c h i e v e m e n t s p l a y a decisive r o l e in t h e p r o g r e s s of o u r s o c i e t y a n d the economic development must be guided by a correct, wise, far-sighted policy. We must never blunder on blindly, without weighing up the possibilities and defining clear objectives for the present and the future.
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W e m u s t s t r i v e t o e n s u r e that o u r c o u n t r y , o u r e c o n o m y a n d o u r society are a l w a y s a d v a n c i n g a n d d e v e l o p i n g . I f w e d o not s t r u g g l e a n d w o r k o n t h i s course, not only w i l l socialism not be built, but the foundations o f t h i s society w i l l b e w e a k e n e d a n d s o w i l l t h a t cohesion w h i c h keeps o u r p e o p l e a l i v e a n d s t r o n g as a p e o p l e a n d a n a t i o n . T h o s e peoples w h o do not a d v a n c e are d o o m e d t o disappear. T h e h i s t o r y o f m a n k i n d o v e r m a n y t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s c o n f i r m s this. We A l b a n i a n s are a people who, t h r o u g h the centuries, h a v e f o u g h t , h a v e w o r k e d , h a v e a d v a n c e d a n d w e h a v e h a d defeats, too, b u t w e h a v e n o t d i s a p p e a r e d . O f a l l t h e I l l y r i a n t r i b e s w e A l b a n i a n s are t h e o n l y ones w h o are l i v i n g a n d a d v a n c i n g a n d n o w w e are b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m . T h i s is a special, d i s t i n g u i s h i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a people w i t h v i t a l i t y , a p e o p l e w h o h a v e k n o w n h o w t o survive, w h o have understood that development gives y o u l i f e , progress gives y o u s t r e n g t h , i m p e l s y o u t o a d v a n c e , that it transforms m a n , the economy and culture and ensures the t r a n s i t i o n f r o m one f o r m o f s o c i e t y t o a n o ther more advanced form. Therefore, we must never allow these v i r t u e s t o b e lost, b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y , m u s t g i v e them brilliance and encourage them to f l o u r i s h as never b e f o r e because n o w w e a r e g u i d e d b y a v a n g u a r d P a r t y w h i c h develops these v i r t u e s w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y rates, i m p l a n t s t h e m i n t h e consciousness a n d t h e l i f e o f t h e w o r k i n g people, m a k e s these r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r i n c i p l e s a n d p r a c tices t h e f l e s h a n d b l o o d o f o u r p e o p l e w h o a r e f o r g i n g ahead, l i v i n g h a p p i l y , s t r u g g l i n g w i t h c o u r a g e a n d c o n fidence, o v e r c o m i n g t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s , b u i l d i n g a n d a d v a n c i n g . T h e r e f o r e , at all times and in every action, we members of the Party of Labour of Albania must think about our people, about our Homeland, must protect this people and this Homeland from the many dangers which assail them from within and without, because the internal
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dangers are always linked with the external ones. W h e n w e h a v e a h e a l t h y , clean, r e v o l u t i o n a r y i n t e r n a l s i t u a t i o n there i s less r o o m f o r a n y e v i l a n d the r e g r e s s i v e c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y e x t e r n a l s i t u a t i o n has less i n f l u e n c e i n t e r n a l l y . T h e r e f o r e , we must give unremitting attention, in a correct Marxist-Leninist revolutionary w a y to the present so that no evil will occur in the future to our socialist Homeland, our heroic Party and the younger generations of our country. T h e P a r t y m u s t u n d e r s t a n d the stages o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f socialist society, m u s t u n d e r s t a n d t h a t d e v e l o p ment, w h e t h e r e c o n o m i c , c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l , o r i d e o l o g i c a l , creates n e w o p i n i o n s , creates n e w desires a n d d e m a n d s , gives b i r t h t o a s p i r a t i o n s a n d hopes, w h i c h m u s t n o t b e u n d e r r a t e d because t h e y c o n s t i t u t e t h i s r i c h m a t e r i a l a n d spiritual h u m a n life w h i c h we must always build and keep p u r e a n d h e a l t h y . T h e coming generations of our country, w h o w i l l live i n a p e r i o d m o r e a d v a n c e d t h a n this o f ours, m u s t u n derstand this dialectical development, this materialist d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r society, w h e n c e w e h a v e come, h o w we have developed, w h a t difficulties we have overcome, what line we have applied, w h a t orientations we have w o r k e d out a n d w h a t w e r e t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f t h i s a d vanced society, t h e blessings o f w h i c h t h e y w i l l e n j o y . Hence, t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e n e w g e n e r a t i o n s h o u l d n o t t h i n k t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h t h e y l i v e has come about s p o n t a n e o u s l y , or t h a t t h i s is a s t a t i c s i t u a t i o n w h i c h w i l l not u n d e r g o f u r t h e r changes. N o , i t w i l l change, b u t the Party must educate the coming generations so that the changes are always made towards progress, t o w a r d s classless society, t o w a r d s c o m m u n i s m and not t o w a r d s d e g e n e r a t i o n a s o c c u r e d i n the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the o t h e r f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s . O u r P a r t y , the present a n d f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s , w i l l f i g h t together
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w i t h the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the peoples s o t h a t r e v o l u t i o n s w i l l b r e a k out i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , too, t o b r i n g about t h e collapse o f t h e o l d oppressive, b o u r geois-capitalist society a n d i n p l a c e o f i t b u i l d a n e w society, socialist society. Hence, our Party, the members of our Party, w h e r e v e r t h e y l i v e a n d w o r k , m u s t not p l o d o n l i k e c a r t horses, m u s t n o t h a v e a l i m i t e d v i e w o f t h e i r duties, b u t as communists must extend the range of their vision beyond their set job, beyond their set task, and understand that they have a great mission and role and heavy responsibility. T h e w o r k of a c o m m u n i s t does n o t e n d s i m p l y w i t h the accomplishment of this or that i n d i v i d u a l t a s k w h i c h has b e e n a l l o c a t e d t o h i m . T h e c o m m u n i s t has the d u t y t o l e a d , t o l e a d t h e people, t o l e a d t h e class o n u n t r o d d e n paths, f i n d t h e s o l u t i o n t o f u t u r e p r o b l e m s a n d create t h e m e a n s i n o r d e r t o b u i l d t h i s n e w r o a d i n u n i t y o f t h o u g h t a n d deed. O n l y i n t h i s w a y w i l l t h e present and future line of our Party, w h i c h is enlightened b y the t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n , b e applied. The members of the P a r t y must never forget this great d u t y a n d m u s t n e v e r d o i m p r u d e n t , i l l - c o n s i d e r e d t h i n g s i n t h e i r actions a n d c o n d u c t a t h o m e , a t w o r k a n d i n society. I n t h e i r t h o u g h t s a n d deeds e v e r y t h i n g s h o u l d b e b a l a n c e d . T h o s e w h o t h i n k a n d act i n t h i s w a y s e r v e t h e P a r t y best, f u r t h e r e n h a n c e its g r e a t r o l e a n d t h i n k o f t h e interests o f t h e p e o p l e a n d t h e i r f u t u r e . I n t h i s w a y alone t h e l i n e o f t h e P a r t y a n d its a p p l i c a t i o n are m a d e m o r e clear, t h e p r o p a g a n d a becomes m o r e clear, t h e p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y stands o u t m o r e b r i l l i a n t l y a n d t h e s t r u g g l e against b u r e a u c r a c y , i n d i f f e r e n c e , i n e r t i a , r o u t i n e a n d p e r s o n a l interest, w h i c h i s f r e q u e n t l y g i v e n precedence o v e r t h e g e n e r a l interest, i s w a g e d w i t h g r e a t e r success, a n d p e r s o n a l s q u a b b l e s w i t h t h i s one o r that, cases o f f a v o u r i t i s m , e v i l customs a n d u n p l e a s a n t
THE PRESENT STANDS ON STEEL FOUNDATIONS b e h a v i o u r a r e a v o i d e d . A l l these things constitute complex of problems of life, which only a person political and ideological clarity can solve correctly, the evils, and get rid of the bad things from his consciousness and from the life of society.
231 that with cure own
A M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t understands that this developm e n t p r o c e e d s t h r o u g h t h e class s t r u g g l e , w h i c h i s t h e p o w e r f u l e n g i n e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e n e w socialist society, a n d t h a t t h i s class s t r u g g l e i s w a g e d w i t h i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e p e o p l e a n d also i n s i d e the P a r t y . T h i s m e a n s that w i t h i n o u r s o c i e t y t h e r e a r e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h we must k n o w h o w to resolve correctly, and such contradictions w i l l e x i s t i n t h e f u t u r e , too. A s a r e s u l t o f t h e experience gained we should have fewer non-antagonistic contradictions and should w o r k patiently and persistently to resolve t h e m correctly. However, it is impossible that i n t h i s s t r u g g l e w e w i l l n o t r u n u p against r e m n a n t s and o l d w a y s o f t h i n k i n g w h i c h m a y b e a d v e r t i s e d a s modern, b u t w h i c h , i n fact, are s t i l l regressive, j u s t a s dangerous a s t h e o l d r e m n a n t s a n d w a y s o f t h i n k i n g . The m o d e r n d e g e n e r a t i o n w h i c h the a n t i - M a r x i s t i d e ologies i n t h e s e r v i c e o f c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y t r y t o s p r e a d contains i n i t s e l f r e m n a n t s o f t h e p a s t c l o a k e d w i t h n e w forms o f d e g e n e r a t i o n d e v e l o p e d i n i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h i s i n d e c a y a n d s t r i v i n g t o a v o i d g i v i n g u p t h e ghost b y doing its u t m o s t t o d e g e n e r a t e a n d c o r r u p t t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e p e o p l e a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , w h o a r e s t r i v i n g t o d e s t r o y i m p e r i a l i s m once a n d f o r a l l . O u r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t P a r t y m u s t become a n i n s u r mountable barrier, made m o r e and m o r e p o w e r f u l each day against these e v i l s . It must forge a sound unity of the old cadres with the new cadres, must inspire the old cadres, who will hand on to the youth the majestic banner of the war-time generation, to do everything in their power to continue to struggle and, if need be, to make
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new sacrifices for the future of the younger generation and the generations to come. T h r o u g h its w o r k , also, t h e P a r t y m u s t make the younger generation acquainted with the period in which their parents lived, so that they understand the difficulties which they overcame and the methods they employed, and appreciate those good methods which were sometimes severe, because the situation demanded them. Nevertheless, this has always been a revolutionary, Marxist-Leninist severity. It has n e v e r b e e n a s e v e r i t y f o r c o e r c i o n , on t h e c o n t r a r y , i t has b e e n s e v e r i t y i n o r d e r t o create a s o u n d s i t u a t i o n , a n e w f u t u r e , i n w h i c h t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f the elderly is combined w i t h that of the younger generation in a u n i t y of complete serenity, sincerity a n d love for one another, a l o v e w h i c h c h a r a c t e r i z e s the u n i t y of the P a r t y and the u n i t y of our nation. N o s i t u a t i o n o f a n y sort m u s t f i n d o u r r e v o l u t i o n a r y w o r k i n g class, o u r p r o g r e s s i v e p e o p l e a n d o u r M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t P a r t y u n p r e p a r e d a n d off g u a r d . A t n o t i m e s h o u l d t h e r e b e d i v i s i o n s s u c h a s t h e r e w e r e a n d are i n the f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s , b u t t h e r e s h o u l d a l w a y s be a c o n t i n u o u s u n i t y o f g e n e r a t i o n s f o r t h e ideals o f c o m m u n i s m . I t m u s t b e i m p l a n t e d d e e p l y i n people's m i n d s , s o that all of us understand politically and ideologically t h a t t h e p e o p l e a r e i m m o r t a l , t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class i s the m o s t a d v a n c e d class, i s i n t h e l e a d o f the c o u n t r y a n d t h a t the P a r t y a n d t h e P a r t y a l o n e i s t h e k e e n edge o f t h e s w o r d o f the w o r k i n g class w h i c h n e v e r gets r u s t y . I t a l w a y s r e m a i n s g l e a m i n g a n d s t r o n g i f its t h e o r y a n d i t s l i n e are u n d e r s t o o d a n d a p p l i e d c o r r e c t l y . W e m u s t c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h i s w i t h a l l o u r s t r e n g t h , because t h i s i s the k e y w h i c h h e l p s a n d w i l l a l w a y s h e l p t o s o l v e a l l the present a n d f u t u r e p r o b l e m s c o r r e c t l y . Reports and Speeches, 1978-1979
PROLETARIAN DEMOCRACY IS GENUINE DEMOCRACY
Speech delivered at the meeting of the General Council of the Democratic Front of Albania
September 20, 1978
Comrades, As y o u have been informed, the P r e s i d i u m of the People's A s s e m b l y has i s s u e d the decree o n t h e e l e c t i o n of the deputies to the 9th Legislature of the People's A s sembly, t o b e h e l d o n N o v e m b e r 12, t h i s y e a r . A t t h i s meeting of the G e n e r a l C o u n c i l of the Democratic Front, we shall take up the tasks facing our organization over the e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n a n d its s u c c e s s f u l c o n c l u s i o n . E l e c t i o n s to t h e P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y are a g r e a t p o l i t ical e v e n t d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n i n g a l l t h e c i t i z e n s o f o u r R e p u b lic, because t h e y w i l l elect t h e d e p u t i e s t o t h e s u p r e m e state o r g a n w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s a n d expresses t h e w i l l a n d s o v e r e i g n t y of the people. I n o u r c o u n t r y , elections t o t h e P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y have a l w a y s b e e n a p o w e r f u l m a n i f e s t a t i o n of the u n i t y o f t h e p e o p l e r a l l i e d a r o u n d the P a r t y , o f t h e i r d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o d e f e n d t h e H o m e l a n d a n d p r o m o t e t h e cause of socialism in A l b a n i a . These outstanding characteristics will be expressed even more p o w e r f u l l y in the forthcoming elections, too. It is the d u t y of the Democratic Front, under the.
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l e a d e r s h i p o f the P a r t y , t o t u r n t h i s c a m p a i g n i n t o a n all-round political, economic and cultural action of the b r o a d w o r k i n g masses. T h e e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n m u s t i n spire an even greater enthusiasm a n d m o r e vigorous d r i v e a t w o r k o f t h e w o r k i n g class, t h e c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y a n d the people's i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , i n o r d e r t o f u l f i l t h e i r tasks i n a l l f i e l d s , e s p e c i a l l y t o c o n c l u d e t h i s year's state p l a n w i t h success a n d t o m a k e t h e best p o s sible p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r n e x t y e a r . T h e A l b a n i a n p e o p l e come t o t h e n e w elections m o r e than ever united around the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t line of the P a r t y , f i r m l y c o n v i n c e d o f its correctness a n d d e t e r m i n e d t o c a r r y i t o u t t o t h e letter. O u r p e o p l e are c h a r a c t e r i z e d by their healthy patriotic spirit, boundless love for their socialist H o m e l a n d a n d u n f l i n c h i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o s a f e g u a r d its f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y . T h e e n t i r e A l b a n i a n people's u n a n i m o u s e n d o r s e m e n t of and support for the stand of our P a r t y and G o v e r n ment towards the counter-revolutionary and a n t i - A l b a n i a n acts o f the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h i p once a g a i n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r close ties w i t h t h e P a r t y , t h e i r d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o cope w i t h a n y d i f f i c u l t y a n d t o b r e a k a n y imperialist-revisionist blockade and encirclement. T h e N o v e m b e r elections f i n d o u r c o u n t r y w i t h a s t r o n g e c o n o m y , a stable a n d d y n a m i c e c o n o m y w h i c h develops h a r m o n i o u s l y a n d u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y . T h i s i s a r e s u l t o f t h e correct l i n e p u r s u e d b y t h e P a r t y f o r t h e all-round development and progress of the country. ... * * *
The People's Socialist R e p u b l i c of A l b a n i a and our s o c i a l i s t society are r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e c a p i t a l i s t
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a n d r e v i s i o n i s t states a n d societies i n t h e v a r i o u s c o u n tries o f t h e w o r l d . I n w h a t does t h i s d i f f e r e n c e consist? I n t h e f i r s t place, i t consists i n t h e e c o n o m i c base, t h e social s t r u c t u r e a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e w h i c h r e f l e c t s t h i s base. I n c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t societies, t h e base a n d the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e h a v e a n a n t a g o n i s t i c i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e w h e r e a s i n o u r socialist s o c i e t y t h e y a r e f r e e f r o m class antagonisms and, as such, they are constantly perfected. I n o u r c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e base a n d t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , w h i c h characterize every socio-economic formation, we are g u i d e d b y t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r i n c i p l e s i n h e r i t e d f r o m Marx, Engels, L e n i n and Stalin. O u r P a r t y has correctly m a s t e r e d a n d i m p l e m e n t e d these p r i n c i p l e s i n t h e o r y a n d practice, t h a t i s w h y o u r c o u n t r y , once e c o n o m i c a l l y p o o r and c u l t u r a l l y a n d e d u c a t i o n a l l y b a c k w a r d , has been t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a free, i n d e p e n d e n t a n d s o v e r e i g n c o u n t r y w i t h a d e v e l o p e d socialist e c o n o m y , a n a d v a n c e d culture, e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m a n d science, a p o w e r f u l d e fence p o t e n t i a l a n d a correct a n d p r i n c i p l e d f o r e i g n p o l i c y . T h e c o n n e c t i o n a n d i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n the base a n d the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , i n w h i c h t h e p r i n c i p a l r o l e i s p l a y e d b y t h e e c o n o m i c base, a s w e l l a s t h e c o n t i n u o u s r e v o l u t i o n i z a t i o n o f o u r socialist s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , h a v e c o n v i n c e d our p e o p l e a b o u t t h e correct r o a d of p r o g r e s s of o u r socialist society. T h e w o r k i n g class, its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t v a n g u a r d , h a v e l e d u s o n t h e course o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , a n d t h a t i s w h y great successes h a v e b e e n achieved o n t h i s r o a d . I n t h e P e o p l e ' s S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a , the w o r k i n g class, the cooperativist p e a s a n t r y a n d other working people exercise power through the representative o r g a n s a s w e l l a s d i r e c t l y . I n A l b a n i a t h e masses o f the p e o p l e a c t i v e l y p a r t i c i p a t e i n g o v e r n i n g t h e c o u n t r y , in managing the economy, in discussing laws and economi c plans, i n c h e c k i n g u p o n t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e organs
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o f p o w e r , a n d s o o n . T h e y h a v e the r i g h t t o a i r t h e i r views freely on a l l problems of social or personal interest. T h e y h a v e been g i v e n t h i s r i g h t b y the P a r t y u n d e r t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , therefore, i n socialist A l b a n i a alone can there be talk of genuine democracy in the f u l l m e a n i n g o f the w o r d , w h i c h i s n o t o n l y p r o c l a i m e d i n w o r d s b u t g u a r a n t e e d i n deeds a s w e l l . T h e s e r i g h t s a r e f o r m a l l y proclaimed by the bourgeois and revisionist C o n s t i t u tions, too, b u t i n r e a l i t y , t h e y d o n o t g u a r a n t e e t h e p r e m i s e s f o r the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e r i g h t s p r o c l a i m e d . A t t a c k i n g t h e b o u r g e o i s d e c e p t i o n o f the s o - c a l l e d e q u a l i t y o f r i g h t s i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t state, S t a l i n w r o t e t h a t t h e y
Talk of equality of citizens, but they forget that there can be no genuine equality between boss and worker, between landowner and peasant so long as the former are in possession of wealth and political power in society and the latter are deprived of both, so long as the former are the exploiters and the latter the exploited.*
In our country socialism is being built successfully i n t h e economic, c u l t u r a l , e d u c a t i o n a l , s c i e n t i f i c , defence a n d other fields, i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e people. A l b a n i a i s s t e a d i l y f o r g i n g a h e a d t o w a r d s a n a d v a n c e d socialist society a n d p r e s e r v i n g t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f t h e people i n t a c t . O u r C o n s t i t u t i o n r e a d s : A l l state p o w e r in the People's Socialist R e p u b l i c of A l b a n i a e m a n ates f r o m a n d belongs t o t h e w o r k i n g people. O u r P a r t y has w o r k e d c o n s t a n t l y t o e n s u r e t h a t o u r c o u n t r y i s l i b e r a t e d f r o m f o r e i g n e r s i n e v e r y respect, that it is completely independent of the outside w o r l d a n d n e v e r e n d a n g e r e d b y t h e classes w h i c h o u r r e v o l u t i o n has d e p r i v e d o f t h e i r economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d m o r a l p o w e r .
____________________________ * J. V. S t a l i n . Works, v o l . 14, p. 61, A l b . ed.
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O u r Marxist-Leninist P a r t y is inspired and nourished b y the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y a n d its o n l y a i m i s t o raise t h e w e l l b e i n g o f t h e people, t o c o m p l e t e t h e construction of socialism under the dictatorship of the proletariat. T h e socialist s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s y s t e m c a n n o t s u r v i v e w i t h o u t t r u e p r o l e t a r i a n d e m o c r a c y , w i t h o u t close a n d sincere c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s s t r a t a o f t h e w o r k i n g masses w h i c h t h e P a r t y m a k e s conscious. O u r society i s d i s t i n c t i v e because i t i s g o v e r n e d b y t h e l a w s o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d socialist d e m ocracy, a n d i s conscious t h a t t h e r i g h t s a n d d u t i e s o f citizens a r e b u i l t u p o n t h e basis o f r e c o n c i l i n g t h e i n t e r ests o f s o c i e t y a n d t h e i n d i v i d u a l , g i v i n g p r i o r i t y t o t h e general interests. T h e p r i o r i t y o f t h e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t m u s t guide e v e r y b o d y ' s t h o u g h t s a n d a s p i r a t i o n s . F o r t h e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t t o t a k e p r e c e d e n c e a n d t h e blessings o f o u r socialist s y s t e m b e r e a l i z e d , b r o a d p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g masses i n r u n n i n g t h e state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the proletariat and the economy is an absolute necessity. We can say p r o u d l y that our country is t r u l y socialist. T h e r e i s n o o t h e r c o u n t r y i n t h e w o r l d w h e r e citizens are s o e q u a l b e f o r e t h e l a w , w h e r e d i f f e r e n t i a l s b e t w e e n workers' wages and officials' salaries are so s m a l l as in our c o u n t r y . T h e r a t i o o f r e m u n e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e w o r k e r a n d t h e h i g h e s t r a n k i n g f u n c t i o n a r y i s one t o t w o . Foreigners ask: H o w is it possible that the difference between s a l a r i e s o f h i g h r a n k i n g f u n c t i o n a r i e s a n d w o r k ers' wages, is so s m a l l ? T h e a n s w e r to t h i s q u e s t i o n is not d i f f i c u l t . T h i s i s s o i n o u r c o u n t r y because t h e state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , w i t h its j u s t l a w s , has s a n c t i o n e d the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r i n c i p l e s i n r e g a r d to remuneration. R e f e r r i n g to this problem, L e n i n w r o t e that t h e t u r n f r o m b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y t o p r o l e t a r i a n democracy is
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... the abolition... of all monetary privileges to officials, the reduction of the remuneration of all servants of the state to the level of workmen's wages'.*
O n e o f the m e a s u r e s t a k e n b y t h e P a r i s C o m m u n e w h i c h M a r x l a i d stress o n w a s t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e p a y o f officials. We allow no distortion in the implementation o f the p r i n c i p l e o f r e m u n e r a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a m o u n t o f w o r k done, hence t h e r e i s not, n o r w i l l t h e r e e v e r be, a n y s t r a t u m o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e p l a c i n g itself a b o v e t h e others a n d t a k i n g decisions a c c o r d i n g t o its desires a n d interests. I n the People's S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a , not o n l y has the w a y b e e n b a r r e d b y l a w t o r e v i s i o n i s t t e n dencies, but great e d u c a t i v e w o r k i s b e i n g done t o m a k e people i n c r e a s i n g l y conscious s o t h a t e v e r y w o r k e r i s p a i d according to the quantity and q u a l i t y of w o r k accomp l i s h e d . E x c e p t f o r some degenerate e l e m e n t s t h e b u l k o f t h e m e m b e r s o f o u r society r e g a r d p u r i f y i n g t h e i r conscience of c a p i t a l i s t h a n g o v e r s as a m a j o r d u t y . In o u r c o u n t r y l o v e a n d respect o f m a n f o r m a n has b e e n s t r e n g t h e n e d . E v e r y o n e does p a t i e n t w o r k t o h e l p h i s c o m r a d e correct h i s m i s t a k e s a n d c o n d e m n s a n y v i o l a t i o n o f t h e l a w s r e g u l a t i n g t h e j u r i d i c a l r e l a t i o n s a n d socialist n o r m s of o u r society. T h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n has b e e n a c h i e v e d b e cause t h e r e i s c o m p l e t e f r e e d o m o f speech i n o u r c o u n t r y , w i t h t h o r o u g h a n d e x t e n s i v e discussions o f m o s t v a r i e d p r o b l e m s b y t h e masses, a n d because t r u e p r o l e t a r i a n d e m o c r a c y i s i m p l e m e n t e d i n a consistent m a n n e r . T h i s accounts f o r o u r s i t u a t i o n . Let those w h o think that there is no freedom for
___________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 25, p. 496, A l b . e d .
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citizens a n d n o d e m o c r a c y , because t h e r e i s n o p l u r a l i t y o f p a r t i e s a n d n o endless t a l k i n g i n p a r l i a m e n t i n A l b a nia, say w h a t they w i l l . T h e most complete freedom for the w o r k i n g masses i n t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e a n d d e m o c r a t i c f o r m s , e x i s t s here, o t h e r w i s e the c o u n t r y w o u l d not h a v e f l o u r i s h e d a s i t has a n d t h e m o n o l i t h i c u n i t y of the people a r o u n d the P a r t y could not have been a c h i e v e d . O u r P a r t y - p e o p l e u n i t y i s the k e y t o o u r v i c tories, a n d i t i s p r e c i s e l y w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f c o r r o d i n g this g o l d e n k e y t h a t t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t enemies resort t o t h e m o s t c y n i c a l c a l u m n i e s . If some bourgeois or revisionist foreigner w e r e to l i s t e n t o discussions b y t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e p e o p l e in our People's Assembly, he m i g h t say: There is no debate h e r e a s i n o u r p a r l i a m e n t s . T h i s i s n o t n o r m a l . I t i s t r u e t h a t t h e r e i s n o debate f o r debate's s a k e i n t h e People's A s s e m b l y , b u t t h i s does n o t m e a n t h a t t h e r e i s n o debate. P o l i t i c a l o r e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m s t a k e n t o the P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y f o r d i s c u s s i o n h a v e p r e v i o u s l y been f i e r y a n d c o n s t r u c t i v e l y d e b a t e d , s u b j e c t e d t o discussion a n d suggestions i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e w o r k i n g masses a n d t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a n d t h e d e p u t i e s h a v e t o attend t h e m i n o r d e r t o l i s t e n t o t h e v o i c e o f t h e masses and a c t i v e l y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n . N o t h i n g has been a c h i e v e d s m o o t h l y i n peace a n d q u i e t a s t h i s o r t h a t person m a y w i s h , o r t h r o u g h d i c t a t e f r o m a b o v e ; b u t e v e r y t h i n g has b e e n v i e w e d f r o m t h e a n g l e o f t h e g e n e r a l interest. S o l o n g a s p r o b l e m s h a v e b e e n discussed a n d thrashed o u t b e f o r e b e i n g t a k e n t o t h e h i g h e s t o r g a n o f the people's p o w e r f o r e n d o r s e m e n t , w h y s h o u l d w e e n gage i n d e b a t e f o r debate's sake, s h o u t a n d s c r e a m a t each o t h e r i n o u r A s s e m b l y , j u s t to m a k e a s h o w o f democracy, a s i n t h e b o u r g e o i s p a r l i a m e n t s . I t i s n o t t r u e t h a t t h e r e i s n o debate i n o u r organs o f state p o w e r , e i t h e r i n t h e P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y o r i n t h e
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people's c o u n c i l s a t a l l levels. N o t o n l y i n t h e o r g a n s o f state p o w e r , b u t also a t w o r k e r s ' m e e t i n g s , w h e n a p l a n or law is under discussion there are m a n y contributions i n the s p i r i t o f a b r o a d p o p u l a r debate, w h i c h b r i n g s t o l i g h t the m o s t u n e x p e c t e d t h i n g s i n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e m o s t r a t i o n a l s o l u t i o n . S u c h debates a r e n o t e n c o u n t e r e d in any country of the capitalist and revisionist w o r l d . H e n c e , i n these d i r e c t i o n s , too, t h e great s u p e r i o r i t y o f the n e w , socialist s o c i e t y i s e v i d e n t , a n d w e m u s t a l w a y s w o r k f o r its d e v e l o p m e n t , s t r e n g t h e n i n g a n d defence, a s the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y teaches us. I t i s t h i s s o c i e t y a n d this i d e o l o g y w h i c h m a k e p o s s i b l e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the v i r t u e s o f t h e people, w h i c h create t h e m o s t a p propriate conditions for the development of the economy i n t h e g e n e r a l interest, a n d n o t i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f a class of exploiters. Socialist society and M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teach us h o w to a l w a y s f i n d the most perfect methods o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e people's m a t e r i a l a n d m o r a l values and place them in the service of the H o m e l a n d . In a l l non-socialist socio-economic formations, in a l l c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t states, society i s n o t l e d b y t h e w o r k i n g class, a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , n o t b y its r e v o l u t i o n a r y party nurtured w i t h the theory of M a r x and L e n i n . V a r i o u s a n t a g o n i s t i c classes e x i s t t h e r e , l e d b y t h e i r parties, w h i c h d o n o t r e p r e s e n t the t r u e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e masses o f t h e p e o p l e b u t those o f t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y o r the b i g a r i s t o c r a c y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . I n t h e i r p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y , these p a r t i e s p r e t e n d t o d o b a t t l e w i t h one another, and wage an allegedly democratic p a r l i a m e n t a r y struggle, but the bourgeois p a r l i a m e n t
... is given up to talk for the special purpose of fooling the 'common people'.*
_______________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 25, p. 501, A l b . ed.
PROLETARIAN DEMOCRACY IS GENUINE DEMOCRACY No matter the states have, in freedom,
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h o w t h e y t r y t o pass t h e m s e l v e s a s d e m o c r a t i c r u l e d by t h e p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s of the b o u r g e o i s i e fact, n o t e v e n a s h r e d of t r u e d e m o c r a c y or w h e t h e r i n d i v i d u a l o r social, i n t h e i r a c t i v i t y .
I n some o f t h e n o n - s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s t h e d e m o c r a c y is expressed f o r m a l l y in the organization of m a n y parties w h i c h , i n t h e course o f c a m p a i g n s f o r p a r l i a m e n t a r y elections, t h r o u g h t h e i r p o w e r f u l i n f l u e n c e o n t h e w o r k ing masses, b y d e c e i v i n g t h e m a n d r i g g i n g t h e elections and m a n i p u l a t i n g t h e i r results, m a n a g e to s e n d a g r o u p of t h e i r d e p u t i e s to p a r l i a m e n t . T h e d e p u t i e s of these parties a r e n o t h i n g b u t d e c e i t f u l p o l i t i c i a n s s p e c i a l i z e d in defending the order in power, a n d strengthening the capitalist state p o s i t i o n s of the t r u s t s a n d m o n o p o l i e s . In parliament, they pretend to have given freedom and d e m o c r a c y t o t h e i r c o u n t r y a n d people. N o m a t t e r how m u c h t h e b o u r g e o i s d e p u t i e s engage i n i d l e t a l k about h u m a n rights, i n the f i n a l a n a l y s i s , i t i s c a p i t a l ism, t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i c h r u l e s t h e r e , a n d n o w a n d then shares p o w e r w i t h the m i d d l e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d keeps under its d o m i n a t i o n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e p o o r p e a s a n t r y and t h e rest of t h e w o r k i n g people, s u c h as t h e a r t i s a n s and t h e p o o r i n t e l l e c t u a l s , a s o c i a l s t r a t u m w h o s e r e v o l u tionary s p i r i t has b e e n w e a k e n e d b y u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d hunger. A s M a r x says, these w r e t c h e d electors d e c i d e
...each three or six years... which member of the ruling class is to misrepresent and oppress the people in parliament...*
P o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s , w h e t h e r i n p o w e r o r i n the o p p o s i h a v e set u p t h e i r o w n t r a d e u n i o n s w h i c h t h e y
tion,
___________________________ * K. M a r x F. Engels. Selected Works, v o l . 1, T i r a n a 1975, p. 546, A l b . ed.
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direct in allegedly democratic forms to m a k e protests or c l a i m s . A l l the protests a n d c l a i m s e n c o u r a g e d b y these parties h a v e n o p o l i t i c a l c h a r a c t e r , t h e y a r e n o t i n t e n d e d to overthrow the capitalist order w h i c h ruthlessly exploits t h e w o r k i n g people, b u t a r e a i m e d a t i n s i g n i f i c a n t e c o n o m i c r e f o r m s w h i c h d o n o great h a r m t o t h e b o u r g e o i s i e (therefore, a t t i m e s , i t accepts t h e m ) a n d b r i n g n o s u b s t a n t i a l gains t o the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the o t h e r oppressed a n d e x p l o i t e d s t r a t a . B u t these claims a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r the d e f e n d e r s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s o r d e r , because, t h r o u g h t h e m , t h e y a i m t o create the false i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e o t h e r l a b o u r i n g p e o p l e a r e free t o h a v e t h e i r say u n d e r c a p i t a l i s m . I n o r d e r t o b e c o n v i n c e d o f t h e d e c e p t i v e n a t u r e o f these actions, i t i s e n o u g h t o m e n t i o n that, w h e n t h e masses o f t h e people g o b e y o n d t h e g u i d e l i n e s set b y p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s , i n t h e i r d e m a n d s a n d insist o n r e a l l y s e c u r i n g t h e t r u e f r e e d o m s a n d r i g h t s t h a t b e l o n g t o t h e m , t h e n t h e forces o f c a p i t a l ist l a w a n d o r d e r step i n a n d d r o w n t h e i r protests i n b l o o d . W o r l d h i s t o r y has i n n u m e r a b l e f a c t s o f this kind. T h e c a p i t a l i s t s t r y t o p r o v e t h e i r false thesis t h a t t h e r e i s d e m o c r a c y i n t h e i r s o c i a l s y s t e m w i t h t h e stale argument that the political parties there have their o w n press i n w h i c h t h e y c a n e x p r e s s t h e i r v i e w s o n t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e c o u n t r y , t h e state, a n d its personages. E x p o s i n g the f r e e d o m o f t h e press t h e b o u r g e o i s i e speaks about, L e n i n w r o t e :
The capitalists... call 'freedom of the press' the situation in which censorship has been abolished and all parties freely publish all kinds of papers. In reality it is not freedom of the press but freedom for the rich, for the bourgeoisie to deceive
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B u t w h a t is bourgeois democracy in reality? It is a f o r m o f t h e d o m i n a t i o n b y t h e bourgeoisie, w h i l e the rights a n d f r e e d o m s , t h o u g h p r o c l a i m e d for e v e r y b o d y , have a n u t t e r l y f o r m a l a n d d e c e p t i v e c h a r a c t e r , because in the conditions of the existence of private property, the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c m e a n s w h i c h w o u l d e n s u r e t h e a c t u a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f these r i g h t s a n d f r e e d o m s d o not e x i s t . This bourgeois democracy allows y o u to criticize this or that p e r s o n i n t h e p a p e r s , a t m e e t i n g s , o r i n p a r l i a m e n t , you are allowed to criticize the p a r t y in office or the government in power, y o u can talk on and on, but y o u can c h a n g e n o t h i n g , y o u m u s t c o n f i n e y o u r s e l f t o w o r d s only, because t h e c a p i t a l i s t e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l p o w e r w i t h its a p p a r a t u s , i s r e a d y t o h u r l i t s e l f b r u t a l l y u p o n anyone w h o opposes t h e r u l i n g class, t h e f i n a n c i a l o l i garchy, i n deeds. R e c a l l i n g t h e s e v e r i t y o f t h e F r e n c h bourgeoisie i n i t s o n s l a u g h t a g a i n s t t h e w o r k e r s , a f t e r the J u n e 1848 u p r i s i n g , F . E n g e l s w r o t e :
It was the first time that the bourgeoisie showed to what insane cruelties of revenge it will be goaded the moment the proletariat dares to take its stand against the bourgeoisie as a separate class, with its own interests and demands.**
C a n we call the f o r m of bourgeois p o w e r w h i c h relies o n t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y m u s t s u b m i t t o the m i n o r i t y d e m o c r a c y ? A b s o l u t e l y not. T h i s i s d e m o c r a c y i n n a m e o n l y , i t does n o t b r i n g t h e masses o f t h e p e o p l e
_____________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 25, p. 444, A l b . e d . ** K. M a r x F. Engels. Selected Works, v o l . 1, T i r a n a 1975, p. 496, A l b . e d .
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a n y b e n e f i t . T h i s d e m o c r a c y does n o t e n s u r e a n y t r u e f r e e d o m f o r t h e people, does n o t m a k e a c o u n t r y i n d e p e n d e n t o f o t h e r states m o r e p o w e r f u l p o l i t i c a l l y , e c o n o m i c a l l y o r m i l i t a r i l y . T h i s i s because t h i s k i n d o f d e m ocracy is connected w i t h other m o r e p o w e r f u l capitalist democracies w h i c h i m p o s e t h e i r w i l l . C a p i t a l , n a t i o n a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l , i m p o s e s its o w n w i l l , desires a n d v i e w s o n t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses. I n t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r r e v i sionist countries, w h e n s o m e t h i n g i s p r e s e n t e d a s t h e w i l l o f t h e w o r k i n g masses, i t m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d t h a t what really l u r k s behind it is the w i l l of the w o r k e r aristocracy. The laws w h i c h are approved in bourgeois a n d revisionist parliaments express the w i l l of the r u l i n g class a n d d e f e n d its interests. T h e p a r t i e s o f c a p i t a l w h i c h m a k e u p t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y m a j o r i t y b e n e f i t f r o m these l a w s . B u t the o t h e r parties, those w h i c h a r e a l l e g e d l y i n the opposition a n d often represent the interests of the w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y a n d t h e r i c h peasants, d o n o t f a i l t o benefit either. These opposition parties, w h i c h are a l l e g e d l y opposed t o t h e p a r t i e s o f t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y m a j o r i t y , w h i c h s u p p o r t b i g c a p i t a l , c l a m o u r , criticize, a n d s o o n , y e t a l l t h e i r c l a m o u r i n g does n o t h i n g t o e n d unemployment, emigration, or inflation. However m u c h the opposition m a y shout in parliament, prices go up, d e g e n e r a t i o n a n d d i s s i p a t i o n increase, c r i m e s , k i l l i n g s , hold-ups and kidnappings, go on day and night in the streets, b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e a l a r m i n g . A n d t h e c a p i t a l i s t s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t s c a l l t h i s chaos a n d c o n f u s i o n , t h i s freedom for evil-doers to perpetrate crimes, genuine democracy! This is the complex of i m m o r a l i t y in w h i c h the n o torious bourgeois-democratic power is w a l l o w i n g , d o m i n ated by a n u m b e r of bourgeois parties in the capitalist countries, o r b y one a n t i - M a r x i s t p a r t y i n t h e S o v i e t
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U n i o n , T i t o i t e Y u g o s l a v i a a n d some f o r m e r c o u n t r i e s o f people's d e m o c r a c y w h i c h h a v e t u r n e d c a p i t a l i s t . U p t i l l t h e t i m e o f the s p r e a d o f T i t o i t e a n d K h r u s h chevite m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , the s o - c a l l e d p l u r a l i s m w a s confined to the participation of such pseudo-democratic parties r a d i c a l , socialist, s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c a n d m a n y other p a r t i e s w i t h s u c h n a m e s i n t h e o p p r e s s i v e c a p i t a l ist p o w e r . W h e n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n was d e m o l i s h e d b y K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m , w h e n T i t o ism laid the foundations of a capitalist regime in Y u g o slavia, t h e o t h e r c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a , degenerated and t u r n e d i n t o r e v i s i o n i s t , r e f o r m i s t p a r t i e s w h i c h sought close c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e p a r t i e s o f c a p i t a l , i n r u n n i n g the b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t society. T o d a y t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r ties o f F r a n c e , I t a l y , S p a i n , B e l g i u m , etc., h a v e o p e n l y proclaimed this a i m . There is no need for e x p l a n a t i o n to prove that the p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e state o f m a n y b o u r g e o i s , capitalist, r e v i s i o n i s t a n d fascist p a r t i e s o f s u c h c a p i t a l i s t a n d i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a s t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d others, has n o t i n t h e least t r a n s f o r m e d t h e i r societies f r o m r e a c t i o n a r y i n t o p r o g r e s s i v e societies. O n t h e c o n trary, under imperialism, the t u r n is m a d e f r o m democracy to r e a c t i o n . A society w h i c h d e f e n d s a n d is based on the exploiting order is neither progressive nor d e m ocratic. L i k e w i s e , w h e n state p o w e r i s i n the h a n d s o f a single p a r t y , w h i c h does n o t p u r s u e a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t line, w h i c h i s n o t a p a r t y o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , i t c a n n e v e r lead t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . O n the c o n t r a r y , n o m a t t e r w h a t s u c h a p a r t y calls itself, w h e t h e r M a r x ist or M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , it is in r e a l i t y a p a r t y of t h e bourgeoisie or a fascist p a r t y , w h i c h has t h e t a s k of f i n a n c i n g t h e p r i v a t e o r state c a p i t a l i s t p r o p e r t y i n o r d e r to n u r t u r e a n e w class of r u l e r s .
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S u c h a p a r t y is obliged to preserve some allegedly M a r x i s t f o r m s ; i t seeks t o g i v e t h e p o w e r i t w i e l d s s o c i a l ist f o r m s a n d l a b e l s b u t its essence a n d i n t e n t i o n s , a s w e l l as those of its state a r e a n t i - s o c i a l i s t , because its o b j e c t i v e is to r e a l i z e a r e g r e s s i v e t u r n of t h e c o u n t r y a n d r e - e s t a b l i s h c a p i t a l i s m . I n t h i s case, t h e n e w b o u r geoisie g r a d u a l l y assumes p o w e r t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its n a t u r a l allies. T h i s process has been proved i n Yugoslavia, the Soviet U n i o n and i n m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f f o r m e r people's d e m o c r a c y , w h e r e p a r t y p l u r a l i s m does n o t e x i s t . I n these c o u n t r i e s c a p i t a l i s m has been r e - e s t a b l i s h e d i n v a r i o u s f o r m s , a n d a class o f n e w e x p l o i t e r s i s e m e r g i n g a n d g r o w i n g s t r o n g . I f the c o u n t r y w h i c h goes t h r o u g h t h i s r e g r e s s i v e process i s b i g i n t e r r i t o r y , p o p u l a t i o n , o r e c o n o m i c p o t e n t i a l , t h e state o f t h i s c o u n t r y t u r n s s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t , a n d if, o n the c o n t r a r y , t h e c o u n t r y is s m a l l , its state becomes a s a t e l lite of w o r l d capitalism, dominated by foreign capital a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m , w h i c h e x p l o i t t h e w e a l t h o f this c o u n t r y a n d the t o i l o f its p e o p l e . T h u s , n o n e o f the so-called d e m o c r a t i c states, w h e t h e r w i t h a s y s t e m of p l u r a l i s m , o r one i n w h i c h a s i n g l e n o n - M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y rules, w a n t s t o r e p l a c e the o l d e x p l o i t a t i v e c a p i t a l i s t society w i t h the n e w socialist society. I n t h e o l d society where private ownership and capitalist exploitation exist t h e r e can b e n o g e n u i n e f r e e d o m , d e m o c r a c y , i n d e p e n dence o r s o v e r e i g n t y f o r t h e people.
The dictatorship of the proletariat alone, L e n i n teaches us, emancipate humanity from the oppression of capital, from the lies, falsehood and hypocrisy of bourgeois democracy democracy for the rich and establish democracy for the poor , that is, make the blessings of democracy really
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Capitalist e x p l o i t a t i o n cannot be carried out w i t h o u t i n t e n s i v e p o l i t i c a l p r o p a g a n d a t o b e f u d d l e people's m i n d s or w i t h o u t a n u m b e r of drastic l a w s w h i c h place m a x i m u m restrictions on w o r k e r s ' rights. T h e colossal p r o p a ganda a p p a r a t u s a t t h e d i s p o s a l o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i s at w o r k e v e r y m i n u t e of the day against the proletariat and its d i c t a t o r s h i p , a g a i n s t t h e p e o p l e w h o h a v e t h r o w n themselves i n t o s t r u g g l e t o d e f e n d t h e i r r i g h t s . T h e e n t i r e economic a n d p o l i t i c a l p o t e n t i a l o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n ist societies is in t h e h a n d s of a h a n d f u l of m a g n a t e s , w e a l t h y people, w h o h a v e set u p a n e x t e n s i v e a n d s t r o n g n e t w o r k o f state m e c h a n i s m s i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e i r p o w e r t h r o u g h v i o l e n c e . T h e a r m y , t h e police, agents, courts a n d o t h e r m e a n s o f class coercion, w h i c h c l a m p d o w n h a r d o n a n y o p p o s i t i o n , i n d i v i d u a l o r collective, o n the p a r t o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d o t h e r w o r k i n g people, and s u p p r e s s t h e people's r e v o l t s , s e r v e t h i s g o a l . T h e bourgeois and revisionist champions of the c a pitalist state p r e s e n t n a t i o n a l i z a t i o n of some sectors of the e c o n o m y , t r a n s p o r t , etc., as a s y m p t o m of t h e t r a n s formation of the capitalist system. In their opinion, this process of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n c a n go f u r t h e r , p r o v i d e d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t becomes reasonable a n d m o d e r a t e i n i t s claims a n d o b e y s t h e t r a i t o r o u s p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s a n d t h e trade u n i o n s w h i c h t h e y m a n i p u l a t e . T h e s e t h e o r e t i c i a n s are r e f o r m i s t s , as t h e y h o l d t h a t t h e c a p i t a l i s t state c a n be t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a socialist state t h r o u g h r e f o r m s . Structural reforms have been carried out by capital in various c a p i t a l i s t , r e v i s i o n i s t , o r i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , but a l l these r e f o r m s h a v e n o t b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e v i c tory o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . O n t h e
___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, Alb. ed. vol. 28, pp. 424-425,
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c o n t r a r y t h e y h a v e created a s i t u a t i o n w h i c h has r e s c u e d c a p i t a l f r o m its o v e r t h r o w , a n d the e x p l o i t i n g class f r o m its g r a v e - d i g g e r s . W h a t m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m has o n its a g e n d a i s r e f o r m i s m , w h i c h constitutes the essence o f its v i e w s , t h e o ries a n d p r a c t i c e s . R e f o r m i s m i s o p p o s e d t o t h e M a r x i s t Leninist ideology and the over-throw of capitalism t h r o u g h t h e v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n . T h e d r i v i n g f o r c e o f the p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n i s t h e m e r c i l e s s class s t r u g g l e b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its allies, t h e p o o r p e a s a n t r y a n d the o t h e r oppressed s t r a t a , a g a i n s t t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , state monopoly capital and finance capital, whereas reformism negates t h e necessity f o r t h e class s t r u g g l e , t h e socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat. Hence r e f o r m i s m is the grave-digger of the revolution, it is the antithesis of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m ; that is w h y it has been a d o p t e d b y t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s o f s u c h c o u n tries a s t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , Y u g o s l a v i a , C h i n a a n d the f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s a s w e l l a s a l l r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . I n o r d e r t o p u t d o w n the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t o d i s t o r t t h e b a s i c theses o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , s o m e parties, w h i c h c a l l t h e m s e l v e s E u r o c o m m u n i s t , have openly rejected the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory. These parties, w i t h t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n i n t h e l e a d , have abandoned Leninism. The Communist P a r t y of S p a i n has gone so f a r as to d r o p t h e n a m e L e n i n i s t s o t h a t t h e b o u r g e o i s i e w i l l u n d e r s t a n d t h a t n o w the p e r i o d o f t h e v i o l e n t o v e r t h r o w o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d the s e i z u r e o f p o w e r b y the p r o l e t a r i a t i s s u p p o s e d l y o v e r , that the revisionist parties are being transformed into parties of the bourgeoisie a n d are ready to give any other p r o o f i n o r d e r t o w i n t h e t r u s t o f n a t i o n a l a n d international capital. Likewise, the question of technological and scientific p r o g r e s s cannot b e c o n f u s e d w i t h the r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n -
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s f o r m a t i o n o f society, w i t h t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e p r o l e t ariat a n d a l l w o r k i n g p e o p l e f r o m t h e o l d e x p l o i t i n g system, a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e n e w socialist o r d e r . A d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y a n d science are t h e f r u i t o f t h e m i n d of the people, of w o r k e r s and intellectuals, but u n d e r e x p l o i t i n g s o c i a l o r d e r s , t e c h n o l o g y a n d science are u s e d t o s t r e n g t h e n the economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n s o f r u l i n g classes i n s i d e a n d outside their c o u n t r i e s . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f science a n d t e c h n o l o g y , and t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r o f specialists, c a n n o t eliminate the evils of capitalism, as the bourgeois and r e v i s i o n i s t i d e o l o g i s t s m a k e out. E x p e r i e n c e s h o w s t h a t the p r o d u c t i v e forces m a y b e d e v e l o p e d a n d science a n d t e c h n o l o g y m a y progress, b u t f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m c a p i t a l i s m t o s o c i a l i s m t h e v i o l e n t socialist r e v o l u t i o n remains irreplaceable. O u r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y has m a d e i t q u i t e clear that t h e r e c a n b e n o t r a n s i t i o n t o socialist society w h i l e r e m a i n i n g w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t order, but o n l y b y o v e r t h r o w i n g t h i s o r d e r a n d its i n s t i t u t i o n s f r o m t h e i r f o u n d a t i o n s , b y s e t t i n g u p the state p o w e r of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , w h i c h is l e d by its v a n g u a r d the Marxist-Leninist communist party. T h e p o l i c y o f o u r P a r t y a n d state defends t h e o p pressed w h o r i s e i n r e v o l u t i o n , a n d f i g h t s t h e oppressors w h o are d o o m e d to d i s a p p e a r as a class. O u r P a r t y states openly that the w i p i n g out of the exploiters can be achieved w i t h no other means t h a n t h r o u g h fighting, violent revolution, and not t h r o u g h reforms of the structure o r t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . T o a c h i e v e the c o m p l e t e a n d genuine l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d a l l the w o r k ing people of the w o r l d , it is necessary to o v e r t h r o w the o l d p o w e r t o its f o u n d a t i o n s a n d e s t a b l i s h t h e n e w state o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n its p l a c e . W e are against d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e socialist e c o n -
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o m y a n d i n i r r e c o n c i l a b l e s t r u g g l e against t h e c a p i t a l i s t revisionist theory of self-administration, self-governm e n t o f enterprises, w h i c h T i t o i s m a n d its s u p p o r t e r s sought t o s m u g g l e i n t o o u r c o u n t r y t h r o u g h t h e t r a i t o r s B e q i r B a l l u k u , A b d y l K l l e z i , K o o T h e o d h o s i a n d others. T h e socialist e c o n o m y of o u r c o u n t r y is d e v e l o p i n g on a s c i e n t i f i c basis, a c c o r d i n g t o a u n i f i e d g e n e r a l p l a n , w i t h the a i m o f s a t i s f y i n g t h e m a t e r i a l a n d c u l t u r a l needs o f o u r society. O u r C o n s t i t u t i o n s a y s : T h e state organizes, manages, a n d d e v e l o p s a l l e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l l i f e b y a unified general plan... I t i s t h e r i g h t a n d d u t y o f o u r state t o s u p e r v i s e the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s p l a n a t a l l l i n k s a n d i n a l l indices. T h i s i s r e a l i z e d t h r o u g h w o r k e r a n d peasant c o n t r o l , t h r o u g h c o n t r o l b y t h e state, t h e P a r t y a n d the o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f t h e masses, w h i c h a r e f o r m s o f p r o l e t a r i a n control. O f course, t h i s e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l i s based o n c o m p l e t e freedom of c r i t i c i s m and on a h i g h level of self-critical consciousness, w h i c h serve t o e n s u r e t h e s m o o t h r u n n i n g o f t h e w o r k , a correct u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f tasks, a n d t h e c o m m u n i s t e d u c a t i o n o f people. C h e c k i n g u p o n t h e f u l f i l m e n t of t h e t a s k s of t h e p l a n is a c o m p l e x p r o b l e m of t h e state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e p o l i c y of the Party, our M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology, w h i c h is p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f t h e great w o r k w h i c h t h e P a r t y leads. The capitalist bourgeoisie and the revisionists attack u s because w e base o u r s e l v e s f i r m l y o n the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e y l e v e l the a c c u s a t i o n a t u s c o m m u n i s t s t h a t i n o u r society t h e i n d i v i d u a l a l l e g e d l y counts f o r n o t h i n g ! T h i s i s a gross s l a n d e r d e s i g n e d t o c o v e r u p the b r u t a l o p p r e s s i o n o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e b y c a p i t a l . T h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n t a g o n i s t i c classes is t h e source of the s u p p r e s s i o n of the p e r s o n a l i t y of m a n
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and the w o r k i n g masses. O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i f t h e r e e v e r exists a s o c i a l s y s t e m w h i c h r e a l l y frees m a n f r o m a n guish, w o r r i e s , m e a n f e e l i n g s o f j e a l o u s y a n d the o l d idealist h a n g o v e r s , t h i s i s the socialist s o c i a l s y s t e m w h i c h i s the o n l y s y s t e m t h a t b r i n g s a b o u t t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f e x p l o i t i n g classes, p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y a n d p u t s a n e n d t o the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f m a n b y m a n . T h e d e m o l i t i o n o f t h e p o w e r o f e x p l o i t i n g classes, which impose barbarous domination over the w o r k i n g people, a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the p o w e r o f t h e w o r k ing class l i b e r a t e s m a n a n d elevates h i m t o a h i g h p e d e stal, enables h i m t o w o r k w i t h a w i l l , t o r u n t h i n g s w i t h a clear conscience, to c r i t i c i z e a n d p r a i s e w h e n he s h o u l d . S o c i a l i s m p u t s m a n i n s u c h a p o s i t i o n t h a t h e feels a n d sees f o r h i m s e l f t h a t h e i s not i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e w o r l d , but is a m e m b e r of a n e w society, w h i c h has as its a i m the a d v a n c e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f the d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e society. In t h i s society m a n is raised to h i s r i g h t f u l place, on the basis of h i s a b i l i t i e s and t h e w o r k h e does, h e i s f r e e t o w o r k a n d e n j o y the fruit o f h i s t o i l . N e i t h e r t h e bourgeois, t h e c a p i t a l i s t , nor t h e r e v i s i o n i s t c a n u n d e r s t a n d t h e f r e e d o m of t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n o u r s o c i e t y because t h e y m e a s u r e i n d i v i d u a l ty w i t h their o w n yardstick of the standardization and m a n i p u l a t i o n of people. By accepting the independence of the i n d i v i d u a l f r o m society, t h e e x p l o i t i n g classes a i m e d t o e n s u r e p r i v i l e g e s for people o f t h e i r o w n class, t o g i v e t h e m k n o w l e d g e , freedom a n d a u t h o r i t y t o r u l e others, o r d e r t h e m about. Our r e g i m e has s t r u c k a t t h e roots o f b o u r g e o i s i n d i v i dualism a n d c r e a t e d u n l i m i t e d p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d society t o d e v e l o p t h e i r a b i l i t i e s a n d e n j o y all the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s a n d f r e e d o m s . N a t u r a l l y c a p i t a l i s m a n d its p r o p a g a n d a h a v e t o c o m bat o u r socialist r e a l i t y , o u r d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t -
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ariat, because t h e y c a n n o t r e c o n c i l e t h e m s e l v e s t o o u r m o r a l i t y w h i c h does n o t p e r m i t m a n t o b e e x p l o i t e d economically, politically and m o r a l l y and his freedoms t o b e t r a m p l e d u n d e r f o o t . B u t o u r socialist r e a l i t y cannot b e o v e r s h a d o w e d b y a n y i d e a l i s t p r o p a g a n d a a n d theory, w h e t h e r capitalist or revisionist. T h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d has p l u n g e d i n t o a great crisis. T h e advocates o f t h e b o u r g e o i s order, t h e b o u r g e o i s e c o n omists a n d sociologists, c o m p e l l e d b y r e a l i t y , see t h a t t h e theses o f M a r x a n d L e n i n o n c a p i t a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l i s m have not g r o w n outdated, that in present-day capitalist society c a p i t a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l i s m a r e i n a process o f decay j u s t a s M a r x a n d L e n i n p r e d i c t e d , but, i n o r d e r t o e m e r g e f r o m the crisis, these c h a m p i o n s o f t h e o l d o r d e r are c l a m o u r i n g a b o u t t h e f i g h t against t e r r o r i s m , t h e prevention of the revolts and the revolution of the masses o f t h e w o r k i n g people against t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r , o r the f i g h t against d i s t u r b a n c e s , a s t h e y c a l l t h e m . O t h e r w i s e , c r y these sociologists a n d economists of t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i n despair, c a p i t a l i s m cannot e m e r g e f r o m t h e crisis a n d stabilize its s y s t e m . T h e capitalist and revisionist countries, w h e r e it is claimed that m a n allegedly enjoys democratic freedoms a n d e v e r y o t h e r blessing, are s e e t h i n g w i t h p r o t e s t s o f t h e masses. I f t h e r e i s r e a l f r e e d o m a n d t h e masses e n j o y a l l m a t e r i a l blessings, a s c l a i m e d , t h e n w h y a r e m i l l i o n s o f people c o n t i n u a l l y t u r n i n g o u t i n t h e streets a n d c l a s h i n g w i t h the p o l i c e o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e ? I t i s p l a i n t h a t t h e masses a r e p r o t e s t i n g because t h e i r l i f e i s f a r f r o m good, t h a t t h e y a r e s u f f e r i n g e c o n o m i c a l l y , p o l i t i c a l l y a n d in m a n y other directions, a n d that is w h y t h e y t r y to o v e r t h r o w t h e state w h i c h i s a g a i n s t g e n u i n e d e m o c r a c y . T h e b o u r g e o i s state o f t h e p e r i o d o f t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f state m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m seeks t o g i v e t h e i m p r e s sion t h a t p a r l i a m e n t i n w h i c h v a r i o u s p a r t i e s , a l l e g e d l y
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elected b y u n i v e r s a l s u f f r a g e , a r e r e p r e s e n t e d , m a k e s t h e law t h e r e . B u t i t i s c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e t h a t t h e s y s t e m o f elections a n d t h e m a n y r e s t r i c t i o n s i m p o s e d b y l a w ensure t h a t those p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s w h i c h a r e t h e strongest pillars of capital always gain the m a j o r i t y in parliament. T h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y g a m e in these c o u n t r i e s is a m e r e masquerade, a m e a n s w h i c h serves t h e state p o w e r of t h e bourgeoisie t o g i v e t h e false i m p r e s s i o n t h a t d e m o c r a c y exists t h e r e a n d t o p r e s e n t t h i s false d e m o c r a c y a s r e a l . The t o p o r g a n s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t state p o w e r a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t h e r e are i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e delegates o f t h a t p o w e r w h i c h i s n o t s a n c t i o n e d b y law, w h i c h f o r m a l l y s t a n d s o u t s i d e t h e g o v e r n m e n t , b u t which in fact is in power. This is the p o w e r of the big capitalists w h o , t h r o u g h t h e p o w e r o f t h e i r m o n e y , h a v e placed t h e i r f a c t o t u m s i n the g o v e r n m e n t o r p a r l i a m e n t to defend their interests f r o m the trouble-makers, f r o m those w h o r i s e i n r e v o l t a n d w a n t t o g a i n t h e r i g h t s w h i c h the c a p i t a l i s t s h a v e seized. T o t h i s w h o l e c o m p l e x the champions of capitalism and revisionism have attached the name g e n u i n e d e m o c r a c y . L e n i n s a i d that, a t g i v e n m o m e n t s , t h e t r i b u n e o f the bourgeois p a r l i a m e n t m a y b e u t i l i z e d b y t h e r e v o l u t i o n aries a s one o f t h e f o r m s o f t h e i r l e g a l w o r k i n o r d e r t o expose t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m . H o w e v e r , a t t h e same t i m e h e stressed t h a t t h i s s h o u l d n o t create t h e i l l u s i o n a m o n g the c o m m u n i s t s a n d t h e masses that p o w e r c a n be seized through the p a r l i a m e n t a r y road. I n b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t society p a r liamentary cretinism is that f o r m of democracy w h i c h the b o u r g e o i s i e uses to c o n c e a l t h e o p p r e s s i v e n a t u r e of its state p o w e r , w h i c h i t w i e l d s t h r o u g h t h e m a j o r i t y o f seats i t secures i n elections. B u t , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e state power, t h e b o u r g e o i s i e also d o m i n a t e s t h a t m i g h t y e x t r a state p o w e r , t h a t is, t h e m o n o p o l i e s , trusts, j o i n t c o m -
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parries a n d t h e i r i n v e s t m e n t s i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e its o w n c o u n t r y . T h i s p o w e r o f b i g p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y constitutes the e c o n o m i c f o r c e w h i c h a p p r o p r i a t e s t h e t o i l o f the w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n s i d e o r o u t s i d e the c o u n t r y a n d i s i n a p o s i t i o n t o b u t t r e s s t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e t o a d a p t i t better t o the savage c a p i t a l i s t r u l e . T h e b o u r g e o i s s u p e r s t r u c t u r e is a m e a n s f o r the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of a p o l i c y of e n s l a v e m e n t of the peoples, a m i l i t a r y , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l f o r c e against t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e p o o r p e a s a n t r y a n d w o r k i n g i n t e l l i g e n t s i a . I t also e n d e a v o u r s t o b r i n g about the degeneration and destruction of the n o r m s of proletarian morality in order to spread bourgeois morality w h i c h i s r o t t e n i n t h e t r u e sense o f t h e w o r d . T h e b o u r g e o i s p a r l i a m e n t opens its doors t o t h e elected, b u t t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e b o u r g e o i s i e does its o w n w o r k . T h e r e t h e y h o l d endless discussions a n d v o t i n g a f t e r v o t i n g , a n d t h i n g s s t i l l g o o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e desires o f those w h o m a k e t h e l a w , t h e r i c h , t h e o w n e r s o f t r u s t s , m o n o p o l i e s , a n d t h e b a n k s , w h o s e p o w e r , t h e second c a p i t a l i s t state, m a n i p u l a t e s p a r l i a m e n t a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t , i n spite o f t h e fact t h a t s u c h m a n i p u l a t i o n i s not e n v i s a g e d i n t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n i n force. P r o c e e d i n g f r o m these reasons. L e n i n w r o t e :
... in any parliamentary country... the real business of 'state' is performed behind the scenes and is carried on by the departments, chancelleries and General Staffs.*
I n A l b a n i a , the n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n c o u n c i l s w h i c h w e r e c r e a t e d u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the P a r t y a t t h e t i m e of the Anti-fascist N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r and strengthened after L i b e r a t i o n a n d d u r i n g the p e r i o d of the c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m , are o r g a n s of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p
_________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Selected Works, v o l . 2, T i r a n a , 1958, p. 174. A l b . ed.
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o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , elected b y the p e o p l e a n d r e p r e s e n t i n g the w i l l a n d desires o f w o r k i n g people. T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e organs o f t h e p e o p l e i n t h e state p o w e r are the P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y a n d people's c o u n c i l s . U n d e r t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f the P e o p l e ' s S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a the r e p r e s e n tative organs direct and control the activity of a l l other state organs, w h i c h are r e s p o n s i b l e b e f o r e t h e m a n d r e n der a c c o u n t to them. W i t h us democracy is not a t r i c k to mislead the people, b u t i s p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e . H e r e , there i s n o d u a l p o w e r , one r e c o g n i z e d by the l a w a n d the o t h e r e x i s t i n g de facto, but o n l y t h e u n i f i e d state p o w e r , w h i c h stems f r o m the people a n d b e l o n g s to t h e m . O u r state is t h e state of the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , w h i c h has m a d e t h e l a w s and c r e a t e d its o w n r e v o l u t i o n a r y a p p a r a t u s , its n e w m e t h o d a n d s t y l e a t w o r k , w h i c h expresses a n d defends the i n t e r e s t s o f t h e w o r k i n g people. I n o u r c o u n t r y i t i s n o t v i o l e n c e w h i c h m a k e s people observe t h e l a w s of t h e state of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the proletariat, but their f u l l conviction that the observance o f l a w s b e n e f i t s t h e m a n d society. O u r p e o p l e i m p l e m e n t the l a w s in a conscious m a n n e r , because t h e y p l a y a l a r g e part i n d r a f t i n g t h e m . I n t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s the l a w i s enforced t h r o u g h t h e savage v i o l e n c e o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . There c a n b e n o p r e t e n c e o f v o l u n t a r y i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e l a w s by t h e p e o p l e as l o n g as t h e i r content is in open c o n t r a d i c t i o n w i t h t h e interests o f the p e o p l e t h e r e . S p e a k i n g o f t h e i n j u s t i c e o f the b o u r g e o i s l a w , M a r x says:
Each paragraph of the Constitution contains its own antithesis... liberty in the general phrase, abrogation of liberty in the marginal note.*
___________________________ * K. M a r x F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 1, T i r a n a 1975, p. 265, A l b . ed.
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In those c o u n t r i e s the c i t i z e n is a c o m m o d i t y a n d is treated precisely as a commodity, whereas in our country, each citizen of the R e p u b l i c is valued h i g h l y a n d p l a y s a great r o l e i n society. F o r t h e c i t i z e n t o p l a y this r o l e i n a m o r e a c t i v e m a n n e r , i t i s necessary t h a t h e must be raised to a still higher level ideo-politically, c u l t u r a l l y , a n d s c i e n t i f i c a l l y , a n d become conscious o f his o w n role.
Comrades, It is the task of the Democratic F r o n t to fight ceaselessly f o r the defence a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r d e m ocracy, t h i s m a j o r v i c t o r y o f the P a r t y a n d t h e people, and for the implementation of the laws and norms w h i c h r e g u l a t e o u r socialist l i f e . It must w o r k unceasingly to solicit the opinion of the b r o a d w o r k i n g masses e v e r better, t o h e l p t h e m h a v e t h e i r s a y o n a l l state a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s , s o t h a t the w o r k e r s a n d peasants e x e r c i s e t h e i r c o n t r o l o v e r t h e state, e c o n o m i c a n d other organs. O u r D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t i s not a n a m o r p h o u s , lifeless organization. On the contrary, it is an organization w i t h s u c h p o l i t i c a l d y n a m i s m a s t o see e v e r y p r o b l e m f r o m the r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n g l e a n d f i n d the m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r m s f o r its s o l u t i o n i n a r e v o l u t i o n a r y m a n n e r . T h e D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t i s l e d b y the P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a , t h a t is, b y t h e v a n g u a r d o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d expresses those ideas, those a s p i r a t i o n s , a n d t h a t p o l i c y w h i c h b r i n g b e n e f i t t o t h e A l b a n i a n people, w h i l e i t exposes a n d f i g h t s e v e r y t h i n g w h i c h m a y h a r m o u r socialist H o m e l a n d . T h u s , t h e p o l i c y o f t h e F r o n t i s a m o n o l i t h i c , consistent p o l i c y , because i n t h e F r o n t t h e r e a r e n o a n t a g o n i s t i c p o l i t i c a l trends, n o v a r i o u s p a r t i e s
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d e f e n d i n g the i n t e r e s t s o f d i f f e r e n t classes. T h e p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e o f the F r o n t c o n f o r m s c o m p l e t e l y w i t h t h e p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y , w i t h the p o l i c y o f o u r socialist state. T h e p o l i c y of the Democratic F r o n t of A l b a n i a reflects and supports the r e v o l u t i o n a r y l a w s o f o u r P e o p l e ' s S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c . T h e enemies of our country abroad t h i n k that the policy of the Democratic F r o n t of A l b a n i a is an inert, s t e r e o t y p e d p o l i c y d e v o i d o f content. T h e y w a n t t h e p o l i c y of o u r F r o n t to be a c o n f u s e d a n d c o n t r a d i c t o r y p o l i c y , a p r o d u c t of v a r i o u s tendencies, of c o n t e n d i n g v i e w s a n d a i m s , because t h i s alone, t h e y c l a i m , i s d e m ocracy. T h e s e o p p o n e n t s o f o u r F r o n t , o u r r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n , are n o t in a p o s i t i o n to u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w h e n t h e p e o p l e a r e u n i t e d , a s o u r p e o p l e are, t h e y c a n a n d d o h o l d correct, clear a n d u n i f i e d p o l i t i c a l v i e w s o n p r i n c i p l e s a n d objectives, a n d , w h e n w e s a y u n i f i e d , w e m e a n n o t a lifeless a n d s t e r e o t y p e d p o l i c y , b u t a p o l i c y w h i c h is in a position to supply answers and solutions to all problems, whether complicated internal problems o r v e r y i n t r i c a t e e x t e r n a l ones, t h r o u g h debate a n d d i s cussion. W h e r e does t h e D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t f i n d s u c h s t r e n g t h a n d m a t u r i t y ? P r e c i s e l y f r o m t h e fact t h a t the c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n i s r e a l l y d e m o c r a t i c , because o u r F r o n t i s a n o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the b r o a d masses l e d b y a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t P a r t y , w h i c h represents the most perfect democracy, the genuine democracy of the proletariat. T h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its P a r t y are a l w a y s i n s t r u g g l e a n d r e v olution for the construction of a h a p p y society for the people, a f r e e society, a d e m o c r a t i c society, a society w h i c h d a y b y d a y rises h i g h e r a n d h i g h e r f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f its e c o n o m i c a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l d e v e l o p m e n t , its k n o w l e d g e a n d s o u n d p r o l e t a r i a n m o r a l i t y . A n d t h i s is b r o u g h t a b o u t t h r o u g h a c o n t i n u o u s c r e a t i v e s t r u g g l e w h i c h calls f o r e f f o r t s a n d d e m o c r a t i c debate.
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O u r D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t p u r s u e s this p o l i c y a n d f i g h t s to a c h i e v e these objectives. T h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of s u c h a p o l i c y cannot b e the w o r k o f a n o r g a n i z a t i o n c r e a t e d m e r e l y f o r t h e sake of appearances, to m i s l e a d t h e masses of t h e people at home and abroad that allegedly a political o r g a n i z a t i o n exists at a t i m e w h e n s u c h a t h i n g is n o n - e x i s t e n t . H o w does o u r D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t see w o r l d d e v e l o p m e n t s ? O u r F r o n t sees t h e m w i t h a r e a l i s t i c e y e . T h i s m e a n s t h a t i t i s o r i e n t a t e d b y m a t e r i a l i s t i c dialectics, b y h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l i s m , i t bases itself o n o u r s c i e n t i f i c ideology, o n M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . I t i s p r e c i s e l y t h i s w h i c h ensures t h a t the p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y , w h i c h i s p u r s u e d b y t h e F r o n t , too, is n o t a baseless, w a v e r i n g , p r a g m a t i c a n d unprincipled policy. T h e policy of the Democratic F r o n t is, t h e r e f o r e , a p o l i c y of a class character, a n d w h e n we say o f a class c h a r a c t e r w e m e a n t h a t i t has a l w a y s h a d i n m i n d the class s t r u g g l e b e i n g w a g e d w i t h i n t h e c o u n t r y a n d i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a , a n d bases i t s e l f o n t h i s . O u r D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t encourages sincere l o v e f o r the peoples o f t h e w o r l d a n d , i n t h e f i r s t place, t h e p e o ples s e e k i n g l i b e r a t i o n , the peoples l a n g u i s h i n g i n e n slavement under the heel of capital. This policy of the F r o n t gives a l l - o u t s u p p o r t t o t h e a s p i r a t i o n s o f these peoples. W i t h its c o n s i s t e n t l y correct, h u m a n i t a r i a n a n d revolutionary w o r d , our Democratic F r o n t never hides the t r u t h a b o u t t h e m a t e r i a l i s t d e v e l o p m e n t o f h i s t o r y f r o m the oppressed a n d e x p l o i t e d peoples a n d classes o f the w o r l d , w h o aspire to freedom, genuine democracy a n d s o v e r e i g n t y , i t n e v e r h i d e s f r o m t h e m the fact t h a t t h e i r v i c t o r y c a n n o t b e a c h i e v e d w i t h o u t f i e r c e class struggles, w i t h o u t battles, a t t i m e s e v e n b l o o d y battles, against the c a p i t a l i s t oppressors a n d e x p l o i t e r s . T h i s i s the basis o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p o l i c y o f t h e D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t , w h i c h i s also the basis o f t h e p o l i c y o f o u r P a r ty of Labour.
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The policy of the F r o n t is a policy w h i c h supports a n d c o m p l i e s w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e s t r u g g l e w h i c h the w o r l d proletariat a n d the suffering and oppressed p e a santry of any country are w a g i n g ; it supports the struggle o f t h e u r b a n poor, t h e p r o g r e s s i v e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , y o u t h , a l l those w h o w a n t t o b u i l d a d i g n i f i e d , w o r t h y a n d decent l i f e , a l i f e i n w h i c h e v e r y t h i n g i s e a r n e d w i t h toil w h i c h must not serve to f i l l the pockets of thieves and capitalists. I n o u r p o l i c y w e d o n o t b u d g e f r o m these p r i n c i p l e s . Our Democratic F r o n t cherishes feelings of love for the peoples o f t h e w o r l d a n d t h e y l o v e t h e A l b a n i a n people. A l b a n i a is a t y p i c a l e x a m p l e of a s m a l l c o u n t r y w h i c h enjoys great s y m p a t h y e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d , w h i c h i s b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m b y r e l y i n g o n its o w n forces, r a i s i n g itself b y its o w n bootstraps a s t h e s a y i n g goes. Its aim is not to instigate wars, to conquer countries a n d peoples. O n t h e c o n t r a r y , its p e o p l e desire t o l i v e o n t e r m s o f f r i e n d s h i p w i t h o t h e r peoples a n d t h a t i s w h y t h e i r s y m p a t h y f o r t h e A l b a n i a n p e o p l e i s great, o b v i o u s and t a n g i b l e . H o w e v e r , t h e v a r i o u s peoples o f t h e w o r l d l i v e i n countries w i t h r e g i m e s d i f f e r e n t f r o m o u r s . T h e y a r e not g o v e r n e d by s u c h a r e g i m e as the d i c t a t o r s h i p of the proletariat established in our country. T h e governments of these c o u n t r i e s do n o t p u r s u e the s a m e p o l i c y as o u r s . T h e r e f o r e , w i t h o u t b u d g i n g f r o m its b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s , o u r state of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d c o n s e q u e n tly, o u r D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t , l e d a n d c o r r e c t l y i n s p i r e d b y the P a r t y i s a b l e t o m a k e t h e n e c e s s a r y analyses o f the evolving situations in the w o r l d , the individual characteristics o f t h e v a r i o u s states, t h e a i m s a n d o b j e c t i v e s o f these states t o w a r d s t h e i r o w n peoples, o t h e r peoples, and e s p e c i a l l y o u r p e o p l e . T h i s p e r m i t s u s t o b u i l d a correct a n d s o u n d p o l i c y , a n d n o t a p o l i c y based o n
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p a s s i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s . O n t h e basis o f these u n i v e r s a l principles, our P a r t y and the Democratic F r o n t are able to d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n the l e v e l of f r i e n d s h i p of one or the other b o u r g e o i s state f o r A l b a n i a a n d t h e s m a l l states i n general, t h e y c a n assess t h e d a n g e r posed b y one b i g capitalist p o w e r in comparison w i t h another big capitalist p o w e r , as w e l l as t h e d a n g e r it poses to o t h e r s m a l l e r capitalist states, t h e y k n o w h o w t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e great d a n g e r posed b y the i m p e r i a l i s t a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t superpowers, in general, and to adopt the proper stand towards all of them. The stand adopted by our Party, o u r socialist state a n d t h e D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t o f A l b a n i a , are not o p p o r t u n i s t a n d u n f o u n d e d , n o r d i c t a t e d b y s o m e b o d y else, b u t a r e p r i n c i p l e d , w e l l - w i s h i n g a n d s i n c e r e stands. T h e y are s t e r n a n d i r r e c o n c i l a b l e t o w a r d s enemies, b u t f r i e n d l y a n d correct t o w a r d s those b o u r g e o i s states w h i c h p u r s u e a p o l i c y o f f r i e n d s h i p w i t h socialist A l b a n i a a n d a d h e r e t o c e r t a i n d e m o c r a t i c p r i n c i p l e s , a l l o w some reforms, and so on, w i t h i n their o w n countries. We have o u r o w n v i e w s o n t h e d e m o c r a c y t h a t e x i s t s i n these c o u n t r i e s a s w e l l a s o n these k i n d s o f r e f o r m s , t h e i r content a n d t h e a i m t h e y a r e i n s t i t u t e d f o r . T h i s i s a r i g h t o f o u r s w h i c h n o b o d y c a n d e n y us, j u s t a s n o b o d y can prevent us f r o m expressing our views freely. T h i s i s p r e c i s e l y w h a t w e d o w h e n w e e x p l a i n t o the peoples t h e o r e t i c a l l y a n d p o l i t i c a l l y t h e content o f t h e d e m o c r a c y a n d reforms, t h e i r l i m i t a t i o n s , c h a r a c t e r , a n d s o o n , i n a b o u r g e o i s state. B u t w e d o t h i s w i t h o u t i n t e r f e r i n g i n others' i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , because, a f t e r a l l , t h e peoples o f v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s are c a p a b l e o f d e c i d i n g f o r t h e m s e l v e s the v a l u e o f these p h e n o m e n a i n t h e i r o w n states. Nevertheless, our P a r t y and Democratic F r o n t m a k e d i s t i n c t i o n a n d t h e y d o t h i s t o d e f e n d t h e i n t e r e s t s not o n l y o f t h e i r o w n p e o p l e a n d c o u n t r y , b u t also those o f t h e other peoples, f o r t h e y n e v e r separate t h e g e n e r a l
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interests o f t h e i r c o u n t r y a n d p e o p l e f r o m those o f the peoples o f t h e w o r l d a n d t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t . H e r e i n lies t h e great a n d m i g h t y t r u t h e x p r e s s e d i n t h e p o l i c y o f o u r P a r t y a n d t h e D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t , h e r e i n lies the source o f t h e s u p p o r t t h e p o l i c y o f o u r state e n j o y s i n the w o r l d . O u r p o l i c y i s n o t l i k e t h e p o l i c i e s o f the b o u r g e o i s and r e v i s i o n i s t c a p i t a l i s t states w h i c h t w i s t s a n d t u r n s like t h e y e l l o w l e a v e s i n t h e a u t u m n breeze. N o , o u r p o l i c y has n o t w a v e r e d n o r w i l l i t e v e r w a v e r f r o m t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t w e m u s t a n d w i l l b e b r o t h e r s w i t h the peoples, u n i t e d w i t h t h e m f o r t h e same a i m s : t r u e freedom, democracy, sovereignty and independence; we are l i n k e d w i t h t h e peoples i n t h e s t r u g g l e against t h e oppressors a n d e x p l o i t e r s o f t h e peoples, i n the s t r u g g l e against those w h o i n s t i g a t e a n d p r e p a r e p r e d a t o r y i m perialist wars, w h i c h are w a g e d at the expense of the peoples. W e w i l l n e v e r s h i f t f r o m t h i s p o l i c y , w h i c h w i l l r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d o n o u r p a r t w h a t e v e r the f o r m o f government this or that people are under. T h e r e f o r e , w h e n socialist A l b a n i a declares t h a t i t wishes t o l i v e i n g o o d f r i e n d s h i p , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t r i e s , a n d t h a t i t r e g a r d s t h e i r peoples as b r o t h e r s , t h i s is a p e r m a n e n t t r u t h . We are pleased to see t h a t some l e a d e r s h i p s of these a n d other c o u n tries, t h o u g h t h e y h a v e s o c i a l o r d e r s d i f f e r e n t f r o m ours, p u r s u e a f r i e n d l y p o l i c y t o w a r d s o u r c o u n t r y . F o r its p a r t , t h e A l b a n i a n p r o l e t a r i a n state, too, p u r s u e s a f r i e n d l y p o l i c y o f m u t u a l interest, t h a t is, i t m a k e s t h e proper d i s t i n c t i o n i n r e g a r d t o those v a r i o u s b o u r g e o i s states w h i c h are p r o g r e s s i v e a n d w e l l - d i s p o s e d t o it. W e w a n t t o h a v e s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n s w i t h a l l those states, b i g o r s m a l l , w h i c h respect t h e P e o p l e ' s S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c of A l b a n i a a n d desire to m a i n t a i n f r i e n d l y economic and c u l t u r a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h o u r c o u n t r y , i n spite o f t h e fact
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t h a t t h e y m a y be opposed to it on a series of issues, just as we are in o p p o s i t i o n to t h e m on a series of questions of p r i n c i p l e . We declare that ill-intentioned relations are a l w a y s h a r m f u l and fraught w i t h danger, a n d it is difficult to conceal t h e m . L i f e i t s e l f a n d t h e h i s t o r y o f m a n k i n d h a v e taught our people to be always on their g u a r d against r e l a t i o n s b e h i n d w h i c h l u r k s p e r i f i d y . T h e r e are a l r e a d y m a n y i n d i v i d u a l s o r o f f i c i a l circles a b r o a d , w h o k n o w that the A l b a n i a n people have always condemned perf i d y , f o r i t has n e v e r been i n t h e i r c h a r a c t e r . W e c o n demned the p e r f i d y and betrayal of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m committed by the Titoites, the Soviet revisionists as w e l l a s t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t leaders. O u r r u p t u r e w i t h these r e a c t i o n a r y r e v i s i o n i s t g r o u p s came a b o u t because o f p r o f o u n d i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l reasons a n d n o t o v e r m i n o r issues. T h e y w e r e n o t s i m p l y o f a n a t i o n a l c h a r a c ter, because t h e y a f f e c t e d n o t o n l y A l b a n i a ' s e c o n o m i c interests. N o , t h e y h a d a n d h a v e a m o r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r , because t h e y v i o l a t e those great p r i n c i p l e s f o r w h i c h t h e peoples, t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d p r o g r e s sive m a n k i n d a r e f i g h t i n g . T h e p o l i c y o f o u r P a r t y a n d F r o n t has b e e n a n d i s k n o w n to young and old at home and abroad, therefore i t i s n o t necessary t o g o i n t o d e t a i l a b o u t i t i n t h i s speech. I m e r e l y w i s h to stress to c e r t a i n circles a b r o a d that the policy of our P a r t y and the Democratic F r o n t of A l b a n i a w i l l n o t v a c i l l a t e o r depart, i n t h e least, f r o m its correct, d e f i n e d a n d p e r m a n e n t p r i n c i p l e s based o n Marxism-Leninism. O u r policy w i l l always be a principled class p o l i c y c o m p l y i n g w i t h t h e l o f t y i n t e r e s t s o f o u r c o u n t r y , s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f the peoples. O u r p e o p l e w i l l a l w a y s f i g h t u n w a v e r i n g l y against U S imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism and a l l r e a c t i o n a r i e s : n o b o d y s h o u l d c h e r i s h t h e slightest i l l u s i o n
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t h a t socialist A l b a n i a w i l l change its s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e m . Likewise, the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a and the A l b a n i a n state w i l l f i g h t a n d expose C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h has t a k e n sides w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d w o r l d r e a c t i o n i n its s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e peoples, e s p e c i a l l y against s o c i a l i s m i n A l b a n i a . On the other h a n d the People's Socialist Republic o f A l b a n i a has a l w a y s p u r s u e d a f r i e n d l y p o l i c y t o w a r d s a l l those states w h i c h w i s h o u r state w e l l , a n d d o not seek t o h a r m i t j u s t a s w e n e v e r t r y o r i n t e n d t o h a r m their peoples, b u t a l w a y s w i s h t o b e i n h a r m o n y a n d c o o p e r a t i o n f o r t h e sake o f t h e l o f t y a i m s a n d a r d e n t desires o f a l l t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d w h o a s p i r e t o l i b e r a t i o n , freedom, democracy, independence, sovereignty a n d socialism. Comrades, T h e c a m p a i g n for the election of deputies to the People's A s s e m b l y is a g r e a t p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n of o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e D e m o c r a t i c F r o n t . L e t us, t o g e t h e r w i t h all t h e o t h e r mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s , d o o u r u t m o s t t o g o t o the elections o f t h e d e p u t i e s t o t h e P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y with still greater results at w o r k . W i t h unshakeable confidence i n t h e correct l i n e o f t h e P a r t y , a n d t h e b r i l l i a n t prospects o p e n e d t o o u r people, let t h e p o l i t i c a l e n t h u s iasm a n d m o b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e w o r k e r s , peasants, y o u t h , the w o m e n , o u r e n t i r e w o r k i n g people, b u r s t o u t p o w e r f u l l y i n t h i s c a m p a i g n i n o r d e r t o c r o w n these elections w i t h f u l l success. L o n g live our heroic people! L o n g l i v e the P a r t y ! Long live the Democratic Front! O n the People's Power Collection of Works
YUGOSLAV SELF-ADMINISTRATION A CAPITALIST THEORY AND PRACTICE

Against E. Kardelj's anti-socialist views expressed in the book, Directions of the Development of the Political System of Socialist Self-administration.
A g r e a t d e a l of p u b l i c i t y is b e i n g g i v e n to a b o o k p u b l i s h e d i n Y u g o s l a v i a last y e a r u n d e r t h e t i t l e Directions of the Development of the Political System of Socialist Self-administration, by t h e l e a d i n g t h e o r e t i c i a n of Titoite revisionism, E d u a r d K a r d e l j . T h e a n t i - M a r x i s t ideas o f t h i s b o o k w e r e t h e basis of t h e e n t i r e p r o c e e d i n g s of t h e 11th C o n g r e s s of t h e revisionist p a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a , to w h i c h the Titoites, in a n e f f o r t t o d i s g u i s e its b o u r g e o i s c h a r a c t e r , h a v e g i v e n the n a m e the L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a . A s t h e 7 t h C o n g r e s s o f t h e P L A p o i n t e d out, t h e Titoites a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l capitalism are p u b l i c i z i n g the s y s t e m of s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n as a r e a d y - m a d e a n d tested r o a d to s o c i a l i s m , a n d a r e u s i n g it as a f a v o u r i t e weapon in their struggle against socialism, the revolution a n d l i b e r a t i o n struggles. In v i e w of its d a n g e r , I t h i n k I m u s t e x p r e s s some o p i n i o n s a b o u t t h i s book. A s i s k n o w n , c a p i t a l i s m has b e e n f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d in Yugoslavia, but this capitalism is cunningly disguised. Y u g o s l a v i a poses as a socialist state, b u t one of a special k i n d , w h i c h t h e w o r l d h a s n e v e r seen b e f o r e ! Indeed, the T i t o i t e s e v e n boast t h a t t h e i r state has n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h t h e f i r s t socialist state w h i c h e m e r g e d f r o m the O c t o b e r S o c i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n a n d w h i c h w a s f o u n d e d b y L e n i n a n d S t a l i n o n t h e basis o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r y of M a r x and Engels. R i g h t f r o m the start the Y u g o s l a v renegades deviated f r o m the scientific theory of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m on the socialist state a n d h a v e w o r k e d t o p r e v e n t t h e e s t a b l i s h -
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m e n t of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , so t h a t Y u g o slavia w o u l d proceed on the road of capitalism. O n a n o t h e r occasion, I h a v e e x p l a i n e d t h a t b o t h p r i o r to and after the liberation of Yugoslavia, the Titoite r e n e g a d e g r o u p , w h i c h d i s g u i s e d i t s e l f a n d posed as a s u p p o r t e r o f t h e socialist s y s t e m e s t a b l i s h e d i n the S o v i e t Union, and w h i c h trumpeted that it w o u l d b u i l d socialism o n the basis o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r y o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , i n r e a l i t y w a s opposed t o t h i s i d e o l o g y a n d t h e S o v i e t r e v o l u t i o n a r y e x p e r i e n c e . T h i s correct c o n c l u s i o n e m e r g e s c l e a r l y f r o m the content o f K a r d e l j ' s book, too.
1. A B r i e f Glance at the H i s t o r y of the Titoite Revisionists
The National Liberation W a r of Yugoslavia, under the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f Y u g o s l a v i a , w a s t h e e m b o d i m e n t o f t h e v a l o u r a n d courage o f t h e people a n d t h e h o n e s t y o f t h e g e n u i n e c o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a . D u r i n g this w a r , h o w e v e r , c e r t a i n d u b i o u s trends appeared in the Y u g o s l a v leadership, w h i c h made one t h i n k t h a t i n its s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e a n t i - f a s c i s t a l l i a n c e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d B r i t a i n , the T i t o group leaned rather towards the A n g l o A m e r i c a n s , a n d t h i s b e c a m e q u i t e clear l a t e r . A t t h a t time, we observed that the Titoite leadership m a i n t a i n e d v e r y close contacts w i t h t h e W e s t e r n allies, e s p e c i a l l y w i t h the B r i t i s h , f r o m w h o m i t received first-rate f i n a n cial and m i l i t a r y aid. Likewise, we were struck by the obvious political rapprochement between Tito and C h u r chill and his envoys (1), at a time w h e n the N a t i o n a l L i b ____________________________ 1 T i t o met a n d held talks w i t h C h u r c h i l l in A u g u s t 1944 in Naples of Italy. He also met the commander of the A l l i e d
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e r a t i o n W a r o f Y u g o s l a v i a o u g h t t o h a v e b e e n closely l i n k e d w i t h the liberation w a r of the Soviet U n i o n , because t h e h o p e f o r t h e a l l - r o u n d l i b e r a t i o n o f a l l the peoples, a s f a r a s t h e e x t e r n a l f a c t o r w a s c o n c e r n e d , w a s precisely this war. T h e t e n d e n c i e s o f t h e T i t o i t e l e a d e r s h i p t o oppose the S o v i e t U n i o n b e c a m e m o r e e v i d e n t o n t h e eve o f the v i c t o r y o v e r f a s c i s m , w h e n the R e d A r m y , i n hot p u r s u i t o f t h e G e r m a n a r m y , e n t e r e d Y u g o s l a v i a t o assist the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r t h e r e . E s p e c i a l l y a t the t i m e w h e n the c o n c l u s i o n s o f this great w a r w e r e b e i n g r e a c h e d a m o n g the great a n d s m a l l b e l l i g e r e n t p o w e r s , i t w a s o b v i o u s t h a t T i t o i t e Y u g o s l a v i a h a d the s u p p o r t o f B r i t i s h and U S i m p e r i a l i s m . A t that time, the diplomatic and ideological frictions between the Soviet U n i o n and Y u g o s l a v i a g r e w m o r e e v i d e n t . A m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , these differences w e r e over t e r r i t o r i a l problems. Yugoslavia c l a i m e d t e r r i t o r i e s i n t h e N o r t h , e s p e c i a l l y o n its b o r d e r w i t h I t a l y . B u t i t w a s s i l e n t a b o u t its s o u t h e r n b o r d e r s , e s p e c i a l l y its b o r d e r w i t h A l b a n i a , a b o u t K o s o v a a n d the A l b a n i a n t e r r i t o r i e s i n M a c e d o n i a a n d M o n t e n e g r o . T h e T i t o i t e s c o u l d n o t speak a b o u t t h e m , because t h e y w o u l d encroach u p o n the chauvinistic p l a t f o r m of the Serbian nationalists. (2) N o w it is common knowledge that the differences between the Y u g o s l a v leadership and S t a l i n w e r e deeprooted. T h e r e v i s i o n i s t v i e w s o f t h e Y u g o s l a v l e a d i n g group w e r e c r y s t a l l i z e d l o n g b e f o r e t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e i r country, possibly i n the days w h e n the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y
_______________________________ Mediterranean Forces, G e n e r a l W i l s o n , as w e l l as the c o m mander of the 8th A r m y , F i e l d m a r s h a l l A l e x a n d e r . 2 T h e Y u g o s l a v revisionists' stand towards this p r o b l e m is analysed in detail in C o m r a d e E n v e r Hoxha's W o r k , The Titoites (Historical Notes), 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g H o u s e , T i r a n a 1982, pp. 74-122, E n g . ed.
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of Y u g o s l a v i a took part in the C o m i n t e r n and w o r k e d in total illegality under the regime of the S e r b i a n kings. E v e n a t t h a t t i m e , its l e a d e r s h i p h a d d e v i a t i o n i s t , T r o t s k y ite views, w h i c h the C o m i n t e r n condemned whenever they were expressed. Later T i t o wiped off the condemnations of the C o m i n t e r n , even going so far as to rehabi l i t a t e t h e greatest d e v i a t i o n i s t , G o r k i , ( 3 ) t h e f o r m e r g e n e r a l secretary of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a . A f t e r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f Y u g o s l a v i a a p r o b l e m o f great importance arose: w h a t direction was Y u g o s l a v i a to take? T h i s d i r e c t i o n , of course, w o u l d d e p e n d to a g r e a t e x t e n t on whether the w o r l d outlook of the leaders of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was Marxist-Leninist or r e v i s i o n i s t . T h e y passed t h e m s e l v e s o f f a s M a r x i s t - L e n i n ists, a n d a t f i r s t t h a t i s w h a t w e b e l i e v e d t h e m t o be. I n fact, h o w e v e r , n o t o n l y f r o m t h e i r a c t i v i t y i n g e n e r a l , b u t also f r o m t h e i r concrete a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s us, w e observed that m a n y things about t h e m w e r e not in accord w i t h the scientific theory of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . We saw that they were deviating as far as they possibly could f r o m the experience of the construction of sociali s m i n the S o v i e t U n i o n . The tendency of the Y u g o s l a v leading group, headed by Tito, K a r d e l j , R a n k o v i and Djilas, w h i c h was noticed as early as the t i m e of their illegal activity, but especially after the l i b e r a t i o n o f Y u g o s l a v i a , w a s t h a t t h e C o m m u n ist P a r t y o f Y u g o s l a v i a s h o u l d n o t come out o p e n l y u n d e r its o w n name, but should be disguised, as it was, under t h e c l o a k o f the s o - c a l l e d P o p u l a r F r o n t o f Y u g o s l a v i a . This illegality was justified under the pretext that otherwise they risked alarming and f r i g h t e n i n g the big and petty bourgeoisie of t o w n and countryside, w h i c h might
__________________________________ 3 M i l a n G o r k i was condemned by the E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t tee of the C o m m u n i s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l in 1937.
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a b a n d o n t h e n e w state p o w e r w h i c h h a d e m e r g e d f r o m the r e v o l u t i o n , a n d t h a t the A n g l o - A m e r i c a n allies might be frightened by communism. Efforts were made to convince the bourgeoisie that the communists were not in power, that the communist party, t h o u g h it existed, was, so to say, a p a r t i c i p a n t in a b r o a d f r o n t , in w h i c h t h e men of Mihajlovi, and Nedi, and Stojadinovi and all the o t h e r r e a c t i o n a r y vices i n Y u g o s l a v i a c o u l d p a r t i cipate. Tito even formed a provisional government w i t h Subai, (4) the f o r m e r p r i m e minister of the r o y a l g o v e r n m e n t i n e x i l e i n L o n d o n , b u t u n d e r constant p r e s s u r e from the people he did not permit h i m to govern v e r y long a n d liquidated h i m . At that time he pretended that he h a d not w a n t e d Subai, but the allies h a d imposed h i m , w h i l e l a t e r h e accused S t a l i n o f t h e s a m e t h i n g . ( 5 ) T h e t r u t h i s t h a t T i t o accepted S u b a i t o please C h u r c h i l l , because h e d i d n o t l i k e S t a l i n . F r o m the v e r y beginning, the views of T i t o and his associates s h o w e d t h a t t h e y w e r e far f r o m b e i n g h a r d line M a r x i s t s , as t h e b o u r g e o i s i e calls t h e consistent
__________________________________ 4 He became f o r e i g n minister of the Y u g o s l a v G o v e r n m e n t after the l i b e r a t i o n of Y u g o s l a v i a , a n d resigned on October 5, 1945. 5 In his letter to Subai, in October 1945, u p o n the latter's resignation, T i t o w r o t e : Y o u r resignation has astonished me e x t r e m e l y . . . W h i c h p a r t of our agreement has n o t been f u l f i l l e d ? F i r s t , a united government w i t h the p a r t i cipation of a l l those ministers of the L o n d o n government that y o u proposed w a s f o u n d e d . . . , m a n y laws, i n the d r a f t i n g of w h i c h y o u took part, w e r e endorsed. T h e existence of parties w a s approved a n d they began to operate. F r e e d o m of the press exists, indeed, the fact that even the opposition has its publications proves that this is true. T h i s means that a l l those commitments I accepted in the agreement we signed j o i n t l y . . . are being carried out. By accepting y o u r d e c l a r a tions and collaboration, I rejected everything that c o u l d divide us.
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M a r x i s t s , b u t reasonable M a r x i s t s , w h o w o u l d c o l l a b o r a t e closely w i t h a l l the r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s p o l i t i c i a n s of Yugoslavia, old or new. A l t h o u g h it posed as being illegal, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a operated legally. Nevertheless, R a n k o v i a n d T i t o d i d not g i v e i t the p o w e r a n d the l e a d i n g r o l e i t s h o u l d h a v e h a d , because t h e y w e r e n o t f o r t h e construction of socialism in Yugoslavia. Tito and R a n kovi distorted the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t norms of the struct u r e a n d r o l e o f the p a r t y . T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f Yugoslavia, f r o m the v e r y beginning, was not built on the bases a n d t h e t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h i s p a r t y , w h i c h w a s a l l e g e d l y m e r g e d i n the P o p u l a r F r o n t o f Y u g o s l a v i a , m a d e the l a w , together w i t h the A r m y , the M i n i s t r y o f the I n t e r i o r a n d t h e S t a t e S e c u r i t y s e r vice. A f t e r the war, this party, w h i c h h a d led the w a r of the Y u g o s l a v peoples, became a d e t a c h m e n t of t h e state organs o f r e p r e s s i o n , w h i c h w e r e t h e A r m y , t h e M i n i s t r y of the Interior, and the U D B . Together w i t h t h e m , i t became a n o r g a n o f o p p r e s s i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g masses, i n s t e a d o f b e i n g the v a n g u a r d o f t h e w o r k i n g class. F r o m the p r o p a g a n d a d e v e l o p e d a n d t h e a u t h o r i t y the p a r t y h a d w o n d u r i n g the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r a n d i n t h e i n i t i a l steps o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f Y u g o s l a v i a after the w a r , t h e Y u g o s l a v w o r k i n g class h a d t h e i m pression that this p a r t y w a s in the v a n g u a r d . In reality, it w a s n o t the v a n g u a r d of t h e w o r k i n g class, b u t of a n e w b o u r g e o i s class t h a t h a d b e g u n t o assert itself, t h a t relied strongly on the prestige of the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r o f the peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a f o r its o w n c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y aims, w h i l e i t o b s c u r e d t h e p e r s p e c t i v e s of the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the n e w society. S u c h a degenerate party was bound to lead Titoite Yugoslavia on to antiM a r x i s t paths.
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T h e a n t i - M a r x i s t course o f t h e Y u g o s l a v T i t o i t e s , o f the T i t o - K a r d e l j - R a n k o v i g r o u p came i n t o open o p p o s i tion, a s i t w a s b o u n d t o do, w i t h M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , t h e communist parties, the Soviet U n i o n , Stalin, and a l l the countries o f people's d e m o c r a c y w h i c h w e r e c r e a t e d a f t e r the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r . O f course, t h i s c l a s h d e v e l o p e d g r a d u a l l y , t i l l t h e c r i t i c a l m o m e n t came, w h e n t h e t a r e s were sorted f r o m the wheat. (6) I t i s a n i n c o n t e s t a b l e fact t h a t t h e peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a f o u g h t . Y u g o s l a v i a m a d e g r e a t sacrifices, j u s t a s A l b a n i a did. T h e a n t i - M a r x i s t Y u g o s l a v leaders misused this f i g h t f o r t h e i r o w n ends. F o r p u b l i c o p i n i o n a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d , t h e y also e x p l o i t e d t h e h i g h assessment w h i c h the Soviet U n i o n made of Yugoslavia, in w h i c h that c o u n t r y w a s d e s c r i b e d a s a n i m p o r t a n t a l l y o n t h e Marxist-Leninist road to socialism. Before long, in their relations w i t h the newly-created states o f p e o p l e ' s d e m o c r a c y , the T i t o i t e s w e r e d i s p l a y i n g tendencies t o d o m i n a t i o n , e x p a n s i o n a n d h e g e m o n y , w h i c h were apparent everywhere, but more especially in their relations w i t h our country. A s w e k n o w , they sought t o impose their a n t i - M a r x i s t political, ideological, organizat i o n a l a n d state v i e w s o n us. T h e y w e n t s o f a r a s t o
_____________________________ 6 T h i s came about in J u n e 1948, w h e n the meeting of the I n f o r m b u r e a u of the C o m m u n i s t Parties, w h i c h e x a m i ned the situation i n the Y u g o s l a v C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , was held i n R u m a n i a . T h e relative resolution adopted o n this problem says that the leadership of the Y u g o s l a v C o m m u n i s t Party has abandoned i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m a n d set on the road of chauvinism, that . . . such a nationalist orientation could only lead to the degeneration of Y u g o s l a v i a i n t o an o r d i n a r y bourgeois republic, to the loss of its independence and its transformation into a colony of i m p e r i a l i s t states. L i f e f u l l y c o n f i r m e d these predictions. (Resolution of the I n f o r m b u r e a u on the situation in the Y u g o s l a v C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , p u b l i s h e d in the o r g a n of the I n f o r m b u r e a u of the C o m m u n i s t a n d W o r k e r s ' Parties, For a Stable Peace, for People's Democracy!, J u l y 1, 1948, N o . 16).
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m a k e despicable attempts to t r a n s f o r m A l b a n i a into a republic of Yugoslavia. In this disgraceful, but unsuccessf u l enterprise, t h e T i t o i t e s e n c o u n t e r e d o u r d e t e r m i n e d o p p o s i t i o n . A t f i r s t , o u r resistance w a s u n c r y s t a l l i z e d , because w e d i d n o t suspect t h a t t h e Y u g o s l a v l e a d e r s h i p h a d set out o n t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t r o a d . A f t e r some years, h o w e v e r , w h e n i t s h e g e m o n i c a n d e x p a n s i o n ist tendencies w e r e c l e a r l y d i s p l a y e d , w e opposed i t s t e r n ly and unreservedly. T h e Titoites tried to impose their w i l l on us by r e s o r t i n g t o t h e most v a r i e d k i n d s o f p r e s s u r e a n d b l a c k m a i l . T o t h i s end, t h e y also o r g a n i z e d t h e K o i X o x e ( 7 ) c o n s p i r a c y . T h e y p u r s u e d t h i s same i m p e r i a l i s t p r a c t i c e t o w a r d s other c o u n t r i e s , too, l i k e B u l g a r i a , H u n g a r y a n d C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , a l t h o u g h n o t t o t h e s a m e e x t e n t . A l l these u g l y acts c l e a r l y s h o w e d t h a t Y u g o s l a v i a w a s not a d v a n c ing on the road to socialism, but had become a tool in the s e r v i c e o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m . W i t h each p a s s i n g d a y i t w a s b e c o m i n g c l e a r e r t h a t a socialist s o c i e t y o f t h e L e n i n i s t t y p e w a s n o t b e i n g built in Yugoslavia, but that capitalism w a s developing i n s t e a d . M e a n w h i l e , t h e steps t a k e n o n t h i s c a p i t a l i s t r o a d w e r e d i s g u i s e d w i t h the a l l e g e d quest f o r a n e w , s p e c i f i c f o r m o f socialism. P r e c i s e l y f o r t h i s p u r p o s e , the Y u g o s l a v revisionist leadership w i t h Tito, K a r d e l j and R a n k o v i at the head, in an effort to somehow justify their betrayal theoretically, b o r r o w e d the most v a r i e d ideas f r o m t h e a r s e n a l o f t h e o l d r e v i s i o n i s t s , a n d in this w a y strengthened their fascist-type state w i t h
_______________________________________ 7 F o r m e r organizational secretary of the CC of the C P A and minister of I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s . He w a s recruited by the Y u g o s l a v secret service in the b e g i n n i n g of the summer of 1943 and carried out uninterrupted, a n t i - A l b a n i a n a n d a n t i M a r x i s t conspiratorial activity u n t i l h e w a s discovered a n d received the deserved condemnation.
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every possible means. T h e A r m y , the M i n i s t r y of the Interior, a n d the U D B became all-powerful. T h o u g h it was establishing capitalism, the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h i p t r i e d t o create t h e o p i n i o n a m o n g t h e masses o f t h e p e o p l e t h a t t h e w a r a i m s w e r e n o t b e i n g b e t r a y e d i n Y u g o s l a v i a , t h a t a state w i t h a s o c i a l ist orientation existed there, in the leadership of w h i c h was a communist party that defended M a r x i s m , and a l l e g e d l y , p r e c i s e l y because o f this, i t h a d c o m e i n t o o p position w i t h the Soviet U n i o n , Stalin, the communist parties a n d the countries of people's democracy. To protect their positions, b a d l y shaken as a result of their exposure before internal public opinion and in the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t a n d w o r k e r s ' m o v e m e n t , t h e Titoites, in continuation of their deceptive policy, procl a i m e d t h a t t h e y w o u l d t a k e serious actions f o r t h e construction of socialism in the countryside, for the collectivization of agriculture according to Leninist principles, a n d t h e r e f o r e , t h e y f o r m e d t h e s o - c a l l e d zadrugas. A s f o r t h e seriousness o f t h e i n t e n t i o n s o f t h e T i t o i t e renegades about the construction of socialism in the count r y s i d e , it is e n o u g h to r e c a l l t h a t t h e zadrugas c o l l a p s e d before they w e r e p r o p e r l y established, a n d n o w no trace remains of the collectivization of the Y u g o s l a v countryside. U p t i l l 1948, w h e n t h e f i n a l r u p t u r e came b e t w e e n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t h e c o u n t r i e s o f people's d e m o c r a c y a n d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d Y u g o s l a v i a , o n t h e other, the l a t t e r w a s s t i l l i n t h e i n i t i a l p h a s e of c h a o t i c c a p i t a l i s m , in a state of p o l i t i c a l , ideological, economic disorganization, in an extremely grave situation. This impelled the T i t o - K a r d e l j - R a n k o v i g r o u p t o act m o r e o p e n l y , t o l i n k i t s e l f m o r e c l o s e l y w i t h w o r l d capitalism, especially US imperialism, in order to m a i n t a i n its p o w e r a n d t o c h a n g e t h e s i t u a t i o n t o its advantage.
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A f t e r 1948, p l u n g e d i n t o a g r a v e p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d economic crisis, Y u g o s l a v i a f o u n d itself i n a q u a n d a r y , because o f t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t d e v i a t i o n o f its l e a d e r s h i p . T h e T i t o i t e renegades w e r e , s o t o say, w a n t i n g t o sit o n t w o chairs. T h e y w a n t e d t o sit o n t h e c h a i r o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , m e r e l y f o r t h e sake o f a p p e a r a n c e s , o n l y f o r f o r m ' s sake, w h i l e o n the other, t h e c a p i t a l i s t r e v i s i o n i s t chair, t h e y w a n t e d t o p l a n t t h e m s e l v e s f i r m l y ; but, i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h i s a i m , a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f t i m e w o u l d b e necessary. T h e p e r i o d f r o m 1948 o n w a r d s w a s v e r y t r o u b l e d b y g r a v e crises, c o n f u s i o n a n d chaos. T h e T i t o - K a r d e l j - R a n k o v i renegade group faced the question: H o w to hang on to power and crush any resistance o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a , w h o had fought for socialism in friendship and complete u n i t y w i t h the Soviet U n i o n and the countries of people's d e m o c r a c y ? W i t h t h i s a i m i n v i e w , the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n ists w o r k e d , i n t h e f i r s t place, t o l i q u i d a t e a n y t r a c e of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m left in their party, in order to transform it into an instrument of their bourgeois-revisionist ideology a n d policy, to divest it of a n y leading f u n c t i o n , w h i l e c o n v e r t i n g t h e w o r k i n g class i n t o a n i n e r t mass w h i c h m u s t n o t b e g i v e n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o see t h e b e t r a y a l a n d act against i t a s t h e d e c i s i v e p o l i t i c a l f o r c e o f the r e v o l u t i o n . T h e n o r m s o f d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m i n the p a r t y w e r e v i o l a t e d . T h e p a r t y w a s m a d e s u b ordinate to the U D B , w h i c h w a s used by the Titoites as a m e a n s t o suppress a l l t h e e l e m e n t s w h o w e r e n o t i n favour of the retrogressive a n t i - M a r x i s t t u r n . T h e p a r t y w a s purged o f a l l those w h o w e r e l o y a l t o s o c i a l i s m . T h o u g h i t a p p e a r e d t o r e t a i n some n o r m s o f elections, meetings, a n d conferences, i n r e a l i t y its b u r e a u c r a t i c l e adership concentrated all the power in this allegedly M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y i n its o w n h a n d s a n d t r a n s f o r m e d i t i n t o a s i m p l e t o o l i m p l e m e n t i n g its o r d e r s a n d those
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o f the S t a t e S e c u r i t y service. T h u s , the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f Y u g o s l a v i a w a s r a d i c a l l y t r a n s f o r m e d a n d lost a l l t h e features o f t h e v a n g u a r d p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, t h e l e a d i n g p o l i t i c a l f o r c e o f society. T h i s w a s a great v i c t o r y f o r c a p i t a l i s m , f o r t h e f o r e i g n a n d l o c a l bourgeoisie. In order to m a i n t a i n their domination, the Titoite renegades h a d t o q u i e t l y l i q u i d a t e the state p o w e r w h i c h had emerged f r o m the N a t i o n a l Liberation W a r and to b u i l d a n o t h e r state p o w e r , a f e r o c i o u s fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p . In other words, the T i t o - K a r d e l j - R a n k o v i leading group undertook the l i q u i d a t i o n of a l l M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t features of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d set out in quest of a l l e g e d l y n e w socialist roads, w h i c h w e r e c a p i t a l i s t i n fact, i n the e c o n o m y , i n t e r n a l a n d f o r e i g n p o l i c y , e d u c a t i o n a n d c u l t u r e , a n d i n a l l sectors o f l i f e . I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n , t h e State S e c u r i t y organs a n d the Y u g o s l a v A r m y became the f a v o u r i t e savage w e a p o n s i n t h e h a n d s o f t h i s h a n d f u l o f renegades, w h i c h m e t e d o u t d r a c o n i a n p u n i s h m e n t t o a n y o n e w h o d a r e d d e n o u n c e t h e b e t r a y a l . T h e mass persecutions a n d k i l l i n g s o f a l l s o u n d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t elements b e g a n . T h e d r e a d f u l c o n c e n t r a t i o n camps, one of w h i c h was that of G o l i Otok were crammed w i t h prisoners and internees. At that time Yugoslavia's economy was in very bad shape because o f t h e w a r d e v a s t a t i o n , t h e c o n f u s e d p o l i c y o f t h e Y u g o s l a v l e a d e r s h i p , a n d because, a f t e r t h e b r e a k ing off o f a l l r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , Y u g o s l a v i a no longer received the considerable aid it had received i n t h e f i r s t y e a r s a f t e r l i b e r a t i o n , a s w e l l a s because i t c o u l d n o l o n g e r p l u n d e r t h e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f people's d e m o c r a c y , l i k e A l b a n i a , t h r o u g h the j o i n t c o m p a n i e s set u p o n a n u n f a i r basis, w h i c h b e n e f i t e d o n l y one side, Yugoslavia. C e r t a i n l y , t h e Y u g o s l a v renegades c o u l d not get o u t o f t h e c r i s i s t h r o u g h t e r r o r i s m alone. A s a l o n g - s t a n d i n g
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agency of w o r l d capitalism, they t u r n e d i m m e d i a t e l y in that direction for aid, a n d US imperialism, in particular, was ready to give Tito and Co. a l l the aid and support t h e y n e e d e d t o save t h e i r s k i n s a n d t o m a k e t h e m a n i m p o r t a n t t o o l i n its f i g h t a g a i n s t s o c i a l i s m , t h e r e v o l u tion and liberation movements. The imperialist powers h a d b e e n w a i t i n g i m p a t i e n t l y f o r s u c h a t u r n , because t h e y h a d b e e n p r e p a r e d f o r t h i s since t h e t i m e o f t h e w a r . Therefore, they d i d not f a i l to give t h e m m a j o r e c o n o m i c aid, a n d also g a v e t h e m s t r o n g p o l i t i c a l a n d ideological support. T h e y even supplied t h e m w i t h various weapons and m i l i t a r y equipment, and l i n k e d them w i t h N A T O through the B a l k a n Pact. ( 8 ) In the first period, Y u g o s l a v i a w a s aided by capital investments f r o m foreign companies, (9) especially in i n d u s try and agriculture. In the field of industry, w h e r e US i m p e r i a l i s m s h o w e d i t s e l f p a r t i c u l a r l y generous, its a i d e n a b l e d w o r k to begin for the reconstruction of the old existing factories, s o t h a t these c o u l d b e m a d e m o r e o r less o p e r a tional and their production w o u l d suffice to prop up the bourgeois-revisionist regime w h i c h was crystallizing and w h i c h h a d t u r n e d its face t o w a r d s w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m . T h e T i t o i t e r e g i m e also h a d to liquidate that half________________________________ 8 On the basis of the m i l i t a r y agreement between the U S A a n d Y u g o s l a v i a , signed on N o v e m b e r 14, 1951, the Y u g o slav armed forces w e r e actually put under P e n t a g o n control. In 1953 the t r i p l e T r e a t y of C o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d F r i e n d s h i p , w h i c h in 1954 was changed into a m i l i t a r y pact, w a s concluded betw e e n Y u g o s l a v i a , Greece a n d T u r k e y . T h i s pact tied Y u g o s l a v i a also t o N A T O o f w h i c h T u r k e y and Greece are members. 9 A c c o r d i n g to the newspaper The Times, A p r i l 17, 1951 in October 1949 the International Reconstruction B a n k accorded Y u g o s l a v i a a l o a n of 2,700,000 dollars whereas, in the same year, the International M o n e t a r y F u n d gave it t w o loans amounting to 12,000,000 dollars. T h e A m e r i c a n Congress a u thorized a l o a n of 38 m i l l i o n dollars in December 1950 a n d an additional 29 m i l l i o n dollars in A p r i l 1951.
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baked system of collectivization of agriculture w h i c h had been set u p i n a n u m b e r o f p e a s a n t e c o n o m i e s a n d t o create a n e w s y s t e m i n w h i c h t h e k u l a k s a n d t h e b i g landed proprietors w o u l d be favoured again. F o r m s and m e a n s w e r e f o u n d f o r t h e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the l a n d , under w h i c h the old k u l a k s w e r e re-established w i t h o u t causing g r e a t u p h e a v a l s i n t h e c o u n t r y . T h e state a d o p t e d a series of c a p i t a l i s t m e a s u r e s , s u c h as t h e b r e a k i n g up o f t h e m a c h i n e a n d t r a c t o r stations a n d t h e sale o f t h e i r equipment to the rich peasantry w h i c h could afford to buy them, a n d the imposition of h e a v y taxes on the peasants. T h e state f a r m s , l i k e w i s e , w e r e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o capitalist e n t e r p r i s e s i n w h i c h f o r e i g n c a p i t a l , also, w a s invested, etc. The local merchants and industrialists, to w h o m major concessions w e r e m a d e , b e n e f i t e d g r e a t l y f r o m t h e f o r e i g n capital invested. T h e s e m e a s u r e s p r o v e d b e y o n d a n y d o u b t t h a t the socialism w h i c h w a s b e i n g b u i l t i n Y u g o s l a v i a w a s nothing other than the road of integration into capitalism. Thus, the g r o u n d was prepared for the penetration of f o r e i g n c a p i t a l on an e v e r l a r g e r scale in a p o l i t i c a l , ideological a n d organizational environment v e r y suitable to w o r l d capitalism, w h i c h , by aiding the Titoite regime, w o u l d use it as a b r i d g e h e a d f o r its p e n e t r a t i o n i n t o t h e other c o u n t r i e s of people's d e m o c r a c y . This political, ideological a n d economic orientation of Titoite Y u g o s l a v i a t o w a r d s c a p i t a l i s m b r o u g h t a b o u t t h a t the class s t r u g g l e t h e r e t o o k a n o t h e r d i r e c t i o n , a n d d e v eloped no l o n g e r as a m o t i v e f o r c e of t h e socialist society, but as a m o t i v e f o r c e in t h e s t r u g g l e a m o n g o p p o s i n g classes, as is t h e case in a n y c a p i t a l i s t state w h e r e t h e dictatorship of the bourgeoisie prevails. T h e Titoite bourgeois-revisionist state s p e a r h e a d e d t h e class s t r u g g l e i n Y u g o s l a v i a against t h e p r o g r e s s i v e elements o f t h e w o r k -
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i n g class, against t h e c o m m u n i s t s w h o r e s i s t e d t h e course of betrayal. D e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m w a s soon l i q u i d a t e d , also, i n the f i e l d o f t h e e c o n o m i c a n d state a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . I t i s t r u e t h a t i n Y u g o s l a v i a some f a c t o r i e s h a d b e e n n a t i o n a l i z e d , f o r e i g n t r a d e h a d b e e n p r o c l a i m e d a state m o n o p o ly a n d it was alleged that the principle of democratic centralism was i m p l e m e n t e d in the organization a n d act i v i t y o f t h e state a n d t h e p a r t y . B u t these m e a s u r e s o f a seemingly revolutionary character were neither complete n o r consistent. T h e c e n t r a l i s m i n Y u g o s l a v i a d i d n o t h a v e the t r u e L e n i n i s t m e a n i n g t h a t t h e e n t i r e e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l l i f e o f t h e society s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o n b y combining the centralized leadership w i t h the creative i n i t i a t i v e o f t h e l o c a l o r g a n s a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses, b u t w a s i n t e n d e d to create a d i c t a t o r i a l f o r c e of t h e fascist t y p e , w h i c h w o u l d b e i n a p o s i t i o n t o i m p o s e t h e w i l l o f the r u l i n g r e g i m e o n t h e peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a f r o m above. W i t h t h e passage o f a f e w y e a r s , these i n i t i a l measures, w h i c h w e r e a d v e r t i z e d a s a l l e g e d l y socialist tendencies, t o o k a c l e a r l y a n t i - M a r x i s t , c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y d i r e c t i o n . T h e e n t i r e state o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d state a c t i v i t y i n the e c o n o m i c f i e l d a s s u m e d c a p i t a l i s t features, in open opposition to the f u n d a m e n t a l experience of the construction of socialism in the Soviet U n i o n of L e n i n and Stalin. I n t h e y e a r s i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r 1948, w e c a n s a y t h a t the principle of centralism was implemented in the activi t y o f t h e Y u g o s l a v state, because the F e d e r a t i o n o f Yugoslavia was burdened w i t h very grave difficulties w h i c h , decentralized, it could not solve successfully. The times were such that the preservation of centralism was r e q u i r e d , because t h e F e d e r a t i o n w a s m a d e u p o f r e p u b lics, each o f t h e m w i t h d i f f e r e n t n a t i o n a l i s t p o l i t i c a l currents w h i c h w e r e seeking to break a w a y f r o m it. B u t
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that sort o f c e n t r a l i s m w a s b u r e a u c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m , the economic plans were decided f r o m above w i t h o u t being discussed a t the base, w e r e n o t w e l l - s t u d i e d a n d w e r e not d e s i g n e d t o p r o m o t e a n h a r m o n i o u s d e v e l o p m e n t o f the v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s of t h e e c o n o m y of the r e p u b l i c s a n d regions o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n , the o r d e r s w e r e a r b i t r a r y a n d w e r e e x e c u t e d b l i n d l y , a n d the p r o d u c t s w e r e p r o c u r e d b y f o r c e . F r o m t h i s chaos, i n w h i c h the i n i t i a t i v e o f the l o c a l o r g a n s o f t h e p a r t y a n d state a n d the i n i t i a t i v e o f the w o r k i n g masses w e r e nowhere; to be seen, of course, d i s a g r e e m e n t s w e r e b o u n d t o emerge, a s t h e y d i d i n fact, a n d t h e y w e r e s u p p r e s s e d w i t h t e r r o r a n d b l o o d s h e d . S u c h a situation w a s encouraged by the capitalist states w h i c h h a d t a k e n the T i t o i t e r e g i m e u n d e r t h e i r w i n g in order to give Y u g o s l a v i a a capitalist orientation. P r o f i t i n g f r o m t h i s state o f a f f a i r s , t h e v a r i o u s i m p e r i a l ists c o m p e t e d w i t h one a n o t h e r i n t h e i r e f f o r t s t o get a t i g h t e r g r i p o n t h i s c o r r u p t state, s o that, t o g e t h e r w i t h the c r e d i t s t h e y p r o v i d e d , t h e y c o u l d also i m p o s e t h e i r political, ideological and organizational views. T h e f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i s t s w h o s u p p o r t e d the T i t o i t e renegade g r o u p , r e c o g n i z e d c l e a r l y t h a t t h i s g r o u p w o u l d serve t h e m , b u t t h e y f e l t that, a f t e r t h e t u r b u l e n t a n d chaotic s i t u a t i o n h a d b e e n o v e r c o m e , a m o r e stable s i t u a tion h a d to be created in Y u g o s l a v i a . Otherwise, they could not b e s u r e a b o u t t h e s e c u r i t y o f the b i g i n v e s t ments t h e y w e r e m a k i n g a n d w h i c h t h e y w e r e t o increase in the future. I n o r d e r t o create t h e d e s i r e d s i t u a t i o n i n f a v o u r o f capitalism it was necessary to b r i n g about the decent r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m y a n d the recognition and protection by l a w of the rights of the capitalists w h o w e r e m a k i n g l a r g e i n v e s t m e n t s i n t h e e c o n o m y of t h i s state. The Titoite leadership understood clearly that w o r l d
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c a p i t a l i s m w a n t e d Y u g o s l a v i a as a t o o l in its h a n d s , to b e i n the best possible p o s i t i o n t o deceive others. C o n s e q u e n t l y , it c o u l d not accept a b l o o d t h i r s t y , o p e n l y fascist regime such as that w h i c h the anti-Marxists, T i t o - K a r d e l j R a n k o v i , h a d e s t a b l i s h e d . F o r these reasons, i n 1967 the T i t o - K a r d e l j g r o u p t o o k m e a s u r e s a n d l i q u i d a t e d the R a n k o v i group, w h i c h was b l a m e d for all the evils of the T i t o i t e r u l e u p t i l l t h a t p e r i o d . W i t h the l i q u i d a t i o n o f R a n k o v i , the L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a d i d n o t e m e r g e f r o m the g r a v e crisis i n t o w h i c h i t h a d e n t e r e d . I t c o n t i n u e d t o b e t r e a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o l d T i t o i t e v i e w s , the essence o f w h i c h w a s t h a t t h e L e a g u e s h o u l d k e e p u p o n l y its c o m m u n i s t disguise, b u t n e v e r p l a y t h e l e a d i n g r o l e i n the state a c t i v i t y , the a r m y , o r i n t h e e c o n o m y . T h e T i t o i t e s had even changed their party's name, calling it the L e a gue o f C o m m u n i s t s , a l l e g e d l y i n o r d e r t o g i v e i t a n authentic M a r x i s t name, t a k e n f r o m the v o c a b u l a r y of K a r l M a r x . T h e o n l y o f f i c i a l l y r e c o g n i z e d r o l e o f this so-called L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s w a s a n e d u c a t i o n a l one. B u t e v e n t h i s e d u c a t i o n a l r o l e w a s n o n - e x i s t e n t , because Y u g o s l a v society, w h i c h w a s l u l l e d t o sleep w i t h the propaganda of an allegedly Marxist-Leninist policy and i d e o l o g y i n the c r a d l e o f the s o - c a l l e d S o c i a l i s t L e a g u e of Yugoslavia, was led astray on the capitalist road. A l t h o u g h it e m e r g e d f r o m i l l e g a l i t y as a r e s u l t of t h e capitalist d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n , t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y d i s s o l v e d i n t o t h a t sort o f i d e o l o g i c a l p l u r a l i s m w h i c h later w o u l d be called a democratic system. The m a i n a i m w a s that, a f t e r t h e p a r t y h a d b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a b o u r g e o i s p a r t y , t h e c a p i t a l i s t f e a t u r e s of the economic d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e c o m pletely crystallized. Thus, suitable ground was prepared in Yugoslavia f o r the f l o u r i s h i n g o f a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t theories, against
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w h i c h M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d S t a l i n h a d fought. These were the conditions in w h i c h the pseudo-Marxist-Leninist t h e o r y o n the p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tion, w h i c h K a r d e l j deals w i t h i n his book, w a s concocted. I h a v e d w e l t at some l e n g t h on t h e h i s t o r i c a l side o f t h e e v o l u t i o n o f Y u g o s l a v i a o n the r e v i s i o n i s t r o a d , not because these p r o b l e m s a r e u n k n o w n t o us, b u t i n order t o b r i n g o u t m o r e c l e a r l y t h e f a l s i t y o f t h e theoretical ideas o f K a r d e l j w h o , a s T i t o ' s c o l l a b o r a t o r i n the great b e t r a y a l o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m , cannot adopt a n y p o s i t i o n o t h e r t h a n that w h i c h p r e s e n t s w h i t e a s b l a c k a n d calls c a p i t a l i s m s o c i a l i s m . N o w , seeing the i n g l o r i o u s pass t o w h i c h t h e y h a v e b r o u g h t t h e i r c o u n try, these renegades are t r y i n g t o f i n d t h e o r e t i c a l j u s t i fications f o r t h e c h a o t i c s i t u a t i o n o f w h i c h t h e y are the authors. T h i s also e x p l a i n s K a r d e l j ' s o b s c u r e ideas. T h e Y u g o s l a v r e a l i t y i s c h a o t i c a n d a l l the t h e o r i z i n g a b o u t it is c o n f u s e d . It c a n n o t be o t h e r w i s e .
2. T h e S y s t e m of Self-administration in the Economy T h e theory and practice of Yugoslav self-administration i s a n o u t r i g h t d e n i a l o f t h e t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x i s m Leninism and the universal laws on the construction of socialism. T h e essence o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s o c i a l i s m i n the economy is t h e i d e a t h a t a l l e g e d l y s o c i a l i s m c a n n o t be b u i l t b y c o n c e n t r a t i n g t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n i n the hands o f t h e socialist state, b y c r e a t i n g state o w n e r s h i p a s the h i g h e s t f o r m o f socialist o w n e r s h i p , b u t b y f r a g m e n t i n g t h e socialist state p r o p e r t y i n t o p r o p e r t y o f individual groups of workers, w h o allegedly administer
284
ENVER HOXHA As long ago as 1848, Marx and
it directly themselves. E n g e l s stressed,
The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the state, i.e., of the proletariat organized as the ruling class...*
L e n i n stressed the same t h i n g w h e n h e s t e r n l y c o m b a t e d the a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t v i e w s o f t h e a n t i - p a r t y g r o u p o f the w o r k e r opposition, w h i c h demanded the h a n d i n g o f t h e f a c t o r i e s t o t h e w o r k e r s a n d the m a n a g e m e n t a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n n o t b y the socialist state, but by a s o - c a l l e d C o n g r e s s of p r o d u c e r s , as a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f separate g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s . ( 1 0 ) L e n i n d e s c r i b e d these v i e w s as
... a complete nism.**

He pointed out,
break
with
Marxism
and
commu-
any justification, whether direct or indirect, of the ownership of the workers of an individual factory or an individual profession over their individual production, or any justification of their right to tone down or hinder the orders from the
_____________________________________ * K. M a r x F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 1, T i r a n a 1975, p. 42, A l b . ed. 10 T h e 10th Congress of the CP(b) of Russia, h e l d in M a r c h 1921, condemned the views of the w o r k e r opposition and of the other factionalist groups a n d ordered their i m m e diate dissolution. ** V. I. L e n i n . Collected Works, v o l . 32, p. 283, A l b . ed.
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general state power, is a very gross distortion of the fundamental principles of Soviet power and complete renunciation of socialism.*
I n J u n e 1950, w h e n h e p r e s e n t e d t h e l a w o n selfa d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o the P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y o f t h e P e o p l e ' s Federal R e p u b l i c of Y u g o s l a v i a , w h i l e propounding his r e v i s i o n i s t v i e w s o n o w n e r s h i p u n d e r socialism, a m o n g other t h i n g s , T i t o said, F r o m n o w o n , state p r o p e r t y o f the m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n , factories, m i n e s , r a i l r o a d s w i l l g r a d u a l l y g o o v e r t o the h i g h e s t f o r m o f socialist o w n e r s h i p : state o w n e r s h i p i s the l o w e s t f o r m o f s o c i a l o w n e r ship, not t h e h i g h e s t form...; a m o n g the m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c acts of a socialist c o u n t r y is the t r a n s f e r of factories a n d o t h e r e c o n o m i c e n t e r p r i s e s f r o m t h e h a n d s o f t h e state i n t o t h e h a n d s o f t h e w o r k e r s , f o r t h e m t o manage..., because i n t h i s m a n n e r t h e slogan o f the action o f t h e w o r k i n g class m o v e m e n t ' F a c t o r i e s t o t h e W o r k e r s ! ' w i l l b e realized. ** T h e s e assertions o f T i t o ' s a n d the r e a c t i o n a r y a n a r c h o syndicalist v i e w s of the w o r k e r opposition, w h i c h L e n i n exposed i n h i s t i m e , are a s a l i k e a s t w o d r o p s o f w a t e r . T h e y a r e also closely s i m i l a r t o the v i e w s o f P r o u d h o n , w h o in h i s w o r k . The Theory of Property c l a i m e d t h a t the s p o n t a n e o u s p r o d u c t of a c o l l e c t i v e unit... c a n be c o n s i d e r e d as t h e t r i u m p h of freedom... a n d as t h e greatest e x i s t i n g r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r c e t h a t c a n oppose the p o w e r of t h e state. O r , h e r e is w h a t one of t h e chiefs of the S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l , O t t o B a u e r , s a i d i n h i s book, The R o a d t o S o c i a l i s m : W h o , t h e n , w i l l l e a d s o c i a l i z e d industry in the future? The government? N o ! If the
_________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , On Democratization and the Socialist Character of the Soviet Power. ** Factories to the Workers, P r i s h t i n a 1951, p p . 37, 19, 1.
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government were to r u n a l l the branches of i n d u s t r y w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , i t w o u l d become e x t r e m e l y p o w e r f u l o v e r the people a n d t h e n a t i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e b o d y . S u c h a n increase o f g o v e r n m e n t p o w e r w o u l d b e d a n g e r o u s to democracy. * I n u n i t y w i t h T i t o ' s v i e w s , E . K a r d e l j also stresses i n h i s b o o k : O u r society i s c o m p e l l e d t o act i n t h i s m a n n e r since i t has d e c i d e d o n s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e self-governing socialization of the social property, and against the p e r p e t u a t i o n o f the s t a t e - o w n e d f o r m o f s o c i a l ist r e l a t i o n s of p r o d u c t i o n (p. 66) [ 11 ]. T h i s m e a n s t h a t the s y s t e m o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y has b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n Y u g o s l a v i a , a n d state socialist p r o p e r t y , t h e p r o p e r t y o f the e n t i r e people, does not e x i s t . The situation is completely different in our country, w h e r e t h i s c o m m o n socialist p r o p e r t y i s m a n a g e d b y t h e state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e masses o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n direct, c e n t r a l i z e d f o r m s , w h i c h are p l a n n e d f r o m b e l o w a n d o r i e n t a t e d f r o m above. T h e course of t h e d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of t h e m e a n s of p r o d u c t i o n , a c c o r d i n g to t h e a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t ideas of w o r k e r s ' s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , is, i n essence, n o t h i n g b u t a s u b t e r f u g e to p r e s e r v e a n d c o n s o l i d a t e c a p i t a l i s t p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p o v e r the m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n , a l t h o u g h i n a f o r m disguised as property administered by groups of w o r k e r s . I n fact, a l l t h e c o n f u s e d a n d o b s c u r e t e r m s i n v e n t e d b y t h e t h e o r e t i c i a n K a r d e l j i n h i s book, s u c h as fundamental organization of united labour, complex o r g a n i z a t i o n o f u n i t e d l a b o u r , w o r k e r s ' councils o f the fundamental or complex organization of united labour.
_________________________________ * Otto Bauer, The Rood to Socialism, P a r i s 1919. p. 18. 11 A l l quotations f r o m E. K a r d e l j ' s book are taken f r o m its A l b a n i a n translation b y the P r i s h t i n a P u b l i s h i n g B o a r d in 1977 (note by 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House. T i r a n a ) .
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self-governing communities of interests, etc., etc., w h i c h have even been w r i t t e n into the l a w of the Y u g o slav c a p i t a l i s t state, are n o t h i n g b u t a glossy facade b e h i n d w h i c h i s h i d d e n t h e s t r i p p i n g o f the w o r k i n g class of its r i g h t to o w n e r s h i p o v e r t h e m e a n s of p r o d u c tion, its savage e x p l o i t a t i o n b y the b o u r g e o i s i e . T h i s p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y exists i n Y u g o s l a v i a n o t o n l y i n d i s g u i s e d f o r m s b u t also i n its u s u a l f o r m , b o t h i n t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e . T h i s , too, i s a d m i t t e d b y E . K a r d e l j i n h i s b o o k w h e n h e says, I n o u r society s u c h r i g h t s as... the r i g h t o f p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y , or, w i t h i n g i v e n l i m i t s , also of p r i v a t e property... h a v e s p e c i a l importance... (p. 177). K a r d e l j t r i e s i n v a i n t o m i t i g a t e t h e n e g a t i v e effect w h i c h the o p e n acceptance o f t h e r i g h t t o p r i v a t e p r o p e r ty might have, even in the f o r m of small-scale production, w h i c h , a s L e n i n says, gives b i r t h t o c a p i t a l i s m e v e r y day a n d e v e r y h o u r . T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e e v e n p r o m u l g a t e d s p e c i a l l a w s t o e n c o u r a g e the p r i v a t e e c o n omy, l a w s w h i c h r e c o g n i z e t h e c i t i z e n s ' r i g h t to f o u n d enterprises a n d to h i r e l a b o u r . T h e Y u g o s l a v C o n s t i t u t i o n says e x p r e s s l y : P r i v a t e o w n e r s h a v e the same socioe c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n , the same r i g h t s a n d o b l i g a t i o n s a s t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s . Small-scale private property reigns supreme in Y u g o slav a g r i c u l t u r e a n d occupies n e a r l y 90 p e r cent of t h e arable l a n d . N i n e m i l l i o n h a . o f l a n d b e l o n g t o t h e p r i v a t e sector, w h i l e o v e r 10 p e r cent, or 1,15 m i l l i o n ha., belong t o t h e m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s t o r t h e s o - c a l l e d s o c i a l sector. O v e r 5 m i l l i o n peasants i n Y u g o s l a v i a are engaged in w o r k i n g privately-owned land. The Yugoslav count r y s i d e has n e v e r e m b a r k e d o n t h e r o a d o f g e n u i n e socialist t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s . K a r d e l j has n o t one w o r d t o s a y about t h i s s i t u a t i o n i n h i s book, a n d h e a v o i d s d e a l i n g w i t h the p r o b l e m of h o w his self-administration system is extended to agriculture. However, if he pretends that
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s o c i a l i s m i s b e i n g b u i l t t h r o u g h this s y s t e m , t h e n h o w i s i t possible t h a t h e s h o u l d h a v e f o r g o t t e n a b o u t b u i l d i n g socialism i n a g r i c u l t u r e , too, w h i c h accounts f o r n e a r l y h a l f t h e e c o n o m y ? T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y teaches us that both in t o w n a n d countryside, socialism is built not on the basis of state c a p i t a l i s t p r o p e r t y , t h e p r o p e r t y allegedly administered by w o r k e r s ' groups, or of private p r o p e r t y i n its o p e n f o r m , b u t o n l y o n t h e basis o f socialist social o w n e r s h i p o v e r the m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n . In Y u g o s l a v i a , o w n e r s h i p of 10 to 25 h a . of l a n d as private property* is permitted. B u t the Y u g o s l a v l a w w h i c h p e r m i t s the b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g , r e n t i n g a n d m o r t g a g i n g o f l a n d , the b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g o f a g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h i n e r y , a n d h i r e d l a b o u r i n a g r i c u l t u r e , has e n a b l e d the n e w b o u r g e o i s class o f the c o u n t r y s i d e , the k u l a k s , t o a d d t o the a r e a o f t h e i r l a n d , m e a n s o f w o r k a n d i m p l e m e n t s , t r a c t o r s ( 12 ) a n d t r u c k s , at the e x p e n s e of t h e poor peasants, a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y , t o step u p a n d i n t e n s i f y their capitalist exploitation. C a p i t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n are s o d e e p l y e n t r e n c h e d i n the Y u g o s l a v e c o n o m y t h a t e v e n the c a p i t a l ists a n d f o r e i g n f i r m s n o w h a v e a free f i e l d o f a c t i o n i n m a k i n g i n v e s t m e n t s a n d , together w i t h t h e l o c a l b o u r geoisie, e x p l o i t i n g the l o c a l w o r k i n g class a n d t h e o t h e r masses o f w o r k i n g people i n Y u g o s l a v i a . T h e s y s t e m o f Yugoslav self-administration can f a i r l y be described as a state of the c o - o p e r a t i o n of Y u g o s l a v c a p i t a l i s m w i t h U S c a p i t a l i s m a n d o t h e r capitalists. T h e y are p a r t n e r s s h a r i n g Y u g o s l a v i a ' s assets i n e v e r y t h i n g i n factories, m e a n s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n , hotels, h o u s i n g , d o w n t o t h e l i v i n g people.
______________________ * V. Vasi, The Economic Policy of Yugoslavia, P r i s h t i n a U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1970. 12 In 1980 the kulaks possessed 93.5 per cent of the total number of tractors.
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I f t h e Y u g o s l a v e c o n o m y has m a d e some steps f o r w a r d i n its d e v e l o p m e n t , t h i s i s i n n o w a y d u e t o t h e system of s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , as t h e T i t o i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s t r y t o m a k e out. L a r g e a m o u n t s o f c a p i t a l f r o m t h e c a pitalist w o r l d have been poured into Y u g o s l a v i a in the f o r m o f i n v e s t m e n t s , c r e d i t s a n d aid, a n d these c o m prise a c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t of t h e m a t e r i a l base of t h e Y u g o s l a v c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t s y s t e m . T h e l o a n s i t has received amount to over 11 b i l l i o n dollars. F r o m the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a l o n e Y u g o s l a v i a has r e c e i v e d over 7 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n credits. It is n o t w i t h o u t a p u r p o s e t h a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l bourgeoisie has p r o p p e d u p t h e Y u g o s l a v socialist s e l f administration system w i t h such a m a t e r i a l and f i n a n cial base. T h e c r u t c h e s s u p p l i e d b y W e s t e r n c a p i t a l h a v e kept t h i s s y s t e m on its feet as a m o d e l of t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r u n d e r pseudo-socialist labels. W i t h their investments, foreign capitalists have built numerous i n d u s t r i a l projects i n Y u g o s l a v i a w h i c h t u r n out p r o d u c t s r a n g i n g f r o m t h e h i g h e s t t o t h e l o w e s t q u a l i t y . M o s t of t h e best p r o d u c t s are, of course, sold abroad, a n d o n l y a f r a c t i o n o f t h e m are m a r k e t e d w i t h i n the c o u n t r y . A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s great c a p i t a l i s t o v e r p r o d u c tion a b r o a d , a n d a l l t h e m a r k e t s t h e r e are m o n o p o l i z e d b y t h e same c a p i t a l i s t s w h o h a v e i n v e s t e d i n Y u g o s l a v i a , nevertheless, t h e y sell t h e best Y u g o s l a v goods p r e c i s e l y o n these m a r k e t s f o r f a b u l o u s p r o f i t s , because l a b o u r p o w e r i n Y u g o s l a v i a i s cheap, p r o d u c t s are t u r n e d o u t at a l o w e r cost in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n tries, i n w h i c h the t r a d e - u n i o n s , t o some extent, p l a y a certain r o l e i n p r e s s i n g the w o r k e r s ' d e m a n d s against capital. T h e m u l t i - n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s w h i c h operate i n Y u g o s l a v i a , too, get t h e best p r o d u c t s w h i c h t h e f a c t o r i e s in Y u g o s l a v i a produce. H o w e v e r , on top of the profit they e x t r a c t i n t h i s w a y , t h e f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i s t i n v e s t o r s
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also squeeze o u t o t h e r p r o f i t s f r o m the i n t e r e s t o n the capital they have invested in Yugoslavia. These profits are o f t e n t a k e n i n the f o r m o f r a w m a t e r i a l s o r p r o c e s sed goods. T h e d e m a g o g u e K a r d e l j has a g r e a t d e a l t o s a y i n his b o o k a b o u t the s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s y s t e m , but he m a i n t a i n s t o t a l silence a b o u t the presence a n d v e r y m a j o r role o f f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i n k e e p i n g the s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s y s t e m o n its feet. I n the bourgeois c o u n t r i e s , says K a r d e l j , t h e r e a l p o w e r lies a n d is m a n i f e s t e d , f i r s t o f a l l , i n t h e l i n k i n g o f t h e state e x e c u t i v e p o w e r w i t h t h e p o l i t i c a l cartels, outside p a r l i a m e n t . . . P a r a l l e l w i t h the g r o w t h o f the prerogatives of the extra-parliamentary internal power, K a r d e l j continues, there is a n e w p h e n o m e n o n c h a r a c teristic of contemporary social relations in the h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s t h e c r e a t i o n of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l , o r w o r l d - w i d e e x t r a - p a r l i a m e n t a r y p o w e r (p. 54). W i t h this, K a r d e l j seeks t o p r o v e t h a t t h e Y u g o s l a v s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n has a l l e g e d l y escaped f r o m s u c h a s i t u a t i o n . W h e r e a s , a s w e e x p l a i n e d i n the f o r e g o i n g , the r e a l i t y presents q u i t e a n o t h e r p i c t u r e : Y u g o s l a v selfadministration is a Y u g o s l a v a n d foreign capitalist joint a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T h e f o r e i g n capitalists, t h a t is, the c o m panies, concerns, a n d those w h o h a v e m a d e i n v e s t m e n t s in Yugoslavia, determine the policy and the all-round development of Y u g o s l a v i a just as m u c h as the Yugoslav state p o w e r itself. I n fact, the so-called s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n e n t e r p r i s e s , w h e t h e r b i g o r s m a l l , a r e c o m p e l l e d t o t a k e account o f the f o r e i g n i n v e s t o r . T h i s i n v e s t o r has h i s o w n l a w s , w h i c h h e has i m p o s e d o n t h e Y u g o s l a v state, has h i s o w n direct r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n these j o i n t e n t e r p r i s e s a n d has h i s o w n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o r i n f l u e n c e i n the F e d e r a t i o n . I n fact, d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , t h e i n v e s t o r i m p o s e s his
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w i l l o n t h e F e d e r a t i o n , the j o i n t e n t e r p r i s e o r c o m p a n y . T h i s i s p r e c i s e l y w h a t s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s designed to c o n c e a l . S u c h is t h e c a m o u f l a g e , t h e tour de passepasse*, as the F r e n c h say, w h i c h K a r d e l j has to p e r f o r m , to prove the absurdity that Y u g o s l a v self-administration is g e n u i n e s o c i a l i s m . B u t w h a t he endeavours to deny in his book is being p r o v e d e v e r y d a y w i t h m a n y facts b y t h e W e s t e r n press, i n d e e d e v e n b y t h e Y u g o s l a v n e w s agency T A N J U G , w h i c h , o n t h e 16th o f A u g u s t t h i s y e a r , a n n o u n c e d n e w regulations issued by the F e d e r a l Executive Vee dealing w i t h f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t s i n Y u g o s l a v i a . U n d e r these regulations the rights of foreign capitalist investors in Y u g o s l a v i a are e x t e n d e d e v e n f u r t h e r . U n d e r t h i s l a w , the a b o v e a g e n c y stresses, the f o r e i g n p a r t n e r s , on the basis o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s c o n c l u d e d b e t w e e n t h e m a n d t h e organizations of socialized labour of this country, can make investments in currency, equipment, semi-finished p r o d u c t s a n d t e c h n o l o g y . F o r e i g n i n v e s t o r s h a v e the same r i g h t s as the l o c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s of s o c i a l i z e d l a b o u r w h i c h invest their means in any other organization of united labour. F u r t h e r o n T A N J U G stresses, U n d e r this set o f r e g u l a t i o n s g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t (on t h e p a r t of f o r e i g n e r s ) is a n t i c i p a t e d , because i t g u a r a n t e e s the s e c u r i t y o f t h e j o i n t e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y on a l o n g - t e r m basis. B e s i d e s this, there i s n o w p r a c t i c a l l y n o f i e l d w i t h the e x c e p t i o n o f social i n s u r a n c e , i n t e r n a l t r a d e a n d s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s , i n w h i c h f o r e i g n e r s cannot i n v e s t t h e i r means. T h e country could not be sold to foreign capital more completely than this. A n d after this p u r e l y capitalist r e a l i t y , t h e c o m m u n i s t K a r d e l j has the t e m e r i t y t o c l a i m , ... o u r s o c i e t y has a s s u m e d a m u c h s t r o n g e r
________________________________ * C o n j u r i n g trick.
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socio-economic content a n d s t r u c t u r e o f its o w n , w h i c h arises f r o m the socialist a n d s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s o f production..., w h i c h ...make p o s s i b l e a n d e n s u r e t h a t o u r society w i l l d e v e l o p m o r e a n d m o r e i n a free, i n d e p e n d e n t a n d s e l f - g o v e r n i n g m a n n e r . . . ! (pp. 7-8). I n K a r d e l j ' s book, t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s the p r o m i n e n t e l e m e n t o f society, the e l e m e n t w h i c h p r o d u c e s , t h e e l e m e n t w h i c h has the r i g h t t o o r g a n i z e a n d d i v i d e t h e p r o d u c t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , i n the s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s y s t e m , t h i s e l e m e n t socializes the w o r k i n t h e e n t e r p r i s e a n d leads t h r o u g h the s o - c a l l e d w o r k e r s ' councils elected b y workers and allegedly, together w i t h the appointed a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c i a l s , r e g u l a t e s the w o r k , t h e i n c o m e a n d the e n t i r e fate of t h e e n t e r p r i s e , etc. T h i s i s the f o r m t y p i c a l o f c a p i t a l i s t e n t e r p r i s e s , w h e r e i n fact, i t i s t h e c a p i t a l i s t w h o rules, s u r r o u n d e d by a large n u m b e r of officials and technicians w h o k n o w the s i t u a t i o n about the p r o d u c t i o n a n d o r g a n i z e its d i s t r i b u t i o n . N a t u r a l l y , the b u l k o f t h e p r o f i t s goes t o the c a p i t a l i s t w h o o w n s t h e c a p i t a l i s t e n t e r p r i s e , t h a t is, h e a p p r o p r i a t e s the s u r p l u s v a l u e . U n d e r Y u g o s l a v selfa d m i n i s t r a t i o n a l a r g e p a r t of the s u r p l u s v a l u e is a p propriated by the officials, the directors of the enterprises a n d t h e e n g i n e e r i n g - t e c h n i c a l staff, w h i l e t h e lion's share goes t o t h e F e d e r a t i o n o r t h e r e p u b l i c , i n o r d e r to p a y the fat salaries of t h e h o r d e of o f f i c i a l s of t h e c e n t r a l a p p a r a t u s o f the F e d e r a t i o n o r t h e r e p u b l i c . F u n d s are needed, also, t o m a i n t a i n the T i t o i t e d i c t a t o r s h i p the a r m y , t h e M i n i s t r y o f the I n t e r i o r a n d t h e S t a t e S e c u r i t y service, the F o r e i g n M i n i s t r y , etc., w h i c h are i n the h a n d s o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n a n d w h i c h are b e i n g inflated and extended continuously. In this Federative state a h u g e b u r e a u c r a c y of n o n - p r o d u c i n g o f f i c i a l s a n d leaders, w h o are p a i d v e r y h i g h salaries f r o m t h e s w e a t a n d t o i l o f the w o r k e r s a n d peasants, has d e v e l o p e d .
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A p a r t f r o m this, a c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t of t h e i n c o m e is set aside f o r t h e f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i s t w h o has m a d e i n v e s t m e n t s i n these e n t e r p r i s e s a n d has h i s o w n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i n t h e administrative council, or on the workers' council, t h a t is, h e p a r t i c i p a t e s i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e e n t e r p r i s e . Thus, under this system called self-administrative socialism, t h e w o r k e r s f i n d t h e m s e l v e s u n d e r u n r e l e n t i n g , total e x p l o i t a t i o n . T h e m a c h i n e r y o f t h e w o r k e r s ' councils a n d selfa d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o m m i t t e e s w i t h t h e i r c o m m i s s i o n s has been d e v i s e d b y t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s o f B e l g r a d e s i m p l y t o create t h e i l l u s i o n a m o n g t h e w o r k e r s t h a t b y b e i n g elected t o these o r g a n i s m s , b y t a k i n g p a r t a n d s p e a k i n g i n t h e m , i t i s a l l e g e d l y t h e y w h o decide the a f f a i r s o f the enterprise, o f t h e i r p r o p e r t y . A c c o r d i n g t o K a r d e l j ...in the f u n d a m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f u n i t e d labour... the w o r k e r s r u n t h e w o r k a n d a c t i v i t y o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n o f u n i t e d l a b o u r a n d t h e m e a n s o f social reproduction..., decide o n all t h e f o r m s o f u n i t i n g a n d c o - o r d i n a t i n g t h e i r o w n w o r k and m e a n s , a s w e l l a s o n a l l t h e i n c o m e t h e y m a k e w i t h t h e i r u n i t e d labour..., a n d d i v i d e the i n c o m e f o r p e r s o n a l , joint, a n d g e n e r a l c o n s u m p t i o n i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e bases and c r i t e r i a l a i d d o w n o n the basis o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tion... (p. 160), etc., etc. A l l t h i s i s j u s t a tale, because i n the c o n d i t i o n s w h e n bourgeois d e m o c r a c y p r e v a i l s i n Y u g o s l a v i a , t h e r e i s n o genuine f r e e d o m o f t h o u g h t a n d a c t i o n f o r t h e w o r k i n g p e o ple. T h e f r e e d o m o f a c t i o n i n the s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n e n t e r prises i s false. I n Y u g o s l a v i a , t h e w o r k e r does not r u n things, n o r does h e e n j o y those r i g h t s w h i c h the i d e o l ogist K a r d e l j proclaims so pompously. In order to show that he is a r e a l i s t a n d opposed to the i n j u s t i c e s of his r e g i m e , T i t o h i m s e l f a d m i t t e d r e c e n t l y i n t h e speech he d e l i v e r e d at t h e m e e t i n g of l e a d i n g a c t i v i s t s of S l o v enia t h a t s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n does n o t stop those w h o
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w o r k b a d l y f r o m increasing their incomes at the expense o f those w h o w o r k w e l l , w h i l e t h e d i r e c t o r s o f factories, w h o are t o b l a m e f o r t h e losses i n c u r r e d , c a n dodge t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b y t a k i n g r e s p o n s i b l e p o s i t i o n s i n other factories, w i t h o u t f e a r t h a t s o m e b o d y m a y r e p r i m a n d t h e m f o r these offences t h e y c o m m i t . A l t h o u g h in theory E. K a r d e l j liquidated the b u r e aucracy and technocracy, eliminated the role of a d o m i n a n t t e c h n o c r a t i c class, i n r e a l i t y , i n p r a c t i c e , t h a t class was r a p i d l y created and f o u n d a broad field of a c t i v i t y in this allegedly democratic system, in w h i c h the role o f the w o r k i n g m a n i s s u p p o s e d l y decisive. I n fact, t h e r o l e o f t h a t s t r a t u m o f o f f i c i a l s a n d the n e w b o u r g e o i s w h o d o m i n a t e the s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n e n t e r p r i s e i s decisive. I t i s t h e y w h o d r a f t t h e p l a n , w h o allocate the a m o u n t of i n v e s t m e n t s , a n d e v e r y b o d y ' s i n c o m e the w o r k e r s ' a n d t h e i r o w n , a n d , o f course, t h e y t a k e g o o d care o f t h e m s e l v e s . T h e e s t a b l i s h e d l a w s a n d r u l e s p r o v i d e f o r t h e l e a d e r s h i p to t a k e a g r e a t e r s h a r e of t h e p r o f i t s than the workers. I n Y u g o s l a v i a , t h i s n a r r o w s t r a t u m o f people, f a t t e n e d o n the w o r k e r s ' s w e a t a n d t o i l , w h o t a k e decisions i n t h e i r o w n interests, t u r n e d i n t o a c a p i t a l i s t class. T h i s is h o w the political monopoly in decision-making and d i v i s i o n o f i n c o m e b y t h e l i t e i n e n t e r p r i s e s o f socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s created, w h i l e K a r d e l j c o n t i n u e s t o h a r p o n the same o l d t u n e a s i f t h i s p o l i t i c a l system, i n v e n t e d b y t h e T i t o i t e s , c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e c r e a tion of conditions for the genuine realization of the workers' self-governing and democratic rights, w h i c h the s y s t e m recognizes i n p r i n c i p l e . T h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e n e w c a p i t a l i s t class w a s e n c o u r a g e d p r e c i s e l y b y the s y s t e m o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T i t o h i m s e l f has a d m i t t e d t h i s b i t t e r fact i n a severe c r i t i c i s m h e a l l e g e d l y m a d e o f the e x p l o i t e r s o f w o r k e r s ,
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a l l those w h o r u n t h i s s y s t e m o f socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r t h e i r o w n p r o f i t . I n m a n y speeches, t r y a s he w o u l d to hide the evils of his pseudo-socialist system, he has h a d to a d m i t t h e e x i s t e n c e of the g r e a t crisis of this s y s t e m a n d t h e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f Y u g o s l a v society i n t o r i c h a n d p o o r . I d o n o t c o n s i d e r w h a t someone m a k e s f r o m h i s e a r n i n g s e n r i c h m e n t , e v e n w h e n h e has been able to b u i l d a h o l i d a y cottage w i t h h i s p r o f i t s , he says. B u t w h e n it comes to a m a t t e r of h u n d r e d s of m i l l i o n s o r e v e n b i l l i o n s , t h e n t h i s i s theft... T h i s i s n o t w e a l t h g a i n e d b y t h e s w e a t o f one's brow... T h i s w e a l t h i s b e i n g created t h r o u g h s p e c u l a t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t k i n d s i n s i d e and outside t h e country... N o w w e m u s t l o o k i n t o w h a t ' s b e i n g done w i t h those w h o are b u i l d i n g houses, w h o have one i n Z a g r e b , one i n B e l g r a d e , a n o t h e r a t the seaside, o r some o t h e r p l a c e . O n e s u c h p e r s o n has not s i m p l e h o l i d a y cottages, b u t v i l l a s h e r e n t s o u t v e r y w e l l . Besides this, t h e y h a v e n o t j u s t one, b u t t w o , o r e v e n three cars p e r family... * O n a n o t h e r occasion, i n o r d e r to s h o w t h a t he is a g a i n s t t h e s t r a t i f i c a t i o n of s o c i e t y i n t o r i c h a n d poor, h e m e n t i o n e d t h a t a f e w w e a l t h y p r i v a t e persons h a v e a b o u t 4,5 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s d e p o s i t e d i n t h e Y u g o s l a v b a n k s alone, w i t h o u t t a k i n g account o f h o w much they have deposited in foreign banks and h o w m u c h t h e y c a r r y i n t h e i r pockets. In w r i t i n g about the system fabricated by the Titoite revisionists, K a r d e l j i s c o m p e l l e d t o m a k e p a s s i n g m e n t i o n o f t h e n e e d f o r t h e f i g h t ...against t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s o f d i s t o r t i o n s a n d a t t e m p t s t o u s u r p t h e r i g h t s o f selfg o v e r n m e n t of t h e w o r k e r s a n d citizens (p. 174). B u t again h e seeks t h e w a y out o f these misuses w i t h i n t h e system o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b y e x t e n d i n g the respective m e c h a n i s m of d e m o c r a t i c social c o n t r o l (p. 178).
__________________________________ * Tito's i n t e r v i e w to the editor of the newspaper Vjestnik, October 1972.
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H e r e t h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s : t o w h a t class i s K a r d e l j r e f e r r i n g w h e n h e speaks a b o u t t h e u s u r p a t i o n o f the w o r k e r s ' r i g h t o f s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t ? O f course, t h o u g h he does not s a y so, h e r e he is r e f e r r i n g to t h e o l d a n d n e w b o u r g e o i s class w h i c h has u s u r p e d the p o w e r o f the w o r k i n g class, i s r i d i n g o n its b a c k a n d e x p l o i t i n g i t to t h e bone. K a r d e l j t r i e s i n v a i n t o p r e s e n t the w o r k e r s ' c o u n cils, the f u n d a m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f u n i t e d l a b o u r , etc., etc., as the most a u t h e n t i c e x p r e s s i o n of d e m o c r a c y a n d the f r e e d o m o f m a n i n a l l s o c i a l f i e l d s . T h e w o r k ers' councils a r e n o t h i n g b u t e n t i r e l y f o r m a l organs, d e f e n d e r s a n d i m p l e m e n t o r s , not o f w o r k e r s ' interests, b u t of the w i l l of t h e d i r e c t o r s of enterprises, because, being materially, politically and ideologically corrupted, these councils h a v e become p a r t o f the w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a cy a n d w o r k e r b u r e a u c r a c y , agencies t o m i s l e a d a n d t o create false i l l u s i o n s a m o n g t h e w o r k i n g class. T h e Y u g o s l a v r e a l i t y speaks c l e a r l y a b o u t the l a c k o f g e n u i n e d e m o c r a c y f o r t h e masses. A n d i t c o u l d not b e o t h e r w i s e . L e n i n stressed,
'Industrial democracy' is a term that lends itself to misinterpretations. It may be read as a repudiation of dictatorship and individual authority. It may be read as a suspension of ordinary democracy, or as a means for evading it.*
T h e r e cannot b e socialist d e m o c r a c y f o r the w o r k i n g class w i t h o u t its state o f d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches us t h a t n e g a t i o n of t h e state of the d i c t a t o r s h i p of the p r o l e t a r i a t is the v e r y n e g a t i o n of d e m o c r a c y f o r the masses o f w o r k i n g people.
___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 32, p. 80, A l b . ed.
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T h e negation by the Y u g o s l a v revisionists of the state of the d i c t a t o r s h i p of the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the socialist social p r o p e r t y on w h i c h it is based, has l e d t h e m to a d e c e n t r a l i z e d m a n a g e m e n t o f the e c o n o m y w i t h o u t a u n i f i e d state p l a n . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y on t h e basis of a u n i f i e d state p l a n a n d its m a n a g e m e n t by t h e socialist state on the basis of t h e p r i n c i p l e of d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m i s one o f t h e u n i v e r s a l l a w s a n d f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s o f the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m in every country. Otherwise, capitalism is built, as in Yugoslavia. K a r d e l j claims that in their self-administration org a n i z a t i o n s t h e w o r k e r s h a v e t h e r i g h t ...to a d m i n i s t e r the a c t i v i t y of the o r g a n i z a t i o n of u n i t e d l a b o u r (p. 160), that is, of the e n t e r p r i s e s , hence, t h e y c a n also a l l e g e d l y plan production. B u t w h a t is the t r u t h ? T h e w o r k e r in these o r g a n i z a t i o n s n e i t h e r r u n s the e n t e r p r i s e n o r const r u c t s t h a t s o - c a l l e d p l a n a t t h e base. T h e s e t h i n g s are done b y t h e n e w bourgeoisie, t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the e n t e r prise, w h i l e t h e w o r k e r s a r e g i v e n t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t the w o r k e r s ' c o u n c i l s s u p p o s e d l y m a k e the l a w i n t h i s self-administration organization. This happens in the capitalist c o u n t r i e s , too, w h e r e the p o w e r o f t h e p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e i s i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t w h o has h i s own technocracy, the technocrats w h o r u n the enterprise, w h i l e i n some c o u n t r i e s t h e r e are also t h e w o r k e r s ' r e presentatives w i t h a negligible function, just enough to create t h e i l l u s i o n a m o n g t h e w o r k e r s t h a t t h e y , too, a l l e g e d l y t a k e p a r t i n r u n n i n g the a f f a i r s o f t h e e n t e r prise. B u t t h i s is a f r a u d . T h e s o - c a l l e d p l a n n i n g w h i c h i s done i n t h e Y u g o s l a v self-administration enterprises cannot be called socialist. O n t h e c o n t r a r y , b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e x a m p l e of a l l c a p i t a l i s t enterprises, it leads to t h e same consequences w h i c h e x i s t i n e v e r y c a p i t a l i s t e c o n o m y ,
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s u c h as a n a r c h y of p r o d u c t i o n , s p o n t a n e i t y , a n d a series o f other c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , w h i c h m a n i f e s t t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e most o v e r t a n d savage m a n n e r i n the Y u g o s l a v e c o n o m y and market. ...The free exchange of labour through the production of commodities and the free, self-governing market (emphasis ours) at t h e p r e s e n t l e v e l of s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , w r i t e s K a r d e l j , is a c o n d i t i o n f o r selfgovernment... T h i s m a r k e t . . . i s f r e e i n t h e sense t h a t t h e self-governing organizations of united labour, freely and w i t h the m i n i m u m a d m i n i s t r a t i v e i n t e r v e n t i o n , e n t e r i n t o r e l a t i o n s o f the f r e e e x c h a n g e o f l a b o u r . T h e s u s p e n s i o n of s u c h f r e e d o m is b o u n d to l e a d to the r e g e n e r a t i o n of the s t a t e - p r o p e r t y m o n o p o l y of t h e state a p p a r a t u s (p. 95). There could be no more flagrant denial t h a n this of the teachings o f L e n i n , w h o w r o t e ,
We must foster 'proper' trade, which is one that does not evade state control, ... for a free market is development of capitalism...* (emphasis ours).
F r o m the p o l i t i c a l e c o n o m y o f s o c i a l i s m i t i s k n o w n that, u n d e r s o c i a l i s m , t r a d e , l i k e a l l o t h e r processes o f s o c i a l r e p r o d u c t i o n , is a process w h i c h is p l a n n e d a n d d i r e c t e d i n a c e n t r a l i z e d m a n n e r , w h i c h i s b a s e d o n t h e socialist social ownership of the means of production, and itself is a c o n s t i t u e n t p a r t of t h e socialist r e l a t i o n s of p r o d u c t i o n . T o the r e v i s i o n i s t K a r d e l j , h o w e v e r , these t e a c h i n g s are q u i t e a l i e n , a n d t h i s r e s u l t s f r o m h i s d e n i a l o f t h e economic r o l e of t h e socialist state a n d socialist p r o p e r t y . The Yugoslav home market is a typical decentralized
_______________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , A l b . ed. Collected Works, vol. 32, pp. 426, 413,
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c a p i t a l i s t m a r k e t w h e r e t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n are freely sold and purchased by anyone, a t h i n g w h i c h is c o n t r a r y t o t h e l a w s o f s o c i a l i s m . F o r these reasons T A N J U G is forced to admit that entrepreneurs, m i d d l e men and speculators dominate a l l Y u g o s l a v market. Chaos, s p o n t a n e i t y , c a t a s t r o p h i c f l u c t u a t i o n s o f prices, etc. p r e v a i l i n t h e m a r k e t . A c c o r d i n g t o d a t a f r o m t h e Y u g o s l a v F e d e r a t i v e I n s t i t u t e o f Statistics, p r i c e s f o r 4 5 m a i n p r o d u c t s a n d s o c i a l s e r v i c e s i n c r e a s e d 149.7 p e r cent i n t h e p e r i o d f r o m 1972 t o 1977 i n Y u g o s l a v i a . I n r e g a r d t o sales o f c o m m o d i t i e s i n s i d e t h e c o u n t r y , p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r i s v e r y w e a k i n Y u g o s l a v i a , because o f t h e l o w w a g e s o f t h e w o r k e r s , a n d also because, i n the f i n a l b a l a n c e s o f e n t e r p r i s e s , t h e r e i s n o t m u c h l e f t to be distributed among the workers. The enterprise w a n t s t o s e l l its p r o d u c t s a n y w h e r e i t c a n a n d i n a n i n d e p e n d e n t m a n n e r , because t h e p r i n c i p a l leaders, t h a t is, t h e bosses, t h e n e w bourgeoisie, w a n t t o create p r o f i t s . B u t w h e r e c a n t h e y create t h e p r o f i t s t h e y w a n t w h e n the b u y e r i s p o o r ? So, t h e y h a v e t u r n e d t o o t h e r f o r m s , one o f w h i c h i s t h e sale o f goods o n t i m e - p a y m e n t . T h e s e l l i n g o f goods t u r n e d o u t i n these s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n enterprises o n t i m e - p a y m e n t i s a n o t h e r c h a i n a r o u n d t h e necks o f t h e Y u g o s l a v w o r k e r s , j u s t a s t h e w o r k e r s o f the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s are c h a i n e d b y t h e s a m e c a p i t a l ist s y s t e m , w h i c h , i n Y u g o s l a v i a , i s c a l l e d socialist selfadministration. S i m i l a r f e a t u r e s also c h a r a c t e r i z e Y u g o s l a v f o r e i g n trade i n w h i c h n o state m o n o p o l y exists. D e p e n d i n g o n the w i s h e s o f its o w n e r s , e v e r y e n t e r p r i s e c a n c o n c l u d e contracts a n d a g r e e m e n t s w i t h a n y f i r m , m u l t i - n a t i o n a l c o m p a n y , o r f o r e i g n state t o b u y o r s e l l r a w m a t e r i a l s a n d m a c h i n e r y , f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t s , t e c h n o l o g i c a l means, etc. T h i s a n t i - M a r x i s t p r a c t i c e , also, has h a d its i n f l u e n c e on t h e Y u g o s l a v state b e c o m i n g a v a s s a l of w o r l d c a p i t a l ,
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o n its deep i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e e c o n o m i c a n d f i n a n c i a l crisis w h i c h has the e n t i r e c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d i n its g r i p , a crisis w h i c h i s m a n i f e s t e d i n o t h e r f i e l d s , too. A s a d i e - h a r d r e v i s i o n i s t , E . K a r d e l j also denies the r o l e of the socialist state in o t h e r fields, s u c h as f i n a n c i a l r e l a t i o n s a n d other a c t i v i t i e s o f v a r i o u s c h a r a c t e r . H e writes, Relations in the fields in w h i c h the self-governi n g c o m m u n i t i e s o f i n t e r e s t are f o u n d e d , a r e r e a l i z e d a c c o r d i n g t o r e g u l a t i o n s , w i t h o u t the i n t e r v e n t i o n o f the state, that is, w i t h o u t the i n t e r m e d i a r y of t h e b u d g e t a n d other a d m i n i s t r a t i v e - f i s c a l measures... (p. 167). In Yugoslavia, just as in the other capitalist countries, t h e s y s t e m o f t h e p r o v i s i o n o f c r e d i t s b y t h e b a n k s instead of the budgetary financing of investments for the d e v e l o p m e n t o f the p r o d u c t i v e forces a n d o t h e r a c t i v ities, has a s s u m e d v e r y w i d e s p r e a d p r o p o r t i o n s . T h e b a n k s h a v e b e c o m e centres o f f i n a n c e c a p i t a l , a n d i t i s precisely they that play a v e r y important role in the Y u g o s l a v economy in the interest of the n e w r e v i s i o n ist bourgeoisie. T h u s , a n a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t s y s t e m has b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n Y u g o s l a v i a , a n d this has b e e n n a m e d socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . W h a t has t h i s socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s tration brought to Yugoslavia? Every k i n d of evil. A n a r c h y in production, in the first place. N o t h i n g is stable t h e r e . E a c h e n t e r p r i s e t h r o w s its p r o d u c t s o n t h e m a r k e t a n d c a p i t a l i s t c o m p e t i t i o n t a k e s place, because t h e r e is no c o - o r d i n a t i o n , since it is n o t t h e socialist e c o n o m y w h i c h guides p r o d u c t i o n . E a c h e n t e r p r i s e goes i t alone, c o m p e t i n g against t h e others, i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e r a w m a t e r i a l s , m a r k e t s a n d e v e r y t h i n g else. M a n y e n t e r p r i s e s are c l o s i n g d o w n because o f l a c k o f r a w m a t e r i a l s , the huge deficits created by this chaotic capitalist developm e n t , t h e b u i l d - u p of stocks of u n s o l d goods d u e to t h e
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l a c k o f p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r , a n d t h e s a t u r a t i o n o f the m a r k e t w i t h o u t d a t e d goods. Y u g o s l a v i a ' s h a n d i c r a f t services are i n a v e r y serious state. R e f e r r i n g t o t h i s p r o b l e m a t t h e m e e t i n g o f S l o v e n i a ' s l e a d i n g activists. T i t o c o u l d not h i d e t h e fact t h a t T o d a y y o u h a v e to s w e a t a good deal to f i n d , f o r e x a m p l e , a j o i n e r or some o t h e r craftsman to repair something for you. and even w h e n y o u f i n d h i m , y o u are fleeced s o b l a t a n t l y t h a t i t m a k e s y o u r h a i r s t a n d o n end. R e g a r d l e s o f the p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d fact t h a t some of the m o d e r n combines t u r n out good q u a l i t y products, a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n is c r e a t e d f o r Y u g o s l a v i a because it has to f i n d a m a r k e t f o r the sale of these c o m m o d i t i e s . B e c a u s e of these d i f f i c u l t i e s Yugoslavia's b a l a n c e of f o r e i g n t r a d e is passive. In j u s t t h e f i r s t 5 m o n t h s of this y e a r t h e d e f i c i t w a s 2 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s . A t t h e 11th C o n g r e s s of the L e a g u e of C o m m u n i s t s of Y u g o s l a v i a , T i t o d e c l a r e d , the d e f i c i t w i t h the W e s t e r n m a r k e t has become a l m o s t i n t o l e r a b l e . N e a r l y t h r e e m o n t h s after this congress, h e d e c l a r e d a g a i n i n S l o v e n i a . W e h a v e e s p e c i a l l y great d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t r a d e e x c h a n g e s w i t h t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t m e m b e r countries. There the i m b a l a n c e t o o u r d i s a d v a n t a g e i s v e r y great a n d c o n s t a n t ly increasing. We must talk w i : h them v e r y seriously about this. M a n y o f t h e m p r o m i s e u s t h a t these t h i n g s w i l l be put in order, that imports f r o m Y u g o s l a v i a w i l l increase, b u t u p t o n o w w e h a v e h a d v e r y l i t t l e b e n e f i t f r o m a l l this. E a c h i s p u t t i n g the b l a m e o n t h e other. A n d the d e f i c i t i n f o r e i g n t r a d e , w h i c h T i t o does not m e n t i o n in t h i s speech of his, e x c e e d e d 4 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s in 1977. T h i s is a c a t a s t r o p h e f o r Y u g o s l a v i a . T h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y i s i n the g r i p o f a n u n e n d i n g crisis, a n d t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses l i v e i n p o v e r t y . M a n y Yugoslav w o r k e r s are unemployed, are being t h r o w n out o n t h e street o r e m i g r a t i n g a b r o a d . N o t o n l y
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has T i t o a c k n o w l e d g e d t h i s e c o n o m i c e m i g r a t i o n , t h i s c a p i t a l i s t p h e n o m e n o n , b u t h e has e v e n r e c o m m e n d e d that it should be developed. U n e m p l o y m e n t cannot exist i n a socialist c o u n t r y a n d t h e clearest e x a m p l e i n t h i s direction is A l b a n i a . M e a n w h i l e , in the capitalist countries, a m o n g w h i c h , o f course, Y u g o s l a v i a i s i n c l u d e d , u n e m p l o y m e n t exists a n d i s d e v e l o p i n g e v e r y w h e r e . W h e n Y u g o s l a v i a h a s o v e r one m i l l i o n u n e m p l o y e d , a n d o v e r 1.3 m i l l i o n e c o n o m i c e m i g r a n t s a r e s e l l i n g t h e i r l a b o u r p o w e r i n F e d e r a l G e r m a n y , B e l g i u m , F r a n c e , etc., w h e n the w e a l t h o f i n d i v i d u a l s o c c u p y i n g i m p o r t a n t posts e i t h e r i n the state a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o r i n e n t e r p r i s e s a n d i n s t i t u tions is increasing rapidly, w h e n the prices of consumer goods a r e m o u n t i n g d a y b y day, w h e n t h e b a n k r u p t enterprises a n d branches n u m b e r thousands, the system of Y u g o s l a v s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n is p r o v e d to be a great f r a u d . A n d yet K a r d e l j has t h e t e m e r i t y t o w r i t e , i n o u r c o n d i t i o n s , socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s t h e m o s t d i r e c t f o r m and expression of the struggle for the freedom of the w o r k i n g man, for the freedom of his labour and creativeness, f o r his d e c i s i v e e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l i n f l u e n c e in society (p. 158). G o i n g even further in his bourgeois-type demagogy of stale phrases, K a r d e l j reaches s u c h d e p t h s of d e c e p t i o n a s t o say, W i t h t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d l e g a l g u a r a n tee o f t h e w o r k e r s ' r i g h t s o n t h e basis o f t h e i r s o c i a l i z e d l a b o u r i n t h e past, o u r society f u r t h e r e x t e n d s t h e d i m e n sions o f r e a l f r e e d o m f o r t h e w o r k e r s a n d w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n t h e m a t e r i a l r e l a t i o n s o f society (p. 162). W h a t does t h i s apologist o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e h a v e i n m i n d w h e n he talks of the extension of the dimensions of true f r e e d o m f o r the w o r k e r s ? I s i t t h e f r e e d o m t o b e unemployed, the freedom to abandon their families and homeland in order to sell the power of their muscles and m i n d s t o the capitalists o f t h e W e s t e r n w o r l d , o r i s i t t h e
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f r e e d o m t o p a y taxes, t o b e d i s c r i m i n a t e d against a n d savagely exploited by the old and the new Yugoslav bourgeoisie, a s w e l l a s b y t h e f o r e i g n b o u r g e o i s i e ?
3. Self-administration and the A n a r c h i s t V i e w s on the State. T h e N a t i o n a l Question in Y u g o s l a v i a I n Y u g o s l a v i a , o r g a n s o f state p o w e r a s g e n u i n e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e p e o p l e d o not e x i s t . T h e r e i s o n l y the b u r e a u c r a t i c s y s t e m c a l l e d the s y s t e m of delegates, w h i c h is presented as the alleged bearer of the system o f state p o w e r , a n d t h a t i s w h y n o elections f o r d e p u t i e s t o the o r g a n s o f state p o w e r a r e h e l d . T h e T i t o i t e s w a n t t o j u s t i f y t h i s fact b y a r g u i n g t h a t t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e organs are allegedly expressions of bourgeois p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n i s m a n d o f t h e S o v i e t socialist state w h i c h , a c c o r d ing to them, Stalin had allegedly turned into an institution of the bureaucracy and technocracy. T h e experience o f t h e S o v i e t s o f t h e w o r k e r a n d peasant deputies, set u p b y L e n i n o n t h e basis o f t h e great e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e P a r i s C o m m u n e , has b e e n r u l e d o u t i n Y u g o s l a v i a , b e cause t h e y h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d b y the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n ists a s f o r m s o f state o r g a n i z a t i o n w h i c h create p e r sonal power. E l a b o r a t i n g t h e r e v i s i o n i s t idea o f specific s o c i a l ism, a r o u n d t h e '50s, t h e T i t o i t e s p r o c l a i m e d w o r l d - w i d e that t h e y h a d d e f i n i t i v e l y r e j e c t e d the socialist state s y s t e m a n d r e p l a c e d i t w i t h some k i n d o f n e w s y s t e m , s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e socialism, i n w h i c h s o c i a l i s m a n d the state a r e a l i e n t o e a c h o t h e r . T h i s r e v i s i o n i s t d i s c o v e r y w a s n o t h i n g b u t a c o p y of t h e a n a r c h i s t t h e o r i e s of Proudhon and B a k u n i n on workers' self-administration and workers' factories w h i c h have long been exposed, as w e l l as a gross f a l s i f i c a t i o n of t h e r e a l ideas of M a r x
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a n d L e n i n o n the state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t ariat. K a r l M a r x wrote:
Between capitalist and communist society lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. There corresponds to this also a political transition period, in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat.*
T h e p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n Y u g o s l a v i a n o t o n l y has n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the p r o l e t a r i a t , b u t is opposed to it. T h i s s y s t e m has been b u i l t o n t h e m o d e l o f the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . T a l k i n g a b o u t t h e Yugoslav system of self-administration, K a r d e l j himself has w r i t t e n : ...We m a y s a y t h a t t h i s s y s t e m is a l i t t l e more a k i n to the organization of the executive p o w e r in the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t h a n t o t h a t o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e (p. 235). H e n c e , it is c l e a r t h a t t h e r e is no d e n i a l of t h e fact that the organization of the Y u g o s l a v government is a c o p y of t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of c a p i t a l i s t g o v e r n m e n t s , b u t w h a t m a y b e discussed i s the q u e s t i o n : w h i c h c a p i t a l i s t g o v e r n m e n t has b e e n i m i t a t e d m o r e closely, t h e A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t o r one o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e ? A n d K a r d e l j gives the a n s w e r t o t h i s q u e s t i o n , w h e n h e says: t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the e x e c u t i v e p o w e r o f the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a has b e e n t a k e n as a m o d e l . T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s ' v i e w s o n the state a r e c o m _________________________________________ * K. M a r x F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 2, T i r a n a 1975, p. 24, A l b . ed.
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p l e t e l y a n a r c h i s t . I t i s k n o w n t h a t a n a r c h i s m calls f o r the i m m e d i a t e a b o l i t i o n of a n y k i n d of state, hence, of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The Yugoslav revisionists h a v e a b o l i s h e d the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , a n d i n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y t h i s b e t r a y a l , t h e y t a l k a b o u t t w o phases o f s o c i a l i s m : state s o c i a l i s m a n d true h u m a n i t a r i a n socialism. T h e i n i t i a l phase, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , covers the f i r s t y e a r s f o l l o w i n g t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , w h e n t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t exists, w h i c h i s expressed i n t h e t a t i s t - b u r e a u c r a t i c state, j u s t a s i n capitalism. T h e second phase is that of going beyond the t a t i s t - b u r e a u c r a t i c state a n d its replacement w i t h direct d e m o c r a c y . W i t h these v i e w s t h e T i t o i t e s not only deny the need for the dictatorship of the proletariat i n s o c i a l i s m , b u t also c o u n t e r p o s e t o one a n o t h e r the notions of socialist state, d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d socialist d e m o c r a c y . T h e y d i s r e g a r d t h e t e a c h i n g s o f the classics o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m that d u r i n g the whole historical period of the t r a n s i t i o n f r o m c a p i t a l i s m t o c o m m u n i s m t h e socialist state i s c o n s t a n t l y s t r e n g t h e n e d . T h a t i s w h y E . K a r d e l j w r i t e s t h a t the s o c i e t y i n Y u g o s l a v i a i s based less a n d less o n t h e r o l e o f t h e state a p p a r a t u s . A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , the state i s a l l e g e d l y d i s a p p e a r i n g i n Y u g o s l a v i a a t t h e present t i m e . B u t w i t h w h a t does K a r d e l j r e p l a c e the r o l e o f t h e state a p p a r a t u s ? H e replaces i t w i t h the w o r k e r s ' i n i t i a t i v e ! H e p u t s i t l i k e this, the f u r t h e r f u n c t i o n i n g o f our society w i l l be based less a n d less on t h e r o l e of the state a p p a r a t u s , a n d m o r e a n d m o r e o n t h e p o w e r a n d i n i t i a t i v e o f t h e w o r k e r s (p. 8). W h a t a b s u r d r e a s o n i n g ! F o r one t o speak a b o u t t h e i n i t i a t i v e o f t h e w o r k e r s , i n the f i r s t place, t h e w o r k e r s m u s t b e f r e e a n d o r g a n i z e d , t h e y m u s t b e i n s p i r e d b y c l e a r - c u t d i r e c t i v e s , a n d effective measures must be t a k e n for the implementation of
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these i n i t i a t i v e s . I n Y u g o s l a v i a , w h o i s e n g a g e d i n t h e organization of the w o r k e r s and their inspiration w i t h clear-cut d i r e c t i v e s ? T h e s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o m m u n i t y , says E . K a r d e l j , r e a s o n i n g i n a n a b s t r a c t m a n n e r . H e leaves t h e m a i n r o l e i n t h i s k i n d o f c o m m u n i t y t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l in the united self-administrative w o r k for his o w n interests. A s t o w h a t i s m e a n t b y t h i s s e l f - a d m i n i s trative community of i n d i v i d u a l interests w h i c h is p l a c e d a t t h e centre o f Y u g o s l a v society, n o t h i n g a t a l l i s c l e a r l y e x p l a i n e d , b u t w h a t i s m o s t s t r i k i n g i n these ideas i s b o u r g e o i s i n d i v i d u a l i s m , w h i c h e x a l t s t h e a b s o l u t e r i g h t s o f the i n d i v i d u a l i n s o c i e t y a n d h i s c o m p l e t e i n dependence f r o m society, t h e p u t t i n g o f p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t s a b o v e t h e interests of society. A c c o r d i n g to this theoretician w h o permits himself s u c h j u d g e m e n t s , t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e state a n d i t s a p p a r a t u s i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f f o r m s o f socialist r e l a t i o n s of p r o d u c t i o n based on state o w n e r s h i p . . . (p. 8), w h e r e a s i n Y u g o s l a v i a , says he, t h e process o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e self-administrative role of the w o r k i n g m a n w i l l develop m o r e a n d m o r e i n p l a c e o f t h e state. H e n c e , i n a t r u e socialist state w h e r e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t science a n d the L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r a c t i c e a r e a p p l i e d , a c c o r d i n g t o this philosopher, m a n c a n n o t b e f r e e a n d m a s t e r o f h i s fate, b u t i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n a u t o m a t o n , w h e r e a s under Y u g o s l a v self-administration the w o r k i n g m a n a l l e g e d l y assumes great i m p o r t a n c e , a n d p r e c i s e l y i n t h i s s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , i n the d e m o c r a t i c m e c h a n i s m o f d e l e g a t i o n o f Y u g o s l a v society, h e a l l e g e d l y u n d e r s t a n d s h i s great r o l e ! W h i c h classes d o these state o r g a n s r e p r e s ent, w h a t i d e o l o g y guides t h e m , o n w h a t p r i n c i p l e s h a v e they built their activity, and to w h a t f o r u m do they r e n d e r account? O f course, a l l these questions r e m a i n w i t h o u t clear answers, because a n y a c c u r a t e a n s w e r t o t h e m w o u l d shed l i g h t o n Y u g o s l a v i a ' s c a p i t a l i s t p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m .
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M a k i n g n o d i s t i n c t i o n a t a l l a s t o w h a t state, p a r t y , o r s y s t e m h e i s r e f e r r i n g a n d a t t a c k i n g the state i n general for being i n h u m a n , K a r d e l j sticks to his anarchist positions w h e n h e w r i t e s , N e i t h e r t h e state, n o r t h e system, n o r t h e p o l i t i c a l p a r t y c a n b r i n g h a p p i n e s s t o m a n . M a n a l o n e c a n b r i n g h a p p i n e s s t o h i m s e l f (p. 8). T h i s v e r y c l e a r l y b r i n g s t o l i g h t t h e tendencies t o s p o n t a n e i t y i n t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t t h e o r y o f socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h the w o r k i n g class need not o r g a n i z e i t s e l f i n t h e p a r t y o r t h e state t o a c h i e v e its aspirations, because w i t h t h e passage o f t i m e , e v e n w h i l e w a n d e r i n g i n t h e d a r k , one d a y i t w i l l a c h i e v e t h e h a p piness it is s e e k i n g . T o f o r e s t a l l the q u e s t i o n : since t h e state i s a l l e g e d l y unnecessary, w h y i s i t n o t e l i m i n a t e d i n Y u g o s l a v i a ? K a r d e l j w r i t e s , t h e state m u s t i n t e r p o s e i n the r o l e o f a r b i t e r o n l y i n those instances w h e n the s e l f - g o v e r n i n g agreement c a n n o t b e a c h i e v e d , w h i l e f r o m t h e aspect o f social interests, it is e s s e n t i a l t h a t a d e c i s i o n be t a k e n (p. 23). A n d t o p r o v e t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e n e e d f o r state a r b i t r a t i o n to settle d i s a g r e e m e n t s is s e l d o m felt, he says, The f r e e e x c h a n g e o f l a b o u r has a n e s s e n t i a l i n f l u e n c e in reducing antagonisms between physical and mental work. In relations of this k i n d , mental w o r k is no longer s u p e r i o r t o p h y s i c a l w o r k , b u t i s o n l y one o f t h e c o m ponents o f t h e f r e e u n i t e d l a b o u r a n d o f the f r e e e x c h a n g e of d i f f e r e n t f o r m s of t h e r e s u l t s of l a b o u r (p. 24). U p o n r e a d i n g these phrases, t h e q u e s t i o n arises i n e v e r y b o d y ' s m i n d : c a n i t b e t h e Y u g o s l a v social o r d e r t o w h i c h the author is r e f e r r i n g ? W h e n w e r e the antagonisms between m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l w o r k i n Y u g o s l a v i a e v e r s o reduced?! T h e reality of developments in Y u g o s l a v i a proves the opposite. B e t w e e n m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l w o r k t h e r e a r e essential d i s t i n c t i o n s w h i c h c a n n o t b e r e d u c e d b y w o r d s .
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It is a s t o n i s h i n g t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d be t a l k a b o u t the reduction of antagonism between mental and physical w o r k i n t h e Y u g o s l a v state w h e n i t i s k n o w n t h a t t h e r e the d i f f e r e n t i a l s b e t w e e n w o r k e r s ' w a g e s a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l s ' salaries alone, w i t h o u t m e n t i o n i n g o t h e r d i s t i n c tions, h a v e r e a c h e d a r a t i o of one to t w e n t y , if n o t m o r e . K a r d e l j considers s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n t h e u n i t e d w o r k as ...the g e n u i n e m a t e r i a l basis f o r s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t i n society, too, t h a t i s t o say, i n the s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l c o m m u n i t i e s w h i c h e x e r c i s e state p o w e r , f r o m t h e c o m m u n e up to the F e d e r a t i o n , as w e l l as f o r the r e a l i z a t i o n of the d e m o c r a t i c r i g h t s o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e a n d citizens i n the r u n n i n g of the state, or society, r e s p e c t i v e l y . S e l f - g o v e r n m e n t is the m a t e r i a l basis, also, f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of the workers as a creative i n d i v i d u a l in the utilization of social m e a n s of e v e r y k i n d (p. 24), a n d m a n y other s u c h phrases. S e e k i n g t o p r e s e n t t h e so-called s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s the m a t e r i a l p r e m i s e f o r h u m a n h a p p i n e s s w h i c h has a l l e g e d l y b e e n discovered b y the great b r a i n s o f Y u g o s l a v i a , K a r d e l j resorts t o t w i s t e d p h r a s e s a n d ecclesiastical language, p r e a c h i n g a l o n g s e r m o n a n d s a y i n g n o t h i n g . H e reels o f c o n t r a d i c t o r y ideas a b o u t s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l ism, a n d uses l e n g t h y e x p r e s s i o n s i n o r d e r t o g i v e his words an allegedly profound philosophical meaning. B u t h o w i s the Y u g o s l a v p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m w o r k i n g out i n p r a c t i c e ? W h e n i t comes t o a n s w e r i n g t h i s q u e s t i o n . K a r d e l j i s f o r c e d t o a d m i t : In t h i s respect, t h e s y s t e m itself has too m a n y w e a k p o i n t s . A w h o l e series of w e a k nesses i n t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d i n s t i t u tions o f o u r p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m q u i t e n a t u r a l l y creates t h e belief t h a t p o w e r f u l sources o f b u r e a u c r a c y a n d t e c h n o c r a c y are s t i l l o p e r a t i n g , t h a t o u r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s complicated and that is w h y bureaucracy is rampant, that some organs a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s are closed i n o n t h e m -
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selves, t h a t t h e r e are m a n y gaps a n d eases of d u p l i c a t i o n of work, that the forms of democratic communication between s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t a n d state o r g a n s a n d t h e e n t i r e social s t r u c t u r e a r e w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d , t h a t w e h o l d m a n y useless a n d u n p r o d u c t i v e m e e t i n g s , t h a t t h e m e e t i n g s a n d decisions a r e f r e q u e n t l y i n s u f f i c i e n t l y p r e p a r e d f r o m the professional viewpoint, that in the fight for his rights the c i t i z e n o f t e n has d i f f i c u l t i e s i n o v e r c o m i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e obstacles, etc. (p. 193). W h e n t h e s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tion s y s t e m has b e e n o v e r w h e l m e d b y b u r e a u c r a c y , w h e n the state a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o r g a n s a r e closed i n o n themselves, t a k e w o r t h l e s s decisions a n d s h u t o u t t h e citizens w h o w a n t t h e m t o d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e i r m a n y t r o u b l e s , t h e n w h o , a p a r t f r o m t h e T i t o clique, needs t h i s s y s t e m ? H o w c a n t h e Y u g o s l a v c i t i z e n s g o v e r n themselves, w h e n t h e y cannot o v e r c o m e t h e a d m i n i s t r a tive obstacles? D e s p i t e t h e g r e a t desire of t h e d e v i l not t o s h o w h i s c l o v e n hoof, despite a l l t h e r e s e r v a t i o n s and e f f o r t s t o gloss o v e r t h i n g s w h i c h t h e T i t o i t e i d e o l ogist m a k e s i n o r d e r t o cover u p the i l l s o f h i s system, even f r o m w h a t h e h i m s e l f a d m i t s , the t r u t h emerges. K a r d e l j w r i t e s , B o t h t h e s t r u c t u r e o f delegates' assemblies a n d the w a y decisions are t a k e n i n t h e m are s o o r g a n i z e d t h a t i n p r i n c i p l e , t h e y e n s u r e the l e a d i n g role o f the u n i t e d l a b o u r i n the w h o l e s y s t e m o f t a k i n g state decisions (p. 24-25). H e r e he is j u g g l i n g w i t h w o r d s i n o r d e r t o s h o w t h a t t h e delegates' assemblies, w h i c h i n r e a l i t y are l i k e t h e a s s e m b l i e s set u p b y c a p i t a l i s t trade-unions, at w h i c h the trade-union members m a k e speeches, can a l l e g e d l y e x e r c i s e state f u n c t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , a c c o r d i n g to h i m , t h e state of t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t is s u p e r f l u o u s . H e r e , of course, it is n o t j u s t a m a t t e r of r e p l a c i n g the n a m e o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , w h i c h t e r r i f i e s t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d the r e v i s i o n i s t s , w i t h a n o t h e r
310
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n a m e delegates' assemblies. N o , t h e issue h e r e is the a l t e r a t i o n in the class c h a r a c t e r of t h e socialist state, so t h a t n o t t h e w o r k i n g class, b u t t h e n e w b o u r g e o i s i e , has p o w e r . It is not d i f f i c u l t to see t h a t t h e a i m of these stands i s t o j u s t i f y t h e course o f r e t u r n i n g t o c a p i t a l i s m , a n d a s f a r a s possible, t h e T i t o i t e b e t r a y a l . In order to present their notorious system of socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s f a i r a n d acceptable, t h e T i t o i t e s oppose it to t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d to t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t . M a k i n g n o d i s t i n c t i o n between capitalism a n d socialism, the Titoites consider a l l other p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m s d o g m a t i c . A f t e r c a l l i n g t h e i r d r e a m s the socialist s y s t e m o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , i n order to demonstrate the superiority of their system, they c o m p a r e i t w i t h the c a p i t a l i s t s o c i a l o r d e r . O f course, t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s c a n n o t f a i l t o find fault w i t h the parliamentary political system of b o u r g e o i s society, w h i c h K a r d e l j d e f i n e s a s a m u l t i party system, for otherwise they w o u l d expose t h e m selves a s advocates o f b o u r g e o i s p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n i s m , w h i c h M a r x and L e n i n sternly critized in their time. Therefore, t h e y declare t h a t it is a m i s t a k e to consider t h i s p o l i t i c a l f o r m of t h e b o u r g e o i s state as h a v i n g a u n i v e r s a l a n d e t e r n a l character. I t i s c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e t h a t K a r d e l j was not the first to criticize the bourgeois ideologists' n o t o r i o u s thesis a b o u t t h e u n i v e r s a l a n d e t e r n a l c h a r a c ter of capitalism. R e f u t i n g the views of social-democracy, t h e classics o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m h a v e p r o v e d s c i e n t i f i c a l l y t h a t the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m is by no m e a n s of a u n i v e r s a l a n d e t e r n a l character, t h a t i t i s d o o m e d t o e x t i n c t i o n , t h a t t h e c a p i t a l i s t state, w h i c h i s the o f f s p r i n g a n d b u l w a r k o f t h i s a n t i - p o p u l a r s y s t e m , m u s t b e dest r o y e d to its f o u n d a t i o n s a n d i n s t e a d a t r u e socialist s y s t e m m u s t be e s t a b l i s h e d , b u t n o t a b a s t a r d i z e d s y s t e m w h i c h starts f r o m c a p i t a l i s m a n d r e t u r n s a g a i n t o
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c a p i t a l i s m , a s t h e Y u g o s l a v p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f selfa d m i n i s t r a t i o n does. K a r d e l j criticizes the bourgeois p a r l i a m e n t a r y syst e m , b u t l i g h t l y a n d g e n t l y , because i t h u r t s h i m t o d o so, t h e r e f o r e i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r c r i t i c i z i n g it, h e l a u d s t o the skies a n d m a k e s a f e t i s h of its c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e democratic development of m a n k i n d . In order to magnify this c o n t r i b u t i o n t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t the r e a c t i o n a r y c h a r a c t e r o f t o d a y ' s b o u r g e o i s p a r l i a m e n t pales i n t o i n significance and, in particular, to show the organic l i n k between parliamentarianism and man's democratic r i g h t s , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e h e quotes (or r a t h e r m i s q u o t e s ) M a r x : T h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y r e g i m e l i v e s o n debate then h o w can it b a n discussion? E v e r y social interest a n d i n s t i t u t i o n i s t r a n s f o r m e d h e r e i n t o g e n e r a l ideas, a n d it is as such that they are thrashed out h o w is it possible, t h e n , f o r a n y i n t e r e s t o r i n s t i t u t i o n t o s t a n d a b o v e a l l ideas a n d i m p o s e i t s e l f l i k e a r e l i g i o u s dogma?... A p a r l i a m e n t a r y r e g i m e a l l o w s the m a j o r i t y t o decide e v e r y t h i n g h o w is it possible then, that the overw h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o u t s i d e p a r l i a m e n t can f a i l t o w a n t t o t a k e decisions? T h i s q u o t a t i o n f r o m M a r x i s l i k e a s q u a r e peg i n a r o u n d h o l e i n the c o n t e x t o f this book, t h e r e f o r e , i t can h a r d l y serve to prove w h a t K a r d e l j wants. M a r x ' s i d e a , out o f c o n t e x t a n d i m p e r m i s s i b l y m u t i l a t e d , i n the t r i c k y w a y i t w a s q u o t e d b y this r e v i s i o n i s t , casts d o u b t o n the u n d e n i a b l e fact t h a t M a r x w a s a b s o l u t e l y opposed to the venal and rotten parliamentarianism of the bourgeoisie. T h i s is an abortive attempt on the author's part because M a r x ' s s t a n d i s k n o w n w o r l d - w i d e . I n c r i t i c i z i n g t h e b o u r g e o i s p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n i s m a n d the b o u r g e o i s t h e o r y of the division of powers, M a r x never said that representative institutions should be done a w a y w i t h and the
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p r i n c i p l e o f elections a b a n d o n e d , a s w a s done i n Y u g o s l a v i a , b u t h e w r o t e t h a t i n t h e p r o l e t a r i a n state s u c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e organs s h o u l d b e set u p a n d operate t h a t are n o t t a l k i n g shops, b u t r e a l w o r k i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , built and acting as
... a working body, the same time.*
executive
and
legislative,
at
Bourgeois parliamentarianism has gained great strength because, a c c o r d i n g to the a u t h o r of the book, socialist p r a c t i c e , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f Y u g o s l a v i a , has allegedly been unable to develop n e w forms of democratic l i f e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o socialist r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n more rapidly and extensively. The new form of democ r a t i c life, a c c o r d i n g t o K a r d e l j , has a l l e g e d l y b e e n r e a l i z e d u n d e r socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w h i c h has crossed t h e R u b i c o n o f t h e class p o w e r o f m o n o p o l y o w n ers a n d t e c h n o c r a t i c m a n a g e r s of c a p i t a l . It is s u r p r i s i n g that he should describe a l l the efforts of the democratic forces t o f i n d f o r m s o f d e m o c r a c y a s a r t i f i c i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s of the b o u r g e o i s p a r l i a m e n t , as a t t e m p t s to u n i t e several t h i n g s t h a t c a n n o t b e u n i t e d , w h i l e h e calls t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f Y u g o s l a v i a ' s socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tion, those b a s t a r d i z e d g r a f t s o n t h e b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n ist f o r m s o f g o v e r n m e n t , o r i g i n a l a n d s o c i a l i s t ! I f e v e r t h e r e w e r e f r a u d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the g o v e r n m e n t i t i s t o b e f o u n d , i n t h e f i r s t place, i n t h e s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n concocted a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d a n t i d e m o c r a t i c t h e o r y o f t h e T i t o i t e s . R e g a r d l e s s o f the n u m e r o u s d e c e p t i v e s t a t e m e n t s m a d e a b o u t it, Y u g o s l a v s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n is a c o p y of b o u r g e o i s p a r l i a m e n ___________________________________ * K. M a r x F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 1, T i r a n a 1975, p. 544, A l b . ed.
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t a r i a n i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s of p r o d u c t i o n , it is a chaotic a p p e n d a g e o f t h e w o r l d c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m , o f t h e structure a n d superstructure of this system. O u r socialist d e m o c r a c y , w r i t e s K a r d e l j , w o u l d not b e a n a l l - e m b r a c i n g s y s t e m o f d e m o c r a t i c r e l a t i o n s without the relevant solution of the problems of relations a m o n g Y u g o s l a v i a ' s n a t i o n s a n d n a t i o n a l i t i e s (p. 171). A l t h o u g h t h i s w a s t h e occasion w h e n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t i d e ologist s h o u l d h a v e e x p l a i n e d h o w t h e p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n has s o l v e d t h e p r o b l e m o f n a t i o n s a n d n a t i o n a l i t i e s i n Y u g o s l a v i a , h e has s k i r t e d s o w i d e l y a r o u n d t h i s m a j o r p r o b l e m , s o serious a n d delicate f o r h i s F e d e r a t i o n , t h a t a f t e r r e a d i n g h i s b o o k o f 323 pages, o n e c a n b a r e l y r e c a l l t h a t i t m a d e a n y mention of nations and nationalities. H o w does t h e p r o b l e m o f n a t i o n s a n d n a t i o n a l i t i e s i n Yugoslavia stand? T h e Y u g o s l a v Federation inherited deep-rooted c o n f l i c t s i n t h i s f i e l d . T h e p o l i c y o f t h e Great-Serbian monarchs and reactionary chauvinistic circles i n Y u g o s l a v i a w a s s u c h that, h i s t o r i c a l l y , i t s t i r r e d up conflicts and enmity among nations and nationalities. A f t e r the Second W o r l d W a r , the Federal Republic of Y u g o s l a v i a launched the slogan of unity-fraternity, but t h i s s l o g a n p r o v e d q u i t e i n a d e q u a t e t o r e s o l v e the differences i n h e r i t e d f r o m the past, t h e r e f o r e t h e o l d conflicts, t h e savage l u s t f o r d o m i n a t i o n o v e r others, did n o t d i s a p p e a r . T i t o a n d the renegate clique a r o u n d h i m did not develop a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t n a t i o n a l p o l i c y i n r e g a r d t o the t e n d e n c i e s o f r e p u b l i c s a n d r e g i o n s t o b r e a k a w a y from the Federation. On the contrary, the relations among n a t i o n a l i t i e s r e m a i n e d the same a s i n t h e t i m e o f the G r e a t - S e r b m o n a r c h s , a n d i n r e g a r d t o some n a t i o nalities the g e n o c i d e w e n t o n a s b e f o r e . T h i s p o l i c y served t o f u e l the h a t r e d a n d f e u d s a m o n g t h e n a t i o n s
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and nationalities of Yugoslavia. The unity and fratern i t y of peoples a b o u t w h i c h t h e r e is a g r e a t d e a l of t a l k i n Y u g o s l a v i a , has n e v e r b e e n p r e s e n t e d o n t h e j u s t basis o f t h e economic, p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l e q u a l ity of nations and nationalities. W i t h o u t a c h i e v i n g e q u a l i t y i n these f i e l d s t h e n a t i o n a l question in Y u g o s l a v i a cannot be solved correctly. F o r t h r e e decades n o w , a p a r t f r o m its d e m a g o g y a b o u t the self-governing community of nations and nationalities of a n e w type, s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s o c i a l i s m has d o n e n o t h i n g a b o u t the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e s o v e r e i g n r i g h t s o f these d i f f e r e n t n a t i o n s a n d n a t i o n a l i t i e s i n t h e r e p u b l i c s a n d regions o f Y u g o s l a v i a . T h u s , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e K o s o v a region, w i t h an A l b a n i a n population almost three times g r e a t e r t h a n t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f the R e p u b l i c o f M o n tenegro, has m a r k e d e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l a n d c u l tural backwardness, (13) in comparison w i t h the other regions o f Y u g o s l a v i a . I n t h e l a r g e r r e p u b l i c s , too, a s c o m p a r e d w i t h the other republics, impermissible distinctions exist in all fields of life. This situation is the weakest spot w h i c h i s s h a k i n g t h e F e d e r a t i o n o f t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s t o its f o u n d a t i o n s . T h e p i o u s hopes a b o u t t h e s o l u t i o n t o the o l d a n d n e w d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g Y u g o s l a v i a ' s n a t i o n s are d e v o i d o f prospect. F r o m an objective scientific analysis of this very difficult and troubled situation, the incontestable conc l u s i o n emerges t h a t the n a t i o n a l q u e s t i o n i n Y u g o s l a v i a w i l l not be solved unless M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m is i m p l e m e n ted there, t h a t is to say, unless the s o - c a l l e d s e l f - a d m i n i s trative capitalist order is o v e r t h r o w n . T h e T i t o i t e renegades a r e a w a r e o f t h i s d a n g e r , t h e r e f o r e , w h e n t h e y h a v e t o m e n t i o n t h e issue o f n a _________________________ 13 A c c o r d i n g to data in the Y u g o s l a v press, the per capita income in K o s o v a is 6 times l o w e r than in Slovenia, about 5 times lower than in Croatia and 3.5 times l o w e r than in Serbia.
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tions a n d n a t i o n a l i t i e s , t h e y t r y t o s k a t e o v e r i t w i t h p o m p o u s statements, w i t h o u t g e t t i n g t o t h e c r u x o f t h e p r o b l e m s , o r b y s e e k i n g false t e s t i m o n y f r o m o t h e r r e v i sionists, a s t h e y d i d w h e n t h e y g a v e great p u b l i c i t y t o the d e c l a r a t i o n s o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a b o u t t h e Marxist-Leninist solution of the national p r o b l e m in Yugoslavia. I n w o r d s t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s m a y p r e s e n t the r e l a t i o n s among the nations and nationalities of Yugoslavia as they l i k e , b u t t h e b i t t e r t r u t h o f this p r o b l e m w i l l t e r r i f y t h e m even w h e n they are in their graves. T h e national question in Y u g o s l a v i a w i l l be solved by the p e o p l e s t h e m s e l v e s , w h o are i n c l u d e d i n the p r e s e n t F e d e r a t i o n , a n d not b y those w h o , r e g a r d l e s s o f w h a t t h e y say, i n f a c t a r e s t i l l p u r s u i n g t h e r e a c t i o n a r y , c h a u v i n i s t i c p o l i c y o f t h e i r predecessors. C o n t i n u i n g to deliver his judgements, speaking about the p o l i c y o f t h e Y u g o s l a v state, t h e i n v e t e r a t e r e v i s i o n ist K a r d e l j says t h a t it is no l o n g e r t h e m o n o p o l y of p r o f e s s i o n a l p o l i t i c i a n s a n d p o l i t i c a l c a r t e l s b e h i n d the scenes, b u t i n s t e a d it becomes a m a t t e r of t h e d i r e c t a c t i v i t y a n d t a k i n g o f decisions b y t h e s e l f - g o v e r n o r s a n d t h e i r o r g a n s (p. 25). T h e r e ! says K a r d e l j , h e n c e f o r t h d o not c r i t i z e u s f o r b e t r a y i n g t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e w o r k i n g class, because t h e Y u g o s l a v w o r k e r i s m a s t e r o f t h e p o l i c y o f t h e c o u n t r y a n d o f t h e defence o f h i s s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tive interests, u n l i k e i n t h e o t h e r states w h e r e p r o f e s s i o n a l p o l i t i c i a n s a r e t h e m a s t e r s . A n d here, too, w i t h e v i l intent, h e does n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n c a p i t a l i s t a n d socialist c o u n t r i e s , b u t l u m p s t h e m a l l t o g e t h e r i n t h e same b a g , because i n t h i s w a y i t i s easier t o p r e s e n t black as w h i t e . H e k n o w s t h a t i n o r d e r t o f u r t h e r t h e dishonest o b jectives h e h a s i n m i n d , t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s w h i c h e x p o s e the s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e a l i t y m u s t b e m i n i m i z e d i n
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e v e r y w a y . T h e r e f o r e , h e belittles t h e fact t h a t t h e Y u g o s l a v w o r k e r has n o p o s s i b i l i t y o f e x e r c i z i n g h i s r i g h t s i n the p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c f i e l d , a n d e x p l a i n s t h a t t h i s comes about because of a series of o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e reasons, a m o n g w h i c h , u n d o u b t e d l y , i s t h e r e l a t i v ely l o w level of education and culture, and the level of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of science t h e w o r k e r is n o t y e t a b l e to m a s t e r , o r i e n t a t e , or c o m p l e t e l y c o n t r o l , in a conscious a n d c r e a t i v e m a n n e r , a l l the processes w h i c h t h i s s o c i o economic p o s i t i o n i m p o s e s o n h i m (p. 27). O b v i o u s l y this i s w r i t t e n i n a n e f f o r t t o d e f e n d his a n t i - w o r k e r a n d a n t i - s o c i a l i s t s t a n d - p o i n t s . A t p r e s e n t the Y u g o slav w o r k e r understands nothing of this illusory theory, a n d does not see a n y of these false a n d a b s u r d ideas w h i c h are u n a c c e p t a b l e t o h i m , b e i n g i m p l e m e n t e d i n practice. Since the low cultural and scientific level of the w o r k e r s i s a n obstacle, a s K a r d e l j says, the m a i n r o l e i n t h e s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e society i s p l a y e d b y the e d u c a t e d a n d s k i l l e d people, w h o m a k e u p the l i t e t h a t r u l e s i n t h e socialist c o m m u n i t y . U n d e r these c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i n most instances, decisions w i l l b e t a k e n p r e c i s e l y b y t h i s lite, b y t h e c u l t u r e d e l e m e n t o f t h e n e w b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h makes the l a w in Yugoslavia. W h o is to blame that the lite is becoming prominent and the role of the w o r k e r s diminishing? There is no doubt the blame lies w i t h the s o c i a l s y s t e m itself, w h i c h generates t h e n e w c a p i t a l i s t class a n d p r o v i d e s i t w i t h t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o s t r e n g t h e n itself e c o n o m i c a l l y a t t h e e x p e n s e o f t h e w o r k e r s a n d b e c o m e e d u c a t e d , w h i l e the w o r k i n g class i s l e f t a t a l o w l e v e l . K a r d e l j c a n n o t d e n y t h e fact that, i n practice, decisions a r e t a k e n b y a r e l a t i v e l y n a r r o w c i r c l e o f people i n Y u g o s l a v i a . H o w e v e r , h e has n o t h i n g t o s a y a b o u t the fact t h a t t h i s i s p r e c i s e l y h o w t h e p o l i t i c a l m o n o p o l y o f t h e l i t e i n t a k i n g decisions a n d i n t h e
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d i v i s i o n o f t h e i n c o m e i n t h e e n t e r p r i s e s o f socialist s e l f administration is created. This political monopoly, w h i c h t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s a l l e g e d l y g u a r d against a n d combat, i s d e e p l y e n t r e n c h e d i n t h e i r s o - c a l l e d p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . I n t h e s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e society, a s K a r d e l j p u t s it, ...instead of t h e o l d r e l a t i o n s h i p s : t h e w o r k e r t h e state s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s , a n e w r e l a t i o n s h i p m u s t i n e v i t a b ly be constituted between the w o r k e r s engaged directly i n p r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e w o r k e r s i n s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s (p. 23). A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , the correct w a y t o b u i l d social r e l a t i o n s i s n o t t h a t f o l l o w e d b y a socialist r e g i m e w h e r e s c i e n t i f i c socialism is applied, w h e r e there is u n i t y between the w o r k e r s directly i n v o l v e d i n production a n d the w o r k e r s e n g a g e d i n s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s , w h e r e t h e r e i s v i g o r o u s sociopolitical activity and such an organization of the economy in w h i c h the p r i n c i p a l role is played by the w o r k i n g p e o p l e o r g a n i z e d i n t h e i r socialist state. T h e correct w a y , a c c o r d i n g t o K a r d e l j , i s t h a t o f b u i l d i n g n e w social relations w i t h o u t The participation of the state! T h e s e ideas a r e e x p r e s s i o n s o f p u r e a n a r c h i s m . A l l these p h r a s e s a r e p o u r e d o u t t o o b s c u r e e v e r y a d v a n t a g e a g e n u i n e socialist r e g i m e offers, a n d to m a k e people believe that in Y u g o s l a v i a they are allegedly m a r c h i n g towards the u n i t y of the w o r k e r s and intellectuals through the f r e e e x c h a n g e o f l a b o u r , w h i c h reduces t h e i r antagonism as if by magic. I n K a r d e l j ' s t h e o r y t h e r e i s not, n o r c a n t h e r e be, any m e n t i o n of the violent o v e r t h r o w of the capitalist state, t h e s e i z u r e o f p o w e r b y t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. A l t h o u g h h e quotes M a r x ' s w o r d s , v i o l e n c e i s p r e c i s e l y w h a t w e a r e o b l i g e d t o use a t t h e g i v e n m o m e n t , i.e., i n order to give definitive legal sanction to the power of l a b o u r , h e does t h i s o n l y t o p r o v e t h a t M a r x a l l e g e d l y
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leaned more towards the t r i u m p h of the proletarian r e v olution by peaceful means, w h i l e considering violence an e x c e p t i o n a n d m a k i n g i t c o n d i t i o n a l o n some p a r t i c u l a r social, c i r c u m s t a n c e s . A n d w i t h s u c h s o p h i s t r y K a r d e l j seeks t o create t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class n o w a d a y s c a n a c h i e v e its h i s t o r i c i n t e r e s t s n o t t h r o u g h the r e v o l u t i o n , b u t i n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e v a r i o u s p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s . K a r d e l j has c u n n i n g l y c o p i e d t h i s q u o t a t i o n t o p i t M a r x against M a r x i n r e g a r d t o the p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e p e a c e f u l t r a n s i t i o n t o s o c i a l i s m , f r o m his r e v i s i o n i s t predecessors, against w h o m L e n i n wrote,
The reference to what Marx said... about the possibility of peaceful transition to socialism... is completely fallacious, or, to put it bluntly, dishonest, in that it is juggling with quotations and references.*
K a r d e l j needs these f a l s i f i c a t i o n s i n o r d e r t o l e n d a hand to the Eurocommunists, w i t h w h o m he is in complete accord. The Italian, F r e n c h a n d S p a n i s h revisionist parties have declared that they w i l l allegedly achieve socialism through the development of bourgeois democracy and freedoms, through the force of numbers o f votes i n p a r l i a m e n t a r y elections. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class w i l l be expressed in the extent to w h i c h it w i l l gain the key p o s i t i o n s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f c a p i t a l i s t society a n d t h e state, a s w e l l a s i n t h e r u n n i n g o f society. A c c o r d i n g t o them, the transformation of the character of the r e l a tions o f p r o d u c t i o n f r o m c a p i t a l i s t t o s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , o r socialist, w i l l b e c o m e p o s s i b l e i n t h i s w a y . I t i s
_____________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 28, p. 107, A l b . e d .
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p r e c i s e l y o n t h i s issue t h a t t h e T i t o i t e t h e o r y a n d the theory of Eurocommunism are united. T h e Eurocomm u n i s t s a r e o b l i g e d t o accept E u r o p e a n b o u r g e o i s p o l i t ical p l u r a l i s m and u n i t y among bourgeois parties allegedly i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e m a n y r i g h t s f o r t h e w o r k i n g class t h r o u g h r e f o r m s , a n d t h e n g o o v e r t o socialist s o c i e t y i n t h i s w a y . T h e s e a s p i r a t i o n s o f h i s f r i e n d s K a r d e l j describes a s s t r u c t u r a l changes, w h i c h , w i t h o u t f a i l , m u s t e x e r t s u c h a n i n f l u e n c e t h a t t h e process d e v e l o p s a n d transforms both the position and the role of p a r l i a m e n t itself. K a r d e l j ' s t h e o r y c l a i m s that, i n t h e c r i s i s o f t h e c a pitalist system, the communist parties of Western E u r o p e m u s t f i n d a n a p p r o p r i a t e w a y t o secure f o r t h e w o r k i n g class a n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e b r o a d e s t d e m o c r a t i c forces, w h i l e p r e s e r v i n g t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y s y s t e m , t h e d e m o c r a t i c a c h i e v e m e n t s of w h i c h , he says, cannot be d e n i e d . T h r o u g h this sort o f a l l i a n c e , a c c o r d i n g t o r e v i sionist logic, a m o r e f a v o u r a b l e d e m o c r a t i c s i t u a t i o n can b e c r e a t e d i n t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y s y s t e m a n d , i n t h e long r u n , the p a r l i a m e n t a r y system w i l l be transformed, though n o b o d y k n o w s how, into a decisive p o w e r of the p e o p l e ! T h i s i s the c o u r s e T i t o i s m sets f o r t h e o t h e r revisionist parties to assume power in peaceful ways. I n t h e b o u r g e o i s states, h o w e v e r , p o w e r i s i n t h e hands o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t s , t h e n a t i o n a l businesses a n d c a r tels a n d m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s . T h e s e forces o f c a p i t a l have t h e m a i n k e y s t o t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m y a n d t h e state f i r m l y i n t h e i r h a n d s , t h e y m a k e t h e l a w a n d , t h r o u g h a f r a u d u l e n t d e m o c r a t i c process, a p p o i n t t h e government, w h i c h is under their orders and is presented a s a n o f f i c i a l a d m i n i s t r a t o r o f t h e i r assets. T h e b o u r geoisie does n o t s a f e g u a r d its p o w e r i n o r d e r t o h a n d i t over t o t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , b u t i n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t its class interests, e v e n w i t h b l o o d s h e d , i f n e e d be. T o
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f a i l t o see t h i s r e a l i t y , w h i c h l i f e i s c o n f i r m i n g e v e r y day, m e a n s t o close y o u r eyes a n d i n d u l g e i n d a y - d r e a m i n g . I f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s d o i n d e e d succeed i n g a i n i n g one o r m o r e p o s i t i o n s i n t h e b o u r g e o i s g o v e r n m e n t s , in reality they w i l l go there as representatives of capitalism, just l i k e the other bourgeois political parties, and n o t as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the p r o l e t a r i a t . The bourgeois pseudo-democracy, the parliament w h i c h a l l e g e d l y chooses t h e g o v e r n m e n t , is n o t h i n g b u t a p u p p e t i n the h a n d s o f t h e p o w e r o f c a p i t a l w h i c h o p e r ates b e h i n d t h e scenes a n d , i n v a r i o u s f o r m s , dictates e v e r y t h i n g f r o m outside. T h e v a r i o u s p a r t i e s r e p r e s e n t e d in parliament, as w e l l as the trade-unions w h i c h allegedly fight to defend the workers, give various nuances to these d i f f e r e n t f o r m s o f t h e r e a l p o w e r e x e r c i s e d b e h i n d the scenes. I n r e a l i t y , a l l t h e b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s a n d t r a d e - u n i o n s i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t state, r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e n a m e s t h e y assume, are d e p e n d e n t o n t h e o w n i n g class. K a r d e l j says t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s are r i g h t w h e n they l i n k their political struggle for socialism w i t h defence o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s o f p l u r a l i s m o f p o l i t i c a l f o r ces, because, as he p u t s it, ...in t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e , this i s t h e o n l y r e a l i s t i c r o a d t o the u n i t y o f t h e forces o f the w o r k i n g class itself, a s w e l l a s t o l i n k i n g i t w i t h the o t h e r p e o p l e s ' d e m o c r a t i c forces, this i s t h e o n l y t h i n g w h i c h c a n e s s e n t i a l l y s t r e n g t h e n the s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l p o s i t i o n s o f t h e w o r k i n g class, i.e., m a k e it capable of c h a n g i n g society, a n d n o t j u s t of c r i t i c i z i n g i t (p. 41). S p e a k i n g a b o u t the l i n k s , s o l i d a r i t y a n d u n i t y o f the League of Communists of Y u g o s l a v i a w i t h the E u r o communists and a l l the other revisionist parties w h i c h , i n one w a y o r a n o t h e r , i n t h i s o r t h a t f o r m , d e f e n d capitalism and fight the revolution and true socialism, K a r d e l j says, W e h a v e r e a s o n t o d e f e n d t h e p a r l i a m e n -
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tary system and political p l u r a l i s m w h e n the reactionary forces of b o u r g e o i s s o c i e t y a t t a c k i t (p. 61). T h i s ideologist w a n t s t o s a y t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e pseudo-communists of Western Europe are right to unite w i t h the capitalist institutions, parliament and the bourgeois g o v e r n m e n t , because t h r o u g h t h i s u n i o n a n d o n l y i n t h i s w a y w i l l the w o r k i n g class become c a p a b l e o f changing society! F r o m t h e f o r e g o i n g i t comes o u t c l e a r l y t h a t t h e Y u g o s l a v s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s o c i e t y i s f o r t h e close a l l i a n c e o r f u s i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m w i t h s o c i a l i s m , because the p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t s a l l e g e d l y h a v e n o o b j e c t i o n t o t h e b u i l d i n g o f a n e w s o c i e t y i n w h i c h t h e w o r k i n g class w i l l g a i n a b i l i t y a n d a s s u m e i t s f u l l d e m o c r a t i c selfa d m i n i s t r a t i v e r i g h t s . H e n c e , i t i s n o t d i f f i c u l t t o see that the author of this book recommends that there must b e a t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e consumer society, i n w h i c h t h e t e c h n o c r a t s h a v e a l l e g e d l y seized p o w e r , to a s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e society i n w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l s are a s s o c i a ted i n u n i t e d l a b o u r a n d t h i s t r a n s i t i o n c a n b e c o n sidered a t r i u m p h of socialism! There is nothing resembl i n g g e n u i n e s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m i n these j u d g e m e n t s a n d stands o f i n v e t e r a t e renegades. A s l o y a l s e r v a n t s o f t h e capitalist bourgeoisie, the Titoites d e n y the p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e class s t r u g g l e w i t h these t h i n g s t h e y are w r i t i n g . I n c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e consumer society c a n be transformed into socialism gradually, without violent r e v o l u t i o n , b u t b y v i r t u e o f t h e H o l y S p i r i t , t h e y seek to disarm the proletariat a n d smash its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party. I n t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , reveals K a r d e l j , t h e e x e c u t i v e p o w e r i s l i n k e d w i t h p o l i t i c a l forces w h i c h act a n d i m p o s e t h e i r p o l i c y f r o m o u t s i d e p a r l i a m e n t . Here, again K a r d e l j is saying nothing n e w but simply repeating as his o w n observation that idea w h i c h L e n i n
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e x p r e s s e d i n h i s m a s t e r l y e x p o s u r e o f the f a l s i t y o f bourgeois democracy. It is a fine t h i n g to assimilate a n d repeat L e n i n ' s ideas, b u t i t i s n e i t h e r L e n i n n o r L e n i n i s m t h a t concerns M r . K a r d e l j . H e i s a f r a i d o f t h e p o l i t i c i s m and the political monopoly of L e n i n i s m , although it pleases h i m to p o l i t i c i z e o t h e r s a n d m a k e t h e m b e l i e v e t h a t u n d e r c a p i t a l i s m the e x e c u t i v e p o w e r i s r e a l l y m a n i p u l a t e d b y forces outside t h e state organs, w h e r e a s i n Yugoslavia, the Presidency of the Socialist Federative Republic of Y u g o s l a v i a a n d the Federative Executive C o u n c i l w h i c h constitutes t h e g o v e r n m e n t , h a v e m i r a c u l o u s l y escaped t h i s d a n g e r because t h e y h a v e a l l e g e d l y d i v i d e d t h e i r c o m p e t e n c e s i n a precise m a n n e r (p. 235). A p a r t f r o m this, i n Y u g o s l a v i a , a l w a y s a c c o r d i n g t o K a r d e l j , the political strength is concentrated in the delegates' a s s e m b l y , a n d m o r e o v e r , n o t j u s t i n t h i s b u t in the interconnection of this assembly w i t h the w h o l e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e (p. 235). I n r e g a r d t o its f u l l p o w e r s a n d a u t h o r i t y , t h i s delegates' a s s e m b l y i s r e m i n i s c e n t o f t h e so-called c o u n c i l s o f l o c a l s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t i n t h e b o u r g e o i s countries, w h i c h L e n i n has r i d i c u l e d , s a y i n g that they
... may be 'autonomous' only in minor matters, may be independent only in tinkering with washbasins...*
It is said that under workers' self-administration, the delegates v o i c e t h e i r o p i n i o n s f r e e l y . I n t h e o r y , o f course, n o t o n l y t h e delegates, b u t also t h e w o r k e r s have a l l rights, but in practice they enjoy none. In the political system of Yugoslav self-administration every____________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 10, p. 366, A l b . ed.
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thing is decided f r o m above a n d not f r o m below. T h e protests o f t h e Y u g o s l a v w o r k e r s against t h e e n r i c h ment and corruption of leading officials, their coming out w i t h demands for the e l i m i n a t i o n of economic a n d social d i s t i n c t i o n s , f o r t h e a b o l i t i o n o f p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e s , f o r c h e c k i n g p o l i t i c a l a n d m o r a l c o r r u p t i o n , t h e i r protests a g a i n s t n a t i o n a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , etc., a r e a l r e a d y w e l l k n o w n . T h e book is f u l l of very long phrases w h i c h , w h i l e w e a r y i n g the reader, are intended to m a k e h i m b e l i e v e t h e a b s t r a c t i d e a t h a t socialist s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t exists in Yugoslavia, that workers' self-administration r e i g n s t h e r e , a t a t i m e w h e n the o n l y k e y s t h e w o r k e r s h o l d w i l l o p e n n o doors. T h e k e y s t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t of the country are held by the n e w Y u g o s l a v bourgeoisie w h i c h operates f r o m r i g h t i s t positions, w h i l e d i s g u i s i n g itself w i t h l e f t i s t slogans.
4. T h e S y s t e m of Self-administration a n d the N e g a t i o n of the L e a d i n g Role of the P a r t y T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s also t a k e a n a n t i - M a r x i s t stand t o w a r d s t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y in the construction of socialism. A c c o r d i n g to K a r d e l j ' s theory, t h e p a r t y m u s t n o t l e a d a n y e c o n o m i c o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a c t i v i t y . B u t i t c a n a n d s h o u l d e x e r c i s e its i n f l u e n c e o n l y t h r o u g h its e d u c a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y a m o n g t h e w o r k e r s , s o t h a t t h e y u n d e r s t a n d t h e socialist s y s t e m w e l l . T h e negation of the role of the communist p a r t y in the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h i s role t o a n i d e o l o g i c a l a n d o r i e n t a t i n g f a c t o r i s i n flagrant opposition to M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e enemies o f s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m s u p p o r t t h i s thesis b y a r g u i n g that l e a d e r s h i p b y t h e p a r t y i s a l l e g e d l y i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h the decisive role w h i c h should be played by the
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masses o f p r o d u c e r s , w h o , t h e y c l a i m , s h o u l d e x e r c i s e their political influence directly, a n d not t h r o u g h the c o m m u n i s t p a r t y , because t h i s w o u l d b r i n g a b o u t b u r e aucratic despotism! C o n t r a r y to t h e a n t i - s c i e n t i f i c theses of these e n e m i e s o f c o m m u n i s m , h i s t o r i c a l e x p e r i e n c e has s h o w n t h a t t h e undivided leading role of the revolutionary p a r t y of the w o r k i n g class i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r s o c i a l i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m is absolutely essential. As is k n o w n , leadership by the p a r t y i s a q u e s t i o n o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e f a t e o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . It r e f l e c t s a u n i v e r s a l l a w of t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n . L e n i n says,
... the realized
dictatorship of the proletariat cannot be except through the communist party.*
T h e d i r e c t p o l i t i c a l i n f l u e n c e o f t h e w o r k i n g masses i n socialist s o c i e t y i s n o t i n a n y w a y h a m p e r e d b y t h e communist the o t h e r guard that party, working the which people. represents run counter On the the to working the it is class, of only in whose interests do not interests
contrary,
u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its v a n working masses participate broadly g o v e r n i n g t h e c o u n t r y a n d r e a l i z i n g t h e i r interests. I n a g e n u i n e l y socialist c o u n t r y , s u c h a s A l b a n i a , t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g masses o n i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s i s c o n s u l ted d i r e c t l y . T h e r e are countless e x a m p l e s o f this, f r o m the discussion and approval of the Constitution to the d r a f t i n g of e c o n o m i c p l a n s , etc., etc. B u r e a u c r a t i c desp o t i s m is a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e c a p i t a l i s t state a n d can never be attributed to the leading role of the party
__________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 32, p. 226, A l b . ed.
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under the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, w h i c h f r o m its n a t u r e a n d class c h a r a c t e r , i s s t e r n l y anti-bureaucratic. C o n t i n u i n g the e x p o s i t i o n o f h i s r e v i s i o n i s t v i e w s o n t h e r o l e o f t h e p a r t y , K a r d e l j w r i t e s that, a l t h o u g h i t m u s t f i g h t t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e k e y p o s i t i o n s o f state p o w e r a r e i n t h e h a n d s o f those s u b j e c t i v e forces w h i c h are o n the side o f s o c i a l i s m a n d socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tion, t h e L e a g u e of C o m m u n i s t s cannot be a class p o l i t cal p a r t y (p. 119). So, t h a t is t h e sort of t h e p a r t y t h e Yugoslav revisionists w a n t ! T h e y d o not want, a n d i n r e a l i t y do n o t have, a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y of t h e w o r k i n g class, but a b o u r g e o i s o r g a n i z a t i o n , a club w h i c h a n y b o d y m a y e n t e r o r l e a v e , w h e n a n d h o w i t pleases h i m , p r o v i d e d o n l y t h a t h e declares h e i s a c o m m u n i s t w i t h o u t n e e d i n g t o b e s u c h . O f course, t h i s i s q u i t e n o r m a l f o r s u c h a p a r t y as t h e L e a g u e of C o m m u n i s t s of Y u g o s l a v i a , w h i c h has n o t h i n g c o m m u n i s t a b o u t i t . T h e r e n e v e r has b e e n non-class p a r t y o r state, n o r w i l l t h e r e e v e r be. P a r t i e s a n d t h e states a r e class p r o ducts. T h a t i s h o w t h e y c a m e i n t o existence a n d h o w they w i l l be right up to c o m m u n i s m . A l t h o u g h K a r d e l j portrays the leading role of the League of Communists as liquidated, still, for purposes of d e m a g o g y he does n o t f o r g e t to s a y t h a t t h i s L e a g u e , w i t h its c l e a r stands ( w h i c h i n f a c t a r e f a r f r o m b e i n g clear, but o n the c o n t r a r y , a r e o b s c u r e a n d m u r k y ) m u s t w o r k h a r d to f i n d means to solve m a n y problems about the w a y s a n d f o r m s f o r t h e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f the p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m of socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . If the h a p p i n e s s f o r t h e p e o p l e cannot come f r o m the state o r t h e p a r t y , a s the r e n e g a d e K a r d e l j w r i t e s , t h e n w h y s h o u l d these p r e r o g a t i v e s be g i v e n to the L e a g u e of C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a ? If, a s i s c l a i m e d , t h e Y u g o slav s o c i e t y of s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n has no n e e d f o r t h e
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l e a d e r s h i p o f a s i n g l e p o l i t i c a l p a r t y , w h y t h e n , does i t n e e d t h e l e a d e r s h i p of the L e a g u e of C o m m u n i s t s of Yugoslavia? Whereas M a r x is for a genuine party of the w o r k i n g class, w h i c h m u s t l e a d t h i s class a n d m a k e i t conscious o f its h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o K a r d e l j , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t can c a r r y t h e c o u n t r y f o r w a r d a n d r e a l i z e its aspirations spontaneously, even w i t h o u t the leading role of the p a r t y . H e says t h i s i n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y t h e t h e o r y o f self-administration, a theory w h i c h is for political p l u r a l i s m , t h a t is, f o r t h e u n i t y i n t h e s o - c a l l e d S o c i a l i s t L e a g u e o f W o r k i n g P e o p l e o f a l l s o c i a l forces, r e g a r d l e s s of their ideo-political differences, a n d for a p a r t y w h i c h has n o c o m m u n i s t v a l u e a t a l l , b u t t o w h i c h h e attaches the l a b e l o f l e a d e r s h i p i n the w h o l e a n t i - M a r x i s t s y s t e m o f self-administration. The revisionist K a r d e l j refers to the bureaucracy of the W e s t e r n p a r t i e s o f c a p i t a l . H e r e , too, h e has d i s c o v e r e d n o t h i n g n e w , because i t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t bureaucracy is inherent in and characteristic of capitali s m . H o w e v e r , h e denounces t h e b u r e a u c r a c y i n o t h e r parties, n o t i n o r d e r t o c r i t i c i z e t h e m , b u t t o h i d e t h e bureaucratization and subsequent liquidation of the Communist P a r t y of Yugoslavia after it was stripped of a n y p r e r o g a t i v e s t h a t b e l o n g e d t o it. T h e T i t o i t e s c a l l t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f the p a r t y t o t h e t a i l - e n d o f events, p h e n o m e n a , o r processes o f p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l l i f e a n d its t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o a p a r t y of t h e bourgeoisie, d e b u r e aucratization and, in order to cover up their betrayal, t h e y h a v e left i t f l a u n t i n g the n a m e t h e L e a g u e o f Communists of Yugoslavia. Whether or not a p a r t y is communist, w h e t h e r or not it is a p a r t y of t h e w o r k i n g class, c a n n o t be j u d g e d f r o m t h e n a m e i t bears, b u t o n l y f r o m w h o leads i t i n fact a n d w h a t a c t i v i t y i t c a r r i e s out. L e n i n said,
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... whether or not a party is really a political party of the workers depends... also upon the men that lead it, and the content of its actions and its political tactics.*
A n d i n fact, n o t o n l y has t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a h o t escaped t h e process o f b u r e a u c r a t i z a t i o n , b u t it has l o n g since ceased to be a p a r t y of Y u g o slav c o m m u n i s t s . Its i n f l a t i o n w i t h n u m e r o u s apparatuses, w i t h a great n u m b e r of bureaucratic salaried officials, just l i k e the Western revisionist parties or the sociald e m o c r a t i c p a r t i e s , i s one o f t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h h a v e brought about that it is no longer the v a n g u a r d of the w o r k i n g class, b u t a p a r t y opposed to t h i s class. R u l e b y t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its v a n g u a r d p a r t y , a s t h e l e a d e r o f t h e state a n d society, does n o t e x i s t i n Yugoslavia. A c c o r d i n g to K a r d e l j , it turns out that in Y u g o s l a v i a t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s has n o r i g h t s a t a l l t o p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e state s y s t e m , f o r p o w e r t h e r e i s e x e r c i s e d ...through t h e s y s t e m o f d e l e g a t i o n , w h i l e t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s , a s p a r t o f t h e selfg o v e r n i n g s y s t e m , i s one o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s o f s o c i a l i n f l u e n c e i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e consciousness of s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d t h e o r g a n s of delegates (p. 73). I t h i n k t h e r e i s n o n e e d f o r f u r t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n . W h a t this renegade writes is enough to convince us that the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , a s t h e p o l i t i c a l r u l e b y t h e w o r k i n g class a n d state l e a d e r s h i p o f s o c i e t y b y this class, does n o t e x i s t i n Y u g o s l a v i a . A n d since t h i s d i c t a t o r s h i p does n o t e x i s t there, w e c a n n o t speak o f t h e existence o f t h e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, e i t h e r , b u t o n l y of a p a r t y of t h e b o u r g e o i s i e .
______________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 285, A l b . e d .
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K a r d e l j p r e t e n d s t h a t the o n e - p a r t y s y s t e m i n a socialist c o u n t r y is a s p e c i f i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e b o u r geois p o l i t i c a l system, a n d t h e r o l e o f t h e one p a r t y (here h e i m p l i e s t h e B o l s h e v i k P a r t y ) i s t h e same a s t h a t o f the m u l t i - p a r t y s y s t e m o f b o u r g e o i s p o l i t i c a l p l u r a l i s m w i t h o n l y one m i n o r d i f f e r e n c e , t h a t i n the o n e p a r t y p o l i t i c a l state i t s l e a d e r s o n l y r e m a i n a t the h e a d , w h e r e a s i n the m u l t i - p a r t y state the l e a d e r s change. T h i s double-dealer puts the bourgeois parties on a par w i t h t h e B o l s h e v i k P a r t y , f o u n d e d b y the R u s s i a n r e v o l u t i o n aries under Lenin's leadership. To h i m , the leadership o f t h e state a n d society b y t h e g e n u i n e p a r t y o f t h e communists is no different f r o m the rule of the b o u r geoisie t h r o u g h the m u l t i - p a r t y s y s t e m . T h i s p r o v e s once a g a i n t h a t the T i t o i t e s , l i k e t h e bourgeoisie, c o n s i d e r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s a n d t h e state a s i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t a l l e g e d l y s t a n d a b o v e classes. B e t w e e n the w o r k i n g class a n d the b o u r g e o i s i e t h e r e is a l i f e - a n d - d e a t h s t r u g g l e a n d b o t h these classes a r e organized in political parties to defend their o w n antagonistic interests a n d t o r u l e t h e society, b u t this does not m e a n t h a t the p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, t h e M a r x ist-Leninist party, is no different f r o m the bourgeois p a r t y . O n the c o n t r a r y . W h e n t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f Yugoslavia was transformed into a bourgeois p a r t y by n o m e a n s d i d i t b e c o m e a p a r t y a b o v e classes, b u t w a s t r a n s f o r m e d f r o m the v a n g u a r d o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n t o a n i n s t r u m e n t o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . I t lost its p r o l e t a r i a n class c h a r a c t e r o n l y , b u t d i d not lose a l l class c h a r a c t e r b e cause i t b e c a m e t h e p a r t y o f t h e n e w b o u r g e o i s class. The difference between the communist p a r t y and a bourgeois p a r t y in the l e a d e r s h i p of t h e state is not a m i n o r one, b u t a v e r y great, p r o f o u n d , class d i f f e r e n c e of p r i n ciple, w h i c h cannot b e r e d u c e d t o t h e r o t a t i o n o f p a r t y leaders i n p o l i t i c a l p o w e r , a s this r e n e g a d e c l a i m s .
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W i t h these theories a b o u t t h e m i n o r difference b e t w e e n t h e b o u r g e o i s p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m a n d t h e socialist system, the bourgeois p a r t y and the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party, the Y u g o s l a v revisionists w a n t to say that their h a n k e r i n g for capitalism should not be taken as somet h i n g o f g r e a t consequence. I t i s q u i t e o b v i o u s t h a t t h e Yugoslav revisionists cannot reflect in theory positions different f r o m those t h e y h a v e maintained in practice. P r a t t l i n g a b o u t t h e s h o r t c o m i n g s o f the o n e - p a r t y system, hence, t r y i n g t o a t t a c k the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l ism in the Soviet U n i o n of the time of L e n i n and S t a l i n in this way, K a r d e l j writes, First of all, the tendency of p e r s o n a l u n i o n o f t h e chiefs o f the p a r t y w i t h t h e state e x e c u t i v e a p p a r a t u s m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f i n it, a n d thus, i t becomes a n i n s t r u m e n t f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t e c h n o - b u r e a u c r a t i c tendencies in society (p. 64). I n o r d e r to escape t h i s t e c h n o - b u r e a u c r a c y a n d t h i s t e n d e n c y t o p e r s o n a l u n i o n o f t h e c h i e f s o f the p a r t y w i t h t h e state e x e c u t i v e a p p a r a t u s i n socialism, w h i c h they a r b i t r a r i l y attribute to the Bolsheviks, the Y u g o s l a v revisionist gentlemen have created their o w n system, w h i c h i s n o t h i n g b u t a d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the T i t o i t e g r o u p . In the so-called assemblies of self-administrative, c o m m u n i t i e s a n d i n t h e i r e x e c u t i v e apparatuses, a s the a u t h o r o f t h e b o o k h i m s e l f a d m i t s , ...bureaucratic-centrist t e n dencies a r e n o w m a n i f e s t i n g t h e m s e l v e s v e r y p o w e r f u l l y (pp. 231-232). I n Y u g o s l a v i a the e x e c u t i v e p o w e r i s m a n i pulated by Tito and the clique a r o u n d h i m . Despite a l l t h e i r assurances t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e y d o n o t a s p i r e t o power, the President of the League of Communists of Y u g o s l a v i a i s P r e s i d e n t o f the Y u g o s l a v state f o r l i f e , a n d a l l t h e f u n c t i o n a r i e s w i t h k e y posts i n t h e state, t h e a r m y , t h e e c o n o m y , f o r e i g n p o l i c y , c u l t u r e , the social o r g a n i z a t i o n s , etc., also h o l d i m p o r t a n t p o s i t i o n s i n t h e
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League of Communists of Yugoslavia. The whole thing i s that, w h i l e t h e y a s s a i l t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t e a c h i n g s on the leadership of the proletarian party in socialist society, i n practice, the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s s t r i v e t o k e e p the r e i n s o f state p o w e r f i r m l y i n t h e i r g r i p . T h e s o c a l l e d P r e s i d e n c y o f Y u g o s l a v i a w a s not c r e a t e d t h e r e i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e c o l l e c t i v e state l e a d e r s h i p , t o f i g h t t h e b u r e a u c r a c y o n w h i c h i t relies, o r t o d e f e n d t h e Y u g o s l a v state f r o m t h e d o m i n a n t forces o u t s i d e it, a s w e h a v e s o m e t i m e s h e a r d i t said, b u t i n a desperate e f f o r t to ensure the domination of T i t o i s m after the death of T i t o . T h i s s h o w s t h a t n o t o n l y i n content b u t also i n f o r m the Yugoslav regime is nothing but a capitalist state w h i c h oppresses t h e p e o p l e w h i l e t r y i n g t o d i s g u i s e itself b e h i n d d e c e p t i v e slogans. K a r d e l j c a n n o t erase t h a t b l a c k p e r i o d i n Y u g o s l a v i a ' s h i s t o r y w h e n , as a r e s u l t of t h e b e t r a y a l by t h e leadership of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a a n d the establishment of the Titoite dictatorship, the peoples of that country suffered the most unrestrained violence, terror and injustices on their o w n back. K a r d e l j , the T i t o i t e s p o k e s m a n , t r i e s t o gloss o v e r t h i s b l a c k p e r i o d w i t h a f e w slogans i n o r d e r t o p e r s u a d e t h e p e o p l e s o f Y u g o s l a v i a not to complain of their sufferings by saying, our socialist r e v o l u t i o n , too, i n its i n i t i a l phase, s a n c tioned a particular f o r m of one-party system of r e v o l u t i o n a r y d e m o c r a c y , t h o u g h n e v e r i n its classical S t a l i n ist f o r m (pp. 64-65). T h i s b r a z e n r e n e g a d e dares t o s p e a k i l l o f t h e classical S t a l i n i s t f o r m w h i c h w a s a f o r m s o p r o f o u n d l y d e m o c r a t i c a n d socialist t h a t the T i t o - K a r d e l j R a n k o v i r e g i m e w a s n e v e r r e m o t e l y l i k e it, a n d e v e n t o make such a comparison is insulting. The monstrous c r i mes in Y u g o s l a v i a w e r e perpetrated not in the period of f r i e n d s h i p w i t h S t a l i n a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n o f h i s t i m e , b u t p r e c i s e l y a f t e r the r u p t u r e o f this f r i e n d s h i p , w h e n
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Yugoslavia openly e m b a r k e d on the road of self-administration. At present in Yugoslavia, according to Kardelj's theory, t h e p e r s o n a l u n i o n o f the e x e c u t i v e o r g a n s o f the L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a w i t h the e x e c u t i v e o r g a n s o f t h e state has b e e n t o t a l l y a n d r a d i c a l l y d o n e a w a y w i t h , a l l e g e d l y because t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a has n o p r e r o g a t i v e t o p e r f o r m t h e r o l e o f t h e l e a d i n g i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l force i n society. Its o n l y r o l e i s t o e x e r t its i n f l u e n c e o n the masses. B u t h o w a n d f o r w h a t i s t h i s L e a g u e t o e x e r t its i n f l u e n c e o n t h e masses w h e n i t has n o p r e r o g a t i v e t o l e a d ? I n n o w a y a t a l l . I n a m o m e n t o f d e s p a i r T i t o has a d m i t t e d , the L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a has been r e d u c e d t o a n a m o r p h o u s , a p o l i t i c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . B u t K a r d e l j , w i t h a v i e w t o p r e v e n t i n g the T i t o i t e s b e i n g s h o w n u p i n t h e i r t r u e colours, c o r r e c t e d h i s boss, b y w r i t i n g t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s has b e come one o f t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l p i l l a r s o f t h e d e m o c r a c y of t h e n e w t y p e t h e d e m o c r a c y of t h e p l u r a l i s m of s e l f - g o v e r n i n g interests (p. 65). I f Y u g o s l a v s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n has d e p r i v e d the League of Communists of Y u g o s l a v i a of political leadership, it is self-evident that this self-administration has a u t o m a t i c a l l y d i v e s t e d the w o r k i n g class o f its p o l i t i c a l role, since t h i s class c a n e n j o y its p r e r o g a t i v e s o n l y t h r o u g h its vanguard, the communist party. If the v a n g u a r d of the class is d e p r i v e d of its l e a d i n g p r e r o g a t i v e s , it is a b s u r d t o c l a i m t h a t t h e class exercises t h e r i g h t s w h i c h b e l o n g t o it. U n d e r these c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i t i s s e l f - e v i d e n t just h o w m u c h the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e other w o r k i n g masses c a n b e s e l f - g o v e r n i n g , u n d e r t h i s sort o f d e m ocracy of a n e w t y p e ! H e r e i s w h a t K a r d e l j says i n r e g a r d t o t h i s q u e s t i o n : T h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s does
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not e x e r c i s e its r u l e t h r o u g h the political monopoly, a l t h o u g h i t expresses a specific, b u t v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r m f r o m the socio-historical stand-point of the interests of the w o r k i n g class, a n d a l o n g w i t h this, t h e i n t e r e s t s o f a l l the w o r k i n g people a n d t h e s o c i e t y i n t h e s y s t e m o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d t h e state o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d the w o r k i n g people, a s y s t e m w h i c h i s b a s e d o n t h e democratic p l u r a l i s m of the interests of self-governing subjects (pp. 65-66). A l l this h i g h f a l u t i n g a n d c o n f u s e d p h r a s e o l o g y s h o w s o n l y the i n c o n t e s t a b l e fact t h a t i n Y u g o s l a v i a t h e p a r t y counts f o r n o t h i n g , t h a t i t exists o n l y o n p a p e r . A l t h o u g h f o r m a l l y h e defends t h e s t a n d - p o i n t o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e r o l e o f the p a r t y , a s h e u n d e r s t a n d s t h i s r o l e , K a r d e l j could not avoid such admissions as: The League of Communists of Y u g o s l a v i a is not sufficiently present p o l i t i c a l l y a n d creatively... i n t h e w h o l e d e m o c r a t i c s y s t e m of self-administration and the formation of the policy and p r a c t i c e of t h e other s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l organizations... (pp. 263624). T h e n , w h e r e i s the L e a g u e present, w h e n a p p a r e n t l y i t i s n o t p r e s e n t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n s i t s h o u l d be, w h e n a s T A N J U G , the Y u g o s l a v news agency reported recently, two thirds of the villages in Y u g o s l a v i a have no basic organizations of the League of Communists at all? This q u e s t i o n i s too a w k w a r d f o r K a r d e l j t o g i v e i t a n y a n s w e r , b u t concrete a n a l y s i s o f t h e p r a c t i c a l a c t i v i t y o f the L e a g u e p r o v e s b e y o n d a l l d o u b t that, as a p a r t y of c o m m u n i s t s it is n o t p r e s e n t a n y w h e r e , w h e r e a s as a party of the new Y u g o s l a v bourgeoisie and the Titoite fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p , i t i s e v e r y w h e r e . In this Yugoslav self-administrative socialism, w h i c h K a r d e l j has u n d e r t a k e n t o e x p o u n d t h e o r e t i c a l l y , t h e L e a g u e of C o m m u n i s t s of Y u g o s l a v i a a l w a y s has a s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n . T h i s s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n w h i c h c a n b e seen e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e pages o f t h e book, can b e i n t e r p r e t e d
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as one l i k e s , t h a t is, as a s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n in t h e e d u c a tion of the workers, a specific position in relation to the proletariat, a specific position in the so-called system o f delegates, i n w h i c h i t m u s t n o t t a k e p a r t a n d l e a d f o r fear o f i t s p o l i t i c a l m o n o p o l y , a n d o t h e r s u c h specifics. T h i s p a r t y , w i t h s u c h a n endless series o f s p e c i f i c p o s i tions, h a s t h e r i g h t , w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f the d e l e g a tion of the so-called Socialist League of the W o r k i n g P e o ple o f Y u g o s l a v i a , t o h a v e its o w n d e l e g a t i o n t o a s s e m b lies, t h r o u g h w h i c h i t c o l l a b o r a t e s w i t h t h e other selfa d m i n i s t r a t i v e delegations. T h i s s h o w s t h a t t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a has n o i n d e p e n d e n t p o l i t i c a l p o w e r a n d has l o n g b e e n s e r v i n g a s a n a g e n c y o f anarchist Y u g o s l a v federalism. It exists to give satisfact i o n t o t h e f o r e i g n c a p i t a l , w h i c h has e n t r e n c h e d i t s e l f in Yugoslavia, to reassure it that self-administration does n o t i n f r i n g e t h e s y s t e m o f p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p , t h a t n o p a r t y , w h a t e v e r i t is, w i l l change t h e course o f t h i s a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t state. A c c o r d i n g to E. K a r d e l j , the role of the i n d i v i d u a l in society i s e v e r y t h i n g , w h e r e a s t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its party are nothing. A c c o r d i n g to h i m , the v a n g u a r d of the w o r k i n g class t u r n s out t o b e n o t t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist p a r t y b u t t h e s e l f - g o v e r n i n g c o m m u n i t i e s , a n a b s tract o r g a n i z a t i o n i n v e n t e d t o i n d i c a t e some a l l e g e d l y g r a n d t h i n g , w h i c h has n o r e a l existence. T h i s r e v i s i o n ist does n o t see t h e w o r k i n g class as t h e l e a d i n g class o f society, b u t confuses i t w i t h t h e e n t i r e m a s s o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e . T h e w h o l e Y u g o s l a v people, h e says, c a n b e called a v a n g u a r d , o f course p l a c i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l , w h o f r e e l y (that is, i n a n a n a r c h i s t w a y ) expresses h i m s e l f a n d r e a l i z e s h i s a i m s (in t h i s a n a r c h i s t society) a t t h e head o f t h i s v a n g u a r d . F r o m t h i s r e a s o n i n g o f K a r d e l j ' s i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class i n Y u g o s l a v i a has l o n g since ceased to act as a u n i t e d class a n d has lost t h e
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r o l e o f the l e a d i n g class i n Y u g o s l a v society. W i t h t h e p a r t y a n d the state p o w e r n o l o n g e r i n its h a n d s , t h e Y u g o s l a v w o r k i n g class i s n o t i n p o w e r but, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , has b e e n p u t in the p o s i t i o n of a class e x p l o i t e d b y the n e w b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i c h r u l e s the w o r k i n g masses t h r o u g h the state p o w e r i t m a n i p u l a t e s . T o escape the a c c u s a t i o n t h a t h i s s t a n d d e n y i n g t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f the p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class i s b e t r a y a l o f t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h i s class, t h i s n o t o r i o u s t r a i t o r has e x t r a c t e d the f o l l o w i n g q u o t a t i o n s f r o m t h e Manifesto of the Communist Party by M a r x a n d E n g e l s : T h e c o m m u n i s t s do n o t f o r m a separate p a r t y o p p o s e d to other w o r k i n g class parties, t h e y h a v e n o i n t e r e s t s sep a r a t e a n d a p a r t f r o m those of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t as a w h o l e , t h e y d o n o t set u p a n y s e c t a r i a n p r i n c i p l e o f t h e i r o w n b y w h i c h t o shape a n d m o u l d t h e p r o l e t a r i a n m o v e m e n t . W i t h these q u o t a t i o n s K a r d e l j w a n t s t o create the i m p r e s s i o n t h a t M a r x a n d E n g e l s w e r e a l l e g e d l y o f the o p i n i o n t h a t t h e c o m m u n i s t s h a v e n o n e e d f o r a p a r t y of t h e i r o w n , since it is n o t a p a r t y w i t h c h a r a c teristics, i n t e r e s t s a n d p r i n c i p l e s d i f f e r e n t f r o m those o f other w o r k e r s ' p a r t i e s . W h a t a r e n e g a d e ! E n t i r e l y d e v o i d of conscience, he sees t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t h r o u g h t h e spectacles o f a n a n t i - M a r x i s t s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t , a s a n a m o r p h o u s mass w h i c h i s a l l e g e d l y f i g h t i n g f o r g e n e r a l i n terests but w h i c h has n o p r i n c i p l e s , n o class o r r e v o l u tionary orientation, no fighting program on how to w i n its r i g h t s ! In the second c h a p t e r of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, t h i s w o r k of s c i e n t i f i c c o m m u n i s m , M a r x a n d E n g e l s b r i l l i a n t l y d e f i n e d t h e h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n o f the communist party, as an inseparable part of the w o r k i n g class, as its v a n g u a r d d e t a c h m e n t , etc., etc., b u t n e v e r h a v e t h e y e x p r e s s e d the i d e a t h a t t h e c o m m u n i s t s s h o u l d not have their o w n party. On the contrary, it w a s pre-
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cisely so the communists w o u l d have their o w n p a r t y that they w r o t e the M a n i f e s t o of this party, w h i c h w a s considered as the first scientific p r o g r a m m a t i c document of c o m m u n i s m .
5. Ideo-political P l u r a l i s m , Democracy Socialist Construction in Y u g o s l a v i a
and
W i t h his theory K a r d e l j puts the pluralism of the interests of w o r k i n g people in the forefront, a n d in this p l u r a l i s m h e e s p e c i a l l y e m p h a s i z e s the r o l e o f the s o called Socialist League of W o r k i n g People, w h i c h accordi n g t o h i m , i s a b l e t o u n i t e a l l t h e s o c i a l forces, r e g a r d l e s s of their ideological differences. In reality, this Socialist League is an association w h i c h exists only f o r m a l l y and w h i c h counts f o r n o t h i n g i n Y u g o s l a v i a . K a r d e l j r a t h e r lets t h e cat out o f t h e b a g a b o u t t h i s w h e n h e w r i t e s , I t h i n k it is no exaggeration to say that u n d e r r a t i n g the s o c i a l r o l e of t h e S o c i a l i s t League... is a p h e n o m e n o n f a i r l y widespread in the League of Communists, and i n deed, n o t o n l y a m o n g t h e r a n k a n d f i l e (pp. 272-273). F u r t h e r o n , t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h i s association o f a l l o r g a n i z e d forces o f society, a s t h e y c a l l i t i n Y u g o s l a v i a , K a r d e l j i s a g a i n o b l i g e d t o m e n t i o n its f o r m a l character, w r i t i n g , T h e S o c i a l i s t L e a g u e f r e q u e n t l y s o l ves p r o b l e m s m o r e i n a p p e a r a n c e , t h a t is, t h r o u g h r e s o l u tions a n d d e c l a r a t i o n s , a n d less i n r e a l i t y (p. 276). T h e s e a d m i s s i o n s o f w h a t K a r d e l j t r e a t s s i m p l y a s some w e a k points, a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o p r o v e i n c o n t e s t a b l y w h a t t h i s lifeless a s s o c i a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s . A c c o r d i n g t o K a r d e l j , t h e p l u r a l i s m o f socialist s e l f administration is expressed in the context of the Socialist League, w h i c h includes all the progressive d e m -
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ocratic tendencies (all t r e n d s , e v e n t h e r e g r e s s i v e ones) the representatives of w h i c h are entitled to have their s a y a n d decide o n t h e p o l i c y o f Y u g o s l a v i a . I n r e a l i t y , a p a r t f r o m the T i t o c l i q u e , n o b o d y else c a n t a k e d e c i sions i n this f r o n t , w h i c h K a r d e l j calls p l u r a l i s m o f selfa d m i n i s t r a t i v e interests, i n o r d e r t o s h o w t h a t Y u g o s l a v i a is allegedly not for the creation of m a n y parties, b u t f o r a single p a r t y , o n c o n d i t i o n t h a t i t i s n o t t h e o n l y force w h i c h leads the society. T h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a , says K a r d e l j , has a s p e c i a l p o l i t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n society, w h i c h n a t u r a l l y i t shares w i t h a l l other socialist s o c i a l forces (p. 74), a n d because t h e r e is s u c h a s h a r i n g of responsibilities, democratic pluralism is supposed to exist in Y u g o s l a v i a . A c c o r d i n g to h i m , democratic p l u r a l i s m , t h a t is, n o t m u l t i - p a r t y p l u r a l i s m b u t p l u r a l i s m w i t h i n the f r a m e w o r k of the Socialist League w h i c h also preserves the one-party system, is recommended as more suitable to Y u g o s l a v i a . In other words, this idea m e a n s t h a t t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s a n d o t h e r soc i a l - p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h a r e ...independent o r ganisms... i n w h i c h the L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s t a k e s p a r t a n d co-operates as a c o m p o n e n t p a r t of them..., o p e r a t e w i t h i n the f r a m e w o r k o f t h e s o - c a l l e d S o c i a l i s t L e a g u e (p. 267). W i t h o u t d w e l l i n g a n y l o n g e r o n this, w e c a n s a y that, w h e t h e r i t i s c a l l e d d e m o c r a t i c p l u r a l i s m , p l u r a l i s m o f t h e interests o f w o r k i n g people, o r a n y o t h e r n a m e , i n fact, t h i s p l u r a l i s m has o n l y f o r m a l d i f f e r e n ces f r o m b o u r g e o i s p l u r a l i s m . If in a c a p i t a l i s t state t h e r e are m a n y p a r t i e s w h i c h are a c t i v e a n d i n f l u e n t i a l i n parliament, expressing the interests of the m a i n strata of t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o r some o t h e r class, i n Y u g o s l a v i a , l i k e w i s e , the L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s operates a l o n g w i t h o t h e r leagues, w h i c h a r e n o t c a l l e d p a r t i e s b u t s o c i a l -
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p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , w h i c h t r y t o e x p r e s s t h e interests o f t h e p e t t y b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y , etc., etc., a n d d e f e n d these i n t e r e s t s i n t h e Y u g o s l a v c a p i t a l ist state. F o r these reasons, t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s t h a t not o n l y i s o u r p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m n o t a o n e - p a r t y s y s t e m , b u t it r u l e s out s u c h a s y s t e m in t h e same w a y a s i t r u l e s o u t t h e m u l t i - p a r t y p l u r a l i s m o f b o u r g e o i s society, is an a b s u r d i t y , a thesis b o r r o w e d from the anarchists and anarchosyndicalists against w h o m M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n waged a stern struggle. T h e theory advocated by K a r d e l j on political pluralism, in r e g a r d to equal rights for different parties in the socialist state, t h e i r r e c i p r o c a l c o n t r o l , etc., w i l l also suit H u a G u o f e n g a n d D e n g X i a o p i n g . W h i l e boasting about the directions of the developm e n t o f t h e p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tion, i n o r d e r n o t t o o v e r d o it, K a r d e l j i s o b l i g e d t o a d m i t t h a t t h e r e a r e also e x a g g e r a t i o n s , m i s t a k e s , a n d s h o r t c o m i n g s , because i n m a n y spheres t h e n e w r e l a tions a r e n o t y e t i n e x i s t e n c e o r f u n c t i o n i n g s a t i s f a c t o r i l y (p. 26). E v e n h a d h e n o t a d m i t t e d this, h o w e v e r , the Y u g o s l a v r e a l i t y i s p r o v i n g e v e r y d a y t h a t t h i s selfa d m i n i s t r a t i o n has r e a c h e d a n impasse, t h e r e f o r e those w h o a r e c l o s e l y a c q u a i n t e d w i t h Y u g o s l a v i a a n d its p o l i t ical s y s t e m c a n n o t b e l i e v e h i s c o n s o l i n g statements d e s c r i b i n g s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s t h e most h i g h l y d e v eloped socialist s y s t e m . The political system of self-administration in Yugoslavia is a brazen disguise to cover up the revisionist b e t r a y a l o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m a n d communism. T h e Y u g o s l a v Titoites, as anti-Marxists, are not a n d n e v e r h a v e b e e n f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l ism, b u t f o r t h e p e r p e t u a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m i n d i f f e r e n t forms. T h e y a r e t r y i n g t o concoct a l l sorts o f theories
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w i t h t h e a i m of, a t least, d e l a y i n g the process o f d e c a y of t h e capitalist social order, s i n c e t h e y are p o w e r l e s s to h a l t it. F o r t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s , a n y p e o p l e a n d a n y state c a n b u i l d s o c i a l i s m w i t h o u t b a s i n g t h e m s e l v e s o n the u n i v e r s a l l a w s a n d p r i n c i p l e s o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist i d e o l o g y . T h e y do n o t accept t h a t s o c i a l i s m m u s t be a single socio-economic system a n d claim that various f o r m s o f s o c i a l i s m can e x i s t . D e l i b e r a t e l y m i s u s i n g a n d d i s t o r t i n g the correct M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t thesis a b o u t t h e c r e a t i v e a p p l i c a t i o n o f the i d e o l o g y o f the w o r k i n g class i n t h e s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s o f each c o u n t r y , t h e y i n s i s t t h a t t h e r e are n o u n i v e r s a l l a w s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n a l l countries, a n d t h a t each c o u n t r y c a n b u i l d a s o c i a l i s m d i f f e r e n t f r o m the others, a c c o r d i n g t o its o w n w i l l a n d i n its o w n w a y . The t r u t h is that for the construction of socialism it is absolutely necessary that the concrete conditions of each c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o account, b u t s o c i a l i s m i n a n y c o u n t r y c a n b e b u i l t o n l y o n t h e basis o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , o n the basis o f l a w s a n d p r i n c i p l e s c o m m o n to all countries, laws and principles f r o m w h i c h y o u cannot d e v i a t e i f y o u d o n o t w i s h t o e n d u p i n c a p i t a l i s m , like Yugoslavia. I n o r d e r t o substantiate t h e thesis t h a t e a c h c o u n t r y s h o u l d b u i l d its o w n s p e c i f i c s o c i a l i s m , t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s say, t h r o u g h K a r d e l j , t h a t socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n cannot b e i m p o s e d , f o r instance, o n t h e bourgeois democracies of E u r o p e or the A m e r i c a n d e m o cracy, because t h e y h a v e n o t y e t a t t a i n e d t h e c o n d i t i o n s Y u g o s l a v i a has. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , t h e a d v a n c e t o s o c i a l i s m can b e m a d e e i t h e r t h r o u g h t h e p o l i t i c a l p l u r a l i s m of the Western p a r l i a m e n t a r y system or even w i t h o u t s u c h p l u r a l i s m . H e n c e , a n y c o u n t r y can b u i l d its s p e c i f i c socialism without r e l y i n g on any experience, not even on the t h e o r y o f s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m o f M a r x a n d E n g e l s .
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H o w e v e r , since t h e y p r e s e n t t h e i r s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n as the finest system on earth, t h e y t h i n k that regardless of the specific road that each country follows for the construction of socialism, this system can be adopted and applied on an international scale! Impelled by his subjectivism and his unrestrained antipathy to the experience of the construction of socialism in the Soviet U n i o n in the time of L e n i n and Stalin, K a r d e l j vents his anger so f u r i o u s l y on this experience a n d s o g r e a t l y loses h i s b a l a n c e o f j u d g e m e n t t h a t h e calls i t a r e a c t i o n a r y process a n d equates i t w i t h t h e European-type political p l u r a l i s m . H e r e is w h a t he says: Therefore, the attempts to impose the specific political p l u r a l i s m of the E u r o p e a n type, for example, where n e i ther the conditions nor any need for such a system exist, t r u l y p l a y t h e s a m e r e a c t i o n a r y r o l e i n the c o n t e m p o r a r y social processes as the a t t e m p t s to h a v e t h i s or t h a t ' m o d e l ' of socialism imposed on countries w h i c h have neither the c o n d i t i o n s n o r t h e n e e d f o r s u c h a ' m o d e l ' (p. 49). This whole tirade is simply playing w i t h words w i t h j u s t one a i m : t o reject M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d t h e u n i v e r s a l l a w s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialist society, t o deceive t h e masses a n d p e r p e t u a t e t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m b y p a i n t i n g i t u p i n v a r i o u s socialist colours. T h i s i s w h y in h i s p o t b o i l e r e n t i t l e d , The Directions of the Development of the Political System of Socialist Self-administration h e says n o t one w o r d a b o u t r e a l l y d e s t r o y i n g the p o w e r o f c a p i t a l . According to this great Yugoslav ideologist, whereas the political p l u r a l i s m of bourgeois p a r l i a m e n tarianism is a system w h i c h transforms the individual i n t o a n a b s t r a c t p o l i t i c a l citizen, m a k e s h i m p a s s i v e and prevents h i m f r o m becoming an exponent of concret e l y d e f i n e d h u m a n o r s o c i a l interests, i n Y u g o s l a v i a , o n the c o n t r a r y , t h e r e i s a l l e g e d l y n o d a n g e r t h a t t h e c i t i z e n
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m a y b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n abstract p o l i t i c a l citizen, because s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s s u p p o s e d t o t e a c h h i m t o defend his o w n concrete interests first of all! Like K a r d e l j ' s o t h e r theses, t h i s thesis, too, i s f a r f r o m t h e truth. H i s politicized citizen in the capitalist countries i s not s i t t i n g b a c k w i t h f o l d e d a r m s . T r u e , i n those c o u n tries, h e has b e e n d e n i e d h i s r i g h t s , t r u e , t h e l a w s o f capital have barred the paths to the defence of the interests of the w o r k i n g m a n , but nevertheless the w o r k ers t h e r e s t i l l s t r i v e a n d s t r u g g l e t o b r e a k t h e c h a i n s o f capitalist slavery. D e n i a l of this struggle that the w o r k i n g class i s w a g i n g u n d e r c a p i t a l i s m i s c o n t r a r y t o t h e facts. I n t h e c a p i t a l i s t social o r d e r n o t a l l o b e y t h e p o l i c y and norms of bourgeois morality. On the contrary, the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of the members of capitalist society the proletariat and the other oppressed a n d e x p l o i t e d w o r k i n g masses n o t o n l y d o n o t o b e y t h e p o l i c y a n d m o r a l i t y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , b u t t h e y oppose a n d resist t h e m i n m a n y f o r m s a n d b y m a n y m e a n s . K a r d e l j could not but have heard of this, but he distorts t h e facts i n o r d e r t o assert t h a t a l l e g e d l y u n d e r h i s specific socialism the i n d i v i d u a l , the m a n , the citizen, occ u p i e s the m a i n p l a c e a n d i s n o t p o l i t i c i z e d b y t h e p a r ty, that under the political system of self-administration, a n d o n l y u n d e r t h a t s y s t e m , t h i s concrete i n d i v i d u a l c a n e a s i l y d e f e n d h i s concrete i n t e r e s t s ! I f w e a r e consistent and reason t h r o u g h to the end according to K a r d e l j ' s logic, t h e n w e m u s t accept t h e a b s u r d i t y t h a t o v e r one m i l l i o n unemployed w h o are going h u n g r y in Y u g o s l a v i a h a v e s u f f e r e d t h i s fate n o t t h r o u g h a n y f a u l t o f t h e s y s tem of self-government, but through their o w n negligence, because t h e y h a v e n o t b o t h e r e d t o d e f e n d t h e i r concrete i n t e r e s t s ! I n socialist s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e Y u goslavia, the w o r k i n g people have been disarmed polit-
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i c a l l y t o s u c h a degree t h a t t h e y a r e u n a b l e t o d e f e n d e v e n t h e i r m o s t basic r i g h t s . I n fact, t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y of t h e m have been t u r n e d into people whose only c o n cern is h o w to hang on to their jobs or to f i n d w o r k w h e n t h e y h a v e none, h o w t o e n s u r e t h e m e a n s o f l i v e lihood w i t h i n the country or abroad. It is true that v e r y f e w w o r k i n g p e o p l e a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n w h a t t h i s selfa d m i n i s t r a t i o n system, united labour, democratic p l u r a l i s m , etc., are. T h i s , too, is one of t h e a i m s of t h e Titoites who, w i t h their invention of self-administrative socialism, w a n t t h e w o r k e r s t o i n v o l v e t h e m s e l v e s a s little as possible in defending their rights, to concern themselves as little as possible w i t h politics, to pursue o n l y t h e i r o w n n a r r o w i n t e r e s t s a n d neglect t h e i r c o m m o n class interests. In the system of bourgeois parliamentarianism, acc o r d i n g t o K a r d e l j , t h e w o r k i n g class i n e v i t a b l y becomes p o l i t i c i z e d , because t r a d e - u n i o n i s m a n d t h e t r a d e - u n i o n struggle on their o w n do not lead it to political power. F u r t h e r on he writes that such a politicization divides the w o r k i n g class i n t o p a r t i e s , a n d thus, h e c l a i m s , gives rise t o t h e n e w d a n g e r t h a t the b u r e a u c r a c y o f t h e p a r t y m a y b e g i n t o o p e r a t e i n t h e n a m e o f t h e class. It is true that the struggle in the context of tradeu n i o n i s m i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s does n o t secure p o l i t i c a l p o w e r f o r t h e w o r k i n g class. T h a t i s w h y t h e w o r k ers o r g a n i z e t h e m s e l v e s i n p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s t o d e f e n d t h e i r class interests. B u t K a r d e l j i s n o t o u t t o expose trade-unionism, nor the various workers' parties that are set u p i n t h e W e s t , w i t h w h i c h t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n ists a r e a l l i e d . H e w a n t s t o s h o w t h a t these factors, f r o m bourgeois p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n i s m a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s to the other parties, communist or revisionist, and the trade-unions, are all e q u a l l y disruptive to the workers' m o v e m e n t a n d t h i s i s w h y , a c c o r d i n g t o h i m , these p a r -
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ties s h o u l d b e done a w a y w i t h . T h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s are n o t u p s e t b y t h i s s t a n d o f t h e i r f r i e n d , because t h e y u n d e r s t a n d v e r y w e l l t h a t K a r d e l j i s t a l k i n g about the l i q u i d a t i o n of the genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties only, w h i l e the other parties of the bourgeoisie, also, m a y exist, because these parties, w h e t h e r t h e y a r e one, t w o , o r m o r e , d o n o t b e c o m e obstacles t o t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r i n t o a socialist o r d e r ! I t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t K a r d e l j w r i t e s i n t h e o r y quite differently f r o m the w a y matters stand in practice. W i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l f a i r y tales h e spins, t h i s c h a r l a t a n i s h i d i n g t h e m a n y m a n i p u l a t i o n s w h i c h h a v e gone o n i n Yugoslavia in order to transform that society, which i n i t i a l l y , just f o r t h e s a k e o f a p p e a r a n c e s h a d a l l e g e d l y t a k e n a c e r t a i n socialist o r i e n t a t i o n , i n t o a c a p i t a l i s t s o ciety. Although because o f t h e position he defends K a r d e l j i s n o t a n d c a n n o t b e consistent, i n fact, h e s t a n d s f o r the bourgeois p a r l i a m e n t a r y s y s t e m , w h i c h h e t o i l s t o p r e s e n t o n p a p e r a s d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e specific Yugoslav system. H i s inconsistency is apparent w h e n he does not c o m p l e t e l y reject t h a t s y s t e m , b u t describes it as a d e m o c r a t i c s y s t e m in w h i c h ...the w o r k i n g class a n d a l l t h e o t h e r d e m o c r a t i c forces p e r f o r m a n i m p o r tant, p r o g r e s s i v e , h i s t o r i c r o l e , w h e n t h e y f i g h t f o r t h e strengthening of the social position of parliament and the e x t e n s i o n of its a u t h o r i t y as against the e x t r a - p a r l i a m e n t a r y forces of p o w e r (p. 55). T h i s t h e o r i z i n g o f K a r d e l j ' s i s not i n a n y w a y i n t e n d e d t o expose t h e t e n d e n c i e s w h i c h c a n b e seen t o d a y i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t state, w h e r e t h e e x e c u t i v e p o w e r (the g o v e r n m e n t ) i s c o n t i n u a l l y e x t e n d i n g its a u t h o r i t y a t t h e e x p e n s e o f t h e l e g i s l a t i v e p o w e r (parliament), thus p r e p a r i n g the conditions for the t r a n s i t i o n t o the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f f a s c i s m , w h e n t h e m o n o p o l y b o u r g e o i s i e considers t h i s necessary. H e i s n o t
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w o r r i e d i n t h e least a b o u t t h e i n c r e a s i n g t r e n d t o f a s c i s m which is threatening many capitalist states today, because h i s state, also, is on the s a m e course. T h e r e f o r e , h e w a n t s t o p r e v e n t the w o r k i n g class f r o m a c c o m p l i s h i n g its h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n b y o v e r t u r n i n g the state p o w e r of the bourgeoisie through revolution, as M a r x and L e n i n teach. B y w r i t i n g i n f a v o u r o f b o u r g e o i s p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n i s m , h e u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y r e v e a l s t h a t s t r o n g p r e s s u r e s are being brought to bear on the Titoites in this direction, especially by big US and West-European capital w h i c h h a v e i n v e s t m e n t s i n Y u g o s l a v i a . T h e s e p r e s s u r e s are e x erted to ensure that the bourgeois democracy in Y u g o s l a v i a develops o n a m o r e e x t e n s i v e scale, a n d t h a t m a n y p a r t i e s : s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c , r e v i s i o n i s t , c o m m u n i s t , etc., a r e c r e a t e d t h e r e . H o w e v e r , a l t h o u g h the Y u g o s l a v r e v i sionists a r e n o t a g a i n s t t h e m u l t i - p a r t y p a r l i a m e n t a r y s y s t e m , s t i l l , t h e y d o not w a n t t o d e s t r o y t h e i r o n e - p a r t y system w h i c h they have publicized as self-governing, not o n l y because t h i s w o u l d u n m a s k t h e m , b u t e v e n more, f o r fear of the danger that m i g h t be created for the T i t o i t e s ' m o n o p o l y i n a l l state a f f a i r s , i n t h e a r m y , the U D B a n d i n t h e o t h e r o r g a n s o f r e p r e s s i o n , a s w e l l a s i n the o r g a n s o f d e c e p t i o n f o r b r a i n w a s h i n g t h e people w i t h b o u r g e o i s ideas. I n r e a l i t y , K a r d e l j does n o t reject w h a t h e calls political monopoly in the r u n n i n g of society and w h i c h he declares has b e e n r e t a i n e d as a p r i v i l e g e of t h e chiefs of political parties and the executive organs of bourgeois d e m o c r a c y . T h a t is, he does not reject the p a r liamentary and the extra-parliamentary system, but he expresses o p p o s i t i o n to the r e m n a n t s of t h i s s y s t e m w h i c h , h e alleges, s o c i a l i s m i n h e r i t e d i n its i n i t i a l phases and forms. I t i s o b v i o u s that, w i t h o u t a t t a c k i n g t h e f o r m o f bourgeois p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n i s m . K a r d e l j seeks t o l i k e n i t t o
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the state o r g a n s of g e n u i n e socialist society. T h e s e ideas are e v e n m o r e a p p a r e n t w h e n h e says that, i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s w h e n the m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n are n a t i o n a l i z e d , parliament without the w o r k e r s ' self-government w o u l d b e i d e n t i c a l w i t h the o n e - p a r t y p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f s o c i a l i s m , based o n the tatist f o r m o f s o c i a l p r o p e r t y . W i t h the p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m i n t h e tatist f o r m o f s o c i a l p r o p e r t y K a r d e l j m e a n s o u r state p o w e r o f people's councils, a s w e l l a s the S o v i e t state p o w e r w h i c h L e n i n e s t a b l i s h e d i n the S o v i e t U n i o n i n o r d e r t o b u i l d t h e n e w socialist society u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e B o l s h e v i k P a r t y . In negating the aims of the October R e v o l u t i o n and t h e great w o r k w h i c h w a s done f o r y e a r s o n e n d u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p o f L e n i n , a n d l a t e r S t a l i n , f o r t h e c o n s t r u c tion of socialism in the Soviet U n i o n , the revisionist K a r d e l j is labouring to prove that allegedly Yugoslavia, w h i c h has a b o l i s h e d t h e tatist s o c i a l p r o p e r t y a n d has t r a n s f o r m e d i t i n t o s o c i a l i z e d p r o p e r t y , t h a t i t has n o t b e t r a y e d , a s i t i s accused o f d o i n g , b u t has i n v e n t e d a g e n u i n e l y socialist state, a s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s o c i a l ism, a n d a l t h o u g h t h e o r e t i c a l l y h e does n o t r e c o m m e n d i t f o r a l l , h i s h e a r t i s set o n h a v i n g e v e r y b o d y f o l l o w it in practice. According to Kardelj, the one-party system in Y u g o s l a v i a n o l o n g e r c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e v a r i a n t o f spec i f i c socialism. It w a s i m p o s e d , at f i r s t , because of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n , as an e l e m e n t of the i n i t i a l structure of the dictatorship of the proletariat, w h e r e a s n o w i t i s d e s c r i b e d a s ...incompatible w i t h t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d d e m o c r a t i c r e l a t i o n s o f socialist s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t a n d w i t h its d e m o c r a t i c p l u r a l i s m o f s e l f - g o v e r n i n g interests (p. 63). T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s p r e t e n d t h e y d o n o t agree w i t h the m u l t i - p a r t y s y s t e m o f r u l e o f b o u r g e o i s society, a n d n e i t h e r d o t h e y w a n t t o accept t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f
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the state a n d s o c i e t y by a s i n g l e p o l i t i c a l p a r t y of the w o r k i n g class, t h e r e f o r e t h e y c l a i m t o h a v e d i s c o v e r e d the g o l d e n m e a n , t h e i r s o - c a l l e d d e m o c r a t i c p l u r a l i s m . T h e t r u t h is that the system of Y u g o s l a v self-administ r a t i o n c o n t a i n s e l e m e n t s o f b o t h t h e o n e - p a r t y system a n d o f t h e m u l t i p a r t y system. B u t t h i s i s n o t h i n g b u t a m o n g r e l capitalist system, an u g l y offspring spawned by the Y u g o s l a v bourgeoisie in order to rule the w o r k i n g masses a n d disguise itself b e h i n d a M a r x i s t facade. In order to m a l i g n L e n i n and Stalin, the Titoite a u t h o r w a n t s t o p i t these t w o g r e a t l e a d e r s o f t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t against e a c h other, t o p r o v e t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e y d i d n o t h a v e i d e n t i c a l concepts a b o u t t h e p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f t h e socialist state. L o o k h o w h e s l a n d e r s : B e t w e e n L e n i n ' s concept o f t h e p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f t h e socialist state a n d t h a t o f S t a l i n , t h e r e w a s a g r e a t i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y . T h e basis a n d t h e essence o f L e n i n ' s c o n cept of t h e S o v i e t p o w e r is d i r e c t democracy... (p. 67). It is k n o w n w o r l d - w i d e that S t a l i n was a zealous disciple, l o y a l c o m r a d e a n d v e r y close c o l l a b o r a t o r o f L e n i n ' s . H i t h e r t o , n o one, a p a r t f r o m enemies, h a d d a r e d t o oppose S t a l i n t o L e n i n . T h e s e i n s i n u a t i o n s are m a d e for h o s t i l e purposes, b u t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t a n d workers' movement is used to the manoeuvres of the r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h o a t one t i m e d e c l a r e d t h e m s e l v e s t o b e Marxist-Leninists, but non-Stalinists, whereas now they are m a k i n g e f f o r t s t o oppose L e n i n t o M a r x , a n d a r e discussing w h e t h e r or not they should be just Marxists, or Marxist-Leninists. Tomorrow, no doubt they w i l l t h r o w o f f a l l disguise a n d c o m e o u t o p e n l y a s renegades and traitors s a y i n g they do not stand for M a r x , either. F o r this p u r p o s e , too, t h e y w i l l i n v e n t a d e q u a t e theories, w h i c h m a y b e a n y t h i n g b u t n o t c o m m u n i s t o r proletarian. Lenin, as a true Marxist, spoke out for socialist
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d e m o c r a c y , t h e d i r e c t p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g masses i n r u n n i n g the c o u n t r y , a n d h e p u t these r e v o l u t i o n a r y ideas i n t o p r a c t i c e d u r i n g t h e y e a r s h e r e m a i n e d a t t h e head o f t h e S o v i e t state. F o l l o w i n g h i m , S t a l i n c o n t i n u e d o n the same course. H o w e v e r , w i t h socialist d e m o c r a c y a n d the direct p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e masses i n g o v e r n i n g the c o u n t r y , L e n i n d i d n o t i n t h e least m e a n t h e w e a k e n i n g of the state of the d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e B o l s h e v i k P a r t y . H e n e v e r c o u n terposed the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t o g e n u i n e democracy, w h i c h he defined as
...a state that is democratic in a new way (for the proletariat and the propertyless in general) and dictatorial in a new way (against the bourgeoisie).*
I t i s q u i t e e v i d e n t t h a t L e n i n w a s not, a n d n e v e r c o u l d be, f o r t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e proletariat w i t h this self-administration system w h i c h the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s i n v e n t e d i n o r d e r t o r e t u r n t o capitalism. I n the t i m e o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n , t h e class i n p o w e r i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n w a s t h e w o r k i n g class, w h i c h , t h r o u g h its p a r t y , l e d , m a n a g e d , p l a n n e d a n d s u c c e s s f u l l y c a r r i e d out the t a s k s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . I n Yugoslavia they have totally disregarded the m a j o r role o f t h e socialist state, w h i c h t h e y h a v e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e so-called system o f delegates, w h i c h , a s K a r d e l j h i m s e l f a d m i t s , has ...serious w e a k n e s s e s i n a l l t h e aspects o f its f u n c t i o n i n g (p. 213). K a r d e l j himself understands that his reference to L e n i n about d e m o c r a c y c a n n o t s e r v e h i m i n t h e least t o
_________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 25, p. 488, A l b . e d .
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j u s t i f y self-administration, therefore, through sophist r y , h e t r i e s t o c o n v i n c e p e o p l e t h a t L e n i n ' s i d e a ...was n o t e l a b o r a t e d r i g h t d o w n t o its f a c t u a l consequences... b u t i t i s c l e a r t h a t its essence i s p r e c i s e l y d i r e c t d e m o c r a cy, i.e., s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t (p. 67). K a r d e l j p h i l o s o p h i z e s a n d seeks t o m a k e u p f o r h i s l a c k o f a r g u m e n t s w i t h a r b i t r a r y and fantastic interpretations to his o w n l i k i n g . H e seeks t o p e r s u a d e the r e a d e r t h a t L e n i n b e g a n w e l l , but subsequently had no opportunity to develop the idea o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f u r t h e r , t o s u i t t h e taste o f T i t o and himself. T h e idea expressed by L e n i n , that the proletariat w o u l d lead, organize, a n d r u n the Soviet p o w e r a n d g o v e r n t h e c o u n t r y t h r o u g h its p a r t y , h a s b e e n a n d i s f u n d a m e n t a l t o the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y . I t i s p r e cisely this essential question of theoretical and practical i m p o r t a n c e t h a t t h e T i t o i t e s evade, a n d t h e y t r y t o d i s g u i s e t h i s d e v i a t i o n b y d i s t o r t i n g L e n i n ' s correct theses. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e T i t o i t e s , S t a l i n ...stood f o r a c o n cept of i n d i r e c t d e m o c r a c y , i.e., in essence he a d o p t e d t h e c l a s s i c a l p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f t h e b o u r g e o i s state a n d its p o l i t i c a l p l u r a l i s m , e x c e p t t h a t h e g a v e one p a r t y t h e role w h i c h the m u l t i - p a r t y system has in the bourgeois p a r l i a m e n t a r y state (p. 68). T h e y a l l e g e t h a t S t a l i n d e v i a t e d f r o m t h e L e n i n i s t concepts, because h e a l l e g e d l y implemented indirect democracy, r u n n i n g t h e state t h r o u g h one p a r t y , w h i c h c l o s e l y r e s e m b l e d t h e b o u r g e o i s parties, a n d t h e t r a p p i n g s o f t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y s y s t e m . This is the devastating criticism this pseudo-Marxist makes of the activity and w o r k of Joseph S t a l i n ! Stalin, l i k e L e n i n , v i e w e d d e m o c r a c y f r o m t h e class angle, a s a f o r m of t h e p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of society, as a p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n f o r d r a w i n g t h e masses i n t o g o v e r n i n g t h e country, to defend a n d strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat, to block the w a y to revisionist degeneration and the restoration of capitalism. Stalin, as the M a r x i s t -
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Leninist he was, quite r i g h t l y sternly opposed one-sided, l i b e r a l a n d a n a r c h i s t concepts o f d e m o c r a c y a n d t o o k a s t a n d against p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s d i s t o r t i o n s a n d m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a b o u t the r i g h t s a n d f r e e d o m s t h a t p r o l e t a r i a n d e m o c r a c y ensures. A n d h e w a s a b s o l u t e l y r i g h t . T h e revisionists, on the contrary, w a n t to t r a n s f o r m proletarian democracy into bourgeois democracy in theory, just as they have done in practice. This is w h y they are against S t a l i n . The Yugoslav pseudo-Marxists justify their criticism o f the g e n u i n e socialist s y s t e m u n d e r t h e p r e t e x t t h a t t h e n o t i o n s o f w o r k e r a n d w o r k i n g class h a v e a l l e g e d l y c h a n g e d t o d a y , t h a t c h a n g e s h a v e o c c u r r e d , also, i n t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e n o t i o n citizen. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , the w o r k i n g class has b e c o m e a n a b s t r a c t p o l i t i c a l s u b ject, w h i c h does n o t e x e r c i s e p o w e r , b u t i n w h o s e n a m e power can be exercised. Thus, this means that under a g e n u i n e socialist s y s t e m , i t i s n o t t h e w o r k i n g class w h i c h e x e r c i s e s p o w e r , b u t s o m e o n e else, w h o acts o v e r t h e h e a d o f the w o r k i n g class o n i t s b e h a l f . T h i s i s a gross d e c e p t i o n , a shameless d i s t o r t i o n of t h e r e a l i t y . T h i s m e a n s t o a d o p t the p h i l o s o p h i c a l s t a n d - p o i n t o f i d e a l i s m and to take as true, not w h a t exists objectively, but what is in your mind. Proceeding f r o m this position, the revisionist K a r d e l j comes o u t w i t h t h e i d e a that, i n the r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n i n the socialist o r d e r , i n h i s r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r w o r k e r s , i n h i s s o c i a l p o s i t i o n , etc., etc., i n fact, t h e w o r k e r counts f o r n o t h i n g ! A n d a c c o r d i n g t o K a r d e l j , t h i s i s h o w ...the d o g m a o f s o c i a l o w n e r s h i p a s state o w n e r s h i p w a s created, a n d a l o n g w i t h t h i s , t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r t h e c e n t r a l i z e d state, f o r t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e state a n d p a r t y apparatus..., w h i l e the class i n t e r e s t s a n d a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l w o r k e r . . . a r e d i s c r e d i t e d a n d , hence, c o n s i d e r e d as acts t r a n s g r e s s i n g u n i v e r s a l laws... (p. 70).
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T h i s i s h o w K a r d e l j d i s t o r t s t h e g e n u i n e socialist s y s t e m a n d t h e socialist r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e t i m e o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y , the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n o u r c o u n t r y , too. B y s p e a k i n g a g a i n s t democratic centralism, the leading role of the party, the state f o r m o f socialist o w n e r s h i p , etc., h e w a n t s t o s h o w the s u p e r i o r i t y of t h e s y s t e m of s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b u t i n r e a l i t y , h e exposes h i m s e l f b y c o m i n g o u t o p e n l y a g a i n s t t h e i m m o r t a l ideas o f t h e classics o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m o n these c a r d i n a l p r o b l e m s . I n fact these acc u s a t i o n s he l e v e l s against us, r e b o u n d as c o u n t e r - a c c u s a tions against the Y u g o s l a v political system of self-adm i n i s t r a t i o n . N o w the Y u g o s l a v r e a l i t y i s p r o v i n g w i t h each p a s s i n g day, a n d w i l l p r o v e e v e n m o r e c l e a r l y t o morrow, precisely w h e r e the T i t o and K a r d e l j clique is l e a d i n g Y u g o s l a v i a , its peoples a n d t h e w o r k i n g class. T h e T i t o i t e s s a y t h a t t h e i r s is a s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s y s t e m . B u t w h o are those t h a t g o v e r n t h e m s e l v e s i n Y u g o s l a v i a ? T h e w o r k e r s , the p e a s a n t s ? N e i t h e r t h e w o r k ers, n o r t h e peasants. T h e y a r e j u s t a s m u c h o p p r e s s e d as their counterparts in the capitalist countries. T h e s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s y s t e m i s r u l e d b y those w h o a r e a t t h e a p e x o f the p y r a m i d , t h e n e w b o u r g e o i s i e , w h o h a v e c l i m b e d o n t h e b a c k s o f the people b y u s i n g t h e l a b e l o f c o m m u n i s t s , b u t w h o , i n fact, a r e n o t h i n g b u t b o u r geois t e c h n o c r a t s w h o r u n t h e b u r e a u c r a t i c , tatist, fascist, state. T h e delegates' assemblies, t h e state e x e c u t i v e organs i n t h e s y s t e m o f delegates, etc., are m a d e u p o f such elements. A s i s k n o w n , t h e mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s o c c u p y a s p e c i a l position a n d p l a y an important role in the system of the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e y a r e t h e l e v e r s t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e p a r t y l i n k s itself w i t h t h e masses a n d i m p l e m e n t s t h e p o l i t i c a l r u l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d socialist d e m o c r a c y . I n s o c i a l i s m t h e s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s
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are conveyers of the line of the proletarian p a r t y to the masses, p o w e r f u l w e a p o n s o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e s o cialist construction, militant tribunes f r o m w h i c h popular o p i n i o n i s e x p r e s s e d . T h e i r t a s k i s t o e d u c a t e t h e masses a n d m a k e t h e m conscious o f the n e e d a n d c a p a b l e o f t a k i n g p a r t a c t i v e l y i n t h e socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d g o v ernment. As component parts of the system of the dictatorship o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , these o r g a n i z a t i o n s c a r r y o u t t h e i r tasks u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e i r o w n s p e c i a l f u n c t i o n s a n d specific nature. T h e s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s cannot o p e r a t e i n i s o l a t i o n f r o m the proletarian party, the other organizations a n d t h e socialist state. I f t h e c o n t r a r y w e r e a d m i t t e d , t h e n , theoretically, it w o u l d be meaningless for t h e m to be elements o f a s i n g l e s y s t e m a n d , i n p r a c t i c e , t h e y w o u l d t u r n into lifeless organisms w h i c h w o u l d h a v e no purpose a n d p e r f o r m n o t a s k t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e socialist social order. I n Y u g o s l a v i a t h e mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s , l i k e t h e p a r t y a n d t h e state, h a v e b e e n t r e a t e d a n d e v a l u a t e d f r o m outand-out anarchist positions. C o n t r a r y to Lenin's idea t h a t the mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e
... the closest and power...,*
essential
collaborators of state
i n t h a t c o u n t r y , t h e i d e a t h a t c o - o p e r a t i o n o f these o r g a n i z a t i o n s w i t h t h e socialist state is a f o r m of b u r e a u cratie tatism has b e e n s u p p o r t e d . M o r e o v e r , t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s c o n c e i v e these o r g a n i z a t i o n s in s u c h a w a y that each of t h e m can operate independently even
_______________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 33, p. 202, A l b . e d .
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f r o m t h e p a r t y . K a r d e l j says, W e h a v e l o n g since a b a n d o n e d t h e o u t l o o k t h a t these o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e supposed to be t r a n s m i s s i o n belts of t h e L e a g u e of C o m m u n i s t s (p. 267). T h i s i n n o w a y i m p l i e s t h a t t h e s i n g l e p a r t y i n Y u g o s l a v i a a n d t h e Y u g o s l a v state, w h i c h a r e i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , h a v e n o p o w e r a t a l l o v e r these organizations. On the contrary, the Titoites have never r e l i n q u i s h e d t h e i r m a n i p u l a t i o n o f t h e masses t h r o u g h t h e s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , b u t i n s a y i n g w h a t h e does, K a r d e l j i s d r i v i n g a t s o m e t h i n g else. H i s sole a i m i s t o u n d e r m i n e t h e l i n k s o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s w i t h t h e masses, w h e r e a s a l l r e v o l u t i o n a r y e x p e r i e n c e s h o w s t h a t these p a r t i e s c a n c r e a t e a n d m a i n t a i n r e a l l i n k s o n l y w i t h the masses o r g a n i z e d i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s l e d b y the proletarian party. It is w e l l k n o w n that the idea of the leading role of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y i s c l o s e l y l i n k e d w i t h t h e i d e a o f its r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e o l o g y , t h e r e f o r e , t o d e t a c h t h e mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s f r o m t h i s p a r t y m e a n s t o d e t a c h t h e m f r o m the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology, and to f i l l the v a c u u m w i t h revisionist bourgeois ideology. T h i s is quite obvious w h e n K a r d e l j , speaking of m a n as a member o f t h e S o c i a l i s t L e a g u e w r i t e s : ...it i s n o t l a i d d o w n that h i s i d e o l o g i c a l v i e w s m u s t a l w a y s b e i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e i d e o l o g y o f M a r x i s m i n e v e r y sphere... (p. 280). This means that the Y u g o s l a v w o r k i n g m a n can be g u i d e d b y b o u r g e o i s , f e u d a l , fascist a n d o t h e r o u t l o o k s a n d ideas, w h i l e h a v i n g t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e r e g i m e i n t h i s ideological confusion. T h e fact t h a t the mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e c o m p o n e n t parts of the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, does n o t m e a n t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e t u r n e d i n t o p a r t n e r s o r appendages o f t h e state a p p a r a t u s , u n d e r t h e d i s guise o f d e m o c r a c y a n d o f g i v i n g t h e m some state competences, a s has b e e n d o n e i n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t
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U n i o n . F i r m l y adhering to M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the genuine p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class m u s t b e c a r e f u l t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e r o l e o f s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s i s not d i m i n i s h e d , but grows steadily stronger. In Y u g o s l a v i a , as K a r d e l j w r i t e s , the p h e n o m e n o n of t h e basic o r g a n i z a t i o n s of the t r a d e - u n i o n s ...being appendages o f t h e o r g a n s o f m a n a gement... (p. 295) is o b s e r v e d . T h i s has o c c u r r e d because the r o l e o f s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t h e i r p l a c e i n s o c i e t y and the relations they should have w i t h the p a r t y and the state, h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d f r o m d i s t o r t e d p o s i t i o n s . I n t h i s book, K a r d e l j r e f e r s e s p e c i a l l y t o t h e S o c i a l ist L e a g u e o f t h e W o r k i n g P e o p l e , t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s , t h e League o f S o c i a l i s t Y o u t h , etc., a b o u t w h i c h one c o u l d w r i t e a n d p o l e m i z e a t l e n g t h . B u t here w e h a v e n o t gone into detail, deeming it better to emphasize only the deviations f r o m principle by the Y u g o s l a v revisionists in r e g a r d t o the o r g a n i z a t i o n , a i m s a n d a c t i v i t y o f the m a s s organizations. T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s also t a k e a r e a c t i o n a r y s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e r o l e o f r e l i g i o n a n d its i d e o l o g y . A s i s k n o w n , r e l i g i o u s i d e o l o g y has a l w a y s s e r v e d the e x p l o i t i n g classes to oppress a n d e x p l o i t t h e masses. It has been a m e a n s to i m p l a n t in t h e m i n d s of p e o p l e the f e e l i n g o f helplessness i n t h e face o f s u f f e r i n g s , m i s f o r tunes a n d h a r d s h i p s . R e l i g i o u s i d e o l o g y b e m u s e s p e o p l e a n d paralyses their activity to t r a n s f o r m nature and society. T h a t i s w h y , a s i s k n o w n , M a r x c o m p a r e d r e l i g i o n to opium. He wrote,
Religion is the sigh of the heart of a heartless opium of the people.*
the oppressed creature, world... Religion is the
________________________________ * K. M a r x F. Engels, On Religion, T i r a n a 1970, p. 45, A l b . ed.
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P r e c i s e l y because o f t h e r e a c t i o n a r y r o l e i t p l a y s , t h e r u l i n g classes h a v e a l w a y s s u p p o r t e d r e l i g i o n a n d s t i l l do. I n essence, t h e capitalists, t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d t h e r e a c tionary clergy have the one language. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist p a r t y c a n n o t r e c o n c i l e i t s e l f t o r e l i g i o u s i d e o l o g y a n d its i n f l u e n c e . T h e t h e o r e t i c a l basis o f t h e p o l i c y a n d p r o g r a m o f a g e n u i n e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class i s t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p h i l o s o p h y , a n d not i d e a l i s m a n d r e l i g i o n . T h e class s t r u g g l e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m cannot b e s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e s t r u g g l e against r e l i g i o n . I n Y u g o s l a v i a , r e l i g i o n has b e e n assessed a n d t r e a t e d i n e x a c t l y t h e s a m e w a y a s i n t h e o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t states. T h e r e , t h e p o i s o n i n g o f t h e masses w i t h r e l i g i o u s i d e o l o g y is considered merely a private matter, and the p a r t y and the state are s i m p l y o n l o o k e r s , because, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , r e l i g i o n ...is n o obstacle t o t h e r e l i g i o u s m a n ' s i n t e g r a t i n g h i m s e l f , o n t h e basis o f e q u a l i t y , i n t o t h e socialist l i f e of society (p. 178). It is s e l f - e v i d e n t w h a t a f i n e s o c i a l i s m t h i s is, w h e n t h e r e l i g i o u s i d e o l o g y i s n o t a t a l l o p p o s e d t o it, a n d w h e n , a s K a r d e l j w r i t e s , F o r t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of religious w o r k i n g people soc i a l i s m has b e c o m e t h e i r m o s t p r o f o u n d conviction... (pp. 179-180). N o w w e a r e h e a r i n g f r o m t h i s great p h i lospher that even the clergy w i t h p r o f o u n d idealist a n d religious convictions have allegedly fallen in love w i t h socialism, w i t h the social order based on M a r x i s t p h i l o sophy, d i a l e c t i c a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l i s m ! I f t h e y r e a d these p h r a s e s b y t h e T i t o i t e r e n e g a d e , n o t o n l y w i l l t h e w o r k e r s , c o m m u n i s t s a n d e v e r y honest p e r s o n i n t h e w o r l d b e a s t o n i s h e d , b u t e v e n t h e c l e r g y w i l l l a u g h , since h i t h e r t o i t has n e v e r crossed t h e i r m i n d s t o s a y t h a t t h e y love s o c i a l i s m , w h i c h t h e y h a v e n e v e r ceased t o e x e c r a t e whole-heartedly. Since they have reconciled themselves to religious ideology, it becomes even more clear h o w M a r x ist t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s are, h o w m a t e r i a l i s t t h e i r
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i d e o l o g y i s a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , t o w h a t degree t h e p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , w h i c h i s based o n t h i s ideology, is socialist. T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has c o n s i s t e n t l y i m p l e m e n t e d t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t d o c t r i n e o n t h e state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d socialist d e m o c r a cy, t h e l e a d i n g a n d i n d i v i s i b l e r o l e o f t h e p a r t y o f the w o r k i n g class, a n d t h e necessity o f w a g i n g t h e class struggle. O u r h i s t o r i c a l r e a l i t y p r o v e s i n t h e most c o n v i n c i n g m a n n e r that, w h e n the u n i v e r s a l l a w s o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m are i m p l e m e n t e d , t a k i n g account o f the s p e c i f i c features o f each c o u n t r y , t h e r e v o l u t i o n t r i u m p h s a n d t h e process of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of socialist s o c i e t y c a n n o t b e h a l t e d . T h e e x a m p l e o f A l b a n i a r e f u t e s a l l t h e theorizing of capitalist a n d revisionist philosophers against the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e p a r t y , a n d t h e w a g i n g o f t h e class s t r u g g l e . O u r great v i c t o r i e s o n t h e f r o n t o f socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n are due, f i r s t o f a l l , t o o u r l o y a l t y t o M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . I f w e h a v e a l w a y s t r i u m p h e d o v e r o u r enemies, this h a s come a b o u t p r e c i s e l y because w e h a v e b e e n p r i n c i p l e d , honest a n d c o u r a g e o u s r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . P r e c i s e l y because t h e p r a c t i c e o f t h e socialist c o n s truction in A l b a n i a has embodied the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y , i t has b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o a t t a c k s a n d has d r a w n u p o n itself t h e f i r e o f t h e e n e m i e s o f t h i s t h e o r y . We w i l l clash b o l d l y w i t h the opponents of our ideology, because, w h e n it is a q u e s t i o n of d e f e n d i n g t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r i n c i p l e s , w e c a n n o t engage i n u n d e r h a n d b a r g a i n i n g a n d c o m p r o m i s e s , s u c h a s the c a p i t a l i s t s a n d the r e v i s i o n i s t s w a n t t o i m p o s e o n us. T h e struggle between M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s and betrayers of the ideology of the proletariat continues and w i l l cont i n u e u n t i l r e v i s i o n i s m , w h i c h emerges a n d d e v e l o p s a s
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an agency of the bourgeoisie and imperialism, is w i p e d f r o m t h e face o f t h e e a r t h . I t i s o u r d u t y , a s M a r x i s t Leninists, to defend the revolutionary w o r l d outlook of the w o r k i n g class. I n t h e p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , w h e n C h i n e s e revisionism has been added to the old revisionism, this task has b e c o m e e v e n m o r e i m p e r a t i v e . T o a c c o m p l i s h t h i s task s u c c e s s f u l l y , w e m u s t a c q u a i n t o u r s e l v e s w i t h , a n a lyse a n d denounce the a n t i - M a r x i s t and counter-revolutionary theories a n d practices of enemies who, under the slogan o f t h e s t r u g g l e against d o g m a t i s m , a t t a c k t h e M a r x i s t doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the p a r t y o f t h e n e w t y p e , f i r s t o f a l l . S o c i a l i s t s o c i e t y g r o w s s t r o n g e r i n s t r u g g l e against its enemies, t h e r e f o r e , w e c o m m u n i s t s m u s t s t a n d i n t h e forefront of this struggle u n t i l victory is achieved. We are r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d d e f e n d t h e socialist s o c i o - e c o n o m i c o r d e r , w h i c h i s the n e w o r d e r , the m o s t p r o g r e s s i v e o r d e r i n t h e w o r l d , w h i l e t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s are r e a c t i o n aries because t h e y k o w t o w a n d c a p i t u l a t e t o the o l d bourgeois order. The f u t u r e is gloomy for our opponents a n d b r i g h t f o r us. H o w e v e r , t h e f u t u r e does not come o f itself, i t m u s t b e c a r e f u l l y a n d c o n t i n u o u s l y p r e p a r e d , w i t h struggle in the fields of politics, ideology, economics, defence, a n d so o n . K a r d e l j ' s book, l i k e m a n y others, w h i c h t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e a n d r e v i s i o n i s m are p u b l i s h i n g t o p r o pagate t h e i r r e a c t i o n a r y , a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d a n t i - L e n i n i s t ideas, m u s t b e e x p o s e d s o t h a t c o m m u n i s t s , w o r k e r s a n d p r o g r e s s i v e people, w h o a r e n o t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e r e v i s i o n i s t r e a l i t y , o r k n o w i t o n l y s l i g h t l y , are n o t d e c e i v e d b y i t s left slogans. I n o r d e r t o s t r e n g t h e n o u r v i g i l a n c e , t o b e e q u a l t o the m i s s i o n w i t h w h i c h w e a r e c h a r g e d a s c o m m u n i s t s , w e m u s t r e m e m b e r L e n i n ' s great observation,
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People ... always have been the stupid victims of deception and self-deception in politics, and always will be, until they learn to see behind the different moral, religious, political and social phrases, declarations and promises, the interests of some particular class.*
___________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 19, p. 9, A l b . ed.
IMPERIALISM AND THE REVOLUTION
FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION*
From the time the Manifesto of the Communist Party of Marx and Engels was published in 1848 to this day the struggle between revolutionary Marxism and opportunism, in both the political and the ideological fields, has centered around one problem: is the revolution necessary for the transformation of society on a socialist basis or not, do the conditions exist to carry out the revolution or not, can it be carried out in the peaceful way, or is revolutionary violence indispensable? With all their theories, of which there are scores if not hundreds, the bourgeoisie and the opportunists have always tried to negate the incontrovertible truth that the fundamental contradiction of capitalist society is that between the exploiters and the exploited, to deny the place and role of the working class in history and to negate the class struggle itself as the determining factor of the development and progress of human society. Their aim has always been to disorientate the proletariat ideologically, to hinder the revolution, to perpetuate capitalist exploitation, and to destroy Marxism-Leninism, the triumphant science of the revolution and the construction of socialism. All these opponents and enemies of the proletariat and the revolution have tried to proclaim MarxismLeninism outdated and to create various theories, allegedly adapted to the new historical conditions, to the
_________________ * In A l b a n i a n .
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changes that capitalism and imperialism have undergone, and the evolution of human society, in general. Thus, Bernstein proclaimed Marx outdated, and Kautsky, deliberately misinterpreting the transition of capitalism to imperialism, negated the revolution. Their example and methods have been followed by all the modem revisionists, too, ranging from Browder and Tito, Khrushchev and the Eurocommunists, to the Chinese theoreticians of three worlds. Under the false pretext that they are implementing and developing Marxism-Leninism in a creative manner, adapting it to the new conditions existing in the world today, all these anti-Marxists are trying to negate the scientific ideology of the working class and to replace it with bourgeois opportunism. The proletariat, the revolutionaries and thier genuine Marxist-Leninist parties have always waged an unrelenting stern struggle against modern revisionism and its various trends, and this struggle will never cease. The revisionists, the reactionary bourgeoisie and its parties try to label our theory, Marxism-Leninism, a dogma, something rigid, petrified, which allegedly cannot adapt itself to the contemporary realities of the time which are full of dynamism and life. But speaking of dynamism and vitality, Marxism-Leninism is the only theory with these qualities, because it is the theory of the working class, the most advanced class of society, the most active and revolutionary class, which thinks correctly, which produces the material blessings and is always in activity. The efforts of the bourgeoisie and its ideologists who are trying to convince mankind that Marxism-Leninism is allegedly outdated and out of step with modern times, are intended to combat the scientific ideology of the proletariat and to replace it with theories which preach a degenerate life, the life of a lumpen, a society
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of un-restrained degeneration, a so-called consumer society. The theories which claim that the forms of a new society in continuous movement and advance have now allegedly been found, are also intended to deal a blow at the progressive revolutionary thinking of the proletariat, at the ideology guiding it, as well as to perpetuate capitalist oppression and exploitation. Our theory, as Lenin teaches us, judges and defines the forms and methods of class struggle correctly. It remains closely linked with the practical problems arising from life, from the epoch. This weapon helps us to analyse and understand correctly the course of development of human society at every moment, to analyse and understand correctly every historic turning-point of society and to carry out the revolutionary transformation of society. At its 7th Congress, our Party exposed all the different revisionist currents, including the Chinese theory of three worlds. Stressing the vital importance of Marxism-Leninism for the triumph of the revolution, socialism and the liberation of the peoples, it resolutely rejected the bourgeois-opportunist theses and views on the present stage of the world historical process, which repudiate the revolution and defend capitalist exploitation, and emphasized strongly that no change in the evolution of capitalism and imperialism justifies the revisionist inventions and fabrications. Principled criticism and ceaseless exposure of the anti-revolutionary and anti-communist theories are absolutely necessary to defend Marxism-Leninism, to carry forward the cause of the revolution and the peoples, to demonstrate that the theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin is always young, and remains the unerring guide to future victories. April 1978
NOTE TO THE
SECOND
EDITION
The book Imperialism and the Revolution was first published [in Albanian] in April 1978 for distribution within the Party. In accord with the wishes of the communists who have read this book, it is now made available to the public. Some events that have taken place during the period since the first publication have also been included. December 1978
PART
ONE
THE
STRATEGY OF IMPERIALISM MODERN REVISIONISM
AND
I n a n a l y s i n g the p r e s e n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n a n d the s i t u a t i o n o f the w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t , t h e 7th Congress of the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a pointed out the dangers i m p e r i a l i s m a n d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m r e present for the revolution and the liberation of the peoples, stressed t h e n e e d f o r a m e r c i l e s s f i g h t against t h e m a n d t h e a c t i v e s u p p o r t t h a t must b e g i v e n t o the M a r x i s t Leninist movement in the w o r l d . T h e s e q u e s t i o n s h a v e g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e because the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , t h e s t r u g g l e t o s t r e n g t h e n the d i c t a t o r s h i p of the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the defence of t h e H o m e l a n d are inseparable f r o m the international situat i o n a n d t h e g e n e r a l process o f w o r l d d e v e l o p m e n t . T o d a y b i g forces, r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f d a r k n e s s , o f t h e enslavement and exploitation of the proletariat and the peoples A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its agencies, S o v i e t social-imperialism, Chinese social-imperialism, the big b o u r g e o i s i e a n d r e a c t i o n , h a v e r i s e n against a n d a r e f i g h t ing M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . Such ideological currents as socialdemocracy, m o d e r n revisionism and m a n y other counter-
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r e v o l u t i o n a r y c u r r e n t s h a v e also r i s e n against o u r r e v o l u t i o n a r y ideology. I n o u r s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t a l l these e n e m i e s w e m u s t base ourselves f i r m l y o n t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y a n d the w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t . O u r s t r u g g l e o n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p l a n e w i l l b e c r o w n e d w i t h success w h e n w e m a k e a correct d i a l e c t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n , o f events w h i c h a r e d e v e l o p i n g , t h e o b j e c t i v e s a n d a i m s o f a l l the s o c i a l forces i n m o t i o n , w h i c h a r e i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n a n d s t r u g g l e w i t h one a n o t h e r . S c i e n t i f i c a n a l y s i s o f the international situation and clarification of the strategy o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e h e l p u s d e f i n e t h e correct tactics i n d i f f e r i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i n o r d e r t o w i n b a t t l e a f t e r battle. T h a t i s h o w o u r P a r t y has a l w a y s acted. Socialism is in struggle w i t h capitalism, the w o r l d proletariat is locked in a merciless and continuous struggle w i t h the capitalist b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d are i n s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e i r e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l o p p r e s sors. T h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t i s g u i d e d i n the s t r u g g l e b y its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y , w h i c h e x p l a i n s the n e c e s s i t y f o r this s t r u g g l e a n d m o b i l i z e s t h e forces i n b a t t l e . T h i s is w h y capitalism and imperialism have always organized a b i t t e r s t r u g g l e against t h e t h e o r y of M a r x , E n g e l s , Lenin and Stalin. K a r l M a r x discovered the laws of social development, o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s a n d t h e t r a n s i t i o n of society f r o m a l o w e r to a h i g h e r s o c i a l o r d e r . He m a d e a s c i e n t i f i c a n a l y s i s of p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p of t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n , the c a p i t a l i s t m o d e o f d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d t h e s u r p l u s v a l u e w h i c h t h e c a p i t a l i s t seizes. H e created the s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r y o n classes a n d t h e class struggle, a n d d e f i n e d t h e w a y s o f t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e proletariat to o v e r t h r o w the bourgeoisie, to destroy the capitalist system, t o e s t a b l i s h t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , a n d b u i l d socialist society.
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V a r i o u s reactionary theoreticians in a l l countries of the w o r l d have striven in every w a y to denigrate M a r x ' s t h e o r y , t o t h r o w m u d a t it, t o d i s t o r t i t a n d c o m b a t it. B u t t h i s t h e o r y , w h i c h i s a t r u e science, has succeeded i n d o m i n a t i n g p r o g r e s s i v e h u m a n t h i n k i n g a n d has b e come a p o w e r f u l w e a p o n i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples i n t h e f i g h t against t h e i r enemies. B y a p p l y i n g the M a r x i s t theory and developing i t f u r t h e r , L e n i n g a v e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its v a n g u a r d , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party, a r i c h scientific theory on the conditions of imperialism and proletarian revolutions. L e n i n d e v e l o p e d M a r x i s m n o t o n l y i n t h e o r y b u t also i n p r a c tice. A p p l y i n g t h e d o c t r i n e o f K a r l M a r x , h e l e d t h e Bolshevik revolution and carried it through to victory. Lenin's w o r k was further developed by Stalin. T h e t r i u m p h of the Great October Socialist R e v o l u t i o n dealt the f i r s t c r u s h i n g b l o w t o i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e e n t i r e w o r l d c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m . I t m a r k e d the b e g i n n i n g o f t h e g e n e r a l crisis o f c a p i t a l i s m w h i c h has g r o w n deeper a n d deeper. T h e c r e a t i o n a n d c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t state w a s a colossal v i c t o r y w h i c h s h o w e d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the peoples t h a t t h e e n e m y t h e y faced, c a p i t a l i s m a n d imperialism, could be conquered and destroyed. The Soviet U n i o n w a s t h e l i v i n g p r o o f o f t h i s . I n f u r i a t e d b y t h e loss t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n i n R u s s i a i n f l i c t e d o n it, t h e i m p e r i a l i s t a n d c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d c o a l i t i o n r e i n f o r c e d its i n s t r u m e n t s o f p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y s t r u g g l e against the n e w state o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a n s a n d the spread of Marxist-Leninist ideology throughout the w o r l d . T h e imperialists, the reactionary bourgeoisie, E u r o p e a n a n d w o r l d s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , t o gether w i t h t h e o t h e r p a r t i e s o f c a p i t a l , p r e p a r e d t h e w a r against the S o v i e t U n i o n . T o g e t h e r w i t h the H i t l e r ites, t h e I t a l i a n a n d J a p a n e s e fascists, t h e y also p r e p a r e d the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r .
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B u t i n t h i s w a r the v i t a l i t y o f s o c i a l i s m a n d M a r x i s m Leninism, w h i c h emerged victorious, was confirmed even more clearly. A f t e r t h e v i c t o r y o v e r f a s c i s m , great c h a n g e s i n f a v o u r o f s o c i a l i s m o c c u r r e d i n t h e w o r l d . N e w socialist states w e r e set u p i n E u r o p e a n d A s i a . T h e socialist c a m p , w i t h the Soviet U n i o n at the head, w a s created. T h i s was a n e w great v i c t o r y f o r s o c i a l i s m a n d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a n d a n o t h e r great defeat f o r c a p i t a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m c a m e out o f t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r d e e p l y s h a k e n a n d w i t h its e q u i l i b r i u m e n t i r e l y upset. G e r m a n y , J a p a n a n d I t a l y e m e r g e d f r o m t h e w a r a s d e f e a t e d p o w e r s w i t h t h e i r economies r u i n e d . T h e y lost t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y p o s i t i o n s t h e y h a d o c c u p i e d previously. A l t h o u g h they emerged victorious f r o m the w a r , other i m p e r i a l i s t states, s u c h a s G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d France, h a d been so greatly weakened, economically a n d m i l i t a r i l y , t h a t t h e i r r o l e a s great p o w e r s h a d d e c l i n e d drastically. T h e g e n e r a l crisis o f c a p i t a l i s m w a s f u r t h e r deepened w i t h t h e collapse o f t h e c o l o n i a l s y s t e m . A s a r e s u l t o f this collapse a series of n e w n a t i o n a l states e m e r g e d , w h i l e i n those c o u n t r i e s w h i c h s t i l l r e m a i n e d colonies o r semi-colonies, t h e l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t against t h e i m perialist yoke grew. T h e s e changes c r e a t e d most f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r the t r i u m p h of s o c i a l i s m on a w o r l d scale. B e c a u s e of t h e deep e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l c r i s i s a n d t h e g r o w i n g discontent o f t h e masses, m a n y c a p i t a l i s t states w e r e o n the v e r g e o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y o u t b r e a k s . I n these e x t r e m e l y grave a n d critical circumstances, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m came t o t h e i r a i d . U n l i k e t h e other i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a emerged stronger f r o m the war. Not only had i t s u f f e r e d n o damage, b u t i t h a d a c c u m u l a t e d colossal
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w e a l t h a n d h a d i m m e n s e l y i n c r e a s e d its e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l , a n d its t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c base. F a t t e n e d o n t h e b l o o d s h e d b y t h e peoples, t h i s i m p e r i a l i s m b e c a m e t h e sole leadership* of t h e e n t i r e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d . A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m mobilized all the reactionary forces o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d t o rescue t h e o l d c a p i t a l i s t order and crush any revolutionary and national liberation m o v e m e n t w h i c h e n d a n g e r e d it, t o d e s t r o y t h e socialist c a m p a n d r e s t o r e c a p i t a l i s m i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the c o u n t r i e s o f p e o p l e ' s d e m o c r a c y a n d t o e s t a b l i s h its h e g e m o n y e v e r y w h e r e i n the w o r l d . T o a t t a i n its objectives, U S i m p e r i a l i s m , a l o n g w i t h w o r l d c a p i t a l , set i n m o t i o n its g i g a n t i c b u r e a u c r a t i c m i l i t a r y state m a c h i n e , its great economic, t e c h n i c a l a n d f i n a n c i a l p o t e n t i a l , a l l its h u m a n forces. U S i m p e r i a l i s m assisted t h e p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y r e c o v e r y o f the s h a t t e r e d E u r o p e a n a n d J a p a n e s e c a p i t a l i s m a n d , i n p l a c e of t h e c o l l a p s e d c o l o n i a l s y s t e m , set up a n e w s y s t e m of e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d p l u n d e r n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m . A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m m o b i l i z e d its m a n y m e a n s o f propaganda, its p h i l o s o p h e r s , economists, sociologists, w r i t e r s , etc., i n the frenzied campaign w h i c h began a g a i n s t M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a g a i n s t c o m m u n i s m , against t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d o t h e r socialist c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e and Asia. A t the same time, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m i m p l e m e n ted a n o p e n l y a g g r e s s i v e p o l i c y . E v e r y f i e l d o f l i f e , the e c o n o m y , p o l i t i c s , i d e o l o g y , t h e a r m y a n d science i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w a s s w e p t b y w a r f e v e r , m i l i t arization and anti-communism. T o c o n q u e r s o c i a l i s m , t o p u t d o w n the r e v o l u t i o n a r y l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s , t o c o m b a t the great i n f l u e n c e o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y a n d e s t a b l i s h its h e g e m o n y
______________________________ * E n g l i s h in the o r i g i n a l .
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in the world, A m e r i c a n imperialism went about it in two ways. The first was that of aggression a n d a r m e d i n t e r v e n t i o n . T h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s set u p aggressive m i l i t a r y blocs s u c h a s N A T O , S E A T O , etc., s t a t i o n e d a r m e d forces in large numbers on the territories of m a n y foreign countries, set u p m i l i t a r y bases o n a l l c o n t i n e n t s , a n d b u i l t p o w e r f u l n a v a l fleets w h i c h t h e y d e p l o y e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e seas a n d oceans. I n o r d e r t o c r u s h a n d s t a m p out t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e y u n d e r t o o k m i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n t i o n i n Greece, K o r e a , V i e t n a m a n d elsewhere. T h e other w a y w a s t h a t o f i d e o l o g i c a l a g g r e s s i o n a n d s u b v e r s i o n a g a i n s t t h e socialist states, t h e c o m m u n i s t a n d w o r k e r s ' parties, a n d o f e f f o r t s t o b r i n g a b o u t t h e bourgeois d e g e n e r a t i o n o f these states a n d p a r t i e s . I n t h i s direction, A m e r i c a n imperialism and w o r l d capital as a whole employed p o w e r f u l means of propaganda and ideological diversion. But American imperialism and w o r l d capitalism, w h i c h was recovering after the war, were facing a p o w e r f u l a d v e r s a r y , t h e socialist c a m p w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a t t h e h e a d , the w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the f r e e d o m - l o v i n g peoples. T h e r e f o r e , they h a d t o b e v e r y c a r e f u l i n t h e i r r e c k o n i n g w i t h t h i s colossal p o w e r , w h i c h w a s g u i d e d by a correct a n d c l e a r p o l i c y , by a t r i u m p h a n t i d e o l o g y which had captured and was more and more capturing the hearts a n d m i n d s o f w o r k e r s , r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d p r o g r e s s i v e elements. Despite the efforts of US i m p e r i a l i s m and w o r l d reaction to crush and destroy the revolutionary m o v e m e n t o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f the peoples, t h e y w e r e m o u n t i n g a n d g r o w i n g s t r o n g e r . U n d e r Stalin's leadership, the Soviet U n i o n v e r y q u i c k l y h e a l e d the w o u n d s o f w a r a n d w a s a d v a n c i n g a t r a p i d r a t e s i n a l l f i e l d s , i n the e c o n o m y , science, t e c h n o l o g y ,
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etc. In t h e c o u n t r i e s of people's d e m o c r a c y t h e positions of socialism w e r e being consolidated. The communist p a r t i e s a n d the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t d e m o c r a t i c m o v e m e n t w e r e e x t e n d i n g t h e i r i n f l u e n c e a m o n g t h e masses. I n these c o n d i t i o n s , w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l ism utilized the m o d e r n revisionists, and the Y u g o s l a v ones a m o n g t h e first, i n t h e i r f i g h t against s o c i a l i s m a n d the l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s of t h e peoples. It was a stroke of good l u c k for w o r l d capitalism that Y u g o s l a v i a , a c o u n t r y c a l l e d a people's d e m o c r a c y , c a m e out in opposition to a n d entered into open ideological and p o l i t i c a l c o n f l i c t w i t h the S o v i e t U n i o n , because w i t h i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e socialist c a m p one m e m b e r c o u n t r y h a d r e b e l l e d . W o r l d c a p i t a l i s m g a v e great p u b l i c i t y t o this event, w h i c h h e l p e d i t i n its f i g h t a g a i n s t s o c i a l i s m a n d the r e v o l u t i o n . B u t a l t h o u g h i t i n f l i c t e d great h a r m o n the cause of the revolution and socialism, the Titoite betrayal did not succeed i n s p l i t t i n g the socialist c a m p a n d t h e c o m munist movement, as the bourgeoisie and reaction hoped. The communists and revolutionaries all over the w o r l d sternly condemned this treachery and pointed out the danger posed by T i t o i s m , as an agency of i m p e r i a l i s m against c o m m u n i s m . It was the Khrushchevite revisionists, who seized p o w e r in the Soviet U n i o n after Stalin's death, that r e n d e r e d t h e greatest s e r v i c e t o w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m i n its f i g h t against The socialism, of the revolution the revisionist and Marxism-Leninism. group of Khrushchev emergence
w a s t h e greatest p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l v i c t o r y f o r t h e strategy o f i m p e r i a l i s m a f t e r t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r . The counter-revolutionary overthrow in the Soviet U n i o n caused i m m e n s e r e j o i c i n g a m o n g t h e U S i m p e r i a l ists a n d a l l t h e o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t p o w e r s , because t h e most
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ENVER HOXHA o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d abandoning the road and w o u l d be transa base o f t h e c o u n -
p o w e r f u l socialist state, the b a s t i o n t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f the peoples, w a s of socialism a n d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m formed, in theory and practice, into ter-revolution and capitalism.
The about-turn w h i c h took place in the Soviet U n i o n l e d t o t h e s p l i t i n t h e socialist c a m p a n d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t . I t w a s one o f t h e m a i n f a c tors w h i c h influenced the spread of m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m in m a n y communist parties and created favourable c o n d i t i o n s f o r this. T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t t r e n d g r a v e l y d a m a g e d t h e cause o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m t h r o u g h o u t the w o r l d . A stern struggle began between the genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces, o n t h e one h a n d , a n d K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m , o n t h e other. R i g h t f r o m the start, t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a r a i s e d h i g h the banner of implacable and p r i n c i p l e d struggle against S o v iet r e v i s i o n i s m a n d its f o l l o w e r s , c o u r a g e o u s l y d e f e n d e d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the cause o f s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e peoples, j u s t a s i t h a d f o u g h t a n d w a s f i g h t i n g resolutely against Y u g o s l a v revisionism. A l l over the w o r l d , the genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s a n d revolutionaries, also, rose against t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e b e t r a y a l . F r o m t h e ranks of the revolutionary proletariat of different countries emerged new M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties, w h i c h shouldered the heavy burden of leading the struggle of the w o r k i n g class a n d the peoples against the bourgeoisie, i m p e r i a l ism and modern revisionism. T h e hopes o f i m p e r i a l i s m a n d r e v i s i o n i s m o f f i n a l l y destroying socialism, extinguishing the genuine i n t e r n a tional communist movement and c r u s h i n g the peoples' struggle were not realized. T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionists soon r e v e a l e d t h e i r a n t i - M a r x i s t c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y features. T h e peoples s a w t h a t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n h a d b e e n
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transformed into an imperialist superpower, w h i c h was c o n t e n d i n g w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a f o r w o r l d d o m i n a t i o n , that, a l o n g w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m , i t h a d become another great enemy of the revolution, socialism a n d the peoples o f t h e w o r l d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e g r a v e economic, f i n a n c i a l , ideological a n d political crisis w h i c h swept the entire capitalist and revisionist w o r l d , not only showed the f u r t h e r d e c a y o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m a n d its u n a l t e r a b l e o p p r e s s i v e a n d e x p l o i t i n g n a t u r e c l e a r l y , b u t also e x p o s e d the d e m a g o g y a n d h y p o c r i s y o f a l l m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s , who were p r e t t i f y i n g the capitalist order. B u t at the t i m e w h e n the r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement was g r o w i n g and becoming consolidated throughout the w o r l d , w h e n c a p i t a l i s m w a s b e i n g squeezed e v e r m o r e t i g h t l y i n t h e g r i p o f the crisis, a n d w h e n K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionism and the other trends of m o d e r n revisionism w e r e b e c o m i n g e x p o s e d i n t h e eyes o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples, C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s m came out o p e n l y o n the w o r l d scene. I t b e c a m e t h e close a l l y o f U S i m p e r i a l ism and the big international bourgeoisie to smother a n d sabotage t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples. A v e r y c o m p l e x s i t u a t i o n has b e e n c r e a t e d in the w o r l d a t present. O p e r a t i n g i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a t o d a y are v a r i o u s i m p e r i a l i s t a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t forces w h i c h , o n t h e one h a n d , are f i g h t i n g i n u n i s o n against the r e v o l u t i o n a n d the f r e e d o m o f t h e peoples, a n d o n the o t h e r h a n d , a r e c o n t e s t i n g a n d c l a s h i n g w i t h one a n o t h e r o v e r m a r k e t s , spheres o f i n f l u e n c e a n d h e g e m ony. N o w , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e S o v i e t - A m e r i c a n r i v a l r y f o r w o r l d d o m i n a t i o n , t h e r e are t h e e x p a n s i o n i s t c l a i m s o f Chinese social-imperialism, the predatory ambitions of Japanese m i l i t a r i s m , the strivings of W e s t - G e r m a n i m p e r i a l i s m f o r n e w l i v i n g space, the f i e r c e c o m p e t i t i o n o f the
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E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , w h i c h has t u r n e d its eyes t o w a r d s the o l d colonies. A l l these f a c t o r s h a v e f u r t h e r e x a c e r b a t e d t h e m a n y contradictions of the capitalist and revisionist w o r l d . At the same t i m e , t h e p r o s p e c t o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e peoples' l i b e r a t i o n has n o t been e l i m i n a t e d as a r e s u l t o f the b e t r a y a l o f t h e T i t o i t e , S o v i e t , C h i n e s e a n d o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t s , b u t , on t h e c o n t r a r y , a f t e r a t e m p o r a r y setback, the r e v o l u t i o n is n o w on t h e v e r g e of a f r e s h l e a p f o r w a r d . It w i l l certainly forge ahead on the course h i s t o r y has set f o r i t a n d w i l l t r i u m p h o n a w o r l d scale. N o t h i n g c a n save i m p e r i a l i s m , c a p i t a l i s m a n d r e v i s i o n i s m f r o m the remorseless vengeance o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the peoples, n o t h i n g c a n rescue t h e m f r o m deep a n t a g o n i s t i c c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d n e v e r - e n d i n g crises, r e v o l u tions, t h e i r i n e v i t a b l e demise. It is perialism strategies awaiting p r e c i s e l y this s i t u a t i o n w h i c h i s d r i v i n g i m t o seek n e w roads a n d paths, t o b u i l d n e w a n d tactics, i n o r d e r t o escape t h e c a t a s t r o p h e it.
T h e Strategy o f W o r l d Imperialism U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t states h a v e f o u g h t a n d are f i g h t i n g t o m a i n t a i n t h e i r h e g e m o n y i n the world, to defend the capitalist and neo-colonialist system, t o e m e r g e f r o m t h e great crisis w h i c h has t h e m i n its g r i p , w i t h t h e f e w e s t p o s s i b l e losses. T h e y h a v e s t r i v e n a n d are s t r i v i n g t o p r e v e n t t h e peoples a n d t h e proletariat f r o m fulfilling their revolutionary aspirations f o r l i b e r a t i o n . U S i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h d o m i n a t e s its p a r t n e r s p o l i t i c a l l y , e c o n o m i c a l l y a n d m i l i t a r i l y , has the m a i n r o l e i n t h e s t r u g g l e t o a c h i e v e these a i m s . T h e e n e m i e s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the peoples w a n t
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to create the i m p r e s s i o n that, because of t h e changes t h a t h a v e o c c u r r e d i n t h e w o r l d a n d t h e losses t h a t s o c i a l i s m has s u f f e r e d , c i r c u m s t a n c e s e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m those o f t h e past h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d . T h e r e f o r e , a l t h o u g h t h e y h a v e f i e r c e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w i t h one a n o t h e r , U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the w o r l d c a p i t a l i s t bourgeoisie, S o v iet s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m and Chinese social-imperialism, m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m a n d s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y are s e e k i n g a modus vivendi, a h y b r i d n e w society, in o r d e r to k e e p the b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m o n its feet, t o a v e r t r e v olutions and to continue their oppression and exploitat i o n o f t h e peoples i n n e w f o r m s a n d b y n e w m e t h o d s . Imperialism and capitalism have come to understand t h a t n o w t h e y c a n n o l o n g e r e x p l o i t t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d w i t h the previous methods, therefore, provided t h e i r s y s t e m i s n o t t h r e a t e n e d , t h e y h a v e t o concede s o m e t h i n g , w h i c h w i l l cause t h e m n o h a r m , i n o r d e r t o k e e p t h e masses i n b o n d a g e . T h i s t h e y w a n t t o d o w i t h the i n v e s t m e n t s a n d c r e d i t s t h e y d i s t r i b u t e t o those states and cliques in w h i c h they have established their influence or by m e a n s of a r m s , i.e., l o c a l w a r s , e i t h e r by t a k i n g a d i r e c t p a r t i n t h e m o r b y i n c i t i n g one state against a n o ther. L o c a l w a r s s e r v e t o m a k e those c o u n t r i e s w h i c h f a l l i n t o its t r a p m o r e d e e p l y subject t o t h e h e g e m o n y o f w o r l d capital. A l l the theoreticians in the service of w o r l d capital, i n the W e s t a n d i n the East, are t r y i n g t o f i n d t h e f o r m u l a e f o r t h i s n e w society. A t p r e s e n t t h e y h a v e t h i s new f o r m i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t society o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , w h i c h i s n o t h i n g b u t a degenerate society, they have f o u n d it in the capitalist system of Y u g o s l a v s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d i n some so-called socialist o r i e n ted r e g i m e s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d . T h e y a r e t r y i n g t o f i n d a c a p i t a l i s t n e w society of t h i s t y p e also in t h e C h i n e s e variant, w h i c h is now crystallizing.
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F r o m t h e p r o g r a m m a t i c statements w h i c h P r e s i d e n t C a r t e r m a d e o n M a y 22, 1977, i n w h i c h h e p r e s e n t e d t h e outlines of an allegedly new policy of the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , i t i s clear t h a t t h e g e n e r a l a n d f u n d a m e n t a l characteristic of this new policy in the present conditions i s t h e f i g h t o f t h i s s u p e r p o w e r t o cope w i t h t h e proletarian revolution and the national liberation w a r s of peoples w h o a s p i r e t o l i b e r a t e t h e m s e l v e s f r o m t h e y o k e of big w o r l d capital, especially f r o m US i m p e r i a l i s m and Soviet social-imperialism. A s w e p o i n t e d out i n t h e f o r e g o i n g , t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d i s s e a r c h i n g f o r a w a y out o f the abyss, e v e n i f only for the time being. N a t u r a l l y , US i m p e r i a l i s m is s t r i v i n g t o f i n d t h i s w a y out and, p o s s i b l y , t o c o - o r d i n a t e i t w i t h S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , w i t h its N A T O allies, w i t h China, as w e l l as w i t h other industrialized capitalist countries. C a r t e r a p p e a l e d t o t h e E a s t e r n , W e s t e r n a n d the O P E C m e m b e r c o u n t r i e s a n d d e m a n d e d t h a t t h e y w o r k together a n d e f f e c t i v e l y h e l p the p o o r e r c o u n t r i e s . US i m p e r i a l i s m tries to present this collaboration as the o n l y a l t e r n a t i v e t o w a r s , t h e o n l y w a y t o stop w a r s . I n h i s speech, t h e U S p r e s i d e n t said, t o d a y w e h a v e b e e n f r e e d f r o m t h a t constant f e a r o f c o m m u n i s m , w h i c h a t one t i m e l e d u s t o e m b r a c e e v e r y d i c t a t o r w h o w a s obsessed b y the same f e a r . O f course, w h e n C a r t e r , t h i s f a i t h f u l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the bloodiest i m p e r i a l i s m of o u r t i m e , speaks of b e i n g freed f r o m the fear of communism, he means c o m m u n i s m a la Y u g o s l a v , a la K h r u s h c h e v , a la C h i n e s e , w h o s e m a s k s o n l y are c o m m u n i s t , b u t the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e has n o t b e e n a n d w i l l n e v e r b e f r e e d f r o m t h e f e a r o f genuine communism. On the contrary, i m p e r i a l i s m and social-imperialism have always been terrified of genuine c o m m u n i s m a n d t h e y w i l l b e e v e n m o r e t e r r i f i e d o f it. I t i s t h i s f e a r a n d d r e a d t h a t are d r i v i n g t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d t h e
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revisionists into each others' arms, to co-ordinate their plans a n d seek t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m s i n o r d e r t o p r o l o n g the existence o f t h e i r r u l e o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n . I n these m o m e n t s o f deep e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y crisis, t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a r e t r y i n g t o c o n s o l i d a t e the v i c t o r i e s o f i m perialism, attained through the betrayal by m o d e r n r e v i sionism in the Soviet U n i o n , the former countries of people's d e m o c r a c y a n d i n C h i n a , a n d t o use t h e m a s a barrier against the revolution and the revolutionary l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples. T h e U S p r e s i d e n t also a d m i t s that, o u t o f f e a r o f c o m m u n i s m , i n t h e past the c a p i t a l i s t s a n d t h e i m p e r i a l ists e m b r a c e d a n d s u p p o r t e d t h e fascist d i c t a t o r s l i k e M u s s o l i n i , H i t l e r , H i r o h i t o , F r a n c o , etc. T h e fascist d i c t a torships in the respective countries were the ultimate w e a p o n o f the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e a n d w o r l d i m p e r i a l ism against the Soviet U n i o n of the time of L e n i n a n d Stalin a n d against the w o r l d proletarian revolution. T h e U S p r e s i d e n t declares w i t h a n a i r o f c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h e c o m m u n i s t ( r e a d : r e v i s i o n i s t ) states h a v e a l t e r e d t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e , a n d h e i s n o t m i s t a k e n i n this. H e says, this s y s t e m c o u l d n o t l a s t f o r e v e r u n c h a n g e d . O f course, h e i s c o n f u s i n g t h e r e v i s i o n i s t t r e a c h e r y w i t h t h e g e n u i n e socialist s y s t e m , w i t h c o m m u n i s m . U S i m p e r i a l i s m c o n s i d e r s t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e S o v i e t s y s t e m as a v i c t o r y o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m a n d f r o m t h i s i t deduces t h a t the t h r e a t o f a c o n f l i c t w i t h the S o v i e t U n i o n has b e c o m e less intense, t h o u g h it does n o t d e n y t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s and r i v a l r y f o r h e g e m o n y w i t h it. A c c o r d i n g t o Carter, the U S government w i l l make every e f f o r t t o m a i n t a i n t h e status q u o . I n other w o r d s , this m e a n s t h a t b o t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t states w i l l s t r i v e t o m a i n t a i n a n d s t r e n g t h e n their p o s i t i o n s i n t h e w o r l d , w h i l e t h e y h o p e t h a t together
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t h e y c a n s o l v e the d i s a g r e e m e n t s w h i c h m a y exist, a n d w h i c h i n fact d o exist, w i t h f r i e n d l y c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e i r allies, w i t h i n t h i s status quo. A s a c o n c l u s i o n , says C a r t e r , the U S p o l i c y m u s t b e based o n a n e w , w i d e r m o s a i c o f g l o b a l , r e g i o n a l a n d b i l a t e r a l interests. A f t e r a n a l y s i n g t h i s n e w , w i d e r m o saic o f g l o b a l , r e g i o n a l a n d b i l a t e r a l interests, h e r e a f f i r m s t h a t the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w i l l h o n o u r a l l its c o m m i t m e n t s t o N A T O , w h i c h m u s t b e a s t r o n g o r g a n i z a t i o n , because the a l l i a n c e o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w i t h t h e great i n d u s t r i a l i z e d d e m o c r a c i e s i s i n dispensable, since i t defends t h e s a m e v a l u e s , a n d t h e r e fore w e s h o u l d a l l f i g h t f o r a b e t t e r life. A s can b e seen, t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , too, i s j o i n i n g the S o v i e t m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i sionists a n d t h e b i g i n d u s t r i a l i z e d d e m o c r a c i e s i n t h e i r e f f o r t s to create a n e w r e a l i t y , a n e w w o r l d . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h r o u g h d e m a g o g y , t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s t r y i n g t o a d a p t its p o l i c y t o t h e n e w s i t u a t i o n s . I n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e status quo, t o h a l t t h e d r i v e o f Soviet hegemonism, to weaken Soviet social-imperialism a n d t o w i n C h i n a o v e r t o its side, s o t h a t i t i s e v e r m o r e d e e p l y c o m m i t t e d t o the i m p e r i a l i s t camp, i n o r d e r to quell the revolutionary struggles of the proletariat a n d the peoples, t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a h a s t o m a k e some p h o n e y p o l i t i c a l concessions. B u t i t i s m a k i n g n o concessions i n m i l i t a r y m a t t e r s , n o concessions i n t h e p o l i c y o f k e e p i n g t h e states a n d t h e peoples i n b o n d a g e and under control, in the policy of the exploitation of the n a t i o n a l w e a l t h o f t h e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s t o i t s o w n advantage and that of the industrialized countries. T h i s i s t h e n e w p o l i c y o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . It is clear to us t h a t t h i s is by no m e a n s a n e w policy, but an old predatory imperialist, neo-colonialist, e n s l a v i n g p o l i c y o f r u t h l e s s l y e x p l o i t i n g t h e peoples a n d
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their wealth, a policy of putting d o w n revolutions and national liberation wars. US imperialism now wants to give this old, permanent policy an allegedly new, fresh coat o f p a i n t , t o a r m c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y elements, w h e t h e r i n p o w e r o r not, w i t h w e a p o n s t o f i g h t c o m m u n i s m w h i c h raises t h e peoples a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n l i b eration wars and revolution. C o n t r a r y t o t h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s , w h i c h is a fraudulent capitalist and revisionist theory, U S i m p e r i a l i s m i s s t i l l o n the o f f e n s i v e . I t i s s t r i v i n g t o p r e s e r v e its o l d a l l i a n c e s a n d t o create n e w ones t o its o w n advantage and to the disadvantage of Soviet sociali m p e r i a l i s m o r w h o e v e r else m i g h t t h r e a t e n U S i m p e r i a l ist p o w e r . I n p a r t i c u l a r i t i s t r y i n g t o s t r e n g t h e n N A T O , w h i c h has b e e n a n d r e m a i n s a n aggressive p o l i t i c a l a n d military organization. I n a l l its strategic m a n o e u v r i n g the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s n o t a g g r a v a t i n g its r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n beyond a certain point and is continuing the S A L T n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h it, a l t h o u g h C a r t e r stated t h a t the U S A was going ahead w i t h the production of neutron bombs. D e s p i t e this, b e t w e e n the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the Soviet U n i o n , there is an obvious tendency towards m a i n t a i n i n g t h e status q u o . O f course, w h i l e t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d N A T O are s t r i v i n g t o p r e s e r v e t h i s status q u o w i t h t h e Soviet U n i o n , at the same time, they have contradictions w i t h it, b u t these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s h a v e n o t yet r e a c h e d such a l e v e l a s t o j u s t i f y t h e C h i n e s e r e f r a i n t h a t w a r i n Europe is imminent. At present, US i m p e r i a l i s m is supporting C h i n a so that i t becomes s t r o n g e r m i l i t a r i l y a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y . U S c a p i t a l i s p o u r i n g i n t o C h i n a , w h e r e not o n l y t h e p r i n c i p a l A m e r i c a n b a n k s , b u t also t h e A m e r i c a n state, a r e m a k i n g l a r g e i n v e s t m e n t s t h r o u g h credits.
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T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s p l a y i n g t h e C h i n a c a r d h e a v i l y , b u t i s h e d g i n g its bets. A t t h e s a m e t i m e i t i s c o n t i n u i n g t o p l a y t h e c a r d o f J a p a n , too. T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w a n t s s m o o t h w a t e r s b e t w e e n i t s e l f a n d J a p a n , w a n t s the a i d b e t w e e n t h e m t o b e m u t u a l b o that J a p a n , a c c o r d i n g t o the A m e r i c a n a i m s , w i l l b e strengthened and become l i k e an Israel in the F a r East, the P a c i f i c , S o u t h e a s t A s i a a n d , w h y not, i f r e q u i r e d a n d w h e n the t i m e comes, i n its c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h C h i n a too, eventually. T h i s i s the s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h C h i n a s i g n e d t h e t r e a t y of friendship and co-operation w i t h Japan. B u t this treaty has b e g u n t o assume m a j o r d a n g e r o u s a n d u g l y p r o p o r tions f o r the fate o f t h e w o r l d f r o m m a n y angles, a n d i t w i l l d o i n the f u t u r e , because close e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y collaboration w i l l be established between J a p a n and C h i na, w h i c h w i l l h a v e a s its o b j e c t i v e t h e c r e a t i o n o f sep a r a t e a n d j o i n t spheres o f i n f l u e n c e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n Asia, A u s t r a l i a and the whole Pacific basin. N a t u r a l l y , this c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i l l b e g i n t o b e b u i l t u n d e r t h e s h a d o w o f t h e a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the p r o p a g a n d a o f w a r against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . The m a i n a i m of this Sino-Japanese alliance is the containm e n t a n d w e a k e n i n g o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , its e v i c t i o n f r o m Siberia, M o n g o l i a a n d elsewhere, the e l i m i n a t i o n o f its i n f l u e n c e i n t h e w h o l e o f A s i a a n d O c e a n i a , a n d a l l the A S E A N m e m b e r c o u n t r i e s . This is the strategy of US imperialism, but at the same t i m e , also, o f C h i n e s e i m p e r i a l i s m a n d J a p a n e s e m i l i t a r i s m . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w i l l t r y t o assist C h i n a a n d J a p a n a n d k e e p t h e m u n d e r its d i r e c tion, to strengthen the alliance w i t h them and h u r l them against t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . B u t t h e r e i s also t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t the d a y m a y come w h e n t h e d i a b o l i c , h y p o c r i t i c a l , empire-building, unprincipled policy in the imperialist-
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militarist spirit, pursued by C h i n a and Japan, w i l l t u r n against t h e s u p e r p o w e r w h i c h h e l p e d t h e m t o recover, j u s t a s G e r m a n y d i d i n t h e past, w h e n i t b e c a m e a t e r r i b l e fascist p o w e r , a t t a c k e d the a l l i e s o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d w e n t t o w a r e v e n w i t h t h e l a t t e r , in the time of Hitler. T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w i l l t r y t o h o l d the balance b e t w e e n t h e C h i n e s e p o w e r a n d the r i s i n g J a p a nese p o w e r . B u t one f i n e m o r n i n g , t h i s b a l a n c e w i l l s l i p f r o m its g r a s p a n d the S i n o - J a p a n e s e i m p e r i a l i s t - m i l i t a r i s t alliance w i l l become a threat not o n l y to the Soviet U n i o n , b u t also t o the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a itself, because t h e i n t e r e s t s o f these t w o b i g i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n tries o f A s i a , C h i n a a n d J a p a n , c o n v e r g e i n t h e i r a i m s of d o m i n a t i o n in A s i a a n d elsewhere, a n d of w e a k e n i n g US imperialism and Soviet social-imperialism. I n N A T O , t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a has a d o m i n a n t p o s i t i o n a n d great m i l i t a r y , p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c i n f l u e n c e . H o w e v e r , despite its u n i t y , w i t h i n N A T O a d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n has b e g u n f r o m the s t a n d - p o i n t o f the i n f l u e n c e o f its v a r i o u s m e m b e r c o u n t r i e s a n d the e m e r g ence of one state o v e r t h e others. Y e a r by year, the F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c of G e r m a n y is b e c o m i n g s t r o n g e r w i t h i n this o r g a n i z a t i o n . Its e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l p o w e r a n d its t r a d e i n a r m s g o b e y o n d the b o u n d s o f the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t . N o w w e m a y say t h a t t h e p o l i c y o f W e s t G e r m a n y i s a s s u m i n g the features o f t o t a l i t a r i a n fascist r e v a n c h i s m , s e e k i n g t o create its o w n spheres o f i n f l u e n c e . N a t u r a l l y , t h i s does not suit e i t h e r B r i t a i n o r F r a n c e , t h e t w o o r i g i n a l m a i n p a r t n e r s o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i n N A T O . W e s t G e r m a n y i s s e e k i n g the r e u n i f i c a t i o n o f t h e t w o G e r m a n states so as to create one p o w e r f u l state w i t h a great m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l w h i c h w i l l b e a t h r e a t t o S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a n d , in case of a g e n e r a l c o n -
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flagration, in alliance w i t h J a p a n and C h i n a , m a y become a d a n g e r to the w h o l e w o r l d . It is d e v e l o p i n g v e r y close r e l a t i o n s w i t h C h i n a , i n p a r t i c u l a r . A m o n g the E u r o p e a n states, i t occupies t h e m a i n p l a c e i n t r a d e e x c h a n g e s w i t h C h i n a . W e s t G e r m a n y i s t h e biggest a n d the m o s t p o w e r f u l E u r o p e a n s u p p l i e r o f credits, t e c h n o l o g y a n d m o d e r n armaments to China. B r i t a i n a n d F r a n c e are also v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n C h i n a , t h e r e f o r e t h e y are d e v e l o p i n g t h e i r r e l a t i o n s w i t h it. H o w ever, C h i n a i s m o r e i n t e r e s t e d i n B o n n . T h i s i s w o r r y i n g B r i t a i n a n d F r a n c e , because b y b e c o m i n g stronger, t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y m a y become e v e n m o r e dominant over the other partners of N A T O and the E u ropean C o m m o n M a r k e t . Hence, we observe that both the B r i t i s h a n d the F r e n c h g o v e r n m e n t s speak o f f r i e n d s h i p a n d r e l a t i o n s w i t h C h i n a , b u t t h e y d o n o t f o r g e t t o stress that they w a n t f u r t h e r development of their economic a n d f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , too. B o n n says this, too, b u t i t i s r a p i d l y d e v e l o p i n g its r e l a t i o n s w i t h C h i n a , w h i c h presents itself a s the m a i n e n e m y o f the S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e p o w e r f u l r e v a n c h i s t s o f B o n n a r e o p e n l y a d v e r t i s i n g t h e m s e l v e s as C h i n a ' s closest a l l i e s . T h e r e f o r e , C h i n a does not r e g a r d F e d e r a l G e r m a n y i n the same l i g h t a s F r a n c e a n d B r i t a i n .
T h e Strategy of Soviet S o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m H a v i n g seized state p o w e r i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s set t h e m s e l v e s a s t h e i r m a i n o b j e c t i v e the d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e Soviet U n i o n into an imperialist superpower. (1)
_____________________________ 1 See E n v e r H o x h a , T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s (Memoirs), N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1984, 2nd A l b . ed. 8
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A f t e r they had consolidated their positions following the d e a t h o f S t a l i n , K h r u s h c h e v a n d the g r o u p a r o u n d h i m f i r s t o f a l l l a u n c h e d t h e i r a t t a c k o n the M a r x i s t Leninist ideology and began their struggle to dethrone L e n i n i s m b y a t t a c k i n g S t a l i n a n d l e v e l l i n g against h i m a l l t h e s l a n d e r s t h e f i l t h y p r o p a g a n d a o f the w o r l d c a p i t alist b o u r g e o i s i e h a d l o n g b e e n f a b r i c a t i n g . T h u s , the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s became the spokesmen and the executors of the wishes of capital against the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n the S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e y w e n t t o w o r k s y s t e m a t i c a l l y t o l i q u i d a t e the e n t i r e socialist s t r u c t u r e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t h e y f o u g h t t o l i b e r a l i z e t h e S o v i e t s y s t e m , to t r a n s f o r m the state of the d i c t a t o r s h i p of the p r o l e t a r i a t i n t o a b o u r g e o i s state, a n d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e socialist e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e i n t o a capitalist economy a n d culture. T h e Soviet U n i o n , w h i c h had turned into a revisionist c o u n t r y , i n t o a s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t state, b u i l t up its o w n s t r a t e g y a n d tactics. T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s w o r k e d o u t s u c h a p o l i c y as to e n a b l e t h e m to disguise a l l t h e i r activity w i t h Leninist phraseology. T h e y elaborated their r e v i s i o n i s t i d e o l o g y i n s u c h a w a y a s t o p a l m i t off u p o n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples a s t h e M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m of the n e w period, so they could tell the communists, i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e t h e c o u n t r y , t h a t the r e v o l u t i o n w a s c o n t i n u i n g i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n the n e w p o l i t i c a l , ideological and economic conditions of w o r l d development, a n d n o t o n l y t h a t t h i s r e v o l u t i o n w a s c o n t i n u i n g there, b u t t h a t t h i s c o u n t r y w a s a l l e g e d l y g o i n g o v e r t o the stage of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a classless c o m m u n i s t society, w h e r e t h e p a r t y a n d the state w e r e w i t h e r i n g away. T h e p a r t y w a s s t r i p p e d o f its a t t r i b u t e s a s the v a n g u a r d of the w o r k i n g class, as the sole p o l i t i c a l l e a d i n g force o f the state a n d society, a n d w a s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o
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a party dominated by the apparatchiki and the K G B . T h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s c a l l e d t h e i r p a r t y the p a r t y o f the e n t i r e people a n d r e d u c e d it to s u c h a c o n d i t i o n t h a t i t c o u l d n o l o n g e r b e the p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, b u t the p a r t y o f the n e w S o v i e t b o u r g e o i s i e . O n the o t h e r h a n d , the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s p r e a c h e d K h r u s h c h e v i t e p e a c e f u l coexistence a s t h e g e n e r a l l i n e o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t a n d p r o c l a i m e d p e a c e f u l c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m a s the r o a d t o the t r i u m p h o f s o c i a l i s m i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d other c o u n t r i e s . T h e y also d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n h a d a l l e g e d l y e n t e r e d a n e w stage, t h a t i t c o u l d t r i u m p h also i n w a y s o t h e r t h a n t h e s e i z u r e o f state power by the proletariat through violence. A c c o r d i n g to t h e m , state p o w e r c o u l d b e t a k e n i n p e a c e f u l , p a r l i a m e n tary and democratic ways, through reforms. G a m b l i n g on the name of L e n i n and the Bolshevik Party, the K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionists did their utmost to impose this a n t i - M a r x i s t line of theirs, this revision of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y i n a l l f i e l d s , o n a l l t h e c o m munist parties of the w o r l d . T h e y w a n t e d the communist a n d w o r k e r s ' p a r t i e s o f the w o r l d t o a d o p t t h i s r e v i s i o n i s t line and transform themselves into counter-revolutionary parties, i n t o b l i n d tools o f the b o u r g e o i s d i c t a t o r s h i p , t o serve c a p i t a l i s m . B u t this was not f u l l y achieved as they desired, first a n d foremost, because t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a r e m a i n e d u n w a v e r i n g i n its consistent i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d i n defence o f its p u r i t y . A t those m o m e n t s t h e r e w e r e some o t h e r p a r t i e s w h i c h , f o r t h e i r o w n , not p u r e l y M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t reasons, w a v e r e d , d i d not f u l l y accept t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e o r i e n t a t i o n s , w h i l e some accepted t h e m r e l u c t a n t l y , b u t l a t e r s u b m i t t e d t o t h e m . A t those m o m e n t s , t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , too, o p p o s e d the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s , b u t as t h e facts s h o w , it
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p r o c e e d e d f r o m a i m s a n d o b j e c t i v e s q u i t e the opposite o f those w h i c h i m p e l l e d the P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a t o t h r o w itself i n t o t h e s t r u g g l e against K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i sionism. W i t h t h e i r a d v e n t t o p o w e r t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s also prepared the p l a t f o r m of their foreign policy. Just like U S i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , too, based its foreign policy on expansion and hegemonism by means o f t h e a r m a m e n t s race, p r e s s u r e a n d b l a c k m a i l , a n d m i l i t a r y , e c o n o m i c a n d i d e o l o g i c a l aggression. T h e a i m o f t h i s p o l i c y w a s the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t d o m i n a t i o n over the w h o l e w o r l d . I n the C o m e c o n c o u n t r i e s , the S o v i e t U n i o n i s i m plementing a typically neo-colonialist policy. T h e econo m i e s o f these c o u n t r i e s h a v e b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a p pendages o f t h e S o v i e t e c o n o m y . T h e W a r s a w T r e a t y serves the S o v i e t U n i o n t o k e e p these c o u n t r i e s u n d e r its y o k e , e n a b l i n g i t t o s t a t i o n t h e r e l a r g e m i l i t a r y forces, w h i c h are n o d i f f e r e n t f r o m o c c u p a t i o n a r m i e s . T h e W a r s a w T r e a t y i s a n a g g r e s s i v e m i l i t a r y p a c t w h i c h serves the policy of pressure, b l a c k m a i l and a r m e d intervention of Soviet social-imperialism. The revisionist-imperialist theories o n the socialist c o m m u n i t y , the socialist d i v i s i o n o f l a b o u r , l i m i t e d s o v e r e i g n t y , socialist e c o n o m i c i n t e g r a t i o n , etc., also, serve t h i s n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t policy. B u t Soviet social-imperialism is not satisfied w i t h the d o m i n a t i o n i t exercises o v e r its satellite states. L i k e the o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t states, the S o v i e t U n i o n i s n o w f i g h t i n g f o r n e w m a r k e t s , f o r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u e n c e , t o i n v e s t its c a p i t a l i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s , t o m o n o p o l i z e sources o f r a w m a t e r i a l s , t o e x t e n d its n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m i n A f r i c a , A s i a , L a t i n A m e r i c a and elsewhere. S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m has a w h o l e s t r a t e g i c p l a n w h i c h i n c l u d e s a series of economic, p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l
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a n d m i l i t a r y a c t i v i t i e s f o r the p u r p o s e o f e x t e n d i n g its e x pansion and hegemonism. A t the same t i m e the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s are w o r k i n g t o u n d e r m i n e the peoples' r e v o l u t i o n s a n d the l i b e r a t i o n w a r s b y p r e c i s e l y t h e s a m e m e a n s a n d m e t h o d s a s those employed by the US imperialists. Usually, the social-imp e r i a l i s t s operate t h r o u g h t h e i r tools, t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r ties, but, a c c o r d i n g to the o c c a s i o n a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e y also t r y t o c o r r u p t a n d b r i b e the r u l i n g c l i q u e s i n the u n d e v e l o p e d countries, o f f e r e n s l a v i n g e c o n o m i c a i d i n o r d e r t o get a f o o t h o l d i n these c o u n t r i e s , s t i r u p a r m e d c o n f l i c t s a m o n g the d i f f e r e n t cliques, s i d i n g w i t h one o r the other, o r g a n i z e p l o t s a n d putsches t o b r i n g p r o - S o v i e t r e g i m e s t o p o w e r , a n d e v e n resort t o d i r e c t m i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n t i o n , as t h e y d i d , together w i t h t h e C u b a n s , in Angola, Ethiopia, and elsewhere. The Soviet social-imperialists carry out their i n t e r v e n t i o n , t h e i r h e g e m o n i c , n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t actions u n d e r t h e disguise o f a i d t o a n d s u p p o r t f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces, t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . In reality they help the counter-revolution. T h e S o v i e t U n i o n tries t o o p e n the w a y t o r e a l i z i n g its e x p a n s i o n i s t , n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t plans, b y p r e s e n t i n g itself as a c o u n t r y w h i c h is p u r s u i n g a L e n i n i s t i n ternationalist policy, as an ally, friend and defender of the n e w n a t i o n a l states, the u n d e v e l o p e d countries, etc. T h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s p r e a c h that, b y l i n k i n g u p w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e so-called socialist c o m m u n i t y , w h i c h they p r o c l a i m as the m a i n motive force of w o r l d d e v e l o p m e n t today, these c o u n t r i e s c a n a d v a n c e successf u l l y o n the r o a d o f f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e , e v e n o f s o c i a l i s m . T h i s i s w h y t h e y h a v e also concocted the t h e ories o f the n o n - c a p i t a l i s t r o a d o f d e v e l o p m e n t , c o u n t r i e s of socialist o r i e n t a t i o n , etc. D e s p i t e w h a t t h e y p r e t e n d , t h e s t r a t e g y o f the S o v i e t
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s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s has n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h s o c i a l i s m a n d L e n i n i s m . It is t h e s t r a t e g y of a p r e d a t o r y i m p e r i a l ist state w h i c h w a n t s t o e x t e n d its h e g e m o n y a n d d o m i n a t i o n to a l l countries on a l l continents. T h i s h e g e m o n i c a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t p o l i c y , w h i c h the r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n i s p u r s u i n g , clashes, a s i t i s b o u n d t o do, w i t h the p o l i c y w h i c h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s p u r s u i n g a n d o n w h i c h C h i n a , too, has s e t out. T h i s is a clash of interests among imperialists in their struggle for the redivision of the w o r l d . It is prec i s e l y these i n t e r e s t s a n d t h i s s t r u g g l e t h a t p i t the one s u p e r p o w e r against t h e other, t h a t i m p e l each o f t h e m t o use a l l the forces a n d m e a n s a t its d i s p o s a l t o w e a k e n its r i v a l o r r i v a l s , a l t h o u g h t h e i r clashes h a v e n o t yet r e a c h e d s u c h a d e g r e e of e x a c e r b a t i o n t h a t t h e y h u r l t h e m s e l v e s i n t o a r m e d conflicts.
T h e Strategy of Chinese S o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m T h e e v e n t s a n d facts are d e m o n s t r a t i n g e v e r m o r e c l e a r l y t h a t C h i n a i s s i n k i n g deeper a n d deeper i n t o r e v i sionism, capitalism and imperialism. On this road, it is w o r k i n g to a t t a i n a series of s t r a t e g i c objectives, on a national and international level. O n a n a t i o n a l l e v e l . C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m has set i t s e l f t h e task of a b o l i s h i n g a n y m e a s u r e of a socialist character w h i c h m a y have been taken after liberation, a n d b u i l d i n g i n t h e c o u n t r y a c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m i n the base a n d the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , o f m a k i n g C h i n a a great c a p i t a l i s t p o w e r b y the e n d o f t h i s c e n t u r y t h r o u g h t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the so-called f o u r m o d e r n i z a t i o n s , of i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , t h e a r m y a n d science. I t i s s t r i v i n g t o create s u c h a n i n t e r n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y as to e n s u r e t h e d o m i n a t i o n of t h e old
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and new Chinese capitalist bourgeoisie over the Chinese people. C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s m i s t r y i n g t o e s t a b l i s h t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d t h i s d o m i n a t i o n i n t h e fascist w a y . b y m e a n s of the c l u b a n d o p p r e s s i o n . It is w o r k i n g to c r e a t e a u n i t y b e t w e e n the a r m y a n d t h e c i v i l i a n base, s o t h a t the l a t t e r w i l l s e r v e this a r m y o f o p p r e s s i o n . The forms and methods w h i c h have attracted the a t t e n t i o n o f the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p m o s t a n d w h i c h m a y b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n C h i n a are those o f t h e T i t o i t e s , e s p e c i a l l y the s y s t e m o f Y u g o s l a v s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . M a n y C h i n e s e c o m m i s s i o n s a n d d e l e g a t i o n s o f a l l sectors a n d profiles have been charged w i t h studying this system a n d the experience of Y u g o s l a v capitalist socialism in gener a l , o n t h e spot. A l r e a d y a start has b e e n m a d e o n p u t t i n g t h i s s y s t e m and experience into practice in C h i n a . On the other hand however, it is impossible for the revisionist leaders of C h i n a n o t t o see the f a i l u r e s o f t h e T i t o i t e s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , not t o b e a r i n m i n d t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e i r c o u n t r y w h i c h are e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m those o f Y u g o s l a v i a . B e s i d e s this, t h e y c o n s i d e r i t necessary, also, t o b o r r o w m a n y of the capitalist forms and methods, w h i c h , accordi n g t o t h e m , h a v e p r o v e d t h e i r effectiveness i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , W e s t G e r m a n y , J a p a n a n d other b o u r g e o i s c o u n t r i e s . A p p a r e n t l y , the c a p i t a l i s t s y s tem w h i c h is being built and developed in C h i n a w i l l be a h y b r i d of various revisionist, capitalist and t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese forms and methods. To become a b i g capitalist power, Chinese r e v i s i o n i s m needs a p e r i o d of peace. T h e s l o g a n of t h e great order, i s s u e d b y t h e 11th C o n g r e s s o f t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y , ( 2 ) i s l i n k e d w i t h t h i s necessity. T o e n s u r e s u c h o r d e r r e q u i r e s a c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r of t h e fascist d i c t a t o r i a l t y p e ,
__________________________ 2 H e l d in A u g u s t 1977.
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o n t h e one h a n d , w h i l e , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , peace a n d c o m p r o m i s e a m o n g t h e r i v a l groups, w h i c h h a v e a l w a y s e x i s t e d i n the C h i n e s e p a r t y a n d state, m u s t b e m a i n t a i n e d w i t h o u t f a i l . T i m e w i l l t e l l t o w h a t e x t e n t this o r d e r a n d peace w i l l b e e n s u r e d . In their policy of t u r n i n g C h i n a into a superpower, the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s a i m t o m a k e e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y gains f r o m U S i m p e r i a l i s m , a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s w h i c h a r e a l l i e s o f t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a . T h i s p o l i c y p u r s u e d b y C h i n a has a r o u s e d k e e n i n terest i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d , e s p e c i a l l y o n t h e p a r t o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h sees i n t h i s p o l i c y o f C h i n a a great s u p p o r t f o r its s t r a t e g y o f m a i n t a i n i n g c a p i t a l i s m and imperialism, strengthening neo-colonialism, putting d o w n revolutions and strangling socialism, as w e l l as of w e a k e n i n g its r i v a l , t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . A s C a r t e r has d e c l a r e d , U S i m p e r i a l i s m w a n t s to c o l l a b o r a t e c l o s e l y w i t h the Chinese. H e has stressed: We consider the U S - C h i n e s e relations a central element of our global policy and we look u p o n C h i n a as a key force f o r peace. C h i n a i s f o r t h e closest p o s s i b l e p e a c e f u l coexistence w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . W i t h these v i e w s a n d stands, C h i n a i s l i n i n g itself u p w i t h those b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t states w h i c h base t h e i r existence a s states o n U S i m p e r i a l i s m . T h i s t u r n o f C h i n a t o w a r d s i m p e r i a l i s m , l i k e t h a t o f the S o v i e t U n i o n and o t h e r s b e f o r e it, is b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e a r e a l i t y w i t h each p a s s i n g d a y . T h i s i s seen e v e n b y t h e i m p e r i a l ists t h e m s e l v e s , w h o , r e j o i c i n g a t t h i s n e w r e a l i t y , declare t h a t the i d e o l o g i c a l c o n f l i c t s w h i c h d i v i d e d t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d C h i n a i n the '50s a r e less a p p a r e n t t o d a y a n d t h e r e is an e v e r increasing need for collaboration among the superpowers...
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T h e U S i m p e r i a l i s t s , together w i t h P r e s i d e n t C a r t e r , a r e r e a d y t o p r o v i d e C h i n a w i t h assistance t o s t r e n g t h e n its e c o n o m y a n d a r m y , of course, to the degree t h a t i n t e r ests t h e m . T h e y a r e p a t t i n g the b a c k s o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t leaders because t h e s t r a t e g y o f C h i n a constitutes a n i m p o r t a n t a i d f o r t h e h e g e m o n i c a i m s o f U S imperialism. C h i n a a p p l a u d s the A m e r i c a n v i e w s a n d actions against t h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n because i t w a n t s t o s h o w t h a t t h e y a l l e g e d l y serve t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e w e a k e n i n g o f t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s great p o w e r i n t h e w o r l d , S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . F o r its p a r t , U S i m p e r i a l i s m a p p l a u d s C h i n a ' s v i e w s a n d actions against t h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n , because, as one of C a r t e r ' s closest c o l l a b o r a t o r s has p u t it, the S i n o - S o v i e t c o n f l i c t creates a m o r e p l u r a l i s t k i n d o f g l o b a l s t r u c t u r e , w h i c h U S i m p e r i a l i s m p r e f e r s a n d considers c o m p a t i b l e w i t h its n o t i o n o f h o w t h e w o r l d s h o u l d b e o r g a n i z e d , or, i n other w o r d s , h o w the o t h e r s s h o u l d b e i n c i t e d t o b u m p each o t h e r off i n o r d e r t o m a k e i t easier f o r t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t o d o m i n a t e t h e w o r l d . C h i n a ' s p r a g m a t i c a n d v e n a l p o l i c y has l e d i t t o become a n a l l y o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d p r o c l a i m S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a s the m a i n e n e m y a n d threat. T o m o r r o w , w h e n C h i n a sees t h a t i t h a s a c h i e v e d its o b j e c t i v e o f w e a k e n i n g S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , w h e n , i n its logic, i t sees t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m i s b e c o m i n g stronger, since i t relies o n one i m p e r i a l i s m t o f i g h t the other, i t m a y c o n t i n u e the f i g h t o n t h e o t h e r f l a n k . I n t h i s case U S i m p e r i a l i s m c o u l d become the m o r e d a n g e r o u s a n d t h e n C h i n a m u s t a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e v e r s e its p r e v i o u s s t a n d . This is a real possibility. At their 8th Congress in 1956, the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s c o n s i d e r e d U S i m p e r i a l i s m t h e m a i n threat. L a t e r , a t t h e i r 9 t h C o n g r e s s , i n A p r i l 1969, t h e y p r o c l a i m e d that t h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s , U S i m -
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p e r i a l i s m a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , c o m p r i s e d the m a i n d a n g e r . L a t e r , f o l l o w i n g the 10th C o n g r e s s w h i c h w a s h e l d i n A u g u s t 1973, a n d a t the 11th Congress, t h e y proclaimed Soviet social-imperialism alone as the m a i n enemy. W i t h such waverings, w i t h such a pragmatic p o l icy, i t i s not i m p o s s i b l e t h a t the 12th o r t h e 13th C o n g ress c o u l d c o m e o u t i n s u p p o r t o f S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l ism and p r o c l a i m US i m p e r i a l i s m as the m a i n enemy, a n d this w i l l g o o n u n t i l C h i n a , too, a t t a i n s its g o a l o f b e c o m i n g a great c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d p o w e r . T h i s b e i n g t h e case, w h a t r o l e w i l l C h i n a p l a y o n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a ? Its role w i l l n e v e r b e r e v o l u t i o n a r y , b u t r e g r e s s i v e a n d c o u n ter-revolutionary. A n i m p o r t a n t aspect o f the C h i n e s e f o r e i g n p o l i c y i s the a l l i a n c e w i t h J a p a n . A s w e p o i n t e d out above, t h i s racist a l l i a n c e b e t w e e n these t w o states, w h i c h w a s r e c e n t l y sealed w i t h t h e S i n o - J a p o n e s e T r e a t y , i s i n t e n d e d t o r e a l i z e the s t r a t e g i c p l a n s o f C h i n a a n d J a p a n f o r t h e i r joint domination of A s i a , the A S E A N countries and Ocea n i a . T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s n e e d t h i s t r e a t y a n d the f r i e n d s h i p w i t h J a p a n , s o that, together w i t h the J a p a n e s e militarists, they can threaten Soviet social-imperialism a n d p o s s i b l y l i q u i d a t e i t a n d its i n f l u e n c e i n A s i a . B u t C h i n a also w a n t s t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f its l i n k s w i t h J a p a n t o get credits, t o i m p o r t e q u i p m e n t , t e c h n o l o g y a n d a r m a m e n t s f r o m J a p a n , i n o r d e r t o r e a l i z e its o w n g r e a t - p o w e r a m b i t i o n s . C h i n a attaches s u c h i m p o r tance t o its a l l - r o u n d e c o n o m i c c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h J a p a n that m o r e t h a n h a l f its f o r e i g n t r a d e i s w i t h t h a t c o u n t r y . I n o r d e r t o i m p l e m e n t its e x p a n s i o n i s t p o l i c y , s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t C h i n a i s w o r k i n g t o e x t e n d its i n f l u e n c e i n A s i a a s m u c h a s possible. A t p r e s e n t i t has n o i n f l u e n c e a t a l l i n I n d i a , w h e r e b o t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n h a v e t h e i r separate a n d c o m m o n interests w i t h i n the c o n t e x t o f the changes a n d a l l i a n c e s
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w h i c h the future m a y bring. C h i n a n o w wishes to start s o m e w h a t better d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h I n d i a . B u t I n d i a has great p r e t e n s i o n s t o w a r d s T i b e t . I n d i a w i l l t r y to liquidate even that little influence C h i n a m a y have i n P a k i s t a n , because P a k i s t a n i s s i t u a t e d i n a s t r a t e g i c position flanking Iran and Afghanistan. The rivalries over t h e great o i l b a s i n o f t h e M i d d l e East, i n w h i c h U S i m perialism is dominant, begin there. It is v e r y difficult for C h i n a t o p e n e t r a t e t h e r e . I t w i l l f o l l o w a p o l i c y against the interests o f t h e A r a b peoples a n d i n s u p p o r t o f A m e r i c a n interests u n t i l s u c h t i m e a s i t becomes s t r o n g . A t t h e same t i m e , C h i n a w i l l h e l p t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r ica t o set u p , j o i n t l y w i t h s u c h c o u n t r i e s a s I r a n , S a u d i A r a b i a , etc., a p o w e r f u l b a r r i e r t o S o v i e t p o l i t i c a l , e c o n omic and military penetration into this area v i t a l to American and European imperialisms. T o a c h i e v e t h e i r aims, t h e C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s are devoting special attention to Western Europe. T h e i r objective is to pit it against Soviet social-imperialism. That is w h y they support N A T O and the alliance of the E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , the European C o m m o n M a r k e t and the United Europe, in every way. I n its strategic p l a n , s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t C h i n a a i m s t o e x t e n d its i n f l u e n c e a n d h e g e m o n y t o t h e c o u n t r i e s o f w h a t i t calls the t h i r d w o r l d . T h e t h e o r y o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d has great i m p o r t a n c e f o r C h i n a . M a o Z e d o n g d i d not p r o c l a i m this theory as a dreamer, but w i t h definite hegemonic aims that C h i n a should dominate the w o r l d . H i s successors a r e f o l l o w i n g t h i s s a m e s t r a t e g y o f M a o Zedong and Zhou Enlai. T h e C h i n e s e strategic a m b i t i o n s also e x t e n d t o w h a t i s c a l l e d the n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d , w h i c h t h e T i t o i t e s a d vocate. T h e r e i s n o d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n these w o r l d s , one o v e r l a p s t h e other. I t i s h a r d t o d i s t i n g u i s h w h i c h
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states b e l o n g t o t h e t h i r d w o r l d a n d w h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h e m f r o m the n o n - a l i g n e d countries, w h i c h states belong to the non-aligned and what distinguishes them f r o m those o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d . T h u s , w h a t e v e r t h e y a r e c a l l e d , t h e y a r e t h e s a m e states. T h i s i s one o f t h e reasons w h y t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p gives so m u c h importance to m a i n t a i n i n g v e r y f r i e n d l y state a n d p a r t y r e l a t i o n s w i t h T i t o a n d Y u g o s l a v i a i n a l l fields, i d e o l o g i c a l , p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c , o r m i l i t a r y . T h e c o m m u n i t y of views of the Chinese revisionists a n d the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s does n o t p r e v e n t e i t h e r o f them f r o m exploiting this cordial friendship for their o w n particular purposes. Tito is t r y i n g to exploit H u a Guofeng's declarations about his a n d the Y u g o s l a v party's l o y a l t y to M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , a b o u t t h e socialist c h a r a c t e r o f s e l f - a d m i n i s tration, and the Marxist-Leninist internal and external policy w h i c h the Titoites are allegedly pursuing, in order to show that the condemnation of Tito for his a n t i - M a r x ist d e v i a t i o n s , h i s c h a u v i n i s t , r e a c t i o n a r y a n d p r o - i m p e r ialist policy and his revisionism, is n o t h i n g but a slander b y the S t a l i n i s t s , a n d , o n t h i s basis, h e i s s e e k i n g t o b u i l d u p h i s o w n r e p u t a t i o n o n the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . F o r his part, H u a G u o f e n g is exploiting relations w i t h Y u g o s l a v i a for what is called China's opening to E u r o p e . T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s are also t r y i n g t o e x p l o i t t h e i r f r i e n d s h i p w i t h t h e T i t o i t e s , w h o pose a s c h a m p i o n s of non-alignment, as an important channel through w h i c h t o p e n e t r a t e i n t o the n o n - a l i g n e d c o u n t r i e s a n d e s t a b l i s h t h e i r d o m i n a t i o n there. I t w a s not w i t h o u t a n ulterior motive that d u r i n g his visit to Yugoslavia, (3) H u a G u o f e n g praised the non-aligned movement to the skies a s the v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r c e i n the s t r u g g l e o f t h e p e o _______________________________ 3 In A u g u s t 1978.
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ples o f the w o r l d against i m p e r i a l i s m , c o l o n i a l i s m a n d h e g e m o n i s m . H e sang the p r a i s e s o f t h i s m o v e m e n t a n d T i t o because h e d r e a m s o f t a k i n g c o n t r o l o f t h i s m o v e m e n t a n d m a k i n g B e i j i n g its centre. I n a l l its aspects, the p o l i c y o f C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m is the p o l i c y of a great i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r , a c o u n ter-revolutionary and war-mongering policy, and theref o r e the peoples w i l l come t o hate it, oppose it, a n d f i g h t it more and more fiercely.
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The imperialist superpowers, of w h i c h we spoke above, w i l l r e m a i n i m p e r i a l i s t a n d w a r - m o n g e r i n g , a n d , i f not t o d a y , t o m o r r o w t h e y w i l l p l u n g e the w o r l d i n t o a great n u c l e a r w a r . A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m i s s t r i v i n g t o get its h o o k s e v e r m o r e d e e p l y i m p l a n t e d i n t o t h e economies o f o t h e r p e o ples, w h i l e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h has j u s t b e g u n t o s p r e a d its claws, i s t r y i n g t o d r i v e t h e m i n t o v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s o f the w o r l d i n o r d e r t o c r e a t e a n d t o consolidate its o w n n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t a n d i m p e r i a l i s t p o s i tions. B u t t h e r e i s also t h e U n i t e d E u r o p e , l i n k e d w i t h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t h r o u g h N A T O , w h i c h has i n d i v i d u a l , not c o n c e n t r a t e d , i m p e r i a l i s t tendencies. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , C h i n a , too, has j o i n e d i n t h e dance i n its e n d e a v o u r s to become a s u p e r p o w e r , as w e l l as J a p a n e s e m i l i t a r i s m w h i c h has r i s e n t o its feet. T h e s e t w o i m p e r i a l isms are l i n k i n g themselves in an alliance in order to f o r m a n i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r opposed t o the others. I n these conditions, t h e great d a n g e r of a w o r l d w a r is i n c r e a s e d . T h e present a l l i a n c e s e x i s t b u t w i l l t e n d t o s h i f t i n t h e sense t h a t t h e y w i l l change t h e i r d i r e c t i o n s , but not t h e i r
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T h e b e a u t i f u l w o r d s p o u r e d out a b o u t d i s a r m a m e n t a t t h e U N O a n d t h e v a r i o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l conferences organized by the imperialists are demagogy. T h e y have c r e a t e d a n d are g u a r d i n g t h e i r m o n o p o l y o f s t r a t e g i c w e a p o n s a n d a r e t r a f f i c k i n g i n a r m s o n a l a r g e scale, n o t t o g u a r a n t e e t h e peace a n d s e c u r i t y o f nations, b u t to d r a w superprofits a n d to suppress the r e v o l u t i o n a n d the peoples, t o u n l e a s h a g g r e s s i v e w a r s . S t a l i n has s a i d :
The bourgeois states are arming and rearming themselves with a vengeance. What for? Of course, not for talks, but for war. And the imperialists need war, because it is the only means for the redivision of the world, for the redivision of markets, sources of primary materials and spheres for the investment of capital.*
In their rivalry, which is driving them towards war, the s u p e r p o w e r s w i l l c e r t a i n l y cause m a n y l o c a l w a r s w h i c h t h e y w i l l i n c i t e b e t w e e n v a r i o u s states o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d , t h e n o n - a l i g n e d , o r t h e d e v e l o p i n g countries. P r e s i d e n t C a r t e r has e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t w a r can o c c u r a t o n l y t w o p o i n t s o f t h e globe, i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d i n A f r i c a . A n d i t i s o b v i o u s w h y : because i t i s p r e c i s e l y i n these t w o r e g i o n s o f t h e w o r l d t h a t t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a has greatest i n t e r e s t s a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . T h e r e i s t h e o i l i n t h e M i d d l e East, a n d i n r i c h A f r i c a t h e r e i s a c l a s h o f great n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t e c o n omic a n d strategic interests over the d i v i s i o n of markets a n d spheres o f i n f l u e n c e a m o n g t h e s u p e r p o w e r s , w h i c h are t r y i n g t o p r e s e r v e a n d s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r p o s i t i o n s a n d to g a i n n e w ones.
______________________________ * J. V. S t a l i n , Works, v o l . 12, pp. 242-243, A l b . ed.
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H o w e v e r , t h e r e are o t h e r s u c h areas, a p a r t f r o m t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d A f r i c a , w h e r e t h e i n t e r e s t s o f the s u p e r p o w e r s clash, a s f o r e x a m p l e i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , p l u s C h i n a , are s t r i v i n g t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r spheres o f i n f l u e n c e a n d d i v i d e the m a r k e t s . T h i s also g i v e s r i s e t o c o n f l i c t s , w h i c h f r o m time to time t u r n into local w a r s w h i c h are i n n o w a y i n t e n d e d t o l i b e r a t e t h e peoples, b u t t o set u p o r r e p l a c e r u l i n g cliques r e p r e s e n t i n g l o c a l c a p i t a l , c l i q u e s w h i c h a r e s o m e t i m e s w i t h one s u p e r p o w e r a n d s o m e t i m e s w i t h the other. S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a n d U S i m p e r i a l i s m are two monsters w h i c h the peoples do not trust. L i k e w i s e , t h e peoples d o n o t t r u s t C h i n a , e i t h e r . W h e n the superpowers fail to achieve their predatory interests t h r o u g h economic, i d e o l o g i c a l a n d d i p l o m a t i c means, w h e n t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e c o m e e x a c e r b a t e d t o t h e m o s t acute l e v e l , w h e n t h e a g r e e m e n t s a n d r e f o r m s p r o v e u n a b l e t o r e s o l v e these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , t h e n t h e w a r b e t w e e n t h e m begins. T h e r e f o r e , t h e peoples, w h o s e b l o o d w i l l b e shed i n this w a r , must strive w i t h m i g h t a n d m a i n n o t t o b e c a u g h t u n a w a r e s , t o sabotage the p r e d a t o r y i n t e r - i m p e r i a l i s t w a r s o t h a t i t does n o t a s s u m e w o r l d - w i d e p r o p o r t i o n s , a n d i f t h e y are u n a b l e t o a c h i e v e this, t o t u r n i t i n t o a l i b e r a t i o n w a r a n d w i n .
T h e Role of T i t o i s m and Other Revisionist T r e n d s in the G l o b a l Strategy of I m p e r i a l i s m and Social-imperialism I n t h e savage f i g h t w h i c h i m p e r i a l i s m a n d s o c i a l imperialism, w o r l d capitalism and reaction are w a g i n g against the r e v o l u t i o n , s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e peoples, t h e y have the support of the m o d e r n revisionists of a l l trends. These renegades a n d t r a i t o r s assist i m p e r i a l i s m i n t h e
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i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f its g l o b a l s t r a t e g y b y u n d e r m i n i n g f r o m w i t h i n , s p l i t t i n g a n d s a b o t a g i n g the e f f o r t s o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e s t r u g g l e o f the peoples t o get r i d o f social and national bondage. The m o d e r n revisionists have taken it upon themselves to denigrate and distort M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , t o confuse people's m i n d s a n d t o a l i e n a t e t h e m f r o m t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e , t o assist c a p i t a l , t o p r e s e r v e a n d p e r p e t u a t e its s y s t e m o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d exploitation. A l o n g w i t h the S o v i e t a n d C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h o m we m e n t i o n e d above, the Yugoslav Titoite revisionists play a role of first-rate importance in this great and dangerous counter-revolutionary game. T i t o i s m is an old agency of capital, a favourite w e a p o n o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e i n its f i g h t a g a i n s t socialism and the liberation movements. T h e peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a f o u g h t s e l f - s a c r i f i c i n g l y against the nazi-fascist occupiers for freedom, democracy a n d s o c i a l i s m . T h e y succeeded i n l i b e r a t i n g t h e i r c o u n t r y , b u t w e r e n o t a l l o w e d t o c o n t i n u e t h e r e v o l u t i o n o n the road to socialism. T h e Y u g o s l a v revisionist leadership, w i t h T i t o at the head, w h i c h h a d long been w o r k e d on secretly by the Intelligence Service and w h i c h , d u r i n g the p e r i o d of t h e w a r , posed as p r e s e r v i n g the f e a t u r e s of a p a r t y o f t h e T h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l , i n fact, h a d o t h e r aims, w h i c h w e r e c o n t r a r y t o M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d the a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a t r u e socialist s o c i e t y i n Y u g o s l a v i a . T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f Y u g o s l a v i a , w h i c h came t o power, had inherited m a n y mistakes of a deviationist nature. A f t e r the Second W o r l d War, it displayed p r o n ounced national-chauvinist features w h i c h had shown up as e a r l y as the time of the w a r . These features were a p p a r e n t i n its d e p a r t u r e f r o m the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e -
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ology, i n its a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d S t a l i n , i n its c h a u v i n i s t stands a n d actions t o w a r d s A l b a n i a , etc. T h e s y s t e m o f people's d e m o c r a c y , w h i c h w a s e s t a b lished in Y u g o s l a v i a , w a s temporary. It d i d not suit the clique in power, though this clique continued to call itself M a r x i s t . T h e T i t o i t e s w e r e n o t f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialism, or for the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a to be guided by the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory, and they d i d not accept t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h i s w a s the source o f t h e c o n f l i c t t h a t b r o k e o u t b e t w e e n t h e Information B u r e a u of the C o m m u n i s t and W o r k e r s ' P a r ties a n d t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f Y u g o s l a v i a . T h i s w a s a n ideological conflict between M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and r e v i s i o n i s m , a n d not a c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n p e r s o n s o v e r d o m i n a tion, a s t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s t r y t o m a k e out. S t a l i n d e f e n d e d the p u r i t y o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y , T i t o d e f e n d e d the d e v i a t i o n i s t , r e v i s i o n i s t , a n t i - M a r x i s t t r e n d o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , f o l l o w i n g i n t h e footsteps o f B r o w d e r a n d t h e other o p p o r t u n i s t s , w h o e m e r g e d o n t h e e v e o f and during the Second W o r l d W a r . I n t h e e a r l y p o s t - l i b e r a t i o n years, t h e Y u g o s l a v l e a d ership pretended that it was t a k i n g the construction of socialism in the Soviet U n i o n as an example and proclaimed that it was allegedly building socialism in Y u g o s l a v i a . T h i s w a s done t o deceive t h e p e o p l e s o f Y u g o s l a v i a w h o h a d shed t h e i r b l o o d a n d a s p i r e d t o g e n u i n e s o c i a l i s m . I n fact, t h e T i t o i t e s w e r e n o t a n d c o u l d n o t b e f o r the socialist s o c i a l o r d e r o r t h e f o r m o f o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t state, because T i t o w a s f o r t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m a n d f o r a n e s s e n t i a l l y b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c state, i n w h i c h h i s c l i q u e w o u l d h o l d p o w e r . T h i s state w a s t o s e r v e t o create t h e i d e a t h a t s o c i a l i s m w a s b e i n g b u i l t i n Y u g o s l a v i a , a specific s o c i a l i s m of a m o r e h u m a n e type, t h a t is, p r e c i s e l y t h e k i n d o f socialism w h i c h
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w o u l d serve a s a f i f t h c o l u m n i n t h e o t h e r socialist c o u n tries. E v e r y t h i n g w a s w e l l c a l c u l a t e d a n d c o - o r d i n a t e d by the A n g l o - A m e r i c a n imperialists and the group around Tito. Thus, by p l a y i n g the game of i m p e r i a l i s m and w o r l d capitalism and coming to terms w i t h them, the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s p l a c e d t h e m s e l v e s i n o p p o s i t i o n t o the S o v i e t Union. F r o m the time of the anti-fascist national liberation war, in pursuit of their old plans, B r i t i s h and, subsequently, US imperialism helped Tito not only to break a w a y f r o m t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , b u t also t o c a r r y o u t acts o f sabotage a g a i n s t i t a n d , e s p e c i a l l y , t o w o r k t o d e t a c h o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f people's d e m o c r a c y f r o m t h e socialist c a m p , i n o r d e r t o isolate t h e S o v i e t U n i o n f r o m a l l these countries a n d unite t h e m w i t h the West. This was the p o l i c y o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m a n d its agency, T i t o i s m . The r a b i d anti-communist, C h u r c h i l l , took a direct and personal part in ensuring that Tito and his group w e r e p l a c e d i n the s e r v i c e o f c a p i t a l i s m . D u r i n g the w a r he sent his m o s t t r u s t e d f r i e n d s , as t h e B r i t i s h l e a d e r p u t it, a n d l a t e r h i s o w n son, t o T i t o ' s staff. E v e n t u a l l y , h e h i m s e l f m e t T i t o i n N a p l e s o f I t a l y i n A u g u s t 1944, in order to m a k e quite sure that Tito w o u l d play no t r i c k s . I n h i s m e m o i r s , C h u r c h i l l w r o t e that, i n h i s t a l k s w i t h Tito, the latter expressed his readiness to m a k e a public statement later that communism w o u l d not be established in Y u g o s l a v i a after the war. T i t o w o r k e d w i t h such great energy to serve his m a s t e r s t h a t C h u r c h i l l , a p p r a i s i n g h i s great services, t o l d h i m : N o w I understand that y o u w e r e right, therefore I am w i t h you, I like y o u even more than I did previously. A l o v e r c o u l d m a k e n o w a r m e r d e c l a r a t i o n s t o his l o v e . A l m o s t before Yugoslavia had broken completely w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e c o u n t r i e s o f people's d e m o c r a c y ,
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t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s , the A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r , sent i t great economic, p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y a i d , w h i c h b e c a m e m o r e f r e q u e n t a n d constant l a t e r o n . This aid was supplied only on condition that the country w o u l d develop on the capitalist road. T h e i m p e r i a l ist b o u r g e o i s i e w a s n o t a g a i n s t Y u g o s l a v i a m a i n t a i n i n g its o u t w a r d socialist f o r m s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t w a s g r e a t l y i n its i n t e r e s t t h a t Y u g o s l a v i a s h o u l d k e e p i t s o u t w a r d socialist colour, because i n t h i s w a y i t w o u l d serve a s a m o r e e f f e c t i v e w e a p o n i n t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t socialism and the liberation movements. N o t only w o u l d this k i n d of socialism be r a d i c a l l y different f r o m the socialism envisaged and realized by L e n i n and Stalin, but i t w o u l d e v e n c o m e o u t against it. W i t h i n a relatively short t i m e Y u g o s l a v i a became the socialist m o u t h p i e c e o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m , a d i v e r s i o n i s t agency t o assist w o r l d c a p i t a l . F r o m 1948 t o t h i s day, T i t o i s m has b e e n characterized by feverish activity against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m t o o r g a n i z e a p r o p a g a n d a c a m p a i g n e v e r y w h e r e i n the w o r l d t o p r e s e n t t h e Y u g o s l a v s y s t e m as t h e f o r m of a g e n u i n e socialist o r d e r , a n e w society, a n o n - a l i g n e d socialism, w h i c h is no l o n g e r l i k e the s o c i a l i s m L e n i n a n d S t a l i n b u i l t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , b u t a socialist o r d e r w i t h a h u m a n face w h i c h is being tried for the first time in the w o r l d and w h i c h i s y i e l d i n g b r i l l i a n t results. T h e a i m o f t h e p r o p a g a n d a has a l w a y s been t o l e a d t h e peoples a n d p r o g r e s s i v e f o r ces f i g h t i n g f o r f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e e v e r y w h e r e i n the w o r l d u p a b l i n d a l l e y . T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s a d o p t e d those f o r m s o f r u n n i n g their country that the Trotskyites and the other a n a r c h i s t elements, e n c o u r a g e d b y t h e c a p i t a l i s t b o u r geoisie, t r i e d t o a d o p t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n t h e t i m e o f L e n i n , i n o r d e r t o sabotage t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m there. W h i l e he talked about b u i l d i n g socialism, by
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a d o p t i n g these f o r m s , T i t o c o m p l e t e l y d i s t o r t e d the M a r x ist-Leninist principles on building up industry, agricult u r e , etc. T h e R e p u b l i c s o f Y u g o s l a v i a a s s u m e d s u c h features of administration and organizational political leadership that democratic centralism was liquidated and the role of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a faded into i n s i g nificance. The C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Yugoslavia changed its n a m e . I t w a s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u nists of Yugoslavia, w h i c h looks l i k e a M a r x i s t name, w h i l e i n its content, n o r m s , competences a n d a i m s i t i s a n t i - M a r x i s t . T h e L e a g u e b e c a m e a spineless f r o n t , w a s s t r i p p e d of t h e d i s t i n g u i s h i n g f e a t u r e s of a M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist p a r t y , p r e s e r v e d t h e o l d f o r m , b u t n o l o n g e r p l a y e d t h e r o l e o f t h e v a n g u a r d o f the w o r k i n g class, w a s n o longer the political force w h i c h led the Federative R e p u b lic of Y u g o s l a v i a , but. according to the Titoite revisionists, allegedly p e r f o r m e d o n l y general educational functions. The Titoite leadership placed the p a r t y under the control of the U D B , to w h i c h it was subordinated, turned it i n t o a fascist o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d t h e state i n t o a fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p . W e k n o w f u l l w e l l t h e great d a n g e r o f these a c t i v i t i e s , f o r K o i X o x e , a n agent i n t h e p a y o f t h e T i t o i t e s , t r i e d t o a c h i e v e t h e same t h i n g i n A l b a n i a . T i t o , R a n k o v i a n d t h e i r agency e n t i r e l y l i q u i d a t e d a n y t h i n g w h i c h m i g h t have h a d the true colour of sociali s m . T i t o i s m w a g e d a f i e r c e f i g h t against t h e a t t e m p t s o f those i n t e r n a l e l e m e n t s w h o s o u g h t t o b l o w u p t h i s agency and this capitalist-revisionist organization, as w e l l a s against a l l t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r o p a g a n d a w h i c h w a s c o n d u c t e d a b r o a d t o u n m a s k t h i s r e g i m e w h i c h posed a s socialist. T h e T i t o i t e l e a d e r s h i p q u i c k l y a b a n d o n e d t h e collectivization of agriculture w h i c h had begun in the early years, set u p t h e c a p i t a l i s t state f a r m s , e n c o u r a g e d t h e
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development of private property in the countryside, allow e d land to be bought and sold freely, rehabilitated the kulaks, left the field free for the private m a r k e t to f l o u r i s h i n t o w n a n d c o u n t r y , a n d c a r r i e d out t h e f i r s t reforms w h i c h strengthened the capitalist direction of the economy. Meanwhile, the Titoite bourgeoisie was searching for a n e w f o r m to c a m o u f l a g e the Y u g o s l a v c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r , a n d this f o r m w a s f o u n d . T h e y c a l l e d i t Y u g o s l a v selfa d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T h e y dressed i t u p i n a M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist cloak, c l a i m i n g t h a t t h i s s y s t e m w a s t h e m o s t a u t h e n tic s o c i a l i s m . A t first, s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n e m e r g e d a s a n e c o n o m i c system, t h e n i t w a s e x t e n d e d t o the f i e l d o f state o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d a l l the o t h e r f i e l d s o f l i f e i n t h a t c o u n t r y . The theory and practice of Yugoslav self-administrat i o n are a n o p e n n e g a t i o n o f the t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m and the universal laws of the construction of s o c i a l i s m . T h e e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f selfa d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s a n a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t f o r m o f the bourgeois d i c t a t o r s h i p , w h i c h i s r u l i n g a Y u g o s l a v i a d e p endent o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l . T h e s y s t e m o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , w i t h a l l its c h a r a c t e r i s t i c features, s u c h a s t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m , the r o l e o f u n i f i e d m a n a g e m e n t b y t h e state, anarchist federalism, the anti-state ideology, in general, has b r o u g h t a b o u t p e r m a n e n t economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l chaos a n d c o n f u s i o n i n Y u g o s l a v i a , w e a k a n d u n e q u a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f its r e p u b l i c s a n d regions, g r e a t social-class d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s , n a t i o n a l feuds a n d o p p r e s s i o n , a n d t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n o f s p i r i t u a l l i f e . I t has b r o u g h t a b o u t great f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class, b y p u t t i n g one detachment of it in competition w i t h another, w h i l e fost e r i n g t h e b o u r g e o i s sectional, l o c a l i s t a n d i n d i v i d u a l i s t s p i r i t . T h e w o r k i n g class i n Y u g o s l a v i a n o t o n l y does n o t
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p l a y t h e h e g e m o n i c r o l e i n the state a n d society, b u t t h e s y s t e m o f s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n places i t i n s u c h c o n d i t i o n s t h a t i t i s u n a b l e e v e n t o d e f e n d its o w n g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t s a n d to act as a u n i f i e d a n d c o m p a c t class. F r o m the capitalist w o r l d , particularly f r o m U S i m perialism, large amounts of capital have poured into Y u g o s l a v i a i n t h e f o r m o f i n v e s t m e n t s , c r e d i t s a n d loans. I t i s p r e c i s e l y t h i s c a p i t a l w h i c h constitutes t h e m a t e r i a l basis of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of Y u g o s l a v c a p i t a l i s t selfa d m i n i s t r a t i v e s o c i a l i s m . Its i n d e b t e d n e s s a l o n e a m o u n t s to o v e r 11 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s . Y u g o s l a v i a has r e c e i v e d o v e r 7 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n c r e d i t s f r o m the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . Despite the n u m e r o u s credits the Titoite leadership receives f r o m a b r o a d , t h e peoples o f Y u g o s l a v i a h a v e not e n j o y e d , n o r are t h e y e n j o y i n g , the b r i l l i a n t results o f t h i s s p e c i f i c socialism. O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e r e i s p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l chaos i n Y u g o s l a v i a . A s y s t e m w h i c h e n g e n d e r s l a r g e - s c a l e u n e m p l o y m e n t a t h o m e a n d mass emigration of labour abroad prevails there and this makes Y u g o s l a v i a completely dependent on the imperialist p o w ers. T h e Y u g o s l a v peoples a r e b e i n g e x p l o i t e d t o the bone i n the i n t e r e s t s o f t h e class i n p o w e r a n d o f a l l the i m p e r i a l ist p o w e r s w h i c h h a v e m a d e i n v e s t m e n t s i n t h a t c o u n t r y . T h e Y u g o s l a v state i s n o t c o n c e r n e d t h a t p r i c e s g o u p e v e r y day, t h a t t h e p o v e r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g masses i s steadily increasing a n d that the country is not o n l y up t o its n e c k i n debt, b u t i s also d e e p l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e great c r i s i s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d . Y u g o s l a v i a has o n l y l i m i t e d i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y , because, a p a r t f r o m a n y t h i n g else, i t has n o e c o n o m i c p o t e n t i a l c o m p l e t e l y its o w n . T h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f i t exists i n j o i n t o w n e r s h i p w i t h v a r i o u s f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i s t f i r m s a n d states, t h e r e f o r e i t i s b o u n d t o s u f f e r t h e d e s t r u c t i v e effects o f the c r i s i s and foreign exploitation. B u t i t i s not a c c i d e n t a l t h a t w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m gives
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Y u g o s l a v self-administration such great political a n d f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t a n d sings i n h a r m o n y w i t h t h e T i t o i t e p r o p a g a n d a to pass t h i s s y s t e m o f f as a n e w tested form of the construction of socialism for all countries. I t does t h i s because t h e f o r m o f Y u g o s l a v selfadministration provides a w a y of ideological and political s u b v e r s i o n a n d sabotage against t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples, a w a y to open the road to the political and economic penetration of i m p e r i a l i s m into the various countries of the w o r l d . Imperialism and the bourgeoisie w a n t to keep s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n as a r e s e r v e s y s t e m f o r v a r i o u s c i r cumstances a n d different countries, in order to p r o l o n g the l i f e o f c a p i t a l i s m , w h i c h does n o t g i v e u p t h e ghost easily, b u t i s s t r i v i n g t o f i n d v a r i o u s f o r m s o f g o v e r n m e n t at the e x p e n s e of t h e peoples. T h e Y u g o s l a v theories and practices of non-alignm e n t r e n d e r a great s e r v i c e to v a r i o u s i m p e r i a l i s t s , f o r t h e y h e l p t h e m h o o d w i n k t h e peoples. T h i s i s i n t h e interest o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s a l i k e , because i t h e l p s t h e m t o e s t a b l i s h a n d s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r i n f l u e n c e i n t h e n o n - a l i g n e d countries, t o d i v e r t t h e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g peoples f r o m t h e r o a d o f n a t i o n a l l i b e r a tion and proletarian revolution. Therefore, both Carter and Brezhnev, as w e l l as H u a Guofeng, lavish praise on the Titoite policy of non-alignment and try to exploit i t f o r t h e i r o w n purposes. T i t o i s m has a l w a y s b e e n a w e a p o n o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t bourgeoisie, a f i r e - e x t i n g u i s h e r to q u e l l t h e f l a m e s of the r e v o l u t i o n . I t i s o f t h e s a m e l i n e a n d has t h e s a m e a i m s a s m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , i n g e n e r a l , a n d its d i f f e r e n t variants, w i t h w h i c h it is in ideological unity. T h e ways, f o r m s a n d tactics t h e y use i n t h e s t r u g g l e against M a r x ism-Leninism, the revolution and socialism m a y be different, b u t t h e i r c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y a i m s a r e i d e n t i c a l .
IMPERIALISM AND THE REVOLUTION In the efforts w h i c h the bourgeoisie and reaction m a k i n g to put d o w n the revolutionary struggle of p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples, the revisionist parties of rope, in the first place, and those of all countries on other continents render them a great service.
403 are the Euthe
T h e revisionist parties of the countries of Western E u r o p e are m a k i n g e f f o r t s to concoct a t h e o r y a b o u t a n e w society, a l l e g e d l y socialist, ( 4 ) w h i c h w i l l b e a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h s t r u c t u r a l r e f o r m s a n d i n close c o a l i t i o n w i t h the s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c p a r t i e s , a n d e v e n w i t h t h e r i g h t w i n g p a r t i e s . T h i s society, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , w i l l b e b u i l t o n n e w f o u n d a t i o n s , t h r o u g h s o c i a l r e f o r m s , social peace, the p a r l i a m e n t a r y r o a d a n d the h i s t o r i c c o m promise w i t h the bourgeois parties. T h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s o f E u r o p e , s u c h a s those o f Italy, F r a n c e and S p a i n , a n d f o l l o w i n g them, a l l the other r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s o f t h e West, d e n y L e n i n i s m , t h e class struggle, the revolution a n d the dictatorship of the proletariat. A l l of t h e m have e m b a r k e d on the road of c o m promise w i t h the capitalist bourgeoisie. T h e y have named this a n t i - M a r x i s t l i n e E u r o c o m m u n i s m . E u r o c o m m u n ism is a new pseudo-communist trend w h i c h is and is n o t i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t bloc. T h i s w a v ering stand is explained by their a i m to have a coexistence o f ideas w i t h E u r o p e a n s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , a n d t h e whole welter of views seething in the c a u l d r o n of Europe. The Eurocommunists can unite w i t h anybody at all except those w h o f i g h t f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n and the p u r i t y of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology. All trends powers olution the revisionist, opportunist and social-democratic a r e g o i n g t h e w h o l e l e n g t h t o assist t h e s u p e r in their diabolical activities to suppress the reva n d t h e peoples. T h e s u p p o r t o f a l l these t r e n d s
________________________________ 4 See pp. 789-1005 of this volume.
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f o r t h e a l l e g e d l y n e w o r g a n i s m s of the b o u r g e o i s i e has a single a i m : to smother the revolution by raising a t h o u s a n d a n d one m a t e r i a l , p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l o b stacles t o it. T h e y are w o r k i n g t o d i s o r i e n t a t e a n d s p l i t t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d i t s allies, because t h e y k n o w t h a t , d i v i d e d a n d s p l i t b y f a c t i o n a l struggles, t h e l a t t e r w i l l b e u n a b l e t o create, e i t h e r a t h o m e o r o n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l plane, that ideological, political a n d m i l i t a n t u n i t y w h i c h i s essential t o cope w i t h t h e a t t a c k s o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m i n decay. The coalition of m o d e r n revisionism w i t h social-democracy is afraid of the advent of fascism, especially in c e r t a i n c o u n t r i e s w h i c h are t h r e a t e n e d b y the e x t r e m e r i g h t . T o a v o i d the fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p , t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s and s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s m a k e e f f o r t s to m i t i g a t e t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d tone d o w n t h e class s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e masses o f t h e people a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , o n t h e o n e h a n d , a n d the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , o n the other. T h u s , in o r d e r to secure social peace, these subjects of t h e c o a l i t i o n h a v e t o m a k e concessions t o one a n o t h e r a n d t o r e a c h a c o m p r o m i s e w i t h t h e c a p i t a l i s t bourgeoisie, c o m e t o a g r e e m e n t w i t h i t o v e r some sort o f r e g i m e s u i t a b l e t o b o t h sides. T h u s , w h i l e the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its p a r t i e s o p e n l y c o n t i n u e t h e i r f i g h t a g a i n s t c o m m u n i s m , the revisionist parties endeavour to distort M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , t h e g u i d i n g i d e o l o g y o f the r e v o l u t i o n . T h e t r a d e - u n i o n s , w h i c h are r e f o r m i s t a n d are e s p e c i a l l y e d u c a t e d a n d t r a i n e d i n c o m p r o m i s e s w i t h the o w n i n g class a n d o n l y f o r e c o n o m i c c l a i m s a n d n o t f o r s t r i k e s w i t h p o l i t i c a l d e m a n d s a n d a i m s o f t h e s e i z u r e o f state power by the proletariat, have become the mainstay of the r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s o f E u r o p e . N a t u r a l l y , t h e i r b a r g a i n i n g is aimed at striking a balance between the d e m a n d a n d t h e o f f e r one side begs a l m s a n d the o t h e r s i d e d e t e r m i n e s t h e size o f t h i s a l m s . T h e t w o sides, b o t h t h e
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r e f o r m i s t t r a d e - u n i o n s a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t parties, a n d t h e o w n i n g class w i t h its p a r t i e s , state p o w e r a n d t r a d e u n i o n s , are t h r e a t e n e d b y t h e r e v o l u t i o n , b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e in s e a r c h of a r e a c t i o n a r y c o m p r o m i s e , a s o l u t i o n that cannot be the same in a l l the capitalist countries, because o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s t r e n g t h o f c a p i t a l , the depth of the crisis and the extent of the contradictions eroding them from within.
T h e R e v o l u t i o n the O n l y W e a p o n to Defeat the Strategy of the Enemies of the Proletariat and the Peoples A l l t h e enemies, t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s , s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d v a r i o u s r e v i s i o n i s t s , together o r s e p a r a t e l y , are f i g h t i n g t o m i s l e a d p r o g r e s s i v e people, t o d i s c r e d i t M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , and especially to distort the Leninist theory of the revolution, to suppress the r e v o l u t i o n a n d any k i n d of p o p u l a r resistance and n a t i o n a l liberation struggle. T h e arsenal of the enemies of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m is large, b u t t h e forces o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r e also colossal. T h e s e are t h e forces w h i c h a r e s t i r r i n g , c l a s h i n g a n d f i g h ting w i t h the enemies of the r e v o l u t i o n and w h i c h have r u i n e d t h e peace o f m i n d o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d a n d w o r l d reaction and are m a k i n g life impossible for them.
A spectre is haunting Europe the spectre of communism. All the Powers of old Europe... have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre.*
___________________________________ * K. M a r x a n d F. Engels, The Manifesto of the Communist Party, T i r a n a , 1974, p. 13, A l b . ed.
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This observation of M a r x and Engels is still valid today. Imperialism, social-imperialism and m o d e r n r e v i sionism think that the danger to t h e m f r o m c o m m u n i s m has been e l i m i n a t e d , because, t h i n k i n g t h a t t h e h e a v y b l o w w h i c h t h e r e v o l u t i o n has s u f f e r e d f r o m the r e v i s i o n ist b e t r a y a l i s i r r e p a r a b l e , t h e y are u n d e r e s t i m a t i n g t h e strength of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , and overestimating the material, suppressive m i l i t a r y and economic potential they have at their disposal. This is o n l y an illusion of theirs. T h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t i s g a t h e r i n g its forces. F r o m their o w n experience, the proletariat and the f r e e d o m l o v i n g peoples a r e g a i n i n g a c l e a r e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g , d a y b y day, o f t h e t r e a c h e r y o f t h e T i t o i t e , K h r u s h c h e v i t e , Chinese, E u r o c o m m u n i s t a n d other m o d e r n revisionists. Time is w o r k i n g for the revolution, for socialism, and not for the bourgeoisie and i m p e r i a l i s m , not for m o d e r n revisionism and w o r l d reaction. T h e fire of the r e v o l u tion is b u r n i n g everywhere in the hearts of the oppressed peoples w h o w a n t t o g a i n t h e i r g e n u i n e f r e e d o m , d e m ocracy and sovereignty, to take power into their o w n h a n d s a n d t o set o u t o n t h e r o a d o f s o c i a l i s m , d e s t r o y i n g i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its f l u n k i e s . That phenomenon of the time of L e n i n , w h e n the break-away f r o m the Second International was followed b y the c r e a t i o n o f n e w M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s , i s t a k i n g p l a c e t o d a y . T h e r e v i s i o n i s t b e t r a y a l has b r o u g h t a b o u t the s e t t i n g u p a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f g e n u i n e c o m m u n i s t parties, a s i t i s b o u n d t o do, e v e r y w h e r e , a n d these p a r ties h a v e t a k e n u p a n d r a i s e d h i g h t h e b a n n e r o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and the revolution, w h i c h the revisionists have rejected and t r a m p l e d i n the m u d . O n t h e m devolves the b u r d e n o f o p p o s i n g t h e g l o r i o u s L e n i n i s t s t r a tegy of the revolution, the great theory of M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m to the global strategy of w o r l d imperialism and
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r e v i s i o n i s m . O n t h e m d e v o l v e s t h e b u r d e n o f m a k i n g the masses f u l l y conscious o f t h e o b j e c t i v e s a n d t h e r i g h t road of the struggle a n d the sacrifices it demands, of uniting, organizing, guiding and leading them to victory. W e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s , w h o are i n t h e f o r e f r o n t o f the t i t a n i c s t r u g g l e w h i c h i s b e i n g w a g e d t o d a y b e t w e e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e o p p r e s s e d peoples w h o a s p i r e t o f r e e d o m , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d t h e savage r a p a c i o u s i m p e r i a l i s t s , o n t h e other, m u s t t h o r o u g h l y u n d e r s t a n d t h e aims, tactics, m e t h o d s a n d f o r m s w h i c h t h e c o m m o n e n e m ies a n d t h e i n d i v i d u a l e n e m i e s o f e a c h c o u n t r y e m p l o y i n t h e f i g h t . W e c a n n o t see t h i s t h i n g p r o p e r l y i f w e d o not base o u r s e l v e s f i r m l y o n t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , i f w e d o n o t see t h a t i n t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n t h e r e a r e a series o f w e a k l i n k s i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d c h a i n , a s t h e r e w i l l b e i n t h e f u t u r e , a t w h i c h the r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d t h e peoples m u s t c a r r y o u t ceaseless activity, an unrelenting and courageous organized struggle t o b r e a k these l i n k s one a f t e r a n o t h e r . T h i s , o f course, requires w o r k , struggle, sacrifices a n d self-denial. L e d by the interests of the revolution, the courageous people a n d i n d i v i d u a l s c a n a n d w i l l face u p t o t h e l a r g e forces of imperialism, social-imperialism and reaction, w h i c h are l i n k i n g u p w i t h one a n o t h e r , s e t t i n g u p n e w a l l i a n c e s a n d seeking a w a y out of the difficult situations created for t h e m . I t i s t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s , the struggle o f t h e p e o p l e s o n a l l c o n t i n e n t s , i n a l l countries, that create these d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n s f o r the r e g r e s s i v e forces. The communists e v e r y w h e r e in the w o r l d have no reason t o f e a r t h e baseless m y t h s w h i c h h a v e p r e d o m i n a ted i n r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h o u g h t f o r some t i m e . T h e c o m m u n ists m u s t f i g h t t o w i n o v e r those w h o m a k e m i s t a k e s , i n order t o h e l p t h e m m e n d t h e i r w a y s , m a k i n g g r e a t e f f o r t s t o this e n d w i t h o u t , o f course, f a l l i n g i n t o o p p o r t u n i s m
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t h e m s e l v e s . I n t h e process o f t h e p r i n c i p l e d s t r u g g l e , i n the beginning there w i l l be some vacillations but the vacillations w i l l occur among the waverers, whereas a m o n g s t those w h o a r e r e s o l u t e a n d a p p l y t h e M a r x i s t Leninist theory correctly, w h o have a proper v i e w of the interests o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o f t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y , o f t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the r e v o l u t i o n , t h e r e w i l l b e n o v a c i l l a t i o n . H o w e v e r , w h e n t h e w a v e r e r s see t h a t t h e comrades are standing firm on their revolutionary M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t opinions, they w i l l be further strengthened in their fight. If the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s a p p l y the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y c o r r e c t l y a n d w i t h d e t e r m i n a t i o n , o n t h e basis o f the present international conditions and the national cond i t i o n s o f each c o u n t r y , i f t h e y ceaselessly s t r e n g t h e n proletarian internationalist u n i t y in merciless struggle against i m p e r i a l i s m a n d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m o f a l l t r e n d s , they w i l l certainly overcome all the difficulties they w i l l e n c o u n t e r o n t h e i r r o a d , h o w e v e r g r e a t t h e y m a y be. P r o p e r l y applied, M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and its i m m o r t a l principles w i l l i n e v i t a b l y b r i n g about the destruction of w o r l d capitalism a n d the t r i u m p h of the dictatorship of the p r o l e t a r i a t , b y m e a n s o f w h i c h t h e w o r k i n g class W i l l b u i l d socialism and m a r c h towards communism.
II
THE LENINIST THEORY ON IMPERIALISM RETAINS ITS FULL VALIDITY
I n the p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , w h e n the K h r u s h c h e v i t e , Titoite, Eurocommunist and Chinese revisionists and t h e o t h e r a n t i - M a r x i s t t r e n d s a r e a t t a c k i n g t h e cause o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d peoples' l i b e r a t i o n on the pretext that the s i t u a t i o n has c h a n g e d , a t h o r o u g h s t u d y of L e n i n ' s w o r k s o n i m p e r i a l i s m assumes f i r s t - r a t e i m p o r t a n c e . W e m u s t r e t u r n t o these w o r k s a n d m a k e a n e s p e c i a l l y t h o r o u g h a n d d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f L e n i n ' s w o r k o f genius Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. From a c a r e f u l s t u d y o f t h i s w o r k , w e s h a l l see h o w t h e r e v i s i o n ists, a n d t h e C h i n e s e leaders a m o n g t h e m , d i s t o r t the Leninist thought on imperialism, h o w they understand the a i m s , s t r a t e g y a n d tactics o f i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e i r w r i t ings, d e c l a r a t i o n s , s t a n d s a n d actions s h o w t h a t t h e i r v i e w o f the n a t u r e o f i m p e r i a l i s m i s c o m p l e t e l y w r o n g , t h e y see i t f r o m c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d a n t i - M a r x i s t p o s i tions, a s d i d a l l t h e p a r t i e s o f the S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d t h e i r ideologists, K a u t s k y a n d c o m p a n y , w h o m L e n i n ruthlessly exposed.
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If we study this w o r k of Lenin's carefully and f a i t h f u l l y adhere to his analyses and conclusions of genius, w e s h a l l see t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m i n o u r d a y s f u l l y r e t a i n s those same c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t L e n i n d e s c r i b e d , t h a t t h e L e n i n i s t d e f i n i t i o n o f o u r e p o c h a s the e p o c h o f i m p e r i a l ism and proletarian revolution remains unshaken, and that the t r i u m p h of the revolution is inevitable. As is k n o w n , L e n i n begins his analysis of i m p e r i a l i s m w i t h the concentration of production and capital and the monopolies . T o d a y , too, the p h e n o m e n a of t h e c o n c e n tration and centralization of production and capital can b e a n a l y s e d c o r r e c t l y a n d s c i e n t i f i c a l l y o n l y o n t h e basis o f the L e n i n i s t a n a l y s i s o f i m p e r i a l i s m . A c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s m is t h e e v e r increasing concentration of production and capital, w h i c h has l e d t o t h e m e r g i n g o r a b s o r p t i o n o f s m a l l e n t e r p r i s e s by the p o w e r f u l ones. A consequence of t h i s is t h e m a s s concentration of the w o r k force in big trusts and concerns. T h e s e e n t e r p r i s e s h a v e also c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e i r h a n d s h u g e p r o d u c t i v e capacities a n d resources o f e n e r g y and r a w materials of incalculable proportions. At present the b i g c a p i t a l i s t e n t e r p r i s e s are also u t i l i z i n g n u c l e a r e n e r g y a n d the n e w e s t t e c h n o l o g y , w h i c h b e l o n g t o these enterprises exclusively. Such gigantic organisms have a national and an intern a t i o n a l character. W i t h i n t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y , t h e y h a v e r u i n e d most o f t h e s m a l l p r o p r i e t o r s o r i n d u s t r i a l i s t s , while on the international plane they have g r o w n into colossal concerns, w h i c h i n c l u d e w h o l e b r a n c h e s o f t h e i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , c o n s t r u c t i o n , t r a n s p o r t , etc. o f m a n y countries. W h e r e v e r these concerns h a v e e x t e n d e d t h e i r tentacles, w h e r e v e r t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n has been a c h i e v e d b y a t i n y h a n d f u l o f m u l t i m i l l i o n a i r e c a p i t a l ists, t h e t e n d e n c y t o t h e l i q u i d a t i o n o f t h e s m a l l o w n e r s
411
and industrialists is becoming more widespread and pronou n c e d . T h i s has l e d t o t h e f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f m o n opolies.
This transformation of competition into monopoly, s a i d L e n i n , is one of the most important phenomena, if not the most important, in the economy of present-day capitalism...*
Speaking of this feature of imperialism, h e adds,
... the rise of monopolies as the result of concentration of production in general is a universal and fundamental law of the present stage of development of capitalism.**
T h e development of capitalism in today's conditions f u l l y confirms the above conclusion of Lenin's. Nowadays, the monopolies have become the most typical and c o m m o n phenomenon, w h i c h determines the physiognomy of i m p e r i a l i s m , its e c o n o m i c essence. I n the i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n tries, l i k e t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y , B r i t a i n , J a p a n , F r a n c e , etc., t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n has a s s u m e d u n p r e c e d e n t e d p r o p o r t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n 1976, t h e r e w e r e n e a r l y 1 7 m i l l i o n people, r e p r e s e n t i n g o v e r 2 0 p e r cent o f t h e a c t i v e w o r k force, e m p l o y e d i n t h e 500 biggest U S c o r p o r a t i o n s . S i x t y s i x p e r cent o f a l l t h e goods s o l d came f r o m these c o r porations. A t the t i m e w h e n L e n i n wrote his book I m p e r i a l i s m , the H i g h e s t S t a g e o f C a p i t a l i s m ; t h e r e w a s o n l y one b i g A m e r i c a n c o m p a n y i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d , the U n i t e d S t a t e s S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n w i t h s h a r e c a p i t a l o f
___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 32, p. 237, A l b . e d . ** I b i d e m , p. 241, A l b . ed.
412
ENVER HOXHA
o v e r o n e b i l l i o n d o l l a r s , w h e r e a s i n 1976 t h e n u m b e r o f b i l l i o n a i r e c o m p a n i e s w a s a b o u t 350. I n 1975, t h e G e n e r a l M o t o r s Corporation automobile trust, this supermonopoly, h a d a t o t a l c a p i t a l i n excess o f 2 2 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s a n d e x p l o i t e d a n a r m y o f n e a r l y 800,000 w o r k e r s . N e x t comes the m o n o p o l y S t a n d a r d O i l o f N e w J e r s e y , w h i c h d o m i n ates t h e o i l i n d u s t r y o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d other c o u n t r i e s a n d w h i c h e x p l o i t s o v e r 700,000 w o r k e r s . I n t h e a u t o m o b i l e i n d u s t r y t h e r e are t h r e e b i g m o n o p o l i e s w h i c h account f o r m o r e t h a n 9 0 p e r cent o f p r o d u c t i o n i n t h i s b r a n c h ; i n b o t h t h e a v i a t i o n a n d t h e steel i n d u s tries, f o u r v e r y b i g c o m p a n i e s a c c o u n t f o r 6 5 a n d 4 7 p e r cent of p r o d u c t i o n r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s a m e process has o c c u r r e d a n d i s o c c u r r i n g i n t h e other i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , too. I n t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y , 1 3 p e r cent o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f e n t e r p r i s e s h a v e c o n c e n t r a t e d a b o u t 50 p e r cent of t h e p r o d u c t i o n a n d 4 0 p e r cent o f t h e l a b o u r p o w e r o f t h e country. In B r i t a i n , 50 big monopolies dominate everything. T h e B r i t i s h S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n accounts f o r o v e r 9 0 p e r cent o f t h e steel p r o d u c t i o n o f the c o u n t r y . I n F r a n c e , t w o c o m p a n i e s h a v e c o n c e n t r a t e d t h r e e f o u r t h s o f the steel production in their hands, four monopolies o w n the whole production of automobiles, whereas four others c o n t r o l the e n t i r e o u t p u t o f o i l p r o d u c t s . I n J a p a n , t e n b i g b l a c k m e t a l l u r g y c o m p a n i e s p r o d u c e a l l the p i g - i r o n a n d o v e r three f o u r t h s o f the steel, w h i l e e i g h t c o m p a n i e s o p e r a t e i n n o n - f e r r o u s m e t a l l u r g y . T h e same a p p l i e s t o the other b r a n c h e s a n d sectors. ( 5 ) T h e s m a l l a n d middle-sized enterprises, w h i c h still e x i s t i n these countries, are d i r e c t l y d e p e n d e n t o n m o n o _________________________________ 5 I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, U n i t e d Nations, 1977; Statistical Yearbook ; the US j o u r n a l Fortune, 1976. etc.
413
polies. T h e y receive orders f r o m the monopolies and w o r k f o r t h e m ; get c r e d i t s a n d r a w m a t e r i a l s , t e c h n o l o g y , etc. f r o m t h e m . In practice, they have become appendages of the m o n o p o l i e s . The concentration and centralization of production and capital, creating giant monopolies w h i c h have no technological unity, is widespread today. Enterprises a n d entire branches of industrial production, construction, t r a n s p o r t , t r a d e , services, of t h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , etc., o p e r ate w i t h i n these g i g a n t i c c o n g l o m e r a t e m o n o p o l i e s . T h e y t u r n out e v e r y t h i n g , f r o m c h i l d r e n ' s t o y s t o i n t e r c o n t i n e n tal missiles. T h e economic p o w e r of the monopolies and the conc e n t r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l , w h i c h has i n c r e a s e d a n d i s const a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g , creates a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h t h e v i c t i m s o f t h e c o m p e t i t i o n are n o t j u s t the s m a l l babies, t h a t is, t h e u n m o n o p o l i z e d e n t e r p r i s e s , w h i c h w e r e t y p i c a l i n t h e past, b u t e v e n b i g f i n a n c i a l e n t e r p r i s e s a n d g r o u p s . As a r e s u l t of t h e i n s a t i a b l e a p p e t i t e of t h e m o n o p o l i e s for high monopoly profits and the extreme sharpening o f t h e c o m p e t i t i o n , t h i s process has a s s u m e d c o l o s s a l p r o p o r t i o n s d u r i n g t h e last t w o decades. T h e m e r g e r s a n d takeovers in the capitalist w o r l d t o d a y are 7 to 10 times greater t h a n in the years p r i o r to the Second W o r l d W a r . The mergers and combinations of industrial, trading, f a r m i n g and b a n k i n g enterprises have led to the creation of n e w forms of monopolies, to the creation of big industrial-commercial or industrial-agrarian corporations, forms w h i c h are f i n d i n g w i d e application not only in the c a p i talist c o u n t r i e s o f t h e West, b u t also i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and other revisionist countries. I n t h e p a s t t h e m o n o p o l y c o m b i n e s c a r r i e d o n t h e t r a n s p o r t a n d s e l l i n g o f goods w i t h t h e h e l p o f o t h e r independent firms, whereas today, the monopolies control production, transport and marketing.
414
ENVER HOXHA
T h e monopolies not o n l y t r y to eliminate competition b e t w e e n the e n t e r p r i s e s u n d e r t h e i r c o n t r o l , b u t h a v e a l s o extended their clutches to monopolize a l l the resources of r a w materials, all the regions r i c h in important m i n e rals, l i k e i r o n , coal, copper, u r a n i u m , etc. T h i s process is going on on the national and the international plane. The concentration of production and capital assumed colossal p r o p o r t i o n s e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , w i t h the e x p a n s i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e sector o f state m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m . State monopoly capitalism means the subordination of the state a p p a r a t u s to m o n o p o l i e s , t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e i r c o m p l e t e d o m i n a t i o n i n t h e economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y . I n t h i s w a y t h e state i n t e r venes d i r e c t l y i n t h e e c o n o m y i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e f i n a n cial oligarchy, in order to ensure the m a x i m u m profit for the class i n p o w e r t h r o u g h t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f a l l t h e w o r k i n g people, a s w e l l a s t o s t r a n g l e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the peoples' l i b e r a t i o n struggles. State monopoly property, as the most characteristic basic e l e m e n t of state m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m , does n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e p r o p e r t y o f one i n d i v i d u a l c a p i t a l i s t o r g r o u p o f capitalists, b u t t h e p r o p e r t y o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t state, the p r o p e r t y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s class i n p o w e r . I n v a r i o u s i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s the state m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s t sector accounts f o r 20 to 30 p e r cent of t h e t o t a l p r o duction. S t a t e m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s the h i g h est stage of c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p r o d u c t i o n a n d c a p i t a l , is the m a i n f o r m o f p r o p e r t y p r e v a i l i n g t o d a y i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s . T h i s state m o nopoly capitalism is in the service of the n e w bourgeois class i n p o w e r . In C h i n a , too, t h r o u g h a n u m b e r of r e f o r m s , s u c h as t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f p r o f i t a s the m a i n a i m o f t h e a c t i v i t y
415
of t h e e n t e r p r i s e s , the a p p l i c a t i o n of c a p i t a l i s t practices i n o r g a n i z a t i o n , m a n a g e m e n t a n d r e m u n e r a t i o n , the c r e a t i o n of economic regions, trusts and combines v e r y similar t o t h e S o v i e t , Y u g o s l a v a n d J a p a n e s e ones, the o p e n i n g of doors to foreign capital, the direct l i n k s of enterprises w i t h f o r e i g n m o n o p o l i e s , etc., t h e e c o n o m y i s a s s u m i n g f o r m s t y p i c a l o f state m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m . A t present, i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d the concentration and centralization of production and capital have reached an inter-state level. The European C o m m o n M a r k e t , C o m e c o n , etc., w h i c h r e p r e s e n t t h e u n i o n o f m o n o p o l i e s o f v a r i o u s i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , also e n c o u r a g e a n d realize this tendency in practice. A n a l y s i n g the forms of international monopolies, in h i s t i m e L e n i n s p o k e o f t h e cartels a n d s y n d i c a t e s . I n today's conditions, w h e n the concentration of product i o n a n d c a p i t a l h a s r e a c h e d v e r y l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s , the m o n o p o l y b o u r g e o i s i e h a s also f o u n d o t h e r f o r m s f o r t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e . T h e s e are the m u l t i n a tional companies. I n t h e i r o u t w a r d a p p e a r a n c e , these c o m p a n i e s seek to give the impression that they are under the joint o w n e r s h i p o f c a p i t a l i s t s o f m a n y c o u n t r i e s . I n fact, i n regard to their capital and control, the multinational comp a n i e s b e l o n g m a i n l y t o one c o u n t r y , a l t h o u g h t h e y c a r r y out t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s . T h e y are e x p a n d i n g more and more t h r o u g h the absorption of local companies a n d f i r m s , b i g a n d s m a l l , w h i c h c a n n o t cope w i t h t h e savage c o m p e t i t i o n . T h e m u l t i n a t i o n a l companies open up subsidiaries and e x t e n d t h e i r e n t e r p r i s e s t o those c o u n t r i e s w h e r e t h e prospects f o r m a x i m u m p r o f i t s seem m o s t secure. T h e U S m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n y F o r d , f o r e x a m p l e , has set u p 2 0 b i g p l a n t s i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , i n w h i c h 100 t h o u s a n d w o r k e r s o f v a r i o u s n a t i o n a l i t i e s are e m p l o y e d .
416
ENVER HOXHA
B e t w e e n the m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s a n d t h e b o u r geois state t h e r e a r e close l i n k s a n d r e c i p r o c a l d e p e n d e n c e , w h i c h are b a s e d o n t h e i r e x p l o i t i n g class c h a r a c t e r . T h e c a p i t a l i s t state i s u s e d a s a t o o l i n t h e i r s e r v i c e f o r t h e i r aims of domination and expansion on both the n a t i o n a l and the international planes. I n r e g a r d t o t h e i r m a j o r e c o n o m i c r o l e a n d t h e great weight they c a r r y in the whole life of the country, some m u l t i n a t i o n a l companies, i n d i v i d u a l l y , c o n s t i t u t e a m i g h t y e c o n o m i c f o r c e w h i c h , i n m a n y instances, i s e q u a l t o o r e v e n exceeds the budgets o r p r o d u c t i o n o f s e v e r a l d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s t a k e n together. T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f one o f t h e p o w e r f u l m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s o f t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , G e n e r a l M o t o r s Corporation, is greater t h a n the i n d u s t r i a l production of H o l l a n d , B e l g i u m a n d S w i t z e r l a n d t a k e n together. T h e y i n t e r v e n e t o secure s p e c i a l f a v o u r s a n d p r i v i l e g e s f o r t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e c o u n t r i e s i n w h i c h t h e y operate. F o r e x a m p l e , i n 1975, t h e o w n e r s of t h e e l e c t r o n i c s i n d u s t r y of t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a d e m a n d e d t h a t t h e M e x i c a n G o v e r n m e n t c h a n g e its L a b o u r C o d e w h i c h e n v i s a g e d s o m e s a f e t y measures, o t h e r w i s e t h e y w o u l d t r a n s f e r t h e i r i n d u s t r y t o C o s t a - R i c a , a n d , i n o r d e r t o b r i n g p r e s s u r e t o bear, closed d o w n m a n y f a c t o r i e s i n w h i c h n e a r l y 12,000 M e x i can workers were employed. T h e multinational companies are levers of i m p e r i a l i s m a n d one o f t h e m a i n f o r m s o f i t s e x p a n s i o n . T h e y are pillars of neo-colonialism and infringe the national s o v e r e i g n t y a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f the c o u n t r i e s i n w h i c h t h e y operate. I n o r d e r t o o p e n the w a y t o t h e i r d o m i n a t i o n , these c o m p a n i e s d o n o t hesitate t o c o m m i t a n y c r i m e , f r o m the organization of plots a n d the dislocation of the economy, d o w n t o t h e o u t r i g h t b u y i n g o f t o p o f f i c i a l s , p o l i t i c a l a n d t r a d e - u n i o n leaders, etc. T h e L o c k h e e d s c a n d a l provided ample proof of this.
417
M a n y m u l t i n a t i o n a l companies have established t h e m selves a n d a r e o p e r a t i n g i n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s , too. ( 6 ) T h e y h a v e b e g u n t o p e n e t r a t e C h i n a , also. The concentration and centralization of production and capital, w h i c h characterize the capitalist w o r l d today and have led to extensive socialization of production, have not i n a n y w a y altered the e x p l o i t i n g nature o f i m p e r i a l i s m . On the contrary, they have increased and intensified t h e o p p r e s s i o n a n d i m p o v e r i s h m e n t o f t h e w o r k i n g people. T h e s e p h e n o m e n a p r o v e t o t h e h i l t L e n i n ' s thesis t h a t under conditions of the concentration of production and capital in imperialism,
the
result
is
immense private. the
progress The private
in social
the
socializaof a
tion of production, b u t , n e v e r t h e l e s s , ... appropriation few.*

T h e m o n o p o l i e s a n d m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s r e m a i n great enemies o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples. T h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e process o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f production a n d capital, w h i c h is taking place in our time, has f u r t h e r e x a c e r b a t e d t h e b a s i c c o n t r a d i c t i o n o f c a p i t a l _____________________________________________________ 6 Seventeen U S , 18 Japanese, 13 W e s t - G e r m a n , 20 F r e n c h , and 7 I t a l i a n a n d other m u l t i n a t i o n a l companies have established themselves in the Soviet U n i o n or have opened offices there. O v e r 30 m u l t i n a t i o n a l companies have established themselves in P o l a n d . Of them, 10 are A m e r i c a n , 6 W e s t German, 6 B r i t i s h , 3 Japanese, etc. T h e r e are 32 such c o m p a nies operating in R u m a n i a , 31 in H u n g a r y , 30 in Czechoslovakia. T h e picture is the same in the other revisionist c o u n tries. (Information f r o m the book Vodka-Cola, by K a r l L e vinson, 1977, pp. 79-82.) * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 22, p. 247, A l b . ed.
remains remain
means of
production
property
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i s m , t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e social c h a r a c t e r o f production and the private character of appropriation, along w i t h all the other contradictions. Today, just as in the past, t h e colossal i n c o m e a n d s u p e r p r o f i t s r e a l i z e d f r o m t h e savage e x p l o i t a t i o n o f w o r k e r s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e d by a h a n d f u l of capitalist magnates. L i k e w i s e , the means of production, w i t h w h i c h the united branches of industry h a v e been e q u i p p e d , a r e t h e p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y o f c a p i t a l ists, w h i l e t h e w o r k i n g class r e m a i n s e n s l a v e d t o t h e o w n e r s o f the m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d its l a b o u r p o w e r remains a m a r k e t commodity. N o w a d a y s the big capitalist e n t e r p r i s e s n o l o n g e r e x p l o i t tens o r h u n d r e d s o f w o r k e r s b u t h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f t h e m . A s a r e s u l t o f the r u t h l e s s c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h i s great a r m y o f w o r k ers, t h e s u r p l u s v a l u e seized b y t h e U S c o r p o r a t i o n s i n 1976 alone, is e s t i m a t e d at o v e r 100 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s , as against 44 b i l l i o n in 1960. L e n i n e x p o s e d t h e o p p o r t u n i s t s o f the S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l , w h o p r e a c h e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f l i q u i d a t i n g the a n t a g o n i s t i c c o n t r a d i c t i o n s of c a p i t a l i s m as a r e s u l t of t h e emergence and development of monopolies. He p r o v e d w i t h scientific argument that the monopolies, as vehicles of the oppression and exploitation of labour and the p r i vate appropriation of the results of labour, m a k e the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f c a p i t a l i s m e v e n m o r e severe. T h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r i s b u i l t o n t h e basis of the domination of monopolies. This superstructure def e n d s a n d r e p r e s e n t s t h e p r e d a t o r y i n t e r e s t s o f the monopolies, on both the national and the international planes. T h e m o n o p o l i e s dictate t h e i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l p o l i c y , t h e economic, social, m i l i t a r y , a n d o t h e r policies. The present-day reality of the concentration of p r o d u c t i o n a n d c a p i t a l also exposes t h e p r e a c h i n g s o f t h e r e a c t i o n a r y chiefs o f s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , the m o d e r n r e v i s i o n -
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ists a n d o p p o r t u n i s t s o f e v e r y hue, t h a t t h e trusts, the p r o p e r t y o f state m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m , etc., c a n a l l e g e d l y b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n a p e a c e f u l w a y i n t o socialist economies, that allegedly present-day m o n o p o l y capitalism w i l l be integrated g r a d u a l l y into socialism. The concentration of production and capital, Lenin teaches us, also serve as a basis for increased concentration of money capital, its concentration in the hands of big banks, and the birth and development of finance capital. In t h e course of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of c a p i t a l i s m , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m o n o p o l i e s , t h e b a n k s , too, a s s u m e great d e v e l o p m e n t , a b s o r b i n g t h e m o n e y c a p i t a l o f the monopolies a n d concerns as w e l l as of s m a l l producers and investors. In this w a y , the banks, w h i c h are in the hands o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t s a n d s e r v e t h e m , become t h e o w n e r s o f the m a i n f i n a n c i a l m e a n s . T h e s a m e process, w h i c h w a s c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e s m a l l e n t e r p r i s e s b y t h e b i g ones, b y the cartels a n d m o n o p o l i e s , has also t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e l i q u i d a t i o n , one a f t e r t h e other, o f s m a l l b a n k s . T h u s , j u s t a s t h e b i g e n t e r p r i s e s c r e a t e d t h e m o n o p o l i e s , the b i g b a n k s , too, c r e a t e d t h e i r b a n k i n g concerns. I n t h e last t w o decades t h i s p h e n o m e n o n has a s s u m e d colossal p r o portions and it is still going on v e r y r a p i d l y today. A distinctive feature of today's mergers and takeovers is t h e fact t h a t n o t o n l y t h e s m a l l b a n k s b u t also the m i d d l e s i z e d a n d t h e r e l a t i v e l y b i g ones are i n v o l v e d . T h i s p h e n omenon is accounted for by the increasing severity of the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f c a p i t a l i s t r e p r o d u c t i o n , t h e e x t e n sion o f t h e s t r u g g l e o f c o m p e t i t i o n a n d the g r a v e c r i s i s of the financial and monetary system of the capitalist world. T w e n t y - s i x big financial groups dominate in U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a . T h e biggest o f t h e m i s the the
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M o r g a n group, w i t h 20 big banks, insurance companies, etc., a n d w i t h share c a p i t a l o f 9 0 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s . The level of the concentration and centralization of b a n k i n g c a p i t a l i s also v e r y h i g h i n t h e o t h e r m a i n c a p i t a l i s t countries. I n W e s t G e r m a n y , t h r e e o u t o f s e v e n t y b i g b a n k s o w n o v e r 5 8 p e r cent o f a l l b a n k i n g assets. In Britain, all banking activity is controlled by four banks k n o w n as the B i g Four. T h e level of concentration of b a n k i n g c a p i t a l i s also h i g h i n J a p a n a n d F r a n c e , too. L e n i n has p r o v e d t h a t b a n k i n g c a p i t a l i s i n t e r l o c k e d w i t h industrial capital. At first, the banks are interested i n the fate o f t h e c r e d i t s t h e y a d v a n c e t o t h e i n d u s t r i a l ists. T h e y m e d i a t e t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e i n d u s t r i a l i s t s w h o receive the credits reach agreement among themselves t o a v o i d c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h one a n o t h e r because t h e b a n k s , themselves, w o u l d also s u f f e r f r o m this. T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t step o f t h e b a n k s i n t h e i r i n t e r l o c k i n g w i t h i n d u s t r i a l capital. W i t h the development of the concentration of production and m o n e y capital, the banks become direct investors in the p r o d u c t i o n enterprises, setting up j o i n t stock c o m p a n i e s . I n t h i s w a y , b a n k i n g c a p i t a l p e n e t r a t e s into industry, construction, agriculture, transport, the s p h e r e o f c i r c u l a t i o n a n d a l l other f i e l d s . F o r t h e i r p a r t , t h e e n t e r p r i s e s b u y l a r g e h o l d i n g s o f shares a n d b e c o m e participants in banks. T o d a y the directors of banks and m o n o p o l y e n t e r p r i s e s are m e m b e r s o f one a n o t h e r ' s boards of management, thus creating w h a t L e n i n called their personal union. T h e finance capital w h i c h emerges f r o m t h i s process i n c l u d e s a l l f o r m s o f c a p i t a l : i n d u s t r i a l capital, m o n e y capital and c o m m o d i t y capital. C h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h i s process, L e n i n s a i d :
The concentration of production; the monopolies arising therefrom; the merging or coalescence of banks with industry such is the
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history is the
of the content
rise of of that
finance capital concept.*
and
such
A l t h o u g h since the Second W o r l d W a r finance capital has i n c r e a s e d a n d u n d e r g o n e s t r u c t u r a l changes, i t s t i l l has p r e c i s e l y those s a m e a i m s i t has a l w a y s h a d , the m a k i n g of m a x i m u m profits through the exploitation of t h e b r o a d masses o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e the country. T h e insurance companies, w h i c h have greatly i n c r e a s e d o v e r recent y e a r s i n t h e m a i n c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a n d h a v e b e c o m e serious c o m p e t i t o r s o f t h e b a n k s , h a v e the t h e s a m e r o l e . I n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , f o r e x a m ple, in 1970, as against 1950, b a n k i n g assets h a d i n c r e a s e d 3.5 f o l d , w h e r e a s those o f i n s u r a n c e c o m p a n i e s h a d i n c r e a s e d 6.5 f o l d , o v e r t h e s a m e p e r i o d . W i t h the capital they accumulate through p l u n d e r i n g the people, these c o m p a n i e s h a v e b e e n a b l e t o a d v a n c e the monopolies large sums amounting to hundreds of m i l lions of dollars. In this way, the insurace companies are merged and interlocked w i t h the industrial and b a n k i n g monopolies, becoming an organic constituent part of finance capital. D r i v e n b y its i n s a t i a b l e t h i r s t f o r p r o f i t s , t h e m o n o p o l y b o u r g e o i s i e t u r n s e v e r y source o f t e m p o r a r i l y a v a i l a b l e m o n e t a r y means, s u c h a s t h e w o r k e r s ' p e n s i o n f u n d s , the p e o p l e ' s savings, etc., i n t o c a p i t a l . Concentrated finance capital draws exceptionally large amounts of income not o n l y f r o m the profit accruing to i t f r o m t h e m o n e y a b s o r b e d f r o m t h e concerns, s m a l l i n d u s t r i a l i s t s , etc., etc., b u t also f r o m t h e issue of s e c u r i ties a n d p r o v i s i o n of loans. J u s t as in t h e case of s a v i n g s ' deposits, in t h e l a t t e r , too, o n l y a s m a l l s h a r e of t h e p r o f i t goes t o t h e l e n d e r s , w h i l e the b a n k itself m a k e s colossal
_________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 22, p. 273, A l b . ed.
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p r o f i t s f r o m these a c t i v i t i e s , t h r o u g h w h i c h i t increases its o w n c a p i t a l a n d i n v e s t m e n t s , w h i c h , o f course, create a continuous flow of additional profits for finance c a pital. Finance capital invests mostly in industry, b u t it has e x t e n d e d its n e t w o r k o f s p e c u l a t i o n t o o t h e r assets, too, s u c h a s l a n d , r a i l w a y s , a n d o t h e r b r a n c h e s a n d sectors. The banks have real possibilities of providing cons i d e r a b l e s u m s i n credits, w h i c h a r e r e q u i r e d b y t h e h i g h level of concentration of production and the domination o f m o n o p o l i e s . I n t h i s m a n n e r , f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s are c r e a t e d f o r t h e b i g m o n o p o l y c o m b i n e s t o step u p t h e i r savage e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g masses b o t h a t h o m e and abroad, in order to ensure m a x i m u m profits. W i t h the r e s t o r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e other r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s , t h e b a n k s t h e r e assumed a l l the features characteristic of monopolies. In these countries, the b a n k s serve the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e w o r k i n g people, b o t h a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d , i n t h e same w a y a s i n a l l o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s . I n recent years, t r a d e o n t i m e p a y m e n t , u n d e r w h i c h customers b u y c o n s u m e r goods, e s p e c i a l l y d u r a b l e c o n s u m e r items, has i n c r e a s e d r a p i d l y i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d revisionist countries. T h e provision of such credits e n sures the b o u r g e o i s i e m a r k e t s f o r the sale of goods, t h e capitalists m a k e colossal p r o f i t s f r o m t h e h i g h i n t e r e s t rates c h a r g e d , w h i l e t h e d e b t o r s a r e b o u n d h a n d a n d foot t o t h e c r e d i t o r s a n d t h e c a p i t a l i s t f i r m s . T h e debts a n d o t h e r o b l i g a t i o n s o f t h e w o r k i n g p e o ple to the banks and money-lending institutions have g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d a t the p r e s e n t t i m e . I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a alone, in 1976 the i n d e b t e d n e s s of the p o p u l a t i o n f r o m s u c h c r e d i t s h a d r e a c h e d t h e s u m o f 167 b i l l i o n dollars, a s against 6 b i l l i o n i n 1945, w h i l e i n t h e F e d e r a l Republic of G e r m a n y the indebtedness of the population had amounted to more than 46 billion marks.
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The increased concentration and centralization of b a n k i n g capital has led to increased economic and politi c a l d o m i n a t i o n b y t h e f i n a n c i a l o l i g a r c h y a n d t h e use of a series of f o r m s a n d m e t h o d s to i n c r e a s e t h e e c o n o m i c bondage, t h e i m p o v e r i s h m e n t a n d m i s e r y o f t h e b r o a d masses o f w o r k i n g people. T h e development of finance capital enabled a small g r o u p o f p o w e r f u l i n d u s t r i a l c a p i t a l i s t s a n d b a n k e r s not o n l y t o a c c u m u l a t e g r e a t w e a l t h , b u t also t o c o n c e n t r a t e r e a l e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l p o w e r , w h i c h m a k e s itself felt i n t h e e n t i r e l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y , i n t h e i r h a n d s . T h e s e a l l - p o w e r f u l p e o p l e a r e those w h o h e a d t h e m o n o p o l i e s a n d b a n k s a n d c o n s t i t u t e w h a t i s c a l l e d the f i n a n c i a l o l i g a r c h y . P r o c e e d i n g f r o m the fact t h a t t h e l a r g e companies, in w h i c h even some w o r k e r m a y have a few t o k e n shares, t h e a p o l o g i s t s of c a p i t a l i s m l a b o u r to p r o v e t h a t c a p i t a l h a s n o w a l l e g e d l y lost the p r i v a t e c h a r a c t e r w h i c h it had in the t i m e w h e n M a r x wrote Capital, or w h e n L e n i n analysed i m p e r i a l i s m , that it has supposedly become p e o p l e ' s c a p i t a l . B u t t h i s i s a f a b l e . T o d a y a s i n the past, p o w e r f u l p r i v a t e i n d u s t r i a l - f i n a n c i a l g r o u p s d o minate the imperialist countries: the Rockefellers, M o r g ans, D u p o n t s , M e l l o n s , F o r d s , t h e C h i c a g o , T e x a s , C a l i f o r nia a n d other groups in the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a ; the f i n a n c i a l g r o u p s o f t h e R o t h s c h i l d s , B e h r i n g s , S a m u e l s , etc., i n B r i t a i n ; K r u p p , S i e m e n s , M a n n e s m a n n , T h y s s e n , G e r l i n g , etc., i n W e s t G e r m a n y ; F i a t , A l f a - R o m e o , M o n tedison, O l i v e t t i , etc., i n I t a l y ; t h e 200 f a m i l i e s i n F r a n c e , a n d so o n . A s t h e possessor o f i n d u s t r i a l a n d f i n a n c e c a p i t a l , the f i n a n c i a l o l i g a r c h y h a s e s t a b l i s h e d its e c o n o m i c a n d political domination over the entire life of the country. I t has e v e n s u b o r d i n a t e d t h e state a p p a r a t u s , w h i c h has been t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a t o o l i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e f i n a n c i a l p l u t o c r a c y , t o its o w n interests. T h e f i n a n c i a l o l i g a r c h y
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dismisses a n d a p p o i n t s g o v e r n m e n t s , dictates t h e i n t e r n a l and foreign policy. In internal life, it is l i n k e d w i t h the r e a c t i o n a r y forces, w i t h a l l those p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l , e d u c a t i o n a l , a n d c u l t u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h d e f e n d its political and economic power, w h i l e in foreign policy it defends a n d b a c k s u p a l l t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d r e a c t i o n a r y forces w h i c h s u p p o r t a n d o p e n t h e r o a d f o r its monopoly expansion, and fight for the preservation a n d consolidation of capitalism. T h e f i n a n c i a l o l i g a r c h y does n o t hesitate t o use a n y m e a n s t o secure its o w n d o m i n a t i o n , e s t a b l i s h i n g p o l i t i c a l reaction in all fields.
... finance capital, s a i d L e n i n , strives for domination, not for freedom.*

T h e s i t u a t i o n t o d a y p r o v e s t h a t o p p r e s s i o n b y the m o n o p o l y b o u r g e o i s i e has b e e n i n t e n s i f i e d e v e r y w h e r e . O n t h i s basis, t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i s b e c o m i n g deeper. A t t h e s a m e time, the economic and financial expansion, accompanied w i t h p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y e x p a n s i o n , has f u r t h e r e x a c e r b a t e d t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e peoples a n d i m perialism, as w e l l as the contradictions among the i m perialist powers themselves. T h e present-day propaganda of the Chinese revisionists ignores this undeniable objective reality. The concentration and centralization of banking cap i t a l n o w t a k e s place, n o t j u s t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f o n e c o u n t r y , b u t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f s e v e r a l capitalist, o r c a pitalist and revisionist countries. T h e joint banks of the European C o m m o n M a r k e t , or the International B a n k
________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 23, p. 124, A l b . ed.
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f o r E c o n o m i c C o - o p e r a t i o n a s w e l l a s the I n v e s t m e n t B a n k o f C o m e c o n , a r e o f t h i s c h a r a c t e r . S i m i l a r l y , the combinations of the West G e r m a n - P o l i s h or the A n g l o R u m a n i a n , F r a n c o - R u m a n i a n or A n g l o - H u n g a r i a n banks, or the A m e r i c a n - Y u g o s l a v , A n g l o - Y u g o s l a v or other b a n k ing corporations are b a n k i n g unions of the capitalist t y p e . T h e S o v i e t U n i o n has o p e n e d u p m a n y b a n k s i n a n u m b e r o f c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a n d these h a v e b e c o m e competitors and partners of capitalist banks wherever they have been established, in Z u r i c h , London, Paris, A f r i c a , L a t i n A m e r i c a , a n d elsewhere. C h i n a , too, i s b e i n g s u c k e d deeper a n d deeper i n t o the w h i r l p o o l o f t h i s process o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t i n t e g r a t i o n o f b a n k s . A p a r t f r o m t h e b a n k s i t has i n H o n g K o n g Macao and Singapore, t o m o r r o w C h i n a w i l l be setting up banks i n J a p a n , A m e r i c a , a n d elsewhere. A t the same time, i t i s p e r m i t t i n g t h e b a n k s o f i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s t o penetrate C h i n a . (7) Lenin emphasized that present-day capitalism is characterized by the export of capital. T o d a y t h i s e c o n o m i c f e a t u r e o f i m p e r i a l i s m has b e e n f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d a n d s t r e n g t h e n e d . T h e biggest e x p o r t e r s o f c a p i t a l i n t h e w o r l d today are the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , Japan, the S o v i e t U n i o n , the F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y , B r i tain a n d F r a n c e . F o r a certain period, United States of A m e r i c a , countries w i t h d e v e l o p e d colonies t h e r i c h e s o f t h e its s u r f a c e . L a t e r , as a capital was exported by the Britain, France and Germany, industry, w h i c h sucked f r o m l a n d a n d those t h a t l a y b e l o w consequence of t h e w a r a n d
_________________________________ 7 A c c o r d i n g to the Chinese press, the W o r l d B a n k w i l l grant C h i n a a l o a n of 2.4 b i l l i o n US dollars for the 1984-1985 f i n a n c i a l year (see Beijing Review, no. 24, J u n e 13, 1983, p. 15).
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crises, some i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s s u c h a s B r i t a i n , F r a n c e , Germany, were weakened economically, while A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m enriched itself and became a superpower. I n the s i t u a t i o n c r e a t e d a f t e r t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r the torrent of exports of A m e r i c a n capital was very detrimental to the other capitalist powers. Today, A m e r i c a n capital is exported to a l l countries, e v e n t o the i n d u s t r i a l i z e d ones, i n the f o r m o f i n v e s t ments, credits, loans, i n the f o r m o f c o - o p e r a t i o n i n j o i n t companies or through the setting up of large i n d u s t r i a l companies. A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , m o n o p o l y capital, i n vests i n the u n d e v e l o p e d a n d p o o r c o u n t r i e s , because t h e r e p r o d u c t i o n costs are l o w , w h i l e the l e v e l o f e x p l o i t a tion of w o r k i n g people is high. It invests in order to secure r a w m a t e r i a l s , t o m o n o p o l i z e m a r k e t s , t o s e l l its industrial products. I t i s k n o w n t h a t the d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l i s t c o u n tries takes place unevenly, therefore the b i g monopolies a n d c o m p a n i e s o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the o t h e r c o u n t r i e s e x p o r t c a p i t a l p r e c i s e l y t o those c o u n t r i e s in w h i c h economic development requires investments and technology. T h e c a p i t a l i n v e s t e d b r i n g s f a b u l o u s p r o f i t s t o the f i n a n c i a l concerns a n d m o n o p o l i e s , because i n the poor, u n d e v e l o p e d countries, l a n d i s v e r y c h e a p a n d l a r g e tracts o f it, t o g e t h e r w i t h its r i c h e s , c a n b e p u r c h a s e d w i t h l i t t l e m o n e y . L a b o u r p o w e r i s cheap, too, because people o n the v e r g e o f s t a r v a t i o n are f o r c e d t o w o r k f o r a v e r y l o w p a y . I t has been c a l c u l a t e d t h a t f o r e v e r y d o l l a r i n v e s t e d i n these c o u n t r i e s , the i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s m a k e a p r o f i t of 5 d o l l a r s . A c c o r d i n g t o A m e r i c a n o f f i c i a l d a t a , d u r i n g t h e 19711975 p e r i o d alone, d i r e c t i n v e s t m e n t s f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a i n t h e n e w states t o t a l l e d 6.5 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s , w h i l e the p r o f i t s i t m a d e i n these c o u n t r i e s over
427
the same p e r i o d a m o u n t e d t o n e a r l y 3 0 b i l l i o n dollars. ( 8 ) I n o r d e r t o d i s g u i s e t h e e x p o r t o f c a p i t a l , the i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s also r e s o r t to the p r a c t i c e of a c c o r d i n g credits. T h r o u g h these so-called c r e d i t s o r a i d , t h e b i g c a p i t a l i s t c o n c e r n s a n d the states t o w h i c h t h e y b e l o n g b r i n g great p r e s s u r e t o b e a r o n the r e c i p i e n t states a n d peoples, a n d k e e p t h e m u n d e r c o n t r o l . T h e a i d o r c r e d i t s t o the u n d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s o r i g i n a t e f r o m the p l u n d e r o f t h e w e a l t h o f these c o u n t r i e s a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f the w o r k i n g masses o f t h e d e v e l o p e d countries and are given to the w e a l t h y of the undevelope d c o u n t r i e s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h i s m e a n s t h a t the b i g US monopolies, for example, fatten on the sweat of both t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e a n d t h e o t h e r peoples, a n d w h e n t h e y e x p o r t c a p i t a l a n d a c c o r d credits, these r e p r e s e n t p r e c i s e l y , t h e s w e a t a n d b l o o d o f these peoples. O n the o t h e r h a n d , these credits, w h i c h t h e b i g m o n o p o l i e s p r o v i d e f o r t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t h i r d w o r l d , i n fact, s e r v e t h e f e u d a l - b o u r g e o i s classes w h i c h r u l e these c o u n tries. T h e c r e d i t s the n e w states r e c e i v e are l i n k s o f the i m p e r i a l i s t c h a i n a r o u n d t h e n e c k s o f t h e i r o w n peoples. A s the s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a s h o w , t h e debts o f these c o u n t r i e s double every five years. in 1955, t h e debts o f F r o m n e a r l y 8.5 billion dollars to the dollars exits the u n d e v e l o p e d countries
imperialist powers had risen to over i n 1977. World pertise in capitalism its own has developed in
150 b i l l i o n
technology and to multiply
interests,
order
p r o f i t s f r o m the d i s c o v e r y o f u n d e r g r o u n d resources, t h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e , etc. A l l t h i s t e c h n o l o g y , t h e

_____________________________ 8 T h e A m e r i c a n r e v i e w Survey of Business, p. 44, A u gust 1976.
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t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n itself, a n d t h e n e w m e t h o d s of economic exploitation serve i m p e r i a l i s m , the capitalist m o n o p o l i e s , b u t n o t t h e peoples. C a p i t a l i s m n e v e r m a k e s i n v e s t m e n t s , p r o v i d e s loans, o r e x p o r t s c a p i t a l t o o t h e r c o u n t r i e s w i t h o u t f i r s t c a l c u l a t i n g the p r o f i t s i t w i l l r e a l i z e f o r itself. T h e b i g m o n o p o l i e s a n d b a n k s , w h i c h h a v e s p r e a d t h e i r spider's w e b a l l o v e r the c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i sionist w o r l d , never accord credits unless they are p r e sented w i t h concrete d a t a a b o u t t h e i n c o m e t o b e m a d e f r o m the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f a m i n e , t h e l a n d , t h e e x t r a c t i o n of o i l or w a t e r f r o m a desert, etc. T h e r e are also o t h e r f o r m s o f a c c o r d i n g credits, l i k e those p r a c t i s e d w i t h those p s e u d o - s o c i a l i s t states w h i c h a r e t r y i n g t o disguise t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u r s e o n w h i c h t h e y a r e p r o c e e d i n g . T h e s e are l a r g e c r e d i t s p r o v i d e d i n t h e f o r m o f t r a d e credits w h i c h , o f course, m u s t b e r e p a i d w i t h i n , a s h o r t t i m e . T h e s e are p r o v i d e d j o i n t l y b y m a n y capitalist countries, w h i c h have calculated in advance the economic as w e l l as political profits they w i l l d r a w f r o m t h e r e c i p i e n t state, t a k i n g i n t o account b o t h i t s e c o n o m i c p o t e n t i a l a n d a b i l i t y t o p a y . I n n o case d o t h e c a p i t a l i s t s p r o v i d e their credits for the construction of socialism. T h e y provide t h e m to destroy socialism. Therefore, a genuine socialist c o u n t r y n e v e r accepts credits, i n a n y f o r m , f r o m a capitalist, bourgeois, or r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r y . L i k e the K h r u s h c h e v i t e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s , t h e C h i nese r e v i s i o n i s t s , also, e m p l o y m a n y slogans, m a n y q u o t a tions, b u i l d m a n y p h r a s e s w h i c h s o u n d L e n i n i s t , r e v olutionary, but their real activity is reactionary, counterrevolutionary. T h e Chinese leaders t r y to present even t h e i r o p p o r t u n i s t stands t o w a r d s , a n d r e l a t i o n s w i t h , t h e i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a s i f t h e y are i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f s o c i a l i s m . T h e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s use t h i s c a m o u f l a g e w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f k e e p i n g t h e masses o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e people i n t h e d a r k , s o t h a t t h e y w i l l n o t b e a b l e t o
429
t r a n s f o r m their discontent into a p o w e r f u l means to carry out the revolution. L e t us take, for example, the question of the economic construction of the country, the development of the socialist e c o n o m y r e l y i n g o n one's o w n forces. T h i s p r i n c i p l e i s correct. E v e r y i n d e p e n d e n t , s o v e r e i g n socialist state m u s t m o b i l i z e t h e e n t i r e people, a n d d e f i n e its e c o n omic p o l i c y correctly, must take all measures for the proper and most r a t i o n a l exploitation of all the w e a l t h of the country, and administer this wealth thriftily, must i n c r e a s e i t i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f its o w n p e o p l e a n d m u s t n o t a l l o w i t t o b e p l u n d e r e d b y others. T h i s i s a m a i n , basic orientation for e v e r y socialist country, w h i l e a i d f r o m a b r o a d , a i d f r o m o t h e r socialist c o u n t r i e s , i s s u p plementary. T h e c r e d i t s t w o socialist c o u n t r i e s a c c o r d e a c h o t h e r have quite a different character. These credits constitute disinterested internationalist aid. Internationalist a i d never e n g e n d e r s c a p i t a l i s m , n e v e r i m p o v e r i s h e s t h e masses o f t h e people, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t h e l p s d e v e l o p i n d u s t r y a n d a g r i c u l t u r e , serves t h e i r h a r m o n i z a t i o n , leads t o t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e w e l l - b e i n g o f t h e w o r k i n g masses, t o the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f s o c i a l i s m . I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , t h e e c o n o m i c a l l y d e v e l o p e d socialist states o u g h t to assist t h e o t h e r socialist c o u n t r i e s . T h i s does n o t m e a n t h a t a socialist c o u n t r y s h o u l d n o t develop r e l a t i o n s also w i t h t h e o t h e r n o n - s o c i a l i s t c o u n tries. B u t these m u s t b e e c o n o m i c r e l a t i o n s o n t h e b a s i s of m u t u a l interest a n d must not in a n y w a y m a k e the e c o n o m y of a socialist, or a n y o t h e r n o n - s o c i a l i s t c o u n try, d e p e n d e n t o n t h e m o r e p o w e r f u l c o u n t r i e s . I f these relations a m o n g states a r e b a s e d o n t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f small, e c o n o m i c a l l y w e a k states b y b i g a n d p o w e r f u l states, t h e n s u c h aid m u s t b e r e j e c t e d , f o r i t i s enslaving.
430
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L e n i n says that f i n a n c e c a p i t a l has cast, i n the l i t e r a l m e a n i n g o f the w o r d , its nets o v e r a l l t h e c o u n t r i e s o f the w o r l d . The capitalists' monopolies, cartels and s y n d i cates w o r k s y s t e m a t i c a l l y , f i r s t t h e y seize t h e i n t e r n a l m a r k e t o f t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y , get i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , u n d e r t h e i r c o n t r o l , e n s l a v e t h e w o r k i n g class a n d o t h e r w o r k i n g people, m a k e s u p e r p r o f i t s , a n d t h e n create great p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o m o n o p o l i z e m a r k e t s a l l o v e r the w o r l d . Finance capital plays a direct role in this. W e see today, a n d t h i s c o m p l e t e l y t a l l i e s w i t h L e n i n ' s teachings o n i m p e r i a l i s m a s t h e f i n a l stage o f c a p i t a l i s m , that the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s , A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , are c o n t e n d i n g o v e r t h e d i v i s i o n o f the w o r l d , t o c a p t u r e m a r k e t s . T h e p r o b l e m o f o i l , f o r instance, w h i c h has become a c u t e t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d , is, f i r s t o f a l l , the d o m a i n o f t h e b i g A m e r i c a n m o n o p o l y companies, b u t B r i t i s h , D u t c h , a n d o t h e r o i l c o m p a n i e s are also i n v o l v e d i n t h e m . T h e A m e r i c a n s are m a n o e u v r i n g o n the p r o b l e m o f o i l i n o r d e r t o h a v e a c o m p l e t e m o n o p o l y o f it. T h e y h a v e i n v e s t e d b i g c a p i t a l a n d e s t a b lished large-scale equipment in the oil p r o d u c i n g countries, s u c h a s S a u d i A r a b i a , I r a n , etc., a n d h a v e got t h e r u l i n g cliques o f these c o u n t r i e s i n t o t h e i r clutches, b y c o r r u p t i n g k i n g s , sheiks, a n d i m a m s w i t h l a r g e s u m s o f dollars. T h e r u l e r s o f the o i l p r o d u c i n g c o u n t r i e s a r e a l l o w e d b y the f i n a n c i a l p l u t o c r a c y o f these c o u n t r i e s t o i n v e s t i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , B r i t a i n a n d e l s e w h e r e , e v e n t o b u y shares i n v a r i o u s m o n o p o l y c o m p a n i e s , as w e l l as l u x u r y hotels, factories, etc. S a u d i A r a b i a , f o r instance, i s a s e m i - f e u d a l c o u n t r y where poverty and obscurantism reign, although it extracts 420 m i l l i o n tons o f o i l a y e a r . W h i l e t h e w o r k i n g masses l i v e i n p o v e r t y , the k i n g a n d t h e b i g l a n d o w n e r class h a v e deposited o v e r 4 0 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n t h e W a l l S t r e e t b a n k s alone. T h e s i t u a t i o n i s the s a m e i n K u w a i t ,
431
the U n i t e d A r a b E m i r a t e s , a n d e l s e w h e r e . T h e s e c l i q u e s m a k e a l l sorts o f concessions t o the i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s t o p l u n d e r t h e assets o f t h e peoples o f t h e c o u n t r i e s w h e r e they rule, w i t h the a i m of getting a share of the profits for themselves. T h e i n v e s t m e n t s m a d e b y the o i l p r o d u c i n g c o u n t r i e s , a n d w h i c h are t h e p r o p e r t y o f the r u l i n g cliques, c o n s t i t u t e a u n i o n , of course, on a v e r y s m a l l scale, of t h e c a p i t a l o f these c l i q u e s w i t h A m e r i c a n o r B r i t i s h c a p i t a l . On t h e face of it, it seems as if the r u l i n g c l i q u e s of t h e o i l p r o d u c i n g c o u n t r i e s h a v e a sort o f p a r t n e r s h i p o f investments w i t h American, British, or French imperiali s m , a n d a l l e g e d l y i n f l u e n c e t h e economies o f t h e l a t t e r . I n r e a l i t y , q u i t e t h e opposite i s t h e case. T h e p r o f i t s o f A m e r i c a n imperialists and the other imperialists are enormously big in comparison w i t h the profits allocated to these cliques. T h i s is a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of p r e s e n t - d a y neo-colonialism, w h i c h , in order to be able to exploit the riches of some countries to the m a x i m u m , makes some c a u t i o u s concessions i n f a v o u r o f t h e b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t , o r f e u d a l r u l i n g g r o u p s , o f course, n o t t o i t s o w n d e t r i ment. T h i s e x a m p l e c o n f i r m s t h e correctness o f L e n i n ' s thesis, t h a t the i n t e r e s t s of t h e b o u r g e o i s i e of v a r i o u s countries c a n v e r y e a s i l y become i n t e r l o c k e d , j u s t a s the i n t e r e s t s of p r i v a t e m o n o p o l i e s c a n be i n t e r l o c k e d w i t h those o f state m o n o p o l i e s . T h e b i g m o n o p o l i e s m a y also c o m b i n e w i t h t h e m o n o p o l i e s w h i c h are less p o w e r f u l b u t w h i c h c o n t r o l g r e a t assets, e s p e c i a l l y u n d e r g r o u n d resources, s u c h a s i r o n , c h r o m i u m , copper, u r a n i u m , a n d other m i n e s . G o v e r n m e n t loans, c r e d i t s a n d a i d h a v e become one o f the m o s t w i d e s p r e a d f o r m s o f t h e e x p o r t o f c a p i t a l today. T h i s k i n d o f e x p o r t i s p r a c t i s e d b y t h e S o v i e t U n i o n and the other revisionist countries, in particular. A p a r t f r o m t h e e x t r a c t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s t p r o f i t s , these
432
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credits, t h i s aid a n d l o a n s also h a v e p o l i t i c a l o b j e c t i v e s . T h e states w h i c h a c c o r d the c r e d i t s a i m t o s u p p o r t a n d c o n s o l i d a t e the p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c p o w e r o f p a r t i c u l a r cliques, w h i c h d e f e n d e d t h e economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y interests o f t h e c r e d i t o r c o u n t r y . A s t h e a g r e e m e n t s o n such credits are concluded between governments, t h e y m a k e the economic a n d political dependence of the debtor on t h e c r e d i t o r e v e n g r e a t e r . A classical e x a m p l e of t h i s f o r m of capital export is the M a r s h a l l Plan, w h i c h after t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r b e c a m e t h e e c o n o m i c basis f o r t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y e x p a n s i o n o f t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a in the countries of Western Europe. T h e socalled aid w h i c h the Soviet revisionists provide allegedly for the development of the economy and the setting up o f t h e state sector o f i n d u s t r y i n s u c h c o u n t r i e s a s I n d i a , Iraq, a n d elsewhere, is of the same nature. A t present, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m perialism, and the capitalism of the industrialized c o u n t r i e s h a v e r e a c h e d s u c h a stage of d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t t h e p r o f i t t h e y r e a l i z e f r o m t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f c a p i t a l has i n c r e a s e d e n o r m o u s l y . T h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f c a p i t a l creates large profits w h i c h go into the pockets of the m o n o p o l ists, t h e f i n a n c i a l o l i g a r c h y , w h o d o not p u t t h i s i n c o m e at the service of the poverty-stricken w o r k i n g people, b u t e x p o r t i t t o those c o u n t r i e s f r o m w h i c h other, g r e a t e r p r o f i t s m a y a c c r u e t o t h e m . T h e s e are t h e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h C h i n a calls t h e t h i r d w o r l d . H o w e v e r , t h e y m a k e i n vestments of this k i n d in the developed capitalist countries, too. M a n y b o o k s h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n a b o u t the process o f p e n e t r a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l i n t o E u r o p e a n d its p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c a i m s . A clear p i c t u r e o f t h i s i s g i v e n i n the b o o k b y t h e A m e r i c a n a u t h o r G e o f f r e y O w e n . A t the beginning of the chapter The International C o m panies, h e says t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f A m e r i c a n i n -
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v e s t m e n t s a b r o a d has b e e n m a d e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e concept that the A m e r i c a n f i r m s represent not companies w i t h overseas interests, b u t i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s . T h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f these c o m p a n i e s a r e i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . T h i s means that the various b i g A m e r i c a n f i r m s think not only of covering their o w n country and the needs o f i n d u s t r y a n d c l i e n t s w i t h i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , b u t also o f e x t e n d i n g t h e i r n e t w o r k s t o f o r e i g n countries. These companies invest their surplus capital in other countries in order to m a k e bigger profits. S u c h giant corporations as Socony M o b i l , Standard O i l of N e w J e r s e y , etc., m a k e n e a r l y h a l f t h e i r p r o f i t s f r o m t h e p l u n d e r a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s . A b o u t 500 c o m p a n i e s secure p r o f i t s o f a b o u t 1 0 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s o u t side t h e c o u n t r y e v e r y y e a r . T h e r e a r e m o r e t h a n 3,000 such enterprises w i t h investments in foreign countries. This is how such formulas and terms as multinational companies, o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l i s m , etc., h a v e c o m e i n t o d a i l y use i n j o u r n a l i s m a n d b a n k i n g o p e r a t i o n s . G e o f f r e y O w e n says t h a t i n 1929 o v e r 1,300 E u r o p e a n companies were owned or controlled by A m e r i c a n firms. T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t stage o f t h e A m e r i c a n o f f e n s i v e o n European industry. T h e pressure of the Second W o r l d War, w h i c h was being prepared, temporarily halted the i n v a s i o n o f A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l . F r o m 1929 u p t i l l 1946, t h e amount of direct investments by A m e r i c a n companies in o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d f e l l f r o m 7,500 m i l l i o n t o 7,200 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s . H o w e v e r , a f t e r t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , i n 1950, t h e a m o u n t o f A m e r i c a n i n v e s t m e n t s a b r o a d h a d r i s e n t o 11,200 m i l l i o n , h a l f o f i t c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e L a t i n - A m e r i c a n countries and Canada. T h e investments in L a t i n A m e r i c a w e r e m a d e t o e x p l o i t the r a w m a t e r i a l s : o i l , copper, i r o n ore, b a u x i t e s , a s w e l l a s b a n a n a s a n d other a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s . I n C a n a d a t h e y w e r e m a i n l y i n m i n i n g a n d o i l a n d d e v e l o p e d o n a w i d e scale because
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o f its p r o x i m i t y a n d other c o n d i t i o n s f a c i l i t a t i n g p e n e t r a tion. T h e E u r o p e o f the 1950's also b e c a m e a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t target f o r A m e r i c a n i n v e s t m e n t s . I n v e s t m e n t s o n t h i s continent w e r e e x t e n d e d r a p i d l y i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , m a s s p r o d u c t i o n goods a n d c o m p l e x e q u i p m e n t . T o g e t h e r w i t h i n v e s t m e n t s , A m e r i c a n goods and p r o d u c t s p o u r e d i n . The author in question points out that the situation created after the Second W o r l d W a r in the capitalist m a r ket gave an even greater impulse to A m e r i c a n investm e n t s . H e r e are the f i g u r e s o n t h e increase o f these i n v e s t m e n t s a b r o a d : i n 1946 t h e y t o t a l l e d 7,200 m i l l i o n a n d t h e n t h e y b e g a n t o r i s e t o 11,200 m i l l i o n i n 1950, 44,300 m i l l i o n i n 1964 a n d o v e r 60,000 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s today. By incessantly extending their operations on a w o r l d w i d e scale, the A m e r i c a n c o m p a n i e s h a v e m a d e t h e competition w i t h the local firms m u c h fiercer and increased the fear of d o m i n a t i o n by the A m e r i c a n giants. This p r o b l e m i s e v e n m o r e acute i n t h e u n d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s w h e r e the A m e r i c a n f i r m s d o m i n a t e the k e y b r a n c h e s o f i n d u s t r y a n d exercise a p r e p o n d e r a n t i n f l u e n c e i n the n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y o f these c o u n t r i e s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , these giant A m e r i c a n companies control the local economies a n d g o v e r n m e n t s a n d i n fact t h e y r u n t h e m . The prolonged struggle w h i c h went on between the A m e r i c a n o i l c o m p a n i e s a n d the M e x i c a n g o v e r n m e n t a n d w h i c h e n d e d i n 1938 w i t h the collapse o f t h e M e x i c a n government's policy of opposition, is w e l l k n o w n . There w a s a s i m i l a r o u t c o m e to the s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e B r i t i s h oil monopoly and the Iranian government, w h i c h resulted in the toppling of Mossadeq. S u c h ruinous conflicts are g o i n g o n a l l t h e t i m e a n d t h e y e n d w i t h the t r i u m p h o f the b i g A m e r i c a n t r u s t s . T h e big o i l companies operate w o r l d - w i d e . F o r t h e m
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i t has become n o r m a l a n d necessary t o c o m p l e t e l y c o n t r o l all t h e c a p i t a l a n d p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s b r a n c h , t o c o n t r o l g o v e r n m e n t s , etc., i n the c o u n t r i e s w h e r e t h e y h a v e i n vested, because, i f t h e y l a c k e d these p o s s i b i l i t i e s , t h e n d i f f i c u l t i e s w o u l d a r i s e i n the c o - o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e i r a c t i v i t y o n a w o r l d scale. T h i s i s w h y t h e b i g f o r e i g n c o m p a n i e s oppose the e f f o r t s of t h e l o c a l c a p i t a l i s t s to get a b i g g e r share i n the p r o f i t s t h a n t h a t t h e A m e r i c a n i n v e s t o r s o r those o f o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a l l o w t h e m . The A m e r i c a n companies i n Europe, Canada, A s i a , A f r i c a , and elsewhere, have created such a situation that in practice they control the economies of m a n y countries. T h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f these c o u n t r i e s s t a n d i n great f e a r o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , w h i c h has m a d e itself t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e E u r o p e a n e c o n o m y , j u s t a s i t has done i n m i l i t a r y m a t t e r s . T h e r e f o r e , the i n d u s t r i a l i z e d capitalist countries of E u r o p e t r y to hinder the invasion o f A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l w h i c h has b e e n a n d i s p o u r i n g i n ever greater amounts into them. T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p c l a i m s t h a t the E u r o p e a n s t a tes, i n d u s t r i a l i z e d since t h e 19th c e n t u r y , a r e m a k i n g m o r e i n v e s t m e n t s i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . B u t it is k n o w n that w h i l e the investments of E u r o p e a n cap i t a l i n the U n i t e d States a r e m a d e m a i n l y i n t h e f o r m of securities, shares, b o n d s , deposits, etc., t h e A m e r i c a n i n v e s t m e n t s i n E u r o p e h a v e d o m i n a n t p o s i t i o n s i n the most important branches of the E u r o p e a n economy. E n d e a v o u r i n g to justify the increase of A m e r i c a n investments, G e o f f r e y O w e n claims that the European c o u n t r i e s w a n t a n d are m a k i n g e f f o r t s t o d e v e l o p t h e i r i n d u s t r i e s o n s c i e n t i f i c bases, as, f o r instance, t h e electronics and computer industries. These industries cont r i b u t e to a c e r t a i n e x t e n t to t h e t e c h n i c a l progress, the r i s e o f e x p o r t s a n d t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o m i c g r o w t h o f these countries. B u t the A m e r i c a n companies are m o r e a d v a n -
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ced i n t h i s f i e l d t h a n t h e i r E u r o p e a n r i v a l s a n d t h e y c o n t r o l t h i s t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s i n t h e i r o w n interests. I n c o m p u t e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g , f o r instance, t h e r e s p e c t i v e E u r o p e a n c o m p a n i e s h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d close l i n k s to protect themselves against competition f r o m the A m e r ican International Business Machines (IBM) corporation w h i c h c o n t r o l s m o r e t h a n 7 0 p e r cent o f t h e A m e r i c a n market and an even greater proportion of the w o r l d market. Likewise, the b i g A m e r i c a n companies have the t e n dency to embark on joint ventures w i t h the local enterprises. I n o r d e r t o c a m o u f l a g e t h e i r e x p l o i t a t i o n , m a n y f i r m s a v o i d h a v i n g o n e h u n d r e d p e r cent o w n e r s h i p o f subsidiaries, a n d set up c o m p a n i e s on a 49-51 p e r cent o r 50-50 j o i n t i n v e s t m e n t basis. T h a t i s h o w t h e A m e r i c a n s h a v e gone a b o u t i t i n J a p a n , a n d t h a t i s h o w t h e y h a v e gone a b o u t i t i n Y u g o s l a v i a , too, w h i c h t r i e s t o create t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t i t i s b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m , r e l y i n g o n its o w n forces, w h e r e a s i n r e a l i t y t h e T i t o i t e s h a v e d i v i d e d Y u g o s l a v i a e c o n o m i c a l l y a m o n g t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a and the big f i r m s of the developed i n d u s t r i a l countries. B y d o i n g so, t h e T i t o i t e s h a v e also r e s t r i c t e d the f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f Y u g o s l a v i a . T h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y a m o n g m a n y o f these b i g A m e r i c a n companies, l i k e G e n e r a l M o t o r s , F o r d , C h r y s l e r , G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c , etc., to have, in fact, 100 p e r cent o w n e r ship of their subsidiaries in foreign countries. However, these s u b s i d i a r i e s , a c c o r d i n g t o O w e n , n e v e r f o r g e t t h e problem of nationalization, and their answer to this is t h a t it is n o t a q u e s t i o n of s e t t i n g up c o m p a n i e s w i t h l o c a l investors, b u t o f e n c o u r a g i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l o w n e r s h i p o f t h e shares i n t h e m o t h e r c o m p a n i e s . T h i s i s t h e concept of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l of c a p i t a l i s m , of w h i c h General Motors, in particular, is the ardent champion. These orientations of imperialist American capital
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o r o f t h e A m e r i c a n i n d u s t r i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t w h i c h invests outside t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i n o r d e r t o create its colonies a n d e m p i r e , a r e j u s t a f e w facts w h i c h c l e a r l y i l l u s t r a t e t h e thesis t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m h a s n o t b e e n w e a k e n e d i n t h e least, despite w h a t the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n ists p r e t e n d . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t has g r o w n s t r o n g e r , has g a i n e d l a r g e concessions i n f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s a n d i s r u n n i n g m a n y i m p o r t a n t b r a n c h e s o f t h e i r e c o n o m y . I t has also caused t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n n u m e r a b l e d i f f i c u l t i e s , f r e q u e n t l y m a k e s t h e l a w i n these c o u n t r i e s , a n d h a s m a n y g o v e r n m e n t s u n d e r its c o n t r o l a n d d i r e c t i o n . O f course, t h i s process has its u p s a n d d o w n s , b u t the g e n e r a l t r e n d does n o t i n d i c a t e t h e w e a k e n i n g o f US imperialism. We are n o w l i v i n g at a time w h e n another superpower, Soviet social-imperialism, is exporting its capital a n d i s b e n t o n e x p l o i t i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t peoples. T h e c a p i t a l exported by this superpower results f r o m the surp l u s v a l u e r e a l i z e d i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , w h i c h h a s been transformed into a capitalist country. T h e restoration of capitalism has led to a polarization o f t h e p r e s e n t - d a y S o v i e t society, i n w h i c h a s m a l l section rules and exploits the overwhelming majority of the people. N o w , t h e s t r a t u m c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e b u r e a u c r a t s , the t e c h n o c r a t s a n d t h e u p p e r c r e a t i v e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a h a s been c r e a t e d a n d a s s u m e d t h e f o r m o f a s e p a r a t e b o u r geois, e x p l o i t i n g class w h i c h a p p r o p r i a t e s a n d d i v i d e s u p the s u r p l u s v a l u e e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e s a v a g e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses. U n l i k e the countries of classical capitalism, w h e r e this surplus value is appropriated in proportion to the amount o f c a p i t a l o f e a c h c a p i t a l i s t , i n the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e other r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s i t i s d i s t r i b u t e d a c c o r d i n g t o the p o s i t i o n p e o p l e o f t h e h i g h e r b o u r g e o i s s t r a t u m o c c u p y i n t h e state, e c o n o m i c , s c i e n t i f i c , a n d c u l t u r a l h i e r a r -
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c h y , etc. ( 9 ) T h e h i g h salaries, r o u t i n e a n d s p e c i a l bonuses, p r i z e s a n d s t i m u l i , p r i v i l e g e s , etc., h a v e been b u i l t u p i n t o a w h o l e i n s t i t u t i o n f o r the a p p r o p r i a t i o n of the s u r p l u s v a l u e e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e t o i l a n d s w e a t o f the w o r k i n g people. T h e s t r a t u m w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e collect i v e c a p i t a l i s t p r o t e c t s t h i s p l u n d e r t h r o u g h a host of l a w s a n d n o r m s , w h i c h g u a r a n t e e the c a p i t a l i s t o p p r e s s i o n and exploitation. T h e S o v i e t e c o n o m y has n o w become i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e system o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m . W h i l e A m e r i c a n , G e r m a n , J a p a n e s e a n d o t h e r c a p i t a l has p e n e t r a t e d d e e p l y into t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , S o v i e t c a p i t a l i s b e i n g e x p o r t e d t o other countries, a n d , i n v a r i o u s f o r m s , i s m e r g i n g w i t h l o c a l capital. I t i s c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e t h a t the S o v i e t U n i o n e c o n o m i c a l l y e x p l o i t s t h e satellite countries, i n the f i r s t place. B u t n o w it is competing a n d contesting w i t h the other c a p i t a l i s t states f o r m a r k e t s , spheres o f i n v e s t m e n t , f o r the p l u n d e r o f r a w m a t e r i a l s , t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f n e o c o l o n i a l i s t l a w s i n w o r l d t r a d e , etc. B e n t o n e x t e n d i n g its h e g e m o n y , the n e w S o v i e t b o u r g e o i s i e e x p o r t s c a p i t a l , b u t h e r e i t comes u p against c o m p e t i t i o n not o n l y f r o m U S i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h i s v e r y p o w e r f u l , b u t also f r o m t h e o t h e r d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t states, s u c h a s J a p a n , B r i t a i n , W e s t G e r m a n y , F r a n c e , etc. In t h e i r quest f o r s u p e r p r o f i t s , these states e x p o r t c a p i t a l not o n l y t o A f r i c a , A s i a a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a , but also t o t h e E a s t E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s w h i c h are u n d e r the t u t e l a g e o f the r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n , a n d e x p o r t c a p i t a l e v e n t o the S o v i e t U n i o n itself.
__________________________________ 9 In the Soviet U n i o n the ratio between the wages of w o r k e r s and the salaries of managers of enterprises and members of the caste of the n e w Soviet bourgeoisie is one to ten, e x c l u d i n g w h a t the latter appropriate for themselves in various other ways and forms.
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T h e r u l i n g cliques o f the s o - c a l l e d socialist countries, l i k e t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , P o l a n d , etc., a n d n o w C h i n a , too, a l l o w f o r e i g n c a p i t a l t o f l o w i n t o t h e i r c o u n tries, because t h i s c a p i t a l serves t h e r u l i n g cliques, w h i l e i t i s a h e a v y b u r d e n o n t h e peoples. T h e C o m e c o n c o u n t r i e s a r e u p t o t h e i r necks i n debt. T h e y are i n debt t o the Western countries to the tune of 50 b i l l i o n dollars. Y u g o s l a v i a w a s one o f t h e f i r s t r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s t o a l l o w the p e n e t r a t i o n o f f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i n t o its e c o n o m y . F i r s t i t r e c e i v e d credits, t h e n b o u g h t licences, a n d later w e n t over to setting up joint enterprises. In Y u g o s l a v i a a l a w w a s a d o p t e d i n 1967, w h i c h p e r m i t t e d the c r e a t i o n o f j o i n t e n t e r p r i s e s , i n w h i c h 4 9 p e r cent o f c a p i t a l w a s o w n e d b y f o r e i g n c o m p a n i e s . I n 1977. t h e r e w e r e 170 s u c h e n t e r p r i s e s i n Y u g o s l a v i a . Y u g o s l a v i a has ensured the most favourable conditions for the capitalist f i r m s t o c a r r y out t h e i r a c t i v i t y a n d e n s u r e m a x i m u m profits. The Y u g o s l a v phenomenon proves that the foreign c a p i t a l i n v e s t e d i n Y u g o s l a v i a i s one o f t h e d e c i s i v e f a c t o r s w h i c h has t u r n e d i t i n t o a c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r y . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e o t h e r w e a l t h y c a p i t a l i s t states h a v e lost n o t h i n g b y these i n v e s t m e n t s . O n t h e contrary, they have made huge profits, w h i l e increasing t h e m i s e r y o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e p e a s a n t r y o f Y u g o s l a v i a . L e n i n said that the exporting of capital is a s o l i d basis f o r t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f the nations a n d countries of the w o r l d , for the capitalist p a r a s i t i s m of a h a n d f u l of v e r y r i c h states. T h e c a p i t a l i s t states w i l l m a k e h u g e p r o f i t s i n C h i n a , too. W e see t h a t U S , J a p a n e s e , W e s t - G e r m a n a n d other capital is n o w p o u r i n g in there in billions of dollars. A g r e e m e n t s h a v e b e e n s i g n e d w i t h t h e J a p a n e s e f o r the j o i n t e x p l o i t a t i o n o f o i l - f i e l d s a n d t h e p o w e r resources o f t h e Y a n g t z e R i v e r . A n a g r e e m e n t has b e e n c o n c l u d e d w i t h
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t h e G e r m a n s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f c o a l m i n e s , etc. T h e i n v e s t m e n t s w h i c h are b e i n g a n d w i l l b e m a d e i n C h i n a w i l l certainly b r i n g the foreign capitalists handsome profits, b u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e y w i l l s t r e n g t h e n t h e bases of capitalism in China. T h e e x p o r t i n g o f c a p i t a l f r o m one c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r y to another capitalist or revisionist country, no matter w h e t h e r t h e state w h i c h g i v e s o r r e c e i v e s i t i s b i g o r s m a l l , i s a l w a y s one o f t h e f o r m s o f e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e peoples b y c a p i t a l . T h i s e x p l o i t a t i o n b r i n g s a b o u t t h e economic and political dependence of the recipient country. L e n i n p o i n t e d o u t that, after capturing the home market, the monopolies engage in economic struggle to redivide and capture the world market for industrialized goods and raw materials. C o m p e t i t i o n a n d t h e i r g r e e d f o r profits i m p e l the monopolists of different countries to r e a c h t e m p o r a r y agreements, t o e n t e r i n t o a l l i a n c e s a n d c o m b i n a t i o n s w i t h one a n o t h e r i n o r d e r t o d i v i d e t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s f o r t h e sale o f f i n i s h e d goods a n d the p u r c h a s e o f r a w m a t e r i a l s . E v e n w h e n t h e y possess reserves o f r a w m a t e r i a l s a n d energy, t h e d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t states t u r n t h e i r a t t a c k o n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , s i n c e p r o d u c t i o n costs i n these c o u n t r i e s a r e l o w e r t h a n i n their o w n countries and w o r k e r s ' wages, especially, are several times lower. T h e s t r u g g l e t h a t has b e e n w a g e d a n d i s s t i l l g o i n g o n t o c a p t u r e o i l resources a n d m a r k e t s i s n o t o r i o u s . A s a r e s u l t of t h i s s t r u g g l e scores a n d h u n d r e d s of p r i v a t e enterprises and companies have been r u i n e d a n d the i n ternational oil cartel, w h i c h comprises 7 big monopolies (5 A m e r i c a n , 1 B r i t i s h , a n d 1 B r i t i s h - D u t c h , t h e n o t o r i o u s Esso, T e x a c o , S h e l l , etc.), h a v e m a n a g e d t o g a i n c o n t r o l o v e r 6 0 p e r cent o f t h e o i l e x t r a c t i o n a n d o i l sales i n t h e
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c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s o f t h e W e s t e r n w o r l d , a n d about 5 4 p e r cent o f i t s p r o c e s s i n g . A s i m i l a r d i v i s i o n of resources a n d m a r k e t s exists t o d a y f o r c o p p e r a n d t i n m i n e r a l s , f o r u r a n i u m a n d other valuable strategic minerals. M a n y of the old colonialist countries l i k e B r i t a i n and F r a n c e h a v e c o n c l u d e d special, s o - c a l l e d p r e f e r e n t i a l a g r e e m e n t s o f c o - o p e r a t i o n , etc. w i t h t h e f o r m e r c o l o n i a l countries, w h i c h ensure t h e m almost exclusive economic and commercial privileges. T h e so-called dollar, sterling, f r a n c , o r r u b l e areas i n d i c a t e a n e c o n o m i c d i v i s i o n o f the w o r l d a m o n g t h e m o n o p o l i e s a n d v a r i o u s i m p e r i a l i s t states. US imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism and the other imperialist powers ensure m a x i m u m profits in different ways, t h r o u g h the d i s c r i m i n a t o r y a n d u n e q u a l t r a d e t h e y c a r r y o n w i t h these c o u n t r i e s . T o d a y t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s alone, e x c l u d i n g t h e O P E C c o u n tries, h a v e a d e b i t b a l a n c e w h i c h a m o u n t s to a b o u t 34 billion dollars. In the present conditions, especially n o w in the cond i t i o n s o f t h e e c o n o m i c crisis, t h e m o n o p o l i e s c o n c l u d e d i r e c t a g r e e m e n t s also w i t h t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s o n p r o d u c t i o n quotas, p r i c e s , m a r k e t s , etc. T h e existence of such organisms as the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , C o m e c o n , etc., is also c l e a r e v i d e n c e of t h e e c o n omic division of the w o r l d w h i c h exists today. T h i s e c o n o m i c d i v i s i o n o f the w o r l d , t h e d o m i n a t i o n of monopolies, their dictate over the life and economic development of other countries is m a k i n g the contradiction between labour and capital, as w e l l as the contradict i o n s b e t w e e n t h e peoples a n d i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d t h e i n t e r i m p e r i a l i s t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , m u c h m o r e severe. T h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f t h e three w o r l d s , w h i c h seeks t o r e c o n c i l e t h e t h i r d w o r l d w i t h t h e second
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w o r l d a n d w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m , i s o u t o f step w i t h this r e a l i t y . It does not w a n t to see t h a t the r e l e n t l e s s o f fensive of A m e r i c a n , B r i t i s h , G e r m a n , Japanese, F r e n c h and other monopolies towards w h a t C h i n a calls the third w o r l d i s i n c r e a s i n g t h e resistance o f t h e peoples t o a l l imperialist and hegemony-seeking powers and extending the objective conditions for the irreconcilable struggle among them. On the other hand, the u n e q u a l development of imperialist powers, w h i c h is an objective l a w of the development of capitalism, drives t h e m to competit i o n a n d a b r a s i v e f r i c t i o n s w i t h one a n o t h e r , i n t h e i r quest f o r e c o n o m i c e x p a n s i o n e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d . T h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s , w h i c h seeks t o r e c o n c i l e these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d a d v o c a t e s p r e c i s e l y what social-democracy and the revisionists of every hue have long been preaching, is in flagrant opposition to t h e L e n i n i s t strategy, w h i c h , f a r f r o m d e n y i n g these contradictions, aims to deepen t h e m in order to prepare the proletariat for r e v o l u t i o n and the peoples for l i b eration. I n h i s a n a l y s i s o f i m p e r i a l i s m , L e n i n p o i n t e d out that, w i t h t h e t r a n s i t i o n o f p r e - m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m t o its h i g h e s t a n d l a s t stage, the stage of imperialism, the territorial division of the world among the great imperialist powers is completed.
... the in the the
characteristic sense that
feature
of
the is
period
under on
review is the final partition of the globe, final not

repartition
impossible; and
contrary,
repartitions
are
possible
inevi-
table but in the sense that the colonial policy of the capitalist countries has completed the seizure of unoccupied territories on our planet. For
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the first time, the world is completely divided up, so that in the future only re-division is possible, that is, territories can only pass from one 'owner' to another...*
S i n c e t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , t h e o l d classical c o l o n i a l i s m , w h i c h e x p l o i t e d m o s t o f t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d physically, economically, politically and ideologica l l y , has b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n e w c o l o n i a l i s m . T h i s n e w c o l o n i a l i s m c o m p r i s e s a n e n t i r e s y s t e m o f economic, political, m i l i t a r y a n d ideological measures, w h i c h i m p e r i a l i s m has b u i l t u p w i t h t h e a i m o f m a i n t a i n i n g its domination and ensuring political control and economic e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e f o r m e r colonies a n d m a n y o t h e r c o u n tries, w h i l e a d a p t i n g itself t o t h e n e w c o n d i t i o n s c r e a t e d after the war. W h a t a r e these n e w c o n d i t i o n s ? A f t e r the war, the imperialist countries France, B r i t a i n , Italy, G e r m a n y , J a p a n a n d A m e r i c a were not in a position to m a i n t a i n the situation w h i c h existed before the w a r b y force. F r a n c e , f o r instance, c o u l d n o l o n g e r k e e p M o r o c c o , A l g e r i a , T u n i s i a , a n d other c o u n t r i e s o f A f r i c a in a c o l o n i a l status, as it d i d in the past. T h e same c a n b e s a i d also o f B r i t i s h , I t a l i a n , a n d other imperialism. T h e Second W o r l d W a r brought about a radical change i n the r a t i o o f forces i n t h e w o r l d . I t l e d t o the defeat o f t h e m a j o r fascist p o w e r s , b u t i t also g r e a t l y w e a k e n e d the o l d c o l o n i a l i s t p o w e r s a n d s h o o k t h e m t o their foundations. E v e r y w h e r e , even in the countries w h i c h w e r e not i n v o l v e d i n the cyclone, t h e a n t i - f a s c i s t w a r gave rise to the p r o b l e m of national liberation. Those peoples o f t h e f o r m e r c o l o n i a l c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h t o o k p a r t
_____________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 22, p p . 308-309, A l b . ed.
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i n t h e w a r t o g e t h e r w i t h the c o u n t r i e s o f t h e a n t i - f a s c i s t c o a l i t i o n i n o r d e r t o escape the fascist y o k e , c o u l d n o t return to colonial bondage or tolerate it any longer. T h e victory of the Soviet U n i o n over nazism, the creation of t h e socialist c a m p , C h i n a ' s l i b e r a t i o n , g a v e a v e r y p o w e r f u l i m p u l s e t o t h e a w a k e n i n g o f t h e peoples' n a t i o n a l consciousness a n d t h e i r l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e . T h e b r o a d masses o f t h e peoples i n t h e colonies c a m e t o u n d e r s t a n d that the f o r m e r s i t u a t i o n h a d t o b e c h a n g e d . L i b e r a t i o n wars broke out i n Indochina, N o r t h A f r i c a , a n d elsewhere. Forced by this situation, m a n y colonialist countries realized that the old method of exploitation and administ r a t i o n o f colonies w i t h o u t a n y sort o f f r e e d o m a n d independence was outdated. T h e colony-owning i m p e r i a l ist p o w e r s r e a c h e d t h i s c o n c l u s i o n n o t because o f t h e i r d e m o c r a t i c f e e l i n g s o r t h e i r d e s i r e t o g i v e t h e peoples f r e e d o m , b u t because o f t h e p r e s s u r e b y t h e c o l o n i z e d peoples a n d because these p o w e r s w e r e m i l i t a r i l y , e c o n o m i c a l l y , p o l i t i c a l l y , a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l y too w e a k t o m a i n tain the old colonialism. B u t F r e n c h , B r i t i s h , Italian, A m e r i c a n and other imperialisms did not w a n t to give u p t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f these peoples a n d c o u n t r i e s . I n t h e e x i s t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s each i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r w a s o b l i g e d t o g r a n t a u t o n o m y t o these peoples o r t o p r o m i s e t h e m freedom and independence after a certain time. D u r i n g this period, w h i c h they allowed allegedly for the creat i o n o f t h e consciousness o f s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t a n d the t r a i n i n g o f l o c a l cadres f o r this, t h e i r r e a l a i m w a s t o p r e p a r e other, n e w f o r m s o f i m p e r i a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n , t h e n e w c o l o n i a l i s m , w h i l e c r e a t i n g t h e false i m p r e s s i o n a m o n g these c o u n t r i e s a n d p e o p l e s t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e y had w o n their freedom. T h i s w a s a stage a f t e r t h e w a r w h e n w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m s u f f e r e d a great defeat, w h e n the c r i s i s of t h e c o l o n i a l system of i m p e r i a l i s m became even m o r e pronounced.
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At t h i s p e r i o d of the d e c a y of c a p i t a l i s m , as a r e s u l t of the w e a k e n i n g of i m p e r i a l i s m by the Second W o r l d War, t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a seized the o p p o r t u n i t y a n d s a d d l e d t h e c o l o n i a l peoples, w h o w e r e a l l e g e d l y f r e e and independent, w i t h a new, more intensive exploitation. I t e x t e n d e d its i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r o v e r t h e f o r m e r colonies o f t h e o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , w h i c h h a d a l r e a d y been weakened in one w a y or another. A l t h o u g h t h e y h a d w o n r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h a t sort o f i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d freedom, w h i c h t h e f o r m e r c o l o n i a l ist p o w e r s g r a n t e d t h e m , m a n y f o r m e r c o l o n i a l peoples w e r e f o r c e d t o t a k e u p a r m s , because t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s w e r e not disposed to give t h e m this freedom and this independence immediately. The F r e n c h imperialists, in particular, even after the war, were still t r y i n g to prese r v e t h e p o w e r o f F r a n c e , o r its g r a n d e u r . T h u s , t h e peoples o f A l g e r i a , V i e t n a m , a n d m a n y o t h e r s s t a r t e d their protracted struggle for liberation and, in the end, t h e y w o n it. H e r e w e are n o t g o i n g i n t o d e t a i l a b o u t h o w t h e y a c h i e v e d it, w h i c h w e r e t h e s o c i a l forces t h a t f o u g h t , etc. T h e f a c t i s t h a t t h e o l d F r e n c h a n d B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l i s m w a s w e a k e n e d . T h u s , L e n i n ' s theses t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m w a s i n decay, t h a t t h e o l d c a p i t a l i s t - i m p e r i a l i s t society w a s b e i n g eroded by the r e v o l u t i o n a r y movements a n d t h e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e peoples, w h o h a d b e e n oppressed a n d e n s l a v e d u p t i l l t h a t t i m e , w a s confirmed. D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m g r e w fat, e x p a n d e d t h e d o l l a r a r e a , p l a c e d t e r r i t o r i e s o f the f r a n c a n d s t e r l i n g areas u n d e r its c o n t r o l , a n d , i n o r d e r t o protect its hegemonic imperialist p o w e r founded on the m a x i m u m e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e peoples, i t set u p n u m e r o u s m i l i t a r y bases a n d e s t a b l i s h e d p r o - A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c a l c l i ques i n m a n y o f those c o u n t r i e s o f the w o r l d w h i c h h a d allegedly gained their freedom and independence. This
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e x p l o i t a t i o n w a s , of course, associated w i t h a series of changes i n the s t r u c t u r e a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e a s w e l l . F i n a n c e c a p i t a l has also c r e a t e d its o w n s p e c i a l i d e ology, w h i c h precedes i t i n i t s e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the conquest o f t h e w o r l d . I t c o m p l e t e s its d o m i n a t i o n o f t h e peoples, a n d j u s t i f i e s t h i s d o m i n a t i o n b y v a r i o u s s u g a r - c o a t e d f o r m s o f bogus f r e e d o m , i n d e p endence, a s w e l l a s b y c r e a t i n g some s o - c a l l e d d e m o c r a t i c parties, etc. W i t h the creation of banks and multinational companies, a l o n g w i t h U S c a p i t a l i n v e s t m e n t s , t h e A m e r i c a n w a y o f l i f e , w i t h t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n i n h e r e n t i n it, i s also exported. The export of capital by the big imperialist powers creates t h e c o l o n i e s w h i c h , t o d a y , a r e the c o u n t r i e s w h e r e neo-colonialism reigns. These countries have an alleged independence but it is only f o r m a l . In other words, n o w a s i n t h e past, t h e s a m e process o f t h e e x p o r t o f c a p i t a l i s g o i n g on, t h o u g h i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s , w i t h honeyed explanations and propaganda. The ruthless exploitation of the peoples of these c o u n t r i e s r e m a i n s t h e s a m e or b e comes e v e n m o r e f e r o c i o u s ; a n d t h e p l u n d e r o f n a t u r a l assets continues. T h e biggest n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t p o w e r o f o u r t i m e i s the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . I n t h e t h r e e years, 1973-1975. the government and private capital investments of the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i n t h e f o r m e r colonies, d e p e n dent or s e m i - d e p e n d e n t countries, r e p r e s e n t e d a b o u t 36 p e r cent o f t h e t o t a l i n v e s t m e n t s o f t h e m o s t d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s i n these r e g i o n s . ( 1 0 ) T h e economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y t r e a t i e s a n d agreements b e t w e e n t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s a n d t h e f o r m e r c o l o n i a l c o u n t r i e s a r e e n s l a v i n g , are w e a p o n s i n t h e
____________________________ 10 Statistical Y e a r b o o k of the F R G , 1977.
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hands o f i m p e r i a l i s m t o k e e p these c o u n t r i e s i n bondage. T h e w o r d s o f L e n i n w h o stressed
... the need constantly to explain and expose among the broadest working masses of all countries, and particularly of the backward countries, the deception systematically practised by the imperialist powers, which, under the guise of politically independent states, in fact, set up states that are wholly dependent upon them economically, financially and militarily...*
are j u s t a s v a l i d t o d a y a s i n t h e past. I n o r d e r t o k e e p t h e peoples u n d e r t h e i r d o m i n a t i o n , A m e r i c a n imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism and the other imperialist powers, old or new, incite quarrels w h e r e v e r t h e y c a n a m o n g n e i g h b o u r states, o r a m o n g d i f f e r e n t social g r o u p s w i t h i n a g i v e n c o u n t r y , ( 1 1 ) a n d t h e n , i n t h e r o l e o f t h e j u d g e o r t h e s u p p o r t e r o f one side o r t h e other, i n t e r f e r e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f others, a n d j u s t i f y t h e i r e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y presence t h e r e . T h e f a c t s s h o w t h a t w h e n e v e r t h e s u p e r powers have m e d d l e d in the internal affairs of other peoples, t h e p r o b l e m s h a v e r e m a i n e d u n s o l v e d o r t h e result has been the consolidation of the position of i m p e r i a l i s m a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m i n these c o u n t r i e s . T h e events in the M i d d l e East, the conflict between S o m a l i a and Ethiopia, the w a r between Cambodia and Vietnam, etc. b e a r w i t n e s s t o t h i s .
_________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 159, A l b . ed. 11 P r o m the end of the Second W o r l d W a r to this day over 16 m i l l i o n people have been k i l l e d as a result of these quarrels w h i c h often lead to the outbreak of l o c a l or c i v i l wars. A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d Soviet s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m have been i n v o l v e d d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y in these conflicts most of w h i c h have occurred in the undeveloped countries.
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T o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r i n v e s t m e n t s , the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d a l l t h e o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s also consolidate t h e i r p o s i t i o n s i n t h e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h accept these i n v e s t m e n t s , a s t h e y s t r u g g l e f o r m a r k e t s a n d spheres o f i n f l u e n c e . T h i s leads t o f r i c t i o n s a m o n g d i f f e r e n t c a p i t a l i s t states, a n d a m o n g b i g c o n c e r n s w h i c h are n o t l i n k e d w i t h o r i n t e r d e p e n d e n t o n one another. These frictions k i n d l e local w a r s a n d m a y even l e a d t o a g e n e r a l w a r . A s L e n i n i s m teaches us, a w a r t h a t b r e a k s out f o r these reasons, w h e t h e r l o c a l o r g e n e r a l , has a p r e d a t o r y a n d n o t a l i b e r a t i o n c h a r a c t e r . O n l y w h e n t h e peoples r i s e a g a i n s t f o r e i g n i n v a d e r s , w h e n t h e y r i s e against the l o c a l c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i c h is closely l i n k e d up w i t h i m p e r i a l i s m , social-imp e r i a l i s m a n d w o r l d c a p i t a l , i s t h i s a just, l i b e r a t i o n w a r . The representatives of big w o r l d capital are indulging i n a great d e a l o f t a l k a b o u t t h e a l l e g e d n e e d f o r a m e n d ments to the present system of international economic relations a n d the creation of a new w o r l d economic order, w h i c h the C h i n e s e leaders, too, s u p p o r t . A c c o r d i n g to t h e m , t h i s n e w e c o n o m i c o r d e r w i l l s e r v e as a basis for global stability. F o r their part, the Soviet revisionists speak a b o u t t h e c r e a t i o n of a so-called n e w s t r u c t u r e of international economic relations. T h e s e are e f f o r t s a n d p l a n s o f i m p e r i a l i s t a n d n e o c o l o n i a l i s t powers, w h i c h w a n t t o k e e p n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m alive, p r o l o n g its existence, a n d p r e s e r v e t h e i r o p p r e s s i o n a n d p l u n d e r o f the peoples. B u t t h e l a w s o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l i s m a r e subject n e i t h e r t o the w i s h e s n o r t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l i n v e n t i o n s o f t h e bourgeoisie a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s . A s L e n i n s a i d , the c o n s i s tent f i g h t against c o l o n i a l i s m a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m , t h e r e v o l u t i o n , i s t h e w a y o u t o f these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . In analysing the f u n d a m e n t a l economic features of i m p e r i a l i s m , L e n i n also d e f i n e d its p l a c e i n h i s t o r y . H e
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stressed t h a t imperialism is not only the highest stage but also the final stage of capitalism, the eve of t h e proletarian revolution. Lenin pointed out:
Imperialism is a specific historical stage of capitalism... is (1) monopoly capitalism; (2) parasitic or decaying capitalism; (3) moribund capitalism.*
The reality of the present-day capitalist w o r l d confirms this conclusion. fully
T h e e c o n o m i c basis o f a l l t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c i l l s o f imperialism, as L e n i n proved, is monopoly. Monopolies are p o w e r l e s s t o o v e r c o m e the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t e c o n o m y . L e n i n l i n k e d the p a r a s i t i s m a n d decay of i m p e r i a l i s m organically w i t h the tendency of monopoly t o i n h i b i t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces i n general, to deepen the disproportional development bet w e e n b r a n c h e s a n d of t h e n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y as a w h o l e , to fail to utilize the h u m a n and material productive capacities, w i t h t h e t e n d e n c y t o h i n d e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s o f science a n d t e c h n o l o g y t o the b e n e f i t of t h e masses a n d t h e progress of t h e e n t i r e society. The greed for profits, the competition, force the m o n o p o l i e s t o i n v e s t i n a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y i n t h e process o f p r o d u c t i o n . B u t i n t h e e n t i r e h i s t o r i c a l process o f t h e development of imperialism, the dominant tendency is towards disproportional development and restraint on development. E x p e n d i t u r e on research and the development of science i n the f i e l d o f i n d u s t r y , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e w a r i n d u s t r y , i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , f o r instance, has i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s in 1950, to a l m o s t
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11 b i l l i o n in 1965, a n d a b o u t 30 b i l l i o n in 1972. F r e q u e n t l y t h e b i g f i r m s come u p a g a i n s t d i f f i c u l t i e s i n s c i e n t i f i c research, b u t once s o m e t h i n g i s d i s c o v e r e d , t h e y b u y u p the patents a n d h i r e q u a l i f i e d w o r k e r s ; h o w e v e r , t h e y apply the research o n l y w h e n their o w n interests r e quire this. N a t u r a l l y , t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t sectors, w h i c h p r e s e n t m o r e interest f o r i n v e s t m e n t s i n t h e f i e l d o f d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t h e t e c h n i c a l r e v o l u t i o n , h a v e p r i o r i t y , because they offer greater possibilities for profits. W a r i n d u s t r y tops t h e list, a s i t i s h e r e t h a t t h e r a t e o f p r o f i t i s highest. F o r e x a m p l e , i n 1964 t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a i n v e s t e d 3,565 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h i n t h e sector o f a v i a t i o n a n d m i s s i l e s . I n t h e s a m e y e a r , 1.537 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s w e r e i n v e s t e d i n the e l e c t r i c a l a n d t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s i n d u s t r y , 196 m i l l i o n i n t h e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y , 136 m i l l i o n i n t h e m a c h i n e - b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y , 174 m i l l i o n i n t h e a u t o m o b i l e i n d u s t r y , 172 m i l l i o n i n scientific instruments, 38 m i l l i o n in the rubber industry, 8 m i l l i o n in the oil industry, 9 m i l l i o n in the methane i n d u s t r y , etc. In today's conditions the m i l i t a r i z a t i o n of the econo m y , as a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of the d e c a y of i m p e r i a l i s m , h a s become a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e of a l l t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t countries. B u t t h e process o f t h e m i l i t a r i z a t i o n o f t h e e c o n o m y has a s s u m e d u n p r e c e d e n t e d p r o p o r t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e direct m i l i t a r y s p e n d i n g b y b o t h sides has i n c r e a s e d to a s t r o n o m i c a l p r o p o r t i o n s , r e a c h i n g a j o i n t t o t a l of o v e r 240 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s a y e a r . ( 12 ) In their policy of hegemony and w o r l d domination, the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a r e
______________________________ 12 T h i s f i g u r e nearly doubled in 1982, r i s i n g to over 430 b i l l i o n dollars. M i l i t a r y expenditure has been r i s i n g c o n t i n u a l l y f r o m one year to the other.
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also m a k i n g e x t e n s i v e use o f t h e a r m s t r a d e , w h i c h i s a n o t h e r clear e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e decay o f i m p e r i a l i s m . E v e r y year they sell more than 20 billion dollars w o r t h o f w e a p o n s . T h e o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t states, s u c h a s B r i t a i n , W e s t G e r m a n y , F r a n c e , I t a l y , etc., also engage i n s e l l i n g arms. The regular customers of this imperialist trade are s u c h r e a c t i o n a r y a n d fascist cliques a s those o f C h i l e , Israel, S o u t h K o r e a , R h o d e s i a , the S o u t h A f r i c a U n i o n , etc. A l s o n u m b e r e d a m o n g these c u s t o m e r s are the c o u n t r i e s r i c h i n s t r a t e g i c r a w m a t e r i a l s o r o i l , t o w h i c h the i m p e r i a l i s t s o f f e r t h e i r w e a p o n s as a b a i t to i n d u c e t h e m to allow the plunder of their wealth. T h e e v e r m o r e f r e q u e n t o u t b r e a k o f e c o n o m i c crises o f o v e r p r o d u c t i o n i s c l e a r p r o o f o f the d e c a y a n d p a r a s i t ism of present-day monopoly capitalism. The outbreak of crises, w h i c h h a v e n o w b e c o m e v e r y deep, c o n f i r m s t h e correctness o f t h e M a r x i s t t h e o r y o n t h e a n a r c h i c , s p o n taneous a n d disproportional character of production a n d c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d r e f u t e s t h e b o u r g e o i s theories o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l i s m w i t h o u t crises, o r t h e t r a n s formation of capitalism into regulated capitalism. T h e general l a w of capitalist accumulation discovered by M a r x , that the impoverishment of w o r k i n g people g r o w s , o n t h e one h a n d , w h i l e t h e p r o f i t s o f t h e c a p i t a l ists increase, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i s o p e r a t i n g w i t h e v e r g r e a t e r f o r c e i n c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y t o d a y . T h e process o f the p o l a r i z a t i o n o f s o c i e t y i n t o p r o l e t a r i a n s a n d i n t o b o u r g e o i s , w h o r e p r e s e n t a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f people, i s deepening. T h e p r e s e n t - d a y i m p e r i a l i s t s y s t e m , w h i c h has g r e a t e r e c o n o m i c p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o c o r r u p t the u p p e r s t r a t a o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y , has i n c r e a s e d t h e l a t t e r to very large proportions. The financial oligarchy is making extensive use o f
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t h i s a r i s t o c r a c y t o d a y , t o deceive a n d c o n f u s e the p r o l e t a r i a t , t o d a m p e n its r e v o l u t i o n a r y a r d o u r . I t i s f r o m t h i s w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y t h a t those w h o m L e n i n calls s o c i a l i s t s i n w o r d s b u t i m p e r i a l i s t s i n deeds, u s u a l l y e m e r g e . S o c i a l democracy, the bourgeois w o r k e r s ' parties, the o p p o r t u n i s t l e a d e r s o f t r a d e - u n i o n s , the m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s , etc., a l l c o m e w i t h i n t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f L e n i n ' s . L e n i n stresses t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m i s l i n k e d w i t h o p p o r t u n i s m , t h a t the o p p o r t u n i s t s assist t o p r e s e r v e a n d s t r e n g t h e n i m perialism. He says:
...the most dangerous of all are those who do not wish to understand that the fight against imperialism is a sham and humbug unless it is inseparably bound up with the fight against opportunism.*
T h e d e c a y o f i m p e r i a l i s m i s c l e a r l y seen also i n t h e g r o w t h and intensification of reaction in all fields, a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d social f i e l d s . A s p r a c t i c e c o n f i r m s , w h e n t h e m o n o p o l y b o u r g e o i s i e sees t h a t t h e class s t r u g g l e b e c o m i n g acute, i t casts off a l l d i s g u i s e a n d denies t h e w o r k i n g masses e v e n those f e w r i g h t s t h e y h a v e w o n b y s h e d d i n g t h e i r b l o o d . T h e fascist r e g i m e s and dictatorships w h i c h have been established in m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d are e v i d e n c e o f this. A l l t h i s r o t t e n s y s t e m , w h i c h i s i n a c h a o t i c state, is propped up by a huge praetorian army, by v e r y large numbers of police mobilized and armed to the teeth. A l l these m i l i t a r y a n d p o l i c e forces a r e set i n m o t i o n t o p r e v e n t o r s u p p r e s s a n y k i n d o f r e s i s t a n c e w h i c h goes beyond the limits defined by a jungle of laws m a d e by t h e r u l i n g b o u r g e o i s i e . T h e cadres o f t h e a r m e d f o r c e s
___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 22, p. 367, A l b . e d .
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a n d other instruments of oppression live in affluence and r e c e i v e f a t salaries. I n I t a l y , f o r instance, y o u h e a r n o t h i n g b u t t a l k a b o u t the a r m y , t h e police, t h e c a r a b i n i e r i , a b o u t s e c u r i t y agents w h o are decorated, b u t also k i l l e d . In this v e r y confused situation w h i c h prevails in the b o u r g e o i s states, g a n g s t e r i s m has d e v e l o p e d a n d b e c o m e w i d e s p r e a d , a n d t h i s i s b r e d b y t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r itself. It is an e x p r e s s i o n of its d e g e n e r a t i o n , a r e f l e c t i o n of the desperation a n d confusion to w h i c h the bourgeois s y s t e m o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n g i v e s rise. T h e b o u r g e o i s i e t r i e s to p r e v e n t those cases of g a n g s t e r i s m w h i c h cause i t p r o b l e m s a n d w o r r y t h e b o u r g e o i s state. B u t i t i n c i t e s a n d uses g a n g s t e r i s m t o t e r r o r i z e t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses w h o l i v e i n p o v e r t y . I n m a n y c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s g a n g s t e r i s m has b e c o m e a n i n d u s t r y a n d has e x t e n d e d f r o m r o b b i n g b a n k s a n d stores t o k i d n a p p i n g people and holding them to ransom for large sums of m o n e y . I n some c o u n t r i e s g a n g s t e r i s m h a s been o r g a n i z e d in different groupings. These groupings often have names w i t h a revolutionary, or communist sound. T h e b o u r geoisie allows t h e m a free h a n d to operate in order to p r e p a r e t h e s i t u a t i o n f o r , a n d j u s t i f y t h e s t a g i n g of, a fascist c o u p d'tat. I n o r d e r t o d i s c r e d i t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialism, this gangster activity is publicized as t h o u g h i t i s c a r r i e d o u t b y c o m m u n i s t groups w h i c h are allegedly operating against the bourgeois order. As a conclusion, we can say that in the present situat i o n of imperialism as a whole, of US imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism, as w e l l as other imperialisms, i m p e r i a l i s m o f w h a t e v e r d e s c r i p t i o n i s a t t h e stage o f w e a k e n i n g a n d decay, a n d t h a t t h e o l d s o c i e t y w i l l b e o v e r t h r o w n to its foundations by the revolution a n d w i l l be replaced b y a n e w society, socialist society. T h i s n e w socialist society exists a n d w i l l extend, it w i l l develop, gain ground regardless of the fact that the Soviet revisionists betrayed
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s o c i a l i s m i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e fact t h a t opportunism prevails in C h i n a and a new social-imperiali s m i s r i s i n g there, r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e f a c t t h a t c a p i t a l i s m has been r e s t o r e d i n t h e e r s t w h i l e c o u n t r i e s o f p e o p l e ' s democracy. Socialism w i l l pursue its o w n course a n d w i l l t r i u m p h over w o r l d imperialism and capitalism through s t r u g g l e a n d efforts, b u t n e v e r , i n a n y w a y , t h r o u g h r e f o r m s a n d p e a c e f u l p a r l i a m e n t a r y roads, a s K h r u s h c h e v preached and as all the revisionists are preaching. It w i l l t r i u m p h by remaining l o y a l to the Leninist theory on imperialism and the proletarian revolution and never by following the present-day revisionist theories w h i c h procl a i m state m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m t o b e a n a l l e g e d l y n e w , special stage of c a p i t a l i s m , to be t h e b i r t h of socialist elements i n t h e b o s o m o f c a p i t a l i s m . Proceeding f r o m Lenin's conclusions on the nature of i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its p l a c e in h i s t o r y , as a r e s u l t of t h e contradictions eroding it f r o m w i t h i n a n d people's liberation a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y struggles, t h e w h o l e o f w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m a s a s o c i a l s y s t e m n o l o n g e r has t h a t u n d i v i d e d p o w e r t o d o m i n a t e i t once possessed. T h i s i s t h e dialectics o f h i s t o r y a n d i t c o n f i r m s t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t thesis t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m i s o n t h e d e c l i n e , i n d e c a d e n c e a n d decay. The trend towards the w e a k e n i n g of capitalism and imperialism is the m a i n trend of w o r l d history today. M a r x a n d L e n i n a r g u e d t h i s o n t h e basis o f concrete facts h i s t o r i c a l events, a n d m a t e r i a l i s t i c dialectics. T h e t r e n d t o w a r d s u n i t e d e f f o r t s b y states opposed t o i m p e r i a l i s m also leads t o t h e w e a k e n i n g o f i m p e r i a l i s m . B u t this latter tendency, w h i c h C h i n a absolutizes w i t h o u t m a k i n g the necessary differentiations, w i t h o u t studying t h e p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n s , does n o t l e a d t o t h e c o r r e c t r o a d . W h i l e c l a i m i n g t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m i s i n d e c l i n e a n d less powerful than Soviet social-imperialism, while proclaiming t h e t h i r d w o r l d a s t h e m a i n m o t i v e f o r c e o f t h e epoch,
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in practice the Chinese leaders are encouraging capitulation and submission to the bourgeoisie. It is true that the peoples w a n t liberation, but they can gain this l i b e r a t i o n only t h r o u g h struggle, t h r o u g h efforts, a n d headed by a m i l i t a n t leadership. M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d S t a l i n teach us that this leadership is the p r o l e t a r i a t o f each c o u n t r y . B u t t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties must m a k e thorough-going politi c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y analyses, w e i g h e v e r y t h i n g i n t h e balance, m a k e decisions a n d d e f i n e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, a l w a y s b e a r i n g i n m i n d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d c a r r y i n g out o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . I f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i s f o r g o t t e n , a s i t i s b y t h e C h i n e s e , n e i t h e r t h e analyses, actions, strategy, n o r t h e tactics c a n b e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t and revolutionary. We cannot have a n y illusions about i m p e r i a l i s m of a n y k i n d , e i t h e r p o w e r f u l o r less p o w e r f u l . I m p e r i a l i s m f r o m its n a t u r e creates t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l e x p a n s i o n , f o r u n l e a s h i n g w a r s , because its c h a r a c t e r i s e s s e n t i a l l y e x p l o i t a t i v e , aggressive. T h e r e f o r e , t o deceive t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e peoples w h o w a n t l i b e r a tion, that they w i l l achieve this if they are guided by such r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r i e s a s t h a t o f three w o r l d s , i s t o p e r p e t r a t e a c r i m e a g a i n s t t h e peoples a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n . O u r e p o c h , a s L e n i n teaches us, i s t h e e p o c h o f imperialism and proletarian revolutions. We MarxistLeninists must understand f r o m this that we have to c o m bat w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m , a n y i m p e r i a l i s m , a n y c a p i t a l i s t p o w e r , w h i c h e x p l o i t s t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples, w i t h t h e greatest s e v e r i t y . W e stress t h e L e n i n i s t thesis that t h e r e v o l u t i o n i s n o w o n t h e o r d e r o f t h e d a y . T h e w o r l d is going to advance towards a n e w society w h i c h w i l l b e socialist society. W o r l d c a p i t a l i s m , i m p e r i a l i s m a n d social-imperialism w i l l become even m o r e decayed a n d w i l l come t o a n e n d t h r o u g h t h e r e v o l u t i o n .
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L e n i n teaches us t h a t we must fight imperialism to the finish, must criticize it in the broad sense of the term and rouse the oppressed classes against the policy of imperialism, against the bourgeoisie. T h e M a r x i s t Leninist analysis of the development of imperialism today clearly shows that nothing in Lenin's analysis a n d conclusions on the nature and features of i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the r e v o l u t i o n can be altered. The attempts of all opportunists, f r o m t h e s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s d o w n t o t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e a n d C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s , t o d i s t o r t t h e L e n i n i s t theses o n i m p e r i a l i s m are c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y . T h e i r a i m i s t o negate t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o p r e t t i f y i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t o prolong the life of capitalism. W h e n L e n i n exposes i m p e r i a l i s m a n d i t s apologists like Bernstein, K a u t s k y , H i l f e r d i n g a n d all the other opportunists of the Second International, he points out:
Imperialist ideology also penetrates the working class. No Chinese wall separates it from the other classes.*
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , h o w e v e r , e v e n t h e C h i n e s e w a l l has n o w been breached a n d the imperialist propaganda and ideology have penetrated China. The Chinese opportunists a r e not i n the least o r i g i n a l . T r e a d i n g t h e r o a d o f K a u t s k y a n d c o m p a n y , t h e y , too, are p r e t t i f y i n g i m p e r i a l i s m , in general, and A m e r i c a n imperialism, in particular, prese n t i n g t h e l a t t e r a s a n i m p e r i a l i s m i n retreat, o n w h i c h the peoples s h o u l d r e l y i n o r d e r t o d e f e n d t h e m s e l v e s f r o m the Soviet social-imperialists. T h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e theories o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d those o f K a u t s k y i s a l l too o b v i o u s . I n h i s time, K a u t s k y t r i e d t o d e f e n d t h e c o l o n i a l p o l i c y o f
________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 22, p. 347, A l b . e d .
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i m p e r i a l i s m , t o c o v e r u p its e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d e x p a n s i o n , by distorting the M a r x i s t theory on the development of c a p i t a l i s m . T h i s i s also b e i n g done t o d a y b y t h e C h i n e s e leaders who, in an effort to support A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t p o l i c y , c h u r n o u t a b s u r d t h e ories a l l e g e d l y b a s e d o n M a r x o r L e n i n . H o w e v e r , t o s p e a k i n t h e t e r m s L e n i n u s e d , t h e C h i n e s e theory i s a plunge into the m i r e of revisionism and opportunism. K a u t s k y ' s theory spread the illusion that allegedly in the conditions of monopoly capitalism, the possibility exists of another, non-annexionist policy. In this connect i o n L e n i n stressed:
The essence of the matter is that Kautsky detaches the politics of imperialism from its economics, speaks of annexations as being a policy 'preferred' by finance capital, and opposes to it another bourgeois policy which, he alleges, is possible on this very same basis of finance capital. It follows, then, that monopolies in economics are compatible with non-monopolistic, non-violent, non-annexionist methods in politics. It follows, then, that the territorial division of the world, which was completed precisely during the epoch of finance capital, and which constitutes the basis of the present peculiar forms of rivalry between the biggest capitalist states, is compatible with a non-imperialist policy. The result is a slurringover and a blunting of the most profound contradictions of the latest stage of capitalism, instead of an exposure of their depth; the result is bourgeois reformism instead of Marxism.*
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Ignoring the fact that the monopolies, finance capital, dominate the economic field in the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , and that it is precisely they w h o dictate the home and foreign policy, the Chinese revisionists t a l k a b o u t a p e a c e f u l i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h n o l o n g e r seeks e x pansion and indeed is on the retreat. T h e Chinese leaders forget S t a l i n ' s w o r d s t h a t t h e m a i n f e a t u r e s a n d r e q u irements of the f u n d a m e n t a l economic l a w of present-day c a p i t a l i s m are,
... the securing of the maximum capitalist profit through the exploitation, ruin and impoverishment of the majority of the population of the given country, through the enslavement and systematic robbery of the peoples of other countries, especially backward countries, and, lastly, through wars and militarization of the national economy, which are utilized for the obtaining of the highest profits.*
Thus, the new theories of the Chinese leaders show that they are singing K a u t s k y ' s old song to a n e w tune. W h i l e e x p o s i n g the c h i e f t a i n s o f t h e S e c o n d I n t e r n a tional, w h o wanted to make a distinction between i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s o n the basis o f w h i c h w e r e m o r e a g g r e s sive a n d w h i c h less aggressive, L e n i n stressed t h a t t h i s stand was anti-Marxist. This attitude impelled the parties of the Second International to the positions of c h a u v i n i s m , t o o p e n b e t r a y a l o f t h e cause o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n . I n o u r epoch, s a i d L e n i n , t h e r e c a n b e n o q u e s t i o n o f w h i c h o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t states i n v o l v e d i n t h e
_______________________________ * J. V. S t a l i n , Economic Problems USSR, T i r a n a 1974, p. 45, A l b . ed. of Socialism in the
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F i r s t W o r l d W a r , o n one side o r t h e other, i s the g r e a ter evil.
Present-day democracy, s a y s he, will remain true to itself, only if it joins neither one nor the other imperialist bourgeoisie, only if it says that 'the two sides are equally bad', and if it wishes the defeat of the imperialist bourgeoisie in every country. Any other decision will in reality be national-liberal and have nothing in common with the genuine internationalism.*
I n t h e p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , i f t h e C h i n e s e thesis, a c cording to which Soviet social-imperialism is more agg r e s s i v e t h a n A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , w e r e t o b e accepted, this w o u l d lead to open betrayal of the revolution, of the h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class, t o g o i n g o v e r to the positions of the Second International. The two i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s r e p r e s e n t t o the same degree t h e m a i n enemy and danger to socialism, the freedom and i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e peoples, a n d t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f n a tions. T h e y are t h e m a i n d e f e n d e r s o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m . I n o r d e r t o c o n c e a l t h e i r b e t r a y a l o f t h e peoples, t h e Chinese leaders say that the relations of the big m o n opolies w i t h s o m e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h possess great w e a l t h create a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h e v e n c o n f l i c t s b e t w e e n t h e m o n o p o l y p o w e r s a n d t h e peoples c a n b e a v o i d e d . T h i s is a m o n s t r o u s a b s u r d i t y , an a t t e m p t to p r e s e n t f e r o c i o u s i m p e r i a l i s m as t a m e , to create a false s i t u a t i o n of e u p h o r i a t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e i n v e s t m e n t o f c a p i t a l w i l l create w e l l - b e i n g f o r the p e o p l e o f t h e c o u n t r y i n w h i c h t h e i n v e s t m e n t i s m a d e , a n d thus, t h e a n t a g o n i s t i c c o n t r a d i c _________________________________ Alb. * V. ed. I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 21, pp. 145-146,
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t i p n s b e t w e e n t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d t h e peoples o f these c o u n t r i e s w i l l n o l o n g e r e x i s t . T h i s false t h e o r y , w h i c h i s n o w b e i n g t r u m p e t e d b y t h e C h i n e s e leaders, has b e e n concocted b y i m p e r i a l i s m i n o r d e r t o e x t e n d its d o m i n a t i o n e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d a n d t o assist t h e r e a c t i o n a r y c l i q u e s r u l i n g i n t h e v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s t o oppress t h e i r o w n peoples a n d t o s e l l t h e i r c o u n t r i e s t o t h e foreigners. T h e s e theories a r e a r e p e t i t i o n , i n n e w , r e f i n e d forms, of the reactionary theories of the opportunists of the S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e F i r s t W o r l d War, L e n i n exposed K a u t s k y ' s a n t i - M a r x i s t theory of ultra-imperialism. K a u t s k y alleged that w a r s could be prevented under imperialism, through an agreement among the capitalists of various countries. I n his p o l e m i c w i t h K a u t s k y , L e n i n s a i d :
... in the realities of the capitalist system and not in the banal philistine fantasies of English parsons or of the German 'Marxist' Kautsky, 'inter-imperialist' or 'ultra-imperialist' alliances, no matter what form they may assume, whether of one imperialist coalition against another, or a general alliance embracing all the imperialist powers, are inevitably nothing more than a 'truce' in periods between wars.*
T h e s e teachings o f L e n i n ' s a r e v e r y r e l e v a n t i n t h e present c o n d i t i o n s w h e n the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t a n d m a k i n g f e v e r i s h e f f o r t s t o set u p a n a l l i a n c e a n d a great w o r l d f r o n t o f a l l t h e fascist a n d f e u d a l , c a p i t a l i s t a n d i m p e r i a l i s t states a n d r e g i m e s , i n ______________________________ * V. A l b . ed. I. Lenin, Collected Works , v o l . 22, pp. 359-360,
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c l u d i n g the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , against Soviet social-imperialism. A l l i a n c e s b e t w e e n i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , L e n i n stressed, a r e possible, b u t t h e y a r e c r e a t e d f o r t h e sole p u r pose o f j o i n t l y c r u s h i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m , o f j o i n t l y p l u n d e r i n g t h e colonies a n d d e p e n d e n t a n d s e m i dependent countries. T h e Chinese revisionists, l i k e the chieftains of the Second International, have substituted the pragmatic s l o g a n , L e t u s u n i t e w i t h a l l those w h o c a n b e u n i t e d against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , f o r t h e s l o g a n o f t h e Communist Manifesto, Proletarians of all countries, unite!. T h e t h e o r y o f t h e three w o r l d s i n v e n t e d b y t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s does n o t a n a l y s e t h e h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f i m p e r i a l i s m f r o m t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t class s t a n d - p o i n t , b u t sees i t i n a d i s t o r t e d l i g h t , i g n o r i n g t h e contradictions of our time w h i c h M a r x and L e n i n defined s o c l e a r l y . F o l l o w i n g t h i s t h e o r y , socialist C h i n a unites with American imperialism a n d t h e second w o r l d , t h a t is, w i t h o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t s w h o e x p l o i t t h e peoples, a n d calls o n t h e t h i r d w o r l d , t h e peoples w h o aspire to fight against w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m and capitalism, whether A m e r i c a n imperialism or Soviet social-imperiali s m , t o u n i t e against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m o n l y . T h e T i t o i t e t h e o r y , o f n o n - a l i g n e d countries, too, is j u s t as anti-Marxist as t h e t h e o r y of t h e three w o r l d s . T h e s e t w o theories a r e t h e r a i l s o f t h e one r a i l r o a d on w h i c h the t r a i n of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and Soviet social-imperialism is r u n n i n g , a t r a i n loaded w i t h the w e a l t h p l u n d e r e d f r o m t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d . T h e T i t o i t e s a n d t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s are t r y i n g t o o p e n some h o l e s i n the t r u c k s o f t h i s i m p e r i a l i s t a n d s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t t r a i n , so t h a t a l i t t l e o i l , sugar, a f e w dollars, p o u n d s , f r a n c s o r r u b l e s m a y l e a k out. T h e s e r a i l s w h i c h
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h a v e b e e n l a i d o v e r the b a c k s o f t h e oppressed peoples, a n d w h i c h are i n t e n d e d t o k e e p these peoples i n p e r m a n ent bondage, are t w o t h e o r i e s j u s t a s r e a c t i o n a r y a s a l l the other a n t i - M a r x i s t t h e o r i e s o f t h e T r o t s k y i t e s , a n a r c h ists, B u k h a r i n i t e s , K h r u s h c h e v i t e s , o f the s u p p o r t e r s o f T o g l i a t t i , C a r r i l l o , M a r c h a i s , etc., etc. L i f e i s c o n s t a n t l y c o n f i r m i n g L e n i n ' s theses o f g e n i u s o n i m p e r i a l i s m . C a p i t a l i s m has e n t e r e d t h e p h a s e o f its decay. T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s a r o u s i n g t h e r e v o l t o f t h e peoples and impelling them to revolution. T h e struggle of the peoples against i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l i s t cliques is b u i l d i n g up in various forms, w i t h v a r y i n g i n tensities. Q u a n t i t y w i l l i n e v i t a b l y t u r n i n t o q u a l i t y . T h i s w i l l h a p p e n f i r s t i n those c o u n t r i e s w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e t h e w e a k e s t l i n k o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t c h a i n a n d w h e r e t h e consciousness a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class h a v e r e a c h e d h i g h l e v e l , w h e r e t h e r e is a deep p o l i t i c a l a n d ideological understanding of the p r o b l e m . I m p e r i a l i s m has s t e p p e d u p its b a r b a r o u s o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e peoples. B u t , a t t h e same t i m e , t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d a r e b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e conscious t h a t t h e y c a n n o t g o o n l i v i n g i n c a p i t a l i s t society, w h e r e t h e w o r k i n g masses a r e n o less o p p r e s s e d and exploited than in the pre-War period. D e s p i t e a l l t h e e f f o r t s b y i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its h a n g ers-on, i t w i l l f i n d n o s t a b i l i t y , n o w o r i n t h e f u t u r e , i n its s t r u g g l e t o e s t a b l i s h its h e g e m o n y o v e r the peoples. I t cannot f i n d s t a b i l i t y because o f t h e a w a k e n i n g c o n sciousness of t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e masses of o p p r e s sed w o r k i n g p e o p l e w h o w a n t l i b e r a t i o n , a s w e l l a s b e cause o f t h e i n e v i t a b l e i n t e r - i m p e r i a l i s t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . T h e peoples are seeing, a n d l a t e r t h e y w i l l see e v e r m o r e clearly, that w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m a n d capitalism are n o t based s o l e l y o n t h e e c o n o m i c , m i l i t a r y , p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l s t r e n g t h o f t h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s , b u t a r e based
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also o n t h e w e a l t h y classes w h i c h k e e p t h e peoples o f t h e i r o w n c o u n t r i e s i n bondage, u n d e r e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d under fear so they w i l l not rise up to gain their true freedom and independence. T h e b r o a d masses o f v a r i o u s peoples o f t h e w o r l d h a v e also b e g u n t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e p r e s e n t - d a y b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t society, t h e e x p l o i t i n g s y s t e m o f w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m , m u s t b e o v e r t h r o w n . F o r the peoples t h i s i s not just an aspiration, in m a n y countries they have taken up arms. T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e i s n o n e e d t o concoct t h e o r i e s w h i c h divide the w o r l d into three or four parts, into aligned a n d non-aligned, but the great objective historical process m u s t b e seen a n d i n t e r p r e t e d c o r r e c t l y , a c c o r d i n g to the teachings of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . The w o r l d is d i v i d e d in two, the w o r l d of capitalism and the n e w w o r l d of socialism, w h i c h are locked in a merciless struggle w i t h e a c h other. I n t h i s f i g h t t h e n e w , t h e socialist w o r l d , w i l l t r i u m p h , w h i l e t h e o l d c a p i t a l i s t society, t h e b o u r geois a n d i m p e r i a l i s t society, w i l l b e o v e r t h r o w n .
III
THE REVOLUTION AND THE PEOPLES
M a r x s h o w e d w i t h s c i e n t i f i c a r g u m e n t t h e necessity f o r t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s t society a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a m o r e a d v a n c e d society, s o c i a l i s m , a n d t h e n c o m m u n i s m . D e v e l o p i n g M a r x ' s t h o u g h t , i n h i s b o o k Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism L e n i n s h o w e d t h a t the present epoch is the epoch of i m p e r i a l i s m and proletarian revolutions. T h i s is the epoch of the destruction of the old capitalist order, colonialism and i m p e r i a l i s m , of t h e s e i z u r e o f state p o w e r b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e o p p r e s s e d peoples, t h e p e r i o d o f t h e t r i u m p h o f s o c i a l i s m o n a w o r l d scale. T h i s means that today we are l i v i n g in the epoch of t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e o l d e x p l o i t i n g society, w h i c h i s intolerable for the m a j o r i t y of m a n k i n d , for the oppressed a n d e x p l o i t e d , w i t h a n e w s o c i e t y i n w h i c h t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f m a n b y m a n i s done a w a y w i t h once a n d f o r a l l . I t w a s p r e c i s e l y f r o m these f u n d a m e n t a l t e a c h i n g s a n d its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n a l y s i s o f the process o f w o r l d development today that our P a r t y proceeded when, at its 7th Congress, i t p u t f o r w a r d t h e thesis t h a t t h e w o r l d i s a t a stage i n w h i c h t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d l i b e r a t i o n of the peoples is a p r o b l e m d e m a n d i n g s o l u tion. T h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t against t h e b o u r geoisie is a stern, merciless s t r u g g l e w h i c h goes on c o n -
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t i n u o u s l y . C o n f r o n t i n g e a c h o t h e r s t a n d t w o great social forces. O n t h e one side s t a n d s t h e c a p i t a l i s t - i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i c h i s t h e most ferocious, d e c e i t f u l a n d b l o o d t h i r s t y class k n o w n t o h i s t o r y . O n t h e o t h e r side s t a n d s t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e class t o t a l l y dispossessed o f means of production, ruthlessly oppressed a n d exploited b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i c h i s a t t h e same t i m e the most a d v a n c e d class o f society, w h i c h t h i n k s , creates, w o r k s a n d p r o d u c e s , b u t does n o t e n j o y t h e f r u i t s o f its t o i l . E a c h o f these classes s t r i v e s t o r a l l y forces a r o u n d i t s e l f a n d p r e p a r e t h e m f o r its o w n a i m s : t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , for social and national liberation, to carry out the revo l u t i o n ; t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , t o p r e s e r v e its d o m i n a t i o n a n d suppress the revolution. T h e bourgeoisie gathers around i t s e l f t h e m o s t o m i n o u s , r e g r e s s i v e a n d c r i m i n a l forces, w h i l e the proletariat strives to w i n a l l the revolutionary, p r o g r e s s i v e forces o v e r t o its side. M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches u s t h a t t h e s t r u g g l e b e tween the proletariat a n d the bourgeoisie builds up continuously and w i l l certainly be c r o w n e d w i t h the victory o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its allies. B u t f o r t h i s s t r u g g l e t o b e c r o w n e d w i t h success, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t m u s t b e o r g a n i z e d , m u s t h a v e its o w n v a n g u a r d p a r t y , m u s t m a k e t h e b r o a d masses of the p e o p l e conscious of the necessity f o r r e v o l u t i o n , a n d l e a d t h e m i n the f i g h t t o seize state p o w e r , t o e s t a b l i s h its o w n d i c t a t o r s h i p , t o b u i l d s o c i a l i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m , t h e classless society. T h e r e a r e m a n y h o t - h e a d s i n t h e w o r l d , w i t h good o r evil intentions, w h o t h i n k that the revolution can be c a r r i e d o u t a t a n y t i m e , a t a n y m o m e n t , a t a n y place. B u t s u c h p e o p l e are m i s t a k e n . T h e r e v o l u t i o n c a n n o t b e c a r r i e d o u t a t a n y t i m e a n d a t a n y place, a c c o r d i n g t o one's w i s h e s . T h e r e v o l u t i o n b r e a k s out a n d i s c a r r i e d through at that l i n k of the capitalist chain w h i c h is the w e a k e s t . F o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n t o b r e a k o u t a n d t r i u m p h , the
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appropriate objective and subjective conditions must exist, a n d the favourable m o m e n t must be f o u n d for l a u n c h i n g i n t o r e v o l u t i o n . T h e m a i n t h i n g i s that, w h e n t h e y start t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e people, w i t h t h e proletariat at the head, must be determined and prepared to carry it through to the end. L e n i n stresses t h a t the r e v o l u t i o n i s c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e p e o p l e o f e a c h c o u n t r y , t h a t i t i s not e x p o r t e d . T h i s does n o t m e a n t h a t t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s , w h e r e v e r t h e y are militating, should not feel themselves in solidarity, s h o u l d n o t b e l i n k e d w i t h one a n o t h e r b y t h e p u r e s t feelings o f p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , a n d s h o u l d n o t assist t h e s t r u g g l e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d peoples of o t h e r countries for their liberation. On the contrary, a l l c o m m u n i s t s , a l l p r o l e t a r i a n s , a l l t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces i n t h e v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s a r e d u t y b o u n d t o assist t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n each p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y a n d a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d , through propaganda, agitation, m a t e r i a l aid, the example o f t h e i r d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d selflessness, a n d b y f a i t h f u l adherence t o M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . O f course, success i n t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h i s assistance depends, f i r s t o f a l l , o n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its p a r t y , o n the d e v elopment of the revolutionary struggle in this or that country. In t h e Manifesto of the Communist Party M a r x and E n g e l s s h o w t h a t the i n t e r e s t s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e people o f one c o u n t r y a r e i n s e p a r a b l e f r o m t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d peoples o f t h e e n t i r e w o r l d . A s L e n i n teaches u s a n d l i f e has c o n f i r m e d , t h e r e v olution t r i u m p h s in each country i n d i v i d u a l l y . Therefore, t h i s t r i u m p h depends, f i r s t o f a l l , o n t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y o f e a c h c o u n t r y , o n t h e i r ability to implement the teachings of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d S t a l i n on the revolution in the concrete conditions. H o w e v e r , a great d e a l of c o n f u s i o n has b e e n c r e a t e d
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a r o u n d these t e a c h i n g s a n d e s p e c i a l l y a r o u n d the L e n i n i s t theory on the revolution, m a n y mines have been laid by the Titoite, Soviet, Eurocommunist, Chinese, and other m o d e r n revisionists, w h o have taken it upon themselves t o m i s l e a d p e o p l e o n t h e issue o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t o prevent its outbreak. Today, w h e n this question is put f o r w a r d for solution, it is an imperative duty for the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s to dispel the fog the revisionists have spread about the r e v olution, to unmask their manoeuvres and deliberate misr e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a b o u t t h i s p r o b l e m , t o expose t h e i r c o u n ter-revolutionary, chauvinist, hegemonic intentions, and to ensure that the teachings of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m on the revolution are understood and applied correctly.
W e M u s t D e f e n d and Implement the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t Teachings on the R e v o l u t i o n M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches u s a n d t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f a l l r e v o l u t i o n s has c o n f i r m e d t h a t f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n t o break out and t r i u m p h , the objective and subjective factors m u s t e x i s t . L e n i n f o r m u l a t e d t h i s t e a c h i n g i n h i s b o o k The Collapse of the Second International, a n d d e v e l o p e d it f u r t h e r in h i s b o o k Left Wing Communism, an Infantile Disorder a n d o t h e r w r i t i n g s . D w e l l i n g on the revolutionary situation as the obj e c t i v e f a c t o r o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , L e n i n describes i t a s follows:
1) When it is impossible to maintain their rule in

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for an
the ruling unchanged
classes form*
* V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 21, p. 223, A l b . ed.
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ENVER HOXHA d u e t o t h e deep c r i s i s w h i c h has i n v o l v e d these classes, a c r i s i s w h i c h causes d i s c o n t e n t a n d i n d i g n a t i o n a m o n g t h e o p p r e s s e d classes. Usually, for the revolution to break out, he says, it is not enough for 'the lower strata not to want' to live in the old way; it is necessary also that 'the upper strata should be unable' to live in the old way. 2) When the want and suffering of the oppressed classes have become acute... 3) When, as a consequence of the above causes, there is a considerable increase in the activity of the masses, who... are drawn into... independent actions of historic importance.*
In other words, this truth can be expressed in this way: revolution is impossible without a nation-wide crisis (affecting both the exploited and the exploiters).** Without these objective changes, he e m p h a sizes, which are independent not only of the will of separate groups or parties, but even of separate classes, a revolution as a general rule is impossible.***
B u t not every r e v o l u t i o n a r y situation gives rise to r e v o l u t i o n , says L e n i n . I n m a n y cases, h e says, r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n s l i k e those o f t h e y e a r s 1860-1870 i n G e r m a n y , o r o f t h e y e a r s 1859-1861 a n d 1879-1880 i n R u s s i a , w e r e n o t t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o r e v o l u t i o n s , because o f t h e absence o f t h e s u b j e c t i v e factor, t h a t is, t h e h i g h l e v e l o f consciousness a n d r e a d i n e s s o f t h e masses f o r the r e v o l u t i o n .
______________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 21, p. 223, A l b . e d . ** V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 83. A l b . e d . *** V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 21, p. 223, A l b . e d .
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...the ability of the revolutionary class, as L e n i n p u t s it, to carry out revolutionary mass actions strong enough to break (or dislocate) the old government, which, never, not even in a period of crisis, 'falls' if it is not 'dropped'.*
I n p r e p a r i n g t h e s u b j e c t i v e factor, a s L e n i n w r o t e i n h i s e a r l y w o r k s , the r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, its l e a d e r s h i p , e d u c a t i o n a n d m o b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y masses p l a y a d e c i s i v e r o l e . T h e p a r t y a c h i e v e s t h i s b o t h b y w o r k i n g o u t a correct p o l i t i c a l line, w h i c h r e s p o n d s t o t h e concrete c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y desires a n d d e m a n d s o f t h e masses, a n d t h r o u g h a colossal a m o u n t o f w o r k , i n v o l v i n g i n t e n s i v e a n d p o l i t i c a l l y w e l l - p o n d e r e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions, w h i c h m a k e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses conscious of the situation in w h i c h they are living, of the oppression and exploitation, of the barbarous l a w s of the bourgeoisie, a n d t h e a b s o l u t e necessity f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a s a m e a n s to o v e r t h r o w t h e e n s l a v i n g o r d e r . I n t h i s w a y , t h e p o o r s t r a t a w i l l react w i t h s u c h intensity that even the wealthy, the bourgeoisie in power, s h a k e n also b y o t h e r i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l c o n t r a d i c tions, w i l l h a v e d i f f i c u l t y i n c o n t i n u i n g t o r u l e a s b e f o r e . W h e n these c o n d i t i o n s are f u l f i l l e d , w h e n t h e o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e factors, w h i c h a r e l i n k e d w i t h e a c h other, exist, t h e n i t i s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n n o t o n l y t o b r e a k o u t b u t also t o t r i u m p h . R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a l w a y s p o n d e r d e e p l y o v e r these theses o f g e n i u s o f L e n i n , a n d n o t o n l y p o n d e r o v e r t h e m b u t also m a k e concrete a n d a l l - r o u n d a n a l y s e s o f the s i t u a t i o n s . T h e y act t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e y w i l l n e v e r b e taken by surprise by the r e v o l u t i o n a r y situations, so they
______________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 21, p. 223, A l b . ed.
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w i l l n o t f i n d t h e m s e l v e s d i s a r m e d a t these d e c i s i v e m o ments, but be able to utilize t h e m for the p r e p a r a t i o n a n d l a u n c h i n g o f the r e v o l u t i o n . W h a t does t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n i n the w o r l d s h o w ? P r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h e L e n i n i s t t h e o r y of the revolution, the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a draws the conclusion that the situation in the w o r l d today is r e v o l u t i o n a r y i n g e n e r a l , t h a t t h i s s i t u a t i o n has m a t u r e d , or is r a p i d l y m a t u r i n g , in m a n y countries, w h i l e in other c o u n t r i e s t h i s process i s d e v e l o p i n g . W h e n w e say t h a t the s i t u a t i o n t o d a y s i r e v o l u t i o n ary, we m e a n that the w o r l d today is m o v i n g towards great o u t b u r s t s . I n g e n e r a l t h e s i t u a t i o n t o d a y i s l i k e a volcano in eruption, a scorching fire, a fire w h i c h w i l l b u r n precisely the oppressing and exploiting r u l i n g upper classes. The capitalist and revisionist w o r l d is in the grip of a grave, economic and political, f i n a n c i a l a n d m i l i t a r y , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d m o r a l crisis. T h e p r e s e n t crisis, w h i c h h a s shaken the entire structure and superstructure of the b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t o r d e r , has m a d e the g e n e r a l crisis o f the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m e v e n deeper a n d m o r e acute. T h e consequences o f t h e c r i s i s a r e c l e a r l y v e r y g r a v e a n d d e v a s t a t i n g , e s p e c i a l l y i n the f i e l d o f t h e e c o n o m y . T h e d e e p e n i n g o f t h e m o s t severe e c o n o m i c c r i s i s f o l l o w i n g t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r has b e e n g o i n g o n since 1974. It has b r o u g h t a b o u t a d e c l i n e of c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n s i n i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n : 2 0 p e r cent i n J a p a n , 1 5 p e r cent i n G r e a t B r i t a i n , 1 4 p e r cent i n t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , 13 p e r cent in F r a n c e a n d I t a l y , 10 p e r cent i n t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y , etc. T h e c r i s i s has caused a v e r y deep d e p r e s s i o n . I n m a n y c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s u n u s e d p r o d u c t i v e capacities i n some k e y b r a n c h e s o f t h e e c o n o m y h a v e r e a c h e d u p t o 25-40 p e r cent a n d
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this situation is dragging on for years on end. That is w h y i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n c o n t i n u e s t o stagnate. C o l o s s a l stocks o f surplus goods r e m a i n u n s o l d . Y e t , d e s p i t e a l l these stocks o f u n s o l d goods a n d e v e n t h o u g h m a n y p r o d u c t i v e capacities are n o t e x p l o i ted, t h e m o n o p o l i e s ' p r o f i t s c o n t i n u e t o increase because o f r i s i n g p r i c e s . P r i c e s a r e g o i n g u p f r o m d a y t o day, w h i l e i n f l a t i o n has r e a c h e d v e r y h i g h f i g u r e s i n c e r t a i n countries. P r i c e rises a n d , i n p a r t i c u l a r , i n f l a t i o n , h a v e b e c o m e a v e r y convenient means in the hands of the monopolies a n d t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t state t o s a d d l e t h e w o r k i n g class a n d o t h e r w o r k i n g p e o p l e w i t h t h e h e a v y b u r d e n of t h e crisis. U n d e r the pretext of checking inflation, the capitalist a n d b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t states i n c r e a s e t h e t a x e s o n the i n c o m e s o f the w o r k i n g masses a n d freeze t h e i r wages, a n d a t t h e same t i m e r e d u c e t a x a t i o n o n t h e p r o f i t s o f t h e m o n o p o l i e s , d e v a l u e the c u r r e n c y , etc. T h e s e m e a s u r e s a r e d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e w o r k i n g class a n d a l l w o r k i n g people, step u p t h e i r e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d r e d u c e their standard of living. T h e l o n g d r a w n - o u t e c o n o m i c c r i s i s has w o r s e n e d t h e l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d peasant masses and made life very m u c h harder for them. U n e m p l o y m e n t has i n c r e a s e d t o p r o p o r t i o n s s e l d o m seen b e f o r e , and has become chronic, a m a j o r ulcer of bourgeois and r e v i s i o n i s t society. I n t h e c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d , 110 m i l l i o n p e o p l e h a v e b e e n t h r o w n o u t i n the streets. I n the U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a a l o n e n o t less t h a n 7-8 m i l l i o n s a r e u n e m p l o y e d . T o d a y m i l l i o n s o f people are living on the verge of starvation or actually starving. H u n d r e d s o f m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e a r e t o r t u r e d w i t h the anxiety over insecurity for the m o r r o w . T h e p o v e r t y a n d i n s e c u r i t y f o r t h e b r o a d masses o f
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w o r k i n g people, a s w e l l a s t h e r e a c t i o n a r y , a n t i - p o p u l a r internal a n d external policies followed by the capitalist and bourgeois-revisionist regimes have added a n d are continuously a d d i n g to the discontent of b r o a d strata of t h e p o p u l a t i o n . T h i s g r a v e s i t u a t i o n has a r o u s e d t h e i r incontainable anger, w h i c h is expressed in strikes, protests, d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , i n clashes w i t h t h e r e p r e s s i v e organs o f t h e b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t o r d e r , a n d i n m a n y cases, e v e n i n r e a l r e v o l t s . T h e p o p u l a r masses are g r o w i n g e v e r m o r e h o s t i l e t o t h e r e g i m e s r u l i n g t h e m . S t r i v i n g , e v e n i n t h i s s i t u a t i o n o f crisis, t o s a f e g u a r d their m a x i m u m profits, the governments of imperialist, capitalist a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s m a k e a l l sorts o f f r a u d ulent promises and proposals to placate the discontent a n d a n g e r o f t h e masses a n d d i v e r t t h e i r m i n d s f r o m revolution. M e a n w h i l e , the poor are becoming even poorer, the r i c h e v e n r i c h e r , the gap b e t w e e n p o o r a n d r i c h s o c i a l strata, b e t w e e n t h e d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e u n d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s i s g r o w i n g deeper a n d deeper. T h e p r e s e n t crisis has also e x t e n d e d t o p o l i t i c a l l i f e , i n c i t i n g c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a m o n g t h e r u l i n g circles o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t states. C l e a r e v i d e n c e o f t h i s i s t h e great increase i n g o v e r n m e n t crises a n d t h e frequent replacement of teams in power. T h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t h e r u l i n g c l i q u e s are c o m p e l l e d t o change t h e horses i n t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t t e a m s m o r e and more frequently, w i t h the a i m of deceiving the w o r k i n g people a n d b o l s t e r i n g t h e i r hopes t h a t t h e f r e s h t e a m w i l l b e b e t t e r t h a n t h e o l d one, o f c o n v i n c i n g t h e m t h a t t h e l a t t e r are t o b l a m e f o r t h e c r i s i s a n d f o r f a i l i n g t o get o u t o f it, w h i l e t h e f o r m e r w i l l i m p r o v e the situation, and so on. T h i s w h o l e fraud, w h i c h is continuously conducted on broad proportions, is camouflaged w i t h false slogans about f r e e d o m , d e m o c r a c y , etc., es-
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p e c i a l l y d u r i n g e l e c t o r a l c a m p a i g n s . A t t h e same t i m e , the bourgeoisie in the capitalist and revisionist countries i s r e i n f o r c i n g its savage w e a p o n s o f v i o l e n c e , t h e a r m y , the police, the secret services, the c o u r t s , t h e c o n t r o l b y its d i c t a t o r s h i p o v e r e v e r y m o v e m e n t a n d e f f o r t o f the proletariat. In the capitalist and revisionist countries today there is an obvious trend towards increased bourgeois v i o l e n c e a n d the l i m i t a t i o n o f d e m o c r a t i c r i g h t s . T h e t e n d e n c y t o w a r d s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f f a s c i s m i n the l i f e o f the c o u n t r y a n d p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f f a s c i s m , a t the m o m e n t w h e n the b o u r g e o i s i e considers it impossible to rule by democratic methods and means, is becoming ever m o r e evident. T h e e c o n o m i c - f i n a n c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l crisis has g r i p p e d n o t o n l y the m o n o p o l i e s , the g o v e r n m e n t s , t h e p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s a n d forces i n s i d e each p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , b u t also the i n t e r n a t i o n a l alliances, t h e economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y blocs, l i k e t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t a n d C o m e c o n , the E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y , N A T O a n d the W a r s a w T r e a t y . T h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , f r i c t i o n s , contests a n d q u a r r e l s b e t w e e n p a r t n e r s o f these a l l i a n c e s a n d blocs are manifesting themselves ever more openly and abrasively. A n o t h e r e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e c r i s i s a n d a t t e m p t s t o get o u t o f i t c a n b e seen i n t h e a r m a m e n t s race, t h e a l l r o u n d preparations for w a r and the instigation of local wars by the superpowers and the other imperialist p o w ers, s u c h a s those i n t h e M i d d l e East, t h e H o r n o f A f r i c a , the Western Sahara, Indochina a n d elsewhere. T h i s course serves the h e g e m o n i c a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t p l a n s o f o n e o r t h e o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r . I t keeps a l i v e a n d develops the w a r i n d u s t r y a n d the arms trade, w h i c h have assumed unparalleled proportions today. But all these p o l i t i c a l a n d military means are only
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p a l l i a t i v e s w h i c h d o n o t a n d c a n n o t cure t h e i l l s o f t h e gravely ailing capitalist-revisionist system. T o t h e present e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l c r i s i s o f t h e capitalist a n d r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d m u s t also b e a d d e d t h e u n p r e c e d e n t e d i d e o l o g i c a l a n d m o r a l crisis. A t n o o t h e r t i m e has t h e r e b e e n s u c h i d e o l o g i c a l c o n f u s i o n a n d m o r a l c o r r u p t i o n a s t h a t w h i c h i s b e i n g seen t o d a y . A t n o o t h e r time have there been so m a n y variants of bourgeois theories, r i g h t , m i d d l e o r left, d e c k e d out i n e v e r y k i n d of secular and religious, classical and m o d e r n , o p e n l y anti-communist and allegedly communist and M a r x i s t cloaks. A t n o o t h e r t i m e has s u c h m o r a l c o r r u p t i o n , s u c h a degenerate w a y o f l i f e , o r s u c h great s p i r i t u a l d e p r e s s i o n b e e n w i t n e s s e d . T h e b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t theories, built up w i t h so m u c h effort and trumpeted so boastfully a s guides t o s a l v a t i o n f r o m t h e e v i l s o f t h e o l d society, s u c h a s the t h e o r i e s o f t h e f i n a l s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f c a p i t a l ism, people's c a p i t a l i s m , the c o n s u m e r society, posti n d u s t r i a l society, a v e r t i n g crises, the t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n , K h r u s h c h e v i t e p e a c e f u l coexistence, a w o r l d w i t h o u t armies, weapons and wars, sociali s m w i t h a h u m a n face, etc., etc., h a v e n o w b e e n s h a k e n to their foundations. A l l these aspects o f t h e g e n e r a l crisis are t o b e f o u n d n o t o n l y i n Y u g o s l a v i a , w h e r e t h e consequences o f t h e crisis are m o r e o b v i o u s , b u t also i n t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t Soviet U n i o n a n d the other revisionist countries. O p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n h a v e b e e n stepped u p e v e r y w h e r e i n these countries, a l l o f t h e m are s u f f e r i n g f r o m t h e i l l s of capitalism, f r o m the quarrels and conflicts over p o w e r a n d p r i v i l e g e s i n t h e r a n k s o f the leaders a n d t h e u p p e r s t r a t a ; e v e r y w h e r e t h e p o p u l a r masses are s e e t h i n g w i t h d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n a n d anger. T h u s , great p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n e x i s t i n these c o u n t r i e s , too. T h e l a w o f t h e
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r e v o l u t i o n operates t h e r e t h e same a s i n e v e r y o t h e r bourgeois country. It is precisely this situation of the present general crisis of capitalism, the trend of w h i c h is to become s t e a d i l y deeper, t h a t m a k e s u s d r a w t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n has a l r e a d y e n v e l o p e d o r i s i n t h e process o f e n v e l o p i n g t h e m a j o r i t y o f c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s , a n d hence, t h a t t h i s s i t u a t i o n has placed the revolution on the order of the day. U n d e r the ever greater pressure of the crisis a n d the defeats t h e y h a v e s u f f e r e d i n t h e i r p r e d i c t i o n s a n d t h e i r manoeuvres to strangle the revolution, the bourgeoisie and the revisionists are t r y i n g to f i n d n e w expedients and to fabricate other fraudulent theories. Today, the m o d e r n revisionists have u n f u r l e d the b a n n e r of d e f e n c e of t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m , of o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f the peoples, o f s p l i t t i n g t h e r e v o l u tionary and liberation movement, and in general, of the d e c e p t i o n o f t h e masses. B u t t h e y , too, w i l l s u f f e r t h e s a m e fate a s t h e s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s a n d a l l o t h e r o p p o r t u n ists o f t h e past, w h o h a v e t u r n e d i n t o s i m p l e l a c k e y s of t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . I n t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n o f its g r a v e e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l crises, the b o u r g e o i s i e i s d e m a n d i n g t h a t its r e v i s i o n i s t s e r v a n t s c o m e out m o r e o p e n l y i n its support. This is forcing them more and more to drop t h e i r disguise, b u t also t o b e c o m e m o r e t h o r o u g h l y d i s credited. L e n i n says:
The opportunists are bourgeois enemies of the proletarian revolution, who in peaceful times carry on their bourgeois work in secret, concealing themselves within the workers' parties, while in times of crises they immediately prove to be open allies of the entire united bourgeoisie from
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the conservative to the most radical and democratic part of the latter, from the freethinkers to the religious and clerical sections.*
This scientific conclusion of Lenin's is p r o v e d to the h i l t b y t h e service t h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e r e n d e r i n g the c r i s i s - s t r i c k e n c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m t o d a y . T a k e Italy, for instance, the t y p i c a l country in w h i c h t h e decay o f c a p i t a l i s m , i n its base a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , is reflected. F r o m the end of the Second W o r l d W a r up t i l l n o w the C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t s , t h e p a r t y o f t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e p a r t y o f t h e V a t i c a n , w h i c h has g a t h e r e d a l l the religious-reactionary bourgeoisie and elements of t h e r i g h t a r o u n d itself, h a v e b e e n i n p o w e r i n I t a l y . T h e i r g o v e r n m e n t is r u l i n g a c o u n t r y w h i c h is in a state of b a n k r u p t c y . R i g h t f r o m 1945 t o t h i s day, t h e t o p s t r a t a of the bourgeoisie have been in the g r i p of such a grave crisis that, w i t h i n t h a t p e r i o d , t h e r e h a s b e e n a succession o f a b o u t 4 0 g o v e r n m e n t s , monocolour C h r i s t i a n D e m ocrat, s o c i a l i s t - C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t ; t r i p a r t i t e , C h r i s t i a n Democrat-socialist-socialdemocrat, centro s i n i s t r a g o v e r n m e n t s , centro destra g o v e r n m e n t s , etc. T h e deep g o v e r n m e n t c r i s i s i n I t a l y r e f l e c t s t h a t situation of the internal general crisis f r o m w h i c h no w a y o u t can b e f o u n d . T h e q u a r r e l s , c o n f l i c t s , p o l i t i c a l m u r d ers a n d scandals, s u c h a s t h e r e m o v a l o f P r e s i d e n t L e o n e , t h e m u r d e r o f the h e a d o f t h e C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t P a r t y , M o r o etc., w h i c h are b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e f r e q u e n t , are consequences of t h e crisis. I t a l y has become a b r i d g e h e a d of t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . Its b a n k r u p t e c o n o m y , w h i c h has f a l l e n i n t o t h e clutches o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , i s also l i n k e d w i t h
____________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 21, p. 106, A l b . e d .
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t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , w h e r e i t i s the p a r t n e r w i t h t h e least w e i g h t . As a result of this situation, the broad w o r k i n g masses i n I t a l y h a v e b e e n i m p o v e r i s h e d a n d are b e c o m i n g m o r e so. I t a l y has t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f u n e m p l o y m e n t among the countries of the European C o m m o n M a r k e t . I t a l y has t h e greatest e m i g r a t i o n o f t h e l a b o u r f o r c e a n d its i m p o r t s are g r e a t e r t h a n its e x p o r t s . B y r e s t r i c t i n g their b u y i n g of food products f r o m Italy, the m e m b e r countries of the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , especially West G e r m a n y and France, have created a difficult situation in Italian agriculture. T h e export prices of Italian b u t t e r , m i l k , a n d f r u i t h a v e f a l l e n s h a r p l y w h i l e t h e cost o f l i v i n g i n t h a t c o u n t r y has b e c o m e e x t r e m e l y h i g h . I t a l y has b e c o m e a c o u n t r y o f b i g s t r i k e s i n w h i c h w o r k ers f r o m h e a v y a n d l i g h t i n d u s t r y a n d t r a n s p o r t , d o w n to postmen, airline crews and even the police take part. I n s u c h a s i t u a t i o n o f s e e t h i n g discontent, w h e n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e masses a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n r e q u i r e t h a t a l l t h i s great d i s c o n t e n t o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e e n t i r e people should be channelled into the fight against the r e a c t i o n a r y bourgeoisie, against its p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e fascist a t t a c k i t i s t r y i n g t o l a u n c h , t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n ists a n d t h e r e f o r m i s t t r a d e - u n i o n s , t h e e n t i r e w o r k e r aristocracy, as w e l l as the supporters of the Chinese t h e o r y o f t h e three w o r l d s , a r e a c t i n g a s f i r e m e n t o e x tinguish the flames of the revolution and as defenders of the bourgeois order. T h i s rotten bourgeois order is being defended by a l l t h e p a r t i e s , f r o m t h e fascist p a r t y t o B e r l i n g u e r ' s r e v i sionist p a r t y . T h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y i s u n i t e d w i t h the bourgeoisie precisely to keep this bourgeois order, s h a k e n t o its f o u n d a t i o n s , i n p o w e r . I t i s t r y i n g t o w e a k e n and suppress the revolutionary drive of the Italian proletariat by spreading the lie that it is f o l l o w i n g and applying
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a M a r x i s m a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f its o w n c o u n t r y . N o t o n l y did B e r l i n g u e r enter into negotiations w i t h t h e C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t s l o n g ago, b u t h e has e v e n r e ached a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e m , a n d i n d e e d , w i t h o u t f o r m a l l y participating in the government, on m a n y problems, h e i s g o v e r n i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m . T h e g o v e r n m e n t s u p p o r t s t h i s p a r t y , b u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e , f o r t h e sake o f appearances, m a k e s b e l i e v e t h a t i t disagrees w i t h it. T h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y , f o r its p a r t , i s p l a y i n g t h e same g a m e . T h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s are r a i s i n g a great c l a m o u r about a g o v e r n m e n t p r o g r a m , a g r e e d o n b y t h e f i v e parties of the Italian p a r l i a m e n t a r y majority, w h i c h they are b o o s t i n g as an i m p o r t a n t v i c t o r y , as a n e w p o l i t i c a l phase i n t h e i r c o u n t r y . B u t t h i s p o l i t i c a l p h a s e t h a t B e r l i n g u e r t a l k s about, i s t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y i n t h e p l a n s o f I t a l i a n c a p i t a l . B e r l i n g u e r describes t h i s as a serious, r e a l i s t i c , a n d u n d o g m a t i c a g r e e m e n t . He c l a i m s t h a t t h i s a g r e e m e n t w i l l b r i n g a b o u t a r e a l change, n o t o n l y i n t h e p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s a m o n g p a r t i e s , b u t also i n the e n t i r e economic, s o c i a l a n d state l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h u s , t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s are g o i n g d o w n p r e c i s e l y the r o a d L e n i n p r e d i c t e d f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t o p p o r t u n i s t s , w h o seek u n i t y w i t h c a p i t a l i n o r d e r t o o b s t r u c t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y d r i v e o f t h e masses. W i t h t h i s u n i t y , t h e y t h i n k t h a t t h e y h a v e come some w a y t o w a r d s a c h i e v i n g their a i m of going to socialism through pluralism. O b viously, this is nothing but a dream, a n d the President of the I t a l i a n Senate, A m i n t o r e F a n f a n i , i s n o t a t a l l m i s t a k e n w h e n h e describes t h i s a g r e e m e n t a m o n g t h e f i v e p a r t i e s as a c o l l e c t i o n of d r e a m s . It is a c o l l e c t i o n of dreams on the part of the Italian revisionists, whereas on the p a r t of t h e forces of c a p i t a l , it is by no m e a n s a d r e a m , b u t a w e l l - p o n d e r e d act d e s i g n e d to l i q u i d a t e the ideas o f c o m m u n i s m i n Italy, a n d t o b l o c k t h e c l a i m s o f
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the Italian people a n d proletariat a n d suppress their r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e w society. T h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s are n o w r e c e i v i n g a f e w c r u m b s , b u t , c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t needs t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y , t h e y a r e t r y i n g t o h a v e the p a r t y brought completely into the government, l i k e a fish in its e l e m e n t . In a w o r d , the I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y is t r y i n g t o b e c o m e t o t a l l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e r e a c t i o n a r y mess of Italian monopoly capital. B e r l i n g u e r ' s p a r t y i s a n u t t e r l y degenerate p a r t y ideologically, w i t h a completely reformist, parliamentarist, s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c p r o g r a m . I t s u p p o r t s t h e o r d e r established by the pseudo-democratic Constitution in the f o r m a t i o n of w h i c h the Italian communists themselves, headed by Togliatti, took part. It is precisely under this Constitution that the reactionary a n d clerical bourgeoisie has b e e n m a k i n g the l a w i n I t a l y a n d o p p r e s s i n g the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the b r o a d masses o f t h e p e o p l e f o r t h e past t h r e e decades. T h e s o - c a l l e d I t a l i a n c o m m u n i s t s f i n d t h i s o p p r e s sion just and in c o n f o r m i t y w i t h the Constitution. Inside or outside the Italian parliament, through the press organs, t e l e v i s i o n a n d r a d i o , t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y t o g e t h e r w i t h the o t h e r p a r t i e s o f t h e bourgeoisie, w i t h the C h r i s t i a n Democrat P a r t y at the head, is c a r r y i n g out a p o l i c y accompanied w i t h unrestrained demagogy w h i c h s t u p e f y t h e I t a l i a n p u b l i c , confuse a n d d i s o r g a n i z e i t d a y b y day, i n o r d e r t o w e a k e n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y w i l l o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e p o l i t i c a l consciousness o f t h e w o r k i n g masses. I t a l i a n r e a c t i o n a n d t h e V a t i c a n are i n great n e e d o f a l l this activity. T h e Italian revisionist p a r t y is t r y i n g to s u p p r e s s t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t o f t h e masses o f t h e people, h e a d e d b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , i n o r d e r t o h i n d e r the r e v o l u t i o n , t o h e l p t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o u t o f its p r e d i c a ment and avert the overthrow of the existing order.
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T a k e a n o t h e r e x a m p l e , S p a i n . A f t e r the d e a t h o f Franco, K i n g J u a n Carlos came to power in Spain. He is the representative of the Spanish b i g bourgeoisie, w h i c h , seeing t h a t d u r i n g its l o n g r u l e t h e fascist r e g i m e h a d p l u n g e d t h e c o u n t r y i n t o a g r a v e crisis, c a m e t o t h e conclusion that S p a i n could no longer be governed as in F r a n c o ' s t i m e . T h e r e f o r e , c e r t a i n changes h a d t o b e m a d e i n the f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t a n d F r a n c o ' s d i s c r e d i t e d F a l a n g e c o u l d n o l o n g e r b e k e p t i n p o w e r . A f t e r a series of changes of heads of g o v e r n m e n t , t h e p e o p l e m o s t trusted by the n e w king, the continuers of the r e f o r m e d Francoism, took power. D e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d s t r i k e s b r o k e out i n S p a i n a s n e v e r b e f o r e . T h r o u g h t h e m t h e people d e m a n d e d c h a n ges, n a t u r a l l y , n o t t h i s change t h a t t o o k place, b u t d e e p - g o i n g a n d r a d i c a l changes. T h e s t r i k e s , d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d clashes t h e r e d i d n o t cease a n d a r e s t i l l g o i n g o n . T h e masses are d e m a n d i n g f r e e d o m s a n d r i g h t s , a n d the different nationalities autonomy. In this situation, in o r d e r t o m i s l e a d the masses i n r e v o l t , t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f J u a n C a r l o s also l e g a l i z e d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y o f I b a r r u r i - C a r r i l l o . T h e heads o f t h i s p a r t y h a v e b e c o m e o b edient f l u n k i e s o f t h e S p a n i s h m o n a r c h i c r e g i m e , h a v e t u r n e d i n t o scabs t o h o l d b a c k t h e great r e v o l u t i o n a r y d r i v e w h i c h has b u i l t u p i n t h e e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n a n d , in conjunction w i t h the bourgeoisie, to suppress a l l the elements w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y ideas f r o m t h e S p a n i s h W a r and admirers of the Republic. H e r e , too, w e see t h e f i r e b r i g a d e r o l e o f t h e S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y , i d e n t i c a l w i t h the r o l e p l a y e d b y t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y , a l t h o u g h i t has less p o w e r t h a n the l a t t e r . The revisionist parties in France, Japan, the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , B r i t a i n , P o r t u g a l and all the other c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s are p l a y i n g a s i m i l a r r o l e i n d e f e n d i n g
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t h e b o u r g e o i s o r d e r , e n a b l i n g i t t o o v e r c o m e t h e crises and r e v o l u t i o n a r y situations, to befuddle and paralyze the proletariat a n d the other oppressed a n d exploited masses, w h o a r e u n d e r s t a n d i n g e v e r m o r e c l e a r l y t h a t i t i s n o l o n g e r p o s s i b l e t o l i v e i n t h e c o n s u m e r society a n d o t h e r e x p l o i t i n g societies, a n d w h o a r e r i s i n g i n r e v o l t against t h e c a p i t a l i s t p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c o r d e r . T h e revisionist parties are p a r t i c u l a r l y hostile to L e n i n i s m . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e y are h o s t i l e t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n , because i t w a s L e n i n w h o e l a b o r a t e d t h e t h e o r y on the proletarian revolution to perfection and put it into p r a c t i c e i n R u s s i a . O n t h e basis o f t h i s t h e o r y , t h e s o c i a l ist r e v o l u t i o n t r i u m p h e d i n A l b a n i a a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . T h e Leninist theory, w h i c h shows the w a y to the t r i u m p h of the revolution everywhere, reveals the worthlessness of the counter-revolutionary revisionist theories about peaceful transition to socialism through the p a r l i a m e n t a r y r o a d , w i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n g t h e b o u r g e o i s state a p p a r a t u s , indeed, according to them, even u t i l i z i n g it for peaceful socialist t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , w i t h n o n e e d f o r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its v a n g u a r d p a r t y o r t h e d i c t a t o r ship of the proletariat. P r e c i s e l y a t these v e r y r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o m e n t s , w h e n there are great possibilities for the revolution to break out at the weakest l i n k s of the capitalist chain, w h e n t h e r e i s e x t r e m e l y g r e a t n e e d t o r a i s e t h e class c o n s c i o u s ness o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t o p r e p a r e t h e s u b j e c t i v e factor, to b u i l d up confidence in the correctness a n d universal character of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory, w h i c h shows the t r u e r o a d t o t h e s e i z u r e o f state p o w e r b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d o t h e r o p p r e s s e d masses, t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e r e n d e r i n g t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n i n v a l u a b l e s e r v i c e i n its e f f o r t s t o cope w i t h a n d a v e r t t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h a t i s w h y t h e bourgeoisie is striving in every w a y to involve the r e v i sionist p a r t i e s a n d t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s u n d e r t h e i r i n f l u e n c e
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i n t h e f i g h t against t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d c o m m u n i s m . T h i s is precisely the objective that the w h o l e line of A m e r ican imperialism, w o r l d capitalism and the bourgeoisie of every country is intended to achieve. T h e bourgeoisie wants the revisionist parties to place themselves openly and totally in the service of capital by operating under communist colours a n d allegedly f i g h t i n g to change the s i t u a t i o n , t o create a n e w h y b r i d society i n w h i c h n o t o n l y t h e o w n i n g class a n d w e a l t h y classes, b u t a l l e g e d l y t h e p o o r e r classes, too, w i l l h a v e t h e i r say, w i t h t h e r e v i s i o n i s t c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s a n d t h e socialist p a r t i e s p a s s i n g t h e m s e l v e s off a s t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a n d c h a m p i o n s . T h e revisionists in power, in particular, the Yugoslav, Soviet and Chinese revisionists, are r e n d e r i n g w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m a v e r y great s e r v i c e i n t h e s t r u g g l e t o h o l d b a c k a n d s t a m p out t h e r e v o l u t i o n s . The Y u g o s l a v revisionists are declared enemies of L e n i n i s m . T h e y are the most ardent propagandists of the negation of the u n i v e r s a l character of the laws of the socialist r e v o l u t i o n e m b o d i e d i n t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n and reflected in the Leninist theory of the revolution. T h e y preach that allegedly the w o r l d today is m o v i n g towards socialism spontaneously, therefore, there is no n e e d f o r r e v o l u t i o n , f o r class s t r u g g l e , etc. T h e Y u g o s l a v revisionists present their capitalist system of self-adm i n i s t r a t i o n as a m o d e l of t r u e s o c i a l i s m , a l l e g i n g t h a t it is a p a n a c e a b o t h against t h e evils of S t a l i n i s t s o c i a l i s m a n d against t h e e v i l s o f c a p i t a l i s m . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h i s s y s t e m a l l e g e d l y does n o t r e q u i r e v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n , the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t ariat, socialist state o w n e r s h i p , o r d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m . Self-administration can be established quietly and gently by agreement and collaboration between r u l i n g circles, b e t w e e n e m p l o y e r s a n d w o r k e r s , b e t w e e n t h e g o v ernment and property owners!
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I t i s p r e c i s e l y because Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s m i s a n e n e m y o f L e n i n i s m a n d sabotages t h e r e v o l u t i o n t h a t international capitalism, a n d especially A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m i s s o generous i n p r o v i d i n g T i t o i t e Y u g o s l a v i a w i t h financial, material, political and ideological aid. I n w o r d s , t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s d o n o t reject L e n i n i s m and the Leninist theory of the revolution, but they f i g h t i t i n p r a c t i c e w i t h t h e i r c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y stands a n d a c t i v i t y . T h e y a r e n o less a f r a i d o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a n revolution than the A m e r i c a n imperialists or the bourgeoisie o f a n y other c o u n t r y , because i n t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y the revolution topples t h e m f r o m the throne, strips t h e m o f t h e i r p o w e r a n d class p r i v i l e g e s , w h i l e i n the other countries it ruins their strategic plans for w o r l d domination. T h e y t r y to present themselves as continuators of the October Revolution, as followers of Leninism, in order t o deceive t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses b o t h in the Soviet U n i o n a n d in other countries. T h e y talk about developed socialism and transition to c o m m u n i s m i n o r d e r t o p u t out a n y discontent, r e v o l t , a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t o f the w o r k i n g masses i n t h e i r c o u n t r y a g a i n s t the r e v i s i o n i s t r u l e , a n d t o s u p p r e s s t h e m a s c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y , a n t i - s o c i a l i s t acts. O u t s i d e t h e i r c o u n t r y , t h e y use L e n i n i s m as a m a s k to conceal t h e i r a n t i - M a r x i s t , a n t i - L e n i n i s t t h e o r i e s a n d practices, to open the w a y for the expansionist and hegemonic plans of social-imperialism. T h e Soviet revisionists present the violent revolution in the developed capitalist countries as v e r y dangerous at the p r e s e n t t i m e , w h e n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , a n y r e v o l u t i o n a r y outburst could be transformed into a t h e r m o nuclear w o r l d w a r w h i c h w i l l exterminate mankind. Therefore, they recommend the revolution on the peacef u l road, the transformation of parliament from an
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organ of bourgeois democracy into an organ of democracy f o r t h e w o r k i n g people a s the most s u i t a b l e r o a d t o d a y . T h e y also present detente, t h e s o - c a l l e d e a s i n g o f t e n sion, w h i c h serves t h e a i m s o f S o v i e t f o r e i g n p o l i c y , a s the g e n e r a l t r e n d o f w o r l d d e v e l o p m e n t today, w h i c h w i l l a l l e g e d l y l e a d t o the p e a c e f u l t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n on a w o r l d scale. F o r demagogical purposes they do not deny the dict a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , i n d e e d , i n t h e o r y t h e y come o u t i n defence o f it, s a y i n g t h a t i n s p e c i f i c i n s t a n c e s e v e n v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n m a y b e u s e d . B u t t h e y n e e d these declarations especially to justify the plots and armed p u t s c h e s w h i c h t h e y o r g a n i z e i n one c o u n t r y o r a n o t h e r to establish pro-Soviet reactionary regimes and cliques there, t o d i v e r t t h e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s f r o m the r i g h t r o a d , a n d t o p u t t h e m u n d e r t h e i r h e g e m ony, etc. N o w r e v i s i o n i s t C h i n a , too, has b e c o m e a z e a l o u s e x tinguisher of the revolution. The entire internal and external policy of the Chinese r e v i s i o n i s t s i s d i r e c t e d against t h e r e v o l u t i o n , because t h e r e v o l u t i o n upsets t h e i r s t r a t e g y o f m a k i n g C h i n a a n imperialist superpower. W i t h i n C h i n a the revisionist leadership is savagely s u p p r e s s i n g a n y r e v o l u t i o n a r y o u t b u r s t o f the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e other w o r k i n g masses against its b o u r g e o i s c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y stands a n d actions. I t i s s t r i v i n g i n e v e r y w a y t o c o v e r u p the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f t h e p r e s e n t epoch, e s p e c i a l l y t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n b e t w e e n l a b o u r a n d capital, between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s s a y t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y one c o n t r a d i c tion in the w o r l d today, the contradiction between the t w o superpowers, w h i c h they present as a contradiction b e t w e e n the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d a l l o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l -
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i m p e r i a l i s m , o n t h e other. B a s i n g t h e m s e l v e s o n this f a b r i c a t e d thesis, t h e y c a l l o n the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the people of every country to unite w i t h the bourgeoisie of their c o u n t r i e s to d e f e n d t h e h o m e l a n d a n d n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n dence a g a i n s t the d a n g e r w h i c h comes o n l y f r o m S o v i e t social-imperialism. With this the Chinese revisionists p r e a c h t o t h e masses the i d e a o f r e n o u n c i n g the r e v o l u t i o n a n d the l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e . T o t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s the p r o b l e m o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a n a n d n a t i o n a l liberation revolution is s i m p l y not a c u r r e n t issue, also because, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , n o w h e r e i n the w o r l d i s t h e r e a r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a d v i s e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t o s h u t itself u p i n l i b r a r i e s a n d s t u d y theory, because t h e t i m e f o r r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n s has n o t come. I n t h i s context, i t i s c l e a r h o w hostile a n d c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y i s the p o l i c y o f the C h i nese r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h o a r e s p l i t t i n g the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t m o v e m e n t a n d h i n d e r i n g the u n i t y o f the w o r k i n g class i n the f i g h t a g a i n s t c a p i t a l . T h e C h i n e s e p r e s s a n d p r o p a g a n d a , a s w e l l a s the speeches o f the C h i n e s e leaders, m a k e n o m e n t i o n a t a l l of the big demonstrations and strikes w h i c h the entire proletariat is organizing in different capitalist countries t o d a y . T h i s i s because t h e y d o not w a n t t o e n c o u r a g e t h e r e v o l t o f t h e masses, because t h e y d o n o t w a n t t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t o u t i l i z e these s i t u a t i o n s i n t h e i r f i g h t a g a i n s t oppression and exploitation. H o w hypocritical sound their b o m b a s t i c a n d e m p t y slogans t h a t the c o u n t r i e s w a n t i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e n a t i o n s w a n t l i b e r a t i o n a n d the peoples want revolution! N o t o n l y i s the c l a i m o f the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s t h a t there is no revolutionary situation in the w o r l d today c o n t r a r y t o the r e a l i t y , b u t t h e y also d e m a n d t h a t t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w i t h its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y sit w i t h its arms folded and refrain f r o m undertaking any revolu-
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tionary action at all, f r o m w o r k i n g to prepare the r e v o l u t i o n . L o n g ago, a t the 2 n d C o n g r e s s o f t h e C o m m u n i s t International, L e n i n criticized such capitulationist views expressed by the Italian Serrati, according to w h o m no r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t w h e n t h e r e is no revolutionary situation.
The difference between the socialists and communists, s a i d L e n i n , consists in the former refusing to act in the way we act in any situation, i.e., conduct revolutionary work.*
T h i s c r i t i c i s m b y L e n i n i s a h e a v y s l a p i n t h e face also for the Chinese modern revisionists, and all the other revisionists, who, l i k e the social-democrats, are against r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e o t h e r w o r k i n g masses. L e n i n c a l l e d K a u t s k y a renegade, because
...he had completely distorted Marx' doctrine, tailoring it to suit opportunism, and that he had 'repudiated revolution in deeds, while accepting it in words'**
T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s go a l i t t l e f u r t h e r t h a n K a u t s k y . T h e y d o n o t a d m i t the necessity o f the r e v o l u tion even in words. This reactionary line explains the p r o f o u n d l y counterrevolutionary policy and attitudes of the Chinese r e v i s i o n ist l e a d e r s h i p , w h i c h i s s e e k i n g i n e v e r y w a y t o e n t e r into alliances and collaborate w i t h US i m p e r i a l i s m and the other d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , s u p p o r t s t h e E u r o pean C o m m o n M a r k e t and N A T O .
___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 277. A l b . e d . ** V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 28, p. 257, A l b . ed.
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By entering into alliance and seeking unity w i t h t h e U S i m p e r i a l i s t s , w h o , together w i t h the S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s , a r e t h e m o s t f e r o c i o u s oppressors and exploiters and the arch-enemies of the proletariat a n d t h e peoples, a s w e l l a s w i t h t h e o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t r u l e r s , w i t h the b l a c k e s t w o r l d r e a c t i o n , w h i l e d e m a n d i n g that the proletariat of the E u r o p e a n countries and the other developed capitalist countries bend their backs a n d s u b m i t t o o p p r e s s i o n b y t h e bourgeoisie, t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s t h e m s e l v e s a r e also p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n this o p pression and u n i t i n g w i t h w o r l d capitalism i n the fight a g a i n s t t h e r e v o l u t i o n , against s o c i a l i s m , a n d a g a i n s t t h e peoples' l i b e r a t i o n . A s c a n b e seen, w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m , w i t h m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m a n d a l l its o t h e r tools, i s w a g i n g a f i e r c e a n d m a n y - s i d e d f i g h t o n a l l f r o n t s t o stop r e v o l u t i o n s f r o m b r e a k i n g out. T h e y are s t r i v i n g w i t h m i g h t a n d m a i n t o o v e r c o m e t h e crises, t o c o o l o r d e f u s e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n s in order to prevent them f r o m being transformed into r e v o l u t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e crises a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a tions are objective phenomena w h i c h do not depend on t h e w i l l a n d desires o f the capitalists, t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s o r a n y o n e else. O n l y w h e n the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n , w h i c h i n e v i t a b l y g i v e s r i s e t o t h e m , has been w i p e d out, c a n t h e y b e a v o i d e d . T h e i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h e other c a p i t a l i s t s a n d t h e r e v i sionists k n o w f u l l w e l l t h a t t h e r e v o l u t i o n does n o t b r e a k out s p o n t a n e o u s l y i n p e r i o d s o f crises a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y situations. Therefore, they direct their attention a n d their m a i n b l o w s t o w a r d s t h e s u b j e c t i v e factor. O n t h e one h a n d , t h e y s t r i v e t o s t u p e f y a n d deceive t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , the o t h e r w o r k i n g masses a n d the peoples, t o h i n d e r t h e m f r o m b e c o m i n g conscious o f the n e c e s s i t y f o r the revolution, and f r o m uniting and organizing themselves;
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o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e y f i g h t t o d e s t r o y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t m o v e m e n t , t o stop i t f r o m b u i l d i n g u p a n d g a i n i n g s t r e n g t h , s o t h a t i t w i l l n o t become a g r e a t l e a d i n g p o l i t i c a l f o r c e o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , s o t h a t the g e n uine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties of each country w i l l not gain the political and ideological capacity to be able to u n i t e , o r g a n i z e , m o b i l i z e , a n d l e a d the masses i n r e v o l u tion and to victory. B u t , h o w e v e r m u c h the i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h e c a p i t a l i s t s , t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d r e a c t i o n a r i e s s t r i v e a n d struggle, t h e y c a n n o t stop t h e w h e e l o f h i s t o r y f r o m r o l l i n g o n w a r d s . T h e i r s t r i v i n g s a n d s t r u g g l e w i l l come u p a g a i n s t the r e v olutionary strivings and struggle of the proletariat and t h e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g peoples, w h i l e t h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s w i l l s u f f e r t h e s a m e fate a s the s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s a n d a l l t h e o p p o r t u n i s t s o f t h e past, a l l the l a c k e y s o f t h e b o u r geoisie a n d i m p e r i a l i s m .
The
Peoples' L i b e r a t i o n Struggle a C o m p o n e n t P a r t of the W o r l d R e v o l u t i o n
W h e n w e speak o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n w e d o not m e a n o n l y t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n . I n t h e p r e s e n t e p o c h o f t h e revolutionary transition f r o m capitalism to socialism, the peoples' l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , t h e n a t i o n a l - d e m o c r a t i c , a n t i imperialist revolutions, the national liberation movements, also, are c o m p o n e n t p a r t s of a s i n g l e r e v o l u t i o n a r y process, the w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n , a s L e n i n a n d Stalin explained.
Leninism, says S t a l i n , has proved... that the national problem can be solved only in connection with and on the basis of the proletarian revolution, and that the road to victory of the revolu-
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tion in the West lies through the revolutionary alliance with the liberation movement of the colonies and dependent countries against imperialism. The national problem is a part of the general problem of the proletarian revolution, a part of the problem of the dictatorship of the proletariat.*
T h i s c o n n e c t i o n has b e c o m e e v e n c l e a r e r a n d m o r e n a t u r a l t o d a y , w h e n , w i t h t h e collapse o f t h e o l d c o l o n i a l s y s t e m , m o s t o f t h e peoples h a v e t a k e n a b i g step f o r w a r d towards independence by creating their o w n n a t i o n a l states, a n d w h e n , f o l l o w i n g t h i s step, t h e y a r e a s p i r i n g t o g o f u r t h e r . T h e y w a n t the l i q u i d a t i o n o f t h e neo-colonialist system, of any imperialist dependence a n d any exploitation by foreign capital. T h e y w a n t their complete s o v e r e i g n t y a n d e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l i n d e p e n d ence. I t has n o w b e e n p r o v e d t h a t s u c h a s p i r a t i o n s c a n be realized, such objectives can be attained only through the e l i m i n a t i o n o f a n y d o m i n a t i o n b y a n d d e p e n d e n c e o n foreigners and the liquidation of oppression and exploitation by local bourgeois and big landowner rulers. Hence, the l i n k i n g and interlacing of the nationaldemocratic, anti-imperialist, national liberation r e v o l u t i o n w i t h the socialist r e v o l u t i o n , because, b y s t r i k i n g a t i m p e r i a l i s m a n d r e a c t i o n , w h i c h are c o m m o n e n e m i e s o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples, these r e v o l u t i o n s also p a v e t h e w a y f o r great social t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , assist t h e v i c t o r y o f t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n . A n d v i c e - v e r s a , b y s t r i k i n g a t t h e i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , b y d e s t r o y i n g its e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l positions, the socialist r e v o l u t i o n creates f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r a n d f a c i l i t a t e s t h e t r u m p h of liberation movements.
___________________________ * J. V. Stalin, Works, v o l . 6, p. 144, A l b . ed.
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T h i s i s h o w the P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a sees the q u e s t i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . I t sees i t f r o m M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist positions, a n d t h a t i s w h y i t gives a l l - o u t s u p p o r t a n d b a c k i n g t o the j u s t s t r u g g l e s o f t h e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g p e o ples against U S i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e other i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , a g a i n s t n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m , because these s t r u g g l e s assist t h e c o m m o n cause of the destruction of imperialism, the capitalist system and the t r i u m p h of socialism in each country and on a w o r l d scale. T h e r e f o r e , w h e n w e d r a w the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e revolution is a question put f o r w a r d for solution, that it i s o n t h e a g e n d a , w e h a v e i n m i n d n o t o n l y t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n , b u t also the d e m o c r a t i c a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t r e v olution. The level of m a t u r i t y of the revolutionary situation, the c h a r a c t e r a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n c a n not b e t h e s a m e f o r a l l c o u n t r i e s . T h e s e t h i n g s d e p e n d o n t h e concrete h i s t o r i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c o u n t r y , the stage o f its e c o n o m i c a n d social d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e r a t i o of classes, t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d the l e v e l of o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the oppressed masses, t h e scale o f t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e o f f o r e i g n p o w e r s i n t h e d i f f e r e n t countries, etc. E a c h c o u n t r y a n d p e o p l e has m a n y s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , w h i c h are v e r y complicated. At present, t h e r e is a great d e a l of t a l k a b o u t the situation i n A f r i c a , A s i a , L a t i n A m e r i c a , and the carrying out o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n t h e r e . T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s see the question of the revolution and the independence and n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n of these c o u n t r i e s in a g l o b a l w a y , as if i t can b e s o l v e d b y m e a n s o f t h e u n i t y o f t h e e n t i r e t h i r d w o r l d , i.e., of states, classes, g o v e r n m e n t s , etc., i g n o r i n g the concrete s i t u a t i o n s a n d p r o b l e m s o f each individual country and region. This metaphysical view
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s h o w s t h a t the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s are, i n fact, a g a i n s t the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e peoples o f A f r i c a , A s i a , L a t i n A m e r i c a , t h a t t h e y are f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e status quo, f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t d o m i n a t i o n i n these c o u n t r i e s . W e , too, speak a b o u t the q u e s t i o n o f t h e l i b e r a t i o n of the A f r i c a n , A s i a n , L a t i n - A m e r i c a n , A r a b and other peoples. T h e s e peoples h a v e m a n y c o m m o n p r o b l e m s w h i c h t h e y m u s t solve, b u t each o f t h e m also has v e r y complicated specific problems. T h e g e n e r a l a n d c o m m o n t a s k o f these peoples i s the l i q u i d a t i o n of a n y foreign yoke, imperialist, colonial and neo-colonial, a n d the oppression by the local bourgeoisie. T h e s e peoples i n A f r i c a , L a t i n A m e r i c a , A s i a , a n d elsewhere are seething w i t h anger a n d hatred against t h e f o r e i g n y o k e , as w e l l as against the y o k e of the l o c a l b o u r g e o i s o r l a n d o w n e r - b o u r g e o i s r u l i n g cliques, s o l d o u t to the US imperialists, the Soviet social-imperialists, or t h e other i m p e r i a l i s t s . T h e s e peoples h a v e n o w a w a k e n e d a n d c a n n o l o n g e r t o l e r a t e t h e p l u n d e r o f t h e i r riches, their sweat and blood, can no longer reconcile themselves t o t h e e c o n o m i c , social a n d c u l t u r a l b a c k w a r d n e s s i n which they live. A r i s i n g f r o m the struggle against U S i m p e r i a l i s m and Soviet social-imperialism, the m a i n enemies of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e n a t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n o f the peoples, t h e s t r u g g l e against t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d r e a c t i o n , t h e peoples h a v e m a n y c o m m o n interests, m a n y c o m m o n p r o b l e m s , a n d o n t h i s basis t h e y m u s t u n i t e w i t h one a n o t h e r . The fight against Israel the most bloodthirsty tool of US imperialism which has become a great stumbling block to the advance of the A r a b peoples, is a common problem for all these peoples. In p r a c t i c e , h o w e v e r , n o t
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a l l t h e A r a b states are o f one m i n d a b o u t t h e s t r u g g l e t h e y s h o u l d w a g e j o i n t l y against I s r a e l a n d a b o u t t h e character t h i s s t r u g g l e against t h e i r c o m m o n e n e m y s h o u l d h a v e . F r e q u e n t l y , some o f t h e m see t h i s s t r u g g l e f r o m a n a r r o w n a t i o n a l i s t angle. W e c a n n o t agree w i t h such a stand. We stick to our stand that Israel must w i t h d r a w t o its o w n l a i r a n d r e n o u n c e its c h a u v i n i s t , provocative, offensive and aggressive attitudes a n d actions against t h e A r a b states. W e d e m a n d t h a t I s r a e l g i v e u p t h e t e r r i t o r i e s o f t h e A r a b s , t h a t the P a l e s t i n i a n s g a i n a l l t h e i r n a t i o n a l r i g h t s , b u t w e c a n n e v e r accept t h a t t h e I s r a e l i people s h o u l d b e w i p e d out. T h e e f f o r t s o f t h e peoples o f the A r a b c o u n t r i e s f o r c o m p l e t e l i b e r a t i o n f r o m t h e clutches o f i m p e r i a l i s m a n d social-imperialism, for the strengthening of their freedom a n d s o v e r e i g n t y , are l i k e w i s e t h e c o m m o n p r o b l e m s o f a l l these peoples. H o w e v e r , each o f the A r a b peoples has its o w n c h a racteristics, has s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s , w h i c h are d i f f e r e n t f r o m those o f t h e others, a n d w h i c h a r i s e f r o m its s o c i o e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , its c u l t u r a l l e v e l , its state o r g a n i z a tion, the level of freedom a n d sovereignty achieved, the u n i f i c a t i o n o f clans a n d t r i b e s i n m a n y o f t h e m , etc. T o l u m p a l l these separate e l e m e n t s t o g e t h e r a n d t o d e m a n d that the question of freedom, independence, democracy a n d s o c i a l i s m m u s t b e s o l v e d f o r a l l these c o u n t r i e s i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r a n d a t t h e same t i m e , i s a n i m p o s s i bility. I n those A r a b c o u n t r i e s i n w h i c h the i n t e r e s t s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e h a v e been greatest, the v a r i o u s i m p e r i a l i s t s have invested considerable sums for the exploitation of n a t u r a l assets a n d the peoples. T o a c h i e v e t h i s , c e r t a i n w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s h a d t o b e created, b o t h f o r t h e c o l o n izers a n d t h e colonized. W h e r e v e r t h e n a t u r a l assets h a v e been m o s t p l e n t i f u l a n d the i n t e r e s t s o f t h e c o l o n i z e r s
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greatest, t h e r e t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e a n d t h e i r w e a l t h also h a v e b e e n m o r e i n t e n s i v e . N a t u r a l l y , t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n of assets has also b r o u g h t a b o u t a c e r t a i n development, but this cannot be considered as an overall, harmonious development of the economy of this or that c o u n t r y . T h e c o l o n i z e r s f i n a n c e d a n d assisted t h e c h i e f t a i n s o f t h e p r i n c i p a l t r i b e s , w h o s o l d t h e i r souls a n d t h e r i c h e s o f t h e peoples t o t h e i m p e r i a l i s t o c c u p i e r s . I n r e t u r n t h e y w e r e g i v e n a s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e f r o m t h e colossal profits made by the colonizers. D e p e n d i n g on the circumstances and the p o w e r of t h e state w h i c h has e n s l a v e d t h e m , w i t h these p r o f i t s a n d the a i d o f t h e i r f o r e i g n p a t r o n s , t h e t r i b a l chiefs c r e a t e d some sort o f a l l e g e d l y i n d e p e n d e n t state, w i t h t h e s u p p o r t a n d u n d e r the c o n t r o l o f t h e c o l o n i z i n g c o u n t r y . I n t h i s w a y , w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e colonizers, t h e t r i b a l chiefs w e r e t u r n e d i n t o t h e w e a l t h y b o u r g e o i s s t r a t u m o f s h e i k s , w h o s o l d t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s , together w i t h t h e i r peoples, f o r n e x t t o n o t h i n g , p u t t i n g the peoples u n d e r a d o u b l e bondage, t h a t of t h e f o r e i g n c o l o n i z e r s a n d t h e i r o w n . Thus, the strata of the b i g bourgeoisie, the big l a n d o w n e r s , m e d i a e v a l k i n g s , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d t h e slaves, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w o r k i n g o n t h e f o r e i g n concessions, o n t h e other, w e r e c r e a t e d a n d c o n f r o n t e d one a n o t h e r in the A r a b countries. W i t h the m o n e y a n d profits the foreign exploiters granted them, the upper strata adopted the m o d e o f l i v i n g o f t h e E u r o p e a n a n d A m e r i c a n b o u r geoisie. T h e i r sons e v e n a t t e n d e d t h e c o l o n i z e r s ' schools, w h e r e t h e y a c q u i r e d some w e s t e r n c u l t u r e . T h e y passed t h e m s e l v e s off as the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e i r people's c u l ture, b u t i n fact, t h e y w e r e t r a i n e d t o k e e p t h e w o r k i n g masses i n b o n d a g e a n d t o a l l o w t h e c o l o n i z e r s t o c o n tinue the ruthless exploitation of the latter. T h a t A r a b state w h i c h h a d g r e a t e r w e a l t h , d e v e l o p e d more rapidly, another w h i c h was not so wealthy, dev-
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e l o p e d m o r e s l o w l y , w h i l e t h e state w h i c h w a s poor, r e m a i n e d at a v e r y l o w l e v e l of d e v e l o p m e n t . H a v i n g an organization suitable for the imposition o f r a d i c a l o p p r e s s i o n , a n d also h a v i n g t h e a r m e d forces i n t h e i r hands, c o l o n i a l i s m , the state p o w e r o f f e u d a l monarchs and the big l a n d o w n i n g bourgeoisie n i p p e d in the bud any attempt at revolt, any claim, even for some v e r y l i m i t e d e c o n o m i c r i g h t s , let a l o n e f o r p o l i t i c a l d e m a n d s a n d the r e v o l u t i o n . I n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e A r a b states a t t h e present day, t h e y are n o t a l l f a c e d w i t h s o l v i n g t h e s a m e p r o b l e m s . T h e K i n g o f S a u d i A r a b i a , f o r instance, has d i f f e r e n t p r o b l e m s , a n d v i e w s the economic, p o l i t i c a l , o r ganizational a n d m i l i t a r y questions differently f r o m the e m i r s o f the P e r s i a n G u l f w h o see these q u e s t i o n s f r o m q u i t e a n o t h e r a n g l e a n d o v e r a d i f f e r e n t range. S i m i l a r l y , Iraq, Syria. Egypt, L i b y a , Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, M a u r i t a n i a , etc., a l l see t h e i r o w n p r o b l e m s f r o m d i f f e r e n t points of view. T h e r e f o r e , w h e n w e speak o f the A r a b peoples, w e a r r i v e a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n that, t h o u g h t h e y h a v e m a n y c o m m o n interests, t h e i r p r o b l e m s a r e n o t i d e n t i c a l a n d cannot b e s o l v e d i n t h e same w a y i n one c o u n t r y a s i n another. S i m i l a r l y , we cannot say that an alliance a n d a single opinion about the solution of common problems e x i s t a m o n g these c o u n t r i e s . T h e p r o b l e m s a r e d i f f e r e n t f o r each A r a b state, n o t o n l y because o f t h e d i f f e r i n g s t a n d s of the g o v e r n m e n t s of one or t h e other c o u n t r y , b u t also because o f t h e a t t i t u d e s o f t h e c o l o n i a l a n d n e o c o l o n i a l states w h i c h s t i l l c o n t i n u e t o m a k e t h e l a w i n most of t h e m . What has been said about the Arab peoples also applies to the peoples of the African continent. Africa is a mosaic of peoples with an ancient culture. E a c h A f r i c a n
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people h a s its o w n c u l t u r e , customs, w a y o f life, w h i c h , w i t h some v a r i a t i o n s , a r e a t a v e r y b a c k w a r d stage, f o r w e l l - k n o w n reasons. T h e a w a k e n i n g o f the b u l k o f these peoples has o n l y r e c e n t l y b e g u n . De jure, t h e A f r i c a n peoples, i n g e n e r a l , h a v e w o n t h e i r f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n dence. B u t t h e r e c a n b e n o t a l k o f g e n u i n e f r e e d o m a n d independence, since m o s t o f t h e m a r e s t i l l i n a c o l o n i a l o r n e o - c o l o n i a l state. M a n y o f these c o u n t r i e s a r e g o v e r n e d b y t h e c h i e f t a i n s o f t h e o l d t r i b e s w h o h a v e seized p o w e r a n d r e l y o n t h e o l d colonialists, o r t h e U S i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d the Soviet social-imperialists. The methods of gove r n m n e t i n these states a t t h i s stage a r e n o t a n d cannot be other than a m a r k e d s u r v i v a l of colonialism. The i m p e r i a l i s t s are r u l i n g m o s t o f t h e A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s a g a i n t h r o u g h t h e i r concerns, t h e i r c a p i t a l i n v e s t e d i n i n d u s t r y , b a n k s , etc. T h e o v e r w h e l m i n g b u l k o f t h e w e a l t h o f these c o u n t r i e s c o n t i n u e s t o f l o w t o t h e m e t r o p o l i s e s . Some of the A f r i c a n countries have fought for that freedom and independence they enjoy today, w h i l e the others have h a d it granted w i t h o u t fighting. D u r i n g their colonial rule in A f r i c a , the B r i t i s h , F r e n c h and other colo n i z e r s o p p r e s s e d t h e peoples b u t t h e y also c r e a t e d a l o c a l bourgeoisie, m o r e o r less e d u c a t e d i n t h e O c c i d e n t a l m a n ner. T h e l e a d i n g f i g u r e s t o d a y h a v e also e m e r g e d f r o m this b o u r g e o i s i e . A m o n g t h e m t h e r e a r e m a n y a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t elements, f i g h t e r s f o r t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e i r o w n countries, but the majority either r e m a i n l o y a l to the o l d colonizers, i n o r d e r t o p r e s e r v e t h e close r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e m even after the f o r m a l abolition of colonialism, o r h a v e e n t e r e d i n t o e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l dependence on the US imperialists or the Soviet social-imperialists. T h e c o l o n i z e r s d i d n o t m a k e l a r g e i n v e s t m e n t s i n the past. T h i s w a s t h e case, f o r instance, w i t h L i b y a , T u n i s i a , E g y p t , etc. H o w e v e r , the c o l o n i z e r s d r a i n e d t h e w e a l t h o f a l l these c o u n t r i e s , s e i z e d l a r g e t r a c t s o f l a n d , a n d d e v -
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eloped a proletariat, by no means small in number, in some special b r a n c h e s o f i n d u s t r y , s u c h a s i n t h e e x t r a c t i o n a n d p r o c e s s i n g o f r a w m a t e r i a l s . T h e y also d r e w large n u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s t o t h e m e t r o p o l i s e s , s u c h a s t o F r a n c e , f o r instance, b u t also to B r i t a i n , as a cheap l a b o u r force w h i c h w o r k e d i n t h e c o l o n i z e r s ' m i n e s a n d f a c tories. I n t h e other p a r t s o f A f r i c a , e s p e c i a l l y i n B l a c k A f rica, industrial development remained more b a c k w a r d . A l l the c o u n t r i e s o f t h i s r e g i o n w e r e d i v i d e d u p , e s p e c i a l ly between France, Britain, B e l g i u m and Portugal. Great u n d e r g r o u n d riches, l i k e d i a m o n d s , i r o n , copper, g o l d , t i n , etc., w e r e d i s c o v e r e d t h e r e l o n g ago, a n d i n d u s t r y t o m i n e a n d process m i n e r a l s has b e e n set u p t h e r e . In m a n y A f r i c a n countries, large, t y p i c a l l y colonial cities w e r e b u i l t , w h e r e t h e c o l o n i z e r s l i v e d a f a b u l o u s l i f e . N o w , o n t h e one h a n d , t h e l o c a l b i g b o u r g e o s i e a n d its w e a l t h i s g r o w i n g a n d d e v e l o p i n g t h e r e , w h i l e o n the other h a n d , the i m p o v e r i s h m e n t o f t h e b r o a d masses o f w o r k i n g people i s i n c r e a s i n g s t i l l m o r e . I n these c o u n tries a c e r t a i n degree of c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t has been a c h i e v e d , b u t i t has m o r e o f a E u r o p e a n c h a r a c t e r . T h e l o c a l c u l t u r e has not d e v e l o p e d . I t has g e n e r a l l y r e m a i n e d a t the stage r e a c h e d b y t h e t r i b e s a n d i s n o t r e p r e s e n t e d outside t h e m , i n t h e centres w i t h t o w e r i n g s k y - s c r a p e r s . T h i s has c o m e a b o u t because, o u t s i d e t h e l a r g e centres, w h e r e the colonizers lived, stark m i s e r y a n d extreme p o v e r t y e x i s t e d , h u n g e r , disease, i g n o r a n c e a n d r u t h l e s s e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e people, i n t h e f u l l m e a n i n g o f t h e term, reigned supreme. The A f r i c a n population remained culturally and economically undeveloped and continuously diminished in n u m b e r s , d e c l i n i n g because o f c o l o n i a l w a r s , t h e savage r a c i a l p e r s e c u t i o n , a n d t h e t r a f f i c i n A f r i c a n negroes, w h o w e r e sent t o the m e t r o p o l i s e s , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f
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A m e r i c a , a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s t o w o r k l i k e a n i m a l s i n the p l a n t a t i o n s o f c o t t o n a n d other crops, a s w e l l a s i n the heaviest jobs in i n d u s t r y a n d construction. F o r these reasons, t h e A f r i c a n peoples s t i l l h a v e a great s t r u g g l e a h e a d o f t h e m . T h i s i s a n d w i l l b e a v e r y c o m p l i c a t e d s t r u g g l e , d i f f e r i n g f r o m one c o u n t r y t o a n o ther, because of t h e state of t h e i r economic, c u l t u r a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e degree o f t h e i r p o l i t i c a l a w a k e n i n g , t h e great i n f l u e n c e w h i c h the d i f f e r e n t r e l i g ions, s u c h a s t h e C h r i s t i a n a n d M o s l e m r e l i g i o n s , the o l d p a g a n beliefs, etc., e x e r t on t h e masses of these p e o ples. T h i s s t r u g g l e becomes s t i l l m o r e d i f f i c u l t since m a n y o f these c o u n t r i e s a r e a c t u a l l y u n d e r t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f neo-colonialism combined w i t h that of local bourgeoisc a p i t a l i s t cliques. T h e l a w t h e r e i s m a d e b y those p o w e r f u l c a p i t a l i s t a n d i m p e r i a l i s t states w h i c h s u b s i d i z e o r c o n t r o l t h e r u l i n g c l i q u e s , w h i c h t h e y set u p a n d r e m o v e whenever the interests of the neo-colonialists require or w h e n the b a l a n c e of these interests is upset. T h e p o l i c y p u r s u e d b y t h e b i g l a n d o w n e r s , the r e a c t i o n a r y bourgeoisie, the imperialists and the neo-colonialists i s i n t e n d e d t o k e e p t h e A f r i c a n peoples i n p e r m a n e n t bondage, i n i g n o r a n c e , t o h i n d e r t h e i r social, p o l i t i c a l a n d ideological development, and to obstruct their struggle to g a i n these r i g h t s . A t p r e s e n t w e see t h a t those same i m p e r i a l i s t s w h o u s e d t o l o r d i t o v e r these peoples i n t h e past, a s w e l l a s o t h e r n e w i m p e r i a l i s t s , are t r y i n g t o penetrate into the A f r i c a n continent, b y m e d d l i n g i n e v e r y w a y i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f t h e peoples. A s a r e s u l t o f this, t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a m o n g i m p e r i a l i s t s , betw e e n the peoples a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t l e a d e r s h i p s of m o s t of these c o u n t r i e s , a n d b e t w e e n t h e peoples a n d the n e w colonizers, a r e b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e severe every day. T h e s e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s m u s t b e u t i l i z e d b y the peoples,
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b o t h t o deepen t h e m a n d t o b e n e f i t f r o m t h e m . B u t t h i s can b e a c h i e v e d o n l y t h r o u g h r e s o l u t e s t r u g g l e b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , the p o o r p e a s a n t r y , b y a l l t h e oppressed a n d the slaves, against imperialism and neo-colonialism, against t h e l o c a l b i g bourgeoisie, the b i g l a n d o w n e r s a n d t h e i r w h o l e e s t a b l i s h m e n t . A special r o l e i n t h i s s t r u g g l e devolves upon progressives and democrats, the r e v o l u t i o n a r y y o u t h a n d p a t r i o t i c i n t e l l e c t u a l s , w h o a s p i r e t o see their o w n countries advancing free and independent on the path of development and progress. O n l y t h r o u g h continuous and organized struggle w i l l life be made d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e l o c a l a n d f o r e i g n oppressors a n d e x p l o i t e r s and government by them impossible. This situation w i l l b e p r e p a r e d i n the s p e c i f i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f each A f r i c a n state. B r i t i s h a n d U S i m p e r i a l i s m h a v e not g i v e n t o the p e o ples o f A f r i c a a n y f r e e d o m . E v e r y b o d y c a n see w h a t i s h a p p e n i n g i n S o u t h A f r i c a , f o r instance. T h e w h i t e r a c ists, the B r i t i s h c a p i t a l i s t s , t h e e x p l o i t e r s , are r u l i n g there, s a v a g e l y o p p r e s s i n g t h e c o l o u r e d peoples of t h a t state, w h e r e t h e l a w o f t h e j u n g l e p r e v a i l s . M a n y other c o u n tries o f A f r i c a are d o m i n a t e d b y the concerns a n d c a p i t a l o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , B r i t a i n , F r a n c e , B e l gium, and other old colonialists and imperialists, w h o have become somewhat weaker, but w h o still h o l d the k e y s to t h e economies of these c o u n t r i e s . The peoples of Asia, too, have traversed a road full of suffering and hardship, ruthless imperialist oppression and exploitation. O n t h e eve o f t h e S e c o n d W o r d W a r , nine tenths of the population of this continent, Soviet A s i a e x c l u d e d , w a s i n a state o f c o l o n i a l a n d s e m i colonial oppression and exploitation by the imperialist p o w e r s o f E u r o p e , J a p a n a n d the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . G r e a t B r i t a i n alone, h a d colonies t o t a l l i n g 5 m i l l i o n
499
635 t h o u s a n d s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s o f t e r r i t o r y w i t h m o r e t h a n 420 m i l l i o n i n h a b i t a n t s i n A s i a . T h e c o l o n i a l o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o f the c o u n t r i e s o f A s i a h a d l e f t t h e m i n a state o f m a r k e d socio-economic and cultural backwardness and utter pove r t y . T h e y s e r v e d o n l y a s sources t o s u p p l y t h e i m p e r i a l ist m e t r o p o l i s e s w i t h r a w m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s o i l , coal, c h r o m i u m , m a n g a n e s e , m a g n e s i u m , t i n , r u b b e r , etc. A f t e r the war, the colonial order was shattered in A s i a , too. S e p a r a t e n a t i o n a l states w e r e set u p i n t h e c o l o n i a l c o u n t r i e s . M o s t o f these c o u n t r i e s w o n t h i s v i c t o r y t h r o u g h b l o o d y w a r w a g e d b y t h e p o p u l a r masses against the colonialists and the Japanese invaders. T h e l i b e r a t i o n w a r o f t h e C h i n e s e people, w h i c h l e d t o the l i b e r a t i o n o f C h i n a f r o m J a p a n e s e i m p e r i a l i s t r u l e , t h e r o u t i n g o f t h e r e a c t i o n a r y forces o f C h i a n g K a i s h e k and the t r i u m p h of the democratic revolution, was of s p e c i a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e collapse o f c o l o n i a l i s m i n A s i a . F o r a time, this victory in such a large country as C h i n a exerted an extensive influence on the liberation struggle o f the A s i a n peoples a n d t h e peoples o f o t h e r c o u n t r i e s d o m i n a t e d by, o r d e p e n d e n t o n , t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s . B u t t h i s i n f l u e n c e g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e d , because o f the l i n e f o l l o w e d b y the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p a f t e r the f o u n d i n g o f the People's Republic of C h i n a . T h e Chinese leadership proclaimed that C h i n a had set o u t o n t h e r o a d o f socialist d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d the f r e e d o m - l o v i n g peoples o f t h e w o r l d , w h o w a n t e d a n d expected C h i n a to become a p o w e r f u l bastion of socialism and w o r l d revolution, ardently w e l c o m e d this p r o c l a m a t i o n . B u t t h e i r desires a n d hopes w e r e not being fulfilled. H a r d though it was for people to b e l i e v e , t h e facts a n d t h e v e r y t r o u b l e d a n d c o n f u s e d situation w h i c h prevailed in C h i n a showed that is was n o t m a r c h i n g o n t h e socialist r o a d .
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M e a n w h i l e , t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e A s i a n peoples h a d n o t ended w i t h the destruction of colonialism. W h i l e being obliged to recognize the independence of the f o r m e r colonial countries, the B r i t i s h , F r e n c h , D u t c h a n d other colonialists w a n t e d t o p r e s e r v e t h e i r e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l p o s i t i o n s i n these c o u n t r i e s i n o r d e r t o c o n t i n u e t h e i r d o m i n a t i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n i n other, neo-colonialist forms. The penetration of the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a i n t o A s i a , e s p e c i a l l y t h e F a r East, S o u t h e a s t A s i a a n d t h e i s l a n d s o f the P a c i f i c , m a d e t h e s i t u a t i o n p a r t i c u l a r l y serious. T h i s r e g i o n h a d a n d s t i l l has great e c o n o m i c a n d military-strategic importance for A m e r i c a n imperialism. I t e s t a b l i s h e d b i g m i l i t a r y bases a n d d e p l o y e d p o w e r f u l fleets t h e r e . P a r a l l e l w i t h this, U S c a p i t a l got t h e e c o n o m ies o f t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h i s a r e a f i r m l y i n t o its b l o o d s t a i n e d clutches. M e a n w h i l e t h e U S i m p e r i a l i s t s u n d e r t o o k large-scale m i l i t a r y operations, d i v e r s i o n i s t a n d e s p i o n a g e activities to put d o w n the national liberation movements o f t h e A s i a n countries. T h e y succeeded i n d i v i d i n g K o r e a and V i e t n a m in two, setting up reactionary, puppet r e g i m e s i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t s o f b o t h these c o u n t r i e s . P r o - i m p e r i a l i s t l a n d o w n e r - b o u r g e o i s r e g i m e s w e r e established in m a n y former colonial and semi-colonial countries of A s i a . In this way, the mediaeval slavery, the savage r u l e o f m a h a r a j a s , k i n g s , sheiks, s a m u r a i s , a n d modernized capitalist gentlemen was preserved there. T h e s e r e g i m e s sold t h e i r c o u n t r i e s t o the i m p e r i a l i s t s again, especially to US imperialism, thus immensely h i n d e r i n g t h e socio-economic a n d c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f these c o u n t r i e s . U n d e r these c o n d i t i o n s , t h e peoples o f A s i a , w h o were again languishing under the heavy imperialist and landowner-bourgeois yoke, could not l a y d o w n their arms, b u t h a d t o c o n t i n u e t h e i r f i g h t f o r l i b e r a t i o n t o get r i d of this yoke. Generally, this struggle was led by the
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c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s . W h e r e v e r these p a r t i e s h a d succeeded i n e s t a b l i s h i n g s o u n d l i n k s w i t h t h e masses, m a k i n g t h e m conscious o f t h e l i b e r a t i o n a i m s o f t h e w a r , a n d m o b i l i z ing a n d organizing t h e m i n r e v o l u t i o n a r y a r m e d struggle, positive results w e r e reached. T h e historic v i c t o r y w h i c h t h e peoples o f I n d o c h i n a , e s p e c i a l l y t h e V i e t n a m e s e p e o p l e , w o n over the US imperialists and their local landownerb o u r g e o i s stooges, s h o w e d t h e e n t i r e w o r l d t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m , e v e n a s u p e r p o w e r l i k e t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica, w i t h a l l its m i g h t y economic a n d m i l i t a r y potential, w i t h a l l t h e m o d e r n m e a n s o f w a r a t its d i s p o s a l , w h i c h i t uses t o p u t d o w n t h e l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s , i s u n a b l e to subjugate peoples a n d countries, w h e t h e r b i g or small, w h e n they are determined to m a k e any sacrifice and fight selflessly to the finish for their freedom and independence. L i b e r a t i o n a r m e d struggles h a v e b e e n w a g e d a n d are s t i l l g o i n g o n i n m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f A s i a , l i k e B u r m a , M a l a y s i a , t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , I n d o n e s i a a n d elsewhere. H a d it not been for the a n t i - M a r x i s t and c h a u v i n ist i n t e r f e r e n c e a n d s t a n d s o f t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p , w h i c h h a v e b r o u g h t a b o u t splits a n d d i s o r i e n t a t i o n a m o n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces a n d t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s l e a d i n g these forces, these s t r u g g l e s w o u l d c e r t a i n l y h a v e s c o r e d g r e a t e r successes a n d v i c t o r i e s . O n t h e one h a n d , the Chinese leaders proclaimed their support for the l i b e r a t i o n w a r s i n these c o u n t r i e s , w h i l e o n t h e o t h e r hand, they supported the reactionary regimes, welcomed a n d f a r e w e l l e d t h e chiefs o f these r e g i m e s w i t h paeans of praise and a thousand honours. T h e y have always followed the strategy and tactic of subordinating the l i b eration movements of the A s i a n countries to their p r a g m a t i c p o l i c y a n d h e g e m o n i c interests. T h e y h a v e a l w a y s b r o u g h t p r e s s u r e t o b e a r u p o n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces and their leadership in order to impose this policy on
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them. T h e y have never been really concerned about the q u e s t i o n o f peoples' l i b e r a t i o n a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n t h e countries o f A s i a , b u t o n l y a b o u t t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r c h a u v i n i s t a m b i t i o n s . T h e y h a v e n o t h e l p e d these peoples but have hindered them. The question of the revolution a n d the liberation s t r u g g l e i n A s i a has n e v e r d e m a n d e d s o l u t i o n s o f o r c i b l y a n d i m p e r a t i v e l y a s i t does n o w , i t has n e v e r b e e n m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d a n d d i f f i c u l t t o solve. T h i s c o m p l i c a t i o n a n d these d i f f i c u l t i e s h a v e r e s u l t e d m a i n l y f r o m the aims and activities of the A m e r i c a n imperialists, as w e l l as f r o m the anti-Marxist, anti-popular, hegemonic and expansionist aims and activities of the Soviet and Chinese revisionists and social-imperialists. T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s a i m i n g a n d s t r i v i n g w i t h m i g h t a n d m a i n t o p r e s e r v e a n d s t r e n g t h e n its s t r a tegic, e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y p o s i t i o n s i n A s i a , f o r i t c o n s i d e r s these p o s i t i o n s o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e t o its i m p e r i a l i s t interests. T h e S o v i e t U n i o n , too. i s a i m i n g a n d s t r i v i n g b y a l l m e a n s a n d w i t h a l l forces t o e x p a n d the p o s i t i o n s i t h a s already occupied in A s i a . C h i n a , o n its p a r t , has o p e n l y d i s p l a y e d its p r e t e n sion t o become the r u l e r o f A s i a n c o u n t r i e s , b y f o r m i n g alliances, t o t h i s e n d , w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica, a n d e s p e c i a l l y w i t h J a p a n , a n d d i r e c t l y o p p o s i n g t h e Soviet U n i o n . J a p a n , also, has t h e a m b i t i o n t o d o m i n a t e A s i a , t h e ambition of Japanese imperialism. That is w h y the Soviet U n i o n is so greatly a f r a i d of the Sino-Japanese alliance a n d is opposing it so strongly. B u t n e i t h e r does A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m w a n t t h i s a l l i a n c e t o become s o s o l i d t h a t i t goes b e y o n d t h e l i m i t s w h i c h might infringe A m e r i c a n interests although it encouraged a n d g a v e its blessing t o t h e s i g n i n g o f the t r e a t y b e old
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tween C h i n a and Japan, f r o m the stand-point that this treaty m i g h t contain the Soviet expansion w h i c h is to the detriment of A m e r i c a n domination. I n d i a , w h i c h is a b i g c o u n t r y , also, has a m b i t i o n s of b e c o m i n g a great p o w e r w i t h the a t o m i c b o m b a n d g r e a t w e i g h t i n A s i a , o f p l a y i n g a s p e c i a l role, i n p a r t i c u l a r c o n c e r n i n g the s t r a t e g i c p o s i t i o n i t has a t the n o d a l p o i n t o f the e x p a n s i o n i s t interests o f the t w o i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r powers, A m e r i c a n and Soviet, in the Indian Ocean, the P e r s i a n G u l f a n d o n its n o r t h e r n a n d e a s t e r n b o r d e r s . B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l i s m has n o t g i v e n u p its a i m o f d o m i n a t i o n i n the A s i a n countries, either. A n d certain other c a p i t a l i s t - i m p e r i a l i s t states also h a v e s i m i l a r a i m s . T h a t i s w h y A s i a has become one o f t h e areas o f t h e fiercest i n t e r - i m p e r i a l i s t r i v a l r i e s t o d a y , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y , m a n y dangerous hotbeds of w o r l d conflagrations, for w h i c h t h e peoples w i l l p a y the p r i c e , h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d there. In order to quell the revolutions and the liberation s t r u g g l e i n the c o u n t r i e s o f A s i a a n d o p e n t h e w a y t o t h e realization of their hegemonic and expansionist plans, the Soviet a n d Chinese revisionists, in feverish competition w i t h e a c h other, h a v e b e e n a n d a r e e n g a g e d i n a v e r y f i l t h y j o b o f s p l i t t i n g a n d d e s t r o y i n g the r a n k s o f t h e communist parties and the revolutionary and freedoml o v i n g forces o f these c o u n t r i e s . T h i s a c t i v i t y w a s one o f t h e m a i n causes o f the c a t a s t r o p h e s u f f e r e d b y t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Indonesia, and of the splitting and d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f I n d i a , etc. T h e y advocate the alliance and u n i t y of the proletariat and the b r o a d p o p u l a r masses w i t h the l o c a l r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r geoisie, w h i l e e a c h o f t h e m i s t r y i n g t o w i n the f r i e n d s h i p o f t h i s r u l i n g b o u r g e o i s i e f o r its o w n ends. T h e interference of the Soviet and Chinese socialimperialists in the various countries of A s i a f r o m their
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h e g e m o n i c a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t p o s i t i o n s a n d a m b i t i o n s has f a c e d the l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s o f these peoples w i t h great dangers a n d has e v e n p u t t h e v i c t o r i e s o f t h e l i b eration w a r in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos directly in jeopardy. T h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d f r e e d o m - l o v i n g forces o f t h e A s i a n countries, w h i c h are l e d b y t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m m u n i s t parties, h a v e t o face u p t o a n d e l i m i n a t e b o t h t h e d a n g e r f r o m l o c a l r e a c t i o n , w h i c h i s a r m e d b y its imperialist patrons, and the dangers f r o m the splitting and disruptive activities, a n d the hegemonic and e x p a n sionist p l a n s o f t h e S o v i e t a n d C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s . T h e y also h a v e to free t h e m s e l v e s f r o m a series of o l d r e a c tionary, mystical, Buddhist, B r a h m a n i c a n d other religious ideas a n d concepts, w h i c h h o l d b a c k t h e l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t . T h e y also h a v e t o p r e v e n t n e w r e a c t i o n a r y ideas a n d concepts f r o m s t r i k i n g root, s u c h a s t h e r e v i s i o n i s t ideas o f K h r u s h c h e v i s m , M a o i s m , a n d o t h e r j u s t a s r e a c t i o n a r y theories, w h i c h d i s o r i e n t a t e a n d deceive t h e m a s ses, d e p r i v e t h e m o f t h e i r m i l i t a n t class s p i r i t , a n d l e a d t h e m i n t o w r o n g a n d hopeless p a t h s . T h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e a h e a d o f t h e peoples o f A s i a i s t r u l y d i f f i c u l t a n d has m a n y obstacles i n d e e d , b u t t h e r e n e v e r has been a n d n e v e r w i l l b e a n e a s y l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g gle o r r e v o l u t i o n , w i t h o u t great d i f f i c u l t i e s a n d obstacles that must be overcome, w h i c h do not require bloodshed a n d m a n y sacrifices t o a c h i e v e u l t i m a t e v i c t o r y . The countries of Latin America, in general, have a higher level of capitalist development than the countries of Africa and Asia. B u t t h e degree of d e p e n d e n c e of t h e L a t i n - A m e r i c a n c o u n t r i e s o n f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i s not l o w e r t h a n that of the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of A f r i c a n a n d A s i a n countries. U n l i k e the A f r i c a n and A s i a n countries, most of the
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countries in L a t i n A m e r i c a proclaimed themselves independent states m u c h e a r l i e r , s i n c e t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e 19th c e n t u r y , as a r e s u l t of t h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s of the p e o p l e s o f t h a t c o n t i n e n t a g a i n s t t h e S p a n i s h a n d P o r t u g u e s e colonizers. H a d these c o u n t r i e s n o t f a l l e n u n der another yoke, the semi-colonial yoke of B r i t i s h , French, G e r m a n , A m e r i c a n and other foreign capital, right a f t e r t h e y s h o o k off t h e S p a n i s h o r P o r t u g u e s e c o l o n i a l y o k e , t h e y w o u l d h a v e m a d e m u c h g r e a t e r progress. U p to the beginning of this century the B r i t i s h colonialists w e r e the masters of the situation on this continent. T h e y p l u n d e r e d colossal a m o u n t s o f r a w m a t e r i a l s f r o m these c o u n t r i e s , b u i l t ports, r a i l w a y s , p o w e r stations i n t h e e x c l u s i v e s e r v i c e o f t h e i r c o n c e s s i o n a r y companies, a n d t r a d e d t h e r e i n d u s t r i a l goods p r o d u c e d i n B r i t a i n . T h i s situation changed, but not in favour of the L a t i n - A m e r i c a n peoples, w i t h t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f L a t i n A m e r i c a b y t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a t t h e stage o f its i m p e r i a l i s t d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e i m p e r i a l i s m o f t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a used the slogan A m e r i c a for A m e r i c a n s , e m b o d i e d i n t h e M o n r o e doctrine, ( 1 3 ) i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h its u n d i v i d e d d o m i n a t i o n o v e r t h e w h o l e Western hemisphere. The economic penetration of the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a into this hemisphere was carried out both by means of m i l i t a r y force and political b l a c k m a i l a n d b y d o l l a r d i p l o m a c y , b y m e a n s o f t h e stick
_____________________________________ 13 It was p r o c l a i m e d by the A m e r i c a n president, James M o n r o e , in his December 2, 1823 State of the U n i o n message. T h i s doctrine of an expansionist character was intended to cover up the plans of the U n i t e d States to s u b m i t the L a t i n A m e r i c a n countries to N o r t h - A m e r i c a n rule. I m p e r i a l i s m d i d not renounce this policy after the Second W o r l d W a r , either. In the spirit of this doctrine it has carried out tens of open a n d disguised interventions: 11 times in P a n a m a , 10 times in N i c a r a g u a , 9 times in the D o m i n i c a n R e public, 7 times in Honduras, 2 times in Guatemala, etc.
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a n d t h e carrot. T h u s i n 1930, i n v e s t m e n t s o f A m e r i c a n and British capital in L a t i n A m e r i c a were equal, whereas after the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r ica became the real master of the economy of this region o f t h e globe. Its b i g m o n o p o l i e s t o o k c o n t r o l o f t h e k e y branches of the economy in L a t i n A m e r i c a . The countries of that continent became part of the invisible empire of A m e r i c a n imperialism, w h i c h began to m a k e the l a w i n a l l o f t h e m , t o a p p o i n t a n d d i s m i s s t h e heads o f state a n d the g o v e r n m e n t s , t o d i c t a t e t h e i r i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l economic a n d m i l i t a r y policies. T h e m o n o p o l y c o m p a n i e s o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a drew fabulous profits f r o m the exploitation of t h e r i c h n a t u r a l resources a n d t h e t o i l , s w e a t a n d b l o o d of the L a t i n - A m e r i c a n peoples: for each dollar invested i n the v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s o f t h i s c o n t i n e n t t h e y t o o k 4-5 dollars profit. This situation still prevails to this day. A l t h o u g h the capital investments by the imperialist states i n L a t i n A m e r i c a l e d t o t h e s e t t i n g u p o f some modern industry, particularly the extracting industry as w e l l a s l i g h t a n d f o o d - p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y , these i n v e s t ments have been a v e r y great hindrance to the general economic development of the L a t i n - A m e r i c a n countries. T h e foreign monopolies and the neo-colonialist policy of the i m p e r i a l i s t states h a v e g i v e n t h e e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t of these c o u n t r i e s a d i s t o r t e d , o n e - s i d e d f o r m , a m o n o - c u l t u r a l character, t u r n i n g t h e m s i m p l y i n t o s p e cialized suppliers of r a w materials: Venezuela oil, B o l i v i a t i n , C h i l e copper, B r a z i l a n d C o l o m b i a coffee, C u b a , H a i t i a n d t h e D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c sugar, U r u g uay and A r g e n t i n a livestock products, Equador b a n anas, a n d so o n . T h i s o n e - s i d e d c h a r a c t e r m a d e t h e e c o n o m y o f these countries utterly unstable, utterly incapable of r a p i d and all-round development, completely at the m e r c y of the
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changes a n d f l u c t u a t i o n o f p r i c e s o n t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d market. A n y decline i n production and any manifestat i o n o f e c o n o m i c c r i s i s i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a and the other capitalist countries was bound to be reflected negatively, indeed even more drastically, in the econo m i e s o f t h e c o u n t r i e s o f L a t i n A m e r i c a , too. A f t e r the Second W o r l d War, the imperialist m e t r o p o l ises b e g a n t o m a k e d i r e c t l a r g e - s c a l e i n v e s t m e n t s i n the various branches of industry, mining, farming, to buy up n a t i o n a l e n t e r p r i s e s , etc. T h e y e x t e n d e d t h e i r d o m i n a t i o n o v e r w h o l e sectors o f p r o d u c t i o n , a n d s t e p p e d u p t h e p l u n d e r of the countries of L a t i n A m e r i c a to the m a x i m u m . At the same time, they encouraged provision of l o a n s a n d f i n a n c i n g a t h i g h i n t e r e s t rates, t h u s b i n d i n g these c o u n t r i e s e v e n m o r e t i g h t l y t o f o r e i g n d o m i n a t i o n a n d t o t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , f i r s t o f a l l . B r a z i l alone has debts t o the f o r e i g n b a n k s amounting to almost 40 billion dollars and M e x i c o nearly 30 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s . ( 14 ) C a p i t a l i s t d e v e l o p m e n t i n L a t i n A m e r i c a has r e m a i n e d g e n e r a l l y b a c k w a r d also because t h e r e a r e s t i l l m a n y s u r v i v a l s o f t h e l a t i f u n d i a w h i c h h a v e not c o m p l e t e l y lost t h e i r f e u d a l c h a r a c t e r , t h a t i s w h y i n some o f t h e L a t i n - A m e r i c a n countries there is v e r y m a r k e d backwardness, a s i n those o f A s i a a n d A f r i c a . I n t h e c o u n tries o f L a t i n A m e r i c a a n o l i g a r c h y , a v e r y p o w e r f u l monopoly big bourgeoisie, dependent on imperialist economic p o l i c y a n d d i r e c t i m p e r i a l i s t i n t e r f e r e n c e , has b e e n created, w h i c h t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e b i g l a n d o w n e r s has state p o w e r i n its h a n d s a n d , a l w a y s w i t h t h e s u p p o r t o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d together w i t h it, r u t h l e s s l y
________________________________ 14 A c c o r d i n g to data p u b l i s h e d in 1984. Brazil's foreign debt has risen to 100 b i l l i o n dollars, m a k i n g it the most indebted country in the w o r l d . M e x i c o had a f o r e i g n debt of 85 b i l l i o n dollars in 1983.
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oppresses a n d e x p l o i t s t h e w o r k i n g class, t h e p e a s a n t r y a n d the other s t r a t a o f w o r k i n g people w h o l i v e i n abject poverty. T h i s d e v e l o p m e n t has also c r e a t e d q u i t e a l a r g e i n d u s t r i a l p r o l e t a r i a t w h i c h , t o g e t h e r w i t h the a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e b u i l d i n g a n d services w o r k e r s , m a k e s up nearly half the population, u n l i k e A f r i c a and A s i a w h e r e , i n m o s t countries, t h e w o r k i n g class i s v e r y s m a l l . B e s i d e s this, i n L a t i n A m e r i c a t h e p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e w o r k i n g class, w h i c h has e m e r g e d f r o m its r a n k s , h a v e a r i c h m i l i t a n t r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a d i t i o n g a i n e d i n t h e ceasceless struggles f o r f r e e d o m , l a n d , w o r k a n d b r e a d , a t r a d i t i o n w h i c h has been d e v e l o p e d f u r t h e r i n t h e battles a g a i n s t the l o c a l o l i g a r c h y a n d f o r e i g n m o n o p o l i e s , against A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e peoples o f L a t i n A m e r i c a r a n k a m o n g t h e peoples w h o h a v e f o u g h t a n d s h e d t h e i r b l o o d t h e m o s t against t h e i r i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l oppressors a n d e x p l o i t e r s . I n these battles t h e y h a v e h a d m o r e t h a n a f e w v i c t o r i e s , a n d n o t m i n o r ones e i t h e r , b u t t h e c o m plete victory of democratic freedoms, the w i p i n g out of exploitation, securing national independence and sove r e i g n t y , has s t i l l not b e e n w o n i n a n y L a t i n - A m e r i c a n c o u n t r y . T h e L a t i n - A m e r i c a n peoples c h e r i s h e d m a n y hopes, h a d m a n y illusions about the v i c t o r y of the C u b a n people, w h i c h b e c a m e a n i n s p i r a t i o n a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o t h e m i n t h e i r s t r u g g l e t o s h a k e off the y o k e o f t h e l o c a l capitalist and landowner rulers and A m e r i c a n imperialists. H o w e v e r , these hopes a n d this i n s p i r a t i o n soon f a d e d w h e n they saw that Castriote C u b a was not developing on the road of socialism but on that of revisionist-type capitalism, and faded even more q u i c k l y w h e n C u b a became t h e v a s s a l a n d m e r c e n a r y o f S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . I n L a t i n A m e r i c a t o d a y , a s o n a l l continents, t h e s i tuation is complicated. In most of these c o u n t r i e s the s i t u a t i o n is r e v o l u t i o n -
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a r y a n d p u t s the r e v o l u t i o n f o r t h e o v e r t h r o w o f t h e bourgeois-landowner order and the liquidation of i m p e r i a l i s t d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e o r d e r o f the d a y . O f course, these r e v o l u t i o n s c a n n o t h a v e the s a m e c h a r a c t e r , t h e same process o f d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t h e same s o l u t i o n e v e r y w h e r e , f o r t h e k n o w n reasons o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i tions and problems of each country or group of c o u n tries, t h e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f t h e i r s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p ment, their dependence on i m p e r i a l i s m or social-imperiali s m , t h e m o r e o r less m o d e r a t e , o r m o r e o r less fascist, b o u r g e o i s r e g i m e s , etc. B u t one t h i n g i s o b v i o u s l y essent i a l t h e i n t e r l i n k i n g , m o r e closely t h a n i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f A f r i c a a n d A s i a , o f the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t , d e m o c r a t i c a n d socialist t a s k s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . L a t i n A m e r i c a also has m a n y a d v a n t a g e s i n r e g a r d to the preparation of the subjective factor of the r e v o l u t i o n , because o f the r e l a t i v e l y h i g h l e v e l o f consciousness a n d r e a d i n e s s o f t h e b r o a d p o p u l a r masses t o f i g h t a g a i n s t the i n t e r n a l and foreign oppression and exploitation, for freedom, democracy and socialism. However, it is not just the imperialists, especially the Americans, together w i t h l o c a l r e a c t i o n , b u t also t h e l o c a l r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d t h e o t h e r o p p o r t u n i s t stooges of c a p i t a l i s m , as w e l l as t h e S o v i e t and Chinese revisionists, w h o are obstructing, confusing, and fighting w i t h a l l their strength against the f u l l p r e paration of this factor. S t i c k i n g t o its p o l i c y o f k e e p i n g L a t i n A m e r i c a a s its e x c l u s i v e d o m a i n , f r o m w h i c h i t e x t r a c t s colossal superprofits, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m is m a n o e u v r i n g w i t h a l l its m e a n s m i l i t a r y force, secret agents, d e m a g o g y and d e c e p t i o n , t o p r e v e n t a n y o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s m f r o m p r e d o m i n a t i n g there, to ensure that the r e v o l u t i o n w i l l not b r e a k o u t a n d t r i u m p h i n a n y o f these c o u n t r i e s . T h u s i t w a n t s t o p r e s e r v e b o t h t h e t o t a l dependence o f the L a t i n - A m e r i c a n c o u n t r i e s o n t h e U n i t e d States o f
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A m e r i c a a n d the b o u r g e o i s - l a n d o w n e r o r d e r i n these countries. An important weapon in the hands of the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t o t h i s e n d i s the s o - c a l l e d O r g a n i z a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n States, w h i c h i s u n d e r t h e c o m m a n d o f the p r e s i d e n t , the P e n t a g o n a n d t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t o f the U n i t e d States. T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n gives the U n i t e d States the r i g h t t o i n t e r v e n e i n a n y w a y a n d w i t h a n y means, e v e n m i l i t a r y m e a n s , t o m a i n t a i n the status quo, b o t h i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l , o f the c o u n t r i e s o f L a t i n A m e r i c a . M e a n w h i l e , the big A m e r i c a n monopolies have perfected t h e i r m e t h o d o f e x p l o i t a t i o n i n these c o u n t r i e s b y organizing the multinational monopoly companies w h i c h h a v e t h e i r centres i n a n d a r e c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , a n d b y m a k i n g l a r g e use o f state c a p i t a l i s m , b y m e a n s o f w h i c h t h e y also secure t h e i r c o n t r o l o v e r t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d state a p p a r a t u s i n general. B u t these a n d m a n y other m e a n s t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a e m p l o y s d o n o t solve t h e p r o b l e m s a r i s i n g f r o m the g r a v e e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l crisis w h i c h has the L a t i n - A m e r i c a n c o u n t r i e s also i n its g r i p . N o w that the local capitalists a n d landowners cannot exist w i t h o u t being dependent on, or h a v i n g the support of A m e r i c a n imperialism, the idea of the revolution, as the only and indispensable means to gain national and social liberation, is becoming ever more deeply and w i d e l y i m p l a n t e d i n t h e consciousness o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , the w o r k i n g peasantry, the progressive intelligentsia, and the masses of t h e y o u t h of these c o u n t r i e s . In order to avert the revolutions, the A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d the l o c a l c a p i t a l i s t s r e s o r t t o t w o m a i n methods. One is to establish military-fascist regimes through a pronunciamento militar (military putsch)
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w h e n t h e y see t h a t t h e i r p o s i t i o n s are m o r e i m m e d i a t e l y threatened. This is what they did in Brazil, Chile, U r u g uay, B o l i v i a and elsewhere. T h e other method is to organize d e m o c r a t i c - b o u r g e o i s r e g i m e s w i t h m a r k e d l i m i t a t i o n s a n d l a r g e gaps i n f u n d a m e n t a l f r e e d o m s , a s i n V e n e z u e l a , M e x i c o , o r a s t h e y are d o i n g n o w i n B r a z i l , t r y i n g , i n t h i s m a n n e r , t o ease t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y tensions a n d g i v e t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o f these c o u n t r i e s a n d , t o a n e v e n g r e a t e r extent, t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d its p r e s i d e n t a r e a l l e g e d l y c o n cerned about h u m a n rights. H o w e v e r , s u c h m e a n s a n d m a n o e u v r e s c a n n o t solve t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e crisis, c a n n o t a v e r t r e v o l u t i o n a r y situations, cannot w i p e the r e v o l u t i o n off the agenda. T h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d a l l t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces i n the L a t i n - A m e r i c a n countries are faced w i t h v e r y i m p o r t a n t r e v o l u t i o n a r y tasks. I n o r d e r t o p e r f o r m s u c h tasks, t h a t is, t o c a r r y o u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o w i n t h e i r complete national independence, to establish democratic freedoms and socialism, they have to fight in m a n y directions against the local bourgeois a n d latifundist oligarchy, a g a i n s t U S i m p e r i a l i s m , a s w e l l a s a g a i n s t v a r i o u s lackeys of capital, imperialism and social-imperialism, such as the pro-Soviet and Castroite revisionists, the p r o C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s , t h e T r o t s k y i t e s , etc. T h e y m u s t n o t o n l y cope w i t h the d i v e r s i o n i s t a n d s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t y o f v a r i o u s shades o f o p p o r t u n i s t s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t s , b u t also free themselves f r o m petty-bourgeois influences such as e x p r e s s e d b y a n u m b e r o f putschist, f o q u i s t , a d v e n t u r i s t concepts a n d p r a c t i c e s w h i c h h a v e b e c o m e a k i n d o f t r a d i t i o n , b u t w h i c h h a v e n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h the t r u e r e v o l u t i o n , a n d o n t h e c o n t r a r y , cause i t g r e a t d a m a g e . However, this question requires careful handling. I n r e g a r d t o t h e m i l i t a n t t r a d i t i o n o f t h e peoples o f L a t i n A m e r i c a the p o s i t i v e , r e v o l u t i o n a r y aspect i s p r e -
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d o m i n a n t . I t constitutes a v e r y i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r t h a t m u s t be u s e d to t h e best a d v a n t a g e a n d as w i d e l y as possible in the preparation a n d development of the r e v o l u t i o n w h i l e g i v i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n s a n e w content, f r e e f r o m the negative pistolero a n d foquist elements. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s o f t h e w o r k i n g class w i l l p l a y a d e c i s i v e r o l e i n c a r r y i n g o u t these g r e a t t a s k s . N o w , not o n l y have such parties been created in almost every country of L a t i n A m e r i c a , but most of them have t a k e n i m p o r t a n t steps f o r w a r d i n t h e w o r k o f p r e p a r i n g the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e masses o f t h e p e o p l e f o r r e v o l u t i o n . I n i r r e c o n c i l a b l e s t r u g g l e against t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d o t h e r o p p o r t u n i s t s , against a l l t h e l a c k e y s o f t h e b o u r geoisie a n d i m p e r i a l i s m , against C a s t r o i t e , K h r u s h c h e v i t e , T r o t s k y i t e , three w o r l d s , a n d o t h e r s u c h v i e w s a n d practices, t h e y h a v e w o r k e d o u t a c o r r e c t p o l i t i c a l l i n e and accumulated sufficient experience in the struggle to put this line into practice, becoming the bearers of a l l t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a d i t i o n o f t h e past, i n o r d e r t o use it and develop it further to the advantage of the w o r k e r s ' and liberation movement, the preparation and raising of t h e masses i n r e v o l u t i o n . The revolutionary situations existing today m a k e it essential f o r these p a r t i e s t o m a i n t a i n t h e closest p o s s i b l e contacts a n d c o n s u l t w i t h one a n o t h e r a s f r e q u e n t l y a s possible, t o b e a b l e t o g a i n t h e m a x i m u m b e n e f i t s f r o m one another's e x p e r i e n c e a n d c o - o r d i n a t e t h e i r stands a n d actions o n t h e c o m m o n p r o b l e m s o f t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t the reactionary bourgeoisie a n d imperialism, against S o v iet, C h i n e s e a n d o t h e r b r a n d s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , a n d on all the problems of the revolution. N o w t h a t t h e peoples h a v e a w a k e n e d a n d r e f u s e t o live any longer under the imperialist and colonial yoke, n o w that they are d e m a n d i n g freedom, independence, d e v e l o p m e n t a n d progress, a n d a r e s e e t h i n g w i t h a n g e r
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against f o r e i g n a n d i n t e r n a l oppressors, n o w t h a t A f r i c a , L a t i n A m e r i c a a n d A s i a h a v e become a b o i l i n g c a u l d r o n , t h e o l d a n d n e w c o l o n i a l i s t s are f i n d i n g i t d i f f i c u l t , i f n o t i m p o s s i b l e , t o d o m i n a t e a n d e x p l o i t t h e peoples o f these countries by means of the previous methods and forms. T h e y are quite unable to do w i t h o u t their plunder and exploitation of the wealth, the toil and the blood of these peoples. T h a t i s w h y a l l these e f f o r t s a r e b e i n g m a d e t o f i n d n e w methods a n d forms of deception, plunder a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n , t o dispense some alms, w h i c h , a g a i n , d o not b e n e f i t t h e masses, b u t t h e b o u r g e o i s - l a n d o w n e r r u l i n g classes. M e a n w h i l e t h e q u e s t i o n has b e e n m a d e e v e n m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d , because S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m l o n g ago began to penetrate and entrench itself m o r e a n d more d e e p l y i n t h e f o r m e r colonies a n d semi-colonies, a n d because s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t C h i n a has b e g u n t o m a k e f e v e r i s h e f f o r t s t o get i n t h e r e , too. T h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n c a r r i e s o u t its e x p a n sionist i n t e r f e r e n c e u n d e r t h e guise o f its a l l e g e d l y L e n i n ist p o l i c y o f a i d f o r t h e p e o p l e s ' l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , p o s i n g a s t h e n a t u r a l a l l y o f these c o u n t r i e s a n d peoples. A s a m e a n s t o p e n e t r a t e i n t o A f r i c a a n d e l s e w h e r e , the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s e m p l o y a n d s p r e a d slogans of a socialist colour in order to deceive the peoples w h o aspire to l i b erate t h e m s e l v e s , t o l i q u i d a t e o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n , and w h o k n o w that the o n l y r o a d to complete national a n d social l i b e r a t i o n i s s o c i a l i s m . T h e S o v i e t U n i o n also i n v o l v e s i t s allies, o r better, its satellites, i n its i n t e r f e r e n c e . W e are seeing t h i s c o n cretely i n A f r i c a , w h e r e t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d their C u b a n mercenaries are i n t e r v e n i n g on the pretext that t h e y a r e a s s i s t i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h i s is a l i e . T h e i r i n t e r v e n t i o n is n o t h i n g b u t a c o l o n i a l i s t a c t i o n
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a i m e d a t c a p t u r i n g m a r k e t s a n d s u b j u g a t i n g peoples. T h e i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d its C u b a n mercenaries in A n g o l a is of this nature. T h e y have never h a d the slightest i n t e n t i o n o f a s s i s t i n g t h e A n g o l a n r e v o l u t i o n , b u t t h e i r a i m w a s a n d i s t o get t h e i r c l a w s i n t o that A f r i c a n country w h i c h h a d w o n a certain i n d e p e n dence a f t e r t h e e x p u l s i o n o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e c o l o n i a l i s t s . The C u b a n mercenaries are the colonial a r m y dispatched by the Soviet U n i o n to capture markets and strategic positions in the countries of B l a c k A f r i c a , a n d to go on f r o m A n g o l a t o other states, t o e n a b l e the S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t s , too, to create a m o d e r n c o l o n i a l e m p i r e . U n d e r t h e c l o a k o f a i d f o r peoples' l i b e r a t i o n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d its m e r c e n a r y , C u b a , a r e i n t e r v e n i n g i n other c o u n t r i e s w i t h a r m i e s e q u i p p e d w i t h a r t i l l e r y a n d m a c h i n e - g u n s , a l l e g e d l y t o b u i l d s o c i a l i s m , w h i c h does not e x i s t i n e i t h e r t h e S o v i e t U n i o n o r C u b a . T h e s e t w o b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t states i n t e r v e n e d i n A n g o l a i n o r d e r to h e l p a c a p i t a l i s t c l i q u e seize p o w e r , c o n t r a r y to t h e aims of the A n g o l a n people w h o had fought to w i n their f r e e d o m f r o m t h e P o r t u g u e s e colonialists. A g o s t i n h o N e t o i s p l a y i n g t h e g a m e o f the S o v i e t s . I n t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t the o t h e r f a c t i o n , i n o r d e r t o seize p o w e r f o r h i m s e l f , h e called i n t h e S o v i e t s t o h e l p h i m . T h e s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n the two opposing A n g o l a n clans did not have a n y t h i n g of a people's r e v o l u t i o n a r y c h a r a c t e r . T h e f i g h t b e t w e e n t h e m w a s a s t r u g g l e o f cliques f o r p o w e r . E a c h o f t h e m w a s s u p p o r t e d b y d i f f e r e n t i m p e r i a l i s t states. A g o s t i n h o N e t o e m e r g e d t h e w i n n e r f r o m t h i s contest, w h i l e s o c i a l i s m d i d not t r i u m p h i n A n g o l a . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , f o l l o w i n g t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n f r o m a b r o a d , S o v i e t n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m has been e s t a b l i s h e d t h e r e . S o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t C h i n a , too, i s m a k i n g great e f f o r t s to penetrate into the f o r m e r colonial a n d semi-colonial countries.
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An example of how C h i n a intervenes is provided by Z a i r e , a c o u n t r y r u l e d b y t h e c l i q u e a r o u n d M o b u t u , the wealthiest and most bloodthirsty clique on the A f r i c a n continent. In the f i g h t i n g w h i c h flared up in Z a i r e recently, the Moroccans of the S h e r i f i a n K i n g d o m of M o r occo, t h e F r e n c h a i r force, a n d C h i n a , too, a l l r u s h e d t o the aid of M o b u t u , the m u r d e r e r of Patrice L u m u m b a . T h e assistance g i v e n b y the F r e n c h i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e , b e cause w i t h t h e i r i n t e r v e n t i o n t h e y w e r e d e f e n d i n g t h e i r concessions a n d concerns i n K a t a n g a , a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e , p r o t e c t i n g t h e i r m e n , a s w e l l a s M o b u t u a n d his clique. B u t w h a t d o the Chinese revisionists w a n t i n K a t a n g a ? W h o m are t h e y a s s i s t i n g t h e r e ? A r e t h e y h e l p i n g the p e o p l e o f Z a i r e w h o are b e i n g s u p p r e s s e d b y M o b u t u and his clique and by the French, Belgian, US and other concession h o l d e r s ? O r are n o t they, too, a s s i s t i n g t h e b l o o d t h i r s t y M o b u t u c l i q u e ? T h e fact i s t h a t t h e C h i n e s e revisionist leadership is assisting this clique not indirectl y , b u t q u i t e o p e n l y . T o m a k e t h i s assistance m o r e c o n crete a n d m o r e d e m o n s t r a t i v e , i t sent its f o r e i g n m i n i s t e r , H u a n g H u a there, a s w e l l a s m i l i t a r y e x p e r t s a n d m i l i t a r y a n d e c o n o m i c a i d . T h u s , i t acted i n a n a n t i - M a r x i s t , a n t i r e v o l u t i o n a r y w a y . C h i n a ' s i n t e r f e r e n c e has e x a c t l y the same f e a t u r e s a s t h a t o f K i n g H a s s a n o f M o r o c c o a n d that of France. T h e Chinese social-imperialists are interfering in the a f f a i r s n o t o n l y of t h a t c o u n t r y , b u t also of o t h e r peoples a n d countries of A f r i c a a n d other continents, especially o f those c o u n t r i e s i n t o w h i c h t h e y a r e s t r i v i n g t o p e n e t r a t e i n e v e r y w a y , i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d s t r a t e g i c bases t h e r e . E v e n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a d a r e n o t assist P i n o c h e t , t h e fascist h a n g m a n of C h i l e , so o p e n l y as C h i n a i s d o i n g . I n d e e d , t h e A m e r i c a n s d o n o t assist the reactionary rulers of other countries in this way, even
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although they have great interests at stake there. T h i s does n o t m e a n t h a t t h e U S i m p e r i a l i s t s are r e n o u n c i n g t h e i r o w n interests. T h e y d o d e f e n d these interests, d e fend them v e r y strongly, but in more subtle ways. W i t h the stand it is maintaining, the so-called socialist C h i n a i s g o i n g against t h e i n t e r e s t s a n d a s p i r a t i o n s o f the peoples, t h e c o m m u n i s t s , t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y e l e ments, against the a s p i r a t i o n s o f a l l t h e p r o g r e s s i v e p e o ple of L a t i n A m e r i c a . C h i n a i s t a k i n g u n d e r its p r o t e c t i o n t h e v a r i o u s d i c t a t o r s w h o are r u l i n g the peoples a n d s u p p r e s s i n g t h e efforts of revolutionaries, the proletariat and the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s t h a t are f i g h t i n g f o r n a t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l liberation, w i t h terror and a n y other means. W i t h such stands, i t has t a k e n t h e r o a d o f c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n . U n d e r t h e guise o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m i t i s t r y i n g t o s h o w t h a t i t i s a l l e g e d l y e x p o r t i n g the i d e a o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n t o v a r i o u s countries, b u t i n fact, C h i n a i s e x p o r t i n g t h e i d e a of the counter-revolution. In this w a y it is helping US i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e fascist c l i q u e s i n p o w e r . T h e i m p e r i a l i s t o r s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s are s t r i v ing to the same extent to prevent the A f r i c a n , A s i a n , o r L a t i n - A m e r i c a n peoples f r o m d e v e l o p i n g t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e stage b y stage, a g a i n s t t h e o p p r e s s i o n a n d savage e x p l o i t a t i o n b y t h e i r l e a d e r s h i p s a n d t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s , w h o are r u l i n g a n d s u c k i n g t h e i r b l o o d i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h these l e a d e r s h i p s . The duty of revolutionaries, progressives, a n d patriots in the countries w i t h a l o w level of socio-economic development and dependent on the imperialist and sociali m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s i s t o m a k e t h e p e o p l e s conscious o f t h i s o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n , t o educate, m o b i l i z e a n d organize t h e m and h u r l t h e m into the l i b e r a t i o n struggle, a l w a y s b e a r i n g i n m i n d t h a t i t i s t h e b r o a d masses, t h e peoples, t h a t c a r r y out t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T o t h i s e n d i t i s
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n e c e s s a r y t o m a k e t h o r o u g h a n a l y s e s o f the i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l s i t u a t i o n i n e a c h c o u n t r y , o f its s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e r a t i o o f class forces, t h e a n t a g o n i s m s a m o n g classes, a n d t h e a n t a g o n i s m s b e t w e e n the p e o p l e and the reactionary cliques in power, as w e l l as between the p e o p l e a n d t h e i m p e r i a l i s t states. O n t h i s basis c o r r e c t c o n c l u s i o n s c a n b e d r a w n a b o u t the step w h i c h m u s t b e t a k e n a n d the tactics w h i c h m u s t be employed. W h a t is r e q u i r e d f r o m t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces i s i n t e n s i v e w o r k , determination a n d w i s d o m , a n d first a n d foremost, thoro u g h u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e fact t h a t the l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g gle i n t h e i r c o u n t r i e s c a n a c h i e v e t r u e v i c t o r y o n l y b y U n k i n g t h i s s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e cause o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e cause of s o c i a l i s m . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n e a c h c o u n t r y m u s t create its o w n r e v o l u t i o n a r y party, w h i c h must be capable of a p p l y i n g the teachings of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d S t a l i n f a i t h f u l l y , l i n k i n g t h e m c l o s e l y w i t h the c o n d i t i o n s o f each c o u n t r y , w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l p e o p l e . It is a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l t h a t e a c h of these p a r t i e s has a p r o f o u n d k n o w l e d g e of the m e n t a l i t y of t h e masses a n d the e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t of its c o u n t r y , a n d does not act in a c a p r i c i o u s and adventurist way, in a Blanquist way, but fights pers i s t e n t l y t o r a l l y r o u n d itself the a l l i e s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e people. T h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d the masses o f t h e people need to prepare themselves persistently, bearing in m i n d t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e a n d the b i g l a n d o w n e r s i n p o w e r , a n d t h e f o r e i g n oppressors, a s w e l l a s the i n t r i g u e s o f n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t s . T h e s e a r e i m p o r t a n t factors, w h i c h t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y e l e m e n t s a n d t h e peoples m u s t face u p t o w i t h m a t u r i t y , w i t h s o u n d o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y tactics. N a t u r a l l y , n o t o n l y a r e ties o f c o - o p e r a t i o n , c o - o r d i n a -
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tion a n d exchange of experience not excluded, but it is e s s e n t i a l t o e s t a b l i s h t h e m b e t w e e n the r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces a n d elements o f v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s . T h i s i s m a d e easier because t h e y h a v e m a n y s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s , s u c h as oppression and exploitation by neo-colonialism and the r e a c t i o n a r y bourgeoisie, a n d a c o m m o n c u l t u r e , as w e l l as the c o m m o n g o a l o f l i b e r a t i o n f r o m t h i s o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x ploitation. T h e conditions and interests they have i n c o m m o n i m p e l the r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d p r o g r e s s i v e e l e m e n t s o f a l l these c o u n t r i e s t o h o l d consultations, t o d e v e l o p c o o p e r a t i o n and co-ordination in their activities, w i t h w h i c h they count e r the actions o f t h e e n e m i e s w h o oppress t h e m . V i e w i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n o f t h e peoples l a n g u i s h i n g u n der neo-colonialist d o m i n a t i o n f r o m the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s t a n d - p o i n t , t h e task f a c i n g a l l g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s i s t o g i v e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f these peoples u n r e s e r v e d s u p p o r t a n d b a c k i n g , s o t h a t i t a d vances c o n s i s t e n t l y a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n b u i l d s u p ceaselessly, to its c o m p l e t e v i c t o r y .
G e n u i n e Revolutionaries C a l l on the Proletarians and Peoples to Rise up for the N e w W o r l d , the Socialist W o r l d A s w e e x p l a i n e d i n the f o r e g o i n g , t h e g e n e r a l c r i s i s o f c a p i t a l i s m i s g r o w i n g e v e r deeper. A s a result, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e oppressed classes a n d peoples are r e f u s i n g to endure the exploitation a n y longer, d e m a n d i n g a c h a n g e i n t h e i r lives, d e m a n d i n g the o v e r t h r o w o f t h e b o u r geois order, the a b o l i t i o n o f n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l i s m . B u t these a s p i r a t i o n s c a n b e r e a l i z e d o n l y t h r o u g h the revolution. No victory can be achieved without clashi n g w i t h a n d a t t a c k i n g t h e i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l class enemies.
519
T h e genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties of the w o r k i n g class, a s t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , m a k e t h e p r o l e t ariat, t h e t o i l i n g masses, a n d t h e peoples conscious a n d prepare them politically, ideologically and m i l i t a r i l y for these clashes. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties, all revolutionaries, h o w ever f e w in numbers, establish themselves a m o n g the people, o r g a n i z e t h e masses s y s t e m a t i c a l l y , w i t h great c a r e a n d p a t i e n c e , c o n v i n c e t h e m t h a t t h e y a r e a great force, t h a t t h e y a r e a b l e t o o v e r t h r o w c a p i t a l , t o seize state p o w e r a n d w i e l d i t i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e people. S u c h p a r t i e s d o n o t t h i n k that, b e i n g small, they cannot stand up to the coalition of the parties of the bourgeoisie and the opinion f o r m e d by them. T h e t a s k o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s i s t o p r o v e t o t h e b r o a d masses of the people that this opinion created by the bourgeoisie is w r o n g , that it must be demolished and that the true r e v o l u t i o n a r y o p i n i o n , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s a great t r a n s f o r m ing force, must be f o r m e d . To c a r r y out their mission successfully, the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s c o n s i d e r that, f i r s t o f a l l , t h e y m u s t h a v e a r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, a c o r r e c t p o l i t i c a l line, w h i c h m u s t r e s p o n d t o t h e i n t e r e s t s a n d a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e b r o a d p o p u l a r masses, a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m s a n d tasks w h i c h t h e s t r u g g l e t o destroy the bourgeois order a n d the foreign imperialist d o m i n a t i o n presents. Marxism-Leninism is the only science which gives the revolutionary party of the working class the possibility to work out a correct political line, to define the strategic aim and tasks clearly, and apply revolutionary tactics and methods for their realization. Enlightened by Marxism-Leninism and in conformity w i t h t h e concrete s o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s
520
ENVER HOXHA
of the country and the international circumstances, the Marxist-Leninist party k n o w s h o w to orientate itself a n d stand a t the h e a d o f the masses a t a n y t i m e a n d a t e v e r y stage of t h e r e v o l u t i o n , be it a d e m o c r a t i c , n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n , or socialist r e v o l u t i o n . A r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y a n d a correct p o l i t i c a l l i n e b a s e d o n M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r a c t i c e o f t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e class s t r u g g l e o f its o w n c o u n t r y , m a k e s i t p o s s i b l e t o c l e a r l y d e f i n e t h e s t r a t e g i c a i m a t t h e g i v e n stage, t o d e t e r m i n e w h o are t h e chief i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l e n e m i e s a g a i n s t w h o m the m a i n b l o w s h o u l d b e s t r u c k , w h o t h e i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l allies o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t are, etc. The Marxist-Leninist parties have as their a i m the o v e r t h r o w o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r a n d t h e t r i u m p h o f socialism, whereas, w h e n the revolution in their country is confronted w i t h tasks of a democratic and a n t i - i m p e r i a l ist character, t h e y a i m t o d e v e l o p i t u n c e a s i n g l y , t o r a i s e it to a socialist r e v o l u t i o n , to go o v e r as q u i c k l y as p o s sible t o t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f socialist t a s k s . B o t h the s t r a t e g i c a i m o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r ties a n d t h e roads t o a c h i e v e i t a r e t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m those o f the false c o m m u n i s t a n d w o r k e r s ' p a r t i e s . T h e f o r m e r cannot conceive o f a c h i e v i n g t h i s a i m e x c e p t b y o v e r t u r n i n g t h e c a p i t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d dest r o y i n g t h e o l d state a p p a r a t u s , t h e w h o l e b o u r g e o i s s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , t o its f o u n d a t i o n s . T h e y a d h e r e t o the t e a c h i n g s o f L e n i n w h o says,
The essence of the revolution is that the proletariat destroys the 'administrative apparatus' and the entire state apparatus, replacing it with a new apparatus comprised of the armed workers.*
__________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 25, p. 577, A l b . ed.
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T h e l a t t e r p r e a c h t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e o l d state a p paratus, though in w o r d s they claim that they stand for socialism. A c c o r d i n g to them, socialism can be established through reforms, through the p a r l i a m e n t a r y road, even b y u s i n g t h e o l d state m a c h i n e . A n u m b e r of so-called communist parties are n o w p r o v i n g t o b e e v e n m o r e zealous t h a n t h e d e c l a r e d b o u r geois p a r t i e s i n t h e i r defence o f t h e e x i s t i n g c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r . F o r instance, t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y o f I b a r r u r i - C a rillo brazenly defends the m o n a r c h i c regime of J u a n Carlos, a t a t i m e w h e n some S p a n i s h b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s a r e d e m a n d i n g its r e p l a c e m e n t w i t h a r e p u b l i c a n r e g i m e . L i k e w i s e , t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y o f B e r l i n g u e r comes o u t as a f e r v e n t c h a m p i o n of t h e o p p r e s s i v e l a w s of t h e I t a l i a n c a p i t a l i s t state, w h i c h a r e a i m e d a g a i n s t d e m o c r a t i c f r e e d oms, a t a t i m e w h e n v a r i o u s b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s a r e n o t doing this openly. T h e Chinese revisionists, for their part, instruct the parties w h i c h follow the Chinese line in the capitalist countries that they must fight together w i t h the m o s t m i l i t a r i s t circles t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e a r m i e s a n d the b o u r g e o i s a p p a r a t u s of v i o l e n c e , a l l e g e d l y to d e f e n d the h o m e l a n d , b u t i n r e a l i t y t o suppress t h e r e v o l u t i o n , i f i t s h o u l d b r e a k out. In their aims to u n d e r m i n e the revolutionary a n d liberation movement and to perpetuate capitalism and i m p e r i a l i s t d o m i n a t i o n , t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its f o l l o w e r s , especially the m o d e r n revisionists, are t r y i n g by all m a n ner o f m e a n s t o c o n f u s e a n d s p l i t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces while erasing the distinction between the friends and the enemies o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T y p i c a l o f t h i s a r e t h e p r e a c h ings o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s w h o p r e s e n t t h e b i g m o n o p o l y b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e r e a c t i o n a r y a n d fascist r e g i m e s , N A T O and the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , and even A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , as allies of the proletariat a n d the o p p r e s s e d peoples.
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ENVER HOXHA
A s f o r t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties, t h e y c o n s i d e r t h a t a n a b s o l u t e l y essential c o n d i t i o n f o r b u i l d i n g a g e n u i n e l y r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y is t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a c l e a r - c u t d i v i d i n g l i n e b e t w e e n the m o t i v e forces o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d its e n e m i e s a n d a c l e a r d e f i n i t i o n o f the m a i n i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l e n e m y against w h o m , a s S t a l i n p o i n t e d out, the m a i n blow must be aimed, without u n d e r r a t i n g and o v e r l o o k i n g the f i g h t a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r e n e m i e s . I n o u r t i m e , i n the c o n d i t i o n s o f i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e m a i n i n t e r n a l e n e m y o f the r e v o l u t i o n , not o n l y i n t h e d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t countries, b u t also i n the o p p r e s s e d and dependent countries, is the local b i g bourgeoisie w h i c h stands a t t h e h e a d o f the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r a n d f i g h t s w i t h a l l its means, w i t h v i o l e n c e a n d o p p r e s s i o n , d e m a g ogy a n d deceit, t o p r e s e r v e its d o m i n a t i o n a n d p r i v i l e g e s , to smother and extinguish any movement of the w o r k i n g people w h i c h j e o p a r d i z e s its state p o w e r a n d class interests i n t h e slightest degree. O n the o t h e r h a n d , i n the a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s , the m a i n e x t e r n a l e n e m y o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the peoples i s w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e imperialist superpowers, in particular. To advise and call o n the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the oppressed peoples t o r e l y o n one s u p e r p o w e r to f i g h t the other, or to enter i n t o a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s f o r t h e sake o f a l l e g e d l y defending national freedom and independence, as the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s advocate, i s n o t h i n g b u t b e t r a y a l o f the cause of t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e m a d e the hegemonic role of the working class in revolution, which constitutes one of the fundamental questions of the revolutionary strategy, t h e i r s p e c i a l target.
The main thing in the doctrine of Marx, w r o t e L e n i n , is the explanation of the world his-
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toric role of the socialist society.*
proletariat,
as
the
creator
of
L e n i n d e s c r i b e d the n e g a t i o n o f the i d e a o f t h e h e g e m o n y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n the r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t a s the m o s t v u l g a r e x p r e s s i o n o f r e f o r m i s m . A m o n g t h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s , some s t r i v e t o p r o v e t h a t the w o r k i n g class i s a l l e g e d l y b e i n g d e p r o l e t a r i a n i z e d a n d t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o co-manager o f e n t e r p r i s e s , hence t h e r e is no l o n g e r a p l a c e f o r the p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n , no need for a social order different f r o m the existing one. O t h e r s c l a i m t h a t n o t o n l y t h e w o r k e r s , b u t e v e r y body engaged i n w o r k a n d c u l t u r a l activities, a l l wage a n d salary earners are n o w proletarians, a n d that not o n l y t h e w o r k i n g class, b u t also o t h e r classes a n d s t r a t a o f the s o c i e t y are i n t e r e s t e d i n s o c i a l i s m . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y conclude, t h e h e g e m o n i c r o l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n the r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t t o d a y has lost its m e a n i n g . T h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s d o n o t d e n y the l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n w o r d s , w h i l e t h e y h a v e l i q u i d a t e d i t i n practice, because t h e y h a v e d e p r i v e d t h i s class o f a n y possibility to lead. B u t even in theory they eliminate this role, i n a s m u c h a s t h e y d e f e n d t h e i l l - f a m e d t h e o r y o f the p a r t y a n d state o f the e n t i r e people. T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s , a s the p r a g m a t i s t s t h e y are, s o m e t i m e s p u t the p e a s a n t r y , s o m e t i m e s t h e a r m y , s o m e t i m e s t h e p u p i l s a n d students, etc.. w h i c h e v e r suits t h e occasion, at t h e head of t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a r e s o l u t e l y defends the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t thesis t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class constitutes the d e c i s i v e f o r c e i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f society, the l e a d i n g f o r c e f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f the w o r l d , for the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialist a n d c o m m m u n i s t society.
_______________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 18, p. 651, A l b . ed.
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ENVER HOXHA
T h e w o r k i n g class r e m a i n s t h e m a i n p r o d u c t i v e force o f society, t h e m o s t a d v a n c e d class, t h e class m o r e i n t e r e s ted than any other in national a n d social liberation, in socialism, a n d is the bearer of the finest traditions of revolutionary organization a n d struggle. It h a s the only scientific theory for the revolutionary transformation of society a n d its o w n m i l i t a n t M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y w h i c h g u i d e i t t o w a r d s t h i s g o a l . O b j e c t i v e l y h i s t o r y has c h a r g ed it w i t h the mission of leading the entire struggle for the t r a n s i t i o n f r o m c a p i t a l i s m t o c o m m u n i s m . T h e hegemony of the proletariat in the revolution is decisive for the solution of the f u n d a m e n t a l question of t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e q u e s t i o n o f p o l i t i c a l p o w e r , i n its o w n f a v o u r a n d t h a t o f t h e masses o f t h e p e o p l e . T h e n e w p o w e r m a y pass t h r o u g h d i f f e r e n t phases a n d m a y b e g i v e n v a r i o u s names, i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e concrete conditions in w h i c h the r e v o l u t i o n is carried out a n d t h e v a r i o u s stages i t m a y g o t h r o u g h , b u t t h e r e c a n be no development of the revolution towards the t r i u m p h of socialism w i t h o u t the establishment of the dictatorship o f the p r o l e t a r i a t . M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches u s this, a n d the e x p e r i e n c e o f a l l t r i u m p h a n t socialist r e v o l u t i o n s also d e m o n s t r a t e s it. T h e r e f o r e , w h a t e v e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h t h e r e v o l u t i o n m a y b e c a r r i e d out, t h e M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t p a r t y n e v e r r e n o u n c e s its a i m o f e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e dictatorship of the proletariat. A l l t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s o f v a r i o u s hues a n d t r e n d s w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , i n one w a y o r a n o t h e r , d e n y t h e n e e d t o e s t a b l i s h the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , because t h e y a r e against t h e r e v o l u t i o n , because t h e y s t a n d f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n a n d p e r p e t u a t i o n o f the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r . The proletariat with its Marxist-Leninist party goes into battle together with its allies. This, too, is one of the most important questions of the revolutionary strategy.
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T h e n a t u r a l a n d close a l l y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i s the poor peasantry, w h i c h is l i n k e d w i t h it not just by the i m m e d i a t e s t r a t e g i c a i m b u t also b y t h e d i s t a n t a n d u l t i m a t e s t r a t e g i c a i m . S u c h allies a r e t h e p o o r s t r a t a o f t h e u r b a n w o r k i n g p e o p l e too. T h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p o o r p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e o t h e r oppressed a n d e x p l o i t e d w o r k i n g people, c o n s t i t u t e t h e m a i n m o t i v e forces o f t h e revolution. T h e u r b a n p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i e also, w h i c h i s c o n s t a n t l y in the grip of big capital and under threat of total expropriation, can and should become an ally. T h e p r o l e t a r i a t also t r i e s a n d s t r u g g l e s t o m a k e a l l i e s of other strata of the population, such as the progressive section of the intelligentsia, w h i c h is exploited by i n t e r n a l and foreign capital. T h e weight of the intelligentsia has increased in capitalist a n d revisionist countries. B u t desp i t e a l l t h e changes i t s p o s i t i o n , c h a r a c t e r a n d t h e r o l e o f i t s w o r k h a v e u n d e r g o n e , i t does n o t a n d n e v e r c a n c o n s t i t u t e a class i n itself, a n d n e i t h e r i s i t n o r c a n i t b e m e r g e d w i t h t h e w o r k i n g class, a s v a r i o u s r e v i s i o n i s t s c l a i m . T h e r e f o r e , a s L e n i n has s h o w n a n d h i s t o r y has p r o v e d , t h e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a c a n n o t b e a n i n d e p e n d e n t sociop o l i t i c a l f o r c e . Its r o l e a n d p l a c e i n s o c i e t y are d e t e r m i n e d b y its s o c i o - e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n a n d i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l c o n v i c t i o n s . N o m a t t e r h o w m u c h t h i s p o s i t i o n a n d these convictions m a y change, the intelligentsia can never r e p lace t h e w o r k i n g class i n its r o l e o f l e a d i n g t h e r e v o l u tion. T h e task of the proletariat is to w i n the progressive section of t h e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a o v e r to its side, to c o n v i n c e it of t h e i n e v i t a b i l i t y of t h e collapse of t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s tem and the t r i u m p h of socialism, and m a k e it an a l l y in the r e v o l u t i o n . I n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f A f r i c a , L a t i n A m e r i c a , A s i a , etc., w i t h little socio-economic development and more dependent o n f o r e i g n c a p i t a l , a n d w h e r e t h e d e m o c r a t i c a n d
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a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t tasks o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n h a v e s p e c i a l i m p o r t a n c e , the m i d d l e p e a s a n t r y a n d t h a t section o f the bourgeoisie w h i c h i s n o t l i n k e d w i t h f o r e i g n c a p i t a l a n d w h i c h aspires t o a n i n d e p e n d e n t d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o u n t r y , c a n also b e a l l i e s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e u n i t i n g o f t h i s s e c t i o n o f the b o u r g e o i s i e w i t h the democratic and anti-imperialist revolution depends on t h e c o r r e c t s t r a t e g y a n d tactics o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e s k i l f u l and intelligent m a n o e u v r i n g of the revolutionary p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class. I n t h i s w a y , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w i t h its p a r t y c a n c o n v i n c e not o n l y the p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i e , but also t h i s bourgeoisie, t o p l a c e itself u n d e r t h e l e a d ership of the proletariat a n d rise to abolish the foreign d o m i n a t i o n a n d l i q u i d a t e t h e savage c a p i t a l i s t b i g b o u r geoisie, a t o o l of i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h oppresses a n d e x p l o i t s t h e people, d e m o r a l i z e s t h e m a n d c o r r u p t s t h e i r p u r e feelings, a n d c e n t u r i e s - o l d c u l t u r e . T o w i n o v e r t h e o t h e r classes a n d s t r a t a w h i c h a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n a c h i e v i n g t h e s t r a t e g i c a i m a t a g i v e n stage of t h e r e v o l u t i o n as its allies, the p r o l e t a r i a t has to do b a t t l e w i t h t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s i e a n d the o t h e r r e a c t i o n aries, as o v e r e v e r y o t h e r issue. F o r e s e e i n g t h e i r defeat, t h e r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e and the big landowners m a k e a thousand attempts and m a n o e u v r e s t o d r a w the p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e p r o g r e s s i v e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a t o t h e i r side, a n d t o prevent them f r o m becoming allies of the proletariat. T h e y e v e n t r y t o deceive t h e w o r k i n g class itself, s o t h a t the r e v o l u t i o n w i l l n o t b r e a k o u t a n d , i f i t does, t o e n s u r e that it w i l l not be carried t h r o u g h to the end, but w i l l become b o g g e d d o w n o r m a k e a n a b o u t - t u r n . F o r t h e i r p a r t , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y w o r k for and have a l l the possibilities to achieve u n i t y o f t h e i r allies a r o u n d t h e m s e l v e s against t h e c o m m o n enemies, s u c h a s t h e b i g bourgeoisie, t h e b i g l a n d -
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owners, the imperialists and social-imperialists, and to p r e v e n t t h e s t r a t a o f the p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e p e t t y - b o u r geoisie f r o m b e c o m i n g a r e s e r v e o f b i g c a p i t a l o r t h e fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p , a s o c c u r r e d i n t h e t i m e o f H i t l e r i n G e r m a n y , M u s s o l i n i i n Italy, a n d F r a n c o i n t h e S p a n i s h War. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party maintains a cautious a n d f l e x i b l e a t t i t u d e , e s p e c i a l l y t o w a r d s its w a v e r i n g , possible, o r t e m p o r a r y allies, i n c l u d i n g t h e v a r i o u s s t r a t a o f t h e m i d d l e b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i c h are l i n k e d b y n u m e r o u s threads, v a r i o u s interests, t r a d i t i o n s a n d p r e j u d i c e s w i t h t h e w o r l d o f c a p i t a l a n d i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its v a n g uard, the Marxist-Leninist party, without ever budging f r o m t h e i r p r i n c i p l e d positions, are i n t e r e s t e d i n a t t r a c t i n g s u c h forces, too, i n s p i t e o f t h e i r w a v e r i n g s a n d i n s t a b i l i t y , t o t h e side o f the r e v o l u t i o n o r the l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , o r a t least i n n e u t r a l i z i n g t h e m , s o t h a t t h e y d o n o t b e c o m e a r e s e r v e of t h e e n e m y . T h e l a w s o f the r e v o l u t i o n o p e r a t e i n t h e c o u n t r i e s w h e r e t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s are i n p o w e r also, a s e v e r y w h e r e else. W h a t i s t h e p o s i t i o n o f the n e w b o u r g e o i s i e t h a t i s d e v e l o p i n g i n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e ? I t asp i r e s t o f r e e i t s e l f f r o m t h e a l l - r o u n d , savage o p p r e s s i o n o f t h e S o v i e t bourgeoisie, f r o m S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , b u t t h e t w o sides h a v e f u n d a m e n t a l i n t e r e s t s i n c o m m o n . T h e b o u r g e o i s i e o f these c o u n t r i e s c o u l d n o t e x i s t a p a r t f r o m the Soviet bourgeoisie. A n d even if it w e r e to detach itself f r o m t h i s s a v a g e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t b i g bourgeoisie, t h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t i t w o u l d soon c o m e u n d e r t h e domination of the bourgeoisie of the developed capitalist states o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n d U S i m p e r i a l i s m . A s w e l l a s this, i n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s w h i c h are b e i n g e c o n o m i c a l l y , p o l i t i c a l l y a n d m i l i t a r i l y i n t e g r a ted i n t o t h e great S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t state, other s t r a t a o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , besides t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , a r e d i s -
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c o n t e n t e d because o f t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n t h e y a r e s u b j e c t e d to by the new bourgeoisie and the domination by Soviet social-imperialism. F o r this reason they hate both their o w n r u l i n g bourgeoisie and Russian hegemonism and neoc o l o n i a l i s m . T h e p r o l e t a r i a t of these c o u n t r i e s needs to be a w a k e n e d a n d m a d e conscious o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l necessity o f c o m i n g o u t once a g a i n o n t h e b a t t l e f i e l d , o f h u r l i n g itself i n t o t h e f i g h t t o o v e r t h r o w a n d r o u t t h e t r a i t o r s i n order to c a r r y out the proletarian revolution again, to r e establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. It must create its n e w M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s a n d u n i t e a l l t h e p o p u l a r masses a r o u n d itself. ( 1 5 ) W h i l e adhering consistently to the principle that the decisive f a c t o r f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i s t h e i n t e r n a l one, t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t and the people of the country themselves, whereas the external factor is of an a u x i l i a r y and secondary nature, the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties do not ignore or underrate i n t h e least t h e e x t e r n a l a l l i e s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . A t t h e same t i m e , t h e y t a k e a p r i n c i p l e d a n d f l e x i b l e s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e e x t e r n a l allies, j u s t a s t h e y d o t o w a r d s t h e i n t e r n a l allies. In accordance w i t h the teachings of L e n i n a n d S t a l i n a n d b a s i n g t h e m s e l v e s o n t h e e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , t h e y see t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t i n o t h e r countries, the r e v o l u t i o n a r y anti-imperialist m o v e m e n t of t h e o p p r e s s e d peoples o f t h e w o r l d a n d t h e g e n u i n e l y socialist c o u n t r i e s a s t h e n a t u r a l a n d r e l i a b l e e x t e r n a l allies o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t i n e a c h c o u n t r y . I n p a r t i c u l a r cases, c i r c u m s t a n c e s c a n also b e c r e a t e d i n w h i c h a socialist c o u n t r y , o r a p e o p l e f i g h t i n g i m p e r i a l ist o r s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t aggression, m a y f i n d t h e m s e l v e s
__________________________________ 15 See E n v e r H o x h a . Selected Works, v o l . 4, 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1982, pp. 397-429, E n g . ed.
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on a c o m m o n front even w i t h various countries of the c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d w h i c h also a r e f i g h t i n g t h e s a m e e n e m y , as occurred in the period of the Second W o r l d War. I n s u c h cases, i t i s o f f i r s t - r a t e i m p o r t a n c e t o e n s u r e that the interests of the r e v o l u t i o n are a l w a y s kept in m i n d , a r e n e v e r f o r g o t t e n , o b s c u r e d o r s a c r i f i c e d f o r the sake o f t h e c o m m o n f r o n t o r a l l i a n c e w i t h these t e m p o r a r y allies, t o e n s u r e t h a t t h i s f r o n t o r a l l i a n c e i s n o t t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n a i m i n itself. I t i s e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t n o t t o a l l o w s u c h a l l i e s t o i n t e r v e n e t o sabotage t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t o w r e s t t h e v i c t o r y f r o m it. T h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f A l b a n i a i n its s t a n d t o w a r d s the A m e r i c a n a n d B r i t i s h allies in the years of the A n t i fascist N a t i o n a l - L i b e r a t i o n W a r i s s i g n i f i c a n t . T h i s s t a n d was salutary for the fate of the r e v o l u t i o n in A l b a n i a . (16) The revolutionary strategy is indivisible from the revolutionary tactics employed by the Marxist-Leninist parties to achieve the aim and to fulfil the tasks of the revolution. W h i l e b e i n g p a r t o f s t r a t e g y a n d i n its s e r v ice, tactics m a y c h a n g e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e b b a n d f l o w o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y t i d e , t h e concrete c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d conditions, but always w i t h i n the limits of the revolutionary strategy and Marxist-Leninist principles.
The task of tactical leadership, s a y s S t a l i n , is to master all forms of struggle and organization of the proletariat and to ensure that they are used properly so as to achieve with the given relation of forces the maximum result necessary to prepare for strategic success.*
_____________________________________ 16 See E n v e r H o x h a , The Anglo-American Threat to Albania (Memoirs), 8 Nntori P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1982, Eng. ed. * J. V. Stalin, Works, v o l . 6, p. 164, A l b . ed.
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ENVER HOXHA
W h i l e a d o p t i n g s k i l f u l tactics a n d f o r m s o f s t r u g g l e t o c a r r y f o r w a r d t h e cause o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e t r u e Marxist-Leninist parties always loyally uphold revolutiona r y p r i n c i p l e s . T h e y reject a n d c o m b a t a n y t e n d e n c y t o a b a n d o n p r i n c i p l e s f o r the sake o f tactics, t h e y a r e the most resolute o p p o n e n t s o f a n y u n p r i n c i p l e d p r a g m a t i c p o l i c y based o n p a s s i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , w h i c h c h a r a c t e r i z e s the e n t i r e a c t i v i t y o f r e v i s i o n i s t s o f a l l t r e n d s . T h e r e v o l u t i o n i s a l w a y s t h e deed o f the masses l e d by the revolutionary vanguard. Therefore, the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t p a r t y cannot f a i l t o devote great a t t e n t i o n t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the masses i n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m s , p r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h e concrete c o n d i t i o n s a n d c i r cumstances, t h e t r a d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g i n each c o u n t r y , etc. W i t h o u t o r g a n i z e d l i n k s o f t h e p a r t y w i t h t h e masses i t is idle even to talk of raising, preparing and mobilizing t h e m in r e v o l u t i o n a r y struggle. Precisely for this reason the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y attaches great i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f the masses u n d e r its l e a d e r s h i p . C e r t a i n l y , t h i s i s n o t a q u e s t i o n w h i c h i s s o l v e d easily, e s p e c i a l l y t o d a y , w h e n m a n y k i n d s of trade-union, co-operativist, cultural, scientific, youth, women's and other organizations exist in a l l t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s . M o s t o f these o r g a n i z a t i o n s are u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p a n d i n f l u e n c e o f t h e bourgeoisie, r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d t h e c h u r c h . H o w e v e r , a s L e n i n teaches us, t h e c o m m u n i s t s m u s t get i n a n d w o r k w h e r e v e r the masses are. T h e r e f o r e t h e y c a n n o t f a i l t o w o r k also i n t h e m a s s o r g a n i z a t i o n s l e d o r i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e bourgeoisie, s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s , r e v i sionists, etc. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s w o r k i n t h e m t o u n dermine the influence and leadership of the bourgeois and reformist parties, to spread the influence of the r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y o f the w o r k i n g class a m o n g t h e masses, t o expose t h e f r a u d u l e n t c h a r a c t e r o f the p r o g r a m s a n d
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a c t i v i t y o f t h e chiefs o f these o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a n d t o g i v e t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e masses a n a n t i - c a p i t a l i s t , a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t , a n t i - r e v i s i o n i s t p o l i t i c a l c h a r a c t e r . T h r o u g h the r e v o l u t i o n a r y w o r k t h e y c a r r y out i n t h e r a n k s o f the masses, r e v o l u t i o n a r y f a c t i o n s c a n also b e f o r m e d w i t h i n these o r g a n i z a t i o n s , i n d e e d the p o s s i b i l i t i e s m a y b e c r e a t e d t o t a k e o v e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f these o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d t o set t h e m on a c o r r e c t course. B u t i n a n y case t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y n e v e r gives up the a i m of setting up revolutionary organizat i o n s of t h e masses u n d e r its l e a d e r s h i p . The most important organizations of the masses are the trade-unions. G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , in t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s t o d a y , these o r g a n i z a t i o n s s e r v e the bourgeoisie, r e v i s i o n i s m , t o k e e p t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d a l l t h e w o r k i n g masses i n b o n d a g e . I n h i s t i m e , E n g e l s said that the trade-unions in B r i t a i n h a d been transformed f r o m o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h t e r r i f i e d the b o u r g e o i s i e i n t o organizations w h i c h served capital. The trade-union organizations have bound the w o r k e r w i t h a thousand threads, w i t h a t h o u s a n d coils of t h e c h a i n of e n s l a v e ment, s o t h a t w h e n t h e i s o l a t e d w o r k e r revolts, h e c a n easily be suppressed. The opportunist trade-union leaders w o r k s o t h a t t h e r e v o l t s o f t h e w o r k e r s o f one o r m o r e enterprises, w h o go on strike or h o l d demonstrations, are kept under control and assume only an economic character. T h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y w o r k s v e r y h a r d t o m a n i pulate things in this direction. In the capitalist countries, this a r i s t o c r a c y p l a y s a m a j o r r o l e i n e r o d i n g , s u p p r e s s i n g , a n d m i s l e a d i n g t h e r e v o l t o f the masses a n d has l o n g become a f i r e b r i g a d e t o q u e l l t h e f l a m e s o f t h e r e v olution. I n a l l t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s t o d a y , the m a i n b o u r geois a n d r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s h a v e t h e i r o w n t r a d e - u n i o n s .
532
ENVER HOXHA
T h e s e t r a d e - u n i o n s are n o w a c t i n g i n u n i t y a n d h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d close c o l l a b o r a t i o n i n o r d e r t o h o l d b a c k t h e revolutionary movement of the proletariat and corrupt the w o r k i n g class p o l i t i c a l l y a n d m o r a l l y . I n F r a n c e a n d I t a l y , f o r instance, t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s o f the r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s a r e l a r g e a n d p o w e r f u l u n i o n s . B u t w h a t do they do? T h e y t r y to keep the proletariat in bondage, t o l u l l i t t o sleep a n d , w h e n i t g r o w s a n g r y a n d r e b e l l i o u s , t o set i t o n t h e c o u r s e o f n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h t h e boss class a n d t o s h u t t h e m o u t h s o f t h e w o r k e r s w i t h some v e r y s m a l l c r u m b s f r o m the c a p i t a l i s t s u p e r profits. A n d what they give them is then taken back by r a i s i n g prices. Therefore, to free itself f r o m capitalism, it is essential f o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o f e v e r y c o u n t r y t o s h a k e off t h e y o k e o f the t r a d e - u n i o n s d o m i n a t e d b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d o p portunists, as w e l l as that of a n y k i n d of social-democ r a t i c a n d r e v i s i o n i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n o r p a r t y . A l l these o r g a n i s m s s u p p o r t t h e o w n i n g class i n v a r i o u s w a y s a n d t r y to create t h e i l l u s i o n t h a t t h e y are a g r e a t force, t h a t t h e y are a b r a k e , t h a t t h e y c a n i m p o s e t h e m s e l v e s o n the b i g capitalists a l l e g e d l y i n f a v o u r o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h i s i s n o t h i n g b u t a b i g f r a u d . T h e p r o l e t a r i a t has t o s m a s h these o r g a n i s m s . B u t h o w ? I t m u s t d e s t r o y t h e m b y f i g h t i n g the l e a d e r s h i p o f these t r a d e - u n i o n s , b y r i s i n g against t h e i r t r e a c h e r o u s c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , b y b r e a k i n g u p t h e calm, t h e social peace w h i c h t h e y w a n t to establish, a peace w h i c h is d i s g u i s e d w i t h the a l l e g e d r e v o l t s against t h e o w n i n g class w h i c h t h e u n i o n s engage i n f r o m t i m e t o t i m e . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o w o r k t o d e s t r o y these t r a d e - u n i o n s by getting into t h e m in order to fight a n d erode t h e m f r o m w i t h i n a n d oppose t h e i r u n j u s t decisions a n d actions. T h i s a c t i v i t y m u s t i n v o l v e t h e biggest a n d m o s t p o w e r f u l g r o u p s p o s s i b l e o f w o r k e r s i n t h e f a c t o r i e s . I n e v e r y case
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the a i m m u s t be to a c h i e v e a steel u n i t y of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n t h e f i g h t n o t o n l y a g a i n s t t h e e m p l o y e r s b u t also a g a i n s t t h e i r agents, t h e t r a d e - u n i o n bosses. T h e f o r c e f u l exposure of all the traitor elements at the head of tradeunions, of the bourgeois degeneration of the trade-union l e a d e r s h i p a n d t h e r e f o r m i s t t r a d e - u n i o n s i n g e n e r a l , frees the w o r k e r s f r o m m a n y i l l u s i o n s t h e y s t i l l h a v e a b o u t t h i s l e a d e r s h i p a n d these t r a d e - u n i o n s . W h i l e i n f i l t r a t i n g the existing trade-unions, the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s n e v e r descend t o the t r a d e - u n i o n i s t , r e f o r m ist, a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t , r e v i s i o n i s t p o s i t i o n s , w h i c h c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f these t r a d e - u n i o n s . T h e y n e v e r b e c o m e p a r t n e r s w i t h t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d the o t h e r b o u r geois a n d o p p o r t u n i s t p a r t i e s i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t r a d e unions. T h e i r a i m is to expose the bourgeois character a n d reactionary role w h i c h the trade-unions, in general, have today in the capitalist and revisionist countries, to u n d e r m i n e these o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n o r d e r t o o p e n t h e w a y t o t h e setting up of genuine proletarian trade-unions. The organization of the masses of the youth is of special importance to the Marxist-Leninist parties. T h e r o l e o f t h e y o u t h i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t s has a l w a y s been great. F r o m its v e r y n a t u r e t h e y o u t h i s f o r t h e n e w and against the old, a n d shows itself ready to fight for the t r i u m p h o f everything progressive, revolutionary. H o w e v e r , o n its o w n , i t i s i n c a p a b l e o f f i n d i n g t h e r i g h t r o a d . O n l y t h e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class c a n s h o w i t t h i s r o a d . W h e n t h e i n e x h a u s t i b l e r e v o l u t i o n a r y energies o f the y o u t h a r e u n i t e d w i t h t h e energies o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e o t h e r w o r k i n g masses t o w i p e o u t o p p r e s sion a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n , f o r n a t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n , t h e r e i s n o f o r c e w h i c h c a n stop t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e revolution. However, in the capitalist and revisionist countries
534
ENVER HOXHA
t o d a y , t h e m a j o r i t y o f the y o u t h e x p e n d t h e i r energies i n w r o n g d i r e c t i o n s . T h e y are m i s l e d b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d revisionism and often t u r n to adventurism and anarchism o r f a l l i n t o U t o p i a a n d despair, because t h e y h a v e b e e n disorientated and bemused and take a gloomy v i e w of the f u t u r e , the prospects f o r t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e i r p o l i t i c a l , material and spiritual demands. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s a l w a y s p a y v e r y great a t t e n t i o n t o the y o u t h , t r y t o e n l i g h t e n t h e m a n d c o n v i n c e t h e m t h a t the a s p i r a t i o n s a n d desires o f t h e y o u t h c a n be f u l f i l l e d only on the road M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m shows t h e m , a n d u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its p a r t y . T h e y are w o r k i n g t o f r e e t h e y o u t h f r o m t h e influence of the bourgeoisie and revisionists, f r o m the leftist, T r o t s k y i t e , o r a n a r c h i s t m o v e m e n t s , a n d t o m o b ilize them in revolutionary organizations, to d r a w them on to the r o a d of the r e v o l u t i o n . The genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y and the r e v o l u tionary communists take part actively in the workers' strikes and demonstrations and fight to t u r n them into political strikes and demonstrations, so as to m a k e life i m p o s s i b l e f o r c a p i t a l i s m , t h e e m p l o y e r s , cartels, m o n opolies a n d the t r a d e - u n i o n c h i e f s . I n t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s broad activity the proletariat w i l l come to grips m o r e o f t e n a n d m o r e o p e n l y w i t h t h e a r m e d forces o f t h e b o u r egois order, b u t f r o m these clashes i t w i l l l e a r n t o f i g h t better. I n the course o f t h e s t r u g g l e i t also f i n d s w h a t f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y s r u g g l e a r e possible, correct, a n d a p p r o p r i a t e . Y o u cannot l e a r n t o s w i m w i t h o u t g e t t i n g i n t o t h e water, goes a p o p u l a r s a y i n g . W i t h o u t fighting by means of strikes, demonstrations, w i t h o u t a c t i v e i n v o l v e m e n t i n actions a g a i n s t c a p i t a l i s m i n general, the s t r u g g l e f o r t h e f i n a l v i c t o r y c a n n o t b e o r g a n i z e d a n d i n t e n s i f i e d , t h e b o u r g e o i s o r d e r cannot b e overthrown.
535
T h e r e v o l u t i o n is not prepared by m e r e l y talking, like t h e v a r i o u s r e v i s i o n i s t s , o r b y t h e o r i z i n g a b o u t the three w o r l d s , l i k e t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s are d o i n g . I t cannot t r i u m p h on the peaceful road. L e n i n d i d speak of this possib i l i t y , i n s p e c i f i c instances, b u t h e a l w a y s p u t the m a i n stress o n r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i o l e n c e , because t h e b o u r g e o i s i e n e v e r s u r r e n d e r s its p o w e r v o l u n t a r i l y . The history of the international workers' and communist movement, of the development of revisionists and the victories of the working class in a number of former socialist countries, and in our socialist country, shows that up till now revolutions have triumphed only through armed insurrection. R e v o l u t i o n a r y a r m e d i n s u r r e c t i o n has n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h m i l i t a r y putsches. T h e f o r m e r has a s its a i m the radical political o v e r t h r o w of the old regime, smashi n g i t t o its v e r y f o u n d a t i o n s . T h e l a t t e r d o not, a n d c a n not, l e a d t o t h e o v e r t h r o w o f t h e o r d e r o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d exploitation, or the liquidation of imperialist domination. T h e a r m e d i n s u r r e c t i o n i s b a s e d o n the s u p p o r t o f t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e people, w h e r e a s t h e p u t s c h i s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f m i s t r u s t o f t h e masses, o f i s o l a t i o n f r o m t h e masses. P u t s c h i s t t e n d e n c i e s i n t h e p o l i c y a n d a c t i v i t y o f a p a r t y w h i c h calls i t s e l f a p a r t y of t h e w o r k i n g class a r e a deviation from Marxism-Leninism. I n a c c o r d w i t h t h e concrete c o n d i t i o n s o f a c o u n t r y and t h e s i t u a t i o n s i n g e n e r a l , t h e a r m e d u p r i s i n g m a y b e a s u d d e n o u t b u r s t or a m o r e p r o t r a c t e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y process, b u t n o t a n endless one w i t h o u t p e r s p e c t i v e , a s a d v o c a t e d b y M a o Z e d o n g ' s t h e o r y o f p r o t r a c t e d people's war. If y o u compare the teachings of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n on the revolutionary armed insurrection w i t h M a o ' s t h e o r y o n people's w a r , t h e a n t i - M a r x ist, a n t i - L e n i n i s t , a n t i - s c i e n t i f i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h i s t h e o r y becomes c l e a r l y a p p a r e n t . T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t teachings o n the a r m e d i n s u r r e c t i o n are based o n the close c o m b i n a -
536
ENVER HOXHA
tion of the struggle in the c i t y w i t h that in the c o u n t r y s i d e u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its revolutionary party. B e i n g opposed t o t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e M a o i s t t h e o r y considers t h e c o u n t r y s i d e a s the o n l y base o f t h e a r m e d i n s u r r e c t i o n a n d neglects t h e a r m e d s t r u g g l e o f t h e w o r k i n g masses i n t h e town. It preaches that the countryside must keep the city, w h i c h is considered as the stronghold of the counterr e v o l u t i o n a r y bourgeoisie, besieged. T h i s i s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f d i s t r u s t i n t h e w o r k i n g class, t h e n e g a t i o n o f its h e g e m onic role. W h i l e a d h e r i n g u n w a v e r i n g l y t o the t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m on the violent r e v o l u t i o n as a u n i v e r s a l l a w , the r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class i s r e s o l u t e l y opposed t o a d v e n t u r i s m a n d n e v e r p l a y s w i t h armed insurrection. In a l l conditions a n d circumstances, it carries out an unceasing r e v o l u t i o n a r y struggle and activi t y i n v a r i o u s f o r m s , i n o r d e r t o p r e p a r e itself a n d t h e masses f o r t h e d e c i s i v e b a t t l e s i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n , f o r the overthrow of the rule of the bourgeoisie w i t h revolutiona r y violence. B u t only w h e n the revolutionary situation has f u l l y m a t u r e d does i t p u t a r m e d i n s u r r e c t i o n d i r e c t l y on the order of the day and take a l l the political, ideological, organizational and m i l i t a r y measures to c a r r y it through to victory. Propaganda is a powerful means in the hands of a Marxist-Leninist party for the preparation of the masses for the revolution, b u t it m u s t be f i e r y , c l e a r a n d c o n vincing. Revolutionary propaganda is worthless if it is only phrase-mongering. Only an incisive propaganda, closely l i n k e d w i t h the p r o b l e m s o f l i f e , w i t h t h e g e n e r a l p r o b l e m s a n d l o c a l questions, a p r o p a g a n d a w h i c h creates a n d encourages t h e s p i r i t o f i n i t i a t i v e a m o n g the b r o a d
537
masses, c a n e d u c a t e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the o t h e r w o r k i n g masses p o l i t i c a l l y a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l y , c a n get t h e m i n t o action and prepare them for revolution. A p a r t f r o m t h e g r e a t m e a n s o f f o r c e i t has a t its disposal, l i k e t h e a r m y , t h e police, etc., t h e c a p i t a l i s t bourgeosie i n a l l c o u n t r i e s also has w i d e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e s t r u g g l e against t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its a c t i v i t y . L i k e w i s e , i t possesses a n e n t i r e p r o p a g a n d a n e t w o r k , i n c l u d i n g t h e press, r a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n , f i l m s , t h e a t r e s , m u s i c , etc. A l l this propaganda has such power to corrupt that it is capable o f t e m p o r a r i l y d i s o r i e n t a t i n g , p r e v e n t i n g a n d w e a k e n i n g the e f f o r t s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its s t r u g g l e for liberation. I n t h e states o f s o - c a l l e d b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y , w h e r e a m e a s u r e of d e m o c r a t i c f r e e d o m also exists, it is n o t e n o u g h t o c a r r y o n o n l y the n o r m a l j o u r n a l i s t i c p r o p a g a n d a against c a p i t a l i s m i n g e n e r a l . T h e n e w s p a p e r s o f v a r i o u s b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s are c o n s t a n t l y r a i s i n g a h u e a n d c r y , n o t against t h e b o u r g e o i s o r d e r , o f course, b u t a g a i n s t i n d i v i d u a l s , those w h o t r y t o g r a b more t h a n their share of the cake at the b i g table where t h e y a l l sit d o w n t o g e t h e r t o gorge t h e m s e l v e s a t the expense of the people. T h e p r o p a g a n d a , e s p e c i a l l y t h e press o f t h e n e w M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s , i s f a c e d w i t h a v e r y great t a s k : to expose the f a l s i t y of b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y , to tear the m a s k f r o m a l l its m a n o e u v r e s , a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e d e m agogy o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d o t h e r l a c k e y s o f c a p i t a l . T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r o p a g a n d a a n d press t e l l t h e n a k e d truth, show the road to social and national liberation through revolution, w h i l e the bourgeois and revisionist p r o p a g a n d a a n d press d e c e i v e people, l u l l t h e m t o sleep a n d d i s o r i e n t a t e t h e m , i n order t o d i v e r t t h e masses f r o m t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o l e a d t h e m u p b l i n d alleys, t o k e e p them enslaved.
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ENVER HOXHA
B u t i n o r d e r t o e n l i g h t e n t h e masses, t o c o n v i n c e t h e m o f t h e correctness o f t h e p o l i t i c a l l i n e o f t h e p a r t y o f the w o r k i n g class, t o p r e p a r e t h e m f o r the r e v o l u t i o n , p r o p a g a n d a a l o n e i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t . L e n i n says t h a t t o p r e p a r e the r e v o l u t i o n ,
... the political experience selves is necessary.*
of these masses
them-
Propaganda becomes effective, hits the target, only when it is carried on together with revolutionary action. Without action thought withers away. This activity is not a n d m u s t not be an a d v e n t u r e , b u t a s t e r n s t r u g g l e , a fierce c l a s h w i t h t h e class enemies, w h i c h passes f r o m a simpler to a higher form, w h i c h overcomes numerous d i f f i c u l t i e s a n d accepts a l l t h e s a c r i f i c e s t h e r e v o l u t i o n demands. The genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties stand in the v a n g u a r d and not at the tail-end of r e v o l u t i o n a r y action. T h e temporarily l i m i t e d possibilities of the struggle and e f f o r t s b y m e a n s o f w h i c h t h e y m u s t a n d d o oppose t h e great force o f c a p i t a l i s t r e a c t i o n , d o not d i s c o u r a g e t h e m . T h e y teach their members to be courageous and to bear i n m i n d t h a t a correct, w e l l - c o n s i d e r e d , m a t u r e , a n d d e t e r m i n e d a c t i o n o n t h e i r p a r t has p r o f o u n d r e p e r c u s sions a m o n g t h e masses w h o see i t a n d h e a r a b o u t i t . W h e n t h e c o m m u n i s t s act i n t h i s w a y , t h e masses r e a l i z e t h a t the a i m s o f t h i s o r t h a t r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n are i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the e x p l o i t e d . C o u r a g e a n d m a t u r i t y i n actions are o f great i m p o r t a n c e , because in this way, little by little, ground is gained and progress m a d e i n b u i l d i n g u p t h e surge o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . R e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n l i n k s t h e p a r t i e s o f t h e w o r k i n g class
539
w i t h t h e masses, b r i n g s t h e m t o t h e h e a d o f the masses, a n d enables t h e m t o t r i u m p h o v e r the r e f o r m i s t , r e v i s i o n ist p a r t i e s .
Every step taken by a s a y s M a r x , is worth more grams.*
genuine than a
movement, dozen pro-
A p a r t f r o m t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces l e d b y the M a r x ist-Leninist party, in the capitalist countries there are also o t h e r forces w h i c h f i g h t a n d c l a s h w i t h t h e police, the g e n d a r m e r i e , etc. M a n y o f the actions a n d a t t a c k s b y these forces h a v e a t e r r o r i s t , a d v e n t u r i s t , a n d a n a r c h i s t c h a r a c t e r . T h e y are p r e s e n t e d u n d e r a l l sorts o f colours a n d l a b e l s a n d are g u i d e d b y v a r i o u s ideologies. S u c h actions a r e o f t e n o r g a n i z e d a t t h e i n s t i g a t i o n a n d w i t h the f u n d s of t h e secret services of c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s and, a m o n g other t h i n g s , a r e a i m e d a t d i s c r e d i t i n g t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s b y a t t r i b u t i n g s u c h actions t o these p a r t i e s . T h e fascist e l e m e n t s or t h e secret agents of the bourgeoisie, w h o f r e q u e n t l y o r g a n i z e a n d l e a d these actions, t r y t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e discontent, the a n g e r and t h e c o u r a g e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , s c h o o l p u p i l s a n d students, t h e y o u t h i n g e n e r a l , i n o r d e r t o i n v o l v e t h e v a r i o u s g r o u p s a n d m o v e m e n t s e m e r g i n g f r o m these masses i n actions w h i c h n o t o n l y h a v e n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h t h e g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t s , b u t also s e r i ously j e o p a r d i z e t h e m , create t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t the p r o l e t a r i a t is d e g e n e r a t i n g a n d has b e c o m e a l u m p e n proletariat. P a y i n g the proper attention to this question, the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s , o n t h e one h a n d , m u s t c o n v i n c e
______________________________ * K. M a r x a n d F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 2, T i r a n a 1975, p. 6, A l b . ed.
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t h e masses, f r o m t h e i r o w n e x p e r i e n c e , t h a t r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions h a v e a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r f r o m t e r r o r ist a n d a n a r c h i s t actions, a n d o n the o t h e r h a n d , m u s t f i g h t t o w i n the r e v o l u t i o n a r y elements, w h o h a v e been deceived, a w a y f r o m t h e r a n k s o f t e r r o r i s t a n d a n a r c h i s t g r o u p s a n d t h e fascist e l e m e n t s a n d secret agents o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o p e r a t i n g i n these g r o u p s . T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s are p a r t i e s o f r e v o l u t i o n . C o n t r a r y t o the t h e o r i e s a n d p r a c t i c e s o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t parties, w h i c h are t o t a l l y i m m e r s e d i n b o u r g e o i s l e g a l i t y a n d parliamentary cretinism, they do not reduce their s t r u g g l e s i m p l y t o l e g a l w o r k , n o r d o t h e y see t h i s a s their m a i n activity. In the context of efforts to master a l l f o r m s o f struggle, t h e y a t t a c h special i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e combination of legal with illegal work, giving priority to the latter , as d e c i s i v e f o r the o v e r t h r o w of t h e b o u r geoisie a n d the r e a l g u a r a n t e e o f v i c t o r y . ( 1 7 ) T h e y e d u c a t e a n d t e a c h t h e i r cadres, t h e i r m e m b e r s a n d s y m p a t h i z e r s t o k n o w h o w t o act i n t e l l i g e n t l y , s k i l f u l l y , a n d c o u r a g e ously under both legal and illegal conditions. B u t even w h e n o p e r a t i n g i n the c o n d i t i o n s o f p r o f o u n d c l a n d e s t i n i t y , w h i l e t r y i n g t o a v o i d e x p o s i n g t h e i r forces t o t h e e n e m y a n d t o s a f e g u a r d the r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n f r o m the e n e m y ' s b l o w s , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties d o not shut t h e m s e l v e s a w a y , d o n o t w e a k e n o r b r e a k t h e i r l i n k s w i t h the masses, n e v e r f o r a m o m e n t i n t e r r u p t t h e i r l i v e a c t i v i t y a m o n g t h e masses, a n d n e v e r f a i l t o u t i l i z e a l l the l e g a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s , w h i c h t h e c o n d i t i o n s a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s p e r m i t , to the a d v a n t a g e of t h e cause of the r e v o l u t i o n . W h i l e e n t e r t a i n i n g n o i l l u s i o n s a b o u t the p o s s i b i l i t y o f s e i z i n g p o w e r o n the p a r l i a m e n t a r y r o a d , the M a r x i s t _______________________________ 17 See E n v e r H o x h a , Selected Works, v o l . 4, 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g H o u s e , T i r a n a 1982, pp. 562-575, E n g . ed.
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L e n i n i s t p a r t y m a y also c o n s i d e r i t i n order, i n p a r t i c u l a r l y f a v o u r a b l e instances, t o t a k e p a r t i n s u c h l e g a l a c t i v i t i e s a s elections t o m u n i c i p a l c o u n c i l s , p a r l i a m e n t , etc., w i t h t h e sole a i m o f p r o p a g a t i n g its l i n e a m o n g the masses a n d e x p o s i n g t h e b o u r g e o i s p o l i t i c a l o r d e r . H o w ever, t h e p a r t y does not t r a n s f o r m t h i s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t o a g e n e r a l l i n e of its struggle, as the r e v i s i o n i s t s do, does not m a k e these t h e m a i n , o r e v e n w o r s e , t h e o n l y f o r m s of its s t r u g g l e . W h i l e u t i l i z i n g t h e l e g a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s , t h e p a r t y seeks, finds and applies forms and methods of a revolutionary c h a r a c t e r , f r o m the s i m p l e s t t o t h e m o s t c o m p l i c a t e d , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e sacrifices, w h i l e t r y i n g t o m a k e these f o r m s a n d m e t h o d s as p o p u l a r a n d as acceptable as p o s s i b l e to t h e masses. In their activity, the Marxist-Leninists are not w o r r i e d a b o u t b r e a k i n g a n d v i o l a t i n g the b o u r g e o i s C o n s t i t u t i o n , l a w s , rules, n o r m s , a n d o r d e r w i t h t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions. T h e y a r e f i g h t i n g t o u n d e r m i n e t h i s order, t o p r e p a r e t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t p a r t y p r e p a r e s i t s e l f a n d the masses t o cope w i t h the counterblows the bourgeoisie m a y strike in response t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e p o p u l a r masses. In the present conditions of development of the r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t , as a c o m p l i c a t e d process w i t h a b r o a d social basis, i n w h i c h n u m e r o u s class a n d p o l i t i c a l forces t a k e p a r t , t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t n o t i n f r e q u e n t l y comes u p against the p r o b l e m o f c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d c o m m o n f r o n t s w i t h other p a r t i e s a n d p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s a t t h i s o r t h a t stage of t h e r e v o l u t i o n , on these or those p r o b l e m s of c o m m o n interest. A correct, p r i n c i p l e d a n d at t h e s a m e t i m e f l e x i b l e s t a n d , f a r f r o m a n y o p p o r t u n i s m a n d sectarianism on this problem is of major importance for
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d r a w i n g i n , p r e p a r i n g a n d m o b i l i z i n g the masses f o r t h e revolution and the liberation struggle. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist p a r t y i s n o t a n d i n p r i n c i p l e c a n n o t b e against c o l laboration or c o m m o n fronts w i t h other political parties a n d forces, w h e n the interests o f t h e cause o f the r e v o l u t i o n r e q u i r e t h i s a n d t h e s i t u a t i o n m a k e s i t necessary. H o w e v e r , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y n e v e r sees t h i s as a c o a l i t i o n of c h i e f t a i n s a n d as an a i m in itself, b u t as a m e a n s t o u n i t e a n d a r o u s e t h e masses i n s t r u g g l e . T h e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g i s t h a t i n these c o m m o n f r o n t s the p r o l e t a r i a n p a r t y m u s t n e v e r f o r a m o m e n t lose s i g h t of the class i n t e r e s t s o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e f i n a l a i m o f its struggle, m u s t not m e r g e i t s e l f i n the f r o n t , b u t m u s t p r e s e r v e its i d e o l o g i c a l i n d i v i d u a l i t y a n d its p o l i t i c a l , o r g a n i z a t i o n a l , a n d m i l i t a r y i n d e p e n d e n c e there, m u s t f i g h t t o secure the l e a d i n g r o l e i n the f r o n t a n d t o i m p l e m e n t a revolutionary policy there. F o r the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party to be able to w o r k out a n d a p p l y a r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, a correct p o l i t i c a l l i n e , t o k n o w h o w t o f i n d its b e a r i n g s i n d i f f i c u l t situations, t o b e a b l e t o cope w i t h t h e enemies a n d o v e r c o m e the obstacles, it is absolutely essential that it carry out great, wide-ranging work for the study and assimilation of the Marxist-Leninist theory. O n e o f t h e reasons w h y the f o r m e r c o m m u n i s t p a r ties i n the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s t u r n e d i n t o r e v i s i o n i s t p a r ties w a s p r e c i s e l y because t h e y h a d u t t e r l y n e g l e c t e d the study and assimilation of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . The M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t d o c t r i n e w a s used o n l y a s a n a d o r n m e n t , w a s t u r n e d i n t o e m p t y w o r d s a n d slogans, h a d n o t been i m p l a n t e d d e e p l y i n t h e consciousness o f t h e p a r t y m e m b ers, h a d not become p a r t o f t h e i r f l e s h a n d b l o o d , a n d h a d not become a w e a p o n f o r a c t i o n . T h a t s m a l l a m o u n t o f w o r k w h i c h w a s done f o r t h e s t u d y o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m w a s a i m e d o n l y a t a c q u a i n t i n g the p a r t y m e m b e r
543
w i t h some c u t - a n d - d r i e d f o r m u l a s , j u s t e n o u g h t o e n a b l e h i m to call himself a communist, to love communism in a sentimental w a y , w h i l e about h o w a n d in w h a t manner t h i s w o u l d b e a c h i e v e d h e k n e w n o t h i n g , because h e w a s not t a u g h t this. T h e l e a d e r s o f those p a r t i e s , w h o w e r e n o t l a c k i n g i n w o r d s b u t w e r e s h o r t o n deeds, l i v e d i n a b o u r g e o i s environment and infected the proletariat of their c o u n t r i e s w i t h l i b e r a l a n d r e f o r m i s t ideas. T h u s , t h e t u r n o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s t o w a r d s the b o u r g e o i s i e is a s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c o p p o r t u n i s t e v o l u t i o n w h i c h h a d long been prepared by their leaders w h o are i n fact s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s , t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y , w h i c h l e d these s o - c a l l e d c o m m u n i s t parties. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s cannot f a i l t o r e m e m b e r t h i s n e g a t i v e e x p e r i e n c e a n d d r a w f r o m i t the lesson t h a t they must organize the study and assimilation of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m o n a s o u n d basis, a l w a y s l i n k i n g t h i s s t u d y w i t h revolutionary action. The unity and co-operation of the Marxist-Leninist parties of different countries on the basis of the principles of proletarian internationalism is of special importance for the preparation of the revolution. This u n i t y w i l l be strengthened and this cooperation w i l l b e e x t e n d e d i n s t r u g g l e against i m p e r i a l i s m a n d soc i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , against the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d m o d e r n r e visionism of every description, Khrushchevite, Titoite, E u r o c o m m u n i s t , C h i n e s e , etc. T h e revisionists, as enemies of the revolution, fight proletarian internationalism w i t h all their strength and means, i n o r d e r t o w r e s t this p o w e r f u l w e a p o n i n t h e s t r u g g l e against t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d i m p e r i a l i s m f r o m the h a n d s o f t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the p r o l e t a r i a t o f every country.
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I t i s t h e d u t y o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s t o e x pose t h e m a n o e u v r e s o f t h e T i t o i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d the Eurocommunists who call proletarian internationalism obsolete a n d o u t d a t e d t o d a y , as w e l l as those of t h e S o v i e t revisionists and Chinese revisionists w h o have distorted p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m a n d are t r y i n g t o use i t a s a w e a p o n to r e a l i z e t h e i r h e g e m o n i c , s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t aims. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , w h i c h does n o t f o l l o w t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m a n d does n o t s u p p o r t the r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s o f t h e peoples, has set o u t o n the r o a d o f r a p p r o c h e m e n t a n d f r i e n d s h i p w i t h the s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c a n d b o u r g e o i s parties, i n c l u d i n g t h e u l t r a - r i g h t a n d r e a c t i o n a r y ones. A t t h e same t i m e , i t i s t r y i n g t o c r e a t e v a r i o u s g r o u p s d e p e n d e n t o n a n d d i r e c t e d b y it. I t needs s u c h g r o u p i n g s p r e c i s e l y i n o r d e r t o sabotage t h e g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist p a r t i e s a n d the p r o g r e s s i v e e l e m e n t s w h o h a v e set t o w o r k t o a w a k e n the people, t o rouse t h e m t o r e v o l u t i o n against the r u l i n g c l i q u e s w h i c h a r e l i n k e d w i t h t h e superpowers. T h e s m a l l groups, w h i c h c a l l t h e m s e l v e s p a r t i e s a n d toe t h e C h i n e s e l i n e , as t h e o p p o r t u n i s t s t h e y are, do n o t h i n g b u t d e f e n d a n d p r o p a g a t e the r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r i e s o f the g r o u p o f H u a G u o f e n g a n d D e n g X i a o p i n g a n d its c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions. T h e s e g r o u p s are d e v o i d of any individuality of their o w n or any determination to fight according to the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory. T h e m a i n s l o g a n o f these p a r t i e s , w h i c h i s also t h e basic s l o g a n o f t h e C h i n e s e p o l i c y , i s that, i n t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n , t h e sole a n d f u n d a m e n t a l t a s k o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t is to defend national independence, w h i c h is allegedly threatened only by Soviet social-imperialism. T h e y are r e p e a t i n g , a l m o s t w o r d b y w o r d , t h e slogans o f t h e chiefs o f t h e S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l w h o a b a n d o n e d t h e cause
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o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d r e p l a c e d i t w i t h t h e thesis o f d e fence o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t h o m e l a n d . L e n i n e x p o s e d t h i s false a n d a n t i - M a r x i s t slogan, w h i c h does not serve t h e defence o f t r u e i n d e p e n d e n c e b u t serves t h e i n s t i g a t i o n o f i n t e r imperialist wars. He clearly defined w h a t the stand of t h e t r u e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s h o u l d b e t o w a r d s the c o n f l i c t s between imperialist groupings. He wrote:
If the war is a reactionary imperialist war, that is, if it is being waged by two world coalitions of the imperialist, violent, predatory, reactionary bourgeoisie then every bourgeoisie (even of the smallest country) becomes a participant in the plunder, and my duty as a representative of the revolutionary proletariat is to prepare for the world proletarian revolution as the only escape from the horrors of a world slaughter... That is what internationalism means, and that is the duty of the internationalist, the revolutionary worker, the genuine socialist.*
T h e p a r t i e s f o l l o w i n g the C h i n e s e l i n e h a v e become apologists f o r t h e g r o w t h a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f b o u r geois a r m i e s , u s i n g t h e excuse t h a t this is s u p p o s e d l y necessary f o r the defence o f i n d e p e n d e n c e . T h e y c a l l o n the w o r k i n g p e o p l e t o b e c o m e o b e d i e n t s o l d i e r s a n d t o c o m e out, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , against a l l those w h o are f i g h t i n g t o w e a k e n t h i s m a i n w e a p o n o f c a p i t a l i s t rule and exploitation. In a w o r d , they w a n t the proletariat and the w o r k i n g masses t o s e r v e a s c a n n o n f o d d e r i n t h e predatory wars w h i c h imperialism and social-imperalism prepare. A t t h e same t i m e these h a n g e r s - o n o f the C h i n e s e
_________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 28, pp. 324-325, A l b . ed.
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h a v e b e c o m e a r d e n t d e f e n d e r s of the b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l i s t state i n s t i t u t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y o f N A T O , the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , etc., w h i c h t h e y c o n s i d e r a s the m a i n f a c tors f o r t h e defence o f i n d e p e n d e n c e . L i k e the C h i n e s e leaders, t h e y w h i t e w a s h a n d p r e t t i f y these p i l l a r s o f capitalist domination and expansion. T h e y are assisting p r e c i s e l y those o r g a n i s m s w h i c h , i n r e a l i t y , h a v e s e r i o u s l y violated the independence and sovereignty of their c o u n tries. F o r these p s e u d o - M a r x i s t s , a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e b i g bourgeoisie, defence o f the b o u r g e o i s a r m y , s u p p o r t f o r N A T O , t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , etc., i s a t r o u b l e free r o a d because i t n o t o n l y does n o t l e a d t h e m t o c l a shes w i t h the b o u r g e o i s i e but, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , e n s u r e s its f a v o u r s . T h e s e p o s i t i o n s of these g r o u p i s t e l e m e n t s w i t h o u t a f u t u r e are l e a d i n g t h e m t o w a r d s u n i f i c a t i o n w i t h t h e p a r t i e s o f E u r o c o m m u n i s m a n d the bourgeoisie, a n d t h i s i s b o u n d t o h a p p e n , because C h i n a itself i s c a l l i n g on the proletariat to unite w i t h the bourgeoisie. A l r e a d y , t h e r e i s n o d i f f e r e n c e w h a t s o e v e r b e t w e e n these p s e u d o Marxist-Leninists and Marchais. The Marxist-Leninists must be very much on guard against t h e e m p t y p h r a s e s w h i c h t h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s , the social democrats and the pseudo-Marxist-Leninists use a b o u t p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , the u n i t y o f p r o l etarians i n t h e defence o f peace, etc. P r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m i s g e n u i n e w h e n people w o r k s e l f - s a c r i f i c i n g l y t o assist a n d c a r r y o u t r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions, t o create a real situation of r e v o l u t i o n a r y struggle, in their o w n c o u n t r y i n the f i r s t place. A t t h e s a m e t i m e , a s L e n i n says, t h e y m u s t s u p p o r t , w i t h p r o p a g a n d a , s y m p a t h y a n d material aid, this struggle and line in all countries w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n . A n y t h i n g else, he teaches us, is a f r a u d a n d Manilovism.
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Therefore, we must be very m u c h on our guard against s u c h p s e u d o - M a r x i s t , p s e u d o - r e v o l u t i o n a r y , pseudo-internationalist elements, whether individuals or s m a l l groups, o r p a r t i e s w h i c h c a l l t h e m s e l v e s M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t , b u t w h i c h , i n fact, a r e n o t so, b u t a r e s o c i a l c h a u v i n i s t , c e n t r i s t a n d p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s . A l l these p a r t i e s w h i c h are b e a t i n g t h e i r breasts a b o u t t h e i r p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , a b o u t the defence o f peace, a b o u t r e f o r m s , etc., serve c a p i t a l . T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s , also, t a l k a b o u t p r o l e t a r i a n internationalism at times, but they stand on nationalist a n d c h a u v i n i s t p o s i t i o n s . T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s are a m o n g those w h o beat t h e i r breasts a n d s w e a r to god t h a t t h e y a r e f o r p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , f o r peace, f o r the s t r u g g l e s o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its c l a i m s , b u t i n practice t h e y s t a n d aside a n d d o n o t h i n g b u t issue d e ceptive p h r a s e s t o s p l i t the r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces. T h e i m p o r t a n t task the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s are faced w i t h i s t o s t r e n g t h e n p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , w h i c h m u s t b e d e v e l o p e d a m o n g s t a l l parties, b i g o r s m a l l , o l d o r n e w . A l l o f t h e m m u s t s t r e n g t h e n the u n i t y between them a n d co-ordinate their political, ideological and f i g h t i n g actions. By stressing this important line, w h i c h is a p r i m a r y task o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s i n o r d e r t o b e able to l a u n c h a f r o n t a l a t t a c k on w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m , its e n s l a v ing p o l i c y , a s w e l l a s o n its i n t r i g u e s , t r i c k e r y a n d a l l i a n ces w i t h S o v i e t , T i t o i t e , C h i n e s e , I t a l i a n , F r e n c h , S p a n i s h and other m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m s , these p a r t i e s w i l l create a powerful front w h i c h w i l l become ever more unbreakable day b y day. I f t h e y act i n u n i t y a n d a l l s t r i k e a t the forces o f r e a c t i o n together, i f t h e y expose a l l t h e i n t r i g u e s w h i c h c a p i t a l i s m a n d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m concoct i n v a rious w a y s i n o r d e r t o p u t d o w n the r e v o l u t i o n a n d q u e l l the class struggle, t h e i r t r i u m p h i s a s s u r e d .
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W e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s m u s t f i g h t a n d c a l l o n the w o r k ers, w h e r e v e r t h e y are, t o r i s e u p against t h e i r a g e - o l d enemies a n d b r e a k t h e i r chains, t o c a r r y o u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a n d not s u b m i t t o m o n o p o l i e s a n d capitalists, a s t h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s a d v o c a t e . T h e task o f t h e Marxist-Leninists, of the true revolutionaries is to call o n the p r o l e t a r i a n s a n d t h e peoples t o r i s e f o r t h e n e w w o r l d , f o r t h e i r w o r l d , f o r t h e socialist w o r l d .
PART
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THE THEORY OF THREE WORLDS A COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY CHAUVINIST THEORY
T o d a y t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s , also, h a v e c o m e o u t o p e n l y a n d are f i g h t i n g o n a b r o a d f r o n t against the Leninist theory and strategy of the revolution and the l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples. T h e y are t r y i n g t o oppose t h i s g l o r i o u s s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r y a n d s t r a t e g y w i t h t h e i r t h e o r y of three w o r l d s , w h i c h is a false, c o u n t e r revolutionary, and chauvinist theory. T h e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s i s i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e theory of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and Stalin, or more exactly, is a n e g a t i o n of it. It is of no consequence to k n o w w h o f i r s t i n v e n t e d t h e t e r m the t h i r d w o r l d , w h o w a s the f i r s t t o d i v i d e t h e w o r l d i n t h r e e p a r t s , b u t i t i s c e r tain that L e n i n did not m a k e such a division, w h i l e the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a c l a i m s p a t e r n i t y t o it, asserti n g t h a t M a o Z e d o n g i n v e n t e d t h e t h e o r y o f three worlds. If he is the author w h o first formulated this so-called t h e o r y , t h i s i s f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e t h a t M a o Z e d o n g i s not a M a r x i s t . B u t e v e n i f h e o n l y a d o p t e d t h i s t h e o r y f r o m others, this, too, is p r o o f e n o u g h t h a t he is not a Marxist.
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T h e Concept of the Three Worlds a Negation of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m The notion of the existence of three worlds, or of the d i v i s i o n o f t h e w o r l d i n t h r e e , i s based o n a r a c i s t a n d metaphysical w o r l d outlook, w h i c h is an offspring of w o r l d capitalism and reaction. B u t t h e r a c i s t thesis w h i c h places the c o u n t r i e s o n three levels or in three worlds, is not based s i m p l y o n s k i n colour. I t m a k e s a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n b a s e d o n t h e level of economic development of the countries and is i n t e n d e d t o d e f i n e t h e great m a s t e r race, o n t h e one h a n d , a n d the race o f p a r i a h s a n d plebs, o n t h e other, t o create a n u n a l t e r a b l e a n d m e t a p h y s i c a l d i v i s i o n i n t h e interests o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e . I t c o n s i d e r s t h e v a r i o u s n a t i o n s a n d p e o p l e s of t h e w o r l d as a f l o c k of sheep, a s a n a m o r p h o u s w h o l e . T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s accept a n d p r e a c h t h a t t h e master race m u s t b e p r e s e r v e d a n d t h e race o f p a r i a h s a n d plebs m u s t s e r v e i t m e e k l y a n d d e v o t e d l y . M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t d i a l e c t i c s teaches u s t h a t t h e r e i s n o l i m i t t o d e v e l o p m e n t , t h a t n o t h i n g stops c h a n g i n g . I n this process o f u n c e a s i n g d e v e l o p m e n t t o w a r d s t h e f u t u r e , q u a n t i t a t i v e a n d q u a l i t a t i v e changes occur. O u r e p o c h , l i k e a n y other, i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y p r o f o u n d c o n t r a d i c tions w h i c h M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d S t a l i n defined so clearly. It is the epoch of i m p e r i a l i s m and proletarian r e v o l u t i o n s , hence, o f great q u a n t i t a t i v e a n d q u a l i t a t i v e transformations w h i c h lead to revolution a n d the seizure o f p o w e r b y t h e w o r k i n g class i n o r d e r t o b u i l d the n e w socialist society. T h e w h o l e o f M a r x ' s t h e o r y i s f o u n d e d o n t h e class struggle and dialectical a n d historical materialism. M a r x p r o v e d t h a t c a p i t a l i s t society is a s o c i e t y d i v i d e d i n t o e x p l o i t i n g a n d e x p l o i t e d classes, t h a t classes w i l l d i s a p -
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p e a r o n l y w h e n t h e classless society, c o m m u n i s m , has been a c h i e v e d . T o d a y w e are l i v i n g i n t h e stage o f t h e collapse o f i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the t r i u m p h of proletarian revolutions. T h i s means that in present-day capitalist society there a r e t w o m a i n classes, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e bourgeoisie, w h i c h are in irreconcilable, life-and-death struggle w i t h e a c h other. W h i c h o f t h e m w i l l t r i u m p h ? M a r x a n d L e n i n , M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t science, t h e t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , p r o v i d e u s w i t h c o n v i n c i n g p r o o f that, i n t h e f i n a l analysis, the proletariat w i l l t r i u m p h by destroying, o v e r t h r o w i n g t h e p o w e r o f t h e bourgeoisie, i m p e r i a l i s m a n d a l l e x p l o i t e r s , a n d w i l l b u i l d a n e w society, the socialist society. T h e y t e a c h u s also t h a t e v e n i n t h i s n e w society, classes, t h a t is, t h e w o r k i n g class a n d w o r k i n g p e a s a n t r y , w h i c h a r e c l o s e l y a l l i e d t o e a c h other, w i l l e x i s t f o r a v e r y l o n g t i m e , b u t t h e r e w i l l also b e r e m n a n t s o f t h e o v e r t h r o w n a n d e x p r o p r i a t e d classes. D u r i n g this e n t i r e p e r i o d , these r e m n a n t s , a s w e l l a s elements w h i c h d e g enerate a n d oppose t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , w i l l t r y t o r e g a i n t h e i r lost p o w e r . H e n c e , u n d e r s o c i a l i s m , too, s t e r n class s t r u g g l e w i l l exist. Marxist-Leninists always bear in m i n d that in all countries, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f those w h e r e the r e v o l u t i o n has t r i u m p h e d a n d socialist o r d e r has b e e n e s t a b lished, t h e r e a r e t h e p o o r classes w i t h the p r o l e t a r i a t a t the h e a d , a n d t h e w e a l t h y classes w i t h the b o u r g e o i s i e a t the h e a d . I n e v e r y c a p i t a l i s t state, w h e r e v e r i t m a y be, a n d h o w e v e r d e m o c r a t i c o r p r o g r e s s i v e , t h e r e are oppressed a n d oppressors, t h e r e are e x p l o i t e d a n d e x p l o i t e r s , t h e r e are a n t a g o n i s m s , t h e r e i s m e r c i l e s s class s t r u g g l e . T h e v a r y i n g i n t e n s i t y o f t h i s s t r u g g l e does n o t a l t e r t h i s r e a l i t y . T h i s s t r u g g l e has its u p s a n d d o w n s , b u t i t exists a n d cannot b e q u e l l e d , I t exists e v e r y w h e r e , i t exists i n
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the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a b e t w e e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e i m p e r i a l i s t bourgeoisie, i t exists, l i k e w i s e , i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , w h e r e M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m has been b e t r a y e d a n d a n e w b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t class w h i c h oppresses t h e w o r k i n g people o f t h a t c o u n t r y , has b e e n c r e a t e d . Classes a n d the class s t r u g g l e e x i s t also i n t h e second w o r l d , as in France, B r i t a i n , Italy, West G e r m a n y , Japan. T h e y e x i s t also i n the t h i r d w o r l d , i n I n d i a , Z a i r e , B u r u n d i , P a k i s t a n , t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , etc. O n l y a c c o r d i n g t o M a o Z e d o n g ' s t h e o r y o f three worlds, classes a n d t h e class s t r u g g l e d o n o t e x i s t i n a n y c o u n t r y . It does n o t see t h e m , because it j u d g e s c o u n t r i e s a n d peoples a c c o r d i n g t o b o u r g e o i s g e o - p o l i t i c a l c o n cepts a n d t h e l e v e l o f t h e i r e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . T o see the w o r l d a s d i v i d e d i n t h r e e , i n t o t h e f i r s t w o r l d , second w o r l d a n d t h e t h i r d w o r l d , a s t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s d o a n d n o t f r o m t h e class angle, means to deviate f r o m the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory of t h e class struggle, m e a n s to negate t h e s t r u g g l e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t against t h e b o u r g e o i s i e f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m a b a c k w a r d society to a n e w society, socialist society, a n d l a t e r t o classless society, c o m m u n i s t society. T o d i v i d e the w o r l d i n t h r e e m e a n s f a i l u r e t o r e c o g n i z e t h e c h a r a c teristics of the epoch, to i m p e d e t h e a d v a n c e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the peoples t o w a r d s t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n , t o i m p e d e t h e i r s t r u g g l e against A m e r ican imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism, capital and reaction in every country and in every corner of the w o r l d . T h e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s a d v o c a t e s social peace, class c o n c i l i a t i o n , a n d t r i e s t o create a l l i a n c e s b e t w e e n i m p l a c a b l e enemies, b e t w e e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the bourgeoisie, t h e oppressed a n d t h e oppressors, t h e p e o ples a n d i m p e r i a l i s m . I t i s a n a t t e m p t t o p r o l o n g t h e l i f e of the old w o r l d , the capitalist w o r l d , to keep it on its feet p r e c i s e l y b y s e e k i n g t o e x t i n g u i s h t h e class s t r u g g l e .
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B u t t h e class s t r u g g l e , t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its a l l i e s t o t a k e p o w e r a n d t h e s t r u g g l e o f the b o u r geoisie t o m a i n t a i n its p o w e r c a n n e v e r b e e x t i n g u i s h e d . This is an irrefutable truth and no amount of empty theorizing about the worlds, whether the first world, the second w o r l d , t h e t h i r d w o r l d , t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d , o r t h e u m p t e e n t h w o r l d , can a l t e r this fact. T o accept s u c h a d i v i s i o n m e a n s to r e n o u n c e a n d a b a n d o n the t h e o r y o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n o n classes a n d t h e class s t r u g g l e . After the triumph of the October Revolution, Lenin and Stalin said that in our time there are two worlds: the socialist w o r l d a n d t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d , a l t h o u g h a t that t i m e s o c i a l i s m h a d t r i u m p h e d i n o n l y one c o u n t r y . L e n i n w r o t e i n 1921:
... there are now two worlds: the old world of capitalism, that is in a state of confusion but which will never surrender voluntarily, and the rising new world, which is still very weak, but which will grow, for it is invincible.*
T h i s class c r i t e r i o n o f t h e d i v i s i o n o f the w o r l d i s still v a l i d t o d a y , r e g a r d l e s s of the fact t h a t s o c i a l i s m has not t r i u m p h e d i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s a n d the n e w society has not s u p p l a n t e d t h e o l d b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t society. Such a t h i n g is certainly bound to happen tomorrow. T h e fact t h a t s o c i a l i s m has b e e n b e t r a y e d i n t h e Soviet U n i o n a n d t h e o t h e r f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s does not i n a n y w a y a l t e r t h e L e n i n i s t c r i t e r i o n o f t h e d i v i s i o n o f the w o r l d . N o w , a s b e f o r e , t h e r e are o n l y t w o w o r l d s , and the s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n these t w o w o r l d s , b e t w e e n t h e two a n t a g o n i s t i c classes, b e t w e e n s o c i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s m ,
___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 33, pp. 153-154, A l b . e d .
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e x i s t s n o t o n l y o n a n a t i o n a l scale b u t also o n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l scale. T h e Chinese revisionists, w h o do not admit the existence o f the socialist w o r l d u n d e r t h e p r e t e x t t h a t t h e socialist c a m p no l o n g e r exists as a r e s u l t of t h e b e t r a y a l b y the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e o t h e r f o r m e r socialist c o u n tries, d e l i b e r a t e l y i g n o r e one t h i n g , n a m e l y , t h a t t h e e m e r g e n c e o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m does n o t i n t h e least a l t e r t h e g e n e r a l t r e n d o f h i s t o r y t o w a r d s the r e v o l u t i o n , t o w a r d s the collapse o f i m p e r i a l i s m , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e fact t h a t c a p i t a l i s m s t i l l exists. A t the same t i m e , t h e y i g n o r e the fact t h a t t h e i m m o r t a l ideas o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m exist, are developing and triumphing, t h a t the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s e x i s t , socialist A l b a n i a exists, t h e peoples f i g h t i n g f o r f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y exist, a n d t h a t t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t e x i s t s and is fighting. The Paris C o m m u n e did not t r i u m p h , it was suppressed, b u t it g a v e t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t a g r e a t e x a m p l e . M a r x s a i d t h a t the e x p e r i e n c e o f the C o m m u n e r e v e a l e d t h e t e m p o r a r y w e a k n e s s o f the F r e n c h p r o l e t a r i a t , n e v e r theless i t p r e p a r e d the p r o l e t a r i a t o f a l l c o u n t r i e s f o r t h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n a n d p r o v i d e d a great lesson as to t h e c o n d i t i o n s necessary t o a c h i e v e v i c t o r y . M a r x r a i s e d t h i s great e x p e r i e n c e o f the c o m m u n a r d s w h o s t o r m e d t h e h e a v e n s t o the l e v e l o f t h e o r y a n d t a u g h t t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t h a t i t m u s t s m a s h the a p p a r a t u s o f the b o u r g e o i s state a n d its d i c t a t o r s h i p w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i o l e n c e . T h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s are c o w a r d s . T h e y t h i n k t h a t t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces are v e r y p o w e r f u l t o d a y . B u t this i s n o t a t a l l t r u e . T h e y are w e a k e r t h a n t h e peoples. T h e peoples, w i t h the p r o l e t a r i a t a t t h e h e a d , are s t r o n g e r . T h e y w i l l c r u s h the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces, t h e forces o f r e a c t i o n , i m p e r i a l i s m a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e v i e w i s based o n the class a n a l y s i s o f the w o r l d .
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A n y other v i e w is wrong, regardless of h o w revisionists m a y disguise their activity and fears w i t h revolutionary phrases. W h e n we M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s say that there are two, and not three or five, worlds, we are on the right road a n d , o n t h e basis o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , w e m u s t b u i l d o u r s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d against t h e o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s m s . T h i s s t r u g g l e m u s t l e a d t o the destruction of the old bourgeois-capitalist w o r l d and the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e n e w socialist o r d e r . The proletariat is the motive social force of our epoch. L e n i n emphasized that the motive force w i n c h drives h i s t o r y f o r w a r d i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h a t class w h i c h stands
... at the hub of one epoch or another, determining its main content, the main direction of its development, the main characteristics of the historical situation in that epoch, etc.*
C o n t r a r y t o t h i s thesis o f L e n i n ' s , h o w e v e r , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e t r y i n g t o p r e s e n t t h e t h i r d w o r l d a s the great m o t i v e f o r c e w h i c h i s d r i v i n g t h e w h e e l o f h i s t o r y f o r w a r d . To m a k e s u c h a d e c l a r a t i o n m e a n s to g i v e a definition of the m o t i v e force w h i c h is w r o n g in theory and practice. H o w is it possible in the present epoch o f s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t , w h i c h has a t its h u b the m o s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y class, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , to c a l l a g r o u p i n g of states, t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g b u l k o f w h i c h a r e r u l e d b y the bourgeoisie a n d the f e u d a l l o r d s , i n d e e d , e v e n open r e a c t i o n a r i e s a n d fascists, t h e m o t i v e f o r c e ? T h i s is a gross distortion of M a r x ' s theory.
________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n . Collected Works, v o l . 21, p. 147, A l b . e d .
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T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p t a k e s n o account o f t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h e t h i r d w o r l d t h e r e a r e oppressed a n d o p p r e s sors, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e e n s l a v e d , p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n a n d destitute p e a s a n t r y , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d t h e c a p i t a l ists a n d l a n d o w n e r s , w h o e x p l o i t a n d fleece t h e people, o n the other. T o f a i l t o p o i n t o u t t h i s class s i t u a t i o n i n the so-called t h i r d w o r l d , t o f a i l t o p o i n t o u t t h e a n t a g o n i s m s w h i c h exist, m e a n s t o r e v i s e M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and. d e f e n d c a p i t a l i s m . I n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t h i r d w o r l d , in general, the capitalist bourgeoisie is in power. This bourgeoisie exploits the country, exploits a n d oppresses t h e p o o r p e o p l e i n its o w n class interests, to m a k e the largest possible profits for itself and to keep t h e people i n p e r p e t u a l s l a v e r y a n d m i s e r y . In m a n y countries of the third world, the governm e n t s i n p o w e r are bourgeois, c a p i t a l i s t g o v e r n m e n t s , o f course, w i t h d i f f e r i n g p o l i t i c a l nuances. T h e y are g o v e r n m e n t s of t h e class h o s t i l e to t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e o p p r e s s e d and poor peasantry, hostile to the revolution and l i b e r a t i o n w a r s . T h e bourgeoisie, w h i c h h a s state p o w e r i n these countries, i s p r o t e c t i n g p r e c i s e l y t h a t c a p i t a l i s t society w h i c h the proletariat in alliance w i t h the poor strata o f , t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e , seeks t o o v e r t h r o w . I t c o n s t i t u t e s t h a t u p p e r class w h i c h , p r o c e e d i n g f r o m i t s o w n n a r r o w interests, i s r e a d y , a t a n y m o m e n t , a t a n y t u r n o f events, t o s e l l the w e a l t h o f the l a n d a n d t h e u n d e r g r o u n d assets o f t h e c o u n t r y , t h e f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e and sovereignty of the homeland, to foreign capitalism. T h i s class, w h e r e v e r i t i s i n p o w e r , i s opposed t o t h e s t r u g g l e a n d a s p i r a t i o n s o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its allies, the oppressed classes a n d s t r a t a . M a n y o f t h e states w h i c h cludes in the third w o r l d ican imperialism and Soviet s u c h states the m a i n m o t i v e the Chinese leadership i n are not opposed to A m e r social-imperialism. To call force of the revolution and
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the s t r u g g l e against i m p e r i a l i s m , a s M a o Z e d o n g a d v o cates, i s a g l a r i n g m i s t a k e t h a t stands out l i k e the H i m alayas. T h e r e a r e o t h e r p s e u d o - M a r x i s t s , too, b u t t h e y a t least k n o w h o w t o h i d e a n d disguise t h e m s e l v e s b e h i n d their bourgeois theories. T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e t h e same a n t i - M a r x i s t v i e w n o t o n l y o f the t h i r d w o r l d b u t also o f w h a t t h e y call t h e second w o r l d , w h e r e t h e b i g c a p i t a l i s t b o u r geoisie a n d t h e b i g i m p e r i a l i s t s o f y e s t e r d a y , w h o a r e s t i l l i m p e r i a l i s t s , are r u l i n g . I n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e s o c a l l e d second w o r l d , t h e r e i s a l a r g e a n d p o w e r f u l p r o l e t ariat, w h i c h i s e x p l o i t e d t o t h e bone, w h i c h i s k e p t d o w n b y c r u s h i n g l a w s , t h e a r m y , t h e police, t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s , b y a l l these w e a p o n s o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e b o u r geoisie. B o t h i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d a n d i n those o f t h e second w o r l d , i t i s t h e b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l ist class, t h e s a m e s o c i a l forces, w h i c h are r u l i n g t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples a n d w h i c h m u s t b e s m a s h e d . Here, too, t h e m a i n m o t i v e f o r c e i s t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . J u s t a s t h e y d o i n t h e t h i r d w o r l d a n d t h e second w o r l d , i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , too, t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s i g n o r e the p r o l e t a r i a t , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e great a r m y o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , negate p r e c i s e l y the m a i n m o t i v e force o f society, t h a t f o r c e w h i c h has t o a t t a c k t h e m o n o p o l y bourgeoisie, its class enemy and the enemy of the w o r l d revolution in general. M a o Z e d o n g ' s t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s denies t h i s great r e a l i t y a n d d i s c o u n t s t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o f E u r o p e a n d the other d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s . It is t r u e t h a t some d e g e n e r a t i o n also e x i s t s i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , w h e ther o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t h i r d , second, o r f i r s t w o r l d , because the b o u r g e o i s i e i s n o t s i t t i n g i d l e , b u t i s f i g h t i n g its enemy, not o n l y w i t h w e a p o n s a n d o p p r e s s i o n , b u t also politically and ideologically, w i t h the w a y of life it creates, etc. B u t t h e fact t h a t some s t r a t u m o f t h e p r o l e t -
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a r i a t , s u c h as t h e l a b o u r a r i s t o c r a c y , degenerates, does not mean that M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m should be abandoned a n d the d e c i s i v e r o l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n t h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n a r y process d e n i e d . T h r o u g h correct M a r x i s t Leninist education, t h r o u g h their d a i l y revolutionary act i v i t y , the g e n u i n e c o m m u n i s t s p r o t e c t the p r o l e t a r i a t o f every country and every world f r o m degeneration and m o b i l i z e i t t o s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t its oppressors, b e t h e y B r i t i s h or French, Italian or German, Portuguese or S p a n i s h , A m e r i c a n o r Japanese, etc. I n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , also, w h i c h i s t h e head of w o r l d imperialism, there is a b i g proletariat. B e i n g one o f the m o s t i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d , i t i s also t h e w e a l t h i e s t , t h e r e f o r e t h e c r u m b s t h a t c a p i t a l g i v e s a w a y t o deceive t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a r e a l i t t l e b i g g e r t h a n those i n t h e o t h e r b o u r g e o i s c o u n t r i e s . I n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t h e w a y o f l i f e has a g r e a t e r i n f l u e n c e o n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , b u t w e cannot, i n t h e least, negate t h e r o l e a n d c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n p r o l e t a r i a t t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n t h a t c o u n t r y . I n fact, i n t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a also, t h e r e is a section of o p i n i o n opposed t o i m p e r i a l i s m , p r e d a t o r y w a r s , o p p r e s s i o n b y the c a p i t a l i s t s , trusts, b a n k s , etc. E v e n a m o n g the s t r a t a o f t h e p e t t y b o u r g e o i s i e i n t h a t c o u n t r y t h e r e is a resistance to o p p r e s s i o n by b i g c a p i t a l . By negating the class struggle, the Chinese theory of three worlds also negates the struggle of the peoples to free themselves from foreign domination, to win democratic rights and freedoms, negates their struggle for socialism. T h i s c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d a n t i - s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r y r u l e s o u t the s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples a g a i n s t t h e i r e n e m i e s imperialism, social-imperialism a n d the entire international big bourgeoisie. To put t h e peoples into three compartments and
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p r e a c h t h a t o n l y the t h i r d w o r l d a s p i r e s t o l i b e r a t i o n f r o m imperialism, that it alone is supposedly the main m o t i v e f o r c e against i m p e r i a l i s m , is a d e c e p t i o n a n d a flagrant deviation f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . I f the i m perialists and capitalists are to be included in the first w o r l d a n d i n t h e second w o r l d , t h e n t h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s : w h e r e are the peoples o f these two w o r l d s , w h o a r e also f i g h t i n g f o r t h e i r l i b e r a t i o n against those same oppressors w h o are o p p r e s s i n g t h e t h i r d w o r l d , t o b e put? T h e inventors and supporters of the division of the w o r l d in three are quite unable to answer this question, because, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d a n t i - L e n i n ist concept, t h e y m e r g e the i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h e r u l e r s a n d the peoples i n t o one. M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s c a n n o t i d e n t i f y t h e S o v i e t peoples w i t h the anti-Marxist, social-imperialist, double-dealers and the n e w capitalists w h o are r u l i n g them. Likewise, they cannot m i x up and confound the A m e r i c a n people w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m . I f t h e y w e r e t o act a s t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s are d o i n g , t h e n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w o u l d b e m a k i n g a gross t h e o r e t i c a l m i s t a k e a n d s e t t i n g t h e m s e l v e s against the r e v o l u t i o n ; t h e y w o u l d b e s u p p o r t i n g p r e c i s e l y i m p e r i a l i s m a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e forces o f c a p i t a l against w h i c h the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the people w i t h i n t h e l a i r o f t h e i r enemies a r e also f i g h t i n g . W h a t i s t h e sense o f t h e C h i n e s e c a l l t h a t t h e t h i r d w o r l d s h o u l d u n i t e i n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e second w o r l d t o f i g h t h a l f o f the f i r s t w o r l d , w h e n s u c h a d i v i s i o n o f t h e w o r l d confuses the i n d i v i d u a l i t y , a s p i r a t i o n s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e peoples w h o a r e opposed t o a n d i n s t r u g g l e against the o l i g a r c h y t h a t oppresses t h e m ? T h e l e v e l o f t h e p e o p l e s ' resistance a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e is likewise different, but their ultimate aim, c o m m u n i s m , i s t h e same. I n these c o n d i t i o n s , w e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s
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m u s t c a r r y out p r o p a g a n d a w o r k a n d m o b i l i z e o u r s e l v e s s o that, t h r o u g h c o n t i n u o u s class struggles against i m perialism, social-imperialism, capitalism and their f r a u d u l e n t ideologies, w e a c h i e v e t h e u l t i m a t e a i m . T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s not o n l y m e r g e a n d u n i t e peoples i n t o one w i t h the r u l e r s i n the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n tries, b u t t h e y also w a n t t o l i q u i d a t e t h e i d e n t i t y o f socialist countries, w h e n t h e y p r e a c h t h a t these c o u n t r i e s , too, c a n b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e t h i r d w o r l d . H o w c a n a socialist c o u n t r y b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e t h i r d w o r l d i n w h i c h a n t a g o n i s t classes, o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n exist, a n d l i n e u p w i t h k i n g s a n d p r i n c e s , a s t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s assert? T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s w h o c a l l t h e i r c o u n t r y socialist, allege t h a t t h e y i n c l u d e t h e m s e l v e s i n the t h i r d w o r l d i n o r d e r t o assist t h e peoples of t h i s w o r l d . T h i s is a f r a u d by m e a n s of w h i c h they want to conceal their expansionist aim. To assist a n d s u p p o r t the p e o p l e s ' s t r u g g l e , a t r u e socialist c o u n t r y has n o n e e d t o d i v i d e t h e w o r l d i n three, o r i n c l u d e itself i n t h e t h i r d w o r l d . W i t h o u r stands, g u i d i n g o u r s e l v e s b y class c r i t e r i a , w e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s h e l p the peoples, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , genuine democracy, sovereignty and freedom, and not the state w h e r e the k i n g s , shahs a n d t h e r e a c t i o n a r y c l i q u e s r u l e . W e h e l p those peoples a n d d e m o c r a t i c states w h i c h want to liberate themselves f r o m the yoke of superp o w e r s , b u t w e stress t h a t t h i s c a n n o t b e done p r o p e r l y , o n the correct r o a d a n d a c c o r d i n g t o class c r i t e r i a , u n l e s s t h e y also f i g h t t h e m o n a r c h s a n d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l m o n opolies t h a t a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e s u p e r p o w e r s . T h e Chinese leaders claim to have solved this complicated class p r o b l e m b y m e r g i n g t h e m s e l v e s i n t h i s i m a g i n a r y third world. B u t this is an anti-Marxist solution. C o n t r a r y t o w h a t the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s c l a i m , m o s t o f the states
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a n d g o v e r n m e n t s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d are n o t f o r s t r u g gle a g a i n s t t h e f i r s t w o r l d , o r a g a i n s t U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , o r t h e second w o r l d . T h e t r e n d a m o n g t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d i s t o w a r d s the s t r u g g l e f o r l i b e r a t i o n , f o r r e v o l u t i o n , f o r s o c i a l i s m , but t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f k i n g s , e m i r s a n d r e a c t i o n a r y c l i ques o f the M o b u t u a n d P i n o c h e t t y p e o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d i n w h i c h C h i n a has i n c l u d e d itself, are n o t i n cluded in this trend. I n r e g a r d t o t h e states o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t h i r d w o r l d , the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p does n o t m a k e a n y class d i f f e r e n tiation, according to the principles of proletarian internationalism a n d the interests of the w o r l d revolution. It takes no a c c o u n t of t h e fact t h a t these n a t i o n a l states, most o f w h i c h a r e l e d b y t h e u p p e r s t r a t a o f t h e b o u r geoisie, a r e u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of, a n d c l o s e l y l i n k e d b y m a n y t h r e a d s w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d also w i t h S o v i e t social-imperialism. I n these states t h e r e a r e deep i n t e r n a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e p o o r a n d oppressed p e a s a n t r y , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d a l l e n s l a v ers, o n the o t h e r . T h e a i d w h i c h a socialist c o u n t r y gives the peoples of these states s h o u l d be a great s t i m u l u s to t h e i r p r o g r e s s t o w a r d s t h e c r e a t i o n of a t r u l y d e m o c r a t i c state, w i t h o u t o b s c u r i n g t h e p e r s p e c t i v e , w i t h o u t a f f e c t i n g the q u e s t i o n o f t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n and s e i z u r e o f p o w e r b y the p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e r e v o l u t i o n cannot b e i m p o r t e d . I t w i l l b e c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e p r o l e t ariat a n d p e o p l e o f e a c h c o u n t r y . O f course, t h e s e i z u r e o f p o w e r w i l l n o t b e done o v e r n i g h t , b u t a s L e n i n teaches us, those c o n d i t i o n s m u s t be c r e a t e d so that, at each t u r n o f h i s t o r y , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w i l l b e f o u n d i n the f o r e f r o n t o f t h e s t r u g g l e t o o v e r t h r o w t h e degenerate state p o w e r of dictators a n d the reactionary bourgeoisie and to establish t h e r u l e o f t h e people.
562
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T h e d i v i s i o n w e c o m m u n i s t s m a k e o f the w o r l d t o d a y , on t h e basis of t h e L e n i n i s t class c r i t e r i o n , does n o t h i n d e r u s f r o m f i g h t i n g the s u p e r p o w e r s a n d s u p p o r t i n g a l l the peoples a n d states t h a t are s e e k i n g l i b e r a t i o n a n d h a v e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w i t h the s u p e r p o w e r s . S o c i a l i s t A l b a n i a has g i v e n w h o l e h e a r t e d a n d p o w e r f u l s u p p o r t t o t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples o f A s i a , A f r i c a , L a t i n A m e r i c a , because t h i s s t r u g g l e i s i n t h e i r o w n i n t e r e s t s a n d i s d i r e c t e d against i m p e r i a l i s m a n d f o r e i g n c o l o n i a l d o m i n a t i o n . B u t t o conceal a n d d i s t o r t t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x ism-Leninism, the ideology and policy of the p a r t y of the p r o l e t a r i a t , a s t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s do, t h i s i s a n t i M a r x i s t , a f r a u d and a deception. T h e P a r t y of L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has not done a n d w i l l n e v e r d o s u c h a t h i n g , because t h i s w o u l d b e a n u n p a r d o n a b l e c r i m e a g a i n s t its o w n people, against other peoples, a g a i n s t t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n . In its division of the world into three, the Communist Party of China is advocating class conciliation. T h e genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s never forget the teachi n g s o f L e n i n , w h o stresses t h a t t h e o p p o r t u n i s t s a n d r e visionists strive by hook or by crook to tone d o w n t h e class struggle, t o deceive the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e o p pressed w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y cliches, w h i l e d i v e s t i n g t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t d o c t r i n e o f its r e v o l u t i o n a r y content. This is w h a t the Chinese revisionist leadership is doing w h e n i t preaches c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e b e t w e e n t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . A s E n g e l s a n d L e n i n t e a c h us, t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n classes o r s o c i a l forces w i t h o p p o s i n g f u n d a m e n t a l interests c a n n o t b e r e c o n c i l e d , b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y , b e come m o r e a n d m o r e severe a n d e n d u p i n s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l c o n f l i c t s . T h e v e r y existence o f t h e state p r o v e s t h a t t h e a n t a g o n i s m s b e t w e e n classes are i r r e c o n c i l a b l e . T h e r e f o r e , t o t r y t o m i t i g a t e these class a n t a g o n i s m s w h i c h c a n b e
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seen i n t h e v a r i o u s b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s o f the t h i r d , second, o r the f i r s t w o r l d , b y p r e a c h i n g u n p r i n c i p l e d u n i t y , m e a n s t o d e n y the o b j e c t i v e c h a r a c t e r of t h e e x i s t e n c e of c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d to t r e a t t h i s problem in an anti-Marxist way. T h e C h i n e s e t h e o r e t i c i a n s t r y t o r e c o n c i l e classes that c a n n e v e r b e r e c o n c i l e d , a n d t h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e y are i n r e v i s i o n i s t , o p p o r t u n i s t p o s i t i o n s . T h e d i s t o r t i o n of M a r x ' s theory by the Chinese revisionists is quite obvious w h e n they consider the countries w h i c h they i n clude i n t h e t h i r d w o r l d c o u n t r i e s w h e r e class peace p r e v a i l s , a n d the state i n those c o u n t r i e s a n o r g a n i s m o f class c o n c i l i a t i o n . T o accept t h e n o t i o n o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d , s u c h a s the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s a d v e r t i s e , m e a n s t o w o r k t o create a n o p i n i o n w h i c h w i l l s e r v e t o d e f e n d those state o r g a n isms w h i c h the b o u r g e o i s i e needs t o oppress the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e masses o f t h e people. T h e thesis o f the t o n i n g d o w n o f the class s t r u g g l e , a s L e n i n s a i d w h e n h e was a t t a c k i n g t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s , j u s t i f i e s a n d endorses t h i s o p p r e s s i o n . T o seek u n i t y w i t h i n t h e t h i r d w o r l d , i n fact, m e a n s t o seek u n i t y o f t h e o p p r e s s e d class w i t h the oppressor class, t h a t is, t o t r y t o t o n e d o w n t h e a n t a g o n isms b e t w e e n t h e w o r k i n g masses a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , b e t w e e n t h e p e o p l e and t h e f o r e i g n oppressors. T h e s e sermons o f the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s r u n c o u n t e r t o t h e interests o f the n a t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e p e o ples, t o t h e i r a s p i r a t i o n s f o r f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d social j u s t i c e . T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e states w h i c h a l l e g e d l y m a k e u p the t h i r d o r t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d a r e d e p e n d e n t o n foreign finance capital w h i c h is so strong and so w i d e spread t h a t it has a d e c i s i v e w e i g h t in e v e r y aspect of l i f e there. T h e s e states do n o t e n j o y c o m p l e t e i n d e p e n d e n c e . O n the c o n t r a r y , t h e y are d e p e n d e n t o n this b i g f i n a n c e
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c a p i t a l , w h i c h develops t h a t p o l i c y a n d spreads t h a t i d e o l o g y w h i c h j u s t i f y the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f peoples. T h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d i m p e r i a l i s m t a k e great p a i n s t o conceal this r e a l i t y , a n d w h e n e x p o s e d , t h e y c o n t r i v e v a r i o u s theories a g a i n s t t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y o f states. I n o r d e r t o s m o t h e r t h e a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e peoples t o f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y , t h e bourgeois a n d r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r e t i c i a n s p r e s e n t these asp i r a t i o n s a s anachronistic, g i v e t h e m v a r i o u s m e t a p h y s i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a n d c o u n t e r t h e m w i t h the s l o g a n o f w o r l d i n t e r - d e p e n d e n c e , w h i c h a l l e g e d l y expresses t h e c u r r e n t t r e n d o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f h u m a n society, o r w i t h the s l o g a n o f l i m i t e d s o v e r e i g n t y , w h i c h a l l e g e d l y e x presses the s u p r e m e i n t e r e s t s of t h e s o - c a l l e d socialist c o m m u n i t y , etc. T h e bourgeois-revisionist reality of the violation of the freedom, independence and sovereignty of nations and states i n a l l f o r m s a n d d i r e c t i o n s , s h o w s t h e d e c a y o f t h e capitalist system. We are l i v i n g in an epoch w h e n the b o u r g e o i s i e is l o s i n g g r o u n d as a r u l i n g class, w h i l e t h e w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t has become a colossal f o r c e a n d has e n t e r e d i n t o ceaseless, m e r c i l e s s s t r u g g l e to get t h a t class w h i c h e x p l o i t s i t off its back. U n d e r t h e b l o w s o f the peoples a n d t h e class s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e b o u r geoisie w a s c o m p e l l e d to r e n o u n c e c o l o n i a l i s m de jure, and to f o r m a l l y recognize the freedom, independence and s o v e r e i g n t y o f m a n y c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h i t h a d b e e n occ u p y i n g and exploiting to the bone for a long time. However, for m a n y countries the freedom, independence a n d s o v e r e i g n t y , l e g a l l y r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e c a p i t a l ist states t o t h e i r f o r m e r colonies, h a v e r e m a i n e d f o r m a l t o this day, because the c a p i t a l i s t s a n d i m p e r i a l i s t s a r e still r u l i n g there i n n e w forms. T o prolong their d o m i n a t i o n o v e r the f o r m e r colonies, t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e o f t h e economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l b a c k w a r d n e s s o f t h e
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peoples a n d the l a c k o f o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces, these r e g r e s s i v e forces o f o u r t i m e m a k e e x t e n s i v e use o f p l o t s a n d i n t r i g u e s t o d i v i d e a n d r u l e , s u i t a b l e t e r r a i n f o r w h i c h c a n s t i l l b e f o u n d i n these c o u n t r i e s . In dealing w i t h this problem, it should not be thought that, since t h e f o r m e r c o l o n i a l c o u n t r i e s h a v e n o t yet w o n complete independence and sovereignty, their struggle has b e e n useless. B y n o m e a n s . T h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e p e o p l e s f o r the e m a n c i p a t i o n o f t h e i r s m a l l c o u n t r i e s f r o m t h e dictate a n d t u t e l a g e o f t h e m i g h t y i m p e r i a l i s m a n d social-imperialism m u s t not be underrated. On the contrary, the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a and t h e A l b a n i a n state h a v e g i v e n a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e t o g i v e unreserved support to this just revolutionary and l i b e r a tion struggle, w h i c h they have regarded as a victory of the peoples in strengthening their political independence and breaking free f r o m colonial and neo-colonial dominat i o n . B u t w e a r e against those r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r e t i c i a n s w h o preach that n o w the entire revolutionary struggle should be r e d u c e d to a s t r u g g l e f o r n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e , to w i n a n d t o d e f e n d t h i s i n d e p e n d e n c e against the a g g r e s s i o n o f i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , w h i l e n e g a t i n g the s t r u g g l e f o r social l i b e r a t i o n . O n l y v i c t o r y i n t h i s s t r u g g l e g u a r a n t e e s genuine and complete national freedom, independence and s o v e r e i g n t y . T h e s e advocates o f the e x p l o i t i n g o r d e r f o r get t h a t t h e class s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its allies, o n t h e one h a n d , a n d t h e l o c a l b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its e x t e r n a l allies, o n t h e other, i s g o i n g o n f i e r c e l y a t a l l times, a n d some d a y i t w i l l l e a d t o those m o m e n t s , t o those r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n s , a s L e n i n calls t h e m , w h e n the r e v o l u t i o n b r e a k s out. T h e e v e r m o r e f a v o u r a b l e c o n ditions t h a t a r e b e i n g c r e a t e d i n the w o r l d f o r a n t i - i m perialist and democratic revolutions to develop on a largescale a n d f o r t h e i r l e a d e r s h i p b y the p r o l e t a r i a t m u s t b e
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utilized in order to go on f r o m the struggle for national i n d e p e n d e n c e t o a n o t h e r m o r e a d v a n c e d phase, t o t h e s t r u g g l e f o r s o c i a l i s m . L e n i n teaches u s t h a t the r e v o l u t i o n m u s t b e c a r r i e d t h r o u g h t o the e n d , b y l i q u i d a t i n g the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its state p o w e r . O n l y o n t h i s basis can there be talk of true freedom, independence and sovereignty. A c c o r d i n g t o o u r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t concept, t h e p e o ple cannot have freedom a n d sovereignty in a society w i t h a n t a g o n i s t i c classes w h e r e t h e f e u d a l o r b o u r g e o i s class h o l d s s w a y . F r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y h a v e a concrete s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l content. G e n u i n e a n d c o m plete freedom and sovereignty are secured under the conditions of the dictatorship of the proletariat, while, w h e r e state p o w e r i s i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e e x p l o i t i n g class, t h e e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s o f i n e q u a l i t y b e t w e e n the e x p l o i t e r s a n d t h e e x p l o i t e d a n d b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s l e a d t o loss, o r r e s t r i c t i o n o f t h e f r e e d o m a n d s o v e r e i g n t y of t h e people. As a result, t h e r e c a n be no talk of real national freedom and sovereignty, and even less o f people's s o v e r e i g n t y , i n t h e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h a r e included in the non-aligned or the third world. O n l y f r o m a scientific analysis based on the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory is it possible to determine correctly w h i c h people i s r e a l l y f r e e a n d w h i c h i s e n s l a v e d , w h i c h state i s i n dependent a n d s o v e r e i g n , a n d w h i c h i s d e p e n d e n t a n d oppressed. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y c l e a r l y e x p l a i n s w h o are the oppressors a n d e x p l o i t e r s o f t h e peoples, a n d w h i c h i s t h e r o a d f o r the peoples t o become free, i n dependent a n d s o v e r e i g n . W e A l b a n i a n c o m m u n i s t s u n d e r s t a n d the f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y o f states a n d peoples o n l y i n t h i s w a y , i n the l i g h t o f M a r x ism-Leninism.
IMPERIALISM AND THE REVOLUTION T h e A t t i t u d e of the Chinese Revisionists to Contradictions Is an Idealist, Revisionist and Capitulationist A t t i t u d e
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T h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a correct r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y based o n the t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m d e m a n d s not o n l y an all-sided dialectical analysis and appreciation o f t h e m o t i v e forces o f t h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n t r e n d , a correct assessment of t h e e n e m y forces, w i t h t h e i r s t r o n g a n d w e a k aspects, b u t also a correct and scientific understanding of the contradictions characteristic of our time. I f w e i n t e r p r e t the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the c o n c r e t e facts a n d t h e r e a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s i t u a tions, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t e a c h i n g s o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory, t h e n w e s h a l l n o t m a k e m i s t a k e s . In connection w i t h the contradictions, the Chinese leaders theorize, i n t e r p r e t , p h i l o s o p h i z e , p a r a p h r a s e a n d c o n f u s e m a n y theses w h i c h the classics o f M a r x i s m Leninism formulated so clearly. Interpreting contradictions d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m w h a t t h e y r e a l l y are, t h e y e n t e r into a g r e e m e n t s a n d c o m p r o m i s e s n o t i n f a v o u r o f the l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , t h e peoples, t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e construction of socialism, but in favour of the bourgeoisie a n d i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e s e leaders, w h o pose a s M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p h i l o s o p h e r s , h a v e t w o m a s k s : one t o present t h e m s e l v e s a s i f t h e y a r e i n o r d e r w i t h the M a r x ist-Leninist theory, a n d the other to distort it in practice. T h e i r stand in regard to contradictions, alliances and compromises stems f r o m a d i s t o r t e d a n d p r a g m a t i c a n a lysis w h i c h t h e y m a k e o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n , t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s t h a t e x i s t i n the w o r l d , t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a m o n g t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , a m o n g the v a r i o u s c a p i t a l ist states, b e t w e e n the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e bourgeoisie,
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etc. T h i s s t a n d has its roots i n t h e i r i d e a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n ist w o r l d o u t l o o k . H o w e v e r , the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s ' l a y i n g o f t h e p r o b l e m of contradictions, alliances a n d compromises on the table for discussion is not fortuitous. T h e Chinese leadership h a s n o w t h r o w n off its disguise a n d has c o m e o u t o p e n l y against t h e r e v o l u t i o n . It has become a s t a n d a r d - b e a r e r of right opportunism, revisionism. L i k e all revisionists, t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , also, a r e t r y i n g to justify their departure f r o m the M a r x i s t Leninist theory, their revisionist orientation, by using q u o t a t i o n s f r o m M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n . O f course, t h e y c u r t a i l , c u t u p a n d t a k e these q u o t a t i o n s o u t o f t h e i r c o n t e x t , a n d t h u s m u t i l a t e d , use t h e m t o p e d d l e t h e i r r e a c t i o n a r y s t a n d s a n d theses a s M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t . B u t the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s are n e i t h e r t h e f i r s t n o r t h e last t o m a k e these d i s t o r t i o n s , t e n d e n t i o u s c u r t a i l m e n t s a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f o u r correct t h e o r y . L o n g b e f o r e t h e m , t h e chiefs o f s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , t h e T i t o i t e s , t h e Soviet, Italian, F r e n c h and other revisionists d i d the same t h i n g a n d t h e y a r e s t i l l a t it. In the first place, by juggling with the contradictions, the Chinese leaders are endeavouring to justify their stand towards US imperialism, to pave the way for their rapprochement and collaboration with it. T h e Chinese revisionists claim that there is o n l y one contradiction in the w o r l d of today, and that this puts t h e t h i r d w o r l d , t h e second w o r l d a n d h a l f o f t h e first w o r l d i n confrontation w i t h the Soviet U n i o n . P r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h i s thesis w h i c h u n i t e s t h e peoples w i t h a g r o u p o f i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h e y a d v o c a t e t h a t a l l class c o n t r a d i c t i o n s m u s t b e set a s i d e a n d t h a t t h e o n l y f i g h t m u s t b e against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . B u t let u s a n a l y s e h o w t h i n g s s t a n d o n t h e q u e s t i o n
569
o f t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e peoples a n d t h e superp o w e r s , a n d t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the s u p e r p o w e r s themselves. I n t h e p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , i n d e f i n i n g a consistent r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, the p r i n c i p l e d s t a n d towards the t w o imperialist superpowers, the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n , w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e the greatest f o r c e i n defence o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n , t h e m a i n bastions o f w o r l d r e a c t i o n , assumes f i r s t - r a t e i m p o r t a n c e . T h e y a r e s w o r n enemies, t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s e n e m i e s o f the r e v o l u t i o n , s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e peoples o f t h e e n t i r e w o r l d ; t h e y h a v e t a k e n u p o n t h e m s e l v e s t h e o d i o u s r o l e o f the i n t e r n a tional gendarme against every revolutionary a n d l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t , a n d r e p r e s e n t t h e m o s t aggressive w a r m o n g e r i n g p o w e r s , w h i c h , w i t h t h e i r actions a r e d r i v i n g the w o r l d t o w a r d s a d e v a s t a t i n g w a r . N o one, least o f a l l t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a , can d e n y t h e e x i s t e n c e o f p r o f o u n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e tween the t w o greatest i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s o f o u r t i m e American imperialism and Soviet social-imperialism. We h a v e c o n t i n u a l l y stressed t h a t the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s n o t o n l y exist, b u t a r e b e c o m i n g deeper. P a r a l l e l w i t h this, t h e s u p e r p o w e r s , o n t h e i r p a r t , are m a k i n g e f f o r t s t o r e a c h a g r e e m e n t o v e r c e r t a i n q u e s tions. L e n i n e x p l a i n s t h i s p h e n o m e n o n w i t h t h e t w o t e n dencies o f c a p i t a l . H e said,
... two tendencies exist one which makes the alliance of all imperialists inevitable, and the other which pits some imperialists against others...*
________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 27, p. 418, A l b . e d .
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B u t w h y are there irreconcilable contradictions and a n t a g o n i s m s b e t w e e n the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s ? B e c a u s e , since t h e y are b i g i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , each o f t h e m i s f i g h t i n g f o r w o r l d h e g e m o n y , t o create n e w spheres o f influence, for the enslavement and exploitation of peoples. T h e a p p e t i t e a n d g r e e d w h i c h each o f t h e m has, i s t h e source o f b i c k e r i n g a n d severe f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m . This friction m a y lead to w a r between them, and even to a b l o o d y w o r l d w a r . We Marxist-Leninists must exploit the contradictions w h i c h exist between the superpowers in the interests of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e p e o p l e s ' l i b e r a t i o n struggles. E x p l o i t i n g t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n the e n e m y c a m p i s a c o m p o n e n t p a r t o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y a n d tactics. S t a l i n d e s c r i b e d t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d c o n f l i c t s i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e e n e m i e s o f the w o r k i n g class, w i t h i n the c o u n t r y o r a m o n g the i m p e r i a l i s t states i n t h e international arena, as an indirect reserve of the proleta r i a n r e v o l u t i o n . I t i s a w e l l - k n o w n h i s t o r i c a l fact t h a t the S o v i e t socialist state, u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n , took i n t o a c c o u n t a n d e x p l o i t e d i n t e r - i m p e r i a l ist c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n t h e p e r i o d a f t e r t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u tion, or d u r i n g the years of the Second W o r l d W a r . B u t i n e v e r y instance, t h e assessment a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a m i d s t t h e e n e m i e s b y t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces, t h e socialist c o u n t r i e s , a r e t h e r e s u l t o f a concrete M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n a l y s i s of these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d t h e i r l e v e l o f s e v e r i t y , o f t h e r a t i o o f forces a t a given period or moment, in order to define in what way, in what f o r m and by w h a t means to exploit them. T h e p r i n c i p l e i s t h a t these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s m u s t a l w a y s b e exploited in favour of the revolution, t h e peoples a n d t h e i r f r e e d o m , i n f a v o u r o f t h e cause o f s o c i a l i s m . T h e exploitation of contradictions amidst the enemies should lead to the g r o w t h and strengthening of the r e v o l u t i o n -
571
a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t , a n d not t o m a k i n g i t w e a k e n a n d fade, s h o u l d l e a d t o a n e v e r m o r e a c t i v e m o b i l i z a t i o n o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces i n the s t r u g g l e against t h e enemies, e s p e c i a l l y the m a i n ones, w i t h o u t a l l o w i n g a n y illusions about t h e m to be created a m o n g the peoples. T h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s , t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a and the revisionist Soviet U n i o n , have the suppression o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m a s t h e f i r s t p o i n t i n t h e i r p r o g r a m . N o t o n l y d o t h e C h i n e s e leaders not stress t h i s fact, w h i c h i s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e i r r e c o n c i l a b l e c o n t r a d i c t i o n b e t w e e n s o c i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s m , but t h e y e v e n d e n y i t i n p r a c t i c e . O f course, i t i s i m p e r m i s s i b l e f o r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s t o f o r g e t t h a t t h e s u p e r p o w e r s , despite the s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e m f o r h e g e m o n y , despite t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s t h e y h a v e , n e v e r lose sight o f t h e i r c o m m o n o b j e c t i v e o f s u p p r e s s i n g t h e peoples w h o d e m a n d f r e e d o m , a n d o f s a b o t a g i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a n d this, too, leads t o g e n e r a l o r l o c a l w a r s . O n t h i s q u e s t i o n , t h e C h i nese r e v i s i o n i s t s c o n t i n u e t o h o l d t h e i r k n o w n s t a n d p o i n t o f the f i g h t o n l y a g a i n s t S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , i s t h e m o r e dangerous, m o r e aggressive a n d m o r e bellicose. T h e y r e l e g a t e U S i m p e r i a l i s m t o second p l a c e a n d stress t h a t t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica w a n t s t h e status quo, t h a t i t i s i n decline. F r o m this the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r r i v e a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t a n a l l i a n c e w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m against S o v i e t social-imperialism can and should be reached. US i m p e r i a l i s m is not at a l l w e a k e n e d or tamed, as the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s c l a i m . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t i s a g g r e s sive, savage a n d p o w e r f u l , l i k e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e fact t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m n o l o n g e r has t h a t d o m i nant p o s i t i o n i t h e l d i n t h e past, does n o t a l t e r a n y t h i n g . T h i s i s the dialectics o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l i s m
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a n d i t c o r r o b o r a t e s L e n i n ' s theses t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m i s c a p i t a l i s m i n decline, decadence. B u t , p r o c e e d i n g f r o m this, to go so f a r as to u n d e r e s t i m a t e t h e a c t u a l a g g r e s sive e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y s t r e n g t h o f one o r t h e other superpower, is impermissible. It is likewise impermissible, proceeding f r o m a real w e a k e n i n g and decline of the i m p e r i a l i s t s ' p o w e r , t o s a y t h a t one i m p e r i a l i s m has b e c o m e less d a n g e r o u s a n d t h a t t h e o t h e r i s m o r e d a n g e r o u s . B o t h i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s a r e d a n g e r o u s , because n e i t h e r o f t h e m e v e r f o r g e t s the f i g h t a g a i n s t those w h o w a n t t o d i g the g r a v e f o r t h e m , a n d those w h o w a n t t o d i g t h e g r a v e f o r the s u p e r p o w e r s are t h e peoples. T o advocate t h e s t r u g g l e against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m o n l y , a n d t o cease the f i g h t against U S i m p e r i a l i s m i n fact, a s t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s a r e d o i n g , m e a n s t o f a i l t o u p h o l d the f u n d a m e n t a l theses o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e r e i s n o d o u b t a b o u t t h e fact t h a t S o v i e t s o c i a l imperialism must be fought to the finish. B u t to f a i l to f i g h t j u s t a s h a r d against U S i m p e r i a l i s m , too, t h i s i s unacceptable, this i s b e t r a y a l o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . I f t h e C h i n e s e c o u r s e i s f o l l o w e d , t h e n i t w i l l n o t b e clear w h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m i s a n d w h a t S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m is, w h y these t w o s u p e r p o w e r s h a v e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d w h a t is the essence of these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , w h a t is t h e basis o f t h e s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e m , w h i c h w e m u s t deepen a n d w h a t w e m u s t d o t o p r e v e n t these t w o i m p e r i a l i s t states f r o m u n l e a s h i n g a w o r l d w a r , etc. I f w e u n d e r s t a n d these q u e s t i o n s p r o p e r l y i n t h e o r y , a n d i f w e act c o r r e c t l y o n t h e basis o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist t h e o r y , t h e n t h e a b s o l u t e n e e d f o r u s t o assist a n d s u p p o r t t h e peoples f i g h t i n g against the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s a n d the b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l i s t c l i q u e s r u l i n g t h e m w i l l b e come q u i t e clear. T h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d t o d a y i s g o i n g t h r o u g h a g r a v e crisis. B u t t h i s c r i s i s m u s t b e assessed
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i n a l l its m a g n i t u d e , a n d l i k e w i s e , the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h e x i s t i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d m u s t also b e assessed in all their gravity. T h e i r p r a g m a t i c a n d a n t i - M a r x i s t l o g i c leads the C h i nese r e v i s i o n i s t s to p r e s e n t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n as a c o u n t r y developing without contradictions, as an imperialism w h i c h i s r u l i n g t h e o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t countries, l i k e P o land, East G e r m a n y , Hungary, Czechoslovakia, R u m a n i a a n d B u l g a r i a , w i t h o u t p r o b l e m s . T h e y p r e s e n t the S o v i e t bloc as a b l o c in ascendency, a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n as the o n l y i m p e r i a l i s m l e f t i n t h e w o r l d , bent o n e s t a b l i s h i n g its h e g e m o n y e v e r y w h e r e . I f w e speak o f t h e h e g e m o n y o f the S o v i e t U n i o n over the revisionist countries of Eastern Europe, this is e x p r e s s e d , i n t h e f i r s t place, i n t h e m i l i t a r y o c c u p a t i o n o f these c o u n t r i e s b y the S o v i e t a r m e d forces, i n the r u t h l e s s a n d u n s c r u p u l o u s p l u n d e r o f t h e i r assets b y S o viet social-imperialism, w h i c h is t r y i n g to integrate them completely into the system of Soviet republics. N a t u r a l l y , the r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n i s e n c o u n t e r i n g o p p o s i t i o n i n these efforts. T h e t i m e w i l l come w h e n t h i s o p p o s i t i o n a n d these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , w h i c h e x i s t i n l a t e n t f o r m w i t h i n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a c k , w i l l b e c o m e m o r e acute a n d w i l l b u r s t out. We have described Soviet social-imperialism as agg r e s s i v e because i t a t t a c k e d a n d o c c u p i e d C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , because i t has i n t e r v e n e d i n A f r i c a a n d e l s e w h e r e , a n d has p l a n s a n d i s p r e p a r i n g f o r o t h e r acts o f aggression. ( 1 8 ) B u t c a n i t b e s a i d t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m has c o m m i t t e d f e w e r acts of aggression, or is less aggressive t h a n S o v i e t social-imperialism? The Chinese leadership has forgotten the aggression
_________________________________ 18 In the end of December 1979 the Soviet s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l ists i n v a d e d and occupied A f g h a n i s t a n (see this volume, p. 752).
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o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a against K o r e a , i t has f o r g o t t e n the p r o l o n g e d a n d b a r b a r o u s w a r against V i e t n a m , C a m b o d i a a n d L a o s , i t has f o r g o t t e n its w a r i n t h e M i d d l e East, its i n t e r v e n t i o n i n t h e r e p u b l i c s o f C e n t r a l A m e r i c a , etc. I t has e r a s e d a l l these t h i n g s f r o m the l e d g e r a n d n o w comes out w i t h the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m has a l l e g e d l y b e e n t a m e d ! I t f o r g e t s t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m has e x t e n d e d its tentacles a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d , has set u p its m i l i t a r y bases e v e r y w h e r e , a n d i s d e v e l o p ing and strengthening them. M a o Zedong and Zhou Enlai f o r g o t this, the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h i p f o r g e t t h i s w h e n t h e y t e l l u s t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m has a l l e g e d l y been w e a k e n e d a n d t a m e d a n d , hence, a n a l l i a n c e c a n b e c o n c l u d e d w i t h i t ! T o act i n t h i s w a y m e a n s t o seek t o e x t i n g u i s h t h e s t r u g g l e against i m p e r i a l i s m i n g e n e r a l a n d against U S i m p e r i a l i s m i n p a r t i c u l a r , a n d i n d e e d e v e n against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h C h i n a c l a i m s t o be f i g h t i n g so h a r d . It is t r u e t h a t S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m has a g r e a t h u n g e r f o r e x p a n s i o n . Its i n t e r v e n t i o n i n A n g o l a a n d E t h i o p i a , its a t t e m p t s t o e s t a b l i s h bases i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a n d s e v e r a l A r a b c o u n t r i e s , t o seize t h e R e d S e a n a r r o w s o r t o e s t a b l i s h m i l i t a r y bases i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n , a l l these are b l a t a n t i m p e r i a l i s t actions. B u t these positions o f S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a r e n o t c o n s o l i d a t e d t o the same e x t e n t t h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m has c o n s o l i d a t e d i t s n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t economic, s t r a t e g i c a n d m i l i t a r y p o s i t i o n s i n other c o u n t r i e s . I t i s p r e c i s e l y t h i s s i t u a t i o n t h a t the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p a p p e a r s t o u n d e r e s t i m a t e , b u t i n r e a l i t y i t recognizes a n d s u p p o r t s it. A t t h e same t i m e , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s c a n n o t f a i l t o see that, despite the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n t h e c a p i t a l i s t states o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n d U S i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e y are closely l i n k e d w i t h one a n o t h e r , l i n k e d t h r o u g h p o l i t i c a l , m i l i t a r y a n d e c o n o m i c alliances, s u c h
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a s N A T O , t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , etc. I t i s i m p o s sible f o r t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p n o t t o k n o w t h a t U S c a p i t a l has p e n e t r a t e d d e e p l y i n t o the economies o f the c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e , a n d n o t o n l y there, but also i n t o E a s t e r n E u r o p e a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e C h i nese l e a d e r s h i p k n o w s f u l l w e l l t h a t t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a has i n v e s t e d a n d c o n t i n u e s t o i n v e s t scores o f billions of dollars in various countries of the world. Then w h a t is it hoping for? Is it hoping that the western cap i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , w i t h a l l t h e i r c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w i t h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , w i l l b r e a k a w a y f r o m i t i n order to w e a k e n their o w n camp, to renounce that armed m i g h t , those e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l ties t h e y h a v e w i t h it, a n d l e a v e t h e m s e l v e s n a k e d b e f o r e S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s m f o r t h e sake o f C h i n a ' s i n t e r e s t s ? T h i s i s a n absurdity of the Chinese foreign policy. A s w e h a v e a l r e a d y stressed, t h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t the contradictions existing between the t w o superpowers and the other imperialist and capitalist-revisionist countries s h o u l d b e e x p l o i t e d b y t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n forces. B u t i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h i s s h o u l d b e u n d e r s t o o d c o r r e c t l y , s h o u l d a l w a y s b e seen f r o m the angle of t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s u b o r d i n a t e d to them. T h e exploitation of contradictions among the i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s a n d g r o u p s , the c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t s t a tes, etc., c a n n e v e r b e a n a i m i n i t s e l f f o r t h e w o r k i n g class a n d the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . To exploit the contradictions between the imperialist c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s m e a n s t o deepen the rifts between them, to encourage the revolutionary and p a t r i o t i c forces o f these c o u n t r i e s t o oppose U S i m p e r i a l ism and Soviet social-imperialism, w h i c h want to subjugate t h e m economically, politically and m i l i t a r i l y , to e x p l o i t t h e m a n d d e n y t h e m t h e i r n a t i o n a l i d e n t i t y , etc. But what is China doing?
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The Chinese policy advocates the holy alliance of the western capitalist countries with the United States of America. Indeed it goes even further. It advocates the alliance of the proletariat of the countries of Western E u rope with the reactionary bourgeoisie of these countries. W h e r e i s the r e v o l u t i o n a r y M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e h e r e ? W h e r e i s t h e l i n e o f e x p l o i t i n g c o n t r a d i c t i o n s h e r e ? D o the C h i n e s e leaders t h i n k t h a t t h e y w i l l b e able t o s t r e n g t h e n t h i s b l o c against the S o v i e t s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r o w n d e sires, w i t h s u c h a p o l i c y ? T h i s i s the u t o p i a t h e y a r e d r e a m i n g of, b u t it is a m e t a p h y s i c a l v i e w on t h e i r p a r t . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , t h e w e s t e r n c a p i t a l i s t countries, a n d a l o n g w i t h t h e m , J a p a n a n d C a n a d a , too, are n o t so c r a z y as the C h i n e s e leaders t h i n k , t h e i r p o l i c y is not so naive as the Chinese policy. F o r their part, they k n o w very w e l l h o w to exploit the contradictions existing b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e y k n o w h o w t o g o a b o u t i t a n d act i n o r d e r t o w e a k e n t h e b i g aggressive p o w e r , the S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e y h a v e l o n g b e e n f i g h t i n g i n this d i r e c t i o n , a n d one cannot s a y t h a t t h e y h a v e a c h i e v e d n o results. T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d a l l t h e o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t states are i n c i t i n g t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s o f t h e E a s t a n d the K r e m l i n . N o w C h i n a , too, has b e g u n t o p r a c t i s e t h i s o l d A m e r ican policy. H u a Guofeng's visit to R u m a n i a and Y u g o s l a v i a w a s a c c o r d i n g t o this course. B u t C h i n a ' s o p e n i n g u p t o E u r o p e , its f a n n i n g u p o f c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d , e s p e c i a l l y , its a t t e m p t s to create a f a v o u r a b l e f i e l d of a c t i o n f o r i t s e l f i n t h e B a l k a n s , a l l these t h i n g s a r e n o t done i n the i n t e r e s t s o f the peoples a n d the r e v o l u t i o n . T h e y are p a r t o f the C h i n e s e p o l i c y o f i n c i t e m e n t o f w a r , t h e a i m o f w h i c h i s t h a t t h e peoples o f E u r o p e s h o u l d k i l l o n e a n o t h e r a n d become c a n n o n f o d d e r i n a n i m p e r i a l i s t w a r .
Pravda has l o n g been e n g a g e d i n p o l e m i c s w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , o f course w i t h o u t effect, a c -
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c u s i n g it of a r a p i d b u i l d up of a r m a m e n t s . Its concern is n o t to c r i t i c i z e this a c t i o n of the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , s i n c e the S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s t h e m s e l v e s a r e d o i n g t h e same t h i n g . T h e p r o b l e m i s t h a t t h e i n crease o f U S m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l r e l a t i v e l y w e a k e n s S o v i e t f i g h t i n g s t r e n g t h a n d forces t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t o f o l l o w t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a step b y step, i n o r d e r t o b a l a n c e its m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l a n d a g g r e s s i v e p o w e r . H o w ever, keeping u p w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m i n the armaments r a c e w e a k e n s t h e e c o n o m y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , because it means that large material, monetary and h u m a n funds a r e t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m the e c o n o m y t o t h e a r m y . T h i s i s w h a t is w o r r y i n g Brezhnev and company. B u t the a s t o n i s h i n g t h i n g i s that, t h r o u g h t h e i r n e w s paper Renmin Ribao, t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s unreserv e d l y t a k e t h e side o f t h e A m e r i c a n s , p u b l i s h i n g a r t i c l e a f t e r a r t i c l e u r g i n g the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a not t o lose t h e l e a d i n t h e a r m a m e n t s race, b u t t o ceaselessly i n c r e a s e its m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l . T h u s i t t u r n s out, a c c o r d i n g to Renmin Ribao, t h a t it is n o t t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a w h i c h is arming, but only the Soviet U n i o n . S u c h a n a d v o c a t e o f the A m e r i c a n s a s the C h i n e s e r e v i sionist l e a d e r s h i p i s b e c o m i n g , i s n o t t o b e f o u n d i n a n y o t h e r c o u n t r y . T h e b o u r g e o i s i e tries a t least t o p r e s e r v e a sense of p r o p o r t i o n in its c r i t i c i s m s a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f r e a l i t i e s , t o w e i g h u p t h e s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h are d e v e l o p i n g , t e n d e n t i o u s l y , o f course. B u t t o act i n t h e w a y the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s are d o i n g , i s s o m e t h i n g q u i t e u n p r e cedented. A t h i s m e e t i n g w i t h D e n g X i a o p i n g , the S e c r e t a r y o f t h e A m e r i c a n D e p a r t m e n t o f State, V a n c e , e x p l a i n e d t o h i m t h a t t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a has m i l i t a r y superiority over the Soviet Union. B u t D e n g X i a o p i n g told a large group of A m e r i c a n journalists w h o were visiti n g C h i n a a t t h a t t i m e , t h a t B e i j i n g does n o t b e l i e v e
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V a n c e ' s statement, a n d t h a t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i s m u c h s u p e r i o r to t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a . N o n e so deaf a s h e w h o w i l l not hear, a s t h e s a y i n g goes. T h e C h i n e s e thesis, p r e s e n t e d a s a n a l l e g e d M a r x i s t thesis, w h i c h casts d o u b t o n the fact t h a t i t i s n o t j u s t t h e one b u t b o t h the i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s w h i c h a r e s e e k i n g t h e r e d i v i s i o n o f the w o r l d , t o create n e w c o l o n ies, t o oppress t h e peoples a n d e x t e n d t h e i r m a r k e t s , c a n n o t be accepted. The very posing of the question that one imperialism is stronger and the other weaker, one is aggressive and the other tamed, is not Marxist-Leninist. T h e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e q u e s t i o n in t h i s m a n n e r is a r e f l e c t i o n of a r e a c t i o n a r y v i e w w h i c h leads t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s i n t o a l l i a n c e w i t h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , N A T O a n d t h e European C o m m o n M a r k e t , w i t h the K i n g of Spain, the S h a h o f I r a n , P i n o c h e t o f C h i l e a n d a l l t h e fascist d i c tators. T h e C h i n e s e p o l i c y , w h i c h i s h a r m l e s s t o U S i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h i s h a r m l e s s t o t h e p o w e r o f the b a n k s a n d t h e biggest c a p i t a l o f o u r t i m e , i s a n o u t - a n d - o u t bourgeois, r e f o r m i s t , p a c i f i s t p o l i c y , a n d v e r y s t u p i d . T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s c a n n o t f a i l t o see t h a t A m e r i c a n finance capital, the trusts and monopolies are by no means reducing their investments abroad, that they are n o t g i v i n g u p t h e i r a m b i t i o n s t o e x p l o i t a n d enslave, b u t , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , are b e c o m i n g s t r o n g e r a n d t r y i n g t o a l t e r the r a t i o o f forces i n t h e w o r l d i n t h e i r o w n f a v o u r . The Soviet social-imperialists are doing the s a m e t h i n g . T h e a i m o f t h e i r e c o n o m i c p o l i c y , o f the b i g t r u s t s w h i c h e x i s t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , i s t o s u c k the b l o o d o f satellites a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s b y a l l m a n n e r o f m e a n s . T h e y h a v e dressed t h e m s e l v e s u p i n a n e w c l o a k a n d p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s u n d e r a n o t h e r n a m e , w h i l e they, too, s t r i v e t o a l t e r the r a t i o o f forces t o t h e i r o w n a d v a n t a g e ,
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a t f i r s t a l l e g e d l y t h r o u g h a g r e e m e n t s a n d negotiations, but, w h e n t h e t i m e comes, also b y force, i.e., w a r . W i t h t h e i r r e a s o n i n g t h a t t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica w a n t s t h e status quo, t h a t it is on t h e decline, and that Soviet social-imperialism is the more dangerous, m o r e aggressive, m o r e bellicose, etc., t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s w a n t t o p r o v e t h a t t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a c a n a n d s h o u l d b e c o m e the a l l y o f C h i n a against the Soviet U n i o n . T h e various k i n d s of relations, w h i c h they are extending, the open support they give the i n crease i n t h e w a r b u d g e t a n d t h e f u r t h e r a r m i n g o f t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a c o n f i r m this. T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s p r e a c h t h a t the s i t u a t i o n today is such that the Marxist-Leninists, the revolutionaries a n d t h e peoples c a n m a k e a c o m p r o m i s e w i t h a n d r e l y o n U S i m p e r i a l i s m . O u r P a r t y i s against a n y c o m p r o m i s e w i t h f e r o c i o u s U S i m p e r i a l i s m , because s u c h a t h i n g i s n o t i n the i n t e r e s t s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the l i b e r a t i o n o f the peoples. W e h a v e been, are a n d w i l l b e i n s t r u g g l e w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m u n t i l its c o m p l e t e dest r u c t i o n . L i k e w i s e , w e are a n d w i l l b e i n s t r u g g l e t o the end w i t h S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . The support w h i c h C h i n a is giving US imperialism i s n o t i n t h e least i n f a v o u r o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the peoples, b u t i n f a v o u r o f t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n . W i t h its reactionary political and ideological line, the Chinese l e a d e r s h i p leaves t h e p e o p l e s o f t h e w o r l d i n the c l u t c h e s o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m . I t w a n t s t h e m t o r e m a i n docile, n o t t o r e v o l t , a n d e v e n t o u n i t e w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m against the o t h e r s u p e r p o w e r , w h i c h w a n t s t o g r a b f r o m t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t h e assets i t has b u i l t u p f r o m the t o i l a n d s w e a t o f t h e peoples. C h i n a ' s l e a d e r s h i p r e c o m m e n d s t o the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e , g a t h e r e d i n the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , t h a t t h e y s h o u l d u n i t e . I t also l i n e s u p t h e peoples i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t u n i o n o f
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E u r o p e . T h i s s t a n d m e a n s : k e e p quiet, n o m o r e t a l k a b o u t the r e v o l u t i o n , n o m o r e t a l k a b o u t the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , b u t p u t y o u r s e l v e s i n t h e s e r v i c e o f the trusts, t h e c a p i t a l i s t s a n d , a l o n g w i t h t h e m , create a n e v e n g r e a t e r e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y f o r c e t o cope w i t h Soviet social-imperialism. The European C o m m o n Market, w h i c h C h i n a supports a n d is strengthening economically, is nothing but a m e a n s t o p r e s e r v e the m a x i m u m p r o f i t s o f t h e m o n o poly trusts of Western E u r o p e and to group together the d e v e l o p e d i n d u s t r i a l states, i n w h i c h t h e w e a l t h y classes, a s L e n i n says, e x a c t a colossal t r i b u t e f r o m A f r i c a , A s i a , etc. B y s u p p o r t i n g these c a p i t a l i s t states, t h e C h i n e s e leaders, i n fact, a r e s u p p o r t i n g t h e p a r a s i t i s m o f a h a n d f u l of c a p i t a l i s t s at the e x p e n s e of the peoples of these countries, a s w e l l a s o f t h e peoples w h o h a v e f a l l e n i n t o t h e i r clutches. T h e theory of the three worlds of the Chinese r e v i sionists, b y m e a n s o f w h i c h t h e y t r y t o j u s t i f y t h e i r c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y stands, is n o t h i n g b u t a v a r i a n t of opportunism in the ranks of the workers' movement, w h i c h helps i m p e r i a l i s m t o create m a r k e t s a n d e x a c t p r o f i t s a t t h e e x p e n s e o f o t h e r peoples, s o t h a t t h e o p p o r t u n i s t s , too, w i l l r e c e i v e some o f the c r u m b s f r o m the capitalists' table. I t i s a n u n d e n i a b l e fact t h a t t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p i s d e f e n d i n g t h e c a p i t a l i s t forces a n d states o f E u r o p e , a n d n o t s u p p o r t i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces a n d p r o l e t a r i a t s o t h a t t h e y r i s e a n d d e s t r o y the p l a n s o f A m e r ican imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism, United E u rope, the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t a n d C o m e c o n , i n a w o r d , a l l the p i l l a r s o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s y s t e m , w h i c h , l i k e a great monster, sucks t h e b l o o d of t h e peoples. A l t h o u g h i t i n c l u d e s t h e d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t states s u c h a s W e s t G e r m a n y , B r i t a i n , J a p a n , F r a n c e , Italy, etc.,
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i n t h e second w o r l d , a n d i r r e s p e c t i v e o f a l l its t a l k o n the theoretical plane about their double character, the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h i p does n o t c o n s i d e r these states e n e m i e s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . O n the c o n t r a r y , t h e C h i n e s e h a v e f o u n d i t c o n v e n i e n t t o s h u t t h e i r eyes t o this a n d r e a c h open c o m p r o m i s e s w i t h t h e m , a l l e g e d l y i n o r d e r t o use t h e m a g a i n s t S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p , w h o s e eyes h a v e b e e n b l i n d ed as a r e s u l t of its p r a g m a t i c a n d a n t i - M a r x i s t p o l i c y , forgets t h a t s u c h states a s W e s t G e r m a n y , B r i t a i n , J a p a n , F r a n c e , I t a l y a n d o t h e r s l i k e these h a v e b e e n a n d are i m p e r i a l i s t states, t h a t t h e e n s l a v i n g a n d c o l o n i a l i s t tendencies, w h i c h h a v e b e e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e m t r a d i t i o n a l l y , h a v e n o t b e e n a n d , a s such, c a n n o t b e e l i m i n a t e d . I t i s t r u e t h a t a f t e r t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r these i m perialist powers have been weakened, even greatly w e a k e n ed, a n d t h a t t h e i r f o r m e r p o s i t i o n s h a v e c h a n g e d t o t h e advantage of A m e r i c a n imperialism. Nevertheless, neither F r a n c e , n o r B r i t a i n , n o r a n y o t h e r o f t h e m has g i v e n u p the s t r u g g l e t o p r o t e c t its m a r k e t s o r g a i n o t h e r m a r k e t s in A f r i c a , A s i a and the countries of L a t i n A m e r i c a . A m o n g a l l these c a p i t a l i s t a n d i m p e r i a l i s t states w h i c h are not so p o w e r f u l as A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , there are c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , but, at t h e same t i m e , t h e r e is also the t e n d e n c y t o c o m e t o t e r m s w i t h one a n o t h e r , A f t e r the Second W o r l d War, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m h e l p e d its o l d , f o r m e r a l l i e s i n E u r o p e t o r e c o v e r a n d the A m e r i c a n m o n o p o l i e s l i n k e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h t h e m o n o p o l i e s of these f o r m e r a l l i e s in a t a n g l e of c o m m o n interests. B u t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s h a v e a l w a y s e x i s t e d a m o n g them, a s e a c h o f t h e m t r i e s t o h a v e a f r e e h a n d i n m o n opolizing markets, importing r a w materials and exporting its i n d u s t r i a l goods. I n t h i s i n s t a n c e , too, t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e a l i t y c o n f i r m s t h e correctness o f L e n i n ' s thesis o n the t w o o b j e c t i v e t e n d e n c i e s o f c a p i t a l .
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I t i s l i k e w i s e t r u e t h a t these c a p i t a l i s t states h a v e contradictions not o n l y w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m but also w i t h S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s : h o w s h o u l d these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e e x p l o i t e d ? T h e i n t e r imperialist contradictions can by no means be exploited i n the w a y t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s advocate. W e M a r x i s t Leninists cannot defend the various reactionaries, for example, in Germany, or the B r i t i s h Conservative or L a b o u r i t e l e a d e r s i n E n g l a n d s i m p l y because t h e y h a v e contradictions w i t h Soviet social-imperialism. Were we to do so a n d s u p p o r t t h e p r e a c h i n g s of t h e C h i n e s e to the effect t h a t the c a p i t a l i s t states of E u r o p e s h o u l d unite in the C o m m o n Market, that United Europe s h o u l d be s t r e n g t h e n e d so as be a b l e to face S o v i e t s o c i a l imperialism, that w o u l d mean our agreeing to sacrifice t h e s t r u g g l e a n d e f f o r t s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o f these c o u n t r i e s to b r e a k the c h a i n s of e n s l a v e m e n t , to sabotage t h e f u t u r e o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n those c o u n t r i e s .
B y m a k i n g unprincipled compromises w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e b e t r a y e d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n . Marxist-Leninists interpret the thesis of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin on contradictions and compromises in its true spirit. The Chinese interpret this thesis in a way diametrically opposite to the truth. F o l l o w i n g the Leninist course, o u r P a r t y is not a g a i n s t e v e r y k i n d o f c o m p r o m i s e , b u t i s against t r e a c h erous compromises. A compromise can be made w h e n it i s necessary a n d serves the i n t e r e s t s o f the class a n d t h e revolution, but always bearing in m i n d that it must not be at the expense of the strategy a n d l o y a l t y to the p r i n c i ples o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , m u s t n o t d a m a g e t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e class a n d the r e v o l u t i o n .
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In regard to the stand towards compromises, among other things, L e n i n says:
Is it permissible for the partisan of the proletarian revolution to conclude compromises with the capitalists or the capitalist class?... to reply to this general question in a negative way would obviously be absurd. Of course, the partisan of the proletarian revolution can conclude compromises or agreements with the capitalists. Everything depends on what sort of agreement and in what circumstances it is concluded. It is here and here alone that the difference can and must be sought between that agreement which is legitimate from the viewpoint of the proletarian revolution, and that agreement which is treacherous, perfidious (from the same viewpoint).*
A n d L e n i n goes o n :
The conclusion is clear: to out any agreement or compromise bers is just as absurd as to justify the robbery with the abstract thesis in general, sometimes agreements are permissible and necessary.**
L e n i n also s a i d :
completely rule with the robparticipation in that, speaking with thieves
The task of a truly revolutionary party is not to proclaim that it is impossible to abjure every sort of compromise, but to know how to
_________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 30, pp. 562-563, A l b . ed. ** Ibid., p. 565.
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maintain, regardless of these compromises, since they are unavoidable, its loyalty to its own principles, to its own class, to its own revolutionary task, towards the work of preparing the revolution and the education of the masses of the people to achieve victory in the revolution.*
O n l y p r o c e e d i n g f r o m these t e a c h i n g s o f L e n i n ' s c a n compromises be permissible. B u t h o w can a compromise w i t h American imperialism or Soviet social-imperialism b e i n the i n t e r e s t o f s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n , w h e n i t i s k n o w n t h a t these t w o s u p e r p o w e r s are t h e most f e r o c i o u s e n e m i e s o f t h e peoples a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n ? N o t o n l y i s t h i s c o m p r o m i s e not necessary, but, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t e n d a n g e r s the i n t e r e s t s o f the r e v o l u t i o n . T o compromise, or to violate principles on problems of such importance, means to betray M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . If M a o Zedong and the other Chinese leaders h a v e h a d and still have a good deal to say about contradictions in theory, then they ought to speak not o n l y of exploiting inter-imperialist contradictions and of c o m p r o m i s e s w i t h the i m p e r i a l i s t s , but, i n t h e f i r s t place, t h e y o u g h t t o speak o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f o u r epoch, the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e bourgeoisie, t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the o p p r e s s e d p e o p l e s a n d c o u n t r i e s , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d the t w o s u p e r p o w e r s a n d t h e w h o l e o f w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m , o n t h e other, the contradictions between socialism and capitalism. B u t t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s a r e s i l e n t a b o u t these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h e x i s t o b j e c t i v e l y a n d c a n n o t b e w i p e d off. T h e y s p e a k o f o n l y one c o n t r a d i c t i o n , w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , is that between the entire w o r l d and Soviet social-imperialism, in this way, t r y i n g to justify their u n p r i n c i p l e d
___________________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 25, pp. 359-360, A l b . e d .
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compromises w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and a l l w o r l d capitalism. M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t class a n a l y s i s a n d t h e f a c t s s h o w that the e x i s t e n c e o f c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d r i f t s a m o n g t h e imperialist powers and groupings in no w a y overrides or displaces to a p o s i t i o n of s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e t h e contradictions between labour and capital in the capitalist and imperialist countries, or the contradictions between t h e oppressed peoples a n d t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t oppressors. P r e c i s e l y these, t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , b e t w e e n t h e o p p r e s s e d peoples a n d i m p e r i a l i s m , b e t w e e n s o c i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s m , are the most p r o f o u n d , t h e y a r e p e r m a n e n t , i r r e c o n c i l a b l e c o n tradictions. Consequently, the utilization of inter-imperialist c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , o r c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t states i s m e a n i n g f u l o n l y i f i t serves t o create t h e m o s t f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e p o w e r f u l development of the revolutionary and liberation m o v e m e n t a g a i n s t t h e bourgeoisie, i m p e r i a l i s m a n d r e a c t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s m u s t b e u t i l i z e d w i t h out c r e a t i n g i l l u s i o n s a m o n g t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e p e o ples a b o u t i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . I t i s e s s e n t i a l to m a k e the teachings of L e n i n clear to the w o r k e r s and peoples, t o m a k e t h e m conscious t h a t o n l y a n i r r e c o n cilable s t a n d t o w a r d s the oppressors a n d e x p l o i t e r s , o n l y their r e s o l u t e s t r u g g l e against i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e b o u r geoisie, o n l y t h e r e v o l u t i o n , w i l l e n s u r e t h e m g e n u i n e social a n d n a t i o n a l f r e e d o m . T h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a m o n g enemies c a n not c o m p r i s e t h e f u n d a m e n t a l t a s k o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d be c o u n t e r p o s e d to t h e s t r u g g l e f o r t h e o v e r t h r o w of the bourgeoisie, t h e r e a c t i o n a r y a n d fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p , t h e i m p e r i a l i s t oppressors. T h e s t a n d o f M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s o n this q u e s t i o n i s clear. T h e y a d d r e s s t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e peoples, t h e p r o l e t -
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ariat, c a l l o n the masses t o r i s e t o t h e i r feet t o s m a s h the h e g e m o n i c , oppressive, a g g r e s s i v e a n d w a r m o n g e r i n g plans of the A m e r i c a n imperialists and Soviet socialimperialists, to o v e r t h r o w the reactionary bourgeoisie and its d i c t a t o r s h i p , b o t h i n t h e W e s t a n d i n t h e E a s t . A s f a r a s o u r socialist state i s c o n c e r n e d , i t has always exploited the contradictions in the enemy camp. In exploiting them, our P a r t y proceeds f r o m a correct assessment of the c h a r a c t e r of t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n a socialist c o u n t r y a n d t h e i m p e r i a l i s t a n d b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s , a n d a correct assessment of inter-imperialist contradictions. M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches u s t h a t t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n a socialist c o u n t r y a n d c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t countries, w h i c h r e f l e c t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t w o classes w i t h d i a m e t r i c a l l y o p p o s e d interests, the w o r k i n g class a n d the bourgeoisie, a r e p e r m a n e n t , f u n d a m e n t a l , i r r e c o n cilable. T h e y r u n l i k e a r e d t h r e a d t h r o u g h t h e e n t i r e historical epoch of the transition f r o m capitalism to soc i a l i s m o n a w o r l d scale. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s a r e e x p r e s s i o n s o f c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a m o n g s t e x p l o i t e r s , a m o n g s t classes w i t h c o m m o n f u n d a m e n t a l interests. T h e r e f o r e , h o w e v e r severe the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d c o n f l i c t s b e t w e e n t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s m a y be, t h e d a n g e r o f a g g r e s s i v e actions b y w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m o r v a r i o u s sections o f i t a g a i n s t t h e socialist c o u n t r y , r e m a i n s a p e r m a n e n t r e a l d a n g e r at a n y m o m e n t . Rifts between imperialists, inter-imperialist quarrels and c o n f l i c t s m a y , a t t h e most, w e a k e n o r t e m p o r a r i l y p o s t p o n e t h e d a n g e r o f t h e actions o f i m p e r i a l i s m a g a i n s t t h e socialist c o u n t r y , t h e r e f o r e w h i l e i t i s i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h i s c o u n t r y t o u t i l i z e these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n t h e e n e m y ranks, they cannot eliminate this danger. This has been f o r c e f u l l y stressed b y L e n i n w h o s a i d ,
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... the existence of the Soviet Republic side by side with imperialist states for a long time is unthinkable. One or the other must triumph in the end. And before that end supervenes, a series of frightful collisions between the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois states will be inevitable.*
These teachings of Lenin's retain their f u l l v a l i d i t y t o d a y . T h e y h a v e b e e n t h o r o u g h l y v i n d i c a t e d b y a sequence of h i s t o r i c a l events, s u c h as t h e fascist a g g r e s s i o n against t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n t h e y e a r s o f t h e S e c o n d W o r l d War, the aggression of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m in K o r e a a n d l a t e r i n V i e t n a m , the i m p e r i a l i s t a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l ist h o s t i l e a c t i v i t y a n d t h e v a r i o u s p l o t s against A l b a n i a , etc. T h e r e f o r e , o u r P a r t y has stressed a n d stresses t h a t a n y u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n of t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s of a socialist state w i t h t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s a n d the c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i sionist c o u n t r i e s , a n y u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e d a n g e r o f aggressive actions b y t h e l a t t e r against socialist A l b a n i a , any relaxation of vigilance resulting f r o m the idea that the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s t h e m selves are v e r y a b r a s i v e , a n d because o f t h i s t h e y c a n n o t u n d e r t a k e s u c h actions a g a i n s t o u r H o m e l a n d , w o u l d b e f r a u g h t w i t h v e r y d a n g e r o u s consequences. T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a also proceeds f r o m the fact t h a t o n l y t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y , l i b e r a t i o n , f r e e d o m l o v i n g a n d p r o g r e s s i v e forces c a n b e t r u e a n d r e l i a b l e allies o f o u r c o u n t r y , a s t h e socialist c o u n t r y i t is. O u r c o u n t r y m a i n t a i n s state r e l a t i o n s w i t h d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s o f the b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d , i t u t i l i z e s t h e c o n t r a dictions b e t w e e n the i m p e r i a l i s t , c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t states, a n d , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , f i r m l y s u p p o r t s t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class,
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the w o r k i n g masses a n d the peoples o f e v e r y c o u n t r y w h e r e such a s t r u g g l e is g o i n g on, r e g a r d i n g t h i s s u p p o r t a s its l o f t y i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t d u t y . T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has a l w a y s c o n s i s t e n t l y u p h e l d t h i s v i e w p o i n t ; a t its 7 t h C o n g r e s s i t stressed once a g a i n t h a t i t w i l l s u p p o r t the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples, t h e M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t parties, the r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d p r o g r e s s i v e s w h o f i g h t against t h e s u p e r p o w e r s , t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n ist b o u r g e o i s i e a n d w o r l d r e a c t i o n , f o r s o c i a l a n d n a t i o n a l liberation. I n t h e past, t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has also q u o t e d w e l l - k n o w n M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r i n c i p l e s a n d theses i n r e g a r d t o the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n t h e k n o w n d o c u m e n t e n t i t l e d , A P r o p o s a l C o n c e r n i n g the General L i n e of the International C o m m u n i s t Movement, p u b l i s h e d b y the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a i n 1963, t h e C h i n e s e w r o t e : These o r those necessary c o m p r o m i s e s b e t w e e n socialist a n d i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s d o n o t r e q u i r e t h a t the oppressed p e o ples a n d n a t i o n s also m a k e c o m p r o m i s e s w i t h i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its stooges. A n d t h e y a d d e d : N e v e r s h o u l d a n y b o d y , u n d e r the p r e t e x t o f p e a c e f u l coexistence, d e m a n d t h a t the oppressed peoples a n d n a t i o n s r e n o u n c e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y struggle. T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p w a s t a l k i n g i n t h i s w a y t h e n , because a t t h a t t i m e i t w a s t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e l e a d e r s h i p w h o w a n t e d t h e peoples a n d t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s t o agree t h a t A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its chiefs h a d become p e a c e f u l a n d t o s u b m i t t o t h e S o v i e t policy of rapprochement w i t h A m e r i c a n imperialism. N o w i t i s the l e a d e r s h i p o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a t h a t i s p r e a c h i n g t o the peoples, t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , t h e M a r x ist-Leninist parties and the proletariat of the w h o l e w o r l d , that they must enter into alliance w i t h the imperialist or capitalist countries, and unite w i t h the bourgeoisie and a l l r e a c t i o n a r i e s against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . A n d
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the C h i n e s e d o n o t e x p r e s s these ideas i n d i s g u i s e d phrases, b u t o p e n l y . S u c h v a c i l l a t i o n s a n d 180 degree turns have nothing to do w i t h the principled M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t p o l i c y . T h e y are c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e p r a g m a t i c policy followed by a l l revisionists, w h o subordinate p r i n ciples t o t h e i r b o u r g e o i s a n d i m p e r i a l i s t interests. In order to justify their unprincipled compromises w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and the international bourgeoisie, t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s a n d a l l t h e advocates o f the t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s d e l i b e r a t e l y m i s r e p r e s e n t t h e historical t r u t h about the S o v i e t - G e r m a n non-aggression pact o f 1939 a n d t h e A n g l o - S o v i e t - A m e r i c a n a l l i a n c e i n the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r . T h e S o v i e t - G e r m a n non-aggression pact was a s k i l f u l utilization by Stalin of inter-imperialist contradictions. At that t i m e t h e H i t l e r i t e a g g r e s s i o n against the S o v i e t U n i o n was imminent. It was the period w h e n nazi G e r m a n y had i n v a d e d A u s t r i a a n d C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , a n d fascist I t a l y h a d invaded A l b a n i a , w h e n the M u n i c h agreement h a d been concluded and the G e r m a n juggernaut of w a r was racing t o w a r d s the E a s t . T h e S o v i e t U n i o n d i d n o t c o n c l u d e a n alliance, b u t a n o n - a g g r e s s i o n p a c t w i t h G e r m a n y , a f t e r the W e s t e r n p o w e r s h a d r e f u s e d t o r e s p o n d t o S t a l i n ' s call f o r j o i n t actions w i t h t h e S o v i e t state t o c o n t a i n t h e nazi-fascist aggressors, a n d w h e n i t h a d b e c o m e clear t h a t these p o w e r s w e r e u r g i n g H i t l e r t o a t t a c k t h e l a n d o f the S o v i e t s . T h e S o v i e t - G e r m a n p a c t f o i l e d t h e i r p l a n s and g a v e t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t i m e t o m a k e f u r t h e r p r e p a r a tions to face t h e n a z i a g g r e s s i o n . In regard to the A n g l o - S o v i e t - A m e r i c a n alliance, it is known that it was concluded w h e n Hitlerite G e r m a n y , after h a v i n g o c c u p i e d F r a n c e a n d b e i n g a t w a r w i t h B r i tain, l a u n c h e d its savage a g g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t t h e S o v i e t Union, w h e n the w a r against the A x i s powers h a d as-
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s u m e d a clear a n d p r o n o u n c e d a n t i - f a s c i s t a n d l i b e r a t i o n character. I t m u s t b e p o i n t e d out t h a t a t n o t i m e a n d i n n o i n s t a n c e d i d S t a l i n a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n a t t h a t t i m e advocate or call on the proletariat a n d the communist p a r t i e s t o r e n o u n c e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d u n i t e w i t h the r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e . Indeed, w h e n B r o w d e r r e n o u n c e d the class s t r u g g l e a n d a d v o c a t e d class c o n c i l i a t i o n , because t h e interests o f the A n g l o - S o v i e t - A m e r i c a n a l l i a n c e a l l e g e d l y r e q u i r e d this, h e w a s s t i g m a t i z e d b y S t a l i n a n d t h e communist movement as a revisionist a n d renegade f r o m the r e v o l u t i o n . ( 1 9 ) A s c a n b e seen, n o t h i n g j u s t i f i e s t h e u n p r i n c i p l e d c o m p r o m i s e s a n d a l l i a n c e s o f the C h i n e s e w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e v a r i o u s r e a c t i o n a r y forces. T h e h i s t o r i c a l a n a l o g y the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e t r y i n g t o m a k e does n o t h o l d w a t e r . In their propaganda, the Chinese leaders t r y to give t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t w e A l b a n i a n s are a l l e g e d l y a g a i n s t any compromise and do not strive to utilize the contradict i o n s a s w e s h o u l d . N a t u r a l l y , t h e y k n o w t h a t o n these questions w e t a k e t h e s t a n d - p o i n t o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , but they continue to propagate this crooked line in order t o conceal t h e i r d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e s c i e n t i f i c M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t t h e o r y a n d t h e r o a d o f r e v o l u t i o n . T h e y act i n this w a y in order to denigrate the correct policy and stands o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a n p a r t y a n d state. T h e i r a c c u s a t i o n s are g r o u n d l e s s . L e t u s r e f e r t o t h e facts. O u r P a r t y has a l w a y s e n e r g e t i c a l l y s u p p o r t e d t h e j u s t cause o f t h e A r a b peoples, w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , a n d w i l l continue to do so to the end. We support the struggle o f the P a l e s t i n i a n people against Israel, w h i c h has l o n g ago become a b l i n d t o o l , a g e n d a r m e of US i m p e r i a l i s m
__________________________________ 19 See pp. 807-815 of this volume.
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i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t . I t has b e e n c h a r g e d w i t h the t a s k o f defending the r i c h A r a b o i l fields for the big monopoly c o m p a n i e s o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d m a i n t a i n i n g t h e status q u o , a s t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s c a l l i t . D e s p i t e t h e fact t h a t P r e s i d e n t S a d a t a n d h i s g o v e r n ment were f o r m e r l y in alliance w i t h the Soviet U n i o n , w e s u p p o r t e d t h e s t r u g g l e o f the p e o p l e o f E g y p t t o regain the territories occupied by Israel. However, we e x p o s e d t h e a i m s o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n against E g y p t , a n d its g a m e i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t i n g e n e r a l . N o t f o r one m o m e n t h a v e w e r e m a i n e d silent a b o u t the c o l o n i a l i s t a i m s o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t o w a r d s E g y p t . W e h a v e done the s a m e t h i n g i n s u p p o r t i n g t h e E g y p t i a n p e o p l e j u s t as consistently in their fight against US i m p e r i a l i s m and Israel. W h i l e defending the interests of the E g y p t i a n people a n d t h e o t h e r A r a b peoples, o u r P a r t y a n d p e o p l e also expose t h e m a n o e u v r e s w h i c h U S i m p e r i a l i s m together w i t h I s r a e l i s e n g a g e d i n a t present. W e cannot a p p r o v e o f a n y course, a n y l i n e o f c o m p r o m i s e w i t h aggressor Israel, u n d e r t h e p r e t e x t t h a t t h i s i s a l l e g e d l y i n f a v o u r of t h e E g y p t i a n people. T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p , h o w e v e r , does not expose A m e r i c a n imperialism. It applauds the Israeli-Egyptian agreements a n d u r g e s t h e A r a b peoples t o c o m e t o t e r m s , to make compromises w i t h A m e r i c a n imperialism and Israel, w h i c h are t h e i r m a i n e n e m i e s . S u c h a s t a n d i s n o t M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t . S u c h a c o m p r o m i s e a la t h e C h i n e s e is not i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e peoples. T h e C h i n e s e a b s u r d i t y that b r e a k i n g w i t h one i m p e r i a l i s m t o t h r o w y o u r s e l f into t h e a r m s o f a n o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s m is a c t i n g i n t h e interests o f t h e f r e e d o m o f t h e peoples, i s t o t a l l y i n a d missable. T h e s e t y p i c a l l y b o u r g e o i s m a n o e u v r e s a n d i n trigues c a n n o t b e c a l l e d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a c t i o n s w h i c h
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h e l p t o deepen t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the t w o i m p e rialist superpowers. The A l b a n i a n P a r t y a n d people are against predatory imperialist wars and resolutely support just national l i b e r a t i o n w a r s w h i c h are, a n d m u s t a l w a y s be, t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e peoples, i n f a v o u r o f the r e v o l u t i o n . T h e y are n o t against s u p p o r t i n g e v e n a b o u r g e o i s state, w h e n t h e y see t h a t those w h o r u l e t h i s state a r e p r o g r e s sive persons a n d f i g h t i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e l i b e r a t i o n of their people f r o m imperialist hegemony. B u t our c o u n t r y cannot m a k e c o m m o n cause, o r a c o m p r o m i s e , a s t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s c a l l it, w i t h a state r u l e d by a r e a c t i o n a r y c l i q u e , w h i c h , i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f its o w n class a n d t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e people, enters i n t o a n a l l i a n c e w i t h one o r t h e o t h e r s u p e r p o w e r . L i k e w i s e , socialist A l b a n i a i s n o t a g a i n s t m a i n t a i n i n g n o r m a l d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e states o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d , o r t h e second w o r l d . I t i s against s u c h r e l a t i o n s o n l y w i t h t h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s a n d t h e fascist states. B u t in developing our diplomatic relations, just as in our trade, cultural and other relations, we w o r k according to principles, h a v i n g regard, first of all, for the interests of our country and the revolution, c o n t r a r y to w h i c h we h a v e n e v e r acted, a n d w i l l n e v e r d o so. We Marxist-Leninists w h o have come to power have to establish diplomatic relations w i t h the bourgeois-cap i t a l i s t states, because these r e l a t i o n s a r e i n o u r interests, a n d t h e i r s , too. T h e s e i n t e r e s t s a r e r e c i p r o c a l . Marxist-Leninists should always remember principles. T h e y cannot t r a m p l e u p o n p r i n c i p l e s because o f c i r c u m stances w h i c h are c r e a t e d i n one p e r i o d o r a n o t h e r . W e must keep in m i n d that in the countries w h e r e the upper strata of the bourgeoisie are r u l i n g , they are p e r m a n e n t l y i n s t r u g g l e against t h e people, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e
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poor peasantry, the u r b a n petty-bourgeoisie. Therefore, b o t h w h e n t h e socialist c o u n t r y m a i n t a i n s state r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s c o u n t r i e s , a n d w h e n i t does not, i t must m a k e clear to the peoples that it supports their s t r u g g l e , t h a t i t does n o t a p p r o v e t h e r e a c t i o n a r y , a n t i p o p u l a r actions o f t h e i r r u l e r s . We M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s m u s t recognize and bear in m i n d not o n l y the contradictions w h i c h exist between t h e o p p r e s s e d classes a n d t h e i r oppressors, b u t also t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h arise b e t w e e n states, t h a t is, b e t w e e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f these c o u n t r i e s a n d A m e r i c a n i m p e rialism, Soviet social-imperialism, the other capitalist c o u n t r i e s , etc. W e m u s t a l w a y s p u r s u e s u c h a p o l i c y t h a t w e d o n o t d e f e n d a r e a c t i o n a r y g o v e r n m e n t s i m p l y because, f o r its o w n i n t e r e s t s a n d those o f the class i n power, it breaks temporarily w i t h A m e r i c a n imperialism i n o r d e r t o t h r o w itself i n t o t h e l a p o f a n o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s m , f o r e x a m p l e , B r i t i s h , S o v i e t , o r some o t h e r i m p e r i a l ism. We must exploit the contradictions w h i c h exist a m o n g t h e m w i t h t h e a i m t h a t o u r s t a n d assists t h e strengthening of the struggle of the proletariat and the oppressed masses o f t h a t c o u n t r y a g a i n s t its r e a c t i o n a r y government. If contradictions have arisen between the r e a c t i o n a r y a n d o p p r e s s i v e c a p i t a l i s t g o v e r n m e n t of a c o u n t r y o f t h e second o r t h e t h i r d w o r l d a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t of a c o u n t r y of t h e f i r s t w o r l d , a c c o r d i n g to the division m a d e by the Chinese revisionists, it must not b e t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d t h a t these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a r e always in favour of the liberation of the people of this country f r o m the y o k e of capital, the yoke of the react i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e r u l i n g t h e r e . I n t h i s case w e h a v e t o d o m a i n l y w i t h class interests, w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f bourgeois governments w h i c h represent the exploiting classes, w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h o gives m o r e a n d w h o gives less, w h o best d e f e n d s t h e i r b e i n g i n p o w e r , a n d
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w h o w a n t s t o k i c k t h e m out i n o r d e r t o b r i n g i n h i s o w n men. In dealing w i t h the struggle of the proletariat, the stand towards the bourgeoisie must not be confused w i t h the diplomatic, trade, c u l t u r a l a n d scientific relations b e t w e e n t h e socialist c o u n t r y a n d states w i t h a n o t h e r state s y s t e m . T h e s e i n t e r - s t a t e r e l a t i o n s a r e necessary a n d m u s t b e d e v e l o p e d , b u t t h e socialist c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e clear a b o u t its a i m s i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e m . T h e i d e o l o g i c a l , p o l i t i c a l , m o r a l a n d m a t e r i a l l i f e o f t h e socialist c o u n t r y m u s t be a m i r r o r f o r t h e peoples of those states w i t h w h i c h i t maintains relations, a n d i n w h i c h , t h r o u g h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of these r e l a t i o n s , t h e peoples of t h e n o n - s o c i a l i s t states c a n see t h e blessings a n d a d v a n t a g e s o f the socialist s y s t e m . N a t u r a l l y , w h e t h e r o r not t h e y f o l l o w t h e socialist r o a d i s t h e i r a f f a i r , b u t i t i s t h e d u t y of t h e socialist c o u n t r y to set t h e good e x a m p l e . O n a l l these p o l i t i c a l , t h e o r e t i c a l , a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s n o t o n l y are t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s u n c l e a r b u t , far f r o m clarifying them, they deliberately make them e v e n m o r e obscure, because, a s M a o Z e d o n g says, w e m u s t s t i r t h i n g s u p i n o r d e r t o c l a r i f y t h e m . T h i s thesis i s n o t correct. O n t h e c o n t r a r y , w e m u s t c l a r i f y t h i n g s a n d c o n v i n c e people t o c a r r y out t h e r e v o l u t i o n , because, as for t u r m o i l , this exists already. If the question is to stir things up, then let us stir things up even m o r e for imperialism, w h i c h si g i v i n g up the ghost, and not to h e l p it a n d provide it w i t h crutches to keep it going. We s h o u l d cut s h o r t t h e e x i s t e n c e of c a p i t a l i s m so t h a t t h e peoples, the p r o l e t a r i a t w i l l b e l i b e r a t e d a n d t h e p r o s p e c t of socialism and c o m m u n i s m w i l l be brought nearer. This is our revolutionary road, the road of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . There is no other road. T h e C h i n e s e leaders f o r m e r l y u s e d the e x p r e s s i o n a
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tit-for-tat struggle against A m e r i c a n imperialism, but t h e y d i d n o t a p p l y i t t h e n , a n d are c e r t a i n l y not a p p l y i n g i t t o d a y . T h e y a r e n o t w a g i n g a t i t - f o r - t a t t r u g g l e , since t h e y a r e d r a w i n g closer t o A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d are i n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . China's diplomatic, commercial and cultural relations w i t h t h e i m p e r i a l i s t states a n d t h e o t h e r states o f the w o r l d a r e o n a c a p i t a l i s t basis. C h i n a ' s o b j e c t i v e i n these r e l a t i o n s i s t o s t r e n g t h e n its e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y p o s i t i o n s t h r o u g h t h e a i d i t w a n t s t o r e c e i v e f r o m the p o w e r f u l i m p e r i a l i s t states s o t h a t it, too, can compete w i t h t h e o t h e r t w o s u p e r p o w e r s . C h i n a ' s p r o p a g a n d a o v e r the r a d i o a n d b y o t h e r m e a n s i s d e s i g n e d t o create the i m pression in the w o r l d not o n l y that C h i n a is a big, p o w e r f u l state w i t h a n a n c i e n t c u l t u r e , b u t also t h a t t h e p r e s e n t Chinese policy is progressive, indeed M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t . H o w e v e r , t h i s a c t i v i t y o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s does not a n d c a n n o t b y a n y m e a n s serve a s a n e x a m p l e w h i c h the peoples o f t h e w o r l d s h o u l d f o l l o w i n t h e i r s t r u g g l e t o destroy the capitalist a n d imperialist power.
T h e Chinese V i e w about the U n i t y of the T h i r d W o r l d Is Reactionary T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p seeks t h e u n i t y o f a l l t h e countries o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d , w h i c h are h e t e r o g e n o u s f r o m a n y p o i n t o f v i e w : i n r e g a r d t o t h e i r economic, social a n d c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e t i m e needed a n d t h e r o a d f o l l o w e d b y each o f t h e m t o w i n t h a t degree o f f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e i t e n j o y s t o d a y , etc. B u t h o w does C h i n a i m a g i n e t h i s u n i t y i t p r e a c h e s ? T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p does n o t c o n c e i v e t h i s u n i t y a s a c h i e v e d i n the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t w a y a n d i n t h e i n t e r e s t s of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n of t h e peoples. It sees
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it f r o m t h e b o u r g e o i s p o i n t of v i e w , t h a t is, as a u n i t y by m e a n s o f treaties a n d a g r e e m e n t s c o n c l u d e d a n d r e s c i n d e d b y t h e r u l e r s o f these c o u n t r i e s , w h o are l i n k e d w i t h one i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r t o d a y , b u t w h o t o m o r r o w m a y d e n o u n c e the a g r e e m e n t s t h e y t h e m s e l v e s h a v e c o n c l u d e d in order to l i n k up w i t h another. T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h i p forgets t h a t t h e u n i t y o f these n a t i o n a l states c a n b e e n s u r e d o n l y t h r o u g h t h e s t r u g g l e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses o f each p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , i n the f i r s t place, a g a i n s t the e x t e r n a l i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h has p e n e t r a t e d i n t o t h a t c o u n t r y , but also against the i n t e r n a l c a p i t a l i s m a n d r e a c t i o n . O n l y o n t h i s basis c a n the u n i t y o f these c o u n t r i e s b e b r o u g h t about. O n l y o n t h i s basis c a n t h e u n i t e d f r o n t against f o r e i g n i m p e r i a l i s m , a s w e l l a s a g a i n s t t h e l o c a l monarchs, reactionary bourgeoisie, f e u d a l landlords a n d dictators, be a c h i e v e d . U n d e r c a p i t a l i s m u n i t y i s r e a l i z e d o n l y f r o m above, a t t h e top, i n o r d e r t o s a f e g u a r d t h e v i c t o r i e s o f t h e bourgeoisie a n d t o p r o t e c t t h e m f r o m t h e r e v o l u t i o n . W h e r e a s g e n u i n e u n i t y , a people's u n i t y , m u s t be a c h i e v e d m a i n l y f r o m below, w i t h the proletariat at the head of this unity. Of course, t h e tactics w h i c h t h e p r o l e t a r i a t of a c o u n t r y o f t h e so-called t h i r d w o r l d , o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o f a l l these c o u n t r i e s m a y e m p l o y t o u n i t e w i t h o t h e r p o l i t i c a l forces against i m p e r i a l i s m c a n n o t b e r e j e c t e d o u t o f h a n d . T h e u n i t y o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces e v e n w i t h the b o u r g e o i s l e a d e r s h i p of a c o u n t r y , at a g i v e n m o m e n t , w h e n a deep c o n t r a d i c t i o n arises w i t h a f o r e i g n i m p e r i a l i s m o r w i t h a r e a c t i o n a r y l e a d e r s h i p o f one o f t h e c o u n tries o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d , c a n n o t b e neglected, e i t h e r . A l l these o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d p o s s i b i l i t i e s m u s t b e seen a n d e x p l o i t e d b y t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces. T h a t i s w h y L e n i n says t h a t t h e a i d o f t h e socialist c o u n t r y a n d t h e
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international proletariat should be differentiated and conditional. T h e C h i n e s e leaders, h o w e v e r , a d v o c a t e p r e c i s e l y a n unconditional alliance among reactionary governments, a l l e g e d l y t o face u p t o i m p e r i a l i s m . A n d w h e n t h e y t a l k against i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e y d o n o t m e a n i m p e r i a l i s m , i n general, but only Soviet social-imperialism. T h e w e a k e n i n g o f i m p e r i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s m i s the m a i n trend of w o r l d history today. T h e efforts of various states t o free t h e m s e l v e s f r o m the i n f l u e n c e o f i m p e r i a l i s m also c o n s t i t u t e a n o t h e r t e n d e n c y w h i c h leads t o the w e a k e n i n g o f i m p e r i a l i s m . B u t t h i s second tendency, a s the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h i p a b s o l u t i z e s i t u n c o n ditionally, without m a k i n g any differentiation among c o u n t r i e s , w i t h o u t s t u d y i n g the g e n e r a l a n d p a r t i c u l a r situations, does n o t l e a d to t h e correct course of the u n i t y o f t h e peoples i n s t r u g g l e t o f r e e t h e m s e l v e s f r o m imperialist interference and domination. Likewise, the v i e w of the Chinese revisionists, w h o consider E u r o p e a c o n t i n e n t o f second w o r l d c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h t h e y p u t i n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e t h i r d w o r l d , cannot l e a d t o t h e correct r o a d , e i t h e r . T h i s g r o u p i n g o f c a p i t a l i s t states c a n n e v e r b e f o r the g e n e r a l w e a k e n i n g o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m . T o s a y that s u c h a t h i n g c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h t h e assistance a n d collaboration of the aristocratic bourgeoisie of B r i t a i n , the revanchist bourgeoisie of Western G e r m a n y , the cunning F r e n c h b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t h e o t h e r b i g c a p i t a l i s t groups, is d e p l o r a b l e n a i v i t y . T h e s u p p o r t e r s o f t h e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s m a y c l a i m that, b y a d v o c a t i n g t h e u n i t y o f these c a p i t a l i s t countries, t h e y i n t e n d t o w e a k e n i m p e r i a l i s m . B u t w h i c h imperialism w i l l this u n i t y weaken? That imperialism w i t h w h i c h t h e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s calls f o r the c r e a t i o n of a u n i t e d f r o n t against s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m ? T h a t imperialism w i t h w h i c h the capitalist countries of E u -
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r o p e are i n a l l i a n c e , despite t h e i r c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w i t h i t ? Obviously, advocating the strengthening of this group of states i s a d v o c a t i n g s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n s o f U S imperialism, strengthening the positions of the capitalist states of W e s t E u r o p e . O n the other h a n d , w h e n t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p t a l k s about t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e a l l i a n c e b e t w e e n t h e states o f the second w o r l d a n d the states o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t h i r d w o r l d , i t m e a n s t h e a l l i a n c e a m o n g t h e r u l i n g circles o f these c o u n t r i e s . B u t t o c l a i m t h a t these a l l i a n c e s w i l l h e l p t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f the peoples i s a n idealist, m e t a p h y s i c a l , a n t i - M a r x i s t v i e w . T h e r e f o r e , t o deceive the b r o a d masses o f t h e peoples, w h o a r e s e e k i n g l i b e r a t i o n , w i t h s u c h r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r i e s is a c r i m e c o m m i t t e d a g a i n s t t h e p e o ples a n d the r e v o l u t i o n . The Communist P a r t y of C h i n a thinks that imperiali s m does n o t k n o w , does not see, does n o t u n d e r s t a n d a n d does not e x p l o i t t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h e x i s t a m o n g the c o u n t r i e s t h a t h a v e o n l y j u s t t h r o w n off t h e y o k e of colonialism and have fallen under the yoke of neoc o l o n i a l i s m . T h e facts s h o w t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m e x p l o i t s these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s c o n t i n u o u s l y , e v e r y day, t o its o w n a d v a n t a g e . I t urges a n d i n c i t e s these c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e i r peoples t o f i g h t one a n o t h e r , t o split, t o q u a r r e l a n d f a i l t o achieve u n i t y e v e n o n c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s . I m p e r i a l i s m , too, is w a g i n g a l i f e - a n d - d e a t h s t r u g g l e , s t r i v i n g t o p r o l o n g its existence a n d , w h e n i t sees t h a t i t cannot a c h i e v e t h i s t h r o u g h t h e u s u a l means, t h e n i t t h r o w s i t s e l f i n t o o p e n w a r a n d a g g r e s s i o n t o r e g a i n its superiority and hegemony. T h e C h i n e s e leaders w a n t t o u n i t e t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d n o t o n l y w i t h one a n o t h e r , b u t also w i t h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , a g a i n s t S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s m . I n other w o r d s , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s o p e n l y t e l l t h e peoples o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d t h a t S o v i e t
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social-imperialism is their m a i n enemy, therefore, at the present t i m e , t h e y m u s t n o t r i s e a g a i n s t U S i m p e r i a l i s m o r a g a i n s t its a l l y , t h e r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h i s r u l i n g in their o w n countries. A c c o r d i n g to the Chinese t h e o r y , t h e states o f the t h i r d w o r l d h a v e t o f i g h t n o t to strengthen their freedom, independence and sovereignty, not for the revolution w h i c h overthrows the rule of the bourgeoisie, b u t f o r t h e status q u o . I t i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e that, b y a d v o c a t i n g a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , c o n t r a r y to the interests of the r e v o l u t i o n and t h e cause o f n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e p u s h i n g these states i n t o a t r e a c h e r o u s c o m p r o m i s e . T h e genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties have the intern a t i o n a l i s t d u t y t o e n c o u r a g e a n d i n s p i r e the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples o f a l l these c o u n t r i e s t o m a k e t h e r e v o l u tion, to rise against foreign a n d local oppression a n d enslavement, in w h a t e v e r f o r m they present themselves. O u r P a r t y thinks that this is the only w a y that the c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e c r e a t e d f o r t h e peoples t o f i g h t b o t h i m perialism and social-imperialism, w i t h w h i c h the capitalist b o u r g e o i s i e of m o s t of these c o u n t r i e s of t h e t h i r d w o r l d i s l i n k e d i n a l l sorts o f w a y s . B u t w h a t does C h i n a d o ? C h i n a d e f e n d s M o b u t u a n d the c l i q u e a r o u n d h i m i n Z a i r e . T h r o u g h its p r o p a g a n d a C h i n a i s t r y i n g t o create t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t i t i s a l l e g e d l y defending the people of that c o u n t r y against an invasion of mercenaries engineered by the Soviet U n i o n , but in reality it is defending the reactionary M o b u t u regime. The M o b u t u clique is an agency in the service of US imperialism. T h r o u g h its propaganda and pro-Zaire stand, C h i n a i s d e f e n d i n g M o b u t u ' s a l l i a n c e w i t h U S i m perialism, w i t h neo-colonialism, and striving to prevent a n y change i n t h e status q u o o f t h a t c o u n t r y . T h e d u t y o f the g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s i s n o t t o d e f e n d t h e r e a c t i o n a r y r u l e r s , t h e tools o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s , b u t t o w o r k
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to inspire the people of Zaire to fight for their freedom a n d s o v e r e i g n t y against M o b u t u , l o c a l c a p i t a l a n d U S , French, Belgian and other imperialisms. J u s t a s w e are a g a i n s t M o b u t u i n Z a i r e , w e are also against N e t o a n d h i s abettors i n A n g o l a , because t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d N e t o are d o i n g t h e s a m e t h i n g i n A n g o l a a s t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d M o b u t u a r e d o i n g in Zaire. F r o m examination of the development of the s i t u a t i o n i n t h e a b o v e t w o states i t i s o b v i o u s h o w t h e r i v a l r y between the superpowers over the division of colonies a n d m a r k e t s i s r a g i n g t h e r e . W e d e f e n d n e i t h e r Neto nor the Soviet U n i o n , but w h i l e fighting them, we cannot s u p p o r t U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its m e r c e n a r i e s , e n e m ies o f t h e A n g o l a n people. I n a n y s i t u a t i o n , u n d e r a n y circumstances and at any time, we must support the r e v o l u t i o n a r y peoples, a n d , i n t h e case o f Z a i r e a n d A n g o l a , w e m u s t s u p p o r t o n l y t h e peoples o f these t w o c o u n t r i e s in their efforts to t h r o w off the yoke the superpowers are p u t t i n g a r o u n d t h e i r n e c k s . W h a t should be recommended to the revolutionaries of Z a i r e ? To m a k e a compromise w i t h M o b u t u so that the people o f t h i s c o u n t r y w i l l b e e v e n m o r e o p p r e s s e d b y imperialism, as the Chinese revisionists advise? No, M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s cannot r e c o m m e n d t h i s sort o f c o m p r o m i s e t o t h e people o f Z a i r e , o r t o a n y o t h e r p e o p l e . Let us take as an example China's policy in P a k i s tan. The P a k i s t a n of the khans, w h e r e the r i c h bourgeoisie a n d t h e b i g l a t i f u n d i s t s h a v e a l w a y s r u l e d , has a l l e g e d l y been a n a l l y o f C h i n a . C h i n a ' s aid t o t h i s c o u n t r y has n o t b e e n a i d i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y d i r e c t i o n . I t has assisted t h e strengthening of Pakistan's reactionary latifundist bourgeoisie w h i c h s a v a g e l y oppresses t h e p e o p l e o f t h a t c o u n t r y , just a s t h e c l i q u e o f N e h r u , G a n d h i a n d t h e o t h e r r e a c t i o n a r y m a g n a t e s oppresses t h e I n d i a n people. T h e government of Zulfikar A l i Bhutto was no exception.
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First, East Pakistan broke away f r o m West Pakistan. I n d i a k n e w h o w t o e x p l o i t t h e great c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h existed between the people of East P a k i s t a n and the reactionary bourgeoisie r u l i n g In West Pakistan. It fanned up these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s t o t h e p o i n t o f l e a d i n g t h e p e o p l e o f East P a k i s t a n into an insurrection against the P a k i s t a n of A l i Bhutto. At that time in East Pakistan, w h i c h took the name of Bangladesh, the government of M u j i b u r R a h m a n , w h o a l l e g e d l y f o u g h t f o r d e m o c r a c y a n d the i n terests o f t h e people, w a s f o r m e d . B u t one m o r n i n g M u j i b u r R a h m a n was m u r d e r e d by elements closely l i n k e d w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m . N o w A l i B h u t t o , too, h a s b e e n t o p p l e d . T h u s , C h i n a ' s f r i e n d a n d a l l y , P a k i s t a n ' s greatest l a n d o w n e r a n d r i c h e s t m a n , has b e e n o v e r t h r o w n b y o t h e r r e a c t i o n a r i e s in a c o u p d'tat. B u t w h a t is this opposition w h i c h came to power a n d w h o a r e those w h o t a k e p a r t i n i t ? T h i s , too, i s a r e a c t i o n a r y force, m a d e u p o f t h e m i l i t a r y - m e n , c a p i t a l ists a n d b i g l a n d o w n e r s . I m p e l l e d b y t h e i r class i n t e r e s t s a n d t h e l i n k s t h e y , too, h a v e w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f America, the Soviet Union, or China, they are trying to keep the reactionary p o w e r f i r m l y in their hands. In these c o n d i t i o n s , t o s p e a k t o t h e p e o p l e o f P a k i s t a n a b o u t close a l l i a n c e w i t h a n d s u p p o r t f o r one o r t h e o t h e r b o u r geois p o l i t i c a l force, o f r e p l a c i n g one c l i q u e o f r u l e r s w i t h another, a s t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s are d o i n g , i s n o t s h o w i n g them the correct course of the revolution. T h e correct course i s t o c a l l o n t h e people, c a u g h t b e t w e e n t w o fires, B h u t t o ' s a n d h i s opponents', t o k i n d l e the p o w e r f u l f i r e o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o s t a m p o u t t h e t w o f o r m e r fires, t o overthrow the t w o cliques of the same m o u l d that exist in Pakistan. In this fight on two flanks the Pakistan people t h e m s e l v e s w i l l h a v e t o k n o w h o w t o u t i l i z e t h e c o n tradictions.
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ENVER HOXHA
T h e same a p p l i e s t o m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t h i r d world, or non-aligned world. Thus the Chinese leadership is h a v i n g no luck, not o n l y i n its a l l i a n c e s a n d f r i e n d s h i p w i t h t h e M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t s , b u t also i n its a l l i a n c e s w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l i s t states. B u t w h y i s i t h a v i n g n o l u c k ? B e c a u s e its p o l i c y i s n o t M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , because t h e a n a l y s e s i t makes and the deductions it draws f r o m t h e m are w r o n g . I n these c o n d i t i o n s , w h a t t r u s t c a n the peoples o f t h e third world have in China, w h i c h is aiming to take these c o u n t r i e s u n d e r its w i n g ? O n l y the dictatorship of the proletariat, only the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology, o n l y socialism, engender sincere love, close f r i e n d s h i p a n d s t e e l - l i k e u n i t y a m o n g t h e peoples, by eliminating everything w h i c h splits and divides them. I n o r d e r t o create unity and friendship among the peoples, t o s o l v e p r o b l e m s i n t h e w a y t h a t i s best a n d m o s t s u i t a b l e t o t h e i r interests, a i d a n d concessions s h o u l d i n n o w a y b e g r a n t e d t o s u c h degenerate b o u r g e o i s a s M o b u t u , B h u t t o , G a n d h i a n d others, a l l e g e d l y f o r t h e sake of establishing a political equilibrium w h i c h is ah e x pression of the anti-scientific, anti-popular and opportunist t h e o r y o f e q u i l i b r i u m , w h i c h serves t o m a i n t a i n t h e status q u o a n d s l a v e r y . W e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s f i g h t against n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m , against t h e o p p r e s s i v e c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e o f a n y c o u n t r y , t h a t is, a g a i n s t those w h o oppress t h e peoples. T h i s s t r u g g l e c a n b e w a g e d i f the g e n u i n e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s i n s p i r e , o r g a n i z e a n d l e a d the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses. L e a d e r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e masses b y the p a r t y is successfully achieved only w h e n the p a r t y has a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t revolutionary inspiration, and not an equivocal inspiration w i t h a h u n d r e d meanings, w i t h a h u n d r e d flags. I n its actions the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y
603
o f the g e n u i n e socialist c o u n t r y does n o t p r o c e e d o n l y f r o m t h e i n t e r e s t s o f its o w n state, b u t a l w a y s takes account o f t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n , too.
The
Chinese T h e o r y of the T h i r d W o r l d and the Y u g o s l a v T h e o r y of the Non-aligned W o r l d Sabotage the R e v o l u t i o n a r y Struggle of the Peoples
A l l t h e renegades f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the S o v i e t , Titoite, Chinese and other m o d e r n revisionists, are doing their utmost to fight M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the t r i u m p h a n t t h e o r y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . O u r P a r t y ' s e x p o s u r e o f the t h e o r y o f t h r e e w o r l d s has p u t the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s i n a d i f f i c u l t p o s i t i o n , because t h e y a r e u n a b l e t o r e p l y to our opposition and exposure theoretically, and this is not because t h e y a r e a f r a i d o f us, b u t because t h e y a r e afraid of their lack of arguments. M a o Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, w h o enunciated or adopted the notion of the third world, d i d not w a n t to support this theory w i t h theoretical argument, for they c o u l d not, a n d t h i s w a s n o t w i t h o u t a p u r p o s e . W h y d i d they not do t h i s ? T h i s o v e r s i g h t of t h e i r s is a t r i c k a n d its a i m i s t o d e c e i v e people, t o m a k e t h e m accept a n a b s u r d thesis w i t h o u t d i s c u s s i o n , s i m p l y because M a o Zedong p r o d u c e d it. M a o Zedong could not e x p l a i n the t h e o r e t i c a l basis o f t h i s p h i l o s o p h i c a l o r p o l i t i c a l n o tion, because t h e r e i s n o w a y i t c a n b e e x p l a i n e d . H e a n d his d i s c i p l e s p r o p a g a t e t h e i r concept of t h e d i v i s i o n of t h e w o r l d i n t o t h r e e s i m p l y b y p r o c l a i m i n g it, b u t w i t h o u t d e f e n d i n g it, because t h e y t h e m s e l v e s k n o w t h a t t h i s thesis is i n d e f e n s i b l e . The Chinese third w o r l d a n d the Y u g o s l a v nona l i g n e d w o r l d a r e a l m o s t one a n d t h e s a m e t h i n g . T h e
604
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a i m of b o t h of these w o r l d s is to p r o v i d e a t h e o r e t i c a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r e x t i n g u i s h i n g the class s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t o assist t h e b i g imperialist and capitalist powers to preserve and perpet u a t e the b o u r g e o i s s y s t e m o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n . A s a false, a n t i - M a r x i s t t h e o r y , t o t a l l y d e v o i d o f a n y t h e o r e t i c a l basis, t h e t h e o r y o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d , t h e m y t h the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e c r e a t e d a r o u n d it, has n o effect a t a l l , e i t h e r o n t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e s u f f e r i n g peoples i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f the t h i r d w o r l d , o r o n t h e leaders o f these c o u n t r i e s . T h e s e leaders, w h o m the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p i s t r y i n g t o t a k e u n d e r its u m b r e l l a , h a v e t h e i r o w n d e e p l y i m p l a n t e d v i e w s , have their o w n ideology and definite orientations, therefore the C h i n e s e tales d o n o t g o d o w n w i t h t h e m . D e n g X i a o p i n g a n d c o m p a n y t h i n k t h a t C h i n a w i t h its v a s t t e r r i t o r y a n d p o p u l a t i o n c a n i m p o s e itself o n these c o u n tries. To a c e r t a i n degree, a n d as l o n g as it does n o t j e o p a r d i z e its p l a n s , the C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s suits A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . T h i s t h e o r y fosters t h e c r e a tion of confused situations in the w o r l d of w h i c h both A m e r i c a n imperialism and Soviet social-imperialism take advantage to extend their o w n hegemony, to l i n k together a n d e n t e r i n t o m o r e a l l i a n c e s a n d a g r e e m e n t s w i t h the c a p i t a l i s t a n d b o u r g e o i s l a n d o w n e r heads o f t h e c o u n t r i e s o f the so-called t h i r d w o r l d a n d m a k e t h e m e v e n t i g h t e r . T h i s s i t u a t i o n also serves t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t a i m s o f the Chinese revisionists. I n r e g a r d t o the t h e o r y o f the n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d , the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s r a i s e i t t o a u n i v e r s a l t h e o r y w h i c h i s supposed t o r e p l a c e t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y w h i c h , i n t h e i r v i e w , has b e c o m e obsolete, i s n o l o n g e r relevant, because t h e peoples a n d the w o r l d h a v e a l l e g edly changed. T h e y do not denounce M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m
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o p e n l y , a s C a r r i l l o does, b u t t h e y f i g h t i t b y d e f e n d i n g t h e i r t h e o r y o f t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d , w h e r e a s those w h o defend M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , according to the Yugoslav revisionists, always repeat the same mistake, they do not a g r e e t h a t t h e p r i n c i p l e s a n d n o r m s o f t h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y d o c t r i n e m u s t b e c o r r e c t e d , hence t h e y a r e r e cidivists. A c c o r d i n g to them, the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a ( w h i c h is t h e t a r g e t of t h e i r a t t a c k ) is a r e c i d i v ist p a r t y because i t w a n t s t o a p p l y t h e s c i e n t i f i c p r i n ciples, m e t h o d s a n d d o c t r i n e o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d Stalin to a w o r l d entirely different f r o m that of their time. T h e Titoite views are totally a n t i - M a r x i s t . A n d the a n a l y s i s t h e y m a k e o f t h e process o f w o r l d d e v e l o p m e n t t o d a y p r o c e e d s f r o m these p o s i t i o n s . M o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m in general, and Yugoslav and Chinese revisionism in particular, are against the revolution. T h e Y u g o s l a v and Chinese revisionists consider A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a p o w e r f u l f o r c e w h i c h c a n a d o p t a m o r e l o g i c a l course, can help t h e p r e s e n t w o r l d w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , i s d e v e l o p i n g a n d does n o t w a n t t o b e a l i g n e d . B u t the Y u g o s l a v theory is unable to m a k e a proper definition of t h e t e r m n o n - a l i g n e d itself. F r o m w h a t p o i n t o f v i e w are t h e c o u n t r i e s i t i n c l u d e s i n t h i s w o r l d i t advocates non-aligned, politically, ideologically, economically or m i l i t a r i l y ? T h e Y u g o s l a v p s e u d o - M a r x i s t t h e o r y does n o t t o u c h o n o r m e n t i o n t h i s q u e s t i o n , because a l l these countries, w h i c h i t i s s e e k i n g t o l e a d u n d e r t h e guise o f a new w o r l d , cannot extricate themselves f r o m their m a n y and various forms of dependence on A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l ism or Soviet social-imperialism. T h e Y u g o s l a v theory makes great p l a y w i t h the fact t h a t n o w t h e c o l o n i a l i s m o f t h e o l d t y p e has been abolished, i n g e n e r a l , b u t i t does n o t s a y t h a t m a n y p e o ples h a v e f a l l e n i n t o t h e clutches o f t h e n e w c o l o n i a l i s m .
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W e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s d o not d e n y the fact t h a t c o l o n i a l i s m i n the o l d f o r m s has b e e n a b o l i s h e d , b u t w e stress t h a t i t has been r e p l a c e d b y n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m . T h e same colonialists o f y e s t e r d a y a r e s t i l l o p p r e s s i n g t h e peoples today, t h r o u g h t h e i r e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l , a n d disorganizing them politically and ideologically by i n troducing their corrupt w a y of life. The Titoites call s u c h a s i t u a t i o n a great t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e w o r l d a n d a d d t h a t n e i t h e r M a r x n o r L e n i n , let a l o n e S t a l i n , w h o m t h e y r e j e c t altogether, c o n c e i v e d s u c h a p o s s i b i l i t y . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , t h e peoples a r e n o w free, i n d e p e n d e n t , and aspire only to non-alignment, w h i l e the w e a l t h of the w o r l d should be divided in a more rational and just manner. F o r this aspiration to be realized, the Yugoslav theoreticians a s k t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d the d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t countries, out of the kindness of their hearts to c o n t r i bute, t h r o u g h i n t e r n a t i o n a l conferences, debates, a n d t h e concessions w h i c h the c o u n t r i e s w i l l m a k e t o one a n o ther, t o the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t w o r l d , w h i c h t h e y say, has r e a c h e d s u c h a l e v e l of consciousness as to be a b l e to go to s o c i a l i s m . T h i s i s t h e socialism the T i t o i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s p r e a c h , a s e r m o n t h e y e n c o u r a g e to d i s t r a c t t h e p e o p l e s as m u c h a s possible f r o m t h e r e a l i t y . B e i n g a g a i n s t t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e y are f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of s o c i a l peace so t h a t the bourgeoisie and the proletariat can reach agreement o n the i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e l i v i n g s t a n d a r d o f t h e l o w e r classes. T h a t is, t h e y h u m b l y b e g t h e u p p e r classes t o become generous a n d h a n d o u t s o m e t h i n g f r o m t h e i r p r o f i t s t o t h e w r e t c h e d o f the e a r t h . Tito wants to t u r n the theory of the non-aligned w o r l d i n t o a u n i v e r s a l doctrine, w h i c h , a s w e m e n t i o n e d above, a l l e g e d l y suits the s i t u a t i o n i n t h e w o r l d
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t o d a y . T h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d h a v e a w a k e n e d a n d w a n t t o l i v e free, b u t a c c o r d i n g t o T i t o ' s t h e o r y , t h i s f r e e d o m i s n o t c o m p l e t e n o w because o f t h e existence o f t h e t w o blocs, the N A T O bloc a n d t h e W a r s a w bloc. T i t o poses a s t h e l e a d i n g f i g u r e a n d s t a n d a r d - b e a r e r of the a n t i - b l o c p o l i c y . It is t r u e t h a t h i s c o u n t r y is n o t a m e m b e r of N A T O or the Warsaw Treaty, but it is l i n k e d w i t h these m i l i t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s b y m a n y threads. T h e Y u g o s l a v economy a n d policy are not independent, they a r e c o n d i t i o n e d b y t h e credits, a i d a n d l o a n s t h e y r e c e i v e f r o m the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a n d , f i r s t o f a l l , f r o m A m e r ican i m p e r i a l i s m . T h a t is w h y he relies mostly on this i m p e r i a l i s m . H o w e v e r , T i t o also r e l i e s o n S o v i e t i m p e r i a l i s m and a l l other big capitalist powers. So Yugoslavia, w h i c h c l a i m s to be n o n - a l i g n e d is a l i g n e d , de facto if not de jure, w i t h the aggressive o r g a n i z a t i o n s of the s u p e r powers. T h e r e are m a n y l e a d e r s i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d l i k e Tito, w h o m he w a n t s to gather together in the so-called n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d . T h e s e p e r s o n a l i t i e s , i n g e n e r a l , are b o u r g e o i s , c a p i t a l i s t , n o n - M a r x i s t , m a n y o f w h o m a r e f i g h t i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e l a b e l s socialist, d e m o c r a t , s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t , r e p u b l i c a n , i n d e p e n d e n t r e p u b l i c a n , etc., that some of these p e r s o n a l i t i e s assume, in m o s t cases serve t o deceive the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e oppressed people, in order to keep t h e m in bondage, and p l a y politics at their expense. A n t i - M a r x i s t capitalist ideology prevails in the nona l i g n e d states. M a n y o f these states h a v e l i n k s a n d e n tanglements w i t h the superpowers and a l l the developed capitalist countries of the w o r l d in the same w a y as T i t o i t e Y u g o s l a v i a . T h e o n l y basis f o r t h e g r o u p i n g i n t h e non-aligned world, under Tito's leadership, w h i c h he advocates f o r a l l c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d , i s t h e a i m a n d a c t i v i t y t o q u e l l t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o stop t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d
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peoples f r o m r i s i n g i n i n s u r r e c t i o n t o o v e r t h r o w t h e o l d c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y a n d e s t a b l i s h t h e n e w society, s o c i a l i s m . T h i s i s the i d e a a n d t h e m a i n p r i n c i p l e w h i c h g u i d e s T i t o i n b r i n g i n g these c o u n t r i e s t o g e t h e r . H e p r e t e n d s t h a t h e has m a n a g e d t o g r o u p t h e m t o g e t h e r a n d a s s u m e t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e m , b u t i n fact, n o s u c h t h i n g exists, a s n o b o d y gives t h e T i t o i t e t h e o r y o f t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d , o r t h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s , t h e i m p o r t a n c e w h i c h t h e i r s t a n d a r d - b e a r e r s desire a n d s t r i v e f o r . E v e r y b o d y goes h i s o w n w a y o n t h e r o a d t h a t b r i n g s h i m the greatest a n d m o s t i m m e d i a t e gains. A l l the indications show that A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and w o r l d capitalism prefer the non-aligned w o r l d of Tito rather than the third w o r l d of the Chinese. A l t h o u g h t h e y s u p p o r t t h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s , the developed capitalist countries and A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m are, h o w e v e r , a b i t w a r y a n d h e s i t a n t , because t h e strengthening of C h i n a m a y lead to undesirable situations a n d e v e n t u a l l y become d a n g e r o u s t o t h e A m e r i c a n s t h e m selves. W h e r e a s t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d o f T i t o poses n o d a n g e r a t a l l t o t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . T h a t i s w h y , d u r i n g T i t o ' s last v i s i t t o t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica, C a r t e r extolled his role in creating the non-aligned world and described the movement of the non-aligned countries as a v e r y important factor in solving the major problems of the present-day world. T h e n o n - a l i g n e d c o u n t r i e s , m o s t o f w h i c h are c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , h a v e cast the dice. T h e y k n o w h o w t o m a n o e u v r e i n politics, a n d t h e y side w i t h those i m p e r i a l i s t and capitalist powers w h i c h give them most aid. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e b o u r g e o i s a n d c a p i t a l i s t v i e w , t o engage i n p o l i t i c s m e a n s to deceive, to t r i c k , to o u t w i t t h e o t h e r s as h e a v i l y a n d as o f t e n as possible. T h i s p o l i c y is a p o l i c y of prostitution, which, at certain moments and according to p a s s i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , is a i m e d at g e t t i n g at least a
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l i t t l e h a r d c a s h f r o m a m o r e p o w e r f u l state i n the interest of one's class, in t h e i n t e r e s t of the bosses of t h i s class. Titoism, w i t h its theory of the non-aligned world, p r e a c h e s p r e c i s e l y t h i s p o l i c y . B u t i t does n o t h a v e t h e same o r i e n t a t i o n e v e r y w h e r e , a s T i t o m a k e s out. T h e n o n - a l i g n e d states d o n o t c o n s u l t T i t o a s t o w h a t t h e y s h o u l d d o a n d h o w t h e y s h o u l d act. W i t h a f e w e x c e p tions, t h e r u l e r s of these states a r e t r y i n g to c o n s o l i d a t e t h e i r c a p i t a l i s t p o w e r , t o e x p l o i t t h e people, t o b e o n friendly terms w i t h a big imperialist country, to prevent o r s u p p r e s s t h e o u t b u r s t o f a n y people's r e v o l t a n d i n surrection, a n y revolution. T h i s is the w h o l e policy of the Titoite non-aligned world. T h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d i s also f o r the status q u o . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e T i t o i t e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d is to beg credits f r o m A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s t o e n r i c h t h e b o u r g e o i s class a n d keep i t i n p o w e r . W i t h its t h e o r y o f the t h i r d w o r l d . C h i n a , too, w a n t s to e n r i c h itself? to s t r e n g t h e n itself e c o n o m i c a l l y a n d m i l i t a r i l y i n o r d e r t o become a s u p e r p o w e r , t o d o m i n a t e the w o r l d . T h e a i m s o f b o t h these w o r l d s a r e a n t i - M a r x i s t . T h e y a r e p r o - c a p i t a l , p r o American imperialism. As Tito's visit to C h i n a (20) and H u a Guofeng's visit to Y u g o s l a v i a s h o w e d , t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s are l a v i s h ing praises a n d c u n n i n g f l a t t e r y on C h i n a , w e l l - a d a p t e d t o the c h a r a c t e r o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d i n t e n d e d t o l u r e t h e m t o t h e Y u g o s l a v positions, s o t h a t t h e t h e o r y o f the n o n - a l i g n e d c o u n t r i e s w i l l f i n d not o n l y u n d e r standing, b u t also c o m p l e t e acceptance i n B e i j i n g . A l though they do not renounce their theory of the third w o r l d , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t leaders, h e a d e d b y H u a
_____________________________ 20 F r o m A u g u s t 30 to September 8, 1977. See E n v e r H o x h a , Reflections on China, v o l . 2, 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1979, pp. 517-522, 592-597, 608-617, 636-637, E n g . ed.
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G u o f e n g a n d D e n g X i a o p i n g , h a v e c o m e out i n open s u p p o r t o f the T i t o i t e t h e o r y o f t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d . T h e y have demonstrated that they w a n t to w o r k closely w i t h the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s a l o n g t h e same lines, o n t w o p a r a l l e l rails, w i t h t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t c o m m o n a i m o f d e c e i v i n g the peoples o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d . T h e Y u g o s l a v leaders a r e n o w e l a b o r a t i n g these v i e w s i n defence o f C h i n a . I n d e f e n d i n g it, h o w e v e r , t h e y h a v e r a i s e d some a r g u m e n t s w h i c h are o f f e n s i v e t o C h i n a , a s the m e g a l o m a n i a c state i t is. T h e T i t o i t e s c o m e o u t i n s u p p o r t o f C h i n a a n d d e f e n d i t against t h e e x p o s u r e w h i c h o u r P a r t y m a k e s o f the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p , b y s a y i n g t h a t China's present policy is allegedly realistic. C h i n a , s a y the Y u g o s l a v s , i s a b i g c o u n t r y , w h i c h f r o m its v e r y n a t u r e has t o b e d e v e l o p e d , a s i t i s s t i l l backward, a developing country. The Marxist-Leninist parties, s u c h a s t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a , a r e w r o n g , the T i t o i t e s c l a i m , w h e n t h e y a t t a c k C h i n a o v e r its just aspirations to development and non-alignment, over the a i d i t gives n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n w a r s , etc., etc. Y u g o s l a v i a has the a m b i t i o n t o m a k e C h i n a one o f its satellites. F o r t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s the i m p o r t a n t t h i n g i s t h a t C h i n a should adopt their a n t i - M a r x i s t views without any hesitation. W i t h the t h e o r y o f t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d , Y u g o s l a v i a , w i t h T i t o a t t h e h e a d , has a l w a y s f a i t h f u l l y s e r v e d A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . T i t o a n d h i s g r o u p are p e r f o r m i n g t h i s k i n d o f service n o w , too, b y t r y i n g t o p u s h C h i n a towards rapprochement and alliance w i t h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . T h i s w a s t h e m a i n a i m o f T i t o ' s g o i n g t o P e k i n g a n d o f h i s t a l k s there, w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n a close friendship, which, w i t h H u a Guofeng's visit to Y u g o s l a v i a , has t a k e n the f o r m o f w i d e - r a n g i n g c o l l a b o r a t i o n , not o n l y b e t w e e n t h e t w o states, b u t also b e t w e e n t h e t w o parties. D u r i n g Tito's visit to B e i j i n g , the Chinese
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leaders h a l f a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a was a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y a n d that genuine socialism was being built i n Yugoslavia. W h e n H u a G u o f e n g w e n t t o B e l g r a d e , t h e y stated t h i s c o m p l e t e l y a n d officially. I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e M a o i s t s h a v e done j u s t w h a t M i k o y a n a n d K h r u s h c h e v did in their time, w h e n they gave Tito f u l l recognition as a Marxist, a n d declared that socialism is being built in Yugoslavia and that the Communist P a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a is a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party. T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a p u l l s e i t h e r t h e T i t o s t r i n g , o r the H u a G u o f e n g a n d D e n g X i a p o i n g s t r i n g s , a c c o r d i n g t o its w i s h e s . T h i s p a i r a r e m a r i o n e t t e s w h i c h d o n o t come o u t o p e n l y o n t h e stages o f c h i l d r e n ' s t h e atres, b u t r e m a i n i n disguise a n d , w h e n t h e i r t h e o r i e s are a t t a c k e d a n d t h e y f i n d n o facts t o b a c k t h e i r a r g u m ents, t h e y d e c l a r e t h a t t h e y d o n o t engage i n p o l e m i c s ! W h y d o t h e y n o t engage i n p o l e m i c s w i t h socialist A l bania, w h e n i t a n d t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t P a r t y o f L a b o u r expose t h e m b a d l y b e f o r e w o r l d o p i n i o n ? W h a t are t h e y w a i t i n g f o r ? T h e y d o n o t engage i n p o l e m i c s because they f e a r t h a t t h e i r t r e a c h e r o u s g a m e a g a i n s t M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n w i l l b e e x p o s e d . W h e n the Chinese leaders, t h r o u g h t h e Y u g o s l a v s a n d others, say that C h i n a w i l l n o t r e p l y t o t h e A l b a n i a n p o l e m i c s , t h e i r purpose i s t o c o v e r u p t h e t r u t h . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d other c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a r e c o n t i n u a l l y h o l d i n g v a r i o u s b i l a t e r a l , o r m u l t i l a t e r a l m e e t i n g s , a l l k i n d s o f conferences, congresses, a d o p t i n g r e s o l u t i o n s , m a k i n g speeches a n d o r g a n i z i n g press conferences, t e l l i n g m a n y lies a n d s p r e a d i n g false hopes, m a k i n g t h r e a t s a n d r e s o r t i n g t o b l a c k m a i l . A l l these t h i n g s are b e i n g d o n e t o get out o f the crisis i n w h i c h t h e y are b o g g e d d o w n , t o s u p p r e s s the
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f e e l i n g s of r e v e n g e of t h e s u f f e r i n g oppressed peoples, to o u t w i t t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , a n d deceive t h e p r o g r e s s i v e d e m o c r a t s . T h e Y u g o s l a v a n d C h i nese r e v i s i o n i s t s , too, a r e p l a y i n g t h e i r c a r d s i n a l l t h i s devious and f i l t h y game. T h e t h e o r y o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d i s also one o f the c a r d s o f t h i s g a m e w h i c h has the s a m e a n t i - M a r x i s t a i m o f b e f u d d l i n g people's m i n d s . T h i s t h e o r y m a k e s n o m e n t i o n o f p o l i t i c a l p r o b l e m s because t o d o s o w o u l d b e i n v a i n . O n l y the e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m a n d t h e p r o b l e m of development in general exist for this theory. B u t w h a t k i n d o f d e v e l o p m e n t t h e t h e o r y o f the d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d i s after, t h i s n o b o d y defines. N a t u r a l l y , t h e v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d w a n t t o d e v e l o p i n the e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l , c u l t u r a l , a n d a l l o t h e r f i e l d s . T h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d , w i t h the proletariat at the head, w a n t to o v e r t h r o w the old, rotten, bourgeois capitalist w o r l d and b u i l d t h e n e w w o r l d , s o c i a l i s m , i n its p l a c e . B u t t h e t h e o r i e s o f t h e non-aligned w o r l d a n d t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d m a k e no mention of this w o r l d . W h e n w e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s speak o f t h e v a r i o u s countries, w e also g i v e o u r o p i n i o n s o f t h e m , m a k e assessm e n t s o f t h e l e v e l o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f one c o u n t r y o r the other, o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f e a c h state t o d e v e l o p i n t h i s direction. We say that the people of each country must c a r r y out t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d b u i l d t h e n e w society, r e l y i n g o n t h e i r o w n forces. W e s a y t h a t i n o r d e r t o b e free, i n d e p e n d e n t a n d s o v e r e i g n , e v e r y state m u s t b u i l d a n e w society, m u s t f i g h t a n d o v e r t h r o w its oppressors, m u s t f i g h t a n y i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h e n s l a v e s it, m u s t g a i n a n d defend its political, economic and cultural rights, and b u i l d a c o m p l e t e l y free, c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t h o m e l a n d w h e r e the w o r k i n g class m u s t r u l e i n a l l i a n c e w i t h a l l t h e w o r k i n g masses. T h i s i s w h a t w e s a y a n d w e are r e s o l u t e
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d e f e n d e r s o f the L e n i n i s t thesis a b o u t t w o w o r l d s . W e are m e m b e r s o f the n e w socialist w o r l d a n d w e a r e f i g h t i n g the o l d c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d t o t h e d e a t h . A l l o t h e r theories w h i c h d i v i d e t h e w o r l d i n t o t h e first w o r l d , second w o r l d , t h i r d w o r l d , n o n - a l i g n e d world, developing world, or a n y other world w h i c h m a y be invented in the future, serve capitalism, serve the h e g e m o n y o f t h e g r e a t p o w e r s , s e r v e t h e i r a i m s o f k e e p i n g t h e peoples i n bondage. T h i s i s w h y w e c o m b a t these r e a c t i o n a r y a n t i - M a r x i s t t h e o r i e s w i t h a l l o u r strength. T h e w h o l e w o r l d a n d , e s p e c i a l l y , the c o u n t r i e s o f t h e so-called t h i r d w o r l d , n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d , o r d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d are f o l l o w i n g the struggle of our P a r t y w i t h s y m pathy. In our M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t views, in the ideological and p o l i t i c a l s t a n d o f o u r P a r t y , t h e peoples o f these c o u n tries w h o m t h e C h i n e s e , T i t o i t e a n d S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t theories, a n d the t h e o r i e s o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , etc., are i n t e n d e d to deceive, see a correct s t a n d w h i c h c o r r e s ponds t o t h e correct c o u r s e f o r t h e i r l i b e r a t i o n f r o m oppression a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n once a n d f o r a l l . P r e c i s e l y because o f t h i s t h e e n e m i e s o f M a r x i s m Leninism and our P a r t y t r y to level the accusation at us that w e a r e s e c t a r i a n , u l t r a - l e f t i s t , B l a n q u i s t , t h a t w e d o not m a k e a c o r r e c t a n a l y s i s of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n but stick to some o u t m o d e d s c h e m a t a , etc. It is clear t h a t they a r e r e f e r r i n g t o o u r r e v o l u t i o n a r y d o c t r i n e , w h i c h they c a l l M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s c h e m a t i s m , S t a l i n i s t s c h e m atism, etc. T h e y accuse u s o f a l l e g e d l y c a l l i n g o n the c o u n t r i e s w h i c h h a v e escaped f r o m t h e f o r m o f e x p l o i t a t i o n b y o l d colonialism and w h i c h have entered the f o r m of e x p l o i t a tion o f the n e w c o l o n i a l i s m , t o g o o v e r i m m e d i a t e l y t o socialism, t o c a r r y o u t t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n i m m e d i a tely. T h e y t h i n k t h e y a r e s t r i k i n g a b l o w a t u s w i t h this,
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b y p r e s e n t i n g u s a s a d v e n t u r e r s . B u t o u r P a r t y stands l o y a l t o the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y , t h e t h e o r y w h i c h has c o r r e c t l y d e f i n e d t h e r o a d o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e stages this r e v o l u t i o n m u s t g o t h r o u g h , a n d t h e c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h must be fulfilled for this revolution, either national-demo c r a t i c a n d a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t o r socialist, t o b e c a r r i e d o u t successfully. W e stood l o y a l t o t h i s t h e o r y d u r i n g o u r Anti-fascist National Liberation War, we are standing l o y a l to it now, in the construction of socialism, we stand loyal to it in our ideological struggle and foreign policy. O u r a n a l y s i s i s correct, t h e r e f o r e n o c a l u m n y c a n s h a k e it.
II
CHINA'S PLAN TO BECOME A SUPERPOWER
In the beginning, w h i l e analysing the global strategy of US imperialism and Soviet social-imperialism for w o r l d domination, w h i l e analysing the emergence and developm e n t o f the d i f f e r e n t v a r i a n t s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , a s w e l l a s t h e s t r u g g l e o f a l l these enemies against M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n , w e also d w e l t o n the p l a c e and strategy of Chinese revisionism. C h i n a styles its p o l i t i c a l l i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , b u t the r e a l i t y s h o w s t h e opposite. I t i s p r e c i s e l y t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f this l i n e t h a t w e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s m u s t l a y bare. W e must not a l l o w t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r i e s t o pass f o r M a r x i s t theories, w e m u s t n o t a l l o w C h i n a , o n t h e course it has a d o p t e d , to pose as if it is f i g h t i n g f o r t h e r e v o l u tion, w h e r e a s i n r e a l i t y i t i s a g a i n s t it. W i t h the policy C h i n a is pursuing, it is becoming even m o r e o b v i o u s t h a t i t i s t r y i n g t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e positions o f c a p i t a l i s m a t h o m e a n d t o e s t a b l i s h its h e g e m ony in t h e w o r l d , to b e c o m e a great i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r , so that it, too, occupies, so to say, t h e place it deserves. History shows that every b i g capitalist country aims to become a great w o r l d p o w e r , to o v e r t a k e a n d surpass the o t h e r g r e a t p o w e r s , a n d c o m p e t e w i t h t h e m f o r w o r l d d o m i n a t i o n . T h e r o a d s t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s states h a v e f o l l owed t o t u r n i n t o i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s h a v e been v a r i o u s ; they h a v e b e e n c o n d i t i o n e d b y d e f i n i t e h i s t o r i c a l a n d g e o g -
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r a p h i c a l circumstances, b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces, etc. T h e r o a d o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a is different f r o m that f o l l o w e d by the old E u r o p e a n p o w ers l i k e B r i t a i n , F r a n c e a n d G e r m a n y , w h i c h w e r e f o r m e d as s u c h on t h e basis of c o l o n i a l o c c u p a t i o n s . A f t e r the Second W o r l d W a r , the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a w a s l e f t the greatest c a p i t a l i s t p o w e r . O n t h e basis o f t h e great e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l i t p o s sessed, a n d t h r o u g h the d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m , it was transformed into an imperialist superpower. B u t b e f o r e l o n g a n o t h e r s u p e r p o w e r w a s a d d e d t o this, t h e Soviet U n i o n , w h i c h after Stalin's death and after the betrayal of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m by the K h r u s h c h e v i t e leadership, was transformed into an imperialist superpower. F o r t h i s p u r p o s e i t e x p l o i t e d t h e great e c o n o m i c , t e c h n i c a l and m i l i t a r y potential built up by socialism. W e are n o w w i t n e s s i n g t h e e f f o r t s o f a n o t h e r b i g state, t o d a y ' s C h i n a , to b e c o m e a s u p e r p o w e r because it, too, i s p r o c e e d i n g r a p i d l y o n t h e r o a d o f c a p i t a l i s m . B u t C h i n a l a c k s colonies, l a c k s a l a r g e - s c a l e d e v e l o p e d i n d u s t r y , l a c k s a s t r o n g e c o n o m y in g e n e r a l , a n d a great t h e r m o - n u c l e a r p o t e n t i a l o n the s a m e scale a s t h e other t w o imperialist superpowers. To b e c o m e a s u p e r p o w e r it is a b s o l u t e l y essential to have a developed economy, an a r m y equipped w i t h atomic b o m b s , t o e n s u r e m a r k e t s a n d spheres o f i n f l u e n c e , i n v e s t m e n t o f c a p i t a l i n f o r e i g n countries, etc. C h i n a i s b e n t o n e n s u r i n g these c o n d i t i o n s a s q u i c k l y a s possible. T h i s w a s e x p r e s s e d i n Z h o u E n l a i ' s speech i n t h e P e o p l e ' s A s s e m b l y i n 1975 a n d w a s r e p e a t e d a t t h e 11th C o n g r e s s of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a , w h e r e it was procl a i m e d that, b e f o r e t h e e n d o f t h i s c e n t u r y , C h i n a w i l l become a p o w e r f u l m o d e r n c o u n t r y , w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e o f c a t c h i n g u p w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d
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the S o v i e t U n i o n . N o w t h i s w h o l e p l a n has b e e n e x t e n d e d a n d set out i n p r e c i s e d e t a i l i n w h a t i s c a l l e d the p o l i c y of the four modernizations. B u t w h a t r o a d has C h i n a chosen s o t h a t it, too, w i l l become a s u p e r p o w e r ? A t present, t h e colonies a n d m a r k ets i n t h e w o r l d are o c c u p i e d b y others. T h e c r e a t i o n o f an economic and m i l i t a r y potential equal to that of the A m e r i c a n s and Soviets, w i t h i n 20 years, and w i t h their o w n forces, a s t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s c l a i m t h e y w i l l do, i s impossible. In these c o n d i t i o n s , in o r d e r to b e c o m e a s u p e r p o w e r , C h i n a w i l l have to go t h r o u g h t w o m a i n phases: first, it m u s t seek c r e d i t s a n d i n v e s t m e n t s f r o m U S i m p e r i a l i s m and the other developed capitalist countries, to purchase n e w t e c h n o l o g y i n o r d e r t o e x p l o i t its l o c a l w e a l t h , a g r e a t part o f w h i c h w i l l g o a s d i v i d e n d s f o r t h e c r e d i t o r s . S e cond, i t w i l l i n v e s t t h e s u r p l u s v a l u e e x t r a c t e d a t t h e expense o f t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e i n states o f v a r i o u s c o n tinents, j u s t a s t h e U S i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t s are d o i n g t o d a y . C h i n a ' s e f f o r t s to b e c o m e a s u p e r p o w e r a r e based, i n t h e f i r s t place, o n its c h o i c e o f allies a n d t h e c r e a t i o n of alliances. T w o superpowers exist in the w o r l d today, U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . The Chinese leaders worked out that they must rely on US imperialism, on which they have pinned great hopes of getting assistance in the fields of the economy, finance, technology and organization, as well as in the military field. In fact, the e c o n o m i c - m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l of t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a is greater than that of Soviet social-imperialism. T h i s t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s k n o w w e l l , t h o u g h t h e y say that A m e r i c a i s d e c l i n i n g . O n t h e course w h i c h t h e y are following, they cannot rely on a w e a k partner, f r o m w h i c h they cannot g a i n m u c h . P r e c i s e l y because i t i s p o w e r f u l ,
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t h e y h a v e chosen the U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a t o b e their ally. T h e a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f t h e C h i n e s e p o l i c y t o t h e p o l i c y o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m also has o t h e r a i m s . I t c o n t a i n s i n i t s e l f t h e t h r e a t against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h i s p l a i n f r o m the deafening propaganda and the feverish activity the Chinese leaders are c a r r y i n g out against the Soviet U n i o n . W i t h this policy it is pursuing, C h i n a is letting t h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n k n o w t h a t its l i n k s w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a c o n s t i t u t e a c o l o s s a l f o r c e a g a i n s t it, i n case a n i m p e r i a l i s t w a r b r e a k s out. T h e p r e s e n t - d a y C h i n e s e p o l i c y i s also a i m e d a t e s t a b l i s h i n g f r i e n d s h i p s a n d a l l i a n c e s w i t h a l l the o t h e r d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , f r o m w h i c h i t seeks p o l i t i c a l and economic benefits. C h i n a wants a n d is t r y i n g to s t r e n g t h e n t h e U S a l l i a n c e w i t h these c o u n t r i e s o f t h e second w o r l d , as it c a l l s t h e m . It is e n c o u r a g i n g t h e i r u n i t y w i t h , o r m o r e a c c u r a t e l y , t h e i r s u b j e c t i o n to, U S i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h i t r e g a r d s a s its s e n i o r p a r t n e r . T h i s i s t h e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r a l l those close l i n k s t h a t the C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t i s bent o n e s t a b l i s h i n g w i t h a l l t h e w e a l t h y c a p i t a l i s t states, J a p a n , W e s t G e r m a n y , B r i t a i n , F r a n c e , etc., t h i s i s the e x p l a n a t i o n f o r the f r e q u e n t visits to C h i n a of government economic, c u l t u r a l and s c i e n t i f i c delegations f r o m t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d a l l the other d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , w h e t h e r republics or kingdoms, as w e l l as the visits of the Chinese delegations t o those c o u n t r i e s . T h i s i s t h e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r C h i n a ' s s y s t e m a t i c actions t o d e m o n s t r a t e its s t a n d i n f a v o u r o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c a p i t a l i s t states a t e v e r y o p p o r t u n i t y , b y t r y i n g to b r i n g to notice everything that is written, said and d o n e i n these states against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h i s p o l i c y o f the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s c a n n o t f a i l t o attract
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a t t e n t i o n a n d f i n d d u e s u p p o r t f r o m t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a . As is k n o w n , at the time of the Second W o r l d W a r in the A m e r i c a n State Department there were two lobbies o v e r t h e C h i n e s e i s s u e : one p r o C h i a n g K a i s h e k a n d the o t h e r p r o M a o Z e d o n g . O f course, a t t h a t t i m e the C h i a n g K a i s h e k l o b b y t r i u m p h e d i n t h e A m e r i c a n S t a t e Department a n d Senate, w h i l e the M a o Zedong l o b b y t r i u m p h e d o n t h e spot, i n m a i n l a n d C h i n a . A m o n g the inspirers of this lobby were M a r s h a l l and Vandemeyer, E d g a r S n o w ( 2 1 ) a n d others, w h o b e c a m e f r i e n d s a n d a d v i s ers o f t h e C h i n e s e , t h e i n s t i g a t o r s a n d i n s p i r e r s o f a l l kinds of organizations in n e w C h i n a . T o d a y the threads o f those o l d ties a r e b e i n g r e v i v e d , s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t e n s i f i e d a n d m a t e r i a l i z e d . N o w e v e r y b o d y sees t h a t C h i n a a n d t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a are d r a w i n g e v e r closer to each other. S o m e t i m e ago, one of t h e b e s t - i n f o r m e d A m e r i c a n n e w s p a p e r s , The Washington Post w r o t e : T h e r e i s n o w a n A m e r i c a n consensus w h i c h i s s u p p o r t e d e v e n b y the R i g h t , e v e n b y those w h o h a v e l i t t l e s y m p a t h y f o r B e i j i n g . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s consensus, w h a t e v e r m i g h t h a v e h a p p e n e d i n t h e past, t h e r e i s n o l o n g e r a n y r e a s o n for C h i n a to be c o n s i d e r e d a t h r e a t to t h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a . Except for T a i w a n , there are few things on w h i c h t h e t w o g o v e r n m e n t s a r e n o t i n a g r e e m e n t . I n fact, both sides h a v e a g r e e d t o p u t aside the T a i w a n q u e s t i o n w i t h t h e a i m o f g a i n i n g a d v a n t a g e i n o t h e r fields. T h e issue o f T a i w a n w h i c h i s r a i s e d i n t h e r e l a t i o n s between C h i n a a n d t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , has remained something f o r m a l . C h i n a is not insisting on this question n o w . I t i s n o t w o r r i e d a b o u t H o n g K o n g a n d i s not i n t h e least c o n c e r n e d t h a t M a c a o i s s t i l l u n d e r t h e domination of the Portuguese. T h e Chinese government
_______________________________ 21 See E n v e r H o x h a , Reflections on China, v o l . 2, 8 N n tori P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1979, pp. 492-497, E n g . ed.
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does n o t accept t h e o f f e r o f the n e w P o r t u g u e s e g o v e r n m e n t t o restore this c o l o n y t o C h i n a , s a y i n g t h a t a g i f t is n o t t a k e n back. T h e existence of these colonies is an a n a c h r o n i s m , b u t t h i s does n o t upset t h e p r a g m a t i c p o l i c y o f the C h i n e s e leaders. S o l o n g a s H o n g K o n g a n d M a c a o r e m a i n colonies, w h y s h o u l d T a i w a n , too, not be a c o l o n y ? A p p a r e n t l y C h i n a is greatly interested that T a i w a n should r e m a i n a s i t i s i n t h e f u t u r e , too. B e s i d e s its o p e n r e l a t i o n s i t c a r r i e s o n i n the l i g h t o f the day, i t i s i n t e r e s t e d i n d e v e l o p i n g its d i s g u i s e d t r a f f i c k i n g w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s , the B r i t i s h , J a p a n e s e a n d o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h r o u g h these t h r e e doors. T h e r e f o r e , t h e nonsense D e n g X i a o p i n g a n d L i X i a n n i a n t r y t o p u t across t h a t S i n o A m e r i c a n r e l a t i o n s a l l e g e d l y d e p e n d o n the s t a n d o f t h e Americans towards T a i w a n , is nothing but a smoke-screen t o conceal the c o u r s e o n w h i c h C h i n a has set o u t t o w a r d s r a p p r o c h e m e n t w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i n o r d e r to b e c o m e a s u p e r p o w e r . C a r t e r has d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w i l l establish diplomatic relations w i t h C h i n a ( 2 2 ) . A s far as T a i w a n is concerned, it w i l l adopt J a p a n ' s stand, i.e., f o r m a l l y i t w i l l b r e a k off d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e island, without breaking off economic and c u l t u r a l relations, a n d u n d e r cover o f t h e m , m i l i t a r y r e l a t i o n s . I n fact, C h i n a i s i n t e r e s t e d i n the m i l i t a r y r e l a t i o n s o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w i t h T a i w a n . I t w a n t s t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t o m a i n t a i n forces i n T a i w a n , J a p a n , S o u t h K o r e a a n d the I n d i a n O c e a n , because i t t h i n k s t h a t t h i s i s to C h i n a ' s a d v a n t a g e , f o r t h u s a c o u n t e r - w e i g h t is c r e a t e d against t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . A l l these stands are c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e course t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p has chosen f o r C h i n a to b e c o m e a
_________________________________ 22 D i p l o m a t i c relations between w e r e established on J a n u a r y 1, 1979. China and the USA
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s u p e r p o w e r , b y t r y i n g t o d e v e l o p its e c o n o m y a n d increase its m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l t h r o u g h c r e d i t s a n d i n v e s t m e n t s f r o m the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d other b i g capitalist c o u n t r i e s . I t j u s t i f i e s t h i s course b y c l a i m i n g t h a t i t i s a l l e g e d l y a p p l y i n g a correct p o l i c y , t h e M a r x i s t l i n e o f M a o Zedong, according to w h o m China ought to benefit f r o m t h e w o r l d ' s g r e a t successes, n e w p a t e n t s a n d t e c h nologies, m a k i n g f o r e i g n t h i n g s serve its i n t e r n a l d e v e l o p m e n t ( 23 ), etc. T h e a r t i c l e s of Renmin Ribao a n d the speeches o f the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s are f u l l o f s u c h slogans. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e C h i n e s e concept, t o b e n e f i t f r o m t h e i n v e n tions a n d i n d u s t r i a l a c h i e v e m e n t s o f o t h e r states m e a n s t o t a k e c r e d i t s a n d accept i n v e s t m e n t s f r o m t h e U n i t e d States of America, Japan, West Germany, France, Britain and all the other capitalist countries, for w h i c h it is lavish w i t h praise. T h e Chinese leaders have adopted the revisionist theories t h a t b i g c o u n t r i e s s u c h a s C h i n a , w h i c h h a v e m a n y assets, c a n t a k e c r e d i t s f r o m A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m o r a n y p o w e r f u l c a p i t a l i s t state, t r u s t o r b a n k , because t h e y a l l e g e d l y h a v e t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o r e p a y t h e credits. T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e come o u t i n defence o f this view. By advertising their experience of the construction of specific socialism w i t h aid f r o m the w o r l d f i n a n c i a l o l i g a r c h y a n d e s p e c i a l l y U S c a p i t a l , t h e y are p r o v i d i n g the e x a m p l e a n d e n c o u r a g i n g C h i n a t o p r o c e e d o n t h i s course w i t h o u t h e s i t a t i o n . T h e b i g c o u n t r i e s m a y r e p a y t h e credits t h e y receive, but the i m p e r i a l i s t i n v e s t m e n t s w h i c h a r e m a d e i n these
_____________________________________ 23 T h i s purpose is also served by the Code on joint enterprises w i t h Chinese and foreign capital approved by the People's N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y in J u l y , 1979, a n d w h i c h provides that the capital of the foreign partner should not be under 25 per cent of the total (see Beijing Review, no. 29, J u l y 23. 1979, pp. 25-27).
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b i g states, s u c h a s the r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n , C h i n a , o r a n y w h e r e else, cannot f a i l t o l e a v e g r a v e n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t consequences. T h e w e a l t h a n d t o i l o f t h e peoples a r e e x p l o i t e d also i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i s t c o n cerns a n d m o n o p o l i e s . T h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s , a s w e l l a s the d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t states o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e o r Japan, w h i c h are m a k i n g investments in C h i n a and in the revisionist countries, intend to dig themselves in there, to i n t e r l o c k t h e concerns o f t h e i r c o u n t r i e s i n close c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h the t r u s t s a n d b r a n c h e s o f t h e m a i n i n d u s tries i n these c o u n t r i e s . The question of capital investment by imperialist states i n C h i n a i s n o t s o s i m p l e a s t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s s t r i v e to m a k e out w h e n they call this penetration of capital into t h e i r c o u n t r i e s h a r m l e s s because, a l l e g e d l y , i t i s n o t coming in t h r o u g h inter-state relations (although top C h i nese leaders h a v e r e c e n t l y d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e y w i l l accept government credits f r o m abroad), but t h r o u g h private banks and companies w i t h o u t political implications and interests. T h e i n c u r r i n g o f h e a v y debts b y a n y c o u n t r y , b i g o r s m a l l , t o one i m p e r i a l i s m o r another, i s a l w a y s fraught w i t h unavoidable dangers to the freedom, i n d e p endence a n d s o v e r e i g n t y o f the c o u n t r y w h i c h e m b a r k s o n t h i s course, e s p e c i a l l y o f e c o n o m i c a l l y p o o r c o u n t r i e s s u c h as C h i n a . A t r u e socialist c o u n t r y has no n e e d to i n c u r s u c h debts. I t f i n d s t h e resources f o r its e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t a t h o m e , i n its w e a l t h , i n its i n t e r n a l a c c u m u l a t i o n a n d i n t h e c r e a t i v e f o r c e o f t h e people. T h e example of A l b a n i a , a small country, shows v e r y clearly w h a t i n e x h a u s t i b l e means, resources a n d capacities a socialist c o u n t r y has f o r its d e v e l o p m e n t . A n d t h e m e a n s a n d resources o f a b i g c o u n t r y a r e m u c h g r e a t e r s t i l l , i f i t marches consistently on the road of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e o p e n i n g u p o f the C h i n e s e m a r k e t t o A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the b i g A m e r i c a n a n d o t h e r W e s t e r n
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c o m p a n i e s has b e e n w e l c o m e d w i t h u n r e s t r a i n e d d e l i g h t b y the i m p e r i a l i s t s o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d a l l the i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e . T h e m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m panies, t h e i n d u s t r i a l i s t s o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , h a v e a g o o d k n o w l e d g e of C h i n a ' s e c o n o m y a n d its great assets, t h e r e f o r e t h e y a r e d o i n g t h e i r u t m o s t t o b u i l d u p t h e i r e c o n o m i c n e t w o r k there, t o set u p j o i n t c o m p a n i e s and extract large profits. N o t only the b i g A m e r i c a n c o m p a n i e s b u t also t h e c o m p a n i e s o f J a p a n , G e r m a n y a n d the o t h e r d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s are o p e r a t i n g i n C h i n a i n this w a y . C h i n a has a l r e a d y c o n c l u d e d a c o n t r a c t w i t h J a p a n f o r the d e l i v e r y o f u p t o 1 0 m i l l i o n tons o f o i l p e r y e a r . A big team of representatives of the Italian E N I went to C h i n a t o o f f e r licences f o r o i l p r o s p e c t i n g i n s t r u m e n t s there, b u t t h e y f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s f o r e s t a l l e d b y l a r g e groups f r o m the A m e r i c a n oil companies w h i c h h a d earlier entered into agreements w i t h C h i n a on the joint extraction and exploitation of oil. This is what China is doing also i n o t h e r m i n i n g sectors l i k e i r o n a n d o t h e r m i n e r a l s , l a r g e resources o f w h i c h a r e a l r e a d y k n o w n o r m a y b e discovered there. T h e G e r m a n coal magnates are n o w in C h i n a a n d h a v e c o n c l u d e d c o n t r a c t s w o r t h scores o f billions of marks. Chinese ministers are going back and f o r t h t o J a p a n , A m e r i c a a n d E u r o p e i n o r d e r t o get c r e d its, t o s i g n c o n t r a c t s f o r m o d e r n t e c h n o l o g i c a l e q u i p ment, t o b u y m o d e r n w e a p o n s , t o c o n c l u d e t e c h n i c a l s c i e n t i f i c a g r e e m e n t s , etc. T h e doors o f a l l C h i n e s e i n s t i t u tions a n d e n t e r p r i s e s h a v e b e e n o p e n e d t o t h e b u s i n e s s men f r o m Tokyo, W a l l Street and the European C o m m o n M a r k e t , w h o are h u r r y i n g t o B e i j i n g , v y i n g w i t h one a n o t h e r t o secure c o n t r a c t s f o r t h e l a r g e m o d e r n i z a t i o n projects t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t i s o f f e r i n g t h e m . I n t h i s w a y C h i n a , too, i s e n t e r i n g the w h i r l p o o l o f i m p e r i a l i s t greed, the great i m p e r i a l i s t h u n g e r f o r m i n e r a l s a n d r a w
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m a t e r i a l s , a n d the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f C h i n e s e l a b o u r p o w e r . E v e r y o n e k n o w s t h a t t h e c a p i t a l i s t does n o t g i v e a n y o n e a i d w i t h o u t f i r s t c o n s i d e r i n g h i s o w n economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l interests. It is n o t s i m p l y a q u e s t i o n o f the percentage o f p r o f i t h e m a k e s . A l o n g w i t h t h e c r e d i t i t gives, t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r y also i n t r o d u c e s i t s w a y o f l i f e , its c a p i t a l i s t w a y o f t h i n k i n g , i n t o t h e c o u n t r y w h i c h receives its aid, i t sets u p bases a n d spreads o u t i n s i d i o u s l y , l i k e o i l i n cabbage, e x p a n d s its s p i d e r ' s w e b w i t h the s p i d e r a l w a y s t h e r e i n the centre, r e a d y t o suck t h e b l o o d o f a l l t h e f l i e s w h i c h b e c o m e e n t a n g l e d i n its w e b , a s has h a p p e n e d w i t h Y u g o s l a v i a a n d i s h a p p e n i n g n o w w i t h the S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e same w i l l h a p p e n w i t h C h i n a , too. Consequently, C h i n a w i l l give way, as it is doing a l r e a d y , o n p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l questions, a n d t h e C h i n e s e m a r k e t w i l l b e c o m e a v e r y i m p o r t a n t debouch* f o r A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l i z e d capitalist powers. T h e A m e r i c a n , West-German, Japanese and other credits and investments in C h i n a cannot f a i l to affect its i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y t o one degree o r a n o t h e r . S u c h c r e d i t s m a k e e v e r y r e c i p i e n t state dependent, f o r the l e n d e r i m p o s e s h i s o w n p o l i c y o n it. T h e r e f o r e , a n y state, b i g o r s m a l l , w h i c h gets c a u g h t u p i n t h e m e c h a n i s m o f i m p e r i a l i s m s u f f e r s c u r t a i l m e n t o r loss o f its p o l i t i c a l f r e e d o m , its i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y . E v e n t h e S o v iet U n i o n has been r e d u c e d t o t h i s state o f c u r t a i l e d s o v e r e i g n t y , a l t h o u g h w h e n i t e m b a r k e d o n t h e course o f the r e s t o r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m , i t w a s f a r m o r e p o w e r f u l economically and militarily than present-day China, which is s e t t i n g out on t h e s a m e course. N a t u r a l l y , w h e n t h e y get t h e m s e l v e s c a u g h t u p i n t h e
____________________________________ * F r e n c h in the o r i g i n a l .
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m e c h a n i s m o f i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e s m a l l c o u n t r i e s lose t h e i r freedom and independence more quickly than big countries l i k e C h i n a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , w h i c h m a y lose t h e m m o r e g r a d u a l l y , n o t o n l y because t h e y h a v e g r e a t e r e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l , b u t also because, r e l y i n g on this potential, they struggle to protect their markets a n d seize n e w ones, t o create a n d e x p a n d t h e i r spheres o f i n f l u e n c e i n o r d e r t o b r i n g p r e s s u r e t o b e a r u p o n one another, a n d e v e n g o t o w a r w h e n t h e y f i n d n o o t h e r w a y out. B u t s t i l l t h i s does n o t save t h e m f r o m the c h a i n s of the credits a n d investments w h i c h b i n d t h e m h a n d and foot. T h e c r e d i t s m u s t b e r e p a i d w i t h interest. H o w e v e r , w h e n you are unable to p a y them, you w i l l incur new debts. D e b t s p i l e u p a n d t h e c a p i t a l i s t d e m a n d s h i s p a y ment and w h e n y o u cannot p a y he w i l l put pressure o n y o u . T h e A m e r i c a n m o n o p o l y companies, f o r e x a m p l e , w h i c h i m p o s e t h e i r p o l i c y o n the g o v e r n m e n t , f o r c e i t t o protect t h e i r c a p i t a l b y e v e r y means, e v e n t o d e c l a r e w a r , if need be, to d e f e n d t h e m . J u d g i n g by the zeal the Chinese leaders are displaying i n t h e i r a t t e m p t s t o base t h e m s e l v e s o n A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , o n t h e c a p i t a l i s t s o f t h e U n i t e d States o f America, for the development of the economy of their country, a l l t h e i r d e a f e n i n g c l a m o u r a b o u t the w e a k e n i n g o f this i m p e r i a l i s m f a l l s f l a t . T h e i r a l l e g a t i o n s a b o u t t h e weakening of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m are only a bluff, like their d e c l a r a t i o n a b o u t r e l y i n g o n t h e i r o w n forces. T h e Chinese r e v i s i o n i s t s t h i n k t h e opposite o f w h a t t h e y say, a s e v e r y b o d y c a n see f r o m t h e i r p r a c t i c e . T h e o f f i c i a l C h i n e s e n e w s p a p e r s o f t e n voice t h e i r concern a b o u t t h e c r e d i t s t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t S o v i e t Union receives f r o m the A m e r i c a n , W e s t - G e r m a n , J a p a n ese a n d o t h e r b a n k s . T h e y w a r n t h e U n i t e d States o f America and the other developed capitalist countries to b e c a r e f u l because t h e S o v i e t U n i o n uses the t e c h n o l o g i c a l
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assistance a n d c r e d i t s t h e y p r o v i d e t o d e v e l o p a n d s t r e n g t h e n its e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l , a n d t h a t t h i s a i d a n d these c r e d i t s i n c r e a s e t h e d a n g e r t h r e a t e n i n g t h e m f r o m social-imperialism, w h i c h , according to the Chinese leaders, t o d a y has t a k e n t h e p l a c e o f t h e T h i r d R e i c h . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y c a l l f o r these c r e d i t s t o b e c u t o f f a s soon as p o s s i b l e . I t i s not d i f f i c u l t t o deduce t h e r e a l m e a n i n g o f t h e concern w h i c h t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s d i s p l a y a b o u t t h e credits w h i c h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n receives. N a t u r a l l y , t h e y are n o t w o r r i e d a b o u t t h e c a p i t a l i s t n a t u r e o f these c r e d its, n o r a b o u t t h e d a n g e r t h e y pose t o t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f t h e S o v i e t state. B u t t h e y w a n t t o t e l l t h e m a g n a t e s o f A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l a n d the g o v e r n m e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , the c a p i t a l i s t s a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f t h e other i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , t h a t t h e y m u s t g i v e these c r e d its a n d t h i s a i d n o t t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , b u t t o C h i n a , w h i c h is no source of d a n g e r to t h e m , b u t a source of profits. T h i s is one aspect of t h e C h i n e s e p l a n to become a s u p e r p o w e r . The other aspect is the attempts to dominate the less developed countries of the world, to become the leader* of what China calls the third world. T h e g r o u p r u l i n g t o d a y i n C h i n a l a y s great stress o n t h e third w o r l d i n w h i c h , n o t f o r t u i t o u s l y a n d n o t w i t h out a p u r p o s e , i t i n c l u d e s C h i n a , too. T h e t h i r d w o r l d of t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s has a w e l l - d e f i n e d p o l i t i c a l a i m . It is part of the strategy w h i c h aims at t r a n s f o r m i n g C h i n a into a superpower as q u i c k l y as possible. C h i n a wants to r a l l y r o u n d itself all the countries of the third world or the non-aligned countries or the developi n g countries, i n o r d e r t o create a l a r g e force, w h i c h w i l l
___________________________ * E n g l i s h in the o r i g i n a l .
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not o n l y i n c r e a s e t h e o v e r a l l C h i n e s e p o t e n t i a l b u t w i l l also h e l p C h i n a t o c o u n t e r p o s e i t s e l f t o the other t w o s u p e r p o w e r s , t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , to c a r r y greater weight in the bargaining over the d i v i s i o n o f m a r k e t s a n d spheres o f i n f l u e n c e , t o g a i n t h e t r u e status o f a n i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r . C h i n a i s t r y i n g t o r e a l i z e its a i m o f r a l l y i n g a s m a n y states o f t h e w o r l d as possible r o u n d itself u n d e r the slogan that it is allegedly f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e peoples f r o m n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m a n d t h e i r t r a n s i t i o n t o s o c i a l i s m t h r o u g h t h e s t r u g g l e against i m p e r i a l i s m . C h i n a speaks about this i m p e r i a l i s m somewhat in the abstract but it emphasizes that Soviet i m p e rialism is the most dangerous. C h i n a has l a u n c h e d t h i s d e m a g o g i c slogan, d e v o i d o f a n y t h e o r e t i c a l content, in t h e h o p e of u s i n g it as a m e a n s to r e a l i z e its h e g e m o n i c a i m s . As a start, it i n t e n d s to establish Chinese domination over the so-called t h i r d w o r l d a n d t h e n t o m a n i p u l a t e t h i s w o r l d f o r its o w n i m p e r i a l i s t interests. F o r t h e t i m e b e i n g , C h i n a i s t r y i n g to c o n c e a l t h i s w i t h i t s r e p u t a t i o n as a socialist c o u n t r y . It is s p e c u l a t i n g w i t h t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a socialist country could have no intentions of enslaving or leading others b y t h e nose, o f b l a c k m a i l i n g , f i g h t i n g , o p p r e s s i n g and e x p l o i t i n g t h e m . I t i s u s i n g t h i s s l o g a n a n d b a c k i n g it up w i t h the reputation that the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a , c r e a t e d b y t h e great M a o Z e d o n g , i s a l l e g e d l y a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y w h i c h f a i t h f u l l y adheres to the t h e o r y o f M a r x a n d L e n i n , a t h e o r y w h i c h i s against a l l the e v i l s of t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m , c o l o n i a l e x p l o i t a t i o n , etc. D i s g u i s e d a s s o m e t h i n g w h i c h i t i s not, h i d i n g b e h i n d the p h r a s e t h e t h i r d w o r l d , a n d i n c l u d i n g i t s e l f w i t h o u t a n y c r i t e r i o n o r class d e f i n i t i o n i n t h i s w o r l d , C h i n a t h i n k s t h a t i t w i l l m o r e e a s i l y r e a l i z e its s t r a t e g i c a i m o f e s t a b l i s h i n g its h e g e m o n y o v e r t h i s w o r l d . T h e S o v i e t U n i o n has p r a c t i s e d t h e s a m e d e c e p t i o n o n other c o u n -
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tries. A l l the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s p r a t e n i g h t a n d d a y t h a t t h e y are socialists a n d t h a t t h e i r p a r t i e s a r e genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties. T h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n ists, also, are t r y i n g t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r h e g e m o n y o v e r the w o r l d u n d e r t h i s disguise. C o n s e q u e n t l y , w e m a y s a y t h a t t h e r e i s n o e s s e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e actions o f the C h i n e s e a n d those o f t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s . A l l t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e C h i n e s e p o l i c y a n d actions f u l l y confirms the description M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m gives of i m p e r i a l i s m as the domination of the financial oligarchy w h i c h i s bent o n c a p t u r i n g m a r k e t s , d o m i n a t i n g t h e w o r l d a n d e s t a b l i s h i n g its h e g e m o n y e v e r y w h e r e . O n t h i s r o a d , C h i n a too i s t r y i n g t o p e n e t r a t e a n d get a f o o t h o l d i n the c o u n t r i e s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d . B u t t h i s f o o t h o l d has t o b e g a i n e d t h r o u g h great sacrifices. To penetrate the third world, to capture markets, r e q u i r e s c a p i t a l . T h e r u l i n g classes i n p o w e r i n the c o u n tries o f the t h i r d w o r l d w a n t i n v e s t m e n t s , c r e d i t s a n d aid. H o w e v e r , C h i n a i s n o t i n a p o s i t i o n t o g i v e t h e m aid on a l a r g e scale, because it does n o t h a v e the necessary economic potential. It is precisely this potential that it is n o w t r y i n g to b u i l d up w i t h the aid of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . I n these c o n d i t i o n s , the b o u r g e o i s i e r u l i n g i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f the t h i r d w o r l d i s w e l l a w a r e that, f o r the t i m e b e i n g , i t c a n n o t g a i n m u c h f r o m C h i n a e c o n omically, technologically, or militarily. It can gain more f r o m A m e r i c a n imperialism and Soviet social-imperialism w h i c h h a v e great economic, t e c h n i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y p o t e n tial. H o w e v e r , l i k e e v e r y c o u n t r y w i t h i m p e r i a l i s t aims, C h i n a is fighting and w i l l fight harder still for markets i n the w o r l d . I t i s s t r i v i n g a n d w i l l s t r i v e h a r d e r s t i l l t o s p r e a d its i n f l u e n c e a n d e x t e n d its d o m i n a t i o n . T h e s e p l a n s are a p p a r e n t e v e n n o w . C h i n a i s o p e n i n g its o w n b a n k s , n o t o n l y i n H o n g K o n g , w h e r e i t has h a d t h e m
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for a l o n g t i m e , b u t also i n E u r o p e a n d e l s e w h e r e . I t w i l l strive especially to open banks in and export capital to the c o u n t r i e s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d . F o r t h e p r e s e n t i t i s d o i n g v e r y l i t t l e i n t h i s f i e l d . C h i n a ' s aid a m o u n t s t o the b u i l d i n g o f some c e m e n t f a c t o r y , r a i l w a y , o r h o s p i t a l , for its p o s s i b i l i t i e s are l i m i t e d . O n l y w h e n t h e A m e r i c a n , Japanese and other investments in C h i n a begin to y i e l d the f r u i t s i t desires, t h a t is, w h e n its e c o n o m y , t r a d e a n d m i l i t a r y t e c h n o l o g y are d e v e l o p e d , w i l l C h i n a b e a b l e t o embark on a venture of real large-scale economic and m i l i t a r y e x p a n s i o n . B u t t o a c h i e v e this, t i m e i s n e e d e d . U n t i l t h a t t i m e i t w i l l h a v e t o m a n o e u v r e , a s i t has b e g u n d o i n g a l r e a d y , by m e a n s of a p o l i c y of aid a n d c r e d i t s e i t h e r i n t e r e s t - f r e e or at l o w rates of interest, at a t i m e w h e n t h e S o v i e t s a n d A m e r i c a n s are d e m a n d i n g m u c h h i g h e r i n t e r e s t rates. A s l o n g a s C h i n e s e c a p i t a l cannot f l o w o u t o f its c o u n t r y , t h e r e v i s i o n i s t C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p w i l l f o c u s its a t t e n t i o n o n t h e p r o p a g a n d a aspect of t h e s m a l l a m o u n t of aid a n d c r e d i t s it accords the d e v e l o p i n g countries, e x t o l l i n g its i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t character a n d d i s i n t e r e s t e d aims, a c c o m p a n y i n g t h i s with the motto of self-reliance for the liberation and c o n s t r u c t i o n of one's c o u n t r y . T h e more C h i n a develops economically and m i l i t a r i l y , the m o r e i t w i l l w a n t t o p e n e t r a t e i n t o a n d d o m i n a t e t h e small a n d less d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s b y m e a n s o f its e x ports of c a p i t a l , a n d t h e n it w i l l no l o n g e r c h a r g e a 1-2 per cent i n t e r e s t f o r its credits, b u t w i l l act l i k e a l l the others. B u t a l l these p l a n s a n d e f f o r t s c a n n o t b e c a r r i e d out easily. T h e d e v e l o p e d i m p e r i a l i s t a n d c a p i t a l i s t countries, w h i c h h a v e i n f l u e n c e i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e so-called third w o r l d , w i l l not allow C h i n a to capture the markets they c o n q u e r e d l o n g ago t h r o u g h p r e d a t o r y w a r s , s o easily. N o t o n l y a r e t h e y s t r o n g l y d e f e n d i n g t h e i r o l d
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p o s i t i o n s b u t t h e y are also t r y i n g i n e v e r y w a y t o c a p t u r e n e w ones, a n d are n o t a l l o w i n g C h i n a t o l a y its h a n d o n these c o u n t r i e s . I m p e r i a l i s m i s r u t h l e s s t o w a r d s a n y o f its p a r t n e r s , when it is in difficulties or w h e n it is flourishing. Sometimes, f r o m necessity a n d i n o r d e r t o m a k e g r e a t e r p r o f i t s , i t m a y m a k e some concession, b u t m o s t l y i t t r i e s t o r e i n f o r c e its c h a i n s , n o t o n l y against w e a k c o u n t r i e s , b u t also against the d e v e l o p e d ones, l i k e the i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c a p i t a l i s t states. F o r e x a m p l e , the U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a has a l w a y s p u r s u e d t h i s p o l i c y t o w a r d s its c a p i t a l i s t allies, w h e n t h e y h a v e f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s i n d i f f i c u l t i e s i n the imperialist w a r s that have b r o k e n out amongst them. B u t e v e n a f t e r these w a r s , w h e n t h e y h a v e been m a k i n g e f f o r t s t o r e c o v e r , A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m has done its utmost to prevent them f r o m penetrating into the other c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d , w h e r e i t h a d e s t a b l i s h e d its d o m i nation. Thus, after the Second W o r l d W a r , the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , w h i l e p r e t e n d i n g t o assist B r i t a i n a n d France, w h i c h had emerged f r o m the w a r weakened, p e n e t r a t e d d e e p l y i n t o the m a r k e t s o f t h e s t e r l i n g , f r a n c a n d o t h e r areas. T h e A m e r i c a n m o n o p o l i e s a n d cartels o f m e t a l l u r g y , chemicals, t r a n s p o r t a n d m a n y o t h e r b r a n ches o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l i s m , p e n e t r a t e d the m o n o p o l i e s a n d c a r t e l s o f B r i t a i n , F r a n c e , etc., i n o v e r w h e l m i n g p r o p o r t i o n s , m a k i n g these c o u n t r i e s s u b s e r v i e n t t o A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . T h i s savage a n d i n s a t i a b l e i m p e r i a l i s m , a s a n y other i m p e r i a l i s m , c a n n o t act o t h e r w i s e w i t h C h i n a , e i t h e r . Taking account of the difficulties of economic and military penetration into the countries of the third world, China thinks that its hegemony over them may be secured by establishing its political and ideological influence. I t t h i n k s t h a t t h i s w i l l b e a t t a i n e d b y o p e r a t i n g
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in three directions: to r e f r a i n f r o m fighting A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and the r u l i n g cliques in the capitalist countries, t o e n t e r i n t o a l l i a n c e w i t h t h i s i m p e r i a l i s m a n d these c l i q u e s i n s t e a d ; t o c o m b a t S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h i t has o n its b o r d e r s , i n o r d e r t o w e a k e n a n d dest r o y its bases i n A s i a , A f r i c a a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a ; t o deceive t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e l o n g - s u f f e r i n g peoples o f these c o n t i n e n t s b y m e a n s o f p s e u d o - r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d pseudo-socialist demagogy and manoeuvres, w h i l e underm i n i n g any revolutionary liberation movement. A m e r i c a n imperialism and the other imperialist powers, t o g e t h e r w i t h s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , are w e l l a w a r e o f these a i m s o f C h i n a ' s . T h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d also u n d e r s t a n d t h e m , h e n c e t h e y a r e s u s p i c i o u s o f C h i n a a n d see t h a t i t i s w o r k i n g a b l u f f w i t h t h e m , t h a t its a i m is n o t to s u p p o r t a n d assist t h e m , b u t to b e c o m e a s u p e r p o w e r itself. M o s t o f t h e l e a d e r s h i p s w h i c h are r u l i n g i n the countries of the so-called t h i r d w o r l d , have long been l i n k e d closely w i t h A m e r i c a n imperialism or w i t h the developed capitalist powers, such as Britain, France, West G e r m a n y , B e l g i u m , J a p a n etc. T h e r e f o r e C h i n a ' s f l i r t a t i o n w i t h t h e t h i r d w o r l d does n o t w o r r y t h e d e v e l o p e d i m p e r i a l i s t a n d c a p i t a l i s t states i n t h e least. C h i n a ' s e f f o r t s t o j o i n t h e t h i r d w o r l d t h r o u g h its p o l i c y a n d its i d e o l o g y , t h e s o - c a l l e d M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , cannot succeed, also, because its i d e o l o g y a n d p o l i t i c a l l i n e are chaotic. T h e p o l i t i c a l l i n e o f C h i n a i s c o n f u s e d , i t i s a p r a g m a t i c l i n e w h i c h w a v e r s a n d changes a c c o r d i n g t o p a s s i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d m o m e n t a r y interests. T h e r u l i n g classes i n t h e states o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d are n o t a f r a i d o f t h i s i d e o l o g y , because t h e y u n d e r s t a n d t h a t i t i s n o t f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e t r u e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n o f the peoples. I n o r d e r t o e x e r c i s e its o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f these peoples m o r e easily, t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i n these c o u n t r i e s h a s c r e a t e d its o w n p a r t i e s u n d e r a l l sorts o f
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l a b e l s . T h e s e parties, w h i c h a r e closely l i n k e d w i t h t h e f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i n v e s t e d i n t h e states o f t h e so-called t h i r d world, have no difficulty in combating and exposing the Chinese line. Therefore, the Chinese revisionist leaders h a v e chosen a c o u r s e of s m i l e s t o w a r d s t h e p a r t i e s of these c o u n t r i e s a n d are t r y i n g i n e v e r y w a y a n d i n e v e r y i n s t a n c e to be as sweet as h o n e y w i t h t h e m . H a v i n g its p l a n t o d o m i n a t e t h e t h i r d w o r l d , C h i n a i s d o i n g its best t o c h a n n e l t h e m o v e m e n t s o f t h e w o r k i n g masses i n t h a t w o r l d i n its o w n interests. T o d a y , h o w ever, t h e oppressed peoples, w i t h the p r o l e t a r i a t a t t h e h e a d , are n o l o n g e r i n t h e s i t u a t i o n t h e y w e r e a t t h e e n d o f t h e 19th c e n t u r y o r t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 20th c e n t u r y . T h e y oppose a n y p o l i c y o f h e g e m o n y a n d s u b j u g a t i o n b y the b i g i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , o l d o r n e w , w h e t h e r A m e r i c a n , S o v i e t o r C h i n e s e . T o d a y , t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d , i n g e n e r a l , h a v e a w a k e n e d a n d , t h r o u g h t h e i r struggles, h a v e m a n a g e d i n one w a y o r a n o t h e r to g a i n a c e r t a i n consciousness a b o u t d e f e n d i n g t h e i r e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s . T h e peoples o f t h e so-called t h i r d w o r l d c a n n o t f a i l t o see t h a t C h i n a i s w o r k i n g n o t t o c a r r y t h e ideas o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d n a tional liberation to their countries, but to e x t i n g u i s h the revolution, w h i c h hinders the penetration of Chinese i n f l u e n c e . T h e C h i n e s e course o f a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e other n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s also exposes C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m i n t h e eyes o f t h e peoples. C h i n a cannot c a r r y on positive r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o p a g a n d a i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d , also, b e cause i t w o u l d come i n t o c o l l i s i o n w i t h t h a t s u p e r p o w e r f r o m w h i c h i t i s h o p i n g t o get i n v e s t m e n t s o f c a p i t a l i n C h i n a a n d a d v a n c e d technology. C h i n a c a n n o t c o n d u c t s u c h p r o p a g a n d a , also, because t h e r e v o l u t i o n w o u l d o v e r t h r o w p r e c i s e l y those r e a c t i o n a r y c l i q u e s r u l i n g i n a n u m -
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ber o f c o u n t r i e s o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t h i r d w o r l d , w h i c h C h i n a is supporting a n d helping to stay in power. The great ambition of the Chinese leaders to transform their country into a superpower as soon as possible and to establish its hegemony everywhere, especially in the so-called third world, has impelled them to make incitement of inter-imperialist war the basis of their strategy and foreign policy. T h e y g r e a t l y desire a f r o n t a l c l a s h b e t w e e n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n in Europe, during w h i c h China, f r o m a comfortable distance a w a y , w o u l d w a r m i t s h a n d s a t the a t o m i c h o l o caust t h a t w o u l d d e s t r o y its t w o m a i n r i v a l s a n d l e a v e i t the a l l - p o w e r f u l , sole r u l e r o f t h e w o r l d . U n t i l i t feels s t r o n g e n o u g h t o c o m p e t e w i t h t h e o t h e r s u p e r p o w e r s , u n t i l it w i n s t h e place it deserves as a s u p e r p o w e r , C h i n a w i l l seek peace f o r i t s e l f a n d w a r f o r the others. C o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e i r p r e s e n t n e e d f o r peace are the o v e r t d i p l o m a t i c m a n o e u v r e s o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v i sionists t o i n c i t e w a r b e t w e e n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e y t h e m selves c a n k e e p o u t o f i t a n d get o n w i t h t h e i r m o d e r nizations. D e n g X i a o p i n g ' s d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e n o w a r w i t h i n 2 0 years, i s not f o r t u i t o u s . W i t h t h i s h e wants to tell the superpowers and the other imperialist countries n o t t o b e a f r a i d o f C h i n a d u r i n g these 2 0 y e a r s . At the same time, the Chinese leaders are inciting w a r between the superpowers in Europe, far f r o m C h i n a and the d a n g e r o f its i n v o l v e m e n t i n it. T o w h a t e x t e n t t h i s w i l l be possible is another matter, but the Chinese leaders are w o r k i n g i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n , because t h e y f e e l t h e i n d i s pensable n e e d f o r peace f o r t h e p e r i o d t h e y t h i n k t h e y need f o r t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r a i m s o f t r a n s f o r m i n g China into a superpower. C h i n a i s l o u d l y a d v o c a t i n g the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f E u -
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r o p e a n u n i t y , the u n i t y o f the d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t countries of Europe. It supports this u n i t y on all questions, p r e s u m i n g t o t e a c h t h e o l d w o l v e s a n d f o x e s h o w they s h o u l d s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r m i l i t a r y a n d e c o n o m i c u n i t y , their state o r g a n i z a t i o n a l u n i t y , etc., i n face o f t h e great danger f r o m Soviet social-imperialism. B u t they have no need f o r these lessons f r o m C h i n a because t h e y a r e i n a position to know, and do k n o w very w e l l , w h e r e the danger comes f r o m . T h e d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s o f t h e W e s t are not s o n a i v e as to a p p l y the C h i n e s e a d v i c e a n d desires la lettre* T h e y are s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e m s e l v e s t o cope w i t h a n e v e n t u a l danger f r o m the S o v i e t U n i o n , b u t a t the same t i m e , t h e y are also m a k i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t s n o t t o a g g r a v a t e t h e i r r e l a t i o n s w i t h it, n o t t o g o too f a r a n d a n g e r t h e R u s s i a n bear. T h i s , n a t u r a l l y , r u n s c o n t r a r y t o C h i n a ' s desire. C h i n a ' s i n c i t e m e n t o f t h e i r c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w i t h the S o v i e t s is to the l i k i n g of t h e c a p i t a l i s t states of E u r o p e a n d the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , because i t enables t h e m t o t e l l the S o v i e t s i n d i r e c t l y , Y o u r m a i n e n e m y i s C h i n a , w h e r e a s we, together w i t h y o u , w a n t t o e s t a b l i s h dtente, p e a c e f u l coexistence, i r r e s p e c t i v e o f w h a t C h i n a says. O n the o t h e r h a n d , w h i l e m a k i n g b e l i e v e t h a t t h e y w a n t peace, these states are a r m i n g t h e m s e l v e s t o s t r e n g then their hegemony and m i l i t a r y u n i t y against their m a i n e n e m y the r e v o l u t i o n . T h i s i s the a i m o f a l l t h e m e e t ings, s u c h a s those o f H e l s i n k i a n d B e l g r a d e , w h i c h d r a g o n a n d o n endlessly, l i k e t h e V i e n n a C o n g r e s s a f t e r the defeat o f N a p o l e o n , w h i c h i s k n o w n a s t h e congress o f balls a n d soires. T h e C h i n e s e leaders, a s D e n g X i a o p i n g d e c l a r e d off i c i a l l y i n t h e i n t e r v i e w h e g a v e the d i r e c t o r o f A F P . are
_____________________________ * To the letter (French in the original).
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calling for the creation of a broad front w h i c h w i l l i n clude t h e t h i r d w o r l d , t h e second w o r l d a n d t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , i n o r d e r t o c o m b a t S o v i e t s o c i a l imperialism. The strategy of the revisionist leadership of C h i n a of i n s t i g a t i n g U S i m p e r i a l i s m , W e s t e r n E u r o p e , etc., t o w a r against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m i s f r a u g h t w i t h t h e d a n ger o f a w a r b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n r a t h e r t h a n a w a r b e t w e e n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d its N A T O allies. W h a t C h i n a i s d o i n g b y i n c i t i n g t h e others t o w a r i s p r e c i s e l y w h a t U S i m p e r i a l i s m , the d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t countries a n d a l l t h e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , w h e r e b o u r g e o i s capitalist c l i q u e s a r e i n p o w e r , a r e d o i n g , too, i n i n c i t i n g both C h i n a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a g a i n s t each other. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s m o s t l i k e l y t h a t the p o l i c y o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the w r o n g s t r a t e g y o f C h i n a itself, m a y i m p e l t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t o i n c r e a s e its m i l i t a r y strength e v e n f u r t h e r , a n d a s t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r i t is, to attack C h i n a f i r s t . O n its p a r t , C h i n a has a m a r k e d i n c l i n a t i o n t o a t t a c k the S o v i e t U n i o n w h e n i t feels s t r o n g e n o u g h , because i t has great t e r r i t o r i a l a m b i t i o n s t o w a r d s S i b e r i a a n d other territories i n the F a r E a s t . I t r a i s e d these t e r r i t o r i a l c l a i m s long ago, ( 2 4 ) b u t i t w i l l p u s h its c l a i m s r a t h e r m o r e w h e n
______________________________ 24 In the s p i r i t of great-state c h a u v i n i s m , M a o Zedong and Z h o u E n l a i raised the question of the r e v i s i o n of the borders of the Soviet U n i o n w i t h C h i n a a n d other countries in the summer of 1964. Proceeding f r o m the interests of c o m m u n i s m , in September 1964 the CC of the P L A addressed a comradely letter to the CC of the C P C . W e t h i n k that to raise n o w t e r r i t o r i a l questions w i t h the Soviet Union, the letter reads, causes great h a r m to our s t r u g g l e . . . We t h i n k that . . . our struggle must be directed a n d concentrated o n l y against the great ulcers w h i c h are i m p e r i a l i s m and m o d e r n revisionism, K h r u s h -
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i t i s r e a d y , w h e n i t has b u i l t u p a n a r m y e q u i p p e d w i t h a l l k i n d s o f w e a p o n s . T h i s i s the i m p l i c a t i o n i n H u a G u o feng's statement t o the f o r m e r c o n s e r v a t i v e P r i m e M i n i s ter o f B r i t a i n , H e a t h , w h e n h e s a i d : W e h o p e t h a t w e s h a l l see a u n i t e d a n d p o w e r f u l E u r o p e ; w e b e l i e v e t h a t on its p a r t E u r o p e , too, hopes to see a p o w e r f u l C h i n a . I n a w o r d , H u a G u o f e n g says t o t h e b i g E u r o p e a n b o u r geoisie: B u i l d u p y o u r s t r e n g t h a n d a t t a c k t h e S o v i e t U n i o n f r o m t h e West, w h i l e w e , the C h i n e s e , w i l l s t r e n g t h e n o u r s e l v e s a n d a t t a c k i t f r o m the East. The Chinese policy opened up a broad and very prof i t a b l e a v e n u e f o r t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , a n avenue w h i c h w a s i n i t i a l l y opened up by M a o Zedong, Z h o u E n l a i and N i x o n . M a n y bridges were built between the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d C h i n a , c a m o u f l a g e d bridges, b u t e f f e c t i v e a n d f r u i t f u l . N i x o n p r e a c h e d : W e must b u i l d a bridge long enough to l i n k S a n Francisco w i t h Beijing. The invitation that M a o Zedong and Z h o u E n l a i e x t e n d e d t o N i x o n a f t e r the W a t e r g a t e s c a n d a l , a n d Nixon's reception by M a o were not without a reason and w i t h o u t a purpose. This meant that the friendship w i t h the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a w a s not j u s t a t e m p o r a r y f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n persons, b u t a f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n countries, b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , a l t h o u g h t h e p r e s i d e n t w h o o p e n e d t h i s r o a d has b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m h i s post for h i s c o r r u p t p r a c t i c e s . N o w t h a t C a r t e r has c o m e t o p o w e r , t h e ties o f f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d the U n i t e d States o f A m e r ica are b e i n g c o n s o l i d a t e d . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s g r e a t l y i n t e r e s t e d i n the p r e s e n t - d a y s t a n d o f C h i n a
________________________________ chev and Tito's traitor groups a n d a l l their acolytes. (See E n v e r H o x h a , Reflections on China, v o l . 1, p p . 71-78 and Reflections on China, v o l . 2, pp. 28-29, 173, 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1979, E n g . ed.)
IMPERIALISM AND THE REVOLUTION and
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C a r t e r i s e n c o u r a g i n g its s t r a t e g y i n m a n y w a y s . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s i n t e r e s t e d i n g i v i n g China all-round political, m i l i t a r y and economic aid to i n c i t e i t against t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . I t has g i v e n C h i n a a t o m i c secrets. T h i s i s n o w clear. T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a has also s u p p l i e d i t w i t h t h e m o s t u p - t o - d a t e c o m p u t e r s w h i c h serve n u c l e a r w a r . C h i n a has r e c e i v e d c o m p l e t e d a t a s o t h a t i t c a n b u i l d its o w n n u c l e a r s u b marines. N o w there is open official talk in Washington o f s u p p l y i n g C h i n a w i t h m o d e r n w e a p o n s . A l l these blessings the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s o f f e r i n g C h i na, n a t u r a l l y , a r e n o t g i v e n w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f h e l p i n g i t become s u c h a b i g l a n d a n d n a v a l p o w e r a s t o e n danger e v e n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , a s J a p a n d i d during the Second W o r l d W a r . No, U S i m p e r i a l i s m caref u l l y c a l c u l a t e s t h e s o - c a l l e d a i d i t gives a n y w h e r e i n the world, and especially to C h i n a . In this way, the a i m and feverish efforts of C h i n a to become a s u p e r p o w e r w h i c h w i l l c o u n t e r b a l a n c e b o t h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , c a n n o t fail t o l e a d t o n e w f r i c t i o n s , c o n f l a g r a t i o n s , w a r s , w h i c h may h a v e a l o c a l c h a r a c t e r or t h e c h a r a c t e r of a g e n e r a l w a r . T h e w h o l e t h e o r y o f the three w o r l d s , its e n t i r e strategy, t h e a l l i a n c e s a n d f r o n t s i t advocates, t h e o b j e c tives it seeks to achieve, are i n c i t e m e n t to i m p e r i a l i s t world w a r . N i k i t a K h r u s h c h e v and the m o d e r n revisionists elaborated the i l l - f a m e d t h e o r y o f K h r u s h c h e v i t e p e a c e f u l coexistence, w h i c h a d v o c a t e d social peace, p e a c e f u l competition, the p e a c e f u l r o a d of t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a world without arms and without wars. It was intended t o w e a k e n t h e class s t r u g g l e b y c o n c e a l i n g a n d s m o o t h i n g over the f u n d a m e n t a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f o u r e p o c h . I n particular, K h r u s h c h e v a d v o c a t e d the d y i n g out o f c o n -
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t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the socialist s y s t e m a n d the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m i n g e n e r a l . H e f o s t e r e d t h e v i e w that, after the changes t h a t h a d o c c u r r e d i n t h e w o r l d at that time, the historical contradiction between s o c i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s m w o u l d b e r e s o l v e d t h r o u g h peacef u l c o m p e t i t i o n i n the economic, i d e o - p o l i t i c a l , c u l t u r a l , a n d other f i e l d s . Let us leave it to time to prove a n d then we shall see w h o i s r i g h t , s a i d K h r u s h c h e v , a n d i n t h i s c o m p e t i t i o n t h e peoples i n s a c r e d peace w o u l d f r e e l y choose the m o s t s u i t a b l e r e g i m e . N i k i t a K h r u s h c h e v a d v i s e d t h e peoples t o s e l l t h e i r r i c h e s t o t h e s u p e r p o w e r s a n d w a i t to secure t h e i r f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d w e l l - b e i n g as a r e s u l t o f this f a m o u s peaceful c o m p e t i t i o n . O f course this a n t i - M a r x i s t policy was exposed, and it was our P a r t y that first attacked it. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has b e e n f o l l o w i n g a p o l i c y l i k e t h a t o f K h r u s h c h e v since the t i m e w h e n M a o Z e d o n g w a s a l i v e . T h i s p o l i c y , too, calls o n b o t h sides, the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the bourgeoisie, the peoples a n d t h e i r r u l e r s , to cease t h e class struggle, to u n i t e against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m o n l y , a n d forget a b o u t A m e r i c a n i m perialism. T h e t h e o r y of three w o r l d s is a r e a c t i o n a r y t h e o r y j u s t as K h r u s h c h e v ' s t h e o r y of p e a c e f u l coexistence was. B u t w h i l e K h r u s h c h e v and his followers, the c h a m p i o n s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , o n t h e face o f i t s e e m e d t o b e pacifists, M a o Zedong. D e n g X i a o p i n g , H u a Guofeng. etc., p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s o p e n l y a s w a r m o n g e r s . T h e y w a n t t o g i v e the i m p e r i a l i s t - c a p i t a l i s t c o a l i t i o n , i n w h i c h C h i n a i n c l u d e s itself, the c o l o u r a n d s i g n i f i c a n c e o f a n o r g a n i s m of r e v o l u t i o n a r y struggle, a s t r u g g l e f o r t h e v i c t o r y of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e peoples. I n r e a l i t y , h o w e v e r , the t h e o r y o f M a o Z e d o n g a n d the
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C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a b o u t the three w o r l d s calls not f o r r e v o l u t i o n b u t f o r i m p e r i a l i s t w a r . The exacerbation of contradictions and rivalries among imperialist powers and groupings is fraught w i t h the d a n g e r o f a r m e d c o n f l i c t s , o f p r e d a t o r y w a r s o f e n s l a v e m e n t . T h i s i s a w e l l - k n o w n thesis o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m w h i c h h i s t o r y has p r o v e d t o t h e h i l t . P r e s e n t d a y i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t s also d e m o n s t r a t e its c o r rectness. M a n y a t i m e t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has r a i s e d its v o i c e t o expose t h e d e a f e n i n g p a c i f i s t p r o p a g a n d a w h i c h the s u p e r p o w e r s s p r e a d i n o r d e r t o l u l l the peoples a n d t h e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g c o u n t r i e s t o sleep a n d blunt their vigilance, in order to bemuse them w i t h i l l u sions a n d c a t c h t h e m u n a w a r e s . M o r e t h a n once i t has d r a w n a t t e n t i o n t o t h e fact t h a t A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d R u s s i a n s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m are l e a d i n g t h e w o r l d t o w a r d s a n e w w o r l d w a r a n d t h a t the d a n g e r o f t h e o u t break of such a w a r is real a n d by no means imaginary. T h i s d a n g e r c a n n o t f a i l to be a m a t t e r of constant c o n c e r n t o t h e peoples, t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses, t h e peacel o v i n g forces a n d c o u n t r i e s , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s a n d the progressive p e o p l e e v e r y w h e r e i n the w o r l d , w h o , i n the face o f t h i s d a n g e r c a n n o t s t a n d b y p a s s i v e l y a n d d o n o t h i n g . B u t w h a t s h o u l d b e done t o s t a y the h a n d o f the imperialist warmongers? T h i s c a n n o t be a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h a course of c a p i t u l a tion a n d s u b m i s s i o n t o i m p e r i a l i s t w a r m o n g e r s , o r o f t o n i n g d o w n the s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e m . T h e facts h a v e p r o v e d t h a t t h e u n p r i n c i p l e d c o m p r o m i s e s a n d concessions o f the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s d i d not m a k e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n y tamer, better behaved, or more peaceful, b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y t h e y m a d e i t m o r e a r r o g a n t and v o r a c i o u s . B u t the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s are not f o r p i t t i n g one i m p e r i a l i s t state o r g r o u p i n g against the other,
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n o r d o t h e y c a l l f o r i m p e r i a l i s t w a r s , f o r i t i s t h e peoples w h o s u f f e r i n t h e m . T h e great L e n i n p o i n t e d o u t t h a t our policy is not a i m e d at i n c i t i n g w a r , but at preventing the i m p e r i a l i s t s f r o m u n i t i n g against t h e socialist c o u n t r y .
...if we were really driving workers and peasants to war, he s a i d , that would be a crime. All our politics and propaganda, however, are directed towards putting an end to war and in no way towards driving nations to war. Experience has shown very clearly that the socialist revolution is the only way out of eternal warfare.*
H e n c e , the o n l y correct course i s t o r a i s e t h e w o r k i n g class, the b r o a d s t r a t a o f t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e a n d t h e peoples i n r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions t o s t a y t h e h a n d o f t h e imperialist warmongers in their o w n countries. M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t s h a v e a l w a y s been a n d are t h e m o s t d e t e r m i n e d opponents o f u n j u s t w a r s . L e n i n taught the communist revolutionaries that their d u t y i s t o s m a s h the w a r m o n g e r i n g p l a n s o f i m p e r i a l i s m a n d p r e v e n t the o u t b r e a k o f w a r . I f t h e y c a n n o t a c h i e v e this, t h e n t h e y m u s t m o b i l i z e the w o r k i n g class, t h e m a s ses o f t h e people, a n d t r a n s f o r m the i m p e r i a l i s t w a r i n t o a revolutionary liberation war. T h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s h a v e aggressive w a r in their bloodstream. T h e i r ambitions to enslave the w o r l d lead t h e m to war. B u t although it is the i m perialists w h o unleash imperialist w o r l d war, it is the p r o l e t a r i a t , the peoples, t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d a l l p r o g ressives w h o p a y the p r i c e i n b l o o d . T h a t i s w h y t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples o f t h e
_______________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 540, A l b . e d .
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w o r l d are against i m p e r i a l i s t w o r l d w a r a n d f i g h t r e l e n t lessly to f o i l t h e p l a n s of the i m p e r i a l i s t s so that t h e y do not d r i v e t h e w o r l d to a n e w s l a u g h t e r . Hence imperialist w a r must not be advocated as the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s are d o i n g , b u t m u s t b e c o m b a t e d . The duty of M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s is to raise the proletariat a n d t h e peoples o f the w o r l d i n s t r u g g l e against o p p r e s sors t o w r e s t t h e i r p o w e r a n d p r i v i l e g e s f r o m t h e m a n d e s t a b l i s h t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t . C h i n a i s n o t d o i n g this, t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a i s n o t w o r k i n g for t h i s . W i t h its r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r y , t h i s p a r t y i s w e a k e n i n g a n d d e l a y i n g the r e v o l u t i o n , s p l i t t i n g t h e v a n g u a r d forces of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s w h i c h w i l l o r g a n i z e a n d l e a d this r e v o l u t i o n . T h e course w h i c h t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p advocates is a f r a u d . It is a course w h i c h does n o t c o n f o r m to o u r doctrine, M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . O n the c o n t r a r y , the C h i nese r e v i s i o n i s t l i n e w e a k e n s , b r e a k s u p t h e p r o l e t a r i a t and t h e peoples, t h r e a t e n s t h e m w i t h b e a r i n g t h e b u r d e n of a b l o o d y w a r , an i m p e r i a l i s t , a c r i m i n a l w a r , so g r e a t l y detested b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples. F o r t h i s r e a s o n , too, M a o Z e d o n g ' s t h e o r y o f three worlds and the political activity of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a n d the C h i n e s e state c a n n o t i n a n y w a y b e called M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y . W h e n K h r u s h c h e v a d v o c a t e d economic, i d e o l o g i c a l and p o l i t i c a l c o m p e t i t i o n b e t w e e n s o c i a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l ism, the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s w e r e a l l e g e d l y a g a i n s t t h i s thesis and s a i d t h a t f o r g e n u i n e p e a c e f u l coexistence to be realized, i m p e r i a l i s m m u s t b e f o u g h t , because coexistence cannot d e s t r o y i m p e r i a l i s m , c a n n o t l e a d t o t h e t r i u m p h of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d l i b e r a t i o n of the peoples. B u t these d e c l a r a t i o n s r e m a i n e d o n l y w o r d s o n p a p e r . In reality the leadership of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a , too, has b e e n a n d i s i n f a v o u r o f p e a c e f u l c o e x i s -
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tence o f the K h r u s h c h e v t y p e . T h e d o c u m e n t w e q u o t e d , A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement, r e a d s : A p r i n c i p l e d p o l i c y is the o n l y correct p o l i c y . . . W h a t does a p r i n c i p l e d p o l i c y mean? It means that in laying d o w n and elaborating any k i n d o f p o l i c y , w e m u s t t a k e the p r o l e t a r i a n s t a n d p o i n t , m u s t p r o c e e d f r o m t h e basic i n t e r e s t s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d b e g u i d e d b y the t h e o r y a n d t h e f u n d a m e n t a l theses o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h i s i s w h a t the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a stated, b u t w h a t has i t done a n d w h a t i s i t d o i n g n o w ? I t has done a n d i s d o i n g q u i t e t h e opposite. I n the a b o v e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t a n d o n o t h e r occasions, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has stated, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m m u s t b e e x p o s e d a s the greatest e n e m y o f the r e v o l u t i o n , s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e peoples o f the e n t i r e w o r l d . A m o n g other t h i n g s i t has a d d e d , one m u s t not rely on A m e r i c a n imperialism, nor on a n y other i m p e r i a l i s m , one m u s t not r e l y o n r e a c t i o n a r i e s . B u t t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has n o t i m p l e m e n t e d these theses. T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a , w h i c h bases i t self f i r m l y o n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , r e s o l u t e l y u p h o l d s the s t r u g g l e against i m p e rialism and social-imperialism. It is precisely over this q u e s t i o n t h a t socialist A l b a n i a i s i n o p p o s i t i o n t o C h i n a , a n d the P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a i s i n o p p o s i t i o n t o the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a . T h e C h i n e s e leaders l e v e l t h e a c c u s a t i o n a t u s A l b a n i a n s t h a t a l l e g e d l y w e d o not m a k e a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n a l y s i s of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n a n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , a n d as a consequence, do not f o l l o w t h e C h i n e s e l i n e c a l l i n g o n U n i t e d E u r o p e , the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t a n d the p r o l e t a r i a n s o f the w o r l d to unite w i t h the A m e r i c a n s against the Soviets. T h e i r c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t s i n c e w e d o not s u p p o r t A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , U n i t e d E u r o p e , etc., w e a l l e g e d l y f a v o u r Soviet social-imperialism.
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N o t o n l y is this stand of theirs revisionist, disguised u n d e r the c l o a k of a n t i - r e v i s i o n i s m , b u t it is also hostile a n d s l a n d e r o u s t o socialist A l b a n i a . A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m i s aggressive, bellicose a n d w a r - m o n g e r i n g . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a does n o t w a n t j u s t t h e status quo, a s the C h i n e s e c l a i m , i t w a n t s e x p a n s i o n . O t h e r w i s e t h e r e is no reason w h y it should have contradictions w i t h the S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e q u o t a t i o n o f M a o , w h i c h t h e y r e f e r to, that A m e r i c a has b e c o m e l i k e a r a t w i t h t h e w h o l e w o r l d c h a s i n g i t i n t h e street, s h o u t i n g : ' K i l l i t ! K i l l i t ! ' , i s intended to p r o v e that only the Soviet U n i o n wants war, w h i l e t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a does not. T h i s softness t o w a r d s the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s t o d i s c o u r a g e a n y a t t a c k on t h i s state, w h i c h has b e e n r e d u c e d to a r a t b u t w h i c h has t o become C h i n a ' s a l l y . T h i s i s t h e a n t i M a r x i s t s t r a t e g y o f the M a r x i s t M a o ! T h e C h i n e s e strategy, f o u n d e d o n t h e i r a n a l y s i s based o n t h e t h e o r y o f t h e three w o r l d s , has d e f i n i t e l y d e f i n e d t h a t the r i v a l r y b e t w e e n t h e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s is centered in Europe. Strange! B u t w h y precisely in E u r o p e a n d n o t i n some o t h e r p a r t o f t h e w o r l d s u c h a s i n A s i a , A f r i c a , A u s t r a l i a o r L a t i n A m e r i c a , where the Soviet U n i o n is seeking expansion? T h e C h i n e s e t h e o r e t i c i a n s d o n o t e x p l a i n this. T h i s i s h o w t h e y argue t h e i r case: t h e chief r i v a l o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e s e t w o s u p e r p o w e r s , o f w h i c h one i s f o r t h e status q u o a n d t h e other f o r e x p a n s i o n , w i l l u n l e a s h t h e w a r i n E u r o p e , a s i n t h e t i m e o f H i t l e r . H e , too, w a n t e d e x p a n s i o n a n d d o m i n a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d , b u t i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e this, h e h a d first t o defeat F r a n c e , B r i t a i n a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . F o r these reasons, H i t l e r s t a r t e d t h e w a r i n E u r o p e a n d n o t elsewhere. A n d f u r t h e r , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s r e a s o n t h a t S t a l i n r e l i e d o n B r i t a i n a n d t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . T h e n , t h e C h i n e s e conclude, w h y s h o u l d n ' t w e ,
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too, r e l y o n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a ? B u t a s w e e x p l a i n e d above, t h e y f o r g e t t h a t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n l i n k e d itself w i t h B r i t a i n a n d the U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a o n l y after G e r m a n y h a d a t t a c k e d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d n o t before. W h e n the G e r m a n y of W i l h e l m II attacked France and B r i t a i n , t h e heads o f the S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l a d v o c a t e d defence o f t h e b o u r g e o i s h o m e l a n d . B o t h t h e G e r m a n a n d the F r e n c h socialists f e l l i n t o t h i s p o s i t i o n . H o w L e n i n condemned this and w h a t he said against imperialist w a r s is common knowledge. N o w w h e n they preach unity of the E u r o p e a n peoples w i t h i m p e r i a l i s m i n t h e n a m e o f defence o f n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s , too, are a c t i n g i n the s a m e w a y a s t h e p a r t i s a n s o f t h e S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l . C o n t r a r y t o t h e theses o f L e n i n , t h e y are i n c i t i n g t h e f u t u r e n u c l e a r w a r w h i c h t h e t w o superpowers are t r y i n g to launch, and issuing patriotic calls t o the peoples a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e t o p u t aside t h e i r petty d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h t h e b o u r geoisie (over o p p r e s s i o n , h u n g e r , m u r d e r s , u n e m p l o y m e n t ) , t o r e f r a i n f r o m t h r e a t e n i n g its state p o w e r a n d u n i t e w i t h N A T O , United Europe, the C o m m o n M a r k e t of the big b o u r g e o i s i e a n d the E u r o p e a n concerns, a n d f i g h t o n l y against t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , a n d b e c o m e d i s c i p l i n e d s o l d i e r s f o r t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . E v e n the S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o u l d n o t h a v e done better. B u t w h a t a d v i c e has t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p t o o f f e r the peoples o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t countries of the W a r s a w T r e a t y a n d Comecon? N o n e at a l l ! I t i s r a t h e r q u i e t o n t h i s subject a n d t a k e s n o a c c o u n t a t a l l o f these peoples. F r o m t i m e t o t i m e i t u r g e s t h e r e v i s i o n i s t cliques r u l i n g i n these c o u n t r i e s t o b r e a k a w a y f r o m the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d u n i t e w i t h A m e r i c a . I n f a c t i t tells these p e o p l e s : k e e p q u i e t , s u b m i t , a n d b e c o m e c a n n o n fodder for the blood-thirsty K r e m l i n clique! This line of
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the Chinese revisionist leadership is anti-proletarian and warmongering. A l l this s h o w s t h a t the C h i n e s e leaders are d e l i b e r ately c o m p l i c a t i n g the i n t e r n a t i o n a l situations. T h e y see these s i t u a t i o n s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r o w n i n t e r e s t s o f m a k i n g C h i n a a s u p e r p o w e r a n d n o t a c c o r d i n g to t h e i n t e r e s t s of the r e v o l u t i o n . T h e y see t h e m f r o m t h e a n g l e o f t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t state a n d n o t o f t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f the peoples, f r o m the angle of extinguishing the revolution in their o w n c o u n t r y a n d revolutions in other countries, a n d not f r o m t h e a n g l e o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f the s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples against t h e t w o superpowers, as w e l l as against the bourgeois capitalist oppressors of other c o u n t r i e s , they see t h e m f r o m the a n g l e o f i n c i t i n g i m p e r i a l i s t w o r l d w a r a n d not o f o p p o s i n g it. China's course of becoming a superpower w i l l have g r a v e consequences, f i r s t o f a l l f o r C h i n a i t s e l f a n d t h e C h i n e s e people. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t analysis of the Chinese policy leads t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p i s d r i v ing C h i n a into a n impasse. B y serving A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m i t t h i n k s i t w i l l d r a w some p r o f i t s f o r itself, b u t these p r o f i t s a r e d u b i o u s a n d w i l l cost C h i n a dear. T h e y w i l l b r i n g t h e c o u n t r y t o catast r o p h e a n d , o f course, w i l l h a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e r e p e r c u s s i o n s i n other c o u n t r i e s a s w e l l . China's policy of becoming a superpower, which is inspired by an anti-Marxist ideology, is being exposed and will be exposed still more in the eyes of all peoples, but particularly the peoples of the so-called third world. T h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d u n d e r s t a n d t h e a i m s o f the p o l i c y of each state, w h a t e v e r it be, socialist, r e v i s i o n i s t , c a p i t a l ist o r i m p e r i a l i s t . T h e y see a n d u n d e r s t a n d that, t h o u g h C h i n a poses as a m e m b e r of t h e t h i r d w o r l d , it does n o t
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h a v e t h e same a s p i r a t i o n s a n d a i m s a s these peoples. T h e y see t h a t it is p u r s u i n g a s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t p o l i c y . T h e r e fore, i t i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e t h a t t h i s u n p o p u l a r p o l i c y , w h i c h encourages social a n d n a t i o n a l o p p r e s s i o n , i s u n a c c e p t a b l e to t h e peoples. It is a p o l i c y in t h e i n t e r e s t s o n l y of the r e a c t i o n a r y cliques, o f those w h o a r e d o m i n a t i n g a n d o p p r e s s i n g t h e peoples. C h i n a supports and supplies arms to S o m a l i a w h i c h , a t t h e i n s t i g a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , i s fighting Ethiopia. Meanwhile, Ethiopia is being supported b y the S o v i e t U n i o n t o g o b b l e u p S o m a l i a . T h i s i s w h a t i s h a p p e n i n g w i t h E r i t r e a , too. T h u s , C h i n a t a k e s one side, t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t a k e s t h e other. I f a n y o n e i n S o m a l i a l o o k s o n C h i n a w i t h a k i n d l y eye, i t i s those w h o are i n p o w e r , b u t not t h e people o f t h a t c o u n t r y w h o are b e i n g k i l l e d . I t i s n o t l o o k e d o n w i t h a k i n d l y eye e i t h e r b y the leadership of E t h i o p i a w h i c h has the support of the Soviets, o r b y t h e E t h i o p i a n people, w h o are b e i n g egged o n against t h e S o m a l i s w h o a l l e g e d l y w a n t t o o c c u p y Ethiopia. Thus C h i n a has no influence at all, either in Ethiopia or in Somalia. B u t i t i s not l o o k e d u p o n w i t h a k i n d l y eye i n A l g e r i a , either. T h e l a t t e r s u p p o r t s t h e P O L I S A R I O f r o n t , w h e r e a s C h i n a t a k e s t h e side o f M a u r i t a n i a a n d M o r o c c o , t h a t is, the side o f U S i m p e r i a l i s m . I n its f o r e i g n p o l i c y C h i n a p u r s u e s a n a l l e g e d l y p r o A r a b course. B u t t h i s p o l i c y consists s o l e l y o f t h e issue o f u n i t i n g t h e A r a b peoples against S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h u s , i t i s s e l f - e v i d e n t t h a t C h i n a assists e v e r y r a p p r o c h e m e n t o f t h e A r a b s w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , first of all. In r e g a r d to Israel, the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p has a great deal t o s a y against it. B u t , i n r e a l i t y , w i t h i t s strategy, i t i s p r o - I s r a e l i . T h e A r a b peoples, a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e P a l e s t i n i a n people, h a v e t a k e n n o t e o f this.
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I n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f A s i a , w e m a y s a y t h a t C h i n a has no obvious and lasting influence. C h i n a i s n o t i n sincere a n d close f r i e n d s h i p w i t h its n e i g h b o u r c o u n t r i e s , let a l o n e w i t h t h e other, m o r e d i s t a n t c o u n t r i e s . T h e p o l i c y o f C h i n a i s not a n d c a n n o t b e correct s o l o n g a s i t i s n o t a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p o l i c y . O n t h e basis of s u c h a p o l i c y it c a n n o t be in sincere f r i e n d s h i p w i t h V i e t n a m , K o r e a , C a m b o d i a , Laos, T h a i l a n d , etc. C h i n a poses a s w a n t i n g f r i e n d s h i p w i t h these c o u n t r i e s , but, i n fact, disputes o v e r p o l i t i c a l , t e r r i t o r i a l a n d e c o n o m i c questions e x i s t b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d these c o u n t r i e s . W i t h t h e p o l i c y i t i s f o l l o w i n g , C h i n a has n o w c o m e into open c o n f l i c t w i t h V i e t n a m . G r a v e i n c i d e n t s are occ u r r i n g o n t h e b o r d e r b e t w e e n these t w o c o u n t r i e s . T h e C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s h a v e been i n t e r f e r i n g s e r i o u s l y in the internal affairs of V i e t n a m , and are f a n n i n g up the c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n C a m b o d i a a n d V i e t n a m , etc., f o r t h e i r o w n e x p a n s i o n i s t objectives. W h e n the C h i n e s e l e a dership behaves in such a w a y towards V i e t n a m , w h i c h until yesterday it considered a fraternal country and close f r i e n d , w h a t m u s t t h e A s i a n c o u n t r i e s t h i n k about the C h i n e s e p o l i c y ? C a n t h e y t r u s t i t ? It w o u l d be a w a s t e of t i m e to speak a b o u t C h i n a ' s i n f l u e n c e i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f L a t i n A m e r i c a . I t has n o i n f l u e n c e there, e i t h e r p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l o r economic. T h e s u m t o t a l o f C h i n a ' s i n f l u e n c e rests o n its f r i e n d s h i p w i t h a c e r t a i n P i n o c h e t , w h o is a r a b i d fascist h a n g m a n . T h i s s t a n d o f C h i n a has i n c e n s e d n o t o n l y t h e p e o p l e s of L a t i n A m e r i c a , but the w h o l e of w o r l d opinion. They see t h a t the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p is p r o o p p r e s s i v e r u l e r s , pro d i c t a t o r s a n d g e n e r a l s r u l i n g o v e r t h e peoples, p r o U S i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h has g r i p p e d t h e peoples o f this c o n t i n e n t b y t h e t h r o a t . T h u s w e c a n say t h a t C h i n a ' s influence in the countries of L a t i n A m e r i c a is i n s i g n i f i cant, w i t h o u t s t r e n g t h or substance.
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T h e p o l i c y o f the C h i n e s e leaders does not e n j o y t h e s y m p a t h y a n d s u p p o r t o f the peoples, b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y , w i l l lead C h i n a to ever greater isolation f r o m the progressive states a n d the w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t . N o people, n o p r o l e t ariat or revolutionaries can support China's policy, w h e n t h e y see f o r m e r G e r m a n n a z i g e n e r a l s , f o r m e r J a p a n e s e m i l i t a r i s t generals a n d a d m i r a l s , P o r t u g u e s e fascist g e n e rals, etc., etc., s t a n d i n g beside the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s on t h e Tien An M e n tribune, as happened on National Day, O c t o b e r 1, 1977. C h i n a c a n n o t g o a h e a d w i t h its course o f t r a n s f o r m i n g i t s e l f i n t o a s u p e r p o w e r w i t h o u t i n t e n s i f y i n g the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses a t h o m e . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t states w i l l seek t o secure s u p e r p r o f i t s f r o m t h e c a p i t a l t h e y w i l l i n v e s t t h e r e , t h e y w i l l also p r e s s f o r r a p i d a n d r a d i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e base a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o f C h i n e s e society i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t d i r e c t i o n . T h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e m u l t i m i l l i o n s t r o n g masses t o m a i n t a i n t h e C h i n e s e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its g i g a n t i c b u r e a u cratic apparatus a n d to meet the repayment of the credits a n d i n t e r e s t t o t h e f o r e i g n capitalists, w i l l u n d o u b t e d l y g i v e r i s e t o deep c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e C h i n e s e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d p e a s a n t r y , o n the one h a n d , a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t r u l e r s , o n t h e other. T h i s w i l l b r i n g t h e l a t t e r i n t o c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h t h e w o r k i n g masses o f t h e i r o w n country, a thing w h i c h cannot f a i l to lead to sharp conflicts and revolutionary outbursts in C h i n a .
III
MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT AN ANTI-MARXIST THEORY
T h e present situation in the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i na, its m a n y zig-zags a n d w a v e r i n g , o p p o r t u n i s t stands, the f r e q u e n t changes o f its strategy, t h e p o l i c y t h e C h i nese l e a d e r s h i p has b e e n a n d i s f o l l o w i n g t o m a k e C h i n a a s u p e r p o w e r , q u i t e n a t u r a l l y r a i s e t h e p r o b l e m of t h e place a n d r o l e o f M a o Z e d o n g a n d h i s ideas, t h e so-called Mao Zedong thought, in the Chinese revolution. M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t is a t h e o r y d e v o i d of t h e features o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . A l l the C h i n e s e leaders, b o t h those w h o w e r e i n p o w e r b e f o r e a n d those w h o h a v e seized p o w e r t o d a y , h a v e a l w a y s m a d e great p l a y w i t h the M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , i n t h e i r f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n and w a y s o f a c t i o n , t h e i r s t r a t e g i c a n d t a c t i c a l aims, i n order t o p u t t h e i r c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y p l a n s i n t o p r a c t i c e . Seeing the dubious activity, w a v e r i n g and contradict o r y stands, the l a c k o f p r i n c i p l e s a n d t h e p r a g m a t i s m o f C h i n e s e i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l p o l i c y , its d e v i a t i o n f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d t h e use o f l e f t p h r a s e s t o disguise it, w e A l b a n i a n c o m m u n i s t s h a v e g r a d u a l l y f o r m e d o u r opinions a n d conviction about the danger presented by Mao Z e d o n g t h o u g h t . W h e n o u r P a r t y w a s f o u n d e d , during the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r , as w e l l as after L i b eration, o u r p e o p l e h a d v e r y l i t t l e k n o w l e d g e a b o u t C h i na. B u t , l i k e a l l t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s o f t h e w o r l d , w e , too,
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had formed an opinion that it was progressive: China is a v a s t c o n t i n e n t . C h i n a i s f i g h t i n g , the r e v o l u t i o n a g a i n s t f o r e i g n i m p e r i a l i s m , a g a i n s t concessions i s s e e t h i n g i n C h i na, etc., etc. W e h a d some g e n e r a l k n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e activity of S u n Yat-sen, about his connections and f r i e n d s h i p w i t h the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d w i t h L e n i n ; w e k n e w something about the K u o m i n t a n g , about the Chinese people's w a r against t h e J a p a n e s e a n d a b o u t t h e e x i s t e n c e of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of China, w h i c h was considered a b i g party, w i t h a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , M a o Zedong, at the head. A n d that was all. O u r P a r t y h a d closer contacts w i t h t h e C h i n e s e o n l y after 1956. T h e c o n t a c t s s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e d d u e t o t h e s t r u g g l e o u r P a r t y w a s w a g i n g against K h r u s h c h e v i t e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m . A t t h a t t i m e o u r contacts w i t h t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , o r m o r e a c c u r a t e l y , w i t h its l e a d i n g cadres, b e c a m e m o r e f r e q u e n t a n d closer, e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , too, e n t e r e d i n t o o p e n c o n f l i c t w i t h the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s . B u t we have to admit that in the meetings we h a d w i t h the C h i n e s e leaders, a l t h o u g h t h e y w e r e good, c o m r a d e l y meetings, i n some w a y s , C h i n a , M a o Z e d o n g a n d the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , r e m a i n e d a g r e a t e n i g m a t o us. B u t w h y w e r e C h i n a , its C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a n d M a o Z e d o n g a n e n i g m a ? T h e y w e r e a n e n i g m a because m a n y attitudes, w h e t h e r g e n e r a l ones o r t h e p e r s o n a l a t t i t u d e s of C h i n e s e leaders, t o w a r d s a series of m a j o r p o l i t i c a l , ideological, military, and organizational problems v a c i l l a t e d , at t i m e s to t h e r i g h t , at t i m e s to t h e left. S o m e t i m e s they were resolute and at times irresolute, there were times, too, w h e n t h e y m a i n t a i n e d c o r r e c t stands, b u t m o r e o f t e n i t w a s t h e i r o p p o r t u n i s t s t a n d s t h a t c a u g h t t h e eye. D u r i n g the entire period that M a o w a s alive, the Chinese p o l i c y , in g e n e r a l , w a s a v a c i l l a t i n g one, a p o l i c y c h a n g i n g w i t h t h e circumstances, l a c k i n g a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s p i n a l
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cord. W h a t they w o u l d say about an important political problem today they w o u l d contradict tomorrow. In the C h i n e s e p o l i c y , one c o n s i s t e n t e n d u r i n g r e d t h r e a d c o u l d not b e f o u n d . N a t u r a l l y , a l l these a t t i t u d e s a t t r a c t e d o u r a t t e n t i o n a n d w e d i d n o t a p p r o v e t h e m , but nevertheless, f r o m w h a t we k n e w about the activity of M a o Zedong, we proceeded f r o m the general idea that he was a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t . On m a n y o f M a o Z e d o n g ' s theses, s u c h a s t h a t a b o u t t h e h a n d l i n g o f t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the b o u r g e o i s i e a s n o n - a n t a g o n i s t i c c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , t h e t h e sis a b o u t t h e e x i s t e n c e of a n t a g o n i s t i c classes d u r i n g the e n t i r e p e r i o d o f s o c i a l i s m , ( 2 5 ) t h e thesis t h a t the c o u n t r y side s h o u l d e n c i r c l e t h e c i t y , w h i c h a b s o l u t i z e s the r o l e o f t h e p e a s a n t r y i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n , etc., w e h a d o u r r e servations a n d our o w n M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t views, w h i c h , w h e n e v e r w e c o u l d , w e e x p r e s s e d t o t h e C h i n e s e leaders. M e a n w h i l e , c e r t a i n o t h e r p o l i t i c a l v i e w s a n d stands o f M a o Z e d o n g a n d the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , w h i c h were not compatible w i t h the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t views and stands o f o u r P a r t y , w e c o n s i d e r e d a s t e m p o r a r y tactics o f a b i g state, d i c t a t e d b y s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s . B u t , w i t h the passage o f t i m e , i t b e c a m e e v e r m o r e c l e a r t h a t t h e stands m a i n t a i n e d b y t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a w e r e not j u s t tactics. B y a n a l y s i n g the facts, o u r P a r t y a r r i v e d a t some general and specific conclusions, w h i c h made it vigilant, but i t a v o i d e d p o l e m i c s w i t h t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a n d C h i n e s e leaders, n o t because i t w a s a f r a i d t o engage i n p o l e m i c s w i t h t h e m , b u t because t h e facts, w h i c h it h a d about the erroneous, a n t i - M a r x i s t course of this p a r t y a n d M a o Z e d o n g h i m s e l f , w e r e i n c o m p l e t e , a n d
_______________________________ 25 See E n v e r H o x h a , Selected Works, v o l . 4, 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1982, pp. 34-75, Eng.ed.
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s t i l l d i d n o t p e r m i t the d r a w i n g o f a f i n a l c o n c l u s i o n . O n the other hand, for a time, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a d i d oppose U S i m p e r i a l i s m a n d r e a c t i o n . I t also t o o k a stand against S o v i e t K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m , t h o u g h i t i s n o w c l e a r t h a t its s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s m w a s n o t d i c t a t e d f r o m correct, p r i n c i p l e d M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist positions. B e s i d e s this, w e d i d n o t h a v e f u l l k n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e i n t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c , c u l t u r a l , social l i f e , etc. i n C h i n a . T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y a n d state h a v e a l w a y s b e e n a closed b o o k t o us. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a gave u s n o p o s s i b i l i t y a t a l l t o s t u d y the f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the C h i n e s e p a r t y a n d state. W e A l b a n i a n communists k n e w only the general outlines of t h e state o r g a n i z a t i o n o f C h i n a a n d n o t h i n g m o r e ; w e w e r e g i v e n n o p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o a c q u a i n t o u r s e l v e s w i t h the e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e p a r t y i n C h i n a , t o see h o w i t o p e r a t e d , how it was organized, in w h a t directions things were d e v e l o p i n g i n d i f f e r e n t sectors a n d w h a t these d i r e c t i o n s were concretely. The Chinese leaders have acted w i t h guile. T h e y have not m a d e p u b l i c m a n y d o c u m e n t s necessary f o r one t o k n o w t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e i r p a r t y a n d state. T h e y w e r e a n d a r e v e r y w a r y o f p u b l i s h i n g t h e i r d o c u m e n t s . E v e n those f e w p u b l i s h e d d o c u m e n t s a t o u r d i s p o s a l are f r a g m e n t a r y . T h e four volumes of Mao's works, w h i c h can be considered official, are comprised of materials w r i t t e n no later t h a n 1949, b u t besides this, t h e y are c a r e f u l l y a r r a n g e d in such a w a y that they do not present an exact picture o f the r e a l s i t u a t i o n s t h a t d e v e l o p e d i n C h i n a . The political and theoretical presentation of problems i n the C h i n e s e press, n o t t o speak o f l i t e r a t u r e , w h i c h w a s in utter disarray, had only a propaganda character. T h e articles w e r e f u l l of t y p i c a l l y Chinese stereotyped f o r m u l a s e x p r e s s e d a r i t h m e t i c a l l y , s u c h a s the T h r e e G o o d s
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a n d t h e F i v e E v i l s , the F o u r O l d s a n d F o u r N e w s , the T w o R e m i n d e r s a n d F i v e S e l f - c o n t r o l s , the T h r e e T r u t h s a n d S e v e n Falses, etc., etc. W e f o u n d i t d i f f i c u l t to w o r k o u t t h e t h e o r e t i c a l sense of these a r i t h m e t i c a l figures, because w e are u s e d t o t h i n k i n g , a c t i n g a n d w r i t ing according to the traditional M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory and culture. T h e Chinese leaders d i d not invite a n y delegation f r o m o u r P a r t y t o s t u d y t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e . A n d w h e n some d e l e g a t i o n has gone t h e r e o n o u r P a r t y ' s request, the Chinese have engaged in propaganda and taken it here and there for visits to communes and factories rather t h a n g i v e i t some e x p l a n a t i o n o r e x p e r i e n c e a b o u t t h e w o r k o f the party. A n d towards w h o m did they m a i n t a i n this s t r a n g e s t a n d ? T o w a r d s u s A l b a n i a n s , t h e i r f r i e n d s , w h o h a v e d e f e n d e d t h e m i n the m o s t d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n s . A l l these actions w e r e i n c o m p r e h e n s i b l e t o us, b u t also a s i g n a l t h a t the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a d i d n o t w a n t to g i v e us a clear p i c t u r e of its s i t u a t i o n . B u t w h a t attracted our Party's attention most was the C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n , w h i c h r a i s e d a n u m b e r o f m a j o r questions i n o u r m i n d s . D u r i n g t h e C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n , initiated by M a o Zedong, astonishing political, ideological and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l ideas a n d actions came t o l i g h t i n t h e activity of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a and the Chinese state, w h i c h w e r e n o t b a s e d o n t h e t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d S t a l i n . I n j u d g i n g t h e i r p r e v i o u s d u bious actions, a s w e l l a s those o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e e v e n t s f o l l o w i n g this r e v o l u t i o n u p t i l l n o w , t h e rises a n d f a l l s o f t h i s o r t h a t group i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p , t o d a y t h e g r o u p o f L i n B i a o , t o m o r r o w t h a t o f D e n g X i a o p i n g , a H u a G u o f e n g , etc., each o f w h i c h h a d its o w n p l a t f o r m o p p o s e d t o t h e other's, all these t h i n g s i m p e l l e d o u r P a r t y t o d e l v e m o r e d e e p l y into t h e v i e w s a n d actions o f M a o Z e d o n g a n d t h e C o m -
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m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , t o get a m o r e t h o r o u g h k n o w l e d g e of M a o Zedong thought. W h e n we saw that this C u l t u r a l Revolution was not being led by the p a r t y but was a chaotic o u t b u r s t f o l l o w i n g a c a l l i s s u e d b y M a o Z e d o n g , t h i s d i d n o t seem to us to be a r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a n d . It was Mao's authority in C h i n a that made millions of u n o r g a n i z e d y o u t h , s t u d e n t s a n d p u p i l s , r i s e t o t h e i r feet a n d m a r c h o n B e i j i n g , o n p a r t y a n d state c o m m i t t e e s , w h i c h t h e y d i s p e r s e d . I t w a s s a i d t h a t these y o u n g people r e p r e s e n t e d the p r o l e t a r i a n i d e o l o g y i n C h i n a a t t h a t t i m e a n d w o u l d s h o w the p a r t y a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a n s t h e true r o a d ! Such a revolution, w h i c h had a pronounced political character, w a s c a l l e d a c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n . I n o u r P a r t y ' s o p i n i o n , this n a m e w a s n o t accurate, since, i n fact, the movement that had burst out in C h i n a was a political, not a c u l t u r a l m o v e m e n t . B u t t h e m a i n t h i n g w a s the fact that neither the p a r t y n o r the proletariat w e r e in the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h i s great p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n . T h i s grave situation stemmed f r o m M a o Zedong's old a n t i M a r x i s t concepts o f u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d o v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e y o u t h i n t h e revolution. M a o w r o t e : What role did the Chinese y o u n g people b e g i n t o p l a y since t h e ' M a y 4 t h M o v e m e n t ' ? I n a w a y t h e y b e g a n to p l a y a v a n g u a r d r o l e a fact r e c o g nised by everybody in our country except the ultra-reactionaries. W h a t is a v a n g u a r d role? It means t a k i n g the lead...* T h u s t h e w o r k i n g class w a s l e f t o n the sidelines, a n d there were many instances when it opposed the red g u a r d s a n d e v e n f o u g h t t h e m . O u r comrades, w h o w e r e i n C h i n a a t t h a t t i m e , h a v e seen w i t h t h e i r o w n eyes f a c _________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 3, p. 19, A l b . ed.
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tory workers fighting the youth. The party was disintegr a t e d . I t w a s l i q u i d a t e d , a n d the c o m m u n i s t s a n d the proletariat were totally disregarded. This was a very grave situation. O u r P a r t y s u p p o r t e d t h e C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n , because the v i c t o r i e s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n C h i n a w e r e i n d a n g e r . Mao Zedong himself told us that p o w e r in the p a r t y and state t h e r e h a d b e e n u s u r p e d b y t h e r e n e g a d e g r o u p o f L i u S h a o q i a n d D e n g X i a o p i n g a n d t h e v i c t o r i e s o f the C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n w e r e i n d a n g e r . I n these c o n d i t i o n s , n o m a t t e r w h o w a s t o b l a m e t h a t m a t t e r s h a d gone s o far, o u r P a r t y s u p p o r t e d the C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n . O u r P a r t y d e f e n d e d the f r a t e r n a l C h i n e s e people, t h e cause o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m i n C h i n a , a n d n o t t h e f a c tional strife of a n t i - M a r x i s t groups, w h i c h were clashing and f i g h t i n g w i t h one another, e v e n w i t h guns, i n o r d e r to seize p o w e r . T h e course o f e v e n t s s h o w e d t h a t t h e G r e a t P r o l e t arian C u l t u r a l Revolution was neither a revolution, nor great, n o r c u l t u r a l , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r , n o t i n t h e least p r o l e t a r i a n . ( 2 6 ) I t w a s a p a l a c e p u t s c h o n a n a l l - C h i n a scale for t h e l i q u i d a t i o n of a h a n d f u l of r e a c t i o n a r i e s w h o h a d seized p o w e r . Of course, t h i s C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n w a s a h o a x . It liquidated both the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a and the mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d p l u n g e d C h i n a i n t o n e w chaos. This r e v o l u t i o n w a s l e d b y n o n - M a r x i s t elements, w h o have b e e n l i q u i d a t e d t h r o u g h a m i l i t a r y p u t s c h staged b y other a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d fascist e l e m e n t s . I n o u r p r e s s M a o Z e d o n g has b e e n d e s c r i b e d a s a great M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , b u t w e n e v e r u s e d a n d n e v e r
_______________________________ 26 See E n v e r H o x h a , Reflections on China, v o l . 2, 8 Nntori P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1979, pp. 760-798, E n g . ed.
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approved the definitions of the Chinese propaganda w h i c h d e s c r i b e d M a o a s a classic o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a n d M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t a s its t h i r d a n d h i g h e r stage. O u r P a r t y has c o n s i d e r e d the i n f l a t i o n o f t h e c u l t o f M a o Z e d o n g i n China to be incompatible w i t h Marxism-Leninism. The chaotic development of the C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n a n d its r e s u l t s f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e o p i n i o n , s t i l l n o t f u l l y crystallized, that M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m was not k n o w n a n d w a s n o t b e i n g a p p l i e d i n C h i n a , t h a t i n essence, t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a n d M a o Zedong d i d not h o l d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t v i e w s , regardless o f t h e faade a n d t h e slogans t h e y u s e d a b o u t the p r o l e t a r i a t , its d i c t a t o r s h i p , a n d its a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e p o o r p e a s a n t r y , a n d m a n y o t h e r such shibboleths. I n t h e l i g h t o f these events, o u r P a r t y b e g a n t o l o o k m o r e d e e p l y i n t o t h e causes o f t h e v a c i l l a t i o n s w h i c h h a d been observed in the stand of the Chinese leadership towards K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionism, such as the instance i n 1962, w h e n i t s o u g h t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d u n i t y w i t h t h e Soviet revisionists, (27) allegedly in the name of a c o m m o n f r o n t against A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , o r i n 1964, w h e n , c o n t i n u i n g the efforts for reconciliation w i t h the Soviets, Z h o u Enlai went to Moscow to hail the coming to power of the Brezhnev group. (28) These vacillations were not accidental. T h e y reflected the lack of revolutionary p r i n ciples a n d consistency. W h e n N i x o n was invited to China, (29) and the Chinese
_____________________________________________ 27 See E n v e r H o x h a , Reflections on China, v o l . 1, 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1979, pp. 9-11, 19-20, 23, 28-29, 45, 50-51, E n g . ed., a n d E n v e r H o x h a , The Khrushchevites (Memoirs), 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1984, pp. 231-256, 2nd E n g . ed. 28 See E n v e r H o x h a , Reflections on China, v o l . 1, 8 N n tori P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1979, pp. 164-167, E n g . ed. 29 N i x o n a r r i v e d in B e i j i n g f o r a visit on F e b r u a r y 21, 1972.
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l e a d e r s h i p , w i t h M a o Z e d o n g a t t h e h e a d , p r o c l a i m e d the policy of rapprochement and unity w i t h American imperialism, it became clear that the Chinese line a n d policy were in total opposition to M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and proleta r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m . F o l l o w i n g this, C h i n a ' s c h a u v i n i s t a n d h e g e m o n i c a m b i t i o n s b e g a n t o b e c o m e clearer. T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p s t a r t e d t o oppose t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples, t h e w o r l d p r o l e t ariat, and the genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t movement more openly. It p r o c l a i m e d the so-called theory of the three worlds, w h i c h it was t r y i n g to impose on the entire M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t m o v e m e n t a s its g e n e r a l l i n e . F o r the sake of the interests of the revolution a n d s o c i a l i s m , a n d t h i n k i n g t h a t the m i s t a k e s o b s e r v e d i n the l i n e o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a w e r e d u e t o i n c o r r e c t assessments o f s i t u a t i o n s a n d t o v a r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s , t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has t r i e d , m o r e t h a n once, t o h e l p t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p correct a n d o v e r c o m e t h e m . O u r P a r t y has o p e n l y e x p r e s s e d its v i e w s , i n a sincere a n d c o m r a d e l y w a y , t o M a o Z e d o n g a n d o t h e r C h i n e s e leaders, o n m a n y o f C h i n a ' s actions w h i c h d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d t h e g e n e r a l l i n e o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t m o v e ment, t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e peoples a n d r e v o l u t i o n , i t has m a d e its r e m a r k s a n d d i s a g r e e m e n t k n o w n t o t h e C e n t r a l Committee of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a officially and i n w r i t i n g . ( 3 0 ) B u t t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p has n e v e r w e l c o m e d t h e correct a n d p r i n c i p l e d r e m a r k s o f o u r P a r t y . I t has n e v e r r e p l i e d t o t h e m a n d has n e v e r a g r e e d e v e n t o discuss t h e m . M e a n w h i l e t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t a c t i o n s o f the C h i n e s e leadership at home and abroad became more flagrant and
_____________________________ 30 See E n v e r H o x h a , Selected Works, v o l . 4, 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1982, pp. 665-682, E n g . ed.
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more obvious. A l l this compelled our Party, l i k e all the other Marxist-Leninists, to reappraise the line of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , the p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l c o n cepts b y w h i c h i t has been g u i d e d , its concrete a c t i v i t y a n d its consequences. A s a r e s u l t w e s a w t h a t M a o Z e d o n g thought, b y w h i c h the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has b e e n a n d is b e i n g g u i d e d , r e p r e s e n t s a d a n g e r o u s v a r i a n t o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , against w h i c h a n a l l r o u n d struggle on the theoretical and political plane must be waged. Mao Zedong thought is a variant of revisionism, which began to take shape even before the Second World War, especially after 1935, when Mao Zedong came to power. I n t h i s p e r i o d M a o Z e d o n g a n d h i s s u p p o r t e r s l a u n c h e d a theoretical c a m p a i g n u n d e r t h e s l o g a n o f t h e s t r u g g l e against d o g m a t i s m , r e a d y - m a d e p a t t e r n s , f o r e i g n stereotypes, etc., a n d r a i s e d t h e p r o b l e m o f elaborating a national M a r x i s m , negating the u n i v e r s a l character of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . Instead of M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m he preached the Chinese w a y of treating p r o b l e m s , a n d the C h i n e s e s t y l e ... l i v e l y a n d f r e s h , p l e a s ant t o the ears a n d eyes o f t h e C h i n e s e people * , i n t h i s w a y p r o p a g a t i n g t h e r e v i s i o n i s t thesis t h a t i n each c o u n t r y M a r x i s m s h o u l d h a v e its i n d i v i d u a l , s p e c i f i c content. M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t w a s p r o c l a i m e d a s the h i g h e s t stage o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m i n t h e p r e s e n t e r a . T h e C h i nese l e a d e r s h a v e d e c l a r e d t h a t M a o Z e d o n g has a c h i e v e d m o r e t h a n M a r x , E n g e l s , a n d Lenin.... T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , a p p r o v e d a t its 9 t h C o n g ress, w h i c h w a s h e l d u n d e r M a o Z e d o n g ' s l e a d e r s h i p , says that Mao Zedong thought is the Marxism-Leninism of t h e era..., t h a t M a o Z e d o n g ... has i n h e r i t e d , d e f e n d e d
_______________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 4, p. 84, A l b . ed.
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and d e v e l o p e d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d has r a i s e d it to a n e w h i g h e r stage. * B a s i n g the activity of the p a r t y on Mao Zedong thought instead of on the principles and norms of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m o p e n e d t h e doors e v e n m o r e w i d e l y t o o p portunism and factional struggle w i t h i n the ranks of the Communist Party of China. Mao Zedong thought is an amalgam of views in w h i c h ideas a n d theses b o r r o w e d f r o m M a r x i s m are m i x e d u p w i t h idealist, p r a g m a t i c a n d r e v i s i o n i s t p r i n c i p l e s f r o m other p h i l o s o p h i e s . I t has its roots i n a n c i e n t C h i n e s e p h i losophy, a n d i n t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l past, i n t h e state a n d m i l i t a r i s t p r a c t i c e o f C h i n a . A l l t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s , those w h o h a v e t a k e n p o w e r a t p r e s e n t a s w e l l a s those w h o h a v e b e e n i n a n d w h o have fallen f r o m power, but w h o have manoeuvred to put t h e i r c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y p l a n s i n t o p r a c t i c e , h a v e had and have M a o Zedong thought as their ideological basis. M a o Z e d o n g h i m s e l f has a d m i t t e d t h a t h i s t h o u g h t s can b e e x p l o i t e d b y a l l , b o t h b y the l e f t i s t s a n d t h e r i g h t ists, a s h e calls t h e v a r i o u s g r o u p s t h a t c o m p r i s e t h e Chinese leadership. In the letter he w r o t e to C h i a n g C h i n g o n J u l y 8 , 1966, M a o Z e d o n g a f f i r m s , the r i g h t i s t s i n p o w e r m i g h t use m y w o r d s t o m a k e t h e m s e l v e s p o w e r f u l for a c e r t a i n t i m e , b u t t h e l e f t c a n use other w o r d s of mine a n d o r g a n i z e i t s e l f t o o v e r t h r o w t h e rightists. ** T h i s shows t h a t M a o Z e d o n g w a s n o t a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , t h a t his v i e w s a r e eclectic. T h i s i s a p p a r e n t i n a l l M a o ' s t h e oretical w o r k s w h i c h , a l t h o u g h c a m o u f l a g e d w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y p h r a s e o l o g y a n d slogans, cannot c o n c e a l the
______________________________ * The 9th Congress of the Communist Party of China, Documents, pp. 79-80, T i r a n a 1969, A l b . ed. ** Le Monde, December 2, 1972.
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fact t h a t M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t has n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n with Marxism-Leninism. A c r i t i c a l s u r v e y of M a o ' s w r i t i n g s , e v e n of p a r t of t h e m , o f t h e w a y h e treats t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g the r o l e o f t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y , t h e q u e s t i o n s of t h e r e v o l u t i o n , the c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m , etc., m a k e s the radical difference between Mao Zedong thought and M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m c o m p l e t e l y clear. L e t u s f i r s t c o n s i d e r the q u e s t i o n o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the P a r t y a n d its l e a d i n g r o l e . M a o p r e t e n d e d t o b e f o r the application of the Leninist principles on the party, but i f h i s ideas o n t h e p a r t y a n d , especially, the p r a c t i c e o f t h e l i f e o f t h e p a r t y are a n a l y s e d c o n c r e t e l y , i t becomes e v i d e n t t h a t h e has r e p l a c e d the L e n i n i s t p r i n c i p l e s a n d n o r m s w i t h r e v i s i o n i s t theses. M a o Z e d o n g has n o t o r g a n i z e d t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a o n t h e basis o f the p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n and Stalin. He has not w o r k e d to m a k e it a party of the Leninist type, a B o l s h e v i k party. M a o Zedong was n o t f o r a p r o l e t a r i a n class p a r t y , b u t f o r a p a r t y w i t h o u t class r e s t r i c t i o n s . H e has u s e d t h e s l o g a n o f g i v i n g t h e p a r t y a mass c h a r a c t e r i n o r d e r t o w i p e o u t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p a r t y a n d t h e class. A s a r e s u l t , a n y b o d y could enter or leave this party whenever he l i k e d . On this question Mao Zedong thought is identical w i t h the v i e w s o f the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d the E u r o c o m munists. B e s i d e s this, M a o Z e d o n g h a s a l w a y s m a d e the b u i l d i n g o f the p a r t y , its p r i n c i p l e s a n d n o r m s d e p e n d e n t o n h i s p o l i t i c a l stands a n d interests, d e p e n d e n t o n his o p p o r t u n i s t , s o m e t i m e s r i g h t i s t a n d s o m e t i m e s leftist, a d v e n t u r i s t p o l i c y , t h e s t r u g g l e a m o n g factions, etc. T h e r e has been a n d t h e r e i s n o t r u e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
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unity of thought and action in the Communist P a r t y of C h i n a . T h e s t r i f e a m o n g factions, w h i c h has e x i s t e d since the f o u n d i n g o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , has m e a n t t h a t a c o r r e c t M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e has n o t b e e n l a i d d o w n i n t h i s p a r t y , a n d i t has n o t b e e n g u i d e d b y t h e M a r x i s t Leninist thought. T h e various tendencies w h i c h manifested t h e m s e l v e s a m o n g the m a i n l e a d e r s o f t h e p a r t y w e r e a t times l e f t i s t , a t t i m e s r i g h t o p p o r t u n i s t , s o m e t i m e s centrist, a n d g o i n g a s f a r a s o p e n l y a n a r c h i s t , c h a u v i n i s t a n d racist views. D u r i n g the w h o l e t i m e M a o Zedong a n d the group a r o u n d h i m w e r e a t t h e h e a d o f t h e p a r t y , these t e n d e n cies w e r e a m o n g the d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e s o f t h e C o m m u n ist P a r t y o f C h i n a . M a o Z e d o n g h i m s e l f has a d v o c a t e d the n e e d f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t w o lines i n t h e p a r t y . A c c o r d i n g to h i m , the existence a n d struggle between t w o lines is s o m e t h i n g n a t u r a l , is a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of t h e u n i t y of t h e opposites, is a f l e x i b l e p o l i c y w h i c h u n i t e s in itself both l o y a l t y t o p r i n c i p l e s a n d c o m p r o m i s e . Thus, h e writes, we have t w o hands to deal w i t h a comrade w h o has m a d e m i s t a k e s : one h a n d t o s t r u g g l e w i t h h i m a n d the o t h e r t o u n i t e w i t h h i m . T h e a i m o f t h i s s t r u g g l e i s to uphold the principles of M a r x i s m , w h i c h means being p r i n c i p l e d ; t h a t i s one aspect o f t h e p r o b l e m . T h e other aspect i s t o u n i t e w i t h h i m . T h e a i m o f u n i t y i s t o o f f e r h i m a w a y out, to r e a c h a c o m p r o m i s e w i t h him. * T h e s e v i e w s a r e d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed t o t h e L e n i n i s t teachings o n the c o m m u n i s t p a r t y a s a n o r g a n i z e d v a n guard detachment which in must the have ranks a of single line and as a steel u n i t y o f t h o u g h t a n d a c t i o n . T h e class struggle the party, reflection o f t h e class s t r u g g l e g o i n g o n o u t s i d e t h e p a r t y ,
____________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 560, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.).
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ENVER HOXHA
has n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h M a o Z e d o n g ' s concepts o n t h e t w o lines i n t h e p a r t y . T h e p a r t y i s not a n a r e n a of classes a n d the s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n a n t a g o n i s t i c classes, it is not a gathering of people w i t h contradictory aims. The genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y is the p a r t y of the w o r k i n g class o n l y a n d bases i t s e l f o n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h i s class. T h i s i s t h e d e c i s i v e f a c t o r f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . D e f e n d ing the Leninist principles on the party, w h i c h do not p e r m i t the e x i s t e n c e o f m a n y lines, o f o p p o s i n g t r e n d s i n the c o m m u n i s t p a r t y , J . V . S t a l i n e m p h a s i z e d :
... the communist party is the monolithic party of the proletariat, and not a party of a bloc of elements of different classes.*
M a o Z e d o n g , h o w e v e r , conceives t h e p a r t y a s a u n i o n o f classes w i t h c o n t r a d i c t o r y interests, a s a n o r g a n i z a t i o n i n w h i c h t w o forces, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e p r o l e t a r i a n staff a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s staff, w h i c h m u s t h a v e t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m t h e grassroots t o the h i g h e s t l e a d i n g o r g a n s o f t h e p a r t y , c o n f r o n t a n d s t r u g g l e against each other. T h u s , i n 1956, h e s o u g h t t h e e l e c t i o n o f t h e leaders o f r i g h t a n d l e f t f a c t i o n s t o t h e Central Committee, presenting to this end, arguments as naive as they were ridiculous. The entire country, he says, the w h o l e w o r l d k n o w s w e l l t h a t t h e y h a v e m a d e m i s t a k e s i n t h e Une a n d the fact t h a t t h e y a r e w e l l k n o w n is precisely the reason for electing them. W h a t can y o u do about it? T h e y are w e l l k n o w n , but y o u w h o have m a d e n o m i s t a k e s o r h a v e m a d e o n l y s m a l l ones don't h a v e as b i g a r e p u t a t i o n as t h e i r s . In a c o u n t r y l i k e ours w i t h its v e r y l a r g e p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i e t h e y are t w o s t a n d ______________________________ * J. V. S t a l i n Works, v o l . 11, p. 280, A l b . ed.
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ards. * W h i l e r e n o u n c i n g p r i n c i p l e d s t r u g g l e i n the r a n k s o f t h e p a r t y M a o Z e d o n g p l a y e d the g a m e o f factions, s o u g h t c o m p r o m i s e w i t h some o f t h e m t o c o u n t e r some others and thus consolidate his o w n positions. W i t h such an organizational platform, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has n e v e r b e e n a n d n e v e r c o u l d b e a Marxist-Leninist party. The Leninist principles and norms w e r e n o t r e s p e c t e d i n it. T h e congress o f t h e p a r t y , its h i g h e s t c o l l e c t i v e o r g a n , has n o t b e e n c o n v e n e d r e g u l a r l y . F o r i n s t a n c e , 1 1 y e a r s w e n t b y b e t w e e n the 7 t h a n d t h e 8 t h congresses, a n d a f t e r the w a r , 13 y e a r s b e t w e e n the 8 t h a n d t h e 9 t h congresses. ( 3 1 ) B e s i d e s this, t h e congresses which were held were formal, more parades than w o r k i n g m e e t i n g s . T h e delegates t o t h e congresses w e r e n o t elected in conformity w i t h the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t principles and norms of the life of the party, but were appointed by the leading organs and acted according to the system of permanent representation. R e c e n t l y , Renmin Ribao p u b l i s h e d an a r t i c l e by a socalled theoretical group of the General Directory of the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a . (32) T h i s a r t i c l e says t h a t u n d e r t h e n a m e o f t h e G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r y , M a o h a d set u p a r o u n d h i m s e l f a s p e c i a l a p p a r a t u s w h i c h k e p t t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u , the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f the P a r t y , t h e c a d r e s o f t h e state, t h e a r m y , t h e
_______________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 348, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). 31 O v e r a period of more than 40 years, f r o m 1928 to 1969, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a held only 4 congresses: the 6th Congress in 1928, the 7th Congress in 1945, the 8th Congress in 1956 and the 9th Congress in 1969. 32 A l w a y s K e e p in M i n d the Teachings of C h a i r m a n M a o , Renmin Ribao, September 8, 1977. Comrade E n v e r H o x h a analyses the views expressed in this article in Reflections on China, v o l . 2, 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1979, pp. 618-634, E n g . ed.
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s e c u r i t y service, etc., u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d c o n t r o l . E n t r y t o t h i s D i r e c t o r y a n d k n o w l e d g e o f its w o r k w a s f o r b i d d e n t o a l l , i n c l u d i n g the m e m b e r s o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m mittee and the P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u . H e r e plans for the b r i n g ing d o w n or elevation of this or that factionalist group w e r e w o r k e d out. T h e m e n o f t h i s D i r e c t o r y w e r e p r e s e n t everywhere, they eavesdropped, watched, and reported i n d e p e n d e n t l y , outside t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e p a r t y . A p a r t f r o m t h e m , t h i s D i r e c t o r y h a d a t its d i s p o s a l e n t i r e a r m e d d e t a c h m e n t s , h i d d e n u n d e r the n a m e o f t h e G u a r d o f C h a i r m a n M a o . T h i s p r a e t o r i a n g u a r d m o r e t h a n 50,000 strong went into action whenever the c h a i r m a n wanted to act w i t h one b l o w , a s has f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r r e d i n t h e h i s t o r y o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a n d a s o c c u r r e d r e c e n t l y w i t h t h e a r r e s t o f The F o u r a n d t h e i r s u p p o r t ers b y H u a G u o f e n g . U n d e r t h e p r e t e x t o f m a i n t a i n i n g contacts w i t h the masses, M a o Z e d o n g h a d also c r e a t e d a s p e c i a l n e t w o r k of informers among the population w h o w e r e charged w i t h t h e t a s k o f k e e p i n g t h e cadres o f t h e base u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s a n d state o f m i n d o f t h e masses, w i t h o u t a n y b o d y ' s k n o w l e d g e . T h e y r e p o r t e d d i r e c t l y t o M a o Z e d o n g alone, w h o h a d s e v e r e d a l l m e a n s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h t h e masses a n d s a w the w o r l d o n l y t h r o u g h the r e p o r t s o f h i s agents o f t h e G e n eral Directory. M a o said, For myself, I am a person w h o does n o t l i s t e n t o the r a d i o , e i t h e r f o r e i g n o r C h i n e s e , b u t I o n l y t r a n s m i t . He also said, I h a v e stated o p e n l y t h a t I s h a l l no l o n g e r r e a d t h e n e w s p a p e r Renmin Ribao. I t o l d its E d i t o r - i n - c h i e f , 'I do n o t r e a d y o u r paper'. * The article of
Renmin
Ribao
provides
new
informa-
_______________________________ * F r o m M a o Zedong's conversation w i t h comrades of our P a r t y , Feb. 3, 1967. C e n t r a l A r c h i v e s of the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a (CAP).
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t i o n w h i c h enables one t o u n d e r s t a n d e v e n m o r e c l e a r l y the a n t i - M a r x i s t d i r e c t i o n a n d p e r s o n a l p o w e r o f M a o Z e d o n g i n t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y a n d state. M a o Z e d o n g d i d not h a v e t h e slightest respect f o r e i t h e r t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o r t h e c o n g r e s s o f t h e p a r t y , let a l o n e t h e p a r t y a s a w h o l e a n d its c o m m i t t e e s a t t h e base. T h e p a r t y committees, t h e l e a d i n g cadres a n d t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e itself r e c e i v e d o r d e r s f r o m t h e G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r y , t h i s special staff, w h i c h w a s r e s p o n s i b l e t o M a o Z e d o n g alone. T h e p a r t y f o r u m s , its e l e c t e d organs, h a d n o a u t h o r i t y w h a t s o e v e r . T h e a r t i c l e of Renmin Ribao says, no t e l e g r a m , n o letter, n o d o c u m e n t , n o o r d e r c o u l d b e i s s u e d by anybody without first going through M a o Zedong's hands and b e i n g a p p r o v e d by h i m . It t u r n s out that as e a r l y as 1953, M a o Z e d o n g h a d i s s u e d a c l e a r - c u t o r d e r : F r o m n o w o n , a l l d o c u m e n t s a n d t e l e g r a m s sent out i n t h e n a m e of t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e c a n be d i s p a t c h e d o n l y a f t e r I have gone o v e r t h e m , otherwise they are invalid.* U n d e r these c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e c a n b e n o t a l k o f c o l l e c t i v e l e a d e r ship, d e m o c r a c y w i t h i n t h e p a r t y , o r L e n i n i s t n o r m s . M a o Zedong's u n l i m i t e d power was so far-reaching that h e e v e n a p p o i n t e d h i s h e i r s . A t one t i m e h e h a d a p p o i n t e d L i u S h a o q i a s h i s successor. L a t e r h e d e c l a r e d that h i s h e i r t o t h e state a n d t h e p a r t y a f t e r h i s d e a t h w o u l d b e L i n B i a o . T h i s , a t h i n g u n p r e c e d e n t e d i n the practice o f M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s , w a s e v e n s a n c t i o n e d i n the C o n s t i t u t i o n o f the p a r t y . A g a i n i t w a s M a o Z e d o n g who d e s i g n a t e d H u a G u o f e n g t o b e c h a i r m a n o f t h e p a r t y after h i s d e a t h . H a v i n g p o w e r i n h i s hands, M a o a l o n e criticized, j u d g e d , p u n i s h e d a n d l a t e r r e h a b i l i t a t e d t o p l e a d ers o f t h e p a r t y a n d state. T h i s w a s the case e v e n w i t h D e n g Xiaoping, who, in his so-called self-criticism of October
_____________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 96, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.).
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23, 1966, s t a t e d : L i u S h a o q i a n d I are r e a l m o n a r c h i s t s . T h e essence o f m y m i s t a k e s lies i n the fact t h a t I h a v e n o f a i t h i n the masses, d o n o t s u p p o r t the r e v o l u t i o n a r y m a s ses, b u t am opposed to t h e m . I h a v e f o l l o w e d a r e a c t i o n a r y l i n e t o s u p p r e s s t h e r e v o l u t i o n . I n t h e class s t r u g g l e I h a v e b e e n on t h e side n o t of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , b u t of t h e bourgeoisie... A l l this shows t h a t . . . I am u n f i t to hold posts o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . * A n d despite these c r i m e s w h i c h this i n v e t e r a t e r e v i s i o n i s t has c o m m i t t e d , h e w a s p u t b a c k i n h i s f o r m e r seat. The anti-Marxist essence of Mao Zedong thought on the party and its role is also apparent in the way the relations between the party and the army were conceived in theory and applied in practice. I r r e s p e c t i v e of the shibboleths of M a o Zedong about the party being above the a r m y , politics a b o v e the gun, etc. etc., i n p r a c t i c e , h e left the m a i n p o l i t i c a l r o l e i n t h e l i f e o f the c o u n t r y t o t h e a r m y . A t the t i m e o f t h e w a r , h e said, A11 t h e a r m y cadres s h o u l d b e g o o d a t l e a d i n g t h e w o r k e r s a n d organizing trade-unions, good at m o b i l i z i n g and organizi n g t h e y o u t h , good a t u n i t i n g w i t h a n d t r a i n i n g c a d r e s i n t h e n e w l y l i b e r a t e d areas, g o o d a t m a n a g i n g i n d u s t r y a n d c o m m e r c e , good a t r u n n i n g schools, n e w s p a p e r s , n e w s agencies a n d b r o a d c a s t i n g stations, g o o d a t h a n d l i n g f o r e i g n a f f a i r s , good a t h a n d l i n g p r o b l e m s r e l a t i n g t o t h e d e m o c r a t i c p a r t i e s a n d people's o r g a n i z a t i o n s , g o o d a t a d j u s t i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e cities a n d t h e r u r a l areas a n d s o l v i n g t h e p r o b l e m s o f f o o d , c o a l a n d o t h e r d a i l y necessities a n d good a t h a n d l i n g m o n e t a r y a n d f i n a n c i a l problems. **
__________________________________ * F r o m the self-criticism of D e n g X i a o p i n g . C A P . ** M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 4, p. 355, B e i j i n g 1962 (French ed.).
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S o the a r m y w a s a b o v e the p a r t y , a b o v e the state organs, a b o v e e v e r y t h i n g . F r o m t h i s i t emerges t h a t M a o Z e d o n g ' s w o r d s r e g a r d i n g the r o l e o f t h e p a r t y , a s t h e decisive f a c t o r o f t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n , w e r e o n l y slogans. B o t h a t t h e t i m e o f the l i b e r a t i o n w a r a n d a f t e r t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c of C h i n a , in a l l the never-ending struggles t h a t h a v e b e e n w a g e d t h e r e f o r the s e i z u r e o f p o w e r b y one f a c t i o n o r the other, t h e a r m y has p l a y e d t h e d e c i s i v e role. D u r i n g t h e C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n , too, t h e a r m y p l a y e d the m a i n r o l e ; i t w a s M a o ' s last resort. I n 1967, M a o Z e d o n g s a i d , W e r e l y o n t h e s t r e n g t h o f the a r m y . . . W e had only two divisions in Beijing, but we brought in a n o t h e r t w o i n M a y i n o r d e r t o settle accounts w i t h t h e former P e k i n g P a r t y Committee.* I n o r d e r t o l i q u i d a t e h i s i d e o l o g i c a l opponents, M a o Z e d o n g has a l w a y s set t h e a r m y i n m o t i o n . H e r a i s e d t h e a r m y , w i t h L i n B i a o a t t h e h e a d , against t h e L i u S h a o q i and D e n g X i a o p i n g g r o u p . L a t e r , t o g e t h e r w i t h Z h o u E n lai, h e o r g a n i z e d a n d t h r e w the a r m y a g a i n s t L i n B i a o . I n s p i r e d b y M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , t h e a r m y has p l a y e d the s a m e r o l e e v e n a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f M a o . L i k e a l l those w h o h a v e c o m e t o p o w e r i n C h i n a , H u a G u o f e n g , also, relied on and acted through the a r m y . R i g h t after Mao's death, h e i m m e d i a t e l y r o u s e d t h e a r m y , a n d together w i t h the a r m y m e n , Y e h C h i e n - y i n g , W a n g D u n g x i n a n d others, engineered t h e p u t s c h a n d a r r e s t e d h i s o p p o n e n t s . P o w e r i n C h i n a i s s t i l l i n the h a n d s o f t h e a r m y , w h i l e the p a r t y t a i l s b e h i n d it. T h i s is a g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f c o u n t r i e s w h e r e r e v i s i o n i s m p r e v a i l s . G e n u i n e socialist countries s t r e n g t h e n t h e a r m y as a p o w e r f u l w e a p o n of the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n o r d e r t o c r u s h t h e
_____________________________ * F r o m the conversation of M a o Zedong w i t h the F r i e n d ship Delegation of the P R A , Dec. 18, 1967, C A P .
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e n e m i e s o f s o c i a l i s m i n case they r i s e u p , a s w e l l a s t o d e f e n d the c o u n t r y f r o m a n e v e n t u a l attack b y the i m p e rialists and foreign reaction. But, as M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches us, f o r the a r m y to p l a y this r o l e it m u s t a l w a y s be under the direction of the p a r t y a n d not the p a r t y u n d e r the d i r e c t i o n o f t h e a r m y . At present the most p o w e r f u l factions of the army, t h e m o s t r e a c t i o n a r y ones w h i c h a i m t o t u r n C h i n a i n t o a s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r y , are m a k i n g t h e l a w i n C h i n a . I n the f u t u r e , a l o n g w i t h t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f C h i n a i n t o a n i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r , the r o l e a n d t h e p o w e r o f the a r m y i n the l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y w i l l s t e a d i l y increase. It w i l l be strengthened as a praetorian guard, a r m e d to the teeth, f o r t h e defence of a c a p i t a l i s t r e g i m e a n d e c o n o m y . It w i l l be the t o o l of a b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l i s t d i c t a t o r ship, a d i c t a t o r s h i p w h i c h , if t h e people's r e s i s t a n c e is s t r o n g , m a y e v e n a s s u m e o p e n fascist f o r m s . By preaching the need for the existence of m a n y parties in the leadership of the country, the so-called political pluralism, Mao Zedong thought falls into c o m plete opposition to the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t doctrine on the i n d i v i s i b l e r o l e o f t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y i n the r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n . A s h e d e c l a r e d t o E . S n o w , M a o Zedong considered the leadership of a country by s e v e r a l p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s , a f t e r t h e A m e r i c a n m o d e l , the most d e m o c r a t i c f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t . W h i c h i s b e t t e r i n t h e f i n a l analysis, M a o Z e d o n g a s k e d , to h a v e j u s t one p a r t y o r s e v e r a l ? A n d h e a n s w e r e d , A s w e see i t n o w , it's p e r h a p s b e t t e r t o h a v e s e v e r a l p a r t i e s . T h i s has b e e n t r u e i n t h e past a n d m a y w e l l b e s o f o r t h e f u t u r e ; i t m e a n s l o n g - t e r m coexistence a n d m u t u a l supervision. * M a o regarded the participation of bourgeois parties in
_______________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 319, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.).
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t h e state p o w e r a n d t h e g o v e r n i n g o f t h e c o u n t r y w i t h the same rights and prerogatives as the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a s necessary. A n d n o t o n l y this, b u t these p a r t i e s of the bourgeoisie, w h i c h according to h i m were historical, s h o u l d w i t h e r a w a y o n l y w h e n t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a also w i t h e r s a w a y , t h a t is, t h e y w i l l c o e x i s t right up till communism. A c c o r d i n g to Mao Zedong thought, a new democratic regime can exist and socialism can be built only on t h e basis o f t h e c o l l a b o r a t i o n o f a l l classes a n d a l l p a r ties. S u c h a concept of socialist d e m o c r a c y , of t h e s o c i a l ist p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m , w h i c h i s b a s e d o n l o n g - t e r m c o e x i s tence a n d m u t u a l s u p e r v i s i o n o f a l l parties, a n d w h i c h is v e r y m u c h l i k e the current preachings of the Italian, French, Spanish and other revisionists, is an open denial of the leading and indivisible role of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party in the revolution and the construction of socialism. Historical experience has already proved that the dictatorship o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t c a n n o t e x i s t a n d s o c i a l i s m c a n n o t be built and defended w i t h o u t the indivisible leading role o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y .
...the dictatorship can be complete the party of the should not share ties.*
of the proletariat, s a i d S t a l i n only when it is led by a party, communists, which does not and the leadership with other par-
T h e r e v i s i o n i s t concepts o f M a o Z e d o n g h a v e t h e i r basis i n t h e p o l i c y o f c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e bourgeoisie, w h i c h t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has always a p p l i e d . T h i s i s also t h e source o f the a n t i - M a r x i s t and a n t i - L e n i n i s t course of l e t t i n g 100 f l o w e r s b l o s s o m
______________________________ * J. V. S t a l i n , Works, v o l . 10, p. 97, A l b . ed.
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a n d 100 schools contend, w h i c h is a d i r e c t e x p r e s s i o n of t h e coexistence of o p p o s i n g ideologies. A c c o r d i n g t o M a o Z e d o n g , i n socialist society, side b y side w i t h t h e p r o l e t a r i a n i d e o l o g y , m a t e r i a l i s m a n d a t h e ism, the existence of bourgeois ideology, idealism and r e l i g i o n , t h e g r o w t h o f poisonous w e e d s a l o n g w i t h f r a g r a n t f l o w e r s , etc., m u s t be p e r m i t t e d . S u c h a course i s a l l e g e d t o b e necessary f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t o f M a r x i s m , i n o r d e r t o o p e n t h e w a y t o debate a n d f r e e d o m o f t h o u g h t , w h i l e i n r e a l i t y , t h r o u g h t h i s course, h e i s t r y i n g t o l a y t h e t h e o r e t i c a l basis f o r t h e p o l i c y o f c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d coexistence w i t h its i d e o l o g y . M a o Z e d o n g says, ...it is a d a n g e r o u s p o l i c y to p r o h i b i t people f r o m c o m i n g i n t o contact w i t h t h e false, t h e u g l y a n d the hostile t o us, w i t h i d e a l i s m a n d m e t a p h y s i c s a n d w i t h the thoughts of Confucius, L a o Ze and C h i a n g K a i shek. I t w o u l d l e a d t o m e n t a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n , o n e - t r a c k m i n d s , a n d u n p r e p a r e d n e s s t o face t h e world... * F r o m this M a o Z e d o n g d r a w s t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i d e a l i s m , metaphysics and the bourgeois ideology w i l l exist eternally, therefore not only must they not be prohibited, but t h e y m u s t b e g i v e n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o b l o s s o m , t o c o m e out in the open and contend. This conciliatory stand towards e v e r y t h i n g r e a c t i o n a r y goes so f a r as to c a l l d i s t u r bances i n socialist society i n e v i t a b l e a n d t h e p r o h i b i t i o n o f e n e m y a c t i v i t y m i s t a k e n . In m y o p i n i o n , says he, w h o ever wants to p r o v o k e trouble m a y do so for so long as h e pleases; a n d i f one m o n t h i s n o t e n o u g h , h e m a y g o o n f o r t w o , i n short, the m a t t e r s h o u l d n o t b e w o u n d u p u n t i l h e feels h e has h a d e n o u g h . I f y o u h a s t i l y w i n d i t u p , sooner o r l a t e r t r o u b l e w i l l r e s u m e again. **
______________________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 397, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). ** M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, pp. 405-406 B e i j i n g , 1977 (French ed.).
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A l l these h a v e n o t b e e n a c a d e m i c c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o a scientific discussion but a counter-revolutionary opport u n i s t p o l i t i c a l l i n e w h i c h has b e e n set u p i n o p p o s i t i o n t o M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , w h i c h has d i s o r g a n i z e d t h e C o m munist P a r t y of C h i n a , in the r a n k s of w h i c h a h u n d r e d a n d one v i e w s a n d ideas h a v e been c i r c u l a t i n g a n d t o d a y there r e a l l y are 100 schools c o n t e n d i n g . T h i s has e n a b l e d the b o u r g e o i s w a s p s t o c i r c u l a t e f r e e l y i n t h e g a r d e n o f 100 f l o w e r s a n d release t h e i r v e n o m . T h i s o p p o r t u n i s t s t a n d o n i d e o l o g i c a l questions has its roots, a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , also i n t h e fact t h a t t h r o u g h out t h e w h o l e p e r i o d f r o m its f o u n d a t i o n u p t i l l i t a c h i e v e d t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f its c o u n t r y a n d later, t h e C o m m u n ist P a r t y o f C h i n a has m a d e n o e f f o r t t o consolidate itself i d e o l o g i c a l l y , has n o t w o r k e d t o i n c u l c a t e t h e t h e o r y o f M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n into the minds and hearts o f its m e m b e r s , has n o t s t r u g g l e d t o m a s t e r t h e f u n d a mental questions of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology and a p p l y t h e m c o n s i s t e n t l y , step b y step, i n t h e concrete conditions o f C h i n a . Mao Zedong thought is opposed to the MarxistLeninist theory of the revolution. In his writings M a o Zedong makes frequent mention of t h e r o l e of r e v o l u t i o n s in the process of t h e d e v e l o p ment of society, b u t in essence he a d h e r e s to a m e t a p h y s ical, e v o l u t i o n i s t concept. C o n t r a r y t o m a t e r i a l i s t d i a l e c t ics, w h i c h envisages p r o g r e s s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e f o r m o f a s p i r a l , M a o Z e d o n g p r e a c h e s d e v e l o p m e n t i n the f o r m of a cycle, g o i n g r o u n d in a circle, as a process of ebb a n d f l o w w h i c h goes f r o m e q u i l i b r i u m t o d i s e q u i l i b r i u m a n d b a c k t o e q u i l i b r i u m a g a i n , f r o m m o t i o n t o rest and b a c k t o m o t i o n a g a i n , f r o m r i s e t o f a l l a n d f r o m f a l l to rise, f r o m a d v a n c e to r e t r e a t a n d to a d v a n c e a g a i n , etc. Thus, u p h o l d i n g t h e concept o f a n c i e n t p h i l o s o p h y o n t h e
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p u r i f y i n g r o l e o f f i r e , M a o Z e d o n g w r i t e s : It i s necessary t o 'set a f i r e g o i n g ' a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s . H o w o f t e n ? O n c e a y e a r or once e v e r y t h r e e years, w h i c h do y o u p r e f e r ? I t h i n k w e s h o u l d d o i t a t least t w i c e i n t h e space o f e v e r y f i v e years, i n t h e same w a y a s the i n t e r c a l a r y m o n t h i n a l u n a r l e a p y e a r t u r n s u p once i n t h r e e y e a r s o r t w i c e i n five. * T h u s l i k e the astrologists o f o l d , o n t h e basis o f the l u n a r c a l e n d a r , h e d e r i v e s t h e l a w o n the p e r i o d i c a l k i n d l i n g o f f i r e , o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h goes f r o m great h a r m o n y t o great d i s o r d e r a n d a g a i n t o great h a r m o n y , a n d t h u s the cycles r e p e a t t h e m s e l v e s p e r i o d i c a l l y . I n t h i s m a n n e r , M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t opposes t h e m a t e r i a l i s t d i a l e c t i c a l concept o f d e v e l o p m e n t , w h i c h , a s L e n i n says
...gives us the key to understand the 'self-movement' of every existing thing;... gives us the key to understand the 'leaps', 'the interruption of graduality', 'the transformation into the opposite', the abolition of the old and the emergence of the new,**
w i t h t h e m e t a p h y s i c a l concept w h i c h is lifeless, p a l e a n d dry. T h i s becomes e v e n m o r e o b v i o u s i n t h e w a y M a o Z e d o n g h a n d l e s the p r o b l e m o f c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , t o w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o C h i n e s e p r o p a g a n d a , M a o has a l l e g e d l y m a d e a special c o n t r i b u t i o n a n d d e v e l o p e d m a t e r i a l i s t d i a l e c tics f u r t h e r i n this f i e l d . I t i s t r u e t h a t i n m a n y o f h i s w r i t i n g s , M a o Z e d o n g f r e q u e n t l y speaks a b o u t opposites, c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , the u n i t y o f t h e opposites, a n d e v e n uses M a r x i s t q u o t a t i o n s a n d phrases, b u t , n e v e r t h e l e s s , h e i s
__________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 499, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). ** V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 38, p. 396, A l b . ed.
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far f r o m t h e d i a l e c t i c a l m a t e r i a l i s t u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f these p r o b l e m s . I n d e a l i n g w i t h c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , h e does not p r o c e e d f r o m the M a r x i s t theses, b u t f r o m those o f a n c i e n t C h i n e s e p h i l o s o p h e r s , sees the opposites in a m e c h a n i c a l w a y , a s e x t e r n a l p h e n o m e n a , a n d i m a g i n e s the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the opposites as a s i m p l e c h a n g e of places b e t w e e n t h e m . B y o p e r a t i n g w i t h some e t e r n a l opposites taken f r o m ancient philosophy, such as above and below, b a c k w a r d a n d f o r w a r d , r i g h t a n d left, l i g h t a n d h e a v y , etc., etc., i n essence M a o Z e d o n g negates the i n t e r n a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n h e r e n t i n t h i n g s a n d p h e n o m e n a a n d treats d e v e l o p m e n t as s i m p l e r e p e t i t i o n , as a c h a i n of u n c h a n g e a ble states i n w h i c h t h e same opposites a n d t h e same relationship between t h e m are observed. The m u t u a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e opposites i n t o e a c h other, u n d e r s t o o d as a m e r e e x c h a n g e of places a n d not as a r e s o l u t i o n of the c o n t r a d i c t i o n a n d a q u a l i t a t i v e c h a n g e o f the v e r y p h e n o m e n o n w h i c h c o m p r i s e s these opposites, i s u s e d b y Mao Zedong as a f o r m a l pattern to w h i c h everything is subject. O n t h e basis o f t h i s p a t t e r n , M a o goes s o f a r a s t o d e c l a r e t h a t W h e n d o g m a t i s m i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o its opposite, i t becomes e i t h e r M a r x i s m o r revisionism, * m e t a p h y s i c s i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o dialectics, a n d dialectics into m e t a p h y s i c s , etc. B e h i n d s u c h a b s u r d assertions a n d this s o p h i s t i c a l p l a y i n g w i t h opposites, l u r k t h e o p p o r t u n ist a n d a n t i - r e v o l u t i o n a r y concepts o f M a o Z e d o n g . T h u s , he does n o t see t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n as a q u a l i t a t i v e change o f s o c i e t y i n w h i c h a n t a g o n i s t i c classes a n d t h e oppression a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f m a n b y m a n are a b o l i s h e d , but conceives it as a s i m p l e c h a n g e of places b e t w e e n the bourgeoisie a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . T o c o n f i r m t h i s d i s c o v ery, M a o w r i t e s : If t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t
__________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 479, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.).
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c a n n o t t r a n s f o r m t h e m s e l v e s i n t o e a c h other, h o w does i t c o m e that, t h r o u g h r e v o l u t i o n , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t b e c o m e s t h e r u l i n g class a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e t h e r u l e d class?... W e stand i n diametrical opposition t o C h i a n g Kai-shek's K u omintang. As a result of the m u t u a l struggle and e x c l u s i o n o f the t w o c o n t r a d i c t o r y aspects w i t h t h e K u o m i n t a n g w e c h a n g e d places... * T h i s s a m e l o g i c has also l e d M a o Zedong to revise the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory on the t w o phases o f c o m m u n i s t society. A c c o r d i n g t o dialectics, as s u r e l y as a m a n m u s t die, the socialist s y s t e m as a h i s t o r i c a l p h e n o m e n o n w i l l come t o a n e n d some day, t o b e negated b y the c o m m u n i s t s y s t e m . I f i t i s asserted t h a t t h e socialist s y s t e m a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o f s o c i a l i s m w i l l not die out, w h a t k i n d o f M a r x i s t thesis w o u l d t h a t b e ? W o u l d n ' t i t b e t h e s a m e as a r e l i g i o u s c r e e d or t h e o l o g y t h a t p r e a c h e s an e v e r l a s t i n g god? ** I n this w a y , o p e n l y r e v i s i n g t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o n cept o f s o c i a l i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m , w h i c h , i n essence, a r e t w o phases of t h e one t y p e , of t h e one s o c i o - e c o n o m i c order, a n d w h i c h are d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m e a c h o t h e r o n l y b y the degree o f t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d m a t u r i t y , M a o Z e d o n g presents s o c i a l i s m a s s o m e t h i n g d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposite t o c o m m u n i s m . F r o m s u c h m e t a p h y s i c a l a n d a n t i - M a r x i s t concepts, M a o Z e d o n g t r e a t s the q u e s t i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n g e n e r a l , w h i c h h e r e g a r d s a s a n endless process w h i c h i s repeated periodically throughout the w h o l e period of the existence of m a n k i n d on e a r t h , as a process w h i c h goes f r o m defeat t o v i c t o r y , f r o m v i c t o r y t o defeat, a n d s o o n endlessly. M a o Z e d o n g ' s a n t i - M a r x i s t concepts, s o m e t i m e s evolutionist and sometimes anarchist, about the r e v o l u __________________________________ * M a o Zedong. Selected Works, v o l . 5, pp. 399-400, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). ** Ibid., p. 409.
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t i o n a r e e v e n m o r e a p p a r e n t w h e n h e deals w i t h t h e problems of the r e v o l u t i o n in C h i n a . A s e m e r g e s f r o m h i s w r i t i n g s , M a o Z e d o n g d i d not base h i m s e l f o n t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y i n a n a l y s i n g the p r o b l e m s a n d d e f i n i n g t h e tasks o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n . I n h i s speech d e l i v e r e d a t t h e e n l a r g e d w o r k i n g c o n f e r e n c e c a l l e d b y t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f the C o m munist P a r t y of China i n J a n u a r y 1962, h e h i m s e l f admits: Our m a n y years of revolutionary w o r k have b e e n c a r r i e d o u t b l i n d l y , n o t k n o w i n g h o w the r e v o l u t i o n s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d out, a n d against w h o m the s p e a r h e a d of t h e r e v o l u t i o n s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d , w i t h o u t a concept o f its stages, w h o m i t h a d t o o v e r t h r o w f i r s t a n d w h o m later, etc. T h i s has m a d e t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a incapable of ensuring the leadership of the proletariat in the d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n a n d t r a n s f o r m i n g i t i n t o a s o cialist r e v o l u t i o n . T h e e n t i r e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n i s e v i d e n c e o f t h e c h a o t i c course o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a w h i c h has n o t b e e n g u i d e d b y M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , b u t b y t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t concepts o f Mao Zedong thought on the character of the revolution, its stages, m o t i v e forces, etc. M a o Zedong w a s never able to understand a n d e x p l a i n c o r r e c t l y t h e close l i n k s b e t w e e n t h e b o u r g e o i s democratic revolution and the proletarian revolution. C o n t r a r y t o t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y , w h i c h has p r o v e d scientifically that there is no Chinese w a l l between the b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e socialist r e v o l u tion, t h a t these t w o r e v o l u t i o n s d o n o t h a v e t o b e d i v i d e d f r o m each o t h e r b y a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e , M a o Z e d o n g asserted: T h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f o u r r e v o l u t i o n i n t o s o cialist r e v o l u t i o n i s a m a t t e r o f t h e f u t u r e . . . A s t o w h e n the t r a n s i t i o n w i l l t a k e p l a c e . . . i t m a y t a k e q u i t e a l o n g time. W e s h o u l d n o t h o l d f o r t h a b o u t t h i s t r a n s i t i o n u n t i l a l l t h e necessary p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s are
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p r e s e n t a n d u n t i l i t i s a d v a n t a g e o u s a n d not d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o f o u r people. * M a o Zedong adhered to this a n t i - M a r x i s t concept, w h i c h is not for the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the bourgeois-democ r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n i n t o socialist r e v o l u t i o n , d u r i n g t h e w h o l e period of the revolution, even after liberation. Thus, in 1940, M a o Z e d o n g s a i d : T h e C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n m u s t n e cessarily pass t h r o u g h . . . t h e stage o f N e w D e m o c r a c y a n d t h e n t h e stage of s o c i a l i s m . Of these, t h e f i r s t stage w i l l n e e d a r e l a t i v e l y l o n g time... ** I n M a r c h 1949, a t t h e p l e n u m o f the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e P a r t y , a t w h i c h M a o Z e d o n g s u b m i t t e d the p r o g r a m f o r C h i n a ' s d e v e l o p ment after liberation, he says: D u r i n g this period a l l the elements o f c a p i t a l i s m , o f t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e , m u s t b e p e r m i t t e d t o exist. T h e s e v i e w s a n d theories b r o u g h t about that the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a a n d M a o Z e d o n g d i d not f i g h t f o r t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n C h i n a i n t o a socialist r e v o l u t i o n b u t l e f t a f r e e field for the development of the bourgeoisie and capitalist social relations. On the question of the relationship between the dem o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n , M a o Z e d o n g t a k e s t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e chiefs o f t h e S e c o n d International, w h o were the first to attack and distort t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory about the rise of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d came o u t w i t h t h e thesis t h a t b e t w e e n t h e b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n t h e r e is a long period, d u r i n g w h i c h the bourgeoisie develops c a p i t a l i s m a n d creates t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n to the proletarian revolution. T h e y regarded the transform a t i o n o f the b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n i n t o s o c i a l ist r e v o l u t i o n , w i t h o u t g i v i n g c a p i t a l i s m t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
_______________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 1, p. 210, A l b . ed. ** M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 3, p. 169, A l b . e d .
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to d e v e l o p f u r t h e r , as s o m e t h i n g i m p o s s i b l e , as s k i p p i n g stages. M a o Z e d o n g , too, f u l l y endorses t h i s concept, w h e n he says: It w o u l d be a sheer u t o p i a to t r y to b u i l d s o c i a l ism on the ruins of the colonial, semi-colonial and semif e u d a l o r d e r w i t h o u t a u n i t e d n e w - d e m o c r a t i c state, ...without t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r i v a t e c a p i t a l i s t e c o n omy...* T h e a n t i - M a r x i s t concepts o f M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t about the revolution are even more obvious in the w a y M a o has t r e a t e d t h e m o t i v e forces o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . M a o Zedong d i d not recognize the hegemonic role of the proletariat. L e n i n said that in the period of imperialism, in e v e r y r e v o l u t i o n , hence, also i n t h e d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n , the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n r e v o l u t i o n a n d the socialist r e v o l u t i o n , t h e l e a d e r s h i p m u s t b e l o n g t o the p r o l e t a r i a t . A l t h o u g h h e t a l k e d a b o u t the r o l e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , i n p r a c t i c e M a o Z e d o n g u n d e r e s t i m a t e d its h e g e m o n y i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d e l e v a t e d t h e r o l e o f the p e a s a n t r y . ( 3 3 ) M a o Z e d o n g has s a i d : ...the r e s i s t a n c e t o Japanese occupiers n o w going on is essentially peasant resistance. E s s e n t i a l l y , t h e p o l i t i c s o f N e w D e m o c r a c y m e a n s g i v i n g p o w e r t o t h e peasants. ** M a o Zedong expressed this petty-bourgeois theory i n h i s g e n e r a l thesis t h a t t h e c o u n t r y s i d e m u s t e n c i r c l e the city, . . . r e v o l u t i o n a r y villages, h e w r o t e , can e n c i r c l e t h e c i t i e s . . . r u r a l w o r k s h o u l d p l a y the p r i m a r y r o l e in the Chinese revolutionary movement and urban w o r k a s e c o n d a r y role.*** M a o e x p r e s s e d t h i s i d e a also w h e n he
___________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 4, p. 366, A l b . ed. 33 S i g n i f i c a n t is the fact that w h i l e in 1927 the C P C had 64,500 members of w h o m 65 per cent w e r e workers, 20 per cent intellectuals a n d 15 per cent peasants, in 1928, w h e n the party h a d 130,194 members, only 10.9 per cent w e r e w o r k e r s a n d 76.6 per cent peasants. ** M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 3, pp. 177-178, A l b . ed. *** M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 4, pp. 257, 259, A l b . ed.
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w r o t e a b o u t the r o l e o f the p e a s a n t r y i n the state. H e h a s s a i d t h a t a l l o t h e r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s a n d forces m u s t s u b m i t t o the p e a s a n t r y a n d its v i e w s . . . . M i l l i o n s o f peasants w i l l r i s e l i k e a m i g h t y s t o r m , a f o r c e so s w i f t a n d v i o l e n t t h a t n o p o w e r , h o w e v e r great, w i l l b e a b l e t o h o l d i t b a c k . . . , h e w r i t e s . T h e y w i l l p u t t o t h e test every revolutionary party and group, every revolutionary, s o t h a t t h e y e i t h e r accept t h e i r v i e w s o r reject them. * A c c o r d i n g to M a o , it turns out that the peasantry a n d not t h e w o r k i n g class s h o u l d p l a y the h e g e m o n i c r o l e i n t h e revolution. M a o Z e d o n g also p r e a c h e d t h e thesis o n t h e h e g e m o n i c r o l e o f the p e a s a n t r y i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a s t h e r o a d o f t h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n . H e r e i n lies t h e source o f t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t concept t h a t considers the s o - c a l l e d t h i r d w o r l d , w h i c h i n C h i n e s e p o l i t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e i s also c a l l e d the c o u n t r y s i d e o f the w o r l d , a s the m a i n m o t i v e f o r c e f o r the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f p r e s e n t - d a y society. A c c o r d i n g to the C h i n e s e v i e w s , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t is a s e c o n d - r a t e s o c i a l force, w h i c h c a n n o t p l a y t h a t r o l e w h i c h M a r x a n d L e n i n e n v i s a g e d i n t h e s t r u g g l e against c a p i t a l i s m a n d t h e t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n , i n a l l i a n c e w i t h a l l t h e forces oppressed b y c a p i t a l . The Chinese revolution has been dominated by the petty and middle bourgeoisie. T h i s broad stratum of the p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i e has i n f l u e n c e d t h e w h o l e d e v e l o p m e n t of C h i n a . M a o Z e d o n g d i d n o t base h i m s e l f o n t h e M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t t h e o r y w h i c h teaches u s t h a t the p e a s a n t r y , t h e p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i e i n g e n e r a l , i s v a c i l l a t i n g . O f course, t h e poor and middle peasantry play an important role in the r e v o l u t i o n a n d m u s t become the close a l l y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . B u t t h e peasant class, t h e p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i e , c a n n o t
__________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 1, pp. 27-28, A l b . ed.
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l e a d the p r o l e t a r i a t i n the r e v o l u t i o n . T o t h i n k a n d p r e a c h the opposite m e a n s to be against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . H e r e i n lies one o f t h e m a i n sources o f t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t v i e w s of M a o Zedong, w h i c h have had a negative influence on the w h o l e C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has n o t been c l e a r i n t h e o r y a b o u t the basic r e v o l u t i o n a r y g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e of the hegemonic role of the proletariat in the revolution, a n d consequently it d i d not apply it in practice p r o p e r l y a n d consistently. Experience shows that the peasantry can p l a y its r e v o l u t i o n a r y r o l e o n l y i f i t acts i n a l l i a n c e w i t h the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d u n d e r its l e a d e r s h i p . T h i s w a s p r o v e d in our country d u r i n g the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r . The A l b a n i a n peasantry was the m a i n force of our revolution, h o w e v e r i t w a s t h e w o r k i n g class, despite its v e r y s m a l l n u m b e r s , w h i c h l e d t h e p e a s a n t r y , because t h e M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y , the i d e o l o g y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , e m b o d i e d i n the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , t o d a y the P a r t y o f L a b o u r , t h e v a n g u a r d o f t h e w o r k i n g class, w a s t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e r e v o l u tion. That is w h y we t r i u m p h e d not only in the National L i b e r a t i o n W a r , b u t also i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . Despite the i n n u m e r a b l e difficulties we encountered o n o u r r o a d w e s c o r e d successes one a f t e r a n o t h e r . W e a c h i e v e d these successes, i n the f i r s t place, because t h e P a r t y t h o r o u g h l y m a s t e r e d the essence o f t h e t h e o r y o f M a r x a n d L e n i n , understood w h a t the revolution was, w h o w a s m a k i n g i t a n d w h o h a d t o l e a d it, u n d e r s t o o d that a t t h e h e a d o f the w o r k i n g class, i n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e p e a s a n t r y , t h e r e h a d to be a p a r t y of t h e L e n i n i s t t y p e . T h e c o m m u n i s t s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h i s p a r t y m u s t not b e communist only in name but had to be a party which w o u l d a p p l y t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y o f the r e v o l u t i o n and p a r t y b u i l d i n g in the concrete conditions of our country, w h i c h w o u l d b e g i n t h e w o r k f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e n e w socialist society, f o l l o w i n g t h e e x a m p l e o f t h e c o n s -
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t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n the S o v i e t U n i o n o f t h e t i m e o f L e n i n and Stalin. This stand gave our P a r t y the victory, gave the c o u n t r y t h e great p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y s t r e n g t h i t has t o d a y . H a d w e a c t e d d i f f e r e n t l y , h a d w e not c o n s i s t e n t l y a p p l i e d these p r i n c i p l e s o f o u r g r e a t t h e ory, s o c i a l i s m c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n b u i l t i n a s m a l l c o u n t r y s u r r o u n d e d b y enemies, a s o u r s is. E v e n i f w e h a d succeeded i n t a k i n g p o w e r f o r a m o m e n t , t h e b o u r g e o i s i e w o u l d h a v e seized i t b a c k again, a s h a p p e n e d i n G r e e c e , w h e r e b e f o r e t h e s t r u g g l e h a d been w o n , t h e G r e e k C o m m u n i s t P a r t y s u r r e n d e r e d its w e a p o n s t o t h e l o c a l r e a c t i o n a r y bourgeoisie a n d B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l i s m . ( 3 4 ) T h e r e f o r e , t h e q u e s t i o n o f h e g e m o n y i n the r e v o l u t i o n is a v e r y i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r of p r i n c i p l e because t h e course and development of the revolution depend on w h o is leadi n g it.
Renunciation of the idea of the hegemony, stressed L e n i n , is the most vulgar form of reformism.*
T h e negation by Mao Zedong thought of the leadi n g r o l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w a s p r e c i s e l y one o f t h e causes that the Chinese revolution r e m a i n e d a bourgeois-democ r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n a n d d i d n o t d e v e l o p i n t o a socialist r e v olution. In his article N e w Democracy, M a o Z e d o n g preached that after the t r i u m p h of the r e v o l u t i o n in C h i n a a r e g i m e w o u l d b e established w h i c h w o u l d b e based o n t h e a l l i a n c e o f t h e democratic classes, i n w h i c h , b e sides the p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , h e also i n c l u d e d the u r b a n petty-bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie. J u s t a s e v e r y o n e s h o u l d s h a r e w h a t f o o d t h e r e is, h e
____________________________________ 34 F o r further information on this question see E n v e r H o x h a , With Stalin (Memoirs), 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1984, pp. 163-200, 3rd E n g . ed. * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 17, p. 252, A l b . ed.
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w r i t e s , so t h e r e s h o u l d be no m o n o p o l y of p o w e r by a s i n g l e p a r t y , g r o u p o r class. * T h i s i d e a has also been r e f l e c t e d i n the n a t i o n a l f l a g o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a , w i t h f o u r stars w h i c h r e p r e s e n t f o u r classes: t h e w o r k i n g class, t h e p e a s a n t r y , the u r b a n p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i e and the national bourgeoisie. T h e revolution in C h i n a , w h i c h brought about the l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y , t h e c r e a t i o n o f the i n d e p e n d e n t C h i n e s e state, w a s a great v i c t o r y f o r the C h i n e s e people, a n d f o r t h e w o r l d a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t a n d d e m o c r a t i c forces. A f t e r t h e l i b e r a t i o n , m a n y p o s i t i v e changes w e r e m a d e i n C h i n a : the domination by foreign i m p e r i a l i s m and big landowners was liquidated, poverty and unemployment w e r e c o m b a t e d , a series of s o c i o - e c o n o m i c r e f o r m s in f a v o u r o f t h e w o r k i n g masses w e r e c a r r i e d out, t h e e d u c a t i o n a l a n d c u l t u r a l b a c k w a r d n e s s w a s f o u g h t against, a series of m e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n f o r t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y r a v a g e d b y t h e w a r , a n d some t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f a socialist c h a r a c t e r w e r e m a d e . I n C h i n a , w h e r e p e o p l e died b y m i l l i o n s i n t h e past, s t a r v a t i o n n o l o n g e r e x i s t e d , etc. T h e s e a r e u n d e n i a b l e facts, a n d a r e i m p o r t a n t v i c tories f o r t h e C h i n e s e people. F r o m t h e a d o p t i o n o f these m e a s u r e s a n d t h e fact that t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y c a m e t o p o w e r , i t a p p e a r e d a s if C h i n a w a s going to socialism. B u t things d i d not t u r n out t h a t w a y . H a v i n g M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t a s t h e basis o f its a c t i v i t y , t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , w h i c h a f t e r the t r i u m p h o f t h e b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n o u g h t to have proceeded cautiously w i t h o u t being leftist and w i t h o u t s k i p p i n g t h e stages, p r o v e d t o b e democratic, l i b e r a l , o p p o r t u n i s t , a n d d i d n o t l e a d t h e c o u n t r y consist e n t l y o n t h e correct r o a d t o s o c i a l i s m . The non-Marxist, eclectic, bourgeois political and
____________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 3, p. 235, A l b . ed.
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ideological views of M a o Zedong gave liberated C h i n a an u n s t a b l e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , a c h a o t i c o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e state a n d the e c o n o m y w h i c h n e v e r a c h i e v e d s t a b i l i t y . C h i n a was in continuous disorder, even anarchic disorder, w h i c h was encouraged by M a o Zedong himself w i t h the slogan things m u s t f i r s t b e s t i r r e d u p i n o r d e r t o c l a r i f y t h e m . I n t h e n e w C h i n e s e state Z h o u E n l a i p l a y e d a s p e c i a l role. He was an able economist a n d organizer, but w a s never a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t politician. As the typical p r a g matist, he k n e w h o w to i m p l e m e n t his n o n - M a r x i s t v i e w s a n d a d a p t t h e m p e r f e c t l y t o each g r o u p t h a t t o o k p o w e r i n C h i n a . H e w a s a poussah* w h o a l w a y s m a n a g e d t o s t a y o n his feet, a l t h o u g h h e a l w a y s r o c k e d f r o m t h e c e n t r e t o the r i g h t , b u t n e v e r t o t h e left. Z h o u E n l a i w a s a past m a s t e r o f u n p r i n c i p l e d c o m p r o m i s e s . H e has s u p p o r t e d a n d c o n d e m n e d C h i a n g K a i shek, K a o G a n g , L i u S h a o q i , D e n g X i a o p i n g , M a o Z e d o n g , L i n B i a o , T h e F o u r , b u t h e has n e v e r s u p p o r t e d L e n i n and Stalin, Marxism-Leninism. A f t e r l i b e r a t i o n , as a r e s u l t of t h e v i e w s a n d stands o f M a o Z e d o n g , Z h o u E n l a i a n d others, m a n y w a v e r i n g s i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e p o l i t i c a l Une o f t h e Party. The tendency advocated by Mao Zedong thought t h a t the b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c stage o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n h a d to continue for a long time, was kept alive in C h i n a . M a o Z e d o n g i n s i s t e d t h a t i n t h i s stage t h e p r e m i s e s f o r s o c i a l i s m w o u l d be created p a r a l l e l w i t h the development of capitalism, to w h i c h he gave priority. A l s o linked w i t h this, i s h i s thesis o n t h e coexistence o f s o c i a l i s m w i t h t h e bourgeoisie f o r a v e r y l o n g t i m e , p r e s e n t i n g t h i s a s s o m e thing beneficial both to socialism and to the bourgeoisie. R e p l y i n g to those w h o opposed s u c h a p o l i c y a n d w h o b r o u g h t u p t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f the O c t o b e r S o c i a l i s t R e v ______________________________ * F r e n c h in the o r i g i n a l (a popular type of Chinese doll).
683
olution as an argument, M a o Zedong says: The bourgeoisie i n R u s s i a w a s a c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y class, i t rejected state c a p i t a l i s m a t t h a t t i m e , o r g a n i z e d s l o w d o w n s a n d sabotage a n d e v e n r e s o r t e d t o t h e g u n . T h e R u s s i a n p r o l e t a r i a t h a d n o c h o i c e b u t t o f i n i s h i t off. T h i s i n f u r i a t e d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i n o t h e r countries, a n d t h e y became a b u s i v e . H e r e i n C h i n a w e h a v e b e e n r e l a t i v e l y moderate w i t h our national bourgeoisie w h o feel a little m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e a n d b e l i e v e t h e y c a n also f i n d some advantage. * A c c o r d i n g t o M a o Z e d o n g s u c h a p o l i c y has a l l e g e d l y i m p r o v e d C h i n a ' s r e p u t a t i o n i n t h e eyes o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e , b u t i n r e a l i t y i t has d o n e great harm to socialism in China. M a o Z e d o n g has p r e s e n t e d h i s o p p o r t u n i s t stand t o w a r d s t h e b o u r g e o i s i e as a c r e a t i v e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the teachings o f L e n i n o f the N e w E c o n o m i c P o l i c y ( N E P ) . B u t t h e r e is a r a d i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the t e a c h i n g s o f L e n i n a n d t h e concept o f M a o Z e d o n g o n a l l o w i n g unrestricted capitalist production and m a i n t a i n i n g bourgeois r e l a t i o n s i n s o c i a l i s m . L e n i n a d m i t s t h a t t h e N E P was a step b a c k w h i c h a l l o w e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of e l e ments of c a p i t a l i s m f o r a c e r t a i n t i m e , b u t he s t r e s s e d :
...there is nothing dangerous to the proletarian state in this so long as the proletariat keeps political power firmly in its hands, so long as it keeps transport and big industry firmly in its hands.**
I n fact, n e i t h e r i n 1949 n o r i n 1956, w h e n M a o Z e d o n g advocated these t h i n g s , d i d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n C h i n a h a v e p o l i t i c a l p o w e r o r b i g i n d u s t r y i n its o w n h a n d s .
______________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 338, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). ** V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 32, p. 434, A l b . ed.
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M o r e o v e r , L e n i n c o n s i d e r e d the N E P a s a t e m p o r a r y m e a s u r e w h i c h w a s i m p o s e d b y the concrete c o n d i t i o n s o f R u s s i a o f t h a t t i m e , d e v a s t a t e d b y the l o n g c i v i l w a r , a n d not a s a u n i v e r s a l l a w o f socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n . A n d the fact is that one y e a r a f t e r the p r o c l a m a t i o n of the N E P L e n i n stressed t h a t t h e r e t r e a t w a s o v e r , a n d l a u n ched the s l o g a n t o p r e p a r e f o r t h e o f f e n s i v e against p r i v a t e c a p i t a l i n the e c o n o m y . W h e r e a s i n C h i n a , t h e p e r i o d o f the p r e s e r v a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s t p r o d u c t i o n w a s e n v i s a g e d t o last a l m o s t e t e r n a l l y . A c c o r d i n g t o M a o Z e d o n g ' s v i e w , the order established after liberation in C h i n a h a d to be a bourgeois-democratic order, w h i l e the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a had to appear to be in power. S u c h is M a o Zedong thought. T h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m the b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n t o the socialist r e v o l u t i o n c a n b e r e a l i z e d o n l y w h e n the p r o l e t a r i a t r e s o l u t e l y r e m o v e s t h e b o u r g e o i s i e f r o m p o w e r a n d e x p r o p r i a t e s it. A s l o n g a s t h e w o r k i n g class i n C h i n a s h a r e d p o w e r w i t h the bourgeoisie, a s l o n g a s the b o u r g e o i s i e p r e s e r v e d its p r i v i l e g e s , t h e state p o w e r t h a t w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n C h i n a , c o u l d n o t b e the state power of the proletariat, and consequently, the Chinese r e v o l u t i o n c o u l d n o t g r o w i n t o a socialist r e v o l u t i o n . The Communist Party of China has maintained a benevolent opportunist stand towards the exploiting classes, a n d M a o Z e d o n g has o p e n l y a d v o c a t e d t h e p e a c e f u l integration of capitalist elements into socialism. M a o Z e dong said: A c t u a l l y all ultra-reactionaries of the w o r l d are u l t r a - r e a c t i o n a r i e s , a n d t h e y w i l l r e m a i n s u c h t o m o r r o w and the day after tomorrow, are they w i l l not r e m a i n but may not s t a b l e . . . change for s u c h u n t o death, a n d i n t h e e n d t h e y w i l l c h a n g e . . . E s s e n tially, ultra-reactionaries It may happen that die-hards ultra-reactionaries
the b e t t e r . . . t h e y c o m e t o see t h e i r m i s t a k e s a n d change
685
f o r t h e better. In short, u l t r a - r e a c t i o n a r i e s do change. * In h i s desire to p r o v i d e a t h e o r e t i c a l basis f o r this o p p o r t u n i s t concept, a n d p l a y i n g o n t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e opposites, M a o Z e d o n g s a i d t h a t t h r o u g h discussion, c r i t i c i s m a n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , a n t a g o n i s t i c c o n t r a d i c tions are t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o n o n - a n t a g o n i s t i c c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , the e x p l o i t i n g classes a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i n t e l l i g e n t s i a c a n t u r n i n t o t h e i r opposite, t h a t is, b e c o m e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . However, given the conditions of our country, M a o Zed o n g w r o t e i n 1956, most o f t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w i l l e v e n t u a l l y c h a n g e t o a g r e a t e r o r lesser e x t e n t . T h a n k s to the correct policy we have adopted towards counterr e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , m a n y h a v e b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o persons no l o n g e r o p p o s e d to t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a n d a f e w h a v e e v e n done some g o o d to it.** P r o c e e d i n g f r o m s u c h a n t i - M a r x i s t concepts, a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h w i t h t h e l a p s e o f t i m e t h e class e n e m i e s w i l l b e c o r r e c t e d , h e a d v o c a t e d class c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h t h e m and allowed t h e m to continue to enrich themselves, to e x p l o i t , t o speak, a n d t o act f r e e l y against t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T o j u s t i f y t h i s c a p i t u l a t i o n i s t s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e class enemy, M a o Zedong w r o t e : We have a lot to do now. It i s i m p o s s i b l e t o k e e p o n h i t t i n g out a t t h e m d a y i n d a y out f o r t h e n e x t f i f t y y e a r s . T h e r e are people w h o r e f u s e to correct their mistakes, they can take them into their coffins w h e n t h e y g o t o see t h e K i n g o f Hell. *** A c t i n g i n p r a c t i c e a c c o r d i n g t o these v i e w s o f c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h the enemies, t h e state a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n C h i n a w a s left in the hands of the old officials. C h i a n g Kai-shek's generals e v e n b e c a m e m i n i s t e r s . I n d e e d , e v e n P u Y i , t h e emperor of Manchuguo, the puppet emperor of the J a __________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 3, p. 239, A l b . ed. ** M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 321, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). *** Ibid., p. 512.
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panese occupiers, w a s p r o t e c t e d v e r y c a r e f u l l y a n d t u r n e d i n t o a m u s e u m piece so t h a t d e l e g a t i o n s c o u l d go to meet a n d t a l k w i t h h i m a n d see h o w s u c h p e o p l e w e r e r e educated i n socialist C h i n a . B e s i d e s o t h e r t h i n g s , t h e a i m of the p u b l i c i t y given to this former puppet emperor w a s t o d i s p e l e v e n the f e a r s o f k i n g s , c h i e f t a i n s , a n d p u p pets o f r e a c t i o n i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , s o t h a t t h e y w o u l d t h i n k t h a t M a o ' s socialism i s f i n e a n d h a v e n o r e a s o n to fear i t . S t a n d s w h i c h d o n o t s m a c k o f class s t r u g g l e h a v e b e e n a d o p t e d i n C h i n a also t o w a r d s those f e u d a l l o r d s and capitalists, w h o have committed innumerable crimes against the C h i n e s e people. E l e v a t i n g s u c h stands t o t h e o r y a n d o p e n l y t a k i n g c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s u n d e r his p r o t e c t i o n , M a o Z e d o n g stated : . . . w e s h o u l d k i l l n o n e a n d arrest v e r y f e w . . . T h e y a r e n o t t o b e a r r e s t e d b y the p u b l i c security bureaus, prosecuted by the procuratorial organs o r t r i e d b y t h e l a w c o u r t s . W e l l o v e r n i n e t y out o f e v e r y h u n d r e d o f these c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s s h o u l d b e dealt w i t h i n t h i s way. * R e a s o n i n g a s a sophist, M a o Z e d o n g says t h a t the e x e c u t i o n o f c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s does n o good, t h a t s u c h a n a c t i o n a l l e g e d l y h i n d e r s production, the scientific level of the country, and w i l l g i v e u s a b a d n a m e i n t h e w o r l d , etc., t h a t i f one c o u n t e r revolutionary is liquidated, we w o u l d have to compare h i s case w i t h t h a t of a second, of a t h i r d , a n d so o n , a n d t h e n m a n y heads w o u l d b e g i n t o r o l l . . . once a h e a d i s c h o p p e d off i t can't b e r e s t o r e d , n o r c a n i t g r o w a g a i n as chives do, after b e i n g cut.** As a r e s u l t of these a n t i - M a r x i s t concepts a b o u t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , a b o u t classes, a n d t h e i r r o l e i n r e v o l u t i o n t h a t
___________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 323, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). ** I b i d e m .
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M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t advocates, C h i n a n e v e r p r o c e e d e d on t h e correct r o a d of socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n . It is not just the e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d s o c i a l r e m n a n t s o f the past t h a t h a v e s u r v i v e d a n d c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t i n C h i nese society, b u t t h e e x p l o i t i n g classes c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t t h e r e a s classes, a n d s t i l l r e m a i n i n p o w e r . N o t o n l y does the b o u r g e o i s i e s t i l l e x i s t , b u t i t also c o n t i n u e s t o g a i n i n c o m e f r o m the p r o p e r t y i t has h a d . C a p i t a l i s t r e n t has n o t b e e n a b o l i s h e d b y l a w i n C h i n a , because t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p has a d h e r e d t o t h e s t r a t e g y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n f o r m u l a t e d i n 1935 b y M a o Z e d o n g , w h o s a i d a t t h a t t i m e : T h e l a b o u r l a w s o f the people's r e p u b l i c . . . w i l l not prevent the national bourgeoisie f r o m m a k i n g p r o f i t s . . . * I n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h the p o l i c y o f the e q u a l r i g h t t o l a n d , t h e k u l a k s t r a t u m , i n t h e f o r m s w h i c h h a v e e x i s t e d i n C h i n a , has r e t a i n e d great a d v a n tages a n d p r o f i t s . M a o Z e d o n g h i m s e l f g a v e o r d e r s t h a t the k u l a k s m u s t n o t b e t o u c h e d , because t h i s m i g h t a n g e r the n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e w i t h w h i c h t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a had formed a c o m m o n united front, politically, e c o n o m i c a l l y a n d organizationally ** . A l l these t h i n g s s h o w t h a t M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t d i d not a n d c o u l d not g u i d e C h i n a o n t h e g e n u i n e r o a d t o s o c i a l i s m . Indeed, a s Z h o u E n l a i d e c l a r e d i n 1949, w h e n secretely a p p l y i n g t o t h e A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t t o h e l p C h i n a , n e i t h e r M a o Z e d o n g n o r h i s chief s u p p o r t e r s w e r e for t h e socialist r o a d . C h i n a , w r o t e Z h o u E n l a i , is not yet a c o m m u n i s t c o u n t r y , a n d i f t h e p o l i c y o f M a o Z e dong i s i m p l e m e n t e d p r o p e r l y , i t w i l l not b e c o m e a c o m m u n i s t c o u n t r y f o r a l o n g time.*** I n a d e m a g o g i c w a y , M a o Z e d o n g a n d the C o m m u n ______________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 1, p. 209, A l b . ed. ** M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 22, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). *** International Herald Tribune, A u g u s t 14, 1978.
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ist P a r t y o f C h i n a h a v e s u b o r d i n a t e d a l l t h e i r d e c l a r a t i o n s a b o u t the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e socialist a n d c o m m u n ist society t o t h e i r p r a g m a t i c p o l i c y . T h u s , i n t h e y e a r s o f t h e so-called g r e a t l e a p f o r w a r d , w i t h t h e a i m o f t h r o w i n g dust i n t h e eyes o f t h e masses, w h o , e m e r g i n g f r o m the revolution, aspired to socialism, they declared t h a t w i t h i n 2-3 f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d s , t h e y w o u l d pass d i r e c t l y over to communism. Later, however, in order to cover up their failures, they began to theorize that the construction and t r i u m p h of socialism w o u l d require ten thousand years. T r u e , the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a c a l l e d itself c o m m u n i s t , b u t i t d e v e l o p e d i n a n o t h e r d i r e c t i o n , o n a chaotic l i b e r a l course, a n o p p o r t u n i s t course, a n d c o u l d n o t b e a f o r c e capable o f l e a d i n g t h e c o u n t r y t o w a r d s s o c i a l i s m . The road it followed, and w h i c h was concretized even m o r e clearly after Mao's death, w a s not the road of soc i a l i s m , b u t t h e r o a d of b u i l d i n g a great bourgeois, s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t state. As an anti-Marxist doctrine, Mao Zedong thought has substituted great state chauvinism for proletarian internationalism. F r o m the v e r y f i r s t steps o f its a c t i v i t y , t h e C o m munist P a r t y of China displayed open nationalist and c h a u v i n i s t tendencies, w h i c h , a s t h e facts show, c o u l d n o t be eradicated d u r i n g the succeeding periods, either. Li T a q a o , one o f t h e f o u n d e r s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , said, T h e E u r o p e a n s t h i n k t h a t t h e w o r l d belongs e x c l u s i v e l y t o the w h i t e s a n d t h a t t h e y are t h e s u p e r i o r class, w h i l e the c o l o u r e d peoples a r e i n f e r i o r . T h e C h i n e s e people, Li T a q a o continues, must be r e a d y to w a g e a class s t r u g g l e against t h e other races o f the w o r l d , i n w h i c h t h e y w i l l once a g a i n d i s p l a y t h e i r s p e c i a l n a t i o n a l qualities. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a w a s i m b u e d w i t h s u c h v i e w s r i g h t f r o m the b e g i n n i n g .
689
S u c h r a c i s t a n d n a t i o n a l i s t v i e w s c o u l d not h a v e b e e n eliminated completely f r o m the mentality of M a o Zedong, let a l o n e t h a t o f L i u a n d T e n g . I n t h e r e p o r t w h i c h h e d e l i v e r e d t o t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e P a r t y i n 1938, M a o Z e d o n g said, C o n t e m p o r a r y C h i n a has g r o w n o u t o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e C h i n a o f t h e past . . . W e s h o u l d sum up our history from Confucius to S u n Y a t - s e n . . . a n d t a k e o v e r t h i s v a l u a b l e legacy. T h i s i s i m p o r t a n t f o r g u i d i n g t h e great m o v e m e n t o f today. * O f course, e v e r y M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y says t h a t i t m u s t base i t s e l f o n t h e l e g a c y o f i t s o w n p e o p l e f r o m the past, b u t i t also b e a r s i n m i n d t h a t i t m u s t base itself not o n e v e r y t h i n g i n h e r i t e d b u t o n l y o n w h a t i s p r o g r e s sive. C o m m u n i s t s r e j e c t t h e r e a c t i o n a r y l e g a c y i n t h e f i e l d o f ideas, a s w e l l a s i n a n y other f i e l d . T h e C h i n e s e h a v e been v e r y c o n s e r v a t i v e , e v e n x e n o p h o b i c , i n r e g a r d t o t h e i r o l d f o r m s , content, a n d ideas. T h e y p r e s e r v e d t h e o l d a s a treasure of great value. F r o m the talks we held w i t h them, it turns out that the Chinese placed little value on all the r e v o l u t i o n a r y experience of the w o r l d . To them o n l y t h e i r o w n p o l i c y , t h e i r s t r u g g l e against C h i a n g K a i shek, t h e i r l o n g m a r c h , t h e t h e o r y o f M a o Z e d o n g , w e r e o f v a l u e . A s f o r t h e p r o g r e s s i v e v a l u e s o f o t h e r peoples, the C h i n e s e c o n s i d e r e d t h e m o f l i t t l e o r n o w o r t h , i n d e e d t h e y d i d n o t t a k e the t r o u b l e t o s t u d y t h e m . M a o Z e d o n g p r o c l a i m e d , the C h i n e s e s h o u l d cast aside t h e f o r m u l a s created b y f o r e i g n e r s . B u t p r e c i s e l y w h i c h o f these f o r mulas, h e does n o t d e f i n e . H e has c o n d e m n e d a l l t h e clichs a n d d o g m a s b o r r o w e d f r o m o t h e r countries. H e r e the q u e s t i o n a r i s e s : i s t h e t h e o r y o f s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m , w h i c h w a s n o t w o r k e d out b y t h e C h i n e s e , also i n c l u d e d i n these d o g m a s a n d clichs a l i e n t o C h i n a ? The leadership of the Communist Party of China
_______________________________ * M a o Zedung, Selected Works, v o l . 2, pp. 250-251, A l b . e d .
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c o n s i d e r e d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m the m o n o p o l y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , towards which M a o Zedong and company nurtured c h a u v i n i s t v i e w s , g r e a t state v i e w s , a n d h a d , y o u m i g h t say, a sort of b o u r g e o i s j e a l o u s y . T h e y d i d n o t c o n s i d e r t h e S o v i e t U n i o n o f t h e t i m e o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n t h e great f a t h e r l a n d o f the w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t , o n w h i c h p r o l e t a r i a n s o f a l l t h e w o r l d h a d t o r e l y i n o r d e r t o c a r r y o u t the revolution, and w h i c h they had to defend w i t h all their s t r e n g t h against t h e f u r i o u s o n s l a u g h t o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e and imperialism. Decades ago, M a o Z e d o n g a n d Z h o u E n l a i , t h e t w o chief leaders o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , s p o k e a n d acted i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n w h i c h w a s l e d b y S t a l i n . T h e y e v e n s p o k e against S t a l i n h i m s e l f . M a o Z e d o n g accused S t a l i n o f s u b j e c t i v i s m , s a y i n g , he f a i l e d to see t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s t r u g g l e of opposites a n d t h e u n i t y o f opposites, * t h a t h e a l l e g e d l y m a d e a number of mistakes in connection w i t h C h i n a . The 'Left adventurism' pursued b y W a n g M i n g i n the latter part o f the Second R e v o l u t i o n a r y C i v i l W a r period and his Right opportunism in the early days of the W a r of Resistance Against Japan can both be traced t o Stalin, ** that Stalin's actions towards Yugoslavia and Tito were w r o n g , ( 3 5 ) etc. A l t h o u g h f o r t h e sake o f a p p e a r a n c e s M a o Z e d o n g w o u l d n o w a n d t h e n speak i n defence o f S t a l i n , s a y i n g t h a t h e w a s o n l y 3 0 p e r c e n t b a d , i n fact h e m e n t i o n e d only Stalin's mistakes. Mao's statement at the M o s c o w Meeti n g o f t h e c o m m u n i s t a n d w o r k e r s ' p a r t i e s i n 1957, w h e n h e said, i n S t a l i n ' s p r e s e n c e I f e l t l i k e the p u p i l before
_________________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 400, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.). ** I b i d , p. 328. 35 See E n v e r H o x h a , The Khrushchevites (Memoirs), 8 N n t o r i P u b l i s h i n g House, T i r a n a 1982, pp. 234-246, 2nd Eng.ed.
IMPERIALISM AND THE REVOLUTION his are this ers
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teacher, w h e r e a s n o w t h a t w e m e e t K h r u s h c h e v , w e l i k e comrades, w e a r e a t ease, i s n o t f o r t u i t o u s . W i t h he publicly hailed and approved Khrushchev's slandagainst S t a l i n a n d d e f e n d e d t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e l i n e . Just as the other revisionists, M a o Zedong used the c r i t i c i s m s against S t a l i n i n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y his d e v i a t i o n f r o m the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t principles w h i c h S t a l i n consistently defended and f u r t h e r enriched. W i t h their attack against S t a l i n , t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s i n t e n d e d t o d i s parage his w o r k and authority, to raise M a o Zedong's a u t h o r i t y to t h e r a n k of a w o r l d leader, a classic of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , w h o a l l e g e d l y has a l w a y s p u r s u e d a correct and i n f a l l i b l e l i n e ! T h e s e c r i t i c i s m s also e x p r e s s e d t h e i r a c c u m u l a t e d d i s c o n t e n t a g a i n s t S t a l i n o v e r t h e censure and c r i t i c i s m s h e a n d t h e C o m i n t e r n m a d e o f t h e l e a d e r ship o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a n d M a o Z e d o n g over t h e i r f a i l u r e t o i m p l e m e n t t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x i s m Leninism consistently on the leading role of the proletariat i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n , p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , t h e strategy a n d tactics o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e , etc. M a o Zedong e x p r e s s e d t h i s d i s c o n t e n t o p e n l y s a y i n g , S t a l i n suspected t h a t o u r s w a s a v i c t o r y o f t h e T i t o t y p e , a n d i n 1949 a n d 1950 h i s p r e s s u r e on us w a s v e r y s t r o n g indeed. * Likewise, d u r i n g his talks w i t h us here in Tirana, Z h o u E n l a i said, S t a l i n suspected u s o f b e i n g p r o - A m e r i c a n o r that w e m i g h t g o t h e Y u g o s l a v w a y . T i m e has p r o v e d that S t a l i n w a s c o m p l e t e l y r i g h t . H i s f o r e b o d i n g s a b o u t the C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the ideas g u i d i n g i t t u r n e d out to be a c c u r a t e . The contradictions between the Communist P a r t y of China, led by M a o Zedong, and the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f the S o v i e t U n i o n , l e d b y S t a l i n , a s w e l l a s those b e tween t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a n d the C o m i n t e r n ,
__________________________________ * M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 5, p. 328, B e i j i n g 1977 (French ed.).
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were contradictions over principles, over fundamental questions of r e v o l u t i o n a r y M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t strategy a n d tactics. F o r instance, t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a i g n o r e d t h e thesis o f t h e C o m i n t e r n o n t h e correct a n d consistent d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n C h i n a , its o r i e n t a t i o n a b o u t j o i n t a c t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n t h e c i t y a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n a r m y , t h e theses o f the C o m i n t e r n o n the c h a r a c t e r a n d stages o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n , etc. M a o Z e d o n g a n d t h e o t h e r leaders of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a have always s p o k e n d i s p a r a g i n g l y o f t h e delegates f r o m the C o m i n t e r n t o C h i n a , c a l l i n g t h e m stupid, i g n o r a n t people, w h o d i d n o t k n o w t h e C h i n e s e r e a l i t y , etc. R e g a r d i n g each c o u n t r y a s a n o b j e c t i v e r e a l i t y i n itself, closed t o others, M a o Z e d o n g c o n s i d e r e d t h e assistance o f t h e d e legates f r o m t h e C o m i n t e r n u n n e c e s s a r y a n d s i m p l y i m possible. I n h i s speech t o t h e E n l a r g e d W o r k i n g C o n ference o f the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a i n J a n u a r y 1962, M a o Z e d o n g s a i d : C h i n a , a s an objective w o r l d , w a s k n o w n by the Chinese a n d not by t h e comrades f r o m t h e C o m i n t e r n w h o w e r e e n g a g e d w i t h the q u e s t i o n o f C h i n a . T h e s e c o m r a d e s f r o m the C o m i n t e r n k n e w l i t t l e o r n o t h i n g a b o u t C h i n e s e society, t h e C h i n e s e n a t i o n a n d the C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n . T h u s w h y s h o u l d these foreign comrades be referred to here? W h e n s p e a k i n g a b o u t t h e i r successes, M a o Z e d o n g leaves the C o m i n t e r n out. W h e r e a s f o r t h e defeats a n d d e v i ations o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , f o r t h e f a i l u r e t o u n d e r s t a n d a n d d r a w correct d e d u c t i o n s f r o m t h e s i t u a tions w h i c h d e v e l o p e d i n C h i n a , h e casts t h e b l a m e o n the C o m i n t e r n a n d its r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n C h i n a . H e a n d other C h i n e s e leaders accuse t h e C o m i n t e r n o f h a v i n g a l l e g e d l y impeded and complicated things for t h e m in the w a g i n g of a consistent s t r u g g l e f o r t h e s e i z u r e of p o w e r a n d the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n C h i n a . B u t the facts o f the
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past a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e p r e s e n t C h i n e s e r e a l i t y c o n f i r m t h a t t h e C o m i n t e r n ' s decisions a n d d i r e c t i v e s a b o u t C h i n a were correct in general, and that the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a d i d n o t act o n t h e basis a n d i n t h e s p i r i t o f t h e principles of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e consequences o f t h e n a r r o w n a t i o n a l i s m a n d b i g state c h a u v i n i s m w h i c h c h a r a c t e r i z e M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , t h a t h a v e b e e n a n d a r e a t t h e basis o f the a c t i v i t y o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , a r e also r e f l e c t e d i n the stands towards, and activity of that p a r t y in, the international communist movement. T h i s i s a p p a r e n t c o n c r e t e l y i n t h e s t a n d o f the C o m munist P a r t y of C h i n a towards the new M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties w h i c h w e r e c r e a t e d a f t e r the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s ' b e t r a y a l . F r o m t h e v e r y start the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p h a d not the least c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e m . T h i s v i e w has b e e n e x pressed o p e n l y b y K e n g B i a o , t h e p e r s o n i n the C e n t r a l Committee of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of China, w h o makes the decisions o n r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n ist m o v e m e n t . H e has s a i d , C h i n a does n o t a p p r o v e t h e creation o f M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s a n d does n o t w a n t the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of these p a r t i e s to c o m e to C h i n a . T h e i r c o m i n g is a n u i s a n c e to us but, he stressed, w e can d o n o t h i n g a b o u t t h e m , f o r w e c a n n o t s e n d t h e m away. W e accept t h e m j u s t a s w e accept t h e r e p r e s e n tatives of b o u r g e o i s parties.* S u c h a p o l i c y , w h i c h h a d nothing i n c o m m o n w i t h p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , w a s followed a t t h e t i m e M a o Z e d o n g w a s a l i v e , w h e n h e w a s f u l l y capable o f t h i n k i n g a n d d i r e c t i n g , hence i t h a d his full approval. W h e n , c o n t r a r y t o t h e desires o f t h e C h i n e s e leaders, these n e w M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s b e g a n t o g r o w s t r o n g ,
_____________________________ * F r o m K e n g Biao's conversation w i t h Party in B e i j i n g , A p r i l 16, 1973, C A P . comrades of our
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t h e n t h e y p u r s u e d a n o t h e r tactic, t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f a l l new parties and every group w i t h o u t exception and w i t h out a n y d i s t i n c t i o n , p r o v i d e d only t h a t t h e y c a l l e d t h e m selves M a r x i s t parties, r e v o l u t i o n a r y parties, r e d guards, etc. T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has c r i t i c i z e d this s t a n d a n d t a c t i c o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a . T h e other g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s h a v e d o n e t h e same t h i n g . N e v e r t h e l e s s , the r e v i s i o n i s t C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p has c o n t i n u e d o n t h e same course. Later, in conformity w i t h their pragmatic policy tow a r d s the n e w l y f o r m e d p a r t i e s a n d groups, t h e C h i n e s e leaders a d o p t e d d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a t t i t u d e s . T h e y c a l l e d t h e g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s t h e i r enemies, w h e r e a s the g r o u p s a n d p a r t i e s w h i c h o p p o s e d these p a r t i e s , c a m e t o b e v e r y d e a r t o t h e m . A t present, t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n ists n o t o n l y m a i n t a i n ties w i t h these a n t i - M a r x i s t p a r t i e s a n d groups, w h i c h l a u d M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t t o t h e skies, b u t also i n v i t e t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s one b y one t o Beijing, where they w o r k on them, give t h e m financial assistance a n d p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d b r i e f t h e m o n h o w t o act against t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a a n d the genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties. T h e y require them to propagate Mao Zedong thought, the t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s a n d , i n g e n e r a l , t h e f o r e i g n p o l i c y o f C h i n a , t o create t h e c u l t o f H u a G u o f e n g a n d D e n g X i a o p i n g and condemn The Four. To the Chinese r e v i sionists, t h a t p a r t y w h i c h meets these d e m a n d s i s M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , w h i l e those p a r t i e s w h i c h oppose t h e m are d e c l a r e d a n t i - M a r x i s t , a d v e n t u r i s t , etc. A l l this shows that in their relations w i t h the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t parties, the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t leaders h a v e not i m p l e m e n t e d the L e n i n i s t p r i n c i p l e s a n d n o r m s w h i c h r e gulate relations between genuine communist parties. L i k e the K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionists, proceeding f r o m the a n t i M a r x i s t concept o f t h e m o t h e r p a r t y , t h e y h a v e r e s o r t e d
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t o dictate, p r e s s u r e a n d i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f t h e o t h e r p a r t i e s , a n d h a v e n e v e r accepted c o m r a d e l y a d v i c e a n d suggestions f r o m sister p a r t i e s . T h e y h a v e opposed t h e m u l t i l a t e r a l m e e t i n g s o f M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties, m e e t i n g s t o discuss the great p r o b l e m s o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d t r i u m p h o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , the f i g h t against m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m f o r t h e defence o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , t o e x c h a n g e e x p e r i e n c e a n d c o - o r d i n a t e actions, etc. T h e r e a s o n f o r s u c h a s t a n d , a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , is that they have been a f r a i d to confront the genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s i n m u l t i l a t e r a l meetings, because t h e i r a n t i M a r x i s t a n d revisionist theories in the service of w o r l d capital and of the strategy intended to transform C h i n a into a s u p e r p o w e r , w o u l d b e e x p o s e d a n d u n m a s k e d . A n o t h e r i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t essence o f M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t i s t h e r e l a t i o n s the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has m a i n t a i n e d a n d c o n t i n u e s t o m a i n t a i n w i t h m a n y h e t e r o g e n o u s fascist, r e v i s i o n i s t a n d o t h e r parties a n d g r o u p s . N o w i t i s s t r i v i n g t o p r e p a r e t h e g r o u n d t o i n f i l t r a t e o r b u i l d r e l a t i o n s also w i t h t h e o l d revisionist parties of various countries, as for example those o f I t a l y , F r a n c e , S p a i n a n d t h e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e , L a t i n A m e r i c a , etc. T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e a t t a c h i n g e v e r g r e a t e r i m p o r t a n c e t o these r e l a t i o n s b e cause, i d e o l o g i c a l l y , t h e y are a l l i n l i n e w i t h t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , regardless o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s t h e y have i n tactics, w h i c h d e p e n d o n t h e n a t u r e , s t r e n g t h a n d power o f c a p i t a l i s m i n e a c h c o u n t r y . T h e ties o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a w i t h these traditionally revisionist parties w i l l gradually be e x p a n ded, t h e i r actions w i l l b e c o n c e r t e d w h i l e i t w i l l c o n t i n u e t o use t h e s m a l l g r o u p s , w h i c h c a l l t h e m s e l v e s M a r x i s t Leninist and f o l l o w the Chinese line, to fight a n d disrupt the e x i s t i n g g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s , w h i c h r e main u n w a v e r i n g in their stand, as w e l l as the other p a r -
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ties w h i c h are b e i n g b o r n o r w i l l b e b o r n . W i t h these actions the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e o p e n l y a s s i s t i n g c a p i t a l i s m , the s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c a n d r e v i s i o n i s t parties, s a b o t a g i n g t h e o u t b r e a k a n d t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d , especially, t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t i v e factor, t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s which w i l l lead this revolution. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a applied this same tact i c i n its r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e s o - c a l l e d L e a g u e o f C o m m u n ists o f Y u g o s l a v i a , w h i c h has w o r k e d w i t h a l l its m i g h t t o s p l i t t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t a n d has fought socialism and M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m relentlessly. T h e present Chinese leaders w a n t to m a r c h together w i t h the Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d c o - o r d i n a t e t h e i r actions w i t h t h e m in the struggle against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d a l l t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s , against t h e r e v o l u t i o n , s o c i a l ism and communism. M a o Z e d o n g a n d the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a h a v e maintained a pragmatic stand towards Y u g o s l a v revisioni s m a n d h a v e m a d e a great e v o l u t i o n i n t h e i r v i e w s a b o u t Tito and Titoism. At first, M a o Zedong said that Tito was not w r o n g , but it w a s S t a l i n w h o h a d been w r o n g a b o u t T i t o . T h e n , the s a m e M a o Z e d o n g r a n k s T i t o w i t h H i t l e r a n d C h i a n g K a i s h e k a n d says t h a t s u c h p e o p l e . . . as Tito, Hitler, C h i a n g K a i s h e k and the C z a r cannot be corrected, t h e y s h o u l d b e k i l l e d . H o w e v e r , h e c h a n g e d h i s s t a n d a g a i n a n d e x p r e s s e d h i s g r e a t d e s i r e t o meet Tito. Tito himself declared recently: I was invited to C h i n a w h e n M a o Z e d o n g w a s a l i v e . D u r i n g the v i s i t o f the C h a i r m a n o f t h e F e d e r a l E x e c u t i v e V e e , D j e m a l Bijedi, to China, at that time, M a o Zedong expressed to h i m h i s desire t h a t I s h o u l d v i s i t C h i n a . C h a i r m a n H u a G u o f e n g also t o l d m e that, f i v e y e a r s ago, M a o Z e d o n g said that he should have invited me for a visit, stressing t h a t i n 1948, too, Y u g o s l a v i a w a s i n t h e r i g h t , a t h i n g
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w h i c h he (Mao Zedong) h a d declared even then, to a narr o w c i r c l e . B u t , t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n the r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n a t t h a t t i m e , t h i s was not said publicly.* The revisionist leadership of C h i n a is loyally carrying out t h i s w i l l o f M a o Z e d o n g . H u a G u o f e n g seized t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f T i t o ' s v i s i t t o C h i n a , a n d e s p e c i a l l y o f his o w n visit to Yugoslavia, to eulogize Tito, to present h i m as a d i s t i n g u i s h e d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , a great l e a d e r not o n l y o f Y u g o s l a v i a , b u t also o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n ist m o v e m e n t . I n t h i s w a y t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p also openly endorsed a l l the attacks of the Titoites on Stalin and the B o l s h e v i k Party, on the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l bania, the international communist movement and M a r x ism-Leninism. T h e close p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s o f t h e Chinese revisionists w i t h the Titoites, Eurocommunists, like C a r r i l l o and company, the b a c k i n g they give the a n t i Marxist, Trotskyite, anarchist and social-democratic parties a n d g r o u p s , s h o w t h a t t h e C h i n e s e leaders, i n s p i r e d a n d g u i d e d b y M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , are s e t t i n g u p a c o m m o n i d e o l o g i c a l f r o n t w i t h t h e renegades f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a g a i n s t t h e r e v o l u t i o n , against t h e i n t e r e s t s of the peoples' l i b e r a t i o n struggle. T h a t is w h y all the enemies o f c o m m u n i s m a r e r e j o i c i n g o v e r t h e C h i n e s e theories, because t h e y see t h a t M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , the C h i n e s e p o l i c y , are d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e r e v o l u t i o n and socialism. T h e s e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h w e h a v e a n a l y s e d d o not cover a l l t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d a n t i - L e n i n i s t content o f Mao Zedong thought. H o w e v e r , they are sufficient to permit the conclusion that M a o Zedong was not a M a r x _____________________________________ * F r o m Tito's speech at the meeting SR of Slovenia, September 8, 1978. of activists of the
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ist-Leninist, but a progressive revolutionary democrat, w h o r e m a i n e d f o r a l o n g t i m e a t t h e h e a d o f the C o m munist P a r t y of China and played an important role in the t r i u m p h o f t h e C h i n e s e d e m o c r a t i c a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t revolution. W i t h i n C h i n a , in the r a n k s of the party, among the people a n d o u t s i d e C h i n a , h e b u i l t u p h i s r e p u t a t i o n as a g r e a t M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n d he h i m s e l f posed as a c o m m u n i s t , as a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t d i a l e c t i c i a n . B u t t h i s w a s not so. H e w a s a n eclectic w h o c o m b i n e d some e l e ments of M a r x i s t dialectics w i t h idealism, w i t h bourgeois and revisionist philosophy, indeed, even w i t h ancient C h i nese p h i l o s o p h y . T h e r e f o r e t h e v i e w s o f M a o Z e d o n g m u s t b e s t u d i e d n o t o n l y i n t h e a r r a n g e d p h r a s e s o f some o f his p u b l i s h e d w o r k s , b u t i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y , i n t h e i r p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n , w h i l e also c o n s i d e r i n g the p r a c t i c a l consequences t h e y h a v e b r o u g h t a b o u t . I n a p p r a i s i n g M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t i t i s also i m portant to bear in m i n d the concrete historical conditions u n d e r w h i c h i t w a s f o r m e d . M a o Z e d o n g ' s ideas w e r e d e v eloped at the t i m e of the decay of c a p i t a l i s m , t h a t is, at the time w h e n proletarian revolutions are on the agenda a n d w h e n the e x a m p l e o f the G r e a t O c t o b e r S o c i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n , t h e great t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n h a v e become a n u n e r r i n g g u i d e f o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the r e v o l u t i o n a r y peoples o f t h e world. The theory of M a o Zedong, Mao Zedong thought, w h i c h was born i n these n e w c o n d i t i o n s , h a d t o t r y t o d e c k itself out, a s i t d i d , i n the g a r b o f the m o s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r y o f the t i m e , M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , b u t i n essence i t r e m a i n e d a t h e o r y o p p o s e d to the cause of t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n , a t h e o r y w h i c h c o m e s t o the rescue o f i m p e r i a l i s m i n crisis a n d decay. T h e r e f o r e , w e s a y t h a t M a o Z e d o n g a n d M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t are a n t i - M a r x i s t . W h e n one t a l k s o f M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t i t i s d i f f i c u l t to d i s c e r n a single c l e a r l i n e in it, since, as we s a i d
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a t t h e b e g i n n i n g , i t i s a n a m a l g a m o f ideologies, f r o m a n a r c h i s m , T r o t s k y i s m , m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m la T i t o , la K h r u s h c h e v , l a E u r o c o m m u n i s t , a n d d o w n t o t h e use o f some M a r x i s t p h r a s e s . I n a l l t h i s a m a l g a m t h e o l d ideas o f C o n f u c i u s , M e n c i u s , a n d t h e o t h e r C h i n e s e p h i l o sophers, w h o h a v e d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f the ideas o f M a o Z e d o n g , h i s c u l t u r a l a n d t h e o r e t i c a l d e v elopment, also o c c u p y a n h o n o u r e d place. E v e n those a s pects o f M a o Z e d o n g ' s v i e w s w h i c h c o m e o u t i n t h e f o r m of a d i s t o r t e d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m b e a r t h e seal a n d f e a tures of a c e r t a i n A s i o c o m m u n i s m w i t h h e a v y doses of nationalism, xenophobia and even Buddhist religion, and were b o u n d t o c o m e i n t o o p e n o p p o s i t i o n w i t h M a r x i s m Leninism eventually. The revisionist group of H u a Guofeng and Deng X i a o ping, w h i c h i s r u l i n g i n C h i n a t o d a y , has Mao Z e d o n g thought a s the t h e o r e t i c a l basis a n d i d e o l o g i c a l p l a t f o r m for its r e a c t i o n a r y p o l i c y a n d a c t i v i t y . I n o r d e r t o s t r e n g t h e n its s h a k y p o s i t i o n s , t h e g r o u p around H u a G u o f e n g a n d Y e h C h i e n y i , w h i c h came t o power, u n f u r l e d t h e b a n n e r o f M a o Z e d o n g . U n d e r t h i s banner i t c o n d e m n e d t h e T i e n A n M e n d e m o n s t r a t i o n ( 3 6 ) and l i q u i d a t e d D e n g X i a o p i n g , t o w h o m t h e y a t t a c h e d t h e label o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t , w h i c h h e d e s e r v e d . U n d e r this banner t h i s g r o u p seized p o w e r i n a p u t s c h a n d s m a s h e d The F o u r . H o w e v e r , t h e chaos w h i c h h a s a l w a y s c h a r a c terized C h i n a , c o n t i n u e d a t a n e v e n g r e a t e r i n t e n s i t y . T h i s troubled situation brought D e n g X i a o p i n g to the fore and imposed h i s r e t u r n t o p o w e r , a n d h e set o u t a g a i n o n h i s course o f r i g h t e x t r e m i s m w i t h fascist m e t h o d s . D e n g ' s o b j e c t i v e w a s t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e p o s i t i o n s o f his own g r o u p , t o f o l l o w h i s u n d i s g u i s e d course o f a l l i a n c e
_____________________________ 36 It took place in A p r i l 1976.
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w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the r e a c t i o n a r y w o r l d b o u r g e o i s i e . D e n g X i a o p i n g b r o u g h t out t h e p r o g r a m o f the four modernizations, put an end to the C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n , l i q u i d a t e d a l l t h a t mass o f c a d r e s p r o m o t e d t o the organs o f state p o w e r , t h e p a r t y a n d the a r m y b y t h i s r e v o l u t i o n , a n d r e p l a c e d t h e m w i t h t h e m e n o f the b l a c k est r e a c t i o n , w h o h a d b e e n e x p o s e d a n d c o n d e m n e d i n the past. N o w w e are w i t n e s s i n g a p e r i o d w h i c h i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e b i g c h a r a c t e r posters against M a o Z e d o n g w i t h w h i c h D e n g X i a o p i n g ' s f o l l o w e r s are d e c o r a t i n g the w a l l s o f B e i j i n g . I t i s the p e r i o d o f revenge w h i c h has t w o a i m s : first, t o l i q u i d a t e t h e prestige o f M a o a n d e l i m i n a t e t h e obstacle o f H u a G u o f e n g a n d , second, t o m a k e D e n g X i a o p i n g a n a l l - p o w e r f u l fascist d i c t a t o r a n d t o rehabilitate L i u Shaoqi. A g a i n s t this b a c k g r o u n d o f r e a c t i o n a r y m a n o e u v r e s t h e r e are those i n C h i n a , a s w e l l a s a b r o a d , w h o d r a w a c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n D e n g X i a o p i n g ' s s t r u g g l e against M a o , w h o w a s n e v e r a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , a n d the c r i m e o f Khrushchev, who threw m u d at Stalin, who was and r e m a i n s a great M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t . N o one, h o w e v e r l i t t l e the b r a i n i n h i s head, c a n accept s u c h a n a n a l o g y . T h e m o s t c o r r e c t c o m p a r i s o n p o s s i b l e i s that, j u s t a s Brezhnev and the revisionist group around h i m toppled K h r u s h c h e v , n o w , the C h i n e s e B r e z h n e v , D e n g X i a o p i n g , i s t o p p l i n g the C h i n e s e K h r u s h c h e v , M a o Z e d o n g , f r o m his p e d e s t a l . T h i s w h o l e business is a r e v i s i o n i s t game, a s t r u g g l e f o r p e r s o n a l p o w e r . I t has a l w a y s b e e n s o i n C h i n a . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g M a r x i s t a b o u t it. O n l y t h e C h i n e s e w o r k i n g class a n d a t r u e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y p u r g e d o f M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , D e n g X i a o p i n g t h o u g h t , a n d a l l other such anti-Marxist, revisionist, bourgeois thoughts, w i l l
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c o r r e c t t h i s s i t u a t i o n . I t i s the ideas o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n w h i c h c a n rescue C h i n a f r o m t h i s s i t u a tion through a genuine proletarian revolution. B u t w e a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t one d a y M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and the proletarian revolution i n C h i n a w i l l t r i u m p h and the e n e m i e s o f the C h i n e s e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d people w i l l b e d e f e a t e d . O f course, s u c h a t h i n g w i l l n o t b e a t t a i n e d w i t h o u t a f i g h t a n d b l o o d s h e d , because i t w i l l t a k e m a n y efforts t o f o r m the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y in C h i n a , the leader indispensable to victory over the traitors and the t r i u m p h of socialism. W e a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t the f r a t e r n a l C h i n e s e people, the g e n u i n e C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w i l l f r e e t h e m s e l v e s f r o m i l l u s i o n s a n d m y t h s . T h e y w i l l come t o u n d e r s t a n d politically and ideologically that in the leadership of the Communist P a r t y of C h i n a there are no M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , b u t m e n o f t h e bourgeoisie, o f c a p i t a l i s m , w h o a r e p u r s u i n g a course w h i c h has n o c o n n e c t i o n w i t h socialism a n d c o m m u n i s m . B u t , f o r t h e masses a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s t o u n d e r s t a n d this, i t i s necessary t h a t they r e a l i z e t h a t M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t i s n o t M a r x i s m Leninism, a n d that M a o Zedong was not a M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist. T h e c r i t i c i s m w e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s m a k e o f M a o Zedong t h o u g h t has n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h t h e a t t a c k s w h i c h a r e a i m e d a t M a o Z e d o n g b y the g r o u p a r o u n d Deng X i a o p i n g in the struggle it is w a g i n g for power. B y s p e a k i n g o u t o p e n l y a n d f r a n k l y a b o u t these q u e s tions, w e A l b a n i a n c o m m u n i s t s a r e f u l f i l l i n g o u r d u t y i n defence of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a n d at t h e s a m e t i m e , as i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t s , also h e l p i n g the C h i n e s e p e o p l e a n d r e v olutionaries t o f i n d t h e correct p a t h i n these d i f f i c u l t situations t h e y are g o i n g t h r o u g h .
THE DEFENCE OF MARXISM-LENINISM A MAJOR DUTY FOR A L L GENUINE REVOLUTIONARIES
The present international situation is turbulent, the crisis i n the c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s i s g e t t i n g w o r s e , t h e aggressive p o l i c y o f t h e s u p e r p o w e r s m o r e a n d m o r e each d a y i s c r e a t i n g n e w great d a n g e r s f o r t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e peoples a n d t h e g e n e r a l peace. T h e bourgeois and Khrushchevite, Titoite. Eurocommunist r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r i e s a n d , together w i t h t h e m , t h e C h i n e s e theories, too, are p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f t h e great s t r a t e g i c plan of imperialism and modern revisionism to destroy socialism and strangle the revolution. I n these c o n d i t i o n s , t h e defence o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d t h e p r i n c i p l e s of p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , a c o n s istent r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e m a j o r w o r l d p r o b lems, t o d a y c o n s t i t u t e a f u n d a m e n t a l t a s k f o r o u r P a r t y , as w e l l as for all genuine Marxist-Leninists. O u r just s t r u g g l e m u s t b u i l d u p t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f t h e peoples a n d p r o g r e s s i v e m a n k i n d i n t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e cause o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e peoples. O u r P a r t y i s o n t h e correct r o a d a n d i t w i l l t r i u m p h b e cause t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d , a n d the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t r u t h a r e o n its side. The M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s and the revolutionaries t h r o u g h out t h e w o r l d see t h a t t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a defends M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m w h e n o t h e r s a t t a c k it, t h a t i t defends t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f p r o l e t a r i a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m w h e n t h e v a r i o u s r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e t h r o w n these p r i n c i p l e s o v e r -
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b o a r d . T h e y see t h a t i n its s t a n d s t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a n o t o n l y p r o c e e d s f r o m t h e i n t e r e s t s o f its o w n c o u n t r y , b u t also expresses a n d r e p r e s e n t s v e r y great interests, n e a r a n d d e a r t o t h e e n t i r e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e i n t e r ests o f g e n u i n e s o c i a l i s m , t h e i n t e r e s t s o f a l l those w h o base t h e m s e l v e s o n a n d are g u i d e d b y M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m for the revolutionary transformation of the w o r l d . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , w e n o t i c e t h a t the p o l i c y C h i n a i s f o l l o w i n g i n its r e l a t i o n s w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m a s w e l l a s w i t h S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m i s a r o u s i n g doubts, d i s c o n tent a n d c o n s t a n t c r i t i c i s m e v e r y w h e r e , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e countries of the so-called t h i r d w o r l d . T h i s is natural, because t h e honest p e o p l e in these c o u n t r i e s see t h a t t h e C h i n e s e p o l i c y is n o t correct, t h a t it is a p o l i c y w h i c h supports an i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h is oppressing them, that m u c h o f w h a t t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s p r e a c h does n o t c o n f o r m t o t h e i r deeds a n d t h e concrete r e a l i t y . T h e peoples see t h a t C h i n a is f o l l o w i n g a s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t p o l i c y w h i c h t h r e a t e n s t h e i r interests. I n t h i s d i r e c t i o n , too, o u r P a r t y i s also m a k i n g its modest c o n t r i b u t i o n . T h e p e o p l e s t r u s t i t because i t speaks the t r u t h , a n d t h e t r u t h has its source i n t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist t h e o r y w h i c h has b e e n c o n c r e t e l y a p p l i e d i n A l b a n i a . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r c o u n t r y , its l i b e r a t i o n w a r s , its social, e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l a n d s p i r i t u a l s i t u a t i o n i n the past, h a v e m u c h i n c o m m o n w i t h m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d w h i c h h a v e s u f f e r e d o r a r e s u f f e r i n g savage o p pression at the hands of internal rulers and foreign i m perialist rulers. T h e experience accumulated by our P a r t y i n t h e s e i z u r e o f p o w e r b y t h e people, i n t h e e s t a b l i s h ment of the dictatorship of the proletariat a n d the construct i o n of s o c i a l i s m is a concrete e x a m p l e a n d a i d to these peoples. T h e v i c t o r i e s a n d successes a c h i e v e d i n t h e P e o ple's S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c o f A l b a n i a h a v e t h e i r basis i n the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y , b y w h i c h i t i s i n s p i r e d a n d
704
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w h i c h the P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a a p p l i e s i n p r a c t i c e . A p a r t f r o m l a c k e y s a n d u l t r a - r e a c t i o n a r i e s , n o one i s d i r e c t l y d e f e n d i n g the b a n k r u p t C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f three worlds. The policy of rapprochement of the Chinese w i t h U S i m p e r i a l i s m r e v i v e s t h e spectres o f i m p e r i a l i s t w a r s w h i c h n o b o d y w a n t s t o see, deepens t h e c o l o n i a l a n d neo-colonial darkness w h i c h nobody can endure, and supp o r t s the c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n w h i c h e v e r y o n e w a n t s t o get r i d of. T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has f o u g h t , i s f i g h t i n g a n d w i l l a l w a y s f i g h t r e s o l u t e l y i n defence o f the p u r i t y o f M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideas. I t i s a n d w i l l a l w a y s b e against a l l those w h o s t r i v e t o d i s t o r t t h e m a n d r e p l a c e t h e m w i t h bourgeois, r e v i s i o n i s t , c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y ideas. O u r P a r t y is a p r o l e t a r i a n p a r t y , a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y , an active p a r t i c i p a n t i n t h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n , f o r w h i c h i t i s d e t e r m i n e d t o m a k e a n y s a c r i f i c e , j u s t a s i t has done u p t i l l now. There is no force that can m a k e our P a r t y deviate f r o m this f u l l y i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t , g l o r i o u s a n d h o n o u r a b l e course. T h e r e i s n o f o r c e w h i c h c a n i n t i m i d a t e o r c o n q u e r it. O u r P a r t y cannot r e c o n c i l e itself t o a n y k i n d of opportunism, to any k i n d of deviation from M a r x i s m Leninism, to any distortion of it. It w i l l fight w i t h determ i n a t i o n against C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s m , too, j u s t as against r e v i s i o n i s m o f a n y other k i n d . O u r s i s a s m a l l M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y , a n d because w e are s u c h a p a r t y , w e m u s t n o t b e a f r a i d t o s p e a k the t r u t h openly. O u r P a r t y is small in regard to the n u m b e r of m e m b e r s i n its r a n k s , b u t i t i s a P a r t y t o u g h e n e d i n m a n y battles. It has a l w a y s h a d the c o u r a g e to state m a t t e r s o p e n l y i n defence o f t h e p u r i t y o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m . T h e facts s h o w t h a t o u r f i g h t against C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s m is correct, t h a t it is essential, t h e r e f o r e i t i s a p p r o v e d a n d s u p p o r t e d b y the g e n u i n e Marxist-Leninists and revolutionaries.
705
A t r u e r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y , as o u r P a r t y is, does not r e n o u n c e its p r i n c i p l e d s t a n d p o i n t s i n a n y instance. W e c a n not r e t r e a t j u s t because o t h e r s m i g h t c o n s i d e r the courage a n d v i r t u e o f o u r P a r t y conceit. T h e P a r t y has n o t t a u g h t its m e m b e r s t o b e conceited, b u t i t has t a u g h t t h e m t o b e a l w a y s r e s o l u t e a n d j u s t a n d s t e r n against t h e class e n e m y . O n these q u e s t i o n s t h e r e i s n o r o o m f o r d i s c u s s i o n about w h e t h e r the p a r t y i s b i g o r s m a l l . The communists, the genuine r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s m u s t t h o r o u g h l y u n d e r s t a n d h o w the situations a r e d e v e l o p i n g i n t h e w o r l d t o d a y . T h e y d o not d e v e l o p i n a s t e r e o t y p e d f o r m . I f t h e teachings o f M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d S t a l i n , t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e r e v o l utionary struggle of the w o r l d proletariat and the e x p e r i ence o f e v e r y g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y are s t u d i e d , u n d e r s t o o d a n d a s s i m i l i a t e d p r o p e r l y , t h e n these s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h are d e v e l o p i n g c a n b e p r o p e r l y u n d e r s t o o d a n d the r e v o l u t i o n w i l l b e g i v e n a p o w e r f u l boost. W e A l b a n i a n c o m m u n i s t s m u s t u n d e r s t a n d w e l l that it is absolutely necessary to master M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t e n c i r c l e m e n t a n d the p r e s s u r e i t exerts o n u s m u s t n e v e r b e u n d e r r a t e d . W e m u s t n o t b e f o o l i s h l y o v e r c o n f i d e n t i n o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f these questions a n d i n t h e r e a l f i g h t w e m u s t w a g e against the enemies s u r r o u n d i n g us. T h e r e v o l u t i o n has r u n i n t o r o c k s a n d t h e r e are m o r e ahead w h i c h m u s t b e b l o w n u p w i t h e x p l o s i v e s . S o m e must b e b l o w n u p d i r e c t l y , some m u s t b e b r o k e n d o w n piecemeal, w h i l e some o t h e r s m u s t b e o u t f l a n k e d a n d then g i v e n t h e f i n i s h i n g b l o w . T h i s i s w h a t u n d e r s t a n d i n g the s t r a t e g y a n d tactics o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n m e a n s . I n o r d e r t o create c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e v i c t o r y o f the r e v o l u t i o n , i t i s essential to o r g a n i z e t h e b r o a d masses of the people, to make the p r o l e t a r i a t conscious o f t h e u n w a v e r i n g l e a d e r ship o f its g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y , because o t h e r -
706
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w i s e i t m a y become i n v o l v e d i n a d v e n t u r o u s actions a n d c o m p r o m i s e the v i c t o r y o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e c o m m u n i s t s a n d the oppressed masses o f t h e p e o p l e h a v e t o r e a l i z e that i m p e r i a l i s m a n d w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m h a v e great e x perience i n o p p r e s s i n g t h e masses, i n o r g a n i z i n g t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , the t a c t i c s a n d s t r a t e g y o f the enemies, too. m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d a n d coped w i t h , because o u r ideology, o u r p o l i c y , o u r s t r a t e g y a n d tactics a r e more p o w e r f u l than any enemy, for they serve a just cause, t h e cause of c o m m u n i s m . N o w f o r o u r P a r t y , a s w e l l a s f o r a l l the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s i n the w o r l d , the s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s m s h o u l d b e g i v e n the greatest a t t e n t i o n . T h i s i s a n i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n , b u t t h i s does n o t m e a n t h a t w h i l e d e a l i n g w i t h it, w e a r e p e r m i t t e d t o f o r g e t S o v i e t revisionism, Titoite revisionism or Eurocommunism, w h i c h are v e r y d a n g e r o u s v a r i a n t s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m . I n r e g a r d t o t h e i r tactics a n d strategy, a l l these a n t i M a r x i s t trends, r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r f o r m s o f struggle, are o n t h e one course, h a v e t h e same o b j e c t i v e , a n d are w a g i n g the same s t r u g g l e . F o r a l l these reasons, w e m u s t n e v e r d i v e r t o u r attention either f r o m the struggle w h i c h must be waged against A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d a l l the r e a c t i o n a r y capitalist bourgeoisie of the w o r l d or f r o m the struggle against the S o v i e t , Y u g o s l a v , C h i n e s e , a n d o t h e r shades o f r e v i s i o n i s m . D e s p i t e a l l the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s t h e y h a v e a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s , a l l these e n e m i e s a r e l i n k e d b y the one c o r d the f i g h t against t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a g a i n s t the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s a n d t h e i r u n i t y , against t h e g e n e r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the e n t i r e w o r k i n g masses i n o r d e r t o l a u n c h t h e m s e l v e s i n t o r e v o l u t i o n . T h e s t r u g g l e against m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , a n d espec i a l l y against S o v i e t , T i t o i t e a n d C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s m , i s n o t a n easy m a t t e r . O n the c o n t r a r y , t h i s s t r u g g l e i s a n d
707
w i l l b e s t e r n a n d p r o t r a c t e d . F o r i t t o b e w a g e d successf u l l y , f o r v i c t o r i e s t o b e g a i n e d step b y step, the c o m m u n i s t s , t h e cadres, t h e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a a n d a l l t h e w o r k i n g masses o f o u r c o u n t r y m u s t b e i m b u e d w i t h the i d e o l o g y o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n a n d m u s t also s t u d y the r i c h experience of our P a r t y in the struggle against m o d e r n revisionism. O n l y in this w a y w i l l we be able to o v e r c o m e the obstacles a n d e m e r g e u n s c a t h e d f r o m t h e great h o s t i l e forest w i t h a l l i t s t h o r n s . A s a l w a y s , o u r P a r t y o f L a b o u r m u s t m a i n t a i n clear, resolute, b o l d stands o n t h e correct M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t l i n e . T h i s l i n e o f o u r P a r t y , w i t h its c l e a r l y d e f i n e d objectives, w i l l h e l p t o expose A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t s o c i a l imperialism, as w e l l as Chinese social-imperialism, and to w a g e t h e m e r c i l e s s s t r u g g l e against t h e m s u c c e s s f u l l y . T h e task of our Party, and of all the genuine c o m munists of the world, is to fight w i t h dedication to defend o u r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y a n d cleanse i t o f a l l t h e d i stortions w h i c h the bourgeoisie, the m o d e r n revisionists a n d a l l o p p o r t u n i s t s a n d t r a i t o r s m a k e o f it. M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m is the t r i u m p h a n t ideology. He w h o e m b r a c e s , d e f e n d s a n d d e v e l o p s it, is a m e m b e r of t h e g l o r i o u s a r m y o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , o f t h a t great a n d i n v i n cible a r m y o f g e n u i n e c o m m u n i s t s , w h o are l e a d i n g t h e proletariat and a l l the oppressed to transform the w o r l d , to destroy capitalism and to b u i l d the new w o r l d , the socialist w o r l d . Published according to the book Imperialism and the Revolution, Second A l b a n i a n edition, T i r a n a 1978
THE IRANIAN WORKING CLASS CAME OUT ON T H E BATTLEFIELD, OVERTHREW THE SHAH AND SHOOK THE CAPITALIST WORLD

February 18, 1979
I n recent m o n t h s , the a t t e n t i o n o f w o r l d o p i n i o n h a s b e e n c e n t r e d o n the events i n I r a n , o n t h e h e r o i c s t r u g g l e o f the I r a n i a n people t o o v e r t h r o w t h e b l o o d t h i r s t y r e g i m e o f t h e P a h l a v i m o n a r c h y . N o w t h a t t h i s r e v o l u t i o n has o v e r t h r o w n the m e d i a e v a l f e u d a l i s m a n d fascist m o n a r c h y of the Shah, revolutionaries, patriots and progressive peop l e t h r o u g h o u t the w o r l d are e x p r e s s i n g w a r m c o n g r a tulations a n d a d m i r a t i o n for the outstanding heroism of the m e n , w o m e n a n d y o u t h o f I r a n , f o r the d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d courage o f t h e c o m m o n people. T h e I r a n i a n people a c h i e v e d a v i c t o r y o f g r e a t h i s t o r i c i m p o r t a n c e . I t m a r k s a n o t a b l e step o n t h e i r r o a d t o w a r d s f r e e d o m a n d d e m o c r a c y , a f u r t h e r step t o w a r d s e m a n c i p a t i o n a n d progress. T h i s v i c t o r y w i l l c e r t a i n l y h a v e p r o f o u n d consequences a n d w i l l s e r v e as a basis f o r t h e c o m i n g battles f o r t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f the p o p u l a r i d e a l s o f c o m p l e t e national and social liberation. T h e p o p u l a r u p r i s i n g i n I r a n constitutes a h e a v y b l o w to all the imperialist powers and, in particular, to A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h has p r a c t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d a n d d i r e c t e d t h e r e g i m e o f t h e S h a h f o r t h e last 2 5 y e a r s .
THE IRANIAN WORKING CLASS
709
Likewise, it is a heavy blow to w o r l d capitalism which, u p t i l l n o w , has t a k e n a d v a n t a g e o f t h e s u b m i s s i o n o f the S h a h to plunder the Iranian oil and exploit the Iranian p e o p l e to t h e bone. T h e fact i s t h a t the I r a n i a n r e v o l u t i o n has t h r o w n the b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d into great c o n f u s i o n . C a r t e r a n d h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n are r e b u k i n g t h e C I A a n d t h e other i n t e l l i g e n c e o r g a n s f o r f a i l i n g t o foresee these e v e n t s i n time. T h e Western bourgeoisie is astonished about how a w h o l e p e o p l e c o u l d r i s e i n r e v o l t a t the p e a k o f t h e o i l b o o m . T h e C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s are c o m p l a i n i n g that the S h a h a l l e g e d l y p e r m i t t e d f o r e i g n agents t o enter the c o u n t r y t o s t i r u p the masses. T h e imperialists a n d the revisionists have not understood a n d n e v e r c a n u n d e r s t a n d a n d i n t e r p r e t s o c i a l p h e n omena correctly. T h e y judge matters according to rigid schemes c r e a t e d b y t h e i r o w n a n t i - h i s t o r i c a l , s e l f i s h class concepts. T h e i r c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y h a t r e d does n o t permit them to analyse a n y social phenomenon objectively o r t o foresee a n y s i t u a t i o n . E v e n t s a l w a y s b u r s t o n t h e m like bombshells. T h e r e v o l u t i o n i n I r a n i s n o t a n d c o u l d n o t b e the w o r k o f agents, a s t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s f r o m B e i j i n g c l a i m . Nor is it the result of modernization, as the Western p o l i t i c i a n s c l a i m . It is a r e s u l t of t h e o u t b u r s t of m a n y c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n t h e f e u d a l - b o u r g e o i s I r a n i a n society, a n e x p l o s i o n o f t h e p o p u l a r a n g e r a n d h a t r e d w h i c h has been b u i l d i n g u p f o r decades a g a i n s t t h e t y r a n n y o f t h e S h a h and i m p e r i a l i s t d o m i n a t i o n , a r e s u l t of the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the p e o p l e t o c h a n g e t h e m i s e r a b l e l i f e w h i c h the r u l i n g and e x p l o i t i n g u p p e r classes h a v e i m p o s e d o n t h e m . Attempts are being made f r o m various directions to give t h e I r a n i a n r e v o l u t i o n a r e l i g i o u s c o l o u r . Of course, there c a n b e n o d e n y i n g t h e s u b j e c t i v e i n f l u e n c e i n t h e events i n I r a n o f t h e S h i a r e l i g i o u s sect, w h i c h p l a y e d a
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p o s i t i v e r o l e i n the o v e r t h r o w o f t h e f e u d a l r e g i m e o f the P a h l a v i e m p i r e . B u t i t w a s n o t the r e l i g i o u s i d e o l o g y w h i c h g u i d e d the b r o a d p o p u l a r masses i n the u p r i s i n g a n d s t r u g g l e against the S h a h . T h e d e m o c r a t i c a s p i r a t i o n s o f the l a y m a j o r i t y o f t h e p e o p l e o f I r a n , t h e p o l i t i c a l slogans w h i c h a r o u s e d the p e o p l e t o s t r u g g l e , the c o n c r e t e o b j e c t i v e f o r w h i c h t h e masses are f i g h t i n g , c a n n o t b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h the e t h i c a l - t h e o c r a t i c d e m a n d s o f t h e I s lamic doctrine. The people of I r a n m a y appear to be b e l i e v e r s , b u t i n action, a n d p r e c i s e l y i n t h i s r e v o l u t i o n , they proved themselves very progressive and v e r y objective. T h e y rose i n s t r u g g l e a n d s h e d t h e i r b l o o d f o r t h e o v e r t h r o w of the m o n a r c h y a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a democratic republic in their country, for the nationalizat i o n o f the o i l a n d its use i n f a v o u r o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y a n d the people, f o r p u t t i n g a n e n d t o dependence o n f o r e i g n c a p i t a l a n d f o r t h e c a n cellation of a l l enslaving economic, m i l i t a r y and p o l i t i c a l agreements w i t h f o r e i g n e r s , w h e t h e r A m e r i c a n , S o v i e t , B r i t i s h or C h i n e s e , f o r t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g of a s o v e r e i g n a n d i n d e p e n d e n t state, f o r t h e f r e e d o m o f t h e press a n d a s s e m b l y , f o r t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f the f e u d a l c o r r u p t i o n a n d the p u n i s h m e n t o f oppressors a n d e x p l o i t e r s , f o r s o c i a l e q u a l i t y a n d justice, etc., etc. I t i s c l e a r t o t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d t h a t t h e i n s p i r a tion of the Iranian revolution is not religious. It is i n s p i r e d b y a p o w e r f u l d e m o c r a t i c a n d p r o g r e s s i v e c u r r e n t o f the masses, t h i r s t i n g f o r a g e n u i n e a g r a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n , f o r a truly progressive cultural and educational revolution, as w e l l a s f o r p r o f o u n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s t o e l i m i n a t e the b a c k w a r d n e s s o f the people. T h o s e v a l i a n t w o m e n a n d g i r l s w h o shed t h e i r b l o o d i n b a t t l e w i t h S A V A K a n d the i m p e r i a l g u a r d came out i n the streets n o t t o r e t a i n t h e v e i l o r t o d e f e n d the d o m e s t i c p r i s o n , b u t t o e l i m i n a t e t h e m . H e n c e , the great p r o b l e m p r e s e n t e d i n t h a t c o u n t r y
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w a s the l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g people, the p e a s a n t r y , the w o m e n a n d t h e y o u t h . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s h o s t i l e c a m p a i g n i s t o create the opinion that the events in Iran do not represent a r e v o l u tion w h i c h can be taken as an example. International c a p i t a l i s m is t r y i n g to p r e s e n t t h i s r e v o l u t i o n as a r e a c t i o n of r e l i g i o u s leaders a n d f a n a t i c a l masses of b e l i e v e r s against t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d m o d e r n i z a t i o n o f the life o f t h e c o u n t r y u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e S h a h . I t i s c y n i c a l l y c l a i m i n g t h a t s u c h r e v o l u t i o n s , w h i c h i t labels Islamic, allegedly h i n d e r the p r o g r e s s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t n o t o n l y o f the c o u n t r i e s i n w h i c h t h e y occur, b u t also o f t h e w h o l e international community. W o r l d c a p i t a l i s m i s p u t t i n g g r e a t stress o n the t e r m Islamic a n d d i s t o r t i n g t h e t r u e c h a r a c t e r o f the r e v o l u tion i n I r a n , because i t w a n t s t o set t h e peoples against one a n o t h e r , to set the M o s l e m b e l i e v e r s against t h e C h r i s t i a n b e l i e v e r s . I t i s s t r i v i n g t o h a v e the I r a n i a n , A r a b and o t h e r p e o p l e s c o n s i d e r e d a s b a c k w a r d a n d f a n a t i c a l peoples a n d t o g i v e t h e i r a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g gles a r e t r o g r a d e c o l o u r . H o w e v e r , t h e I r a n i a n r e v o l u t i o n demonstrated c l e a r l y t h a t t h e f u n d a m e n t a l issue f o r the peoples o f t h i s z o n e i s t h e s t r u g g l e f o r l i b e r a t i o n f r o m the feudal-bourgeois y o k e a n d t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n and S o v i e t s u p e r p o w e r s , a n d I s r a e l , i n w h i c h u n i t y i s required a n d f o r m e d . I t i s the i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s , the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , a n d China w h o i n c i t e d i v i s i o n a m o n g t h e A r a b a n d P e r s i a n peoples a n d p r e v e n t t h e m f r o m g a i n i n g a n d s a f e g u a r d i n g their f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e b i a s e d assessments a n d base c a l u m nies o f those w h o h a v e p l u n d e r e d a n d o p p r e s s e d the countries o f t h e O r i e n t c a n deceive n o one. W h a t e v e r t h e y say, the e v e n t s in I r a n a r e consequences of the social antagonism a n d n o t r e l i g i o u s a n t a g o n i s m .
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P r o c e e d i n g f r o m the f u n d a m e n t a l tendencies o f p r e sent-day w o r l d development, the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a has p o i n t e d o u t t h a t the q u e s t i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d peoples' l i b e r a t i o n i s n o t j u s t a n a s p i r a t i o n a n d desire, b u t a p r o b l e m p r e s e n t e d f o r s o l u t i o n . T h e u p r i s i n g of the I r a n i a n p e o p l e is a c o n f i r m a t i o n of this, b u t it is n e i t h e r the f i r s t n o r t h e last. T h e e x a m p l e o f I r a n w i l l certainly exert an influence on and be f o l l o w e d by other countries. T h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d i n m a n y countries n o w m a k e r e v o l u t i o n a r y o u t b u r s t s i n e v i t a b l e . A s o u r P a r t y has p o i n t e d out, the s i t u a t i o n i n g e n e r a l today is l i k e a volcano in eruption, a searing fire in w h i c h the o p p r e s s i n g a n d e x p l o i t i n g r u l i n g u p p e r classes w i l l be consumed. T h e p o p u l a r u p r i s i n g i n I r a n i n w h i c h the b r o a d masses, t h e w o r k i n g class, the p r o g r e s s i v e y o u t h a n d t h e w o m e n are t a k i n g p a r t , has c o n f i r m e d t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theses d e f e n d e d b y o u r P a r t y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the p r e s e n t - d a y r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h are b e i n g c r e a ted u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d a n d the development of the objective and subjective factors o f the r e v o l u t i o n . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e e v e n t s i n I r a n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i n v i n c i b l e s t r e n g t h o f the I r a n i a n p r o l e t a r i a t w h i c h came out i n t h e streets, s h e d its b l o o d n o t o n l y i n b a t t l e against r e a c t i o n , against t h e S h a h , b u t also against foreign imperialism. T h e present events in I r a n have p r o v i d e d v e r y v a l u a b l e lessons, not o n l y f o r the p e o p l e o f t h a t c o u n t r y , but also f o r t h e others. C o n t r a r y t o t h e c l a i m s o f t h e b o u r geoisie a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s these events h a v e c o n f i r m e d the f u n d a m e n t a l thesis o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , s t r o n g l y d e f e n d e d d u r i n g a l l these y e a r s b y o u r P a r t y , t h a t f o r the revolution to t r i u m p h and the people to be liberated f r o m national and social bondage it is categorically indispensable f o r t h e w o r k i n g class t o c o m e o u t o n the b a t t l e f i e l d . T h e
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P L A has p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class constitutes the d e c i s i v e f o r c e f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of society, t h e l e a d i n g f o r c e f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f the w o r l d . . . I t r e m a i n s t h e m a i n p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e i n society, the m o s t a d v a n c e d class a n d m o r e i n t e r e s t e d t h a n a n y other i n n a t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m , t h e bearer o f t h e f i n e s t t r a d i t i o n s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d o f t h e revolutionary struggle. I n I r a n i t w a s t h e w o r k i n g class w h i c h f a c e d u p t o the t a n k s a n d m a c h i n e - g u n s o f t h e S h a h . A b o v e a l l , i t was its g e n e r a l s t r i k e , especially t h e s t r i k e b y t h e o i l w o r k e r s , w h i c h p a r a l y z e d t h e w h o l e l i f e o f the c o u n t r y . Demonstrations a n d manifestations against the S h a h had t a k e n p l a c e b e f o r e this, b u t i t w a s o n l y w h e n t h e oil p u m p s s t o p p e d w o r k i n g , w h e n the t r a i n s d i d n o t r u n a n d the p o w e r stations s t o p p e d g e n e r a t i n g e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t , o n l y w h e n t h e e a r t h q u a k e s t r u c k t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f the f e u d a l r u l i n g class, t h a t t h e S h a h l e f t t o v i s i t h i s f r i e n d in Morocco and the Baftjar government was overthrown. The w o r k i n g class s h o w e d t h a t i t a n d n o t the a r m y o f the Shah hundreds of thousands strong, the A m e r i c a n weapons and the b i l l i o n s of p e t r o d o l l a r s at t h e d i s p o s a l of the banks o f T e h r a n , w a s t h e r e a l s t r e n g t h o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h r o u g h its s t r u g g l e , t h r o u g h the d e c i s i v e r o l e i t p l a y e d i n the a n t i - f e u d a l a n d a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n , i t s h o w e d that t h e o n l y s o c i a l f o r c e t o w h i c h t h e f u t u r e b e l o n g s i s the w o r k i n g class. T h e e v e n t s i n I r a n also c o n f i r m e d a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t thesis o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , t h a t t h e r e v o l u t i o n cannot b e c a r r i e d o u t w i t h o u t v i o l e n c e , t h a t i t cannot t r i u m p h without bloodshed. T h e regime of the S h a h resisted to the last b u l l e t , w h i l e t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h e C h i nese s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h e b i g i n t e r n a t i o n a l m o n o p o l y bourgeoisie, t h e m o n a r c h s a n d S h a h s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d supported the r e g i m e t o t h e last second. H a d t h e I r a n i a n
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people listened to the sermons about the peaceful way p r e a c h e d b y the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s , a b o u t t h e s t r u c t u r a l r e f o r m s o f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , the t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s of t h e C h i n e s e , etc., t h e c l i q u e of the S h a h a n d t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s w o u l d h a v e been r u l i n g q u i e t l y a n d u n d i s t u r b e d , j u s t a s t h e y are r u l i n g s t i l l i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d . H o w e v e r , t h e p e o p l e o f I r a n d i d not e n t e r t a i n i l l u s i o n s , w e r e n o t a f r a i d t o rise i n r e v o l u t i o n , t o shed t h e i r b l o o d a n d m a k e e v e r y s a c r i f i c e t o g a i n t h e i r f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e , t o t h r o w off t h e h e a v y y o k e t h e y w e r e c a r r y i n g o n t h e i r b a c k s . H e r e i n lies the g r e a t c u r r e n t i m p o r t a n c e w h i c h the I r a n i a n r e v o l u t i o n has f o r a l l the other peoples w h o are l a n g u i s h i n g u n d e r the double oppression of foreign d o m i n a t i o n and i n t e r n a l react i o n a r y cliques. T h e r e v o l u t i o n i n I r a n i s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n a n d concrete c o n f i r m a t i o n of t h e correctness of the theses o f the P L A that, i n t o d a y ' s c o n d i t i o n s , f r e e d o m a n d i n dependence f r o m i m p e r i a l i s t d o m i n a t i o n c a n n o t b e w o n , n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m c a n n o t b e d r i v e n out a n d c o m p l e t e n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y e s t a b l i s h e d , i f the i n t e r n a l c l i q u e s l i n k e d w i t h o r sold out t o f o r e i g n e r s are n o t f o u g h t . T h e I r a n i a n p e o p l e r o s e i n i n s u r r e c t i o n a n d faced d e a t h i n o r d e r t o escape f r o m the savage o p p r e s s i o n a n d exploitation and to w i n greater freedom a n d democracy. H o w far they w i l l advance in this direction, h o w radical the r e f o r m s w i l l be, depends o n t h e g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces, o n t h e e x t e n t these forces w i l l b e a b l e t o k e e p the spirit of the revolution ablaze and raise it f r o m a lower stage to a h i g h e r stage. L e n i n p o i n t e d out t h a t t h e r e v o l u t i o n is a serious matter w h i c h must not be t r i f l e d w i t h , that if y o u begin it, y o u m u s t c a r r y i t t h r o u g h t o t h e e n d . T h e r e v o l u t i o n i n I r a n i s s t i l l d e v e l o p i n g a n d i t cannot b e s a i d t h a t i t has a c h i e v e d a l l the objectives w h i c h w e r e p l a c e d b e f o r e it. T h e fact i s t h a t t h e forces o f i n t e r n a l r e a c t i o n a n d the
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i m p e r i a l i s t forces a r e s t r i v i n g to c a r r y out a c o u n t e r revolution, either through direct violence f r o m w i t h i n , through e x t e r n a l m i l i t a r y intervention, or through the peaceful degeneration of the revolution and the gradual t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f i t i n t o its opposite. T h e r e f o r e , t o c a r r y the r e v o l u t i o n t h r o u g h t o t h e e n d m e a n s t h a t t h e p e o p l e of Iran must enhance their vigilance to the m a x i m u m and must not allow themselves to be placed again under the y o k e o f f o r e i g n i m p e r i a l i s t s , w h e t h e r A m e r i c a n , S o v i e t o r a n y others, w h o b y m e a n s o f m a n o e u v r e s a n d i n t r i g u e s , c o m p r o m i s e s , c o r r u p t i o n a n d s o on, w i l l s t r i v e t o r e g a i n t h e i r f o r m e r concessions a n d positions, o f course, i n n e w f o r m s . F o l l o w i n g the destruction of the Shah's administration, n o w n e w o r g a n s o f state p o w e r w i l l b e c r e a t e d i n I r a n . O n w h a t c o u r s e t h i s process w i l l d e v e l o p has g r e a t i m portance. I t c o u l d b e p r o g r e s s i v e , b u t c o u l d also b e r e gressive. B o t h p o s s i b i l i t i e s e x i s t . I n o r d e r t o t a k e p r o g r e s sive positions, t h e p e o p l e o f I r a n w i l l h a v e t o d e s t r o y a l l the s t r u c t u r e s a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e f e u d a l m o n a r c h y o f the S h a h a n d r e p l a c e t h e m w i t h a n e w s t r u c t u r e a n d superstructure suitable to their country a n d not b o r r o w e d from the so-called bourgeois democracy, w h i c h is essentially anti-popular. T h e y w i l l have to m a k e great efforts to prevent the feudal-bourgeoisie f r o m i n f i l t r a t i n g into a l l these i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d m u s t t a k e c o m p l e t e c o n t r o l o f t h e m themselves, w h i l e those w h o a r e t o c a r r y o u t t h e m a j o r social a n d e c o n o m i c r e f o r m s m u s t b e t h e m o s t t r u s t w o r t h y representatives of t h e people. O f course, the t r a n s i t i o n f r o m one stage o f the r e v o l u t i o n t o t h e other, c a r r y i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n t h r o u g h t o the end, is no easy m a t t e r . N e v e r t h e l e s s , the p r o g r e s s i v e forces m u s t w i n t h e t e r r a i n step b y step a n d t a k e s o u n d democratic a n d p r o g r e s s i v e p o s i t i o n s a g a i n s t those e l e m e n t s w h i c h w i l l resist a n d w h i c h are r e m n a n t s o f t h e b a c k w a r d f e u d a l i s m of the past.
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The Marxist-Leninist communists and the genuine r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , the w o r k i n g class, t h e p o o r p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e r a n k - a n d - f i l e soldiers m u s t t a k e f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f the o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e s i t u a t i o n s c r e a t e d w i t h i n the c o u n t r y . T h u s , t h e p s e u d o - c o m m u n i s t s s o l d o u t t o t h e S o v i e t s , the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s a n d t h e M a o i s t s , a s w e l l a s the c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s o f p r o v o c a t e u r s w h i c h t h e secret agencies o f A m e r i c a n a n d B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l i s m set u p , w i l l be combated more effectively. T o d a y m o r e t h a n e v e r before, the p l a c e o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m m u n i s t s , of the g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , is i n the f o r e f r o n t o f t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t r e a c t i o n , the intrigues and interference of A m e r i c a n imperialism and S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , etc. A t these m o m e n t s o f v e r y great importance t h r o u g h w h i c h the r e v o l u t i o n is passing, they must be neither sectarian nor opportunist. In no i n s t a n c e m u s t t h e y p l a y the g a m e o f those w h o , r e g a r d l e s s o f h o w t h e y disguise t h e m s e l v e s , t r y t o deceive t h e p e o p l e w i t h a t h o u s a n d t r i c k s a n d t o serve f o r e i g n e r s , t h e s u p e r powers. T h e w o r k i n g class o f I r a n , w h i c h has p r o v e d itself s o heroic, courageous a n d m a t u r e , w i l l k n o w t h a t a t this stage o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i t s h o u l d f o r m s o u n d a l l i a n c e s w i t h p r o g r e s s i v e e l e m e n t s a n d forces w h o are d e m o c r a t i c , r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t , i r r e s p e c t i v e t h a t they m a y also b e r e l i g i o u s , a n d w h o h a v e n o t f a i l e d t o fight w i t h d e t e r m i n a t i o n against the m o n a r c h y a n d t h e S h a h . A m o n g t h e r a d i c a l r e f o r m s w h i c h are n o w b e i n g d e m a n d e d b y t h e I r a n i a n p e o p l e are those w h i c h have t o d o w i t h the s o c i a l c o m p o s i t i o n , the s t r u c t u r e s a n d p u r p o s e o f the a r m y . T h e a r m y i n I r a n w a s the m a i n p r o p o f the m o n a r c h i s t r e g i m e a n d w a s m a i n t a i n e d t o suppress the people a n d p r o p u p t h e despotic r e g i m e o f the S h a h . H o w e v e r , the events o f recent m o n t h s s h o w e d t h a t this army, a r m e d to the teeth and trained by the Americans,
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m e l t e d a w a y l i k e s n o w i n t h e s u n s h i n e . I n t h e persistent struggle of the people to w i n their rights and to overthrow the m o n a r c h y , i t w a s seen t h a t t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e Pahlavi empire and A m e r i c a n imperialism in Iran lay in the t o p o f f i c e r caste alone. B u t i t t u r n e d o u t t h a t t h e o f f i c e r caste, f a t t e n e d o n A m e r i c a n d o l l a r s , w a s u n a b l e to p r e s e r v e t h e u n i t y of t h e a r m y , because t h e sons of t h e people r e f u s e d t o f o l l o w it. T h e sons o f t h e p e o p l e are t h e m a i n s t r e n g t h o f a n y a r m y , t h e r e f o r e , the n e w a r m y i n I r a n m u s t b e a d e m o cratic p o p u l a r a r m y . T h e p e o p l e c a n n o t a n d m u s t n o t b e d i s a r m e d , because t h e y f a c e d d e a t h a n d s h e d t h e i r b l o o d for those w e a p o n s . T h e y m u s t n o t a l l o w t h e m s e l v e s t o b e disarmed w i t h o u t being certain that the a r m y is a people's a r m y a n d c o m m a n d e d b y m e n f r o m t h e people. T h i s i s a n e x p e r i e n c e d r a w n f r o m h i s t o r y w h i c h has b e e n c o n f i r m e d a n d a p p l i e d b y o u r people's r e v o l u t i o n , too. T h e army must be headed by progressive individuals w h o constitute a g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e r e a c t i o n a r y o f f i c e r caste w i l l n o l o n g e r b e a b l e t o l e a d t h e sons o f t h e p e o p l e t o k i l l the people. A s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n has b e e n seen i n m a n y r e v o l u t i o n s , indeed a s e a r l y a s t h e b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n i n F r a n c e i n t h e last c e n t u r y w h e n t h e sans culottes p r o d u c e d outstanding commanders f r o m their r a n k s a n d routed the royal a r m y , t h e a r m y o f t h e F r e n c h a r i s t o c r a c y a n d feudalism. T h i s lesson i s s t i l l v a l i d f o r t h e p r e s e n t t i m e w h e n weapons h a v e b e c o m e a t e r r o r t o t h e w o r l d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t a l l depends o n w h o has c o n t r o l o f these w e a p o n s a n d against w h o m t h e y a r e a i m e d . W h e n t h e people r i s e i n r e v o l u t i o n t h e y a r e a b l e t o w i n o v e r t h e i r sons a n d convince t h e m t o t u r n t h e i r w e a p o n s against those w h o order t h e m t o k i l l t h e i r f a t h e r s , m o t h e r s a n d sisters. I n this d i r e c t i o n t h e e x a m p l e o f I r a n i s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t .
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T h e people of Iran have m a n y means in their hands to defend the victories of the revolution and to carry t h e m f o r w a r d . A b o v e all, they have the oil, w h i c h continues to m a k e the capitalist w o r l d tremble. Politicians and p u b l i c i s t s o f t h e W e s t c o n s i d e r the q u e s t i o n o f I r a n i a n o i l more dangerous t h a n the w a r in V i e t n a m , K o r e a and so o n . T h e y are g r e a t l y c o n c e r n e d , because n o w I r a n has t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o use t h i s o i l t o its o w n a d v a n t a g e a n d p u t an end to the situation w h e r e others got it almost for nothing. It is to be expected that the imperialists and capitalists w i l l p l a y a l l t h e i r cards i n o r d e r t o r e - e s t a b l i s h the f o r m e r s i t u a t i o n i n d i f f e r e n t w a y s a n d f o r m s . H o w e v e r , the I r a n i a n p e o p l e h a v e a l l t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o resist t h e interference, intrigues and manoeuvres of imperialists, s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s o r a n y o n e else. T h e y w i l l b e a b l e t o resist t h e m successfully, p r o v i d e d t h e y become fully conscious o f the n e e d t o k e e p t h e o i l w e a p o n f i r m l y i n t h e i r grasp a n d are d e t e r m i n e d t o d e f e n d i t t o t h e end, p r o v i d e d t h e y a r e a f r a i d n e i t h e r o f t h e A m e r i c a n s , the Soviets nor of other coalitions. By always keeping in m i n d t h e interests of t h e i r h o m e l a n d , as w e l l as t h e i n t e r e s t s of o t h e r peoples o f t h e w o r l d w h o s t r u g g l e f o r f r e e d o m , t h e y w i l l be able to exploit the situation wisely, both now a n d i n t h e f u t u r e . A c o u n t r y i n r e v o l u t i o n w h i c h possesses s u c h a w e a p o n as o i l , w h i c h has s u c h a v a l i a n t people w h o overthrew a rotten old w o r l d in order to b u i l d a n e w w o r l d , i s a b l e t o resist a l l enemies. T h e struggle of the Iranian people w h i c h overthrew t h e despotic r u l e o f t h e S h a h a n d s t r u c k a h e a v y b l o w a t A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the w h o l e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d , also assists t h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f a l l peoples a n d the cause o f d e m o c r a c y a n d p r o g r e s s t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . O n account o f this, w e A l b a n i a n s h a v e e x c e p t i o n a l l y great respect f o r t h e I r a n i a n p e o p l e a n d b o w i n h o m a g e t o those w h o f o u g h t h e r o i c a l l y i n t h e streets o f I r a n a n d g a v e t h e i r
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l i v e s f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n . F o r t h i s r e a s o n w e hope t h a t t h e y w i l l r e a l i z e a l l t h e i r desires a n d a s p i r a t i o n s a n d l i v e free, i n d e p e n d e n t , a n d s o v e r e i g n i n t h e i r o w n country. F r o m the newspaper Zri i popullit, February 18, 1979
THE CHINESE LEADERSHIP HEADED BY DENG XIAOPING H A V E LAUNCHED A MILITARY A T T A C K ON VIETNAM

February 21, 1979
T h e a t t a c k w h i c h the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p , h e a d e d b y D e n g X i a o p i n g , has u n d e r t a k e n a g a i n s t V i e t n a m , i s a n event w h i c h m a k e s t h e a l r e a d y c o m p l i c a t e d a n d d i s t u r b e d international situation even more grave. Therefore, what is going on n o w on the Sino-Vietnamese border should be j u d g e d w i t h c o o l heads, f r a n k l y a n d f a i r l y . T h i s m u s t b e done f o r t h e s a k e o f t h e peoples, i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f the peoples a n d n o t i n t h e interests o f those r u l i n g classes w h o are m a n o e u v r i n g i n these t r o u b l e d s i t u a t i o n s b e h i n d t h e b a c k s o f t h e peoples a n d t o t h e i r d e t r i m e n t . T e n y e a r s ago the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t leaders o r d e r e d their tanks to advance on Prague. Czechoslovakia was subjected to a barbarous aggression w h i c h was condemned w i t h great i n d i g n a t i o n a n d a n g e r b y t h e w h o l e p r o g r e s s i v e w o r l d . T h i s act o f t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e K r e m l i n d e m o n s t r a t e d in practice that the Soviet U n i o n h a d been transformed c o m p l e t e l y i n t o a n i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r . W i t h its p e r fidious a n d b r u t a l aggression against V i e t n a m , revisionist C h i n a , too, acted i n t h e s a m e w a y a s t h e S o v i e t U n i o n d i d i n 1968 against C z e c h o s l o v a k i a . T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n ists, also, e m e r g e d o p e n l y b e f o r e t h e w o r l d a s a n i m -
THE CHINESE AGGRESSION AGAINST VIETNAM
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p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r , s e e k i n g spheres o f i n f l u e n c e a n d l i v i n g space. T h e chiefs o f B e i j i n g t h r e w off t h e i r disguises. T h e y d i d n o t w a i t u n t i l the y e a r 2000, u n t i l t h e y h a d c o m p l e t e d t h e i r m o d e r n i z a t i o n s a n d t r a n s f o r m e d C h i n a i n t o a great p o w e r e q u a l t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e U n i t e d States and capable of competing w i t h them for w o r l d dominat i o n . T h e i r i m p e r i a l d r e a m s , t h e i r g r e a t - p o w e r obsession a n d t h e i r w a r - m o n g e r i n g i d e o l o g y b l i n d e d t h e i r eyes a n d clouded their judgement. By sending their troops to attack V i e t n a m , the rulers of B e i j i n g showed that their policy is a chauvinist and hegemony-seeking policy. The attack on V i e t n a m is a logical consequence of the social-imperialist line f o r m u l a t e d by the Chinese leadership long ago, w h e n M a o Z e d o n g a n d Z h o u E n l a i w e r e a l i v e , a n d put i n t o p r a c t i c e n o w b y D e n g X i a o p i n g a n d H u a G u o f e n g . I n o r d e r t o save face, t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p d e c l a r e that t h e i r a t t a c k o n V i e t n a m has a p u n i t i v e c h a r a c t e r . This claim is an expression typical of the old imperialist gun-boat policy applied by colonialists a n d neo-colonialists. C h i n a has a t t a c k e d a n i n n o c e n t c o u n t r y a n d a h e r o i c people w h o h a v e n e v e r i n f l i c t e d a n y h a r m o n m a n k i n d but, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , h a v e r e n d e r e d i t b r i l l i a n t service while bearing the b u r d e n of e x t r a o r d i n a r y sacrifices and sufferings. V i e t n a m resisted a n d defeated A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e m o s t f e r o c i o u s e n e m y o f t h e peoples a n d all m a n k i n d . T h e p e o p l e o f V i e t n a m h a v e n e v e r done a n y h a r m t o the C h i n e s e people, e i t h e r , b u t , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , h a v e b e e n t h e i r f r i e n d s . T h r o u g h o u t t h e centuries, h o w e v e r , t h e Vietnamese people have suffered continually at the hands o f the r u l e r s o f C h i n a . E v e n i n t h e w a r against A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p , l i k e t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t l e a d e r s h i p i r r e s p e c t i v e o f some s l i g h t a i d t h e y provided, hindered and damaged the anti-imperialist w a r
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of the people of V i e t n a m . At the time w h e n the w h o l e of Vietnam, from south to north, was in flames by the bombs of the giant A m e r i c a n B-52 aircraft, N i x o n was welcomed w i t h great honours i n B e i j i n g , a n d M a o Z e d o n g a n d Z h o u E n l a i m a d e deals w i t h t h e p r e s i d e n t o f the U n i t e d States t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f the V i e t n a m e s e people. T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has p u b l i c l y c o n d e m n e d the d a n g e r o u s p o l i c y p u r s u e d b y C h i n a a n d has w a r n e d o f t h e d a n g e r s w h i c h i t p r e s e n t s f o r international peace a n d s e c u r i t y . T h e analysis which o u r P a r t y has m a d e o f t h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f three w o r l d s a n d its i d e o l o g i c a l basis M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , of the Chinese plans to transform their country into a b i g p o w e r a n d o f t h e actions o f C h i n a i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a , m a d e i t clear t h a t i t w o u l d n o t b e l o n g before C h i n a launched direct a r m e d attacks on the f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y o f peoples. I t has p o i n t e d o u t also t h a t the f e v e r i s h e f f o r t s a n d t h e a i m s o f C h i n a to become a superpower, w h i c h w o u l d counterb a l a n c e b o t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n , could not fail to lead to n e w frictions, to conflagrat i o n s a n d t o w a r s w h i c h m i g h t h a v e a l o c a l c h a r a c t e r , but c o u l d also h a v e t h e c h a r a c t e r o f a w o r l d w a r . W i t h the open aggression w h i c h they undertook against V i e t n a m the Chinese social-imperialist revisionists have exposed themselves even worse. T h e i r political h y p o c r i s y a n d false slogans h a v e b e c o m e e v e n m o r e o b v i o u s . C h i n a has posed a n d s t i l l poses as a socialist state, b u t it t u r n s o u t t h a t it is a p h o n e y socialist state l i k e the S o v i e t U n i o n , a state w h i c h m a i n t a i n s a socialist disguise in o r d e r to deceive t h e peoples. It c l a i m s t h a t it is a c o u n t r y o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d , b u t i t t u r n s out t h a t i t p u t s i t s e l f i n t h i s w o r l d i n o r d e r t o e x t e n d its d o m i n a t i o n there. A n d just l i k e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and Soviet
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s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , w h e n t h i s c a n n o t b e a c h i e v e d i n peacef u l ways, it tries to do it t h r o u g h violence a n d war. A l l these y e a r s C h i n a has c l a i m e d t h r o u g h t h e m o u t h s o f its leaders, f r o m M a o Z e d o n g t o D e n g X i a o p i n g , t h a t it w i l l n e v e r seek h e g e m o n y , t h a t it w i l l n e v e r a t t a c k f i r s t , t h a t no C h i n e s e s o l d i e r w i l l e v e r b e f o u n d o n f o r e i g n t e r r i t o r y , etc. T h e r e i s n o e n d t o t h e stale C h i n e s e slogans. B u t w h a t a r e t h e C h i n e s e soldiers a f t e r n o w i n V i e t n a m w h e r e they are k i l l i n g the people and destroying the c o u n t r y w i t h f i r e a n d s w o r d , j u s t a s t h e A m e r i c a n imperialists d i d o n l y a few years before? C h i n a l a u n c h e d its m i l i t a r y a t t a c k o n V i e t n a m because it is guided by the aggressive superpower ideology of f i l l i n g t h e v a c u u m s , b y t h e c h a u v i n i s t concept t h a t the peoples o u g h t t o l i v e u n d e r its s h a d o w , t h a t t h e y m u s t submit to the dictate of the great power, obey and pay t r i b u t e t o the m i d d l e e m p i r e . I t a t t a c k e d V i e t n a m because i t has j o i n e d i n t h e g a m e o f s u p e r p o w e r s , because i t seeks t o c o m p e t e w i t h t h e m f o r spheres o f i n f l u e n c e . T h e f a c t t h a t t h e aggressive a t t a c k a g a i n s t V i e t n a m was u n d e r t a k e n i m m e d i a t e l y after the r e t u r n of Deng X i a o p i n g f r o m t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a ( 1 ) i m p l i e s t h a t it enjoys the blessing and support of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l ism. China's aggression against V i e t n a m was designed in Beijing and approved in Washington. I n h i s speeches i n t h e U n i t e d States, D e n g X i a o p i n g declared o p e n l y , i n fascist style, t h a t C h i n a w a s g o i n g t o teach V i e t n a m a g o o d lesson. A n d n o n e o f h i s o f f i c i a l hosts d i s a p p r o v e d o f o r d e n i e d this. T h e a d m i r i n g s t a n d which the A m e r i c a n imperialists are taking now towards the C h i n e s e a g g r e s s i o n s h o w s t h a t t h e y h a v e g i v e n i t t h e
____________________________________ 1 D e n g X i a o p i n g returned to C h i n a on F e b r u a r y 8, 1979, whereas the Chinese aggression against V i e t n a m w a s launched on F e b r u a r y 17 of the same year.
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g r e e n l i g h t . T h i s i s o b v i o u s , also, f r o m the fact t h a t n o w the A m e r i c a n government is t r y i n g to put C h i n a , w h i c h has a t t a c k e d V i e t n a m , o n t h e s a m e p l a n e a s V i e t n a m because, a l l e g e d l y , i t has a t t a c k e d C a m b o d i a . I n C a m b o d i a , t h e C a m b o d i a n people, c o m m u n i s t s a n d p a t r i o t s , h a v e r i s e n against t h e b a r b a r o u s g o v e r n m e n t o f P o l Pot, w h i c h w a s n o t h i n g b u t a g r o u p o f p r o v o c a t e u r s i n the s e r v i c e o f the i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e a n d o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r , w h i c h h a d a s its a i m t o d i s c r e d i t t h e i d e a o f s o c i a l i s m i n the i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a . E v e n Prince Sihanouk, w h o was incarcerated for nearly f o u r y e a r s i n P n o m P e n , has s p o k e n p u b l i c l y a t U N O a b o u t the c r i m e s o f t h e P o l P o t g o v e r n m e n t a n d its e x t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e C a m b o d i a n people. T h e a n t i - p o p u l a r l i n e o f t h a t r e g i m e i s c o n f i r m e d , also, b y t h e f a c t t h a t the A l b a n i a n embassy in the C a m b o d i a n capital, the e m b a s s y of a c o u n t r y w h i c h has g i v e n t h e p e o p l e of C a m b o d i a every possible aid, was kept isolated, indeed, encircled w i t h barbed wire, as if it were in a concentration c a m p . T h e other embassies, too, w e r e i n a s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n . T h e A l b a n i a n d i p l o m a t s h a v e seen w i t h t h e i r o w n eyes t h a t the C a m b o d i a n p e o p l e w e r e t r e a t e d i n h u m a n l y by the clique of P o l Pot a n d Y e n g S a r i . P n o m P e n was t u r n e d i n t o a deserted city, e m p t y of people, w h e r e f o o d w a s d i f f i c u l t t o secure e v e n f o r t h e d i p l o m a t s , w h e r e n o doctors o r e v e n a s p i r i n s c o u l d b e f o u n d . W e t h i n k t h a t t h e people a n d p a t r i o t s o f C a m b o d i a w a i t e d too l o n g before overthrowing this clique w h i c h was completely l i n k e d w i t h B e i j i n g a n d i n its s e r v i c e . W h e n the f i r s t c o n f l i c t s b r o k e o u t o n the C a m b o d i a n V i e t n a m e s e b o r d e r , t h e v i e w o f socialist A l b a n i a w a s , a n d t h e w o r l d i s w i t n e s s t o this, t h a t d i s a g r e e m e n t s b e t w e e n the two neighbour countries should be resolved t h r o u g h talks a n d w i t h o u t the i n t e r f e r e n c e o f t h e C h i n e s e o r S o v i e t s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t s . B u t t h i s w a s n o t done. O n t h e c o n t r a r y , the
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P o l Pot group, incited b y B e i j i n g , brought out i n P n o m P e n d a i l y c o m m u n i q u e s i n w h i c h they announced that t h o u s a n d s o f V i e t n a m e s e w e r e b e i n g k i l l e d b y its a r m y on Vietnamese territory. It was quite apparent that this provocative and w a r m o n g e r i n g a c t i v i t y w a s s u p p o r t e d a n d c a r r i e d o u t f o r the expansionist aims of Deng X i a o p i n g , H u a Guofeng and on t h e i r account. A n d w h y s h o u l d D e n g X i a o p i n g not s u p p o r t and b a c k the c l i q u e o f P o l P o t a n d Y e n g S a r i w h e n h e has r e h a b i l i t a t e d a l l the s c u m o f C h i n e s e r e a c t i o n , w h e n h e has r e t u r n e d p r o p e r t y , m o n e y a n d p o w e r o v e r t h e p l a n t s and f a c t o r i e s t o t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e m e n o f the K u o m i n t a n g a n d a l l t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , a n d has turned C h i n a into a social-imperialist capitalist country, a s o u r P a r t y has r i g h t l y d e s c r i b e d i t ? T h e b o u r g e o i s i e i n the p a r t y a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i n t e l l e c t u a l s are i n p o w e r i n C h i n a . T h e r e t h i s s c u m i s c o n s i d e r e d t h e lite, w h i l e t h e y d e m a n d t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class b e n d its h e a d a n d w o r k for the m o d e r n i z a t i o n s . It w a s p r e c i s e l y these capitalists, the c l i q u e o f D e n g X i a o p i n g a n d Co., w h o k e p t P o l P o t i n p o w e r i n C a m b o d i a a n d n o w , a f t e r h e has b e e n o v e r t h r o w n , are t r y i n g w i t h e v e r y m e a n s t o restore h i m . T h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p are t r y i n g t o c o v e r u p the aggressive act t h e y u n d e r t o o k a g a i n s t V i e t n a m w i t h t h e absurd pretext that V i e t n a m is seeking small-scale hegemony, t h i n k i n g t h a t i n t h i s w a y t h e y w i l l b e e x c u s e d for the l a r g e - s c a l e h e g e m o n y o f C h i n a . B u t the question must be asked: W h y do the Chinese imperialists allegedly have the right to defend the barbarous fascist P o l P o t g r o u p , a n d V i e t n a m does not h a v e t h e r i g h t t o s u p p o r t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a n d t h e people o f Cambodia to b u i l d a free, i n d e p e n d e n t and sovereign c o u n t r y ? T h e V i e t n a m e s e g o v e r n m e n t has o f f i c i a l l y a n d p u b l i c l y r e j e c t e d the C h i n e s e a l l e g a t i o n t h a t i t i s a i m i n g to set up a f e d e r a t i o n of I n d o c h i n a a n d has d e c l a r e d
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t h a t V i e t n a m w a n t s the peoples of this zone to l i v e free, i n f r i e n d s h i p a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e , each i n its o w n c o u n t r y . W e A l b a n i a n s c a n m a k e the f o l l o w i n g c r i t i c i s m o f t h e Vietnamese and we have already made it directly to t h e m : n e i t h e r i n the t i m e o f t h e w a r against t h e A m e r i c a n s n o r a t the p r e s e n t t i m e a r e a n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t S o v i e t U n i o n o r a n y o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t state a n d their joining Comecon justifiable. T h e y are h a r m f u l and dangerous, b o t h t o V i e t n a m itself a n d t o o t h e r peoples. T h e C h i n e s e a g g r e s s i o n against V i e t n a m has a l l t h e hallmarks of fascism. The Chinese justifications for their b a r b a r o u s aggression u n d e r t a k e n i n V i e t n a m seem t o b e taken w o r d for w o r d f r o m Hitler who, in his time, claimed t h a t h e i n v a d e d C z e c h o s l o v a k i a because t h e S u d e t e n G e r m a n s w e r e b e i n g m i s t r e a t e d , a n d i n v a d e d P o l a n d because m e n sent b y t h e P o l e s h a d c o m m i t t e d acts o f sabotage and murders on G e r m a n territory. B u t w h o can believe the leaders o f B e i j i n g t h a t i t i s V i e t n a m w h i c h has sent its m e n t o r u i n the p e a c e f u l l i f e o f C h i n e s e b o r d e r t o w n s a n d villages, a n d t h a t C h i n a w a s o b l i g e d t o r e t a l i a t e ? T h e Chinese pretexts are pretexts w h i c h a l l the i m p e r i a l ists h a v e u s e d a n d c o n t i n u e t o u s e t o s t a r t a n d j u s t i f y t h e i r aggressions. T h e a i m o f s u b j u g a t i n g a n d e n s l a v i n g the people of V i e t n a m in order to open the w a y south to the n e w C h i n e s e e x p a n s i o n c a n n o t b e h i d d e n w i t h a f i g leaf. As a r e s u l t of t h e aggressive acts of C h i n a a n d its e x p a n s i o n i s t aims, a d a n g e r o u s h o t b e d of w a r has b e e n created i n I n d o c h i n a . Its f l a m e s a r e t h r e a t e n i n g the p e o ples of other c o u n t r i e s . O u r P a r t y has p u b l i c l y d e n o u n c e d t h e p o l i c y o f the C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s t o w a r d s V i e t n a m a n d has c o n demned their pressures and interference in its internal a f f a i r s a n d t h e t h r e a t w h i c h t h i s p o l i c y presents f o r the peoples o f A s i a . T h e C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s h a v e i n t e r fered gravely in the internal affairs of V i e t n a m ; for their
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own expansionist ambitions they are fanning up the conflict b e t w e e n C a m b o d i a a n d V i e t n a m a n d s o o n . W h e n the Chinese leadership behaves i n this w a y w i t h V i e t n a m , w i t h a c o u n t r y w h i c h , up t i l l yesterday, it considered a f r a t e r n a l c o u n t r y a n d close f r i e n d , w h a t c a n t h e o t h e r countries of A s i a t h i n k about the Chinese policy? C a n they put a n y trust in it? The genuine revolutionaries, patriots and anti-imperialists, honest p e o p l e e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d , w i t h great f o r c e a n d i n d i g n a t i o n c o n d e m n the C h i n e s e l e a d e r ship w h i c h has caused n e w s u f f e r i n g s a n d h a r d s h i p s f o r the h e r o i c V i e t n a m e s e people, a n d u n d e r s t a n d t h e great d a n g e r w i t h w h i c h o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a r e t h r e a t e n e d . T h e peoples o f Asia must be concerned that w h a t C h i n a is doing today against V i e t n a m i t m i g h t d o a g a i n s t t h e m t o m o r r o w . T h e a g g r e s s i o n w h i c h C h i n a has u n d e r t a k e n a g a i n s t Vietnam cannot end otherwise than w i t h grave and i g n o m i n i o u s defeat f o r it. W e a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e C h i nese a t t a c k w i l l b e r e p e l l e d w i t h o u t t h e a i d o f a n y o n e f r o m outside a n d t h a t t h e V i e t n a m e s e p e o p l e w i l l b e v i g i lant a g a i n s t t h e d a n g e r s w h i c h come n o t o n l y f r o m C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , b u t also f r o m A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e p e o p l e o f V i e t n a m h a v e b e e n p u t t o t h e test a n d have p r o v e d t h a t t h e y a r e a n h e r o i c a n d i n v i n c i b l e people. T h e y are f i g h t i n g f o r a j u s t cause a n d w i l l t r i u m p h , j u s t as they t r i u m p h e d over the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a . The fate w h i c h t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s s u f f e r e d i n V i e t n a m a w a i t s t h e C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s , too. C h i n a w i l l be exposed and even more isolated by w o r l d opinion. A n d those c l i q u e s w h o pose a s d e m o c r a t i c , e v e n a s communist, w h i c h for their o w n i m m e d i a t e interests do not d e f e n d t h e j u s t cause o f V i e t n a m , w i l l s u f f e r f o r t h i s one d a y . T h i s i s w h e r e t h e p o l i c y o f e m p t y w o r d s a b o u t defence o f the peoples a n d t h e a l l e g e d l y n o n - a l i g n e d
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p o l i c y leads. H e w h o does n o t s u p p o r t V i e t n a m t o d a y s u p p o r t s the w a r m o n g e r s . T h e aggression against V i e t n a m m u s t m a k e t h e C h i nese p e o p l e t h i n k , too. T h e y m u s t o p e n t h e i r eyes a n d see t o w h a t disasters t h e i r r e v i s i o n i s t c h i e f s are l e a d i n g t h e m . T h e aggression which they have undertaken against V i e t n a m i s a i m e d n o t o n l y against the p e o p l e o f that c o u n t r y , b u t also against the C h i n e s e p e o p l e t h e m s e l v e s . S u c h a great p e o p l e as t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e h a v e permitted their chauvinist leadership to attack a f r i e n d l y f r a t e r n a l people, at a t i m e w h e n t h e y w a n t to h e a l the g r a v e w o u n d s i n f l i c t e d b y 3 0 y e a r s o f w a r a n d rebuild their devastated country. We appeal to the fraternal Chinese people to reflect and refuse to permit the adventurers w h o r e m a i n at the head of them, to lead t h e m i n t o i m p e r i a l i s t w a r s against o t h e r peoples, t o r e f u s e t o p e r m i t t h e m t o i n c i t e w o r l d w a r . W e are h o p e f u l t h a t the C h i n e s e p e o p l e w i l l n o t p e r m i t s u c h a t h i n g , t h a t they w i l l not allow themselves to be made answerable to h i s t o r y . T h e A l b a n i a n people, w h o h a v e a l w a y s stood beside the V i e t n a m e s e people, w h o h a v e assisted t h e m w h o l e h e a r t e d l y a n d s i n c e r e l y w i s h e d t h e m w e l l , p r o t e s t against this c r i m i n a l act u n d e r t a k e n a g a i n s t t h e m b y t h e C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d d e m a n d a n i m m e d i a t e e n d t o this c r i m i n a l aggression. T h e A l b a n i a n p e o p l e are a n d w i l l a l w a y s b e w i t h the h e r o i c V i e t n a m e s e p e o p l e a n d w i l l d e f e n d t h e i r j u s t cause. W e are f u l l y c o n f i d e n t t h a t j u s t a s the f r a t e r n a l V i e t n a m e s e people h a v e r e s i s t e d a n d t r i u m p h e d o v e r other c o l o n i a l i s t s a n d i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h e y w i l l e m e r g e t r i u m p h a n t a g a i n over the perfidious attack by the Chinese social-imperialists. F r o m the newspaper Zri i popullit, F e b r u a r y 21, 1979
ONLY UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF A GENUINE MARXIST-LENINIST PARTY CAN THE OBJECTIVES BE ACHIEVED
From a talk with Ernst Aust (1)

November 30, 1979
First Comrade Enver Hoxha welcomed the guest who had come to our country to take part in the celebration of the 35th anniversary of the Liberation of Albania. They held a long conversation in the course of which Comrade Enver Hoxha expressed the opinion of the Party of Labour of Albania about a number of the more important political problems. Among other things he said: F i r s t o f a l l , I w a n t t o t h a n k y o u most s i n c e r e l y f o r coming to our country and your participation in this i m p o r t a n t c e l e b r a t i o n f o r o u r people a n d o u r P a r t y , t h e 35th a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e L i b e r a t i o n o f socialist A l b a n i a . Y o u have b e e n here a t o t h e r t i m e s , too, a n d k n o w o u r c o u n t r y and o u r P a r t y , a n d k n o w t h e f e e l i n g s w h i c h w e n u r t u r e for y o u . A t t h i s m e e t i n g I w o u l d l i k e t o discuss a n u m b e r o f problems w h i c h w e t h i n k are o f interest b o t h f o r y o u and f o r us. T h e s t r o n g e r t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s are, t h e m o r e t h e y
_______________________________ 1 T h e then C h a i r m a n of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of G e r m a n y (M-L), today the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of G e r m a n y .
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are m o n o l i t h i c , w i t h e x t e n s i v e a c t i v i t y a n d a l w a y s w i t h a f i r m a n d clear line, t h e m o r e t h e d a y - t o - d a y s t r u g g l e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t h e r e i n E u r o p e w i l l a s s u m e a r e v o l u t i o n a r y p o l i t i c a l c o l o u r a n d essence. T h e s t r i k e s , d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d d e m a n d s o f t h e E u r o p e a n p r o l e t a r i a n s , w h i c h are t a k i n g place at the m o m e n t s of the great c r i s i s t h r o u g h w h i c h i m p e r i a l i s m a n d w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m are p a s s i n g , w i l l m o r e and more assume a political character. A s y o u k n o w , the e c o n o m i c s t r i k e s a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s w h i c h are t a k i n g p l a c e a t present i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e European C o m m o n M a r k e t frequently end peacefully, in agreements b e t w e e n t r a d e - u n i o n bosses o r t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y a n d the e m p l o y e r s . W e t h i n k t h a t w o r k m u s t b e done t o c h a n g e t h i s sterile struggle, t h i s modus vivendi. We c o n s i d e r t h i s struggle h a r m f u l to the proletariat and favourable, u n d i s t u r b i n g , a n d t o some degree s u r m o u n t a b l e f o r c a p i t a l i s m , because t h e r e s u l t s o f i t a r e t e m p o r a r y a n d d o n o t h a r m c a p i t a l i s m m u c h f i n a n c i a l l y , because t h e concessions i t m a k e s as a r e s u l t of t h e d e m a n d s a n d the s t r u g g l e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t are j u s t c r u m b s f r o m t h e e n o r m o u s s u r p l u s value w h i c h it extracts f r o m the exploitation of the w o r k i n g class a n d the m e c h a n i z a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n . T h e contradictions between proletarians and capitalists, b e t w e e n t h e r a n k - a n d - f i l e u n i o n i s t s a n d t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y , the u n i o n bosses, are b e c o m i n g m o r e p r o f o u n d a n d w e m u s t s t r i v e t o m a k e t h e m m o r e a n d m o r e so. W e t h i n k t h a t c a p i t a l a n d t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y are b o u n d together i n a k n o t w h i c h m u s t b e s e v e r e d l i k e t h e G o r d i a n k n o t . T h i s k n o t consists o f t h e l a w s w h i c h are n o t h i n g but the chains w i t h w h i c h the p r o l e t a r i a t has been b o u n d t o p r e v e n t i t d e v i a t i n g f r o m t h e course a d v a n t a g e o u s to capital. Therefore, the question w h i c h presents itself i s t o s t u d y t h e e n s l a v i n g c h a r a c t e r o f these l a w s w h i c h constitute the w a l l w i t h w h i c h the present struggle of the
LEADERSHIP BY THE MARXISTLENINIST PARTY
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proletariat is colliding, and in this direction y o u have m a n y p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o s t u d y t h e s i t u a t i o n t o f i n d a n d a t t a c k the weak points, to breach this w a l l and then to l a u n c h a f r o n t a l a t t a c k o n t h e b r e a c h i n order, e v e n t u a l l y , t o b r i n g d o w n the whole w a l l . O f course, t h i s i s n o t easy. I f s y s t e m a t i c actions are not u n d e r t a k e n i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n , a n d especially, w h e n a great d e a l o f e x p l a n a t o r y w o r k i s not done w i t h the a r m y of p r o l e t a r i a n s , t h e n successes c a n n o t be a c h i e v e d . H e n c e , the c o n d i t i o n s d e m a n d t h a t w e s h o u l d w o r k i n s i d e the e x i s t i n g u n i o n s , b u t s h o u l d also w o r k t o e s t a b l i s h o u r o w n unions, w h i c h w e m u s t d e f e n d a n d use a s a p o l i t i c a l w e a p o n against c a p i t a l a n d t h e u n i o n bosses t o d e f e n d those e c o n o m i c r i g h t s w h i c h t h e w o r k i n g class has w o n t h r o u g h struggle, b u t w e m u s t also s t r u g g l e f o r t h e t r u e r i g h t s o f t h e w o r k e r s , t h a t is, f o r t h e i r p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s . H o w e v e r , these c a n b e a c h i e v e d o n l y w h e n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its p a r t y , i n t h e f i r s t place, c l e a r l y u n d e r s t a n d t h e t h e o r y o f M a r x a n d L e n i n about t h e c h a r a c t e r o f c a p i t a l and t h e r o l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v olution. W e s t G e r m a n y i s t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l c a p i t a l i s t state o f United Europe, the wealthiest c o u n t r y of this monopoly capitalist u n i o n . W e s t - G e r m a n i m p e r i a l i s m is a f e r o c i o u s i m p e r i a l i s m , a n a l l y o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , a n ally in N A T O and a member of the European C o m m o n M a r k e t . N e x t t o t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i t i s the ally w h i c h p l a y s t h e m a i n r o l e i n N A T O a n d i t d o m i nates t h e C o m m o n M a r k e t f r o m e v e r y s t a n d - p o i n t . T h e other m e m b e r s a r e a f r a i d o f it, a n d t h e r e f o r e , t h e r e are contradictions between them. T h i s d o m i n a t i o n , w h i c h i s also e x e r t e d o v e r the G e r man p e o p l e t h e m s e l v e s , a t t h e s a m e t i m e enables W e s t G e r m a n c a p i t a l t o s h o w i t s e l f s o m e w h a t m o r e generous t o w a r d s t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . A n d i n fact, the s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g
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i n W e s t G e r m a n y i s h i g h e r t h a n i n the other c o u n t r i e s o f U n i t e d E u r o p e , its c u r r e n c y i s s t r o n g e r , t h e d e m a g o g y a b o u t its p s e u d o - d e m o c r a c y i s g r e a t e r a n d t h e l e v e l o f G e r m a n technology is a m o n g the highest. Precisely in this difficult situation, in w h i c h it is the merit of y o u r P a r t y to be struggling, the P a r t y must provide complete a n d factually based explanations about the mechanism of the political-economic oppression w h i c h G e r m a n c a p i t a l exerts, because y o u h a v e t o d o w i t h a proletariat w i t h a high level of education and qualification, w i t h farmers w h o have sufficient land and w o r k w i t h m e c h a n i z e d means, a n d y o u h a v e t o d o w i t h a n intelligentsia w i t h traditions, but i m b u e d w i t h the most varied reactionary ideological views which, as we know, K a r l M a r x and Frederick Engels combated and exposed over a w i d e front. I m p e r i a l i s m i s c o n t i n u a l l y i n v e n t i n g n e w fascist a n d r e v a n c h i s t c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y theories, b o t h o p e n a n d disguised, w h i c h r e s p o n d t o t h e s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h those w h o c r e a t e t h e m are e x p e r i e n c i n g , a n d i t s p r e a d s t h e m not only in G e r m a n y , but everywhere in the w o r l d , concocting and encouraging new outlooks, n e w w a y s of life, w h i c h are a d a p t e d t o t h e t e c h n o l o g y , t h e i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c a p i t a l i s m i n decay. I m p e r i a l i s m , e s p e c i a l l y in your c o u n t r y , c o m b i n e s a l l these t h e o r i e s a n d o u t l o o k s w i t h the Teutonic spirit, w i t h the old B i s m a r c k J u n k e r outlook and Hitlerite national-socialist savagery. O u r doctrine, M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , explains a n d clarifies a l l these s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h h a v e d e v e l o p e d a n d are d e v e l o p i n g . It has f o r e s e e n e v e r y t h i n g , w h i l e also p r o v i d i n g a correct s o l u t i o n f o r t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r o b l e m s o f each epoch, the p r o b l e m s o f the m a t e r i a l i s t a n d d i a l e c t i c a l development of history. O n l y a r a b i d enemy of M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m c a n act a s t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e d o i n g . A m o n g s t other t h i n g s , a t t h e C o n g r e s s o f W r i t e r s a n d
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Artists of C h i n a w h i c h ended recently, through the vicep r e s i d e n t o f the L e a g u e , t h e y d e c l a r e d t h a t i n the 19th century M a r x and Engels could not have foreseen the d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r o d u c t i v e forces t h r o u g h the w i d e - s c a l e use o f e l e c t r i c p o w e r a n d n u c l e a r e n e r g y . L e n i n w a s a b l e to recognize this and that is w h y he said that c o m m u n i s m is Soviet p o w e r plus the electrification of the w h o l e c o u n t r y , but, s a y t h e C h i n e s e , h e w a s n o t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h electronics, a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y , h i s t h e o r y , too, i s o f no help in today's conditions of development. On the other hand, this Chinese revisionist made h i m self t h e a p o l o g i s t o f i m p e r i a l i s m b y s t a t i n g , t o t h e a s t o n i s h m e n t o f a l l , t h a t t h i s s y s t e m i s not i n d e c a y o r i n decline, but i s a d v a n c i n g , d e v e l o p i n g p r o d u c t i o n , science, t e c h n i q u e a n d t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces, t h e r e f o r e , h e concludes, t h i s n e w s i t u a t i o n o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s has b r o u g h t f o r w a r d n e w problems to be studied. Mao Zedong t h o u g h t p r o v i d e s t h i s aid. I n o t h e r w o r d s , a c c o r d i n g t o this r e v i s i o n i s t , w e m u s t r e j e c t M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . I n these c o n d i t i o n s i t i s o u r d u t y t o a r m o u r s e l v e s b y studying and thoroughly mastering M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m in order t o c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h t h e false, s o - c a l l e d M a r x i s t Leninist theories such as M a o Zedong thought, the theories o f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s w h o w o u l d b e b e t t e r called E u r o r e v i s i o n i s t s , a n d o t h e r s u c h theories. A s w e see, w e a r e f a c i n g m a n y e n e m i e s w h o m w e must f i g h t t o g e t h e r i n M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t u n i t y o f r e v olutionary thought a n d action. O u r struggle is serious a n d complicated. It is a stern political, ideological and economic struggle and, in certain c o n d i t i o n s , e v e n a n a r m e d s t r u g g l e . O n t h i s occasion, I w a n t t o stress t h a t f o r u s M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s t h e r e v o l u t i o n has b e g u n , it is a process in d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e r e f o r e we must c a r r y i t t h r o u g h t o t h e e n d , T h e f u n d a m e n t a l issue
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o f t h i s r e v o l u t i o n i s the seizure o f state p o w e r b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t b y force, b y v i o l e n c e , because t h e c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h h o l d s state p o w e r does not r e l i n q u i s h it willingly or through reforms. O f course, w e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s are r e a l i s t s ; w e are o r g a n i z e r s a n d k n o w t h a t the r e v o l u t i o n i s p r e p a r e d objectively and subjectively. Sacrifices w i l l be required, w e a n d t h e peoples w i l l s h e d o u r b l o o d , w e w i l l h a v e t o b e c l e a r i n o u r t h i n k i n g , p r u d e n t a n d c o u r a g e o u s i n actions, fearless o n attack a n d c a r e f u l i n retreat. W e m u s t also k n o w w h e n w e c a n m a k e c o m p r o m i s e s , o f course, o n l y w h e n these are a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n . O n t h i s q u e s t i o n a n d i n e v e r y t h i n g else, b o t h i n s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, w e are g u i d e d b y M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . W e m u s t t a k e f u l l account o f the p o l i t i c a l c i r c u m s tances, c l e a r l y d i s c e r n t h e s p l i t s i n the r a n k s o f the enemies a n d e x p l o i t t h e m i n f a v o u r o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d erode the m a t e r i a l , p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y p o w e r o f t h e enemies. W o r l d capitalism, social-democracy and m o d e r n rev i s i o n i s m h a v e a l w a y s fought, d i s t o r t e d a n d m i s r e p r e s e n t e d proletarian internationalism, the collaboration of c o m m u n ists, a n d t h e u n i t y o f t h o u g h t a n d a c t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i s t a n d w o r k e r s ' parties. O n us, the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties, devolves t h e u r g e n t t a s k o f p u t t i n g a l l these t h i n g s o n the right road. T h e so-called j o i n t meetings w h i c h social-democracy, m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m h o l d f r o m t i m e t o t i m e are w o r t h l e s s , f o r m a l , a n d are h e l d t o f e e l the pulse o f the p a r t n e r s w h o take part i n t h e m . A t these m e e t i n g s e a c h p a r t i c i p a n t a i m s t o benefit h i m s e l f at the expense of the others. Of course, we M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s need meetings, b u t w e h a v e n o n e e d f o r m e e t i n g s just f o r the sake of meetings, f r u i t l e s s m e e t i n g s , m e e t i n g s w h i c h a l l e g e d l y a f f i r m o u r existence. F i r s t o f a l l ,
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we need meetings to exchange experience, to co-ordinate t h e c a r d i n a l actions f o r a g i v e n s i t u a t i o n , w e n e e d m e e t ings of a m i l i t a n t character in w h i c h u n i t y prevails and n o t m e e t i n g s i n o r d e r t o q u a r r e l a n d split. T h e h o l d i n g o f these m e e t i n g s depends o n the s e r i o u s ness o f t h e p a r t i e s , o n t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h r e q u i r e j o i n t solutions, a s w e l l a s o n t h e m o m e n t s w h e n these s o l u t i o n s s h o u l d b e a p p l i e d . T h e r e f o r e , w e t h i n k t h a t slogans a b o u t general meetings of communist parties (Marxist-Leninist) should not be issued w i t h o u t first carefully w e i g h i n g up and deciding the problems w h i c h w i l l be discussed in them. I n o u r o p i n i o n , these m e e t i n g s , w h e t h e r b i l a t e r a l , trilateral, multilateral, or general, are determined by the o b j e c t i v e needs o f t h e s t r u g g l e , b y the n e e d t o e x c h a n g e e x p e r i e n c e a n d f o r s p e c i a l c o n s u l t a t i o n s about r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s w h i c h a l l o f u s face. O u r P a r t y c l e a r l y d e f i n e d this v i e w a t its 7 t h C o n g r e s s . N o w I come to a n o t h e r q u e s t i o n . If we l o o k at t h e present state of the c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s ( M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ) of Europe, along w i t h the good results achieved in strengt h e n i n g t h e m , i t seems t o u s t h a t since some o f t h e m are n e w , t h e y are s t i l l n o t p r o p e r l y c o n s o l i d a t e d p o l i t i c a l l y , ideologically and organizationally. We, the older parties, w i t h greater experience, must help t h e m . O u r o p i n i o n i s t h a t t h i s assistance c a n n o t b e provided p r o p e r l y by a meeting or a c o m m u n i q u e w h i c h m i g h t e m e r g e f r o m it, b u t b i l a t e r a l a n d t r i l a t e r a l contacts s h o u l d t a k e p l a c e a n d these r e q u i r e patience, e x p l a n a t i o n s , a n d r e a l k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n s i n w h i c h each p a r t y operates. O u r c o m m o n p r o b l e m s here, i n o l d E u r o p e , are c a p i t a l ones, b u t t h e y are p r o b l e m s n o t o n l y o f E u r o p e , b u t o f the w h o l e w o r l d , o f a l l peoples, because n o p a r t o f t h e globe, n o class, n o p a r t y , w h a t e v e r its t y p e a n d t h e ideology o n w h i c h i t i s based, c a n i s o l a t e i t s e l f f r o m t h e
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events w h i c h are t a k i n g p l a c e a l l r o u n d t h e globe o r f a i l t o t a k e p a r t i n this c o m p l i c a t e d s t r u g g l e . N a t u r a l l y , t h e i n t e n s i t y o f the s t r u g g l e m a y n o t b e t h e same e v e r y w h e r e a n d t h i s has its o w n o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e reasons. W e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s c a n n o t f a i l t o see a n d s t u d y t h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y d e v e l o p m e n t i n a l l its c o m p l e x i t y , w i t h t h e p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e aspects w h i c h i t presents, a n d b a s i n g ourselves o n this, c o n s t r u c t o u r s t r a t e g y a n d tactics. Capitalist and revisionist Europe looks united, but i t i s a n d i t i s not. T h e i n t e r e s t s o f W e s t e r n c a p i t a l i s m s e e m harmonized and co-ordinated in N A T O , in United Europe a n d the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , b u t a m o n g s t the states w h i c h c o m p r i s e these o r g a n i s m s t h e r e are p r o f o u n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d r i v a l r i e s , t h e l a w o f t h e j u n g l e , crises, i n f l a t i o n a n d u n e m p l o y m e n t , fear o f t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t Soviet U n i o n and, above all, fear of the revolution, p r e v a i l there. The situation in the Soviet U n i o n and the other revisionist countries of Eastern Europe, w h i c h take part in the W a r s a w T r e a t y and C O M E C O N , i s similar. T h e r e a r e c o n f r o n t a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o blocs a s w e l l a s b e t w e e n states w i t h i n t h e blocs, b u t s t i l l w i t h o u t weapons; the rivalries between t h e m are becoming more and more profound. There is fierce economic competition, a frenzied arms race and struggle for the w e a k e n i n g of one b l o c b y t h e other. Hence, in this situation there is unequal economic d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e r e a r e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t states w h i c h are w e a l t h y a n d less w e a l t h y , d e p e n d e n t a n d less dependent, a s w e l l a s states w h i c h are c o m p l e t e l y d e pendent, b u t w h i c h pose a s free, i n d e p e n d e n t , s o v e r e i g n states a s T i t o ' s Y u g o s l a v i a , R u m a n i a a n d o t h e r s d e s c r i b e themselves. The multinational companies dominate their p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c l i f e . T h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o f these states r e s p o n d s t o t h i s s t r u c t u r e . I n a l l t h e c a p i t a l i s t
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c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e d i s g u i s e d f a s c i s m has i t s o w n f o r m s a n d forces o f o r g a n i z a t i o n , s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y has its n u m e rous p a r t i e s a n d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m also has its p a r t i e s . A l l these p a r t i e s a r e p o l i t i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s o f c a p i t a l , i m p e r i a l i s m and social-imperialism. T h e y represent a n d d e f e n d t h e i n t e r e s t s o f v a r i o u s c a p i t a l i s t g r o u p s o f one o r the o t h e r bloc, o f one o r t h e o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t o r r e v i s i o n i s t state. D e c a y , r i v a l r y a n d i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l c o n f u s i o n reign throughout them. A l l of them, w i t h their structures and s u p e r s t r u c t u r e s , are f i g h t i n g j o i n t l y i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f alliances, b u t also i n d i s a l l i a n c e a n d r i v a l r y , i n o r d e r to safeguard the regime of oppression and exploitation of capitalism as a w o r l d system and of capitalism w i t h i n each state; t h e y a r e f i g h t i n g t o s u p p r e s s a n d e x p l o i t t h e w o r k i n g class a n d the peoples, t o p u t d o w n t h e r e v o l u tion, w h e t h e r a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t o r p r o l e t a r i a n , a n y w h e r e i n the w o r l d . T h e s e are t h e s i t u a t i o n s i n w h i c h w e , the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t parties, t h e g e n u i n e c o m m u n i s t parties, t h e l e a d e r ship o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o f a l l c o u n t r i e s , are f i g h t i n g . T h e enemies strive to keep the E u r o p e a n proletariat split a n d d i s o r g a n i z e d a n d a l l w e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s c a n see this. T h i s i s t h e m a i n a i m o f a l l t h e p a r t i e s o f c a p i t a l , social-democracy a n d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m . O n l y the d o c trine o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n assures the proletariat o f u n i t y o f its r a n k s a n d its allies. T h a t i s w h y the b o u r g e o i s i e , c a p i t a l i s m , r e v i s i o n i s m a n d s o c i a l democracy p e r v e r t , distort, f i g h t a n d d e n y M a r x i s m Leninism. I n these c o n d i t i o n s o u r p r i m a r y t a s k i s t o d e f e n d Marxism-Leninism, to apply it correctly in revolutionary ways i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f e a c h c o u n t r y , b u t n o t i n i s o l a t i o n from the s t r u g g l e of o t h e r peoples, to m a k e c o r r e c t a n a l y s e s of particular and general situations and to f o r m alliances
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w h i l e s a f e g u a r d i n g the i n d i v i d u a l i t y o f the M a r x i s t Leninist party. This is the p r i n c i p l e of our struggle f r o m w h i c h w e m u s t not budge, because o n l y i n t h i s w a y c a n the s t r u g g l e w h i c h c a p i t a l i s m i s w a g i n g against u s b e s u c c e s s f u l l y opposed. T h e a l l i a n c e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t w i t h the p e a s a n t r y , the p r o g r e s s i v e i n t e l l e c t u a l s , the u n e m p l o y e d o f v a r i o u s strata, and the p r o l e t a r i a n - w o r k e r emigrants w h o w o r k in each separate c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r y , i s essential. W i t h o u t this alliance, in this situation our struggle w i l l r e m a i n restricted. I n G e r m a n y t h e r e a r e m a n y s u c h forces, i n d e e d , t h e r e are A l b a n i a n s w h o h a v e c o m e m a i n l y f r o m K o s o v a , w h o , a m o n g s t other p r o b l e m s , h a v e t h e p r o b l e m o f u n e m p l o y m e n t . T h e K o s o v a r s are courageous, t h e y h a v e the t r a d i t i o n t h a t w h e n t h e y g i v e t h e i r w o r d t h e y d o n o t g o back o n it, h a v e m a n y f i n e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i c h t h e y p r e s e r v e a n d a s t r o n g sense o f f r i e n d s h i p . I f t h e y m a k e y o u t h e i r f r i e n d they w i l l never forget y o u a n d w i l l lay d o w n their lives for you. In order to achieve such an alliance, first of all, t h e r e m u s t b e s t r u g g l e f o r u n i t y o f a c t i o n o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , w h i c h is n o t a c h i e v e d a l l t h a t easily, because of the obstacles w h i c h the p a r t i e s o f t h e bourgeoisie, such a s t h e s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s a n d t h e C h r i s t i a n - d e m o c r a t s and t h e d e m a g o g y o f renegades f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s , raise a n d the t r a d i t i o n s w h i c h t h e y have implanted. U n i t y is strong w h e n it is established f r o m b e l o w , f r o m t h e base, p r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h e real p r o b l e m s a n d needs o f t h e w o r k e r s , f r o m t h e needs o f the r a n k - a n d - f i l e u n i o n i s t s , a n d i n t h i s w a y , a c c o r d i n g t o the p r o b l e m s a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s , f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n for u n i t y o f a c t i o n are c r e a t e d a n d t h e s p l i t w i t h t h e i r react i o n a r y u n i o n bosses becomes o b v i o u s . The pronounced political content o f t h e d e m a n d s i n
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strikes a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s i n w h i c h the n e w r e v o l u t i o n a r y leaders w i l l emerge, w i l l s t r e n g t h e n t h i s u n i t y . I n t h e course o f t h i s s t r u g g l e n e w f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d l e a d e r s h i p w i l l e m e r g e too. Unity, this is the key problem of our Marxist-Leninist parties, the motto of which has always been and still is: Workers of all countries unite! This is achieved when attention is paid also to the slogan: Workers of one country unite! T h i s u n i t y i m p l i e s ceaseless s t r u g g l e against those w h o c o m b a t it, hence, against t h e l o c a l c a p i t a l i s t s a n d capitalist s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , i m p l i e s s t r u g g l e against the o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d i d e o l o g y o f p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s o f the b o u r geoisie a n d against c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n . O u r s t r u g g l e , t h e n , is a great a n d e x t e n s i v e one. It is not easy, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t i s d i f f i c u l t . N a t u r a l l y , t h i s all-sided s t r u g g l e does n o t d i s c o u r a g e us or m a k e us p e s s i mistic, b u t gives us c o u r a g e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , it c a n n o t be coped w i t h b y the forces o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y alone w h i c h , w h i l e s t a n d i n g f i r m o n p r i n c i p l e s , m u s t n o t be sectarian or opportunist either in thought or in action, otherwise i t w i l l w i t h d r a w i n t o its o w n s h e l l o r b e c o m e a revisionist party. T h e r e f o r e , o u r P a r t y t h i n k s t h a t the p r o b l e m o f t h e unity o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e f o r m i n g o f a l l i a n c e s o n s o u n d f o u n d a t i o n s w i t h other s t r a t a a n d forces f o r specific issues, f o r m i n i m u m p r o g r a m s , i n o r d e r t o g o over e v e n t u a l l y to a l l i a n c e s of a b r o a d e r c h a r a c t e r a n d more f a r - r e a c h i n g p r o g r a m s , are d e c i s i v e p r o b l e m s . We t h i n k that a m a t u r e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y w i t h some e x p e r i e n c e c a n a n d m u s t a c c o m p l i s h these tasks. First of a l l , of course, it is e s s e n t i a l t h a t it s h o u l d thoroughly u n d e r s t a n d a l l these m a j o r p r o b l e m s a n d t h e n solve t h e m c o r r e c t l y f r o m the p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l a n d
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organizational stand-points, in c o n f o r m i t y w i t h the concrete c o n d i t i o n s o f its o w n c o u n t r y , s o t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e factors o p e r a t e f o r t h e m o b i l i z a t i o n o f the masses i n revolts, u p r i s i n g s a n d r e v o l u t i o n . Such a thing occurred in Iran, but there the Islamic b o u r g e o i s p a r t y a n d n o t the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y l e d the u p r i s i n g . O f course, G e r m a n y , F r a n c e , o r I t a l y are not like Iran, w h i c h is a weak link of capitalism and imperiali s m . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f I s l a m w e r e able t o i n s p i r e t h e masses w h o o v e r t h r e w t h e S h a h a n d not o n l y w i p e d out h i s f e u d a l p o w e r , m a i n t a i n e d b y m e a n s o f m o d e r n w e a p o n s , b u t also s t r u c k a h e a v y b l o w a t A m e r i c a n and the other imperialisms. T h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s , p l a c e d i n d i f f i c u l t positions, d o not k n o w w h o t o s u p p o r t o r h o w t o act, w h e t h e r o r not to intervene in Iran w i t h arms. A r m e d intervention on their part w o u l d be catastrophic, not o n l y for the U n i t e d S t a tes o f A m e r i c a , b u t also f o r t h e w h o l e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d . T h e M o s l e m b e l i e v e r s i n I r a n are o n t h e m o v e . N o t a l l the masses b e l i e v e i n M o h a m m e d , b u t t h e y a l l w a n t l i b e r a t i o n f r o m t h e y o k e o f i m p e r i a l i s m . O f course, the bourgeoisie, the c a p i t a l i s t s , w a n t t o use t h e e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n f o r t h e i r o w n interests. W h a t w i l l h a p p e n l a t e r ? T h a t is another p r o b l e m the development of w h i c h we shall w a t c h . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s d r a w some conclusions, seeing t h a t t h e p e o p l e c a m e o u t i n t h e streets, o v e r t h r e w the S h a h a n d succeeded i n b r i n g i n g t h e a r m y , w h i c h w a s a r m e d t o its teeth, o v e r t o t h e i r side. I t i s w e l l k n o w n that w h o e v e r oppresses o t h e r s also oppresses his o w n people. I f t h e o p p r e s s e d p e o p l e i n Iran rose against t h e i r oppressor, t h e n w h y s h o u l d t h e other oppressed peoples n o t r i s e a g a i n s t t h e i r o w n oppressors a n d t h e oppressors o f o t h e r s ? C a p i t a l i s m p r o p a g a t e s the i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f this, w h i l e a t the s a m e t i m e i t organizes oppression in a thousand visible and invisible forms.
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At the present time an exceptionally difficult political and e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n has b e e n c r e a t e d f o r i m p e r i a l i s m and for A m e r i c a n imperialism, i n particular. A p a r t f r o m other t h i n g s , t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e d o l l a r has b e c o m e one o f its w e a k p o i n t s , because the G e r m a n m a r k , the J a p a n e s e y e n a n d t h e F r e n c h f r a n c are p a y i n g f o r t h e d o l l a r . Hence, t h e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h use these c u r r e n c i e s d o n o t w a n t t h e d o l l a r , b u t t h e f r a n c , t h e m a r k , the y e n , etc. T h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , l e d b y the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t s a g a i n s t i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e l o c a l c a p i t a l i s m , the bourgeois state a n d its p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s , c a n n o t f a i l t o l e a d t o b l o w s b e t w e e n these l a t t e r a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its allies. P r o v i d e d o u r a c t i o n s are r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e r e c a n b e no o t h e r o u t c o m e . T h e reformists avoid coming to blows, indeed they vote f o r a n d s u p p o r t t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e a r m e d forces, t h e police, a n d o t h e r forces p r o t e c t i n g the c a p i t a l i s t system. T h e r e f o r m i s t s are o n l y f o r c e r t a i n r e f o r m s , sufficient t o d e c e i v e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e masses; t h e y are f o r t h e i r o w n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t state, hence, t h e y a r e f o r t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r . T h e y d e s c r i b e a n y o n e w h o rises a g a i n s t the b o u r g e o i s i e and its l a c k e y s a s t e r r o r i s t a n d a n a r c h i s t . W e M a r x i s t Leninists a r e a g a i n s t t e r r o r i s m a n d against a n a r c h i s m , both i n t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e . H o w e v e r , w e are p r e p a r i n g the r e v o l u t i o n , hence w e a r e b o u n d t o come t o b l o w s w i t h the a r m y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . F o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e b o u r geoisie i s a l r e a d y p r e p a r i n g t h e t e r r a i n a n d i n d o c t r i n a t i n g the masses p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y to create t h e i m p r e s s i o n a m o n g s t them t h a t w e , t h e c o m m u n i s t s a n d p r o l e t a r i a n s w h o r i s e in insurrection against the system of oppression and exploitation, are a l l e g e d l y t e r r o r i s t s , a n a r c h i s t s , m u r d e r e r s and b a n k r o b b e r s a n d l a b e l u s w i t h o t h e r epithets w h i c h are p e r f e c t l y a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t e r r o r i s t a n d a n a r c h i s t gangs, but i n n o w a y a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o m m u n i s t s . I t i s t h e c a p i t a l -
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ist s y s t e m w h i c h creates these gangs, w h i c h causes t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e i r m e m b e r s a n d encourages t h e m t o operate u n d e r p s e u d o - r e v o l u t i o n a r y , p s e u d o - p r o l e t a r i a n a n d p s e u d o - c o m m u n i s t labels. O r i g i n a l l y , m a n y m e m b e r s o f these gangs w e r e honest people, u n e m p l o y e d a n d h o m e l e s s and suffering great hardships, but this miserable life a n d c a p i t a l i s m i t s e l f d r i v e t h e m t o c o m m i t acts o f t e r r o r , r o b b e r y a n d m u r d e r . I n some cases these gangs a r e a n e m b a r r a s s m e n t to the p o w e r of the b o u r g e o i s i e , b u t m o s t l y t h e y serve t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d s o i t increases t h e m c o n t i n u o u s l y a n d leaves t h e m f r e e t o operate. T h i s i s t h e a r m y o f f a s c i s m w i t h w h i c h the p r o l e t a r i a t has c l a s h e d a n d w i l l a l w a y s c l a s h w h e n e v e r i t rises i n r e v o l u t i o n a r y struggle. S u c h gangs are t h e a u x i l i a r y a i d s o f t h e a r m y , the p o l i c e a n d a l l t h e organs o f c o e r c i o n o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . T h e r e f o r e , it is a p r i m a r y t a s k of o u r c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s ( M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ) t o e d u c a t e a n d t r a i n the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the masses d a y b y d a y b y e n g a g i n g t h e m i n m i n o r actions a n d t h e n i n b i g g e r actions a g a i n s t the bourgeoisie a n d the v a r i o u s f o r m s o f o p p r e s s i o n w h i c h i t e m p l o y s , e s p e c i a l l y against the a r m y a n d the other m e a n s of o p p r e s s i o n of t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r . T h i s is no easy task. F o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y does n o t separate its r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y f r o m its r e v o l u t i o n a r y tactics. T h e essence o f o u r s t r u g g l e i s t o m a k e t h e soldier, t h e s o n of t h e people, a p o l i t i c a l p e r s o n s o t h a t h e w i l l n o t b e a n a u t o m a t o n , b u t w i l l consciously sabotage t h e orders, d i s c i p l i n e , a n d a r m a m e n t s of the a r m y , erode t h e p o w e r o f t h e r e a c t i o n a r y o f f i c e r caste, refuse to o p e n f i r e on the people a n d , at the c u l m i n a t i n g m o m e n t , t u r n h i s w e a p o n s a g a i n s t t h e s y s t e m , a g a i n s t his superiors, a n d j o i n t h e i n s u r g e n t s , a s o c c u r r e d i n I r a n . In the c o u n t r i e s of E u r o p e t h i s is a t h i n g t h a t cannot b e r e a l i z e d i m m e d i a t e l y , t h e r e f o r e , the c o m m u n i s t parties ( M - L ) here h a v e to do a great d e a l of w o r k . It is clear
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that t h e i r s u b s e q u e n t a c t i v i t y w i l l b e easier w h e n the genuine p a r t i e s o f t h e w o r k i n g class h a v e c a r r i e d out a d e q u a t e w o r k w i t h the sons o f the people b e f o r e t h e y are r e c r u i t e d t o t h e a r m y . W e m u s t sabotage t h e i m p e r i a l i s t w a r . T h i s i s done b y p r e p a r i n g t h e masses a n d c o - o r d i n a t i n g t h e s t r u g g l e against t h e c a p i t a l i s t s t r u c t u r e a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e w i t h the struggle t o sabotage t h e a r m y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . T h e Marxist-Leninist party turns imperialist w a r into civil war. T h i s i s w h a t M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches us, t h e r e f o r e , the ways a n d means must be f o u n d for us to develop and concretize t h i s g r e a t l e s s o n i n p r a c t i c e . T h i s w i l l b e a c h i e v e d o n l y w h e n w e p r e p a r e the soldier f o r s u c h a n a c t i o n , w h e n h e u n d e r s t a n d s t h i s a c t i o n and is conscious of its i m p o r t a n c e , w h e n he sabotages t h e m u n i t i o n p l a n t s a n d depots a n d t h e i n f r a - s t r u c t u r e o f the bourgeois a r m y a n d w h e n , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e M a r x i s t Leninist p a r t y through struggle and in the course of f i g h t i n g has o r g a n i z e d t h e a r m y o f the a r m e d p e o p l e a n d , at t h e h e a d of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , l a u n c h e s d i r e c t a t t a c k s to overthrow the p o w e r of the bourgeoisie and place power i n the h a n d s o f the people, w h i c h i s the m a i n o b j e c t i v e of the r e v o l u t i o n . A l l this complex struggle of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses c a n n o t be waged in the same w a y a n d w i t h the same intensity, w i t h the s a m e f o r m s a n d m e t h o d s i n a l l t h e c o u n t r i e s o f Europe a n d the w o r l d . T h i s i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e a n d a n objective fact. T h e s i t u a t i o n s are not t h e s a m e a n d cannot b e d e v e l o p e d i n t h e same w a y e v e r y w h e r e , b u t M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , t h e i d e o l o g y w h i c h guides u s a n d m u s t g u i d e us, i s t h e same, t h e o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h w e m u s t a c h i e v e a r e the same, w h i l e t h e forces i n m o v e m e n t a n d i n c o n f r o n t a tion h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d b y M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m o n the basis o f the d i a l e c t i c a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f h u m a n
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society. H e n c e , i t i s u p t o t h e w o r k i n g class i n a l l i a n c e w i t h the p e a s a n t r y a n d o t h e r e x p l o i t e d s t r a t a , u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p o f its o w n M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m m u n i s t p a r t y , t o c a r r y out t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t a k e p o w e r i n t o i t s o w n hands. O n l y a genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y is able to study a n d u n d e r s t a n d these great a n d i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s correctly, to organize the struggle, the revolution, a n d a c h i e v e t h e objectives w h i c h h i s t o r y has a l l o c a t e d t o t h e proletariat and to the party as the leading and guiding force of the p r o l e t a r i a t . W e t h i n k t h a t o n l y a p a r t y o f the L e n i n - S t a l i n t y p e c a n l e a d t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n t o its successful c o n c l u s i o n a n d b u i l d t h e n e w society, s o c i a l i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m . A s s i m i l a t i o n by the militants of the ideology of M a r x and L e n i n and its rigorous application in practice w i t h iron proletarian discipline have great importance. The proletarian revolution demands iron proletarian discipline. Therefore, the vanguard p a r t y of the w o r k i n g class i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y u n i t y o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y M a r x i s t Leninist thought and action. T h e r e m u s t b e o n l y one l i n e a n d n o t t w o i n a Marxist-Leninist party. In the party there is genuine democracy w i t h i n the principles and n o r m s established, t h e r e i s o p e n a n d c o n s t r u c t i v e d i s c u s s i o n i n w h i c h the o p i n i o n s w h i c h m a y e x i s t a b o u t v a r i o u s p r o b l e m s are t h r a s h e d out, t h e r e i s s o u n d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m r a d e s h i p a n d sincere c o m m u n i s t l o v e f o r one a n o t h e r . B u r e a u c r a c y , l i b e r a l i s m a n d s e c t a r i a n i s m are c o m b a t e d , a l w a y s w i t h i n these n o r m s , a n d the c u l t o f i n d i v i d u a l s , f a v o u r i t i s m a n d other e v i l s a n d a l l sorts o f o t h e r h a n g o v e r s i n h e r i t e d f r o m the o l d b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y are c o m b a t e d . M i l i t a n c y d e m a n d s great sacrifices, e v e n u p t o the u l t i m a t e sacrifice, f r o m u s c o m m u n i s t s . N o t a l l c o m m u n i s t s u n d e r s t a n d this. T h e r e a r e some w h o u n d e r s t a n d i t
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narrowly, restricting their efforts to superficial propaganda w h i c h causes n o p r o b l e m s o r d a n g e r s t o d e m o c r a t i c l e g a l i t y a n d the a d o p t i o n o f some f e e b l e p o l i t i c a l stands w i t h o u t m i l i t a n t m o b i l i z a t i o n a n d w i t h o u t concrete r e s u l t s . T h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s are p a r t i e s o f p e r m a n e n t p a i d o f f i c i a l s , c o m m e r c i a l p a r t i e s w h i c h act i n p o l i t i c s i n the w a y t h e y r u n t h e i r c a p i t a l i s t e n t e r p r i s e s . F o r e x a m p l e , the F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y , the I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y a n d o t h e r s h a v e t h e i r o w n t r u s t s a n d r e c e i v e open s u b s i dies f r o m t h e state a n d secret s u b s i d i e s f r o m t h e c a p i t a l i s t g r o u p s . T h e i r m i l i t a n c y is a facade w h i c h deceives the proletariat and supports the capitalist apparatus and system, hence, does c a p i t a l n o h a r m . T h e p e r i o d t h r o u g h w h i c h w e are p a s s i n g i s g l o r i o u s a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y , b u t also d i f f i c u l t f o r o u r p a r t i e s . O u r s t r u g g l e m u s t b e w a g e d w i t h closed r a n k s s o that w e a r e not i n f i l t r a t e d b y t h e e n e m y , e i t h e r t h r o u g h p r o v o c a t e u r s o r agents, o r i d e o l o g i c a l l y , i n o r d e r t o s p l i t us. M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t i s one o f these w e a p o n s w h i c h i s b e i n g employed at present for this purpose. T h e existence a n d activity of a p a r t y in legality a n d the p o s s i b i l i t i e s w h i c h the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e m a y p r o v i d e f o r i t t o w o r k m u s t n o t create u n h e a l t h y i l l u s i o n s . W e m u s t use these p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o d e v e l o p t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y w o r k , b u t t h e p a r t y t h r o u g h its s o u n d n u c l e u s c a n act better i n i l l e g a l i t y b y e x p l o i t i n g t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s o f w o r k w h i c h the p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f b o u r g e o i s l e g a l i t y p e r m i t , but n o t f o r a m o m e n t f o r g e t t i n g t h e t o o t h a n d n a i l s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e a r m y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h w i l l a t t a c k us. W e m u s t n o t u n d e r s t a n d the p r o b l e m o f i l l e g a l w o r k in a sectarian w a y and shut ourselves a w a y in isolation, neglecting a l l the f o r m s o f the s t r u g g l e w h i c h l e g a l i t y permits, a l t h o u g h w e m u s t n o t f o r g e t t h a t t h i s l e g a l i t y i s ephemeral. T h e legal w o r k of the p a r t y is k n o w n to the enemy; w h e r e a s its i l l e g a l w o r k , w h i c h i s c o m b i n e d w i t h
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a n d guides t h e l e g a l w o r k , m u s t n o t b e k n o w n t o t h e enemy. T h e legal struggle must, without fail, achieve c e r t a i n l i m i t s , c e r t a i n r e s u l t s w h i c h s e r v e the r e v o l u t i o n , c r e a t e t h e o b j e c t i v e f a c t o r s f o r it, p r e p a r e the w i d e - s c a l e m a s s a t t a c k s against t h e o p p r e s s i v e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m a n d its state. The P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a is in power. Socialist A l b a n i a i s the o n l y state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t . W e are e n c i r c l e d b y savage e n e m i e s w h o are also y o u r enemies a n d t h e e n e m i e s o f a l l m a n k i n d , b u t a l l o f u s t o g e t h e r also h a v e c o u n t l e s s f r i e n d s i n t h e w o r l d w i t h w h o m w e a r e u n i t e d i n s t r u g g l e f o r t h e one a i m , f o r t h e revolution. W e f i g h t t o expose a n d d i s a r m t h e e x t e r n a l e n e m i e s t h r o u g h o u r correct, p r i n c i p l e d a n d courageous p o l i c y w h i c h arouses respect a m o n g t h e p e o p l e s a n d f e a r a m o n g the enemies, b o t h because o f t h e g o o d o p i n i o n w h i c h i t creates a b o u t A l b a n i a a n d because o f t h e r e c o g n i z e d fact that the A l b a n i a n people k n o w h o w to fight a n d defend t h e m s e l v e s i f t h e y are a t t a c k e d . So, f o r t h e e n e m y the q u e s t i o n p r e s e n t s itself l i k e t h i s : y o u m a y w e l l t r y t o enter t h e w a r b u t h o w w i l l y o u come out o f i t ? ! T h e e n e m y m a y a n d does h a v e m a n y s o p h i s t i c a t e d w e a p o n s , but A l b a n i a is strong. One of the m a i n aims of our struggle i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a i s t o increase o u r f r i e n d s , t o assist o u r c o - f i g h t e r s a n d t o d i s a r m a n d e x p o s e the enemies. W e n e v e r f o r g e t t h e enemies, w e d o n o t o v e r estimate them, but neither do we underrate them, we face t h e m w i t h o u t b a t t i n g a n e y e l i d , because w e are determined to fight to the end, to defend ourselves against t h e m w h e t h e r i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a o r w i t h i n o u r o w n c o u n t r y , i n ceaseless s t r u g g l e against t h e i n f l u e n c e w h i c h t h e y are d o i n g t h e i r u t m o s t t o i m p o s e o n us. O u r P a r t y i s c o n s t a n t l y w o r k i n g t o s t r e n g t h e n the situation w i t h i n the country in every direction. We have
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some d i f f i c u l t i e s , but, o f course, w e h a v e m o r e successes. T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s caused u s s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s i n the e c o n o m y , b u t w e are s t r u g g l i n g t o o v e r c o m e t h e m a n d we shall do s o . . . W e a r e also e n c o u n t e r i n g some d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t r a d e e x c h a n g e s w i t h t h e c a p i t a l i s t states, b u t w e s h a l l s u r m o u n t these, too, w i t h o u t m a k i n g even the slightest p o l i t i c a l concession, w i t h o u t t o n i n g d o w n t h e p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e e v e n f o r a m o m e n t a n d w i t h o u t a c c e p t i n g t h e smallest credit f r o m t h e m . I n o u r p a y m e n t s t o t h e m w e s h a l l c o n t i n u e t o b e correct, a s w e h a v e a l w a y s been. W e s h a l l a c c o m p l i s h e v e r y t h i n g w i t h o u r o w n forces, w i t h p r u d e n t a n d w e l l - c o n s i d e r e d steps. W e w i l l a l w a y s b e opposed t o exaggerated optimism. The continuous strengthening of this sound situation w i t h i n the country is and w i l l continue to be the m a i n o b j e c t i v e o f o u r P a r t y . W e are w o r k i n g t o e n s u r e t h a t the d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r socialist e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e a n d t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e defence o f t h e H o m e l a n d c o n t i n u e t o a d v a n c e . A b o v e a l l , w e are w o r k i n g t o s a f e g u a r d a n d strengthen the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t u n i t y of the P a r t y w i t h i n its o w n r a n k s a n d t h e u n i t y o f t h e P a r t y w i t h t h e people. W e a r e s t r u g g l i n g t o p r o m o t e n e w cadres, t h a t is, t o p r e p a r e t h e l e a d i n g c a d r e s f o r t h e f u t u r e , because t h e Party must always be young, continually rejuvenated w i t h f r e s h b l o o d . T h i s u n i t y has b e e n c r e a t e d a n d t e m pered a n d w i l l b e f u r t h e r t e m p e r e d o n l y o n t h e course of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . O u r close, sincere, e q u a l r e l a t i o n s o n the course o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a r e a v i t a l issue. W e m u s t d e f e n d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , must master and a p p l y it even better than h i t h e r t o b y f i g h t i n g h a r d e r a n d m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y i n creative w a y s f o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n a n d f o r g e n uine s o c i a l i s m . W e m u s t f i g h t together, s h o u l d e r t o shoulder, w i t h closed r a n k s a n d assist each o t h e r a s m u c h
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as we can. We, as M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s in power, w i l l help y o u i n y o u r r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e . O n the o t h e r h a n d , y o u h e l p socialist A l b a n i a w h e r e t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r i s i n p o w e r , w h e r e the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t has been e s t a b l i s h e d a n d the n e w socialist s o c i e t y i s b e i n g b u i l t successfully, a c c o r d i n g t o the t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x , E n g e l s , Lenin and Stalin. O u r P a r t y thinks that a stern struggle must be w a g e d against t h e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m a n d t h i s s t r u g g l e m u s t b e l i n k e d closely w i t h t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t A m e r i c a n imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism, capitali s m a n d its p a r t i e s i n e a c h separate state a n d o n a w o r l d scale. W e e m p h a s i z e t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , because t h i s i s t h e m o s t r e c e n t a n d least u n m a s k e d v a r i a n t o f s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y i n t h e p e r i o d o f i m p e r i a l i s m , o f c a p i t a l i s m i n decay, t h e p e r i o d of anti-imperialist revolutions and proletarian revolutions. I n essence, t h e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m h a v e the s a m e i d e o l o g i c a l v i e w s a n d t h e s a m e o b j e c t i v e s : T h e r e j e c t i o n of t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y as a theory allegedly unsuitable for our times; T h e r e j e c t i o n of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d the s e i z u r e of power through violence; T h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m i n t o socialism b y means of reforms in pluralism and in collaboration, in h a r m o n y a n d coexistence o f classes a n d t h e i r i d e o l o g i e s ; T h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e e x i s t i n g c a p i t a l i s t state s t r u c t u r e s as w e l l as of r e l i g i o u s beliefs, w h i l e a c c e p t i n g o n l y some m i n o r f o r m a l change. A l t h o u g h T o g l i a t t i ' s p o l y c e n t r i s m has b e e n a c h i e v e d i n g e n e r a l , t h e r e w i l l b e f u r t h e r splits a n d f r a g m e n t a t i o n . T o d a y w e see a n u m b e r o f v a r i a n t s o f m o d e r n r e v i sionism: 1. S o v i e t m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m w h i c h d o m i n a t e s in a series o f r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s w i t h i n its s p h e r e o f i n f l u e n c e
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w h i c h , i n g e n e r a l , are t h e f o r m e r c o m m u n i s t parties. T h i s r e v i s i o n i s t g r o u p i n g disguises i t s e l f w i t h L e n i n i s m , b u t f i g h t s it b o t h as a t h e o r y a n d as a r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r a c tice. T h e p a r t i e s o f t h i s r e v i s i o n i s t g r o u p i n g o p e r a t i n g i n the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s are i n o p p o s i t i o n , b u t t h e y a r e also m a k i n g efforts to participate in the capitalist g o v e r n ments of their o w n countries. T h e i r demagogy is v e r y dangerous. 2. Eurocommunism, the banner of w h i c h is carried by the Spanish, F r e n c h and Italian revisionist parties as w e l l as others w h i c h have openly rejected the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t t h e o r y a n d the i d e a o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , d e f e n d parliamentarianism, pluralism, reformism in theory and in s t r u c t u r e , r e j e c t t h e class s t r u g g l e , p r e a c h class peace, struggle for participation in the capitalist governments and legal collaboration w i t h capitalism, w h i l e integrating t h e m s e l v e s i n t o its s t r u c t u r e a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . 3. Chinese revisionism w i t h Mao Zedong thought as a p s e u d o - M a r x i s t , eclectic, B u k h a r i n i t e , r e v i s i o n i s t , o p portunist theory w i t h tendencies for w o r l d hegemony both in ideology and policy. A l t h o u g h not w e l l crystallized, Mao Z e d o n g t h o u g h t is a t h e o r y of t h e d e v e l o p i n g C h i n e s e bourgeoisie, w h i c h has aggressive, w a r - m o n g e r i n g , s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t tendencies. T h i s p s e u d o - M a r x i s t t h e o r y rejects M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m w h i l e disguising itself as a theory of the r e v o l u t i o n ; l i k e w i s e , i t t r i e s t o d i s g u i s e t h e s t r u g g l e which Chinese revisionism is w a g i n g for w o r l d hegemony a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m , rejects t h e class s t r u g g l e , has a p r o n o u n c e d A s i a t i c b u t also w o r l d c h a r a c t e r a n d comes o u t openly against proletarian internationalism. 4 . T i t o i s m , a r e v i s i o n i s t c u r r e n t w h i c h operates w i t h out d i s g u i s e against Marxism-Leninism, places i t s e l f openly in the service of w o r l d capitalism, is the builder of a n a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t pseudo-socialist s t r u c t u r e w i t h a l l the a n t i - s o c i a l i s t a n d a n t i - M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t features. T i t o -
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i s m is a f r i e n d a n d s u p p o r t e r of t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s a n d i s t r y i n g t o become t h e i r leader, b u t w i t h o u t success. T h i s c u r r e n t i s also m a k i n g e f f o r t s t o i n f l u e n c e C h i n a , t o set i t m o r e f i r m l y o n t h e c a p i t a l i s t course, a n d t h i s i n f l u e n c e has b e g u n t o h a v e effect i n s e v e r a l d i r e c t i o n s , a l t h o u g h C h i n a a i m s t o create a n d i s c r e a t i n g its c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m i n its o w n w a y . 5. V a r i o u s eclectic s o c i a l - r e l i g i o u s , s o c i a l - b o u r g e o i s , anti-Marxist currents w h i c h pop up continually like toadstools a f t e r t h e r a i n . O u r p a r t i e s m u s t b e a r i n m i n d t h a t these r e v i s i o n i s t v a r i a n t s , w h i c h are a l l o n t h e a t t a c k a g a i n s t s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n , also h a v e t h e i r t h e o r i e s w i t h w h i c h t h e y w a n t t o m a n i p u l a t e t h e masses w i t h i n t h e c o u n t r y a n d outside it, o n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l p l a n e . T h e t h e o r i e s o f three w o r l d s , the n o n - a l i g n e d , the d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d , or theories l i k e that w h i c h claims that socialism is being b u i l t e v e r y w h e r e are o p i u m f o r t h e peoples, a r e a n t i p o p u l a r t h e o r i e s w h i c h are e m e r g i n g a s a r e a c t i o n t o t h e a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t s i t u a t i o n a n d serve p r e c i s e l y t o p r o t e c t t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m f r o m t h e attacks o f t h e masses, t o h i n d e r t h e a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t m o v e m e n t a n d s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples. T h e s e p s e u d o - l i b e r a t i o n t h e o r i e s create i l l u s i o n s a n d t r y t o p a r a l y s e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y d r i v e o f t h e masses b y c r e a t i n g the o p i n i o n a m o n g t h e m t h a t t h e y a r e a t w o r k , i n struggle, a n d t h a t w h a t t h e y a r e d o i n g , o r a p p e a r t o b e d o i n g , is s u f f i c i e n t . T h r o u g h t h e p o m p o u s conferences, t h e b r o a d m e e t ings, t h r o u g h t h e e x c h a n g e s o f g o v e r n m e n t d e l e g a t i o n s a n d p a r t i e s o f these c o u n t r i e s a m o n g s t t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e g r e a t p u b l i c i t y w h i c h a c c o m p a n i e s these n u m e r o u s m a n i f e s t a t i o n s , the b o u r g e o i s press i s s t r i v i n g t o c o n f u s e a n d daze w o r l d o p i n i o n a n d s o m e t i m e s e v e n t h e n e w , u n f o r med Marxists. A l l these t h i n g s c o n s t i t u t e the c o m p l e x i t y o f o u r s t r u g -
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gle. I n o u r f u n d a m e n t a l f i g h t , i n o u r s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, in our daily struggle and activity we must always take a l l these a c t i o n s o f o u r e n e m i e s i n t o account a n d u n m a s k them openly and w i t h o u t respite. It is for this reason t h a t w e m u s t t e m p e r o u r p a r t i e s e v e r y day, m u s t a r m them w i t h our M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory a n d must safeguard and strengthen the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideological u n i ty of the party. In this w a y alone we can and w i l l f i n d our bearings correctly in our complicated, but glorious struggle, because t h i s i s t h e g r e a t s t r u g g l e f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f peoples f r o m c a p i t a l i s t bondage, t h e s t r u g g l e f o r the t r i u m p h of the proletarian revolution on all continents.
Published for the first time according to the minutes taken at this meeting. Central A r c h i ves of the Party
THE AGGRESSORS MUST GET OUT OF AFGHANISTAN!

January 5, 1980
The m i l i t a r y occupation of Afghanistan w h i c h was a c c o m p l i s h e d i n recent d a y s b y t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t S o v iet U n i o n has a r o u s e d great a n g e r a m o n g t h e p r o g r e s s i v e a n d f r e e d o m - l o v i n g peoples o f t h e w h o l e w o r l d . T h e Soviet intervention is blatant aggression not o n l y against A f g h a n i s t a n , b u t also against t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g peoples, against a l l t h e peoples o f t h e M i d d l e - E a s t zone a n d against i n t e r n a t i o n a l peace a n d s e c u r i t y . T h i s is a f a s c i s t - t y p e a g g r e s s i o n l i k e t h e o c c u p a t i o n of C z e c h o s l o v a k i a in 1968, a n e w e d i t i o n of it, b o t h f r o m the s t a n d - p o i n t o f t h e m i l i t a r y a c t i o n a n d f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e a r g u m e n t s u s e d t o j u s t i f y it. T h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s are t r y i n g t o p r e s e n t t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f A f g h a n i s t a n as a l a w f u l act c a r r i e d o u t a l l e g e d l y on t h e basis o f t h e A f g h a n g o v e r n m e n t ' s r e q u e s t f o r assistance a n d t h e t r e a t y o f f r i e n d s h i p w h i c h e x i s t s b e t w e e n the t w o countries to protect A f g h a n i s t a n f r o m e x t e r n a l interference, a n d so o n . A l l these a r g u m e n t s a r e a s stale a s t h e y a r e t i m e w o r n . T h e y h a v e b e e n u s e d b y a l l aggressors a t a l l t i m e s . T h e reality is that the Soviet social-imperialists had caref u l l y p r e p a r e d the t e r r a i n f o r t h i s o c c u p a t i o n i n a d v a n c e ,
AGGRESSORS MUST GET OUT OF AFGHANISTAN
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by interfering and disturbing the situation w i t h i n the country in their o w n favour and by binding Afghanistan w i t h the chains of enslaving treaties w h i c h the Soviet sociali m p e r i a l i s t s use o p e n l y a s i n s t r u m e n t s t o o c c u p y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o r t o k e e p these peoples d e p e n d e n t a n d u n d e r their control. T h e overthrow of the m o n a r c h y and subsequently of D a u d was a c y n i c a l exploitation by the rulers of M o s c o w o f the l i b e r a t i o n desires o f the A f g h a n people, w h o s u f f e r e d under the h e a v y burden of the oppression and exploitation b y t h e m o n a r c h y a n d f e u d a l i s m a n d t h e i r S o v i e t allies a n d w h o w a n t e d t o see t h e i r c o u n t r y f r e e a n d s o v e r e i g n . In order to conceal their imperialist aims and to achieve t h e m as q u i c k l y as possible the staffs of the K r e m l i n interfered brutally in Afghanistan, bringing to p o w e r t h e i r o w n m e n w h o m t h e y b e h e a d e d , one a f t e r t h e other, i n t h e i r e f f o r t s t o f i n d t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e a n d t h e m o s t o b e d i e n t to M o s c o w . The Soviet U n i o n is not interested in the freedom and independence of A f g h a n i s t a n , as it claims, or in the liberation of the long-suffering people of that country. W h a t interests it above all is the strategic position of A f g h a n i s t a n i n t h e M i d d l e East, its closeness t o t h e s o u r ces o f o i l , its k e y p o s i t i o n i n a n e x t e n s i v e zone i n w h i c h t h e r e i s savage r i v a l r y b e t w e e n t h e s u p e r p o w e r s . T h e occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet U n i o n w a s c a r r i e d out a t t h e t i m e w h e n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a is engaged in w i d e - r a n g i n g activity to exert p r e s s u r e a n d b l a c k m a i l against I r a n , w h e n i t has u n d e r t a k e n r e a l e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l a g g r e s s i o n against t h a t c o u n t r y , a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f its s t r e n g t h and threats of m i l i t a r y intervention. F r o m this stand-point, the e v e n t s i n I r a n a n d A f g h a n i s t a n are c l o s e l y l i n k e d a n d m a y be followed by other events of this k i n d in that region. T h e y show h o w fiercely the r i v a l r y between the U n i t e d
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States of A m e r i c a and the Soviet U n i o n for hegemony in the o i l r i c h region of the M i d d l e East a n d in the Indian Ocean is raging, a n d w h a t great dangers the superpowers present f o r the peoples o f those r e g i o n s . T h e a i m o f t h e superpowers is to attack and suppress the r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t s o f t h e peoples, t o p r e v e n t t h e i r b r e a k i n g f r e e f r o m the hegemony of i m p e r i a l i s m and social-imperialism a n d t o stop t h e peoples f r o m s e t t i n g o u t o n t h e c o u r s e of independent, democratic national development. T h e barbarous aggression of the Soviet social-imperialists against Afghanistan, the continual threats of a g g r e s s i o n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s , a n d the i n t r i g u e s o f the C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s i n those regions, are f r a u g h t w i t h g r e a t d a n g e r s f o r peace a n d s e c u r i t y i n t h e w o r l d . T h e s e a c t i v i t i e s r e f u t e a l l t h a t great d e m a g o g i c clamour w h i c h the superpowers m a k e about the alleged p r e s e r v a t i o n o f peace a n d s t a b i l i t y , t h e m a n o e u v r e s i n w h i c h t h e y engage t o b l u n t t h e v i g i l a n c e o f t h e peoples a n d c o u n t r i e s t h a t are t h r e a t e n e d b y t h e i r h e g e m o n i c a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t p o l i c i e s . T h e events i n I r a n a n d A f g h a n i s t a n prove that precisely at the time w h e n the imperialist and s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s are c a l l i n g f o r peace, r e d u c t i o n o f t e n s i o n , d i s a r m a m e n t , etc., t h e y a r e p r e p a r i n g acts o f aggression against t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e of t h e peoples. The occupation of A f g h a n i s t a n by the Soviet U n i o n is a p r o d u c t of its e x p a n s i o n i s t a n d aggressive s t r a t e g y . I t d e m o n s t r a t e s q u i t e c l e a r l y once a g a i n t h a t a g g r e s s i o n a n d the use o f m i l i t a r y f o r c e i s t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t f e a t u r e o f S o v i e t f o r e i g n p o l i c y t o d a y . I n its r i v a l r y w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m has b e e n s t r i v i n g w i t h m i g h t a n d m a i n t o secure n e w s t r a t e g i c p o s i t i o n s a n d t o e x t e n d t h e sphere o f its c o n t r o l a n d d o m i n a t i o n i n A s i a , A f r i c a , L a t i n A m e r i c a a n d e v e r y w h e r e else. I n these e f f o r t s t h e S o v i e t s d o not hesitate t o use a n y means, f r o m
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diplomatic political manoeuvres to military violence. N e v e r t h e l e s s , w h e n t h e peoples take t h e i r fate, the defence o f t h e i r j u s t cause, i n t o t h e i r o w n h a n d s a n d r i s e i n r e v olution, as they did in Iran, the superpowers suffer grave a n d i r r e p a r a b l e defeats f o r t h e i r h e g e m o n i c p o s i t i o n s . H a v i n g o c c u p i e d A f g h a n i s t a n a n d p l a c e d i t u n d e r the i r o n h e e l o f t h e i r m i l i t a r y forces, t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t aggressors are n o w t r y i n g t o placate p u b l i c o p i nion by claiming that they have dispatched only a few contingents w h i c h w i l l stay there temporarily, only a s l o n g a s necessary, b u t i n fact t h e y w i l l s t a y t h e r e i n d e f i n i t e l y . T h e y w i l l act i n A f g h a n i s t a n a s t h e y d i d i n C z e c h o s l o v a k i a w h e r e , e v e n t o d a y , 12 y e a r s later, t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n t r o o p s are s t i l l s t a t i o n e d . W h a t e v e r promises and justifications the Soviet sociali m p e r i a l i s t s m a y e m p l o y , t h e y cannot c o v e r u p t h e g r a v e c r i m e w h i c h t h e y h a v e c o m m i t t e d against t h e f r e e d o m , independence and national sovereignty of Afghanistan. No one, u n d e r a n y p r e t e x t , has t h e r i g h t t o i n t e r f e r e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s a n d l i f e o f o t h e r peoples a n d n a t i o n s . T h e p e o p l e s a l o n e a r e a l l - p o w e r f u l a n d h a v e the r i g h t t o decide f o r t h e m s e l v e s a b o u t t h e i r i n t e r n a l p r o b l e m s w i t h out a n y foreign interference. On the other hand, the hypocritical demagogy of the A m e r i c a n imperialists and Chinese social-imperialists w h o are t r y i n g t o p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s a s defenders o f A f g h a n i s t a n a n d s h e d d i n g c r o c o d i l e tears o v e r its fate, c a n deceive n o one. T h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s are t r y i n g t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f these t r o u b l e d s i t u a t i o n s f o r t h e i r o w n benefit, t o j u s t i f y t h e i r t h r e a t s o f m i l i t a r y m e a s u r e s against I r a n a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f t h e M i d d l e E a s t . T h e peoples d o n o t f o r g e t t h e c r i m i n a l w a r o f the A m e r i c a n imperialists in Indochina and elsewhere, do not forget the c r i m i n a l f a s c i s t - t y p e aggression o f t h e C h i n e s e s o c i a l i m p e r i a l i s t s a g a i n s t V i e t n a m , j u s t a s t h e y c a n n e v e r forget
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Czechoslovakia, A f g h a n i s t a n a n d so on. It is clear to t h e m t h a t the A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s , t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l ists, the C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d a l l o t h e r i m p e r i a l ists a n d r e a c t i o n a r i e s are e q u a l l y b l o o d t h i r s t y aggressors, m o r t a l enemies o f t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e peoples, a n d t h a t t h e y m a k e deals a n d a g r e e m e n t s b e t w e e n t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f t h e peoples. T h e events i n A f g h a n i s t a n a n d I r a n , w h i c h a f f e c t t h e whole w o r l d , m a k e it essential that the peoples enhance t h e i r v i g i l a n c e a g a i n s t t h e aggressive a c t i v i t i e s o f i m p e r i a l i s m and social-imperialism and unite in struggle against the aggressive, e x p a n s i o n i s t a n d h e g e m o n i c p o l i c y o f superpowers. N o w the f r e e d o m - f i g h t e r s o f A f g h a n i s t a n h a v e t a k e n up arms and are fighting courageously in the mountains a n d i n t h e cities against t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t s a n d t h e i r agents. E v e r y w h e r e t h e y a r e d i s p l a y i n g e x e m p l a r y b r a v e r y and p r o v i n g their determination to keep the b a n n e r o f f r e e d o m a n d n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y f l y i n g a n d to fight to the end to drive out the occupiers. I n this j u s t a n d l a w f u l s t r u g g l e t h e y h a v e a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e t o h a v e the s u p p o r t o f a l l t h e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g peoples a n d honest a n d p r o g r e s s i v e p e r s o n s e v e r y w h e r e i n the w o r l d . T h e I r a n i a n r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e I r a n i a n people are p r o v i d i n g p o w e r f u l s u p p o r t f o r t h e i r s t r u g g l e . The A f g h a n fighters w i l l certainly be supported by all t h e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g M o s l e m peoples w h e r e v e r t h e y are. I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e A r a b a n d A f r i c a n peoples, w h o a t p r e s e n t are u n d e r g r e a t e r t h r e a t f r o m t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s and Soviet social-imperialists, must rise a n d strongly express t h e i r f i g h t i n g s o l i d a r i t y w i t h t h e I r a n i a n r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e A f g h a n u p r i s i n g , because i n t h i s w a y t h e y w i l l be fighting for their o w n freedom, independence and s o v e r e i g n t y . I n these s i t u a t i o n s t h r o u g h t h e s t a n d s t h e y adopt the l e a d e r s o f those c o u n t r i e s w h o t r u l y d e f e n d t h e
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n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s a n d t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e i r peoples, w i l l be distinguished from those w h o sell t h e m out t o foreigners. T h e A r a b peoples, w h o l i v e i n a zone r i c h i n o i l , b u t w h o a r e p o o r , o p p r e s s e d a n d e x p l o i t e d , see c l e a r l y the atrocities w h i c h the imperialists a n d neo-colonialists are committing against them. B u t we are convinced that the r e v o l t w h i c h has b e g u n i n those c o u n t r i e s w i l l n e v e r be quelled. T h e m o d e r n weapons w h i c h the enemies m a y e m p l o y , e v e n t h e m o s t s o p h i s t i c a t e d ones, c a n n o t operate w i t h o u t t h e o i l w h i c h b e l o n g s t o peoples w h o a r e f i g h t i n g for freedom a n d independence. T h e A l b a n i a n people express their profound conviction that the valiant A f g h a n people w i l l deal the Soviet s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t aggressors c r u s h i n g b l o w s a n d d r i v e them f r o m their country. F r o m the newspaper Zri i popullit, January 5, 1980
THE EVENTS WHICH ARE TAKING PLACE IN T H E MOSLEM COUNTRIES MUST BE SEEN IN T H E LIGHT OF DIALECTICAL AND HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
January 1980
T h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n i s v e r y tense a t p r e s e n t . I n m a n y regions o f t h e w o r l d a n d m a i n l y i n t h e l a r g e zone of t h e o i l - p r o d u c i n g c o u n t r i e s , e s p e c i a l l y those of Asia, the struggle between the t w o imperialist superpowers, t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , not e x c l u d i n g i m p e r i a l i s t C h i n a a n d t h e o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t p o w e r s , o v e r the d i v i s i o n a n d r e d i v i s i o n o f m a r k e t s a n d spheres o f i n f l u e n c e , a s t h e y t r y t o e l b o w one a n o t h e r out, has r e a c h e d n e w , m a j o r p r o p o r t i o n s , j u s t a s o u r P a r t y c o r r e c t l y p r e d i c t e d l o n g ago. T h e i r p r e s s u r e s a n d plots are a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h d i p l o m a t i c e f f o r t s a n d a p r o paganda clamour about agreements a n d compromises a l l e g e d l y t o p r e s e r v e t h e peace a n d t h e b a l a n c e o f p o w e r . I n fact, a s recent events h a v e s h o w n , w e see t h a t a g r e e m e n t s a n d c o m p r o m i s e s are s t i l l t h e basic p r i n c i p l e o f t h e i r p o l i c y t o w a r d s each other, r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r v e r y acute r i v a l r y . O n e day, h o w e v e r , t h e r i v a l r y b e t w e e n t h e m m a y reach such a point that they can no longer overcome i t a n d settle m a t t e r s e x c e p t t h r o u g h m i l i t a r y c o n f r o n t a t i o n . T h e consequences o f s u c h a c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i l l desc e n d u p o n the peoples, j u s t a s has o c c u r r e d i n p r e v i o u s imperialist wars.
EVENTS IN THE MOSLEM COUNTRIES
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The most recent result of this r i v a l r y is the m i l i t a r y aggression of the Soviet social-imperialists against A f ghanistan, the occupation of that country through armed force b y one o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s . T h e fact i s t h a t w h a t i s n o w b e i n g done o p e n l y b y t h e S o v i e t s t h r o u g h t h e i r a r m e d forces against t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f t h e A f g h a n p e o p l e h a d l o n g b e e n p r e p a r e d b y the S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t chauvinist politicians and m i l i t a r y leaders and their A f g h a n agents. I n o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n , b o t h the f o r m e r a n d t h e l a t t e r e x p l o i t e d t h e o v e r t h r o w , f i r s t , o f K i n g M o h a m m e d Z a h i r S h a h i n 1973 a n d , l a t e r , o f P r i n c e D a u d i n 1978. T h e y also e x p l o i t e d f o r t h e i r e v i l a i m s t h e desire o f t h e A f g h a n p e o p l e f o r s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n f r o m t h e o p p r e s s i o n t h e y s u f f e r e d u n d e r the a b s o l u t e m o n a r c h y a n d its f o r e i g n f r i e n d s , f i r s t o f a l l , the S o v i e t s , w h o f i n a n c e d t h e m o n a r c h y a n d k e p t i t i n p o w e r . So, i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e a l l i a n c e w h i c h t h e y h a d w i t h the k i n g of A f g h a n i s t a n , the Soviet social-imperialists w o r k e d a n d acted f o r h i s o v e r t h r o w . I n o r d e r t o d i s guise t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t a i m s , a t f i r s t t h e y b r o u g h t t h e i r men, allegedly w i t h m o r e progressive sentiments, to power. L a t e r , these, too, w e r e c h a n g e d one a f t e r t h e other, t h r o u g h a c t i o n s i n w h i c h b l o o d w a s shed, b y m e a n s o f putsches a n d t a n k s , a n d N o o r M o h a m m e d T a r a k i a n d H a f i z u l l a h A m i n w e r e sent t o t h e s l a u g h t e r . Nevertheless, no foreign occupier, h o w e v e r p o w e r f u l a n d h e a v i l y a r m e d , c a n k e e p t h e people, a g a i n s t w h o m aggression has b e e n c o m m i t t e d , s u b d u e d f o r ever. I n e v e r y c o u n t r y w h i c h i s i n v a d e d , t h e people, a p a r t f r o m a n t i - n a t i o n a l a n d a n t i - p o p u l a r c l i q u e s o f agents, r e c e i v e the f o r e i g n aggressors w i t h h a t r e d a n d resistance, w i t h revolts, f i r s t s p o r a d i c t h e n e v e r b e t t e r o r g a n i z e d , w h i c h gradually turn into popular uprisings and liberation wars. W e are seeing t h e p r o o f o f t h i s i n A f g h a n i s t a n , w h e r e t h e people h a v e r i s e n a n d a r e f i g h t i n g f i e r c e l y i n t h e cities,
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v i l l a g e s a n d m o u n t a i n s against t h e S o v i e t a r m y o f o c cupation. This w a r of the A f g h a n people enjoys the supp o r t a n d s y m p a t h y o f f r e e d o m - l o v i n g peoples a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . O u r people, too, support it w i t h all their might. The w a r of the A f g h a n p e o p l e against the S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s is a j u s t w a r , and therefore, it w i l l t r i u m p h . The current w a r of the A f g h a n people against the Soviet m i l i t a r y aggression a n d the anti-feudal, anti-imperialist, a n t i - A m e r i c a n u p r i s i n g of the Iranian people must m a k e us reflect somewhat more profoundly, f r o m the p o l i t i c a l , t h e o r e t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l aspects, a b o u t a n o t h e r major problem which, in the existing situation of complicated d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h e w o r l d , i s b e c o m i n g e v e r m o r e p r o m i n e n t : the popular uprisings of Islamic inspiration, as the bourgeoisie a n d the revisionists l i k e to describe these m o v e m e n t s , s i m p l y because t h e M o s l e m peoples o f t h e A r a b a n d other c o u n t r i e s h a v e p l a c e d t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e v a n g u a r d of t h e l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t . T h i s is a fact, an objective reality. There are insurrectionary movements i n those c o u n t r i e s . I f w e w e r e t o e x a m i n e a n d j u d g e these m o v e m e n t s a n d u p r i s i n g s o f M o s l e m peoples i n a n o v e r simplified and very superficial w a y as movements simply of an Islamic character, w i t h o u t p r o b i n g deeply into the t r u e reasons w h i c h i m p e l t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e p e o p l e s t o advance, w e c o u l d f a l l i n t h e p o s i t i o n s o f the r e v i s i o n ists a n d i m p e r i a l i s t s , w h o s e assessments o f these m o v e m e n t s a r e d e n i g r a t i n g a n d conceal a m b i t i o n s t o e n s l a v e t h e peoples. We Marxist-Leninists always understand clearly that r e l i g i o n i s o p i u m f o r t h e people. I n n o i n s t a n c e d o w e alter our v i e w on this a n d we must not f a l l into the e r r o r s o f r e l i g i o u s s o c i a l i s m , etc. T h e M o s l e m r e l i g i o n i s n o d i f f e r e n t i n t h i s r e g a r d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e see t h a t a t p r e s e n t t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e M o s l e m peoples i n t h e
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A r a b and other countries have risen or are rising in s t r u g gle against i m p e r i a l i s m and neo-colonialism for their n a t i o n a l a n d social l i b e r a t i o n . T h e s e peoples, w h o w e r e deliberately left in ignorance in the past and r e m a i n b a c k w a r d i n t h e i r w o r l d o u t l o o k t o t h i s day, a r e n o w b e c o m i n g a w a r e o f t h e great o p p r e s s i o n a n d s a v a g e e x ploitation w h i c h w e r e imposed on t h e m by the old colonizers a n d w h i c h t h e n e w c o l o n i z e r s a n d t h e i n t e r n a l f e u d a l bourgeois capitalist cliques continue to impose on them. T h e y are coming to understand the political-economic reasons f o r t h e i r o p p r e s s i o n a n d , i r r e s p e c t i v e t h a t t h e y a r e M o s l e m s a n d h a v e b e e n l e f t i n b a c k w a r d n e s s , t h e y are d i s p l a y i n g great v i t a l i t y a n d m a k i n g a n i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i bution to the anti-imperialist bourgeois-democratic revo l u t i o n w h i c h opens t h e w a y t o t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n . Those w h o have adopted and exploited the M o s l e m r e l i g i o n t o e x e r t social o p p r e s s i o n o v e r these peoples a n d t o e x p l o i t t h e m i n t h e m o s t f e r o c i o u s w a y s are t h e a n t i popular oppressive regimes and the reactionary clergy. T h e y have protected and continue to protect their bloodthirsty power t h r o u g h the weapons and support w h i c h t h e y h a v e r e c e i v e d f r o m a b r o a d , t h a t is, f r o m t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , t h e n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t r o b b e r s , as w e l l as through inciting and developing religious fanaticism. Thus, the d e v e l o p m e n t o f e v e n t s i s m o r e a n d m o r e c o n f i r m i n g the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t thesis t h a t t h e i n t e r n a l enemies c o l l a b o r a t e closely w i t h t h e e x t e r n a l e n e m i e s t o suppress t h e i r o w n p e o p l e s a n d t h a t t h e y use r e l i g i o n a s a w e a p o n t o oppress t h e peoples a n d k e e p t h e m i n d a r k n e s s . T h e e v e n t s t a k i n g p l a c e b e f o r e o u r eyes s h o w c l e a r l y t h a t t h e M o s l e m A r a b peoples are f i g h t e r s . T h e i r a n t i i m p e r i a l i s t , a n t i - c o l o n i a l i s t a n d a n t i - f e u d a l struggles a n d uprisings are accompanied w i t h and result in armed clashes. T h e s e struggles a n d u p r i s i n g s h a v e t h e i r source i n the savage o p p r e s s i o n w h i c h i s i m p o s e d o n these peoples
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and in their freedom-loving and progressive sentiments. I f y o u are n o t p r o g r e s s i v e a n d f r e e d o m - l o v i n g y o u c a n n o t rise in struggle for freedom and national independence against t h e t w o f o l d i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l o p p r e s s i o n . A n o t h e r s o c i a l cause f o r a n d p o w e r f u l i m p u l s e t o anti-imperialist, anti-colonialist and anti-feudal uprisings i s t h e g r a v e e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n o f these peoples, t h e b u r den of hunger and suffering under w h i c h they live. Hence, we cannot fail to take into account their political a w a k e n i n g a n d , t o some extent, also t h e i r s o c i a l a w a k e n i n g . L o o k i n g a t the w h o l e s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples o f M o s l e m belief, w e n o t i c e t h a t t h e r e are m a r k e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n its l e v e l o f d e v e l o p m e n t : t h e r e a r e p e r i o d s w h e n i t m o u n t s , b u t also p e r i o d s o f d e c l i n e o r s t a g n a t i o n , t h e l a t t e r caused b y v a r i o u s factors, a n d e s p e c i a l l y , b y t h e p s e u d o p r o g r e s s i v e b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h places i t s e l f a t t h e h e a d o f these peoples. I n M o r o c c o , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e has b e e n some m o v e ment, b u t the a n t i - f e u d a l a n d a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t m o v e m e n t of t h e p e o p l e of t h a t c o u n t r y is n o t at the same h e i g h t a s t h a t o f other c o u n t r i e s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e m o n a r c h y a n d f e u d a l i s m d o m i n a t e the M o r o c c a n people t h r o u g h v i olence a n d l i b e r a l p s e u d o - r e f o r m s a s w e l l a s b y e x p l o i t i n g their religious sentiments. I n A l g e r i a the p e o p l e w a g e d t h e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n w a r against t h e F r e n c h c o l o n i a l i s t s a n d , a l t h o u g h i t w a s n o t led by a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y but by the national b o u r geoisie, the w a r f o r n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n e n d e d w i t h t h e w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e f o r e i g n occupiers, b u t i t w a s c a r r i e d no further... I n T u n i s i a t h e p e o p l e seem t o b e asleep a n d a p a t h e t i c , are s h o w i n g l i t t l e s i g n o f a w a k e n i n g , b u t t h e y are n o t a l l that b a c k w a r d . R e c e n t l y t h e r e w a s t a l k a b o u t a t r a d e u n i o n movement there and the general secretary of the trade-unions was arrested, but nothing m o r e happened.
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I n 1952 t h e r e w a s a r e v o l t i n E g y p t , too. T h e m o n a r chy was overthrown without bloodshed. K i n g F a r o u k was expelled f r o m E g y p t by a group of officers. Those w h o removed h i m f r o m the throne accompanied h i m t o A l e x a n d r i a , gave h i m money, p u t h i m on board a ship a n d h e l p e d h i m t o get a w a y a n d save h i s n e c k . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e y t o l d t h e m o n a r c h h e h a d better l e a v e o f h i s o w n a c c o r d a n d save h i s s k i n , because h e c o u l d n o l o n g e r s t a y i n t h e c o u n t r y , h e n o l o n g e r h a d a n y basis t h e r e . T h u s , the g r o u p of officers, headed by Nasser, N a g u i b and Sadat, c a r r i e d o u t w h a t y o u m i g h t c a l l a bloodless m i l i t a r y c o u p against a n u t t e r l y degenerate m o n a r c h y a n d seized p o w e r . W h a t was this group of E g y p t i a n officers that carried out the putsch a n d w h a t d i d they represent? These off i c e r s w e r e o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , its r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , t h e y w e r e a n t i - B r i t i s h , b u t a m o n g s t t h e m t h e r e w e r e also p r o Hitlerites. As I have mentioned, A n w a r el-Sadat himself d e c l a r e d t h a t h e h a d c o l l a b o r a t e d w i t h t h e Desert w o l f , the nazi field-marshal R o m m e l . T h i s event, t h a t is, t h e r e m o v a l o f F a r o u k f r o m t h e t h r o n e , w a s e x a g g e r a t e d to t h e p o i n t of b e i n g c a l l e d a r e v o l u t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e E g y p t i a n people, t h e w o r k i n g masses o f t h a t c o u n t r y , g a i n e d n o t h i n g f r o m t h i s w h o l e a f f a i r . V i r t u a l l y n o r e f o r m t o the b e n e f i t o f t h e people w a s c a r r i e d out. T h e s o - c a l l e d a g r a r i a n r e f o r m e n d e d u p i n f a v o u r o f the f e u d a l a n d w e a l t h y l a n d o w n e r s . U n d e r t h e disguise o f t h e u n i t y o f A r a b peoples, the n e w c o m e r s t o p o w e r t r i e d t o b r i n g a b o u t the u n i f i c a t i o n o f E g y p t w i t h S y r i a . However, every effort in this direction was in v a i n because i n S y r i a , too, a t t h i s t i m e t h e c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e state h a d s i m p l y c h a n ged t h e i r horses a n d t h e i r p a t r o n . T h e i m p e r i a l i s t S o v i e t U n i o n h a d r e p l a c e d F r a n c e t h e r e . I t sabotaged t h i s baseless unification and established itself f i r m l y in that country. A s i s k n o w n , i n 1969 t h e r e w a s a r e v o l t i n L i b y a , t o o ;
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the d y n a s t y o f K i n g I d r i s w a s o v e r t h r o w n a n d a g r o u p o f y o u n g officers, h e a d e d b y Q a d d a f i w h o poses a s a n t i i m p e r i a l i s t , came t o p o w e r . W e c a n d e s c r i b e t h i s r e v o l t , this m o v e m e n t , a s p r o g r e s s i v e a t f i r s t , b u t l a t e r i t lost its i m p a c t a n d a t t h e m o m e n t i t has f a l l e n i n t o s t a g n a t i o n . Qaddafi w h o came to power and claims to be the head o f I s l a m , e x p l o i t e d the M o s l e m r e l i g i o n t o p r e s e n t L i b y a as a progressive c o u n t r y a n d e v e n c a l l e d it socialist, b u t i n r e a l i t y t h e great o i l w e a l t h o f t h e c o u n t r y i s b e i n g exploited for v e r y dubious adventurous a n d sinister aims. O f course, f o r p u r p o s e s o f d e m a g o g y a n d because t h e i n come f r o m t h e sale o f o i l i s t r u l y colossal, some changes h a v e been m a d e i n t h e l i f e o f t h e p e o p l e i n t h e cities, w h i l e the p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n n o m a d s of t h e desert r e m a i n a grave social problem. As we know, Q a d d a f i was a disciple o f Nasser's i n p o l i t i c s , i d e o l o g y a n d r e l i g i o u s belief, a s w e l l as in his aims. A somewhat more advanced and more revolutionary u p r i s i n g against the m o n a r c h y t o o k p l a c e i n B a g h d a d , t h e c a p i t a l o f I r a q , i n 1958. I t e n d e d w i t h t h e k i l l i n g o f K i n g Faisal and his prime minister, N u r i Said. The c o m m u n ists took p o w e r t h e r e together w i t h G e n e r a l K a s s e m , a representative of the l i b e r a l officers. O n l y five years later, h o w e v e r , i n 1963, t h e r e w a s a c o u p d'tat a n d K a s s e m was executed. He was replaced by another officer, C o l o n e l A r e f . I n 1968 G e n e r a l A l - B a k r c a m e t o the h e a d o f t h e state a n d t h e B a a t h P a r t y , a p a r t y o f t h e r e a c t i o n a r y feudal and compradore bourgeoisie, returned to power. T h e events w h i c h a r e o c c u r r i n g i n I r a n a n d A f g h a n i stan a r e a p o s i t i v e e x a m p l e f o r the peoples of n e i g h b o u r i n g states, P a k i s t a n , S a u d i A r a b i a , I r a q , t h e E m i r a t e s o f the P e r s i a n G u l f , S y r i a , E g y p t a n d m a n y others, b u t t h e y also c o n s t i t u t e a g r e a t d a n g e r to t h e r u l i n g c l i q u e s of some c o u n t r i e s i n t h i s r e g i o n . H e n c e , t h e w h o l e A r a b w o r l d is in ferment, in evolution.
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T h e echo o f t h i s a n t i - f e u d a l , a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t u p r i s i n g of the Iranian people w h i c h is shaking the economic f o u n d a t i o n s o f i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its a m b i t i o n s f o r w o r l d h e g e m o n y , e x t e n d s a s f a r a s I n d o n e s i a , b u t t h e r e the movement is w e a k e r t h a n in the countries of C e n t r a l A s i a , the N e a r and M i d d l e East or even N o r t h A f r i c a , where t h e I s l a m i c r e l i g i o n i s m o r e c o m p a c t a n d t h e assets are g r e a t e r . I n t h o s e regions, f o r i n s t a n c e i n I r a n , t h e r e i s a p r o g r e s s i v e a w a k e n i n g o f t h e masses, w h i c h f o r t h e m o ment is led generally by religious elements w h o k n o w how t o e x p l o i t t h e s e n t i m e n t s o f these peoples f o r f r e e d o m a n d against o p p r e s s i v e i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e m o n a r c h i s t l e a d e r s and rapacious feudal cliques of robbers and murderers, etc., etc. T h e r e f o r e , w e m u s t m a k e a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n a l y s i s o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n . W e c a n n o t accept t h e tales t h a t the bourgeois-revisionist propaganda, American imperialism and w o r l d capitalism are spreading that A y a t o l l a h K h o m e i n i o r t h i s one o r t h a t i n I r a n a r e p e o p l e w h o d o n o t u n derstand politics, or are just as b a c k w a r d as I m a m A l i , I m a m Hassan and I m a m Hussein were. T h i s is not true. O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e facts s h o w t h a t p e o p l e l i k e K h o m e i n i k n o w h o w t o m a k e p r o p e r use o f t h e e x i s t i n g m o v e m e n t o f these peoples, w h i c h , i n essence a n d i n fact, i s a p r o g ressive bourgeois-democratic a n d anti-imperialist m o v e ment. E m p l o y i n g v a r i o u s w a y s a n d means, t h e d i f f e r e n t imperialists and social-imperialists are t r y i n g to present t h e m s e l v e s a s s u p p o r t e r s o f these m o v e m e n t s a n d w i n t h e m o v e r f o r t h e i r o w n a i m s . A t present, h o w e v e r , these m o v e m e n t s are i n t h e i r d i s f a v o u r , a r e against t h e m . S o true is this that the Soviet social-imperialists were obliged t o s e n d t h e i r t a n k r e g i m e n t s a n d tens o f t h o u s a n d s o f Soviet soldiers into A f g h a n i s t a n , in other words, to c o m m i t a n o p e n fascist a g g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t a n i n d e p e n d e n t country, in order to place a n d keep in power their local
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puppets w h o were incapable of retaining power without t h e a i d o f the bayonets a n d t a n k s o f t h e S o v i e t a r m y , t h e a r m e d forces o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . O b v i o u s l y , t h i s event, t h i s S o v i e t a r m e d o c c u p a t i o n o f A f g h a n i s t a n , w a s b o u n d t o h a v e r e p e r c u s s i o n s a n d cause concern in international p u b l i c opinion, to arouse great a n g e r a n d i n d i g n a t i o n a m o n g t h e f r e e d o m - l o v i n g peoples a n d p r o g r e s s i v e forces a n d , f r o m t h e s t r a t e g i c s t a n d - p o i n t , t o p r o v o k e t h e a n g e r o f t h e i r r i v a l s f o r h e g e m o n y , esp e c i a l l y o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . I n fact w e see t h a t these days the A m e r i c a n p r e s i d e n t , C a r t e r , seems t o w a n t to m a k e a m o v e , a p p a r e n t l y to create d i f f i c u l t i e s f o r the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t o s t r e n g t h e n h i s o w n p o s i t i o n s w h i c h are g r o w i n g s t e a d i l y w e a k e r , w a n t s t o t a k e m e a sures to p r e v e n t a p o s s i b l e S o v i e t i n v a s i o n of P a k i s t a n , o r r a t h e r , t o stop t h e S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s f r o m e x ploiting the anti-imperialist revolutionary sentiments of t h e M o s l e m people o f P a k i s t a n f o r t h e i r o w n ends. T h e Pakistani people n u r t u r e s y m p a t h y for the anti-imperialist movement of their Iranian neighbours, and what is occ u r r i n g i n I r a n c o u l d occur t h e r e , too. P r e c i s e l y t o f o r e s t a l l t h i s e v e n t u a l i t y , t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , t h r o u g h P r e s i d e n t C a r t e r , has p r o p o s e d t o t h e P a k i s t a n g o v e r n m e n t t o d i s p a t c h 50,000 s o l d i e r s t o P a k i s t a n a n d t o increase t h e s u p p l i e s o f a r m s , a l l e g e d l y t o cope w i t h t h e S o v i e t d a n g e r . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a sent its S e cretary of Defence to C h i n a to concretize and activate the S i n o - A m e r i c a n a l l i a n c e . D u r i n g t h i s v i s i t b o t h sides e x pressed t h e i r c o n c e r n o v e r t h e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e S o v i e t social-imperialist expansion in this region and, in connect i o n w i t h this, t h e i r d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o d e f e n d t h e i r o w n a n d each other's i m p e r i a l i s t interests. T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a p r o m i s e d C h i n a the most s o p h i s t i c a t e d m o d e r n armaments. Is t h e r e r e a l l y a S o v i e t t h r e a t to P a k i s t a n ? Y e s , t h e r e
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is. H o w e v e r , i n P a k i s t a n t h e a n g e r a g a i n s t Z i a - u l - H a q , accompanied by sympathy for K h o m e i n i , m i g h t erupt even w i t h o u t t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t s . I n o r d e r t o escape the S o v i e t p r e s s u r e a n d a v o i d the u p r i s i n g o f t h e P a k i s t a n people, Z i a - u l - H a q h i m s e l f m i g h t l i n k u p w i t h t h e S o v i e t s and thus enable t h e m to justify their intervention in P a k i s t a n . T h a t i s w h y t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i s r e v i s i n g its m i l i t a r y a g r e e m e n t s w i t h P a k i s t a n . F o r his part, C a r t e r is t r y i n g to preserve the balance, because a n i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n P a k i s t a n constitutes a threat to A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m in that r e gion of the w o r l d . Carter must have influence in Pakistan, also, because t h a t c o u n t r y h a s a defence t r e a t y w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . A p a r t f r o m this, i n t h e n e w s i t u a t i o n w h i c h has b e e n c r e a t e d i n these t i m e s i n C e n t r a l A s i a , C a r t e r also, sees o t h e r dangers, s u c h a s the return to power of Indira G a n d h i w h o is pursuing her p r o S o v i e t p o l i c y . I f t h e S o v i e t s are a b l e t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r position in India, w h i c h is in conflict w i t h Pakistan, the latter country m i g h t be m o r e vulnerable f r o m the Soviet side, i n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f S o v i e t i n f l u e n c e t h e r e w o u l d b e m a d e easier a n d w o u l d increase. T h a t i s w h y the A m e r i c a n imperialists w a n t to forestall the e v e n tuality of a m i l i t a r y intervention or the b u i l d - u p of the Soviet influence i n P a k i s t a n . O n the other hand, the U n i ted States o f A m e r i c a i s v e r y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e p o s s i bility of Soviet pressure on Iran under the pretext of aid against t h e t h r e a t s m a d e t o t h a t c o u n t r y b y A m e r i c a n imperialism. It is clear that the peoples of this region are Moslems a n d w h e n w e s a y t h i s w e h a v e i n m i n d t h e fact t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e m are believers, but their belief is relative a n d does n o t p r e d o m i n a t e o v e r p o l i t i c s . T h e r e a r e also progressive p e o p l e t h e r e w h o b e l i e v e i n a n d respect the K o r a n and religion more as a custom and tradition. W h e n
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we speak about the o v e r w h e l m i n g majority, we have in m i n d t h a t p a r t o f t h e people t o w h o m t h e M o s l e m r e l i g i o n has been p r e s e n t e d as a l i b e r a l p r o g r e s s i v e r e l i g i o n w h i c h serves t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e peoples a n d t o w h o m e v e r y t h i n g p r e a c h e d i n its n a m e is f o r the g o o d o f the people, because to w a s h , t o p r a y a n d t o fast i s f o r the benefit of the health, the physical strengthening and s p i r i t u a l s a t i s f a c t i o n o f m a n , etc., etc. I n o t h e r w o r d s , people are t o l d t h a t t h e r i t e s o f t h i s r e l i g i o n a r e u s e f u l n o t o n l y f o r t h i s l i f e b u t also f o r t h e n e x t l i f e , a f t e r death. T h i s is preached openly. However, the poverty a n d oppression, s c h o o l i n g a n d a c e r t a i n p o l i t i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t h a v e s h a k e n t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f t h i s belief. I n g e n e r a l , f r o m a l l these e v e n t s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s , w e see t h a t t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d t h e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t s are i n d i f f i c u l t i e s i n these r e g i o n s o f t h e w o r l d . I t i s u n derstandable that their puppets, likewise, are in d i f f i c u l ties. B o t h f o r t h e f o r m e r a n d f o r t h e l a t t e r i t i s t h e p r o g ressive, a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t , a n t i - c o l o n i a l i s t a n d a n t i - f e u d a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t o f t h e p o p u l a r masses o f t h e M o s l e m A r a b peoples, w h e t h e r S h i a o r S u n n i , t h a t i s t h e cause o f these g r e a t d i f f i c u l t i e s . T h e w h o l e s i t u a t i o n i n this r e g i o n is p o s i t i v e , good, a n d i n d i c a t e s a r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n a n d a m a j o r m o v e m e n t o f these peoples. A t the same t i m e , t h o u g h , w e see e f f o r t s m a d e b y t h e e n e m i e s o f these peoples t o r e s t r a i n t h i s m o v e m e n t o r t o a l t e r its direction and intensity. H e n c e , w e m u s t r e g a r d these s i t u a t i o n s , these s t r u g gles a n d u p r i s i n g s of these peoples as r e v o l u t i o n a r y s o c i a l m o v e m e n t s , i r r e s p e c t i v e t h a t at f i r s t s i g h t t h e y h a v e a religious character or that believers or non-believers take p a r t i n t h e m , because t h e y are f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t f o r e i g n imperialism and neo-colonialism or the local monarchies a n d o p p r e s s i v e f e u d a l i s m . H i s t o r y gives u s m a n y p o s i t i v e examples in this direction w h e n broad revolutionary m o v e -
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merits of t h e p o p u l a r masses h a v e h a d a r e l i g i o u s c h a r a c t e r o u t w a r d l y . A m o n g t h e m w e c a n l i s t the B a b i s t m o v e m e n t s i n I r a n , 1848-1851; t h e W a h a b i m o v e m e n t i n I n d i a w h i c h preceded the great popular uprising against the B r i t i s h c o l o n i a l i s t s i n t h e y e a r s 1857-1859; t h e p e a s a n t m o v e m e n t s a t the t i m e o f t h e R e f o r m a t i o n i n t h e 16th c e n t u r y , w h i c h s w e p t m o s t o f the c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e a n d , especially, G e r m a n y . T h e R e f o r m a t i o n itself, a l t h o u g h dressed in a r e l i g i o u s cloak, r e p r e s e n t e d a b r o a d sociopolitical movement against the feudal system and the Catholic C h u r c h w h i c h defended that system. W h e n t h e v i t a l interests, t h e f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n dence o f a p e o p l e a r e v i o l a t e d , t h e y r i s e i n s t r u g g l e against a n y aggressor, e v e n t h o u g h t h a t aggressor m a y be of the same religion. T h i s is w h a t occurred, for e x a m p l e , i n N o r t h Y e m e n i n 1962 w h e n N a s s e r sent the E g y p tian a r m y allegedly to aid that country. Later he was c o m p e l l e d t o r e m o v e t h e t r o o p s h e h a d sent t o Y e m e n , because a s t e r n c o n f l i c t b e g a n b e t w e e n t h e p e o p l e of t h a t country and the Egyptian army, irrespective that both sides p r o f e s s e d t h e one r e l i g i o n . In South Y e m e n , w i t h a population of Moslem believers, t h e r e w a s a p o p u l a r r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t against B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l i s m w h i c h owned the port of A d e n . B r i t a i n w o u l d never have left the port of A d e n voluntarily, because i t constitutes a v e r y i m p o r t a n t s t r a t e g i c k e y t o t h e I n d i a n O c e a n a n d t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e R e d Sea, b u t i t w a s the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t s t r u g g l e o f the people o f Y e m e n that c o m p e l l e d i t t o c l e a r out, because r e m a i n i n g t h e r e b e c a m e i m p o s s i b l e . A f t e r this, i n 1970 a p o p u l a r d e m o c r a t i c r e gime, w h i c h g r a d u a l l y c a m e u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e Soviet social-imperialists, was formed in S o u t h Y e m e n . The r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement against Soviet social-imperialism is b o u n d to flare up there, if not today certainly i n the n e a r f u t u r e .
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Throughout the P r i n c i p a l i t y of O m a n there is an anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist revolutionary movem e n t a n d a m o v e m e n t opposed to t h e r u l i n g s u l t a n . A similar situation w i l l develop in Ethiopia, Somalia, the c o u n t r i e s o f t h e P e r s i a n G u l f , etc. T h e peoples o f t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h i s r e g i o n a r e a l l religious, believe i n the K o r a n a n d M o h a m m e d , a n d l i n k the q u e s t i o n o f t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t i m p e r i a l i s t o p p r e s s i o n w i t h their religion. This is a reality. Obviously, however, w e cannot come t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i t i s r e l i g i o n w h i c h i s c a u s i n g these r e v o l t s a n d t h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y a w a k e n i n g . B y n o m e a n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e c a n n o t i g n o r e t h e fact t h a t these peoples b e l i e v e i n the M o s l e m r e l i g i o n a n d , a t t h e same t i m e , are f i g h t i n g h e r o i c a l l y f o r t h e i r n a t i o n a l a n d social liberation against i m p e r i a l i s m of every hue. Before L i b e r a t i o n there w e r e people w h o professed the Moslem religion in Albania, but there was no fanaticism. I n t h e A r a b o r M o s l e m c o u n t r i e s o f C e n t r a l A s i a , too, t h e c l a s s i c a l f a n a t i c i s m o f t h e past c a n n o t e x i s t , e s p e c i a l l y today. S u c h fanaticism can exist neither a m o n g the M o s l e m s n o r a m o n g the C a t h o l i c s , t h e C a l v i n i s t s a n d o t h e r schisms o f C h r i s t i a n i t y . W e m u s t n o t f o r g e t t h e e p o c h i n w h i c h w e are l i v i n g . W e c a n n o t f a i l t o b e a r i n m i n d the great d e v e l o p m e n t o f science t o d a y , t h e g r o w t h a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the s p r e a d o f t h e ideas o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T o d a y t h e r e a c t i o n a r y r e l i g i o u s leaders, l a c k e y s o f t h e f e u d a l o r d e r a n d oppressive monarchies l i n k e d w i t h them, w h o w a n t to k e e p t h e peoples i n i g n o r a n c e a n d b o n d a g e a n d t o c o m b a t t h e i r l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s , i n c i t e f a n a t i c i s m i n its c l a s s i c a l sense i n those c o u n t r i e s . In r e g a r d to K h o m e i n i , he is a r e l i g i o u s leader, a d e dicated believer and an idealist philosopher. He m a y even be a f a n a t i c , b u t we see that, at t h e s a m e t i m e , he is in a c c o r d a n d u n i t e d w i t h t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s p i r i t o f the
771
I r a n i a n people. K h o m e i n i has t a k e n t h e side o f the o p p o n e n t s o f t h e m o n a r c h y . T h e i m p e r i a l i s t bourgeoisie, t h e supporters of the P a h l a v i monarchy and other reactionary forces i n t h e w o r l d s a y t h a t h e w a n t s t o b e c o m e a m o n a r c h h i m s e l f . L e t t h e m s a y this, b u t t h e fact i s t h a t the anti-imperialist, anti-colonialist and anti-feudal liberation movement in I r a n is in the ascendancy and K h o m e i n i still maintains a good stand in regard to this movement. W h a t i s o c c u r r i n g i n I r a n m i g h t occur also i n P a k i stan or in the countries of the A r a b i a n Peninsula, it m a y s p a r k o f f a r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n i n some o t h e r n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t r y a n d e v e n i n the S o v i e t U n i o n itself, b e cause s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m a n d r e v i s i o n i s m c a r r y n a t i o n a l o p p r e s s i o n e v e r y w h e r e a n d , as a consequence, arouse the n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n s e n t i m e n t s o f t h e peoples. S o c i a l i s m and the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory alone provide a just s o l u tion to the national question. T o d a y the national rights of n a t i o n s a n d peoples h a v e b e e n v i o l a t e d a n d t r a m p l e d u n derfoot i n the Soviet U n i o n and w h e r e v e r A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l i s m r u l e . T h e r e i s great oppression there, logically, therefore, there is and w i l l certainly be movement. W e m u s t e x a m i n e a n d a n a l y s e t h e present events i n Iran as they take place a n d d r a w conclusions f r o m t h e m o n t h e basis o f t h e teachings o f o u r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y . I n t h e v a n g u a r d o f t h e a c t i v e forces i n the u p r i s ing against i m p e r i a l i s m and the m o n a r c h y in that country are t h e r e l i g i o u s zealots, t h e s t u d e n t y o u t h , t h e w o r k e r s a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l s . So, n e i t h e r the p r o l e t a r i a t n o r its g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y i s i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the m o v e m e n t . O n t h i s q u e s t i o n w e m u s t also b e a r i n m i n d the fact t h a t w e d o n o t r e a l l y k n o w the s t r e n g t h a n d the basis o f t h e d i f f e r e n t p o l i t i c a l c u r r e n t s i n t h a t m o v e ment. W e k n o w f r o m e x p e r i e n c e t h a t i n o u r c o u n t r y , too, the w o r k i n g class w a s n o t d e v e l o p e d , nevertheless, since
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the o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e f a c t o r s e x i s t e d i n the c o n d i t i o n s o f the o c c u p a t i o n a n d t h e N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r , t h e P a r t y l e d t h e people t o v i c t o r y b y b a s i n g i t s e l f o n M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , w h i c h m e a n s i t p u t t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its v a n g u a r d , i n o t h e r w o r d s itself, i n the l e a d e r s h i p . T h i s i s n o t t h e case i n I r a n . I n t h a t c o u n t r y t h e r e i s a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t party, the W o r k e r s and Peasants' C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f I r a n , a y o u n g p a r t y w h i c h has j u s t b e e n f o r m e d , a n d i s s t i l l s m a l l , u n t e m p e r e d , not l i n k e d w i t h t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e masses, etc., w h i l e t h e r e v i s i o n ist T u d e h P a r t y has e x i s t e d l e g a l l y a n d i l l e g a l l y , i s n o w l e g a l a g a i n , b u t i s a t o o l o f the S o v i e t U n i o n . H i d i n g b e h i n d M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t slogans, t h i s p a r t y i s s a b o t a g i n g t h e anti-imperialist revolutionary struggle of the Iranian people and t r y i n g to b r i n g Iran into the sphere of influence a n d u n d e r the t h r a l d o m o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h a t i s w h y t h e M o s l e m people o f I r a n , w h o h a v e r i s e n i n r e v o l u t i o n , are not acquainted w i t h M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m either as a r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y o r p r a c t i c e . T h e s t u d e n t s w h o are s t u d y i n g a t Iran's M o s l e m u n i v e r s i t i e s w i t h g r e a t t r a d i t i o n s a n d o f t h e S h i a M o s l e m sect, a r e b o t h b e l i e v e r s a n d non-believers in religion. In regard to the secular progressive elements t h e r e are those w h o b e l i e v e i n a n d a r e f i g h t i n g f o r a l i b e r a l b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c state, those w h o believe in a progressive capitalist but a n t i - c o m m u n i s t society, a n d those w h o s t i l l t h i n k t h a t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i s a socialist c o u n t r y w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s a n d a p p l i e s L e n i n i s m . T h i s i s p r e c i s e l y one o f t h e reasons t h a t g e n u i n e M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m has s t i l l n o t w o n acceptance i n Iran, therefore the people there are fighting for l i b e r a tion f r o m the yoke of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and f r o m Soviet influence, but under the banner of Islam. T h i s m e a n s that t h e S h i a M o s l e m c l e r g y a r e i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p , i n the v a n g u a r d o f the u p r i s i n g , b u t w e h a v e n o i l l u s i o n s a n d k n o w t h a t t h e y are f o r a b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l i s t r e g i m e
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w i t h r e l i g i o u s p r e d o m i n a n c e , hence, a t h e o c r a t i c r e g i m e . A s t o w h a t course t h e m o v e m e n t a g a i n s t A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and the barbarous compradore m o n a r c h y of the P a h l a v i s w i l l take in the future, this depends m a i n l y on the s e e t h i n g i n t e r n a l forces. W h a t g e n e r a l d e f i n i t i o n c a n b e m a d e o f these forces? In the present w o r l d situation and at the existing stage o f t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e peoples f o r t h e i r n a t i o n a l and social liberation, the popular revolution in I r a n r e p r e s e n t s a n e w stage. R e g a r d l e s s of w h a t o t h e r s do or say, w e m u s t d o c u m e n t t h i s stage m o r e c a r e f u l l y a n d m a k e a critical M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t analysis of it. I r a n i s a c o u n t r y v e r y r i c h i n o i l , hence, has a w o r k i n g class c o m p r i s e d o f o i l w o r k e r s a n d o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l w o r k e r s , b u t also h a s a r t i s a n s . O f I r a n ' s 3 3 m i l l i o n i n h a b i t a n t s a b o u t 1 7 m i l l i o n are i n the c o u n t r y s i d e a n d w o r k the l a n d . T h e y a r e p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n , o p p r e s s e d a n d e x ploited to the l i m i t by the mullahs, the religious i n s t i t u tions, t h e b i g - l a n d e d b o u r g e o i s i e i n t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e Pahlavis, by the w e a l t h y mercantile and money-lending b o u r g e o i s i e l i n k e d w i t h t h e m o n a r c h y . O f the t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f I r a n 9 9 p e r cent a r e o f t h e M o s l e m r e l i g i o n a n d the m a j o r i t y o f t h e S h i a sect. T h e P a h l a v i regime was one of the most barbarous, the m o s t b l o o d t h i r s t y , t h e m o s t e x p l o i t i n g , the m o s t corrupt of the m o d e r n w o r l d . It employed bloodshed and terror to suppress a n y progressive movement, a n y even m i l d l y liberal demonstration, a n y protest or strike of w o r k e r s o r students, a n d a n y a t t e m p t t o d e v e l o p a s m a l l scale, a u x i l i a r y subsistance e c o n o m y . T h e savage d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e P a h l a v i s w a s based o n t h e b i g f e u d a l l a n d o w n ers, t h e w e a l t h y p r o p e r t y - o w n e r s t h a t t h e r e g i m e c r e a t e d , the r e a c t i o n a r y a r m y a n d t h e o f f i c e r caste w h i c h r a n it, and o n S A V A K , t h e secret police, w h i c h t h e S h a h h i m s e l f d e s c r i b e d as a state w i t h i n a state. T h e P a h l a v i s r u l e d
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b y m e a n s o f t e r r o r , r o b b e d t h e people, e n r i c h e d t h e m selves i n scandalous w a y s , w e r e the p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n o f m o r a l and political degeneration, were partners w i t h a n d s o l d out t o B r i t i s h a n d A m e r i c a n a n d o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s m s . T h e P a h l a v i s h a d become the m o s t h e a v i l y a r m e d g e n darmes of the Persian G u l f under the orders of the C I A . I r a n w a s oppressed, b u t the people w e r e s e e t h i n g w i t h revolt, although wholesale executions w e r e carried out every day. T h e ayatollahs w h o w e r e discontented w i t h t h e r e g i m e b e g a n to m o v e . In 1951, M o s s a d e q , a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e bourgeoisie, s u p p o r t e d b y t h e m u l l a h s o p p o s e d t o t h e S h a h a n d b y t h e T u d e h P a r t y , seized p o w e r . I n 1953 the S h a h w a s d r i v e n out, b u t h i s o v e r t h r o w a n d d e p a r t u r e w e r e n o t f i n a l , because t h e C I A o r g a n i z e d a putsch, overthrew Mossadeq, brought the S h a h back to I r a n a n d r e s t o r e d h i m t o the t h r o n e . T h u s , I r a n b e c a m e the p r o p e r t y o f t h e A m e r i c a n s a n d t h e S h a h a n d its o i l became their p o w e r f u l weapon. It is characteristic of the revolt of the I r a n i a n people that, despite t h e great t e r r o r , i t w a s n o t q u e l l e d , but continued spasmodically, in different forms and in d i f f e r e n t i n t e n s i t i e s . T h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y process s t e a d i l y b u i l t u p i n q u a l i t y a n d o v e r c a m e t h e stage o f f e a r o f suppression. D e s p i t e the g r e a t t e r r o r , i n 1977 t h e o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e Shah began to be displayed more forcibly, became m o r e o p e n a n d active. I f w e f o l l o w these t r e n d s o p p o s e d t o t h e S h a h a n d h i s r e g i m e s e p a r a t e l y , w e s h a l l see t h a t t h e y are to some e x t e n t a u t o n o m o u s , b u t h a v e a c o m m o n s t r a tegy. T h u s , w e see t h e o p p o s i t i o n o f M o s s a d e q ' s s u p p o r t ers, t h e resistance of t h e r e l i g i o u s forces, t h e actions a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s of t h e students, t h e s t a n d s of i n t e l l e c t u a l s , o f f i c i a l s , w r i t e r s , poets a n d artists against t h e r e g i m e e x pressed a t r a l l i e s , i n t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d i n o t h e r p u b l i c places, etc., a n d t o g e t h e r w i t h a l l these c u r r e n t s w e also
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see the s e l f - d e f e n c e a n d resistance o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e w h o l e o p p r e s s e d a n d e x p l o i t e d people. S A V A K attacked mercilessly, but the suppression and executions o n l y a d d e d t o t h e a n g e r o f the masses. T h i s resistance turned into a permanent activity. I n t h e s a m e p e r i o d w e see the r e - a w a k e n i n g o f t h e political opposition of Mossadeq's supporters in the N a t i o n a l F r o n t . O n e o f t h e e l e m e n t s o f this c u r r e n t w a s S h a p o u r B a k h t i a r , w h o b e c a m e p r i m e m i n i s t e r o n t h e eve o f t h e o v e r t h r o w o f S h a h P a h l a v i . T h a t w a s t h e l a s t shot o f t h e S h a h a n d t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s against t h e Iranian anti-imperialist revolution and Khomeini. I n t h e course o f t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e M o v e m e n t f o r the L i b e r a t i o n o f Iran, t h e I r a n P a r t y , a n d t h e S o c i a l ist L e a g u e o f t h e N a t i o n a l M o v e m e n t o f I r a n b r o k e a w a y f r o m the political opposition. T h e Movement for the L i b e r a t i o n o f I r a n , w h i c h w a s h e a d e d b y B a z a r gan, w h o b e c a m e p r i m e m i n i s t e r a f t e r t h e d e p a r t u r e o f the S h a h , w a s c l o s e r t o K h o m e i n i a n d t h e o t h e r i m a m s . We must always bear in m i n d that neither this political opposition, nor the religious opposition to the Pahlavis w a s u n i t e d . S o m e o f those w h o c o m p r i s e d t h i s o p p o s i t i o n w e r e against t h e s o - c a l l e d a g r a r i a n r e f o r m , against the r i g h t o f w o m e n t o vote, etc. T h i s section, w h i c h c o m p r i s e d c o n s e r v a t i v e clergy, was steadily losing its i n f l u e n c e a m o n g s t t h e masses, w h o w e r e m o v i n g closer t o t h a t p a r t o f t h e c l e r g y w h o o p e n l y f o u g h t t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the S h a h o n t h e basis o f t h e S h i a p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e M o s l e m r e l i g i o n . O n e o f these w a s A y a t o l l a h K h o m e i n i , w h o w a s i m p r i s o n e d , t o r t u r e d , i m p r i s o n e d a g a i n , a n d sent i n t o e x i l e and h i s s o n m u r d e r e d . T h i s e n h a n c e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e I m a m a m o n g t h e people, i n t h e B a z a a r (the m a i n m a r k e t centre o f T e h r a n ) , hence, a m o n g s t t h e m e r c h a n t s , a n d also amongst t h e w o r k e r s . I n t h e r i s i n g t i d e o f a g i t a t i o n a n d the great d e m o n s t r a t i o n s against t h e S h a h , t h e masses
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d e m a n d e d the r e t u r n o f the I m a m t o t h e h o m e l a n d . T h e d e a t h of his son a n d of a p o l i t i c a l p e r s o n a l i t y , A l i S h a r i a t , i n m y s t e r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e s , l e d t o t h e e m e r g e n c e o f the r e l i g i o u s e l e m e n t s i n t h e f o r e f r o n t o f t h e clashes a n d t h e whole people united w i t h them, especially in Tabriz, on F e b r u a r y 18-19, 1977, a s w e l l a s i n T e h r a n , Q u m a n d other I r a n i a n cities. A l l t h i s testifies t o t h e f i g h t i n g s p i r i t o f t h e people o f I r a n . A s a r e s u l t t h e P a h l a v i m o n a r c h y was quite incapable of resisting the repeated waves of the o n s l a u g h t o f t h e i n s u r g e n t people. Hence, in this climate of progressive insurgency against f e u d a l i s m , t h e m o n a r c h y a n d i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s m u s t a n a l y s e the v a r i o u s p o l i t i c a l t r e n d s , the o r i e n t a t i o n s o f these t r e n d s , t h e a l l i a n c e s a n d c o n t r a dictions b e t w e e n t h e m i n s i d e I r a n a n d w i t h t h e c a p i t a l i s t r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d outside t h a t c o u n t r y . A t p r e s e n t w e see a n a c t i v e a n d m i l i t a n t u n i t y o f t h e u p r i s i n g against A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e S h a h a n d , t o some extent, also a g a i n s t S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d , a t t h e same t i m e , w e also see i n c r e a s e d v i g i l a n c e a n d o p p o s i t i o n t o w a r d s a l l o t h e r c a p i t a l i s t states, t h o u g h not s o open a n d a c t i v e a s a g a i n s t t h e A m e r i c a n s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n w i l l c e r t a i n l y u n d e r g o e v o l u t i o n . W e see t h a t the universities in I r a n have become centres of f i e r y m a n i festations w i t h b o t h p o l i t i c a l a n d r e l i g i o u s tendencies, a n d l i k e w i s e , see t h a t t h e r e l i g i o u s o p p o s i t i o n a n d t h e p o l i t i c a l o p p o s i t i o n are u n i t i n g . T h u s , despite t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h e x i s t b e t w e e n t h e m , i t seems t h a t t h e s u p p o r t e r s o f M o s s a d e q a n d those o f K h o m e i n i a r e m o v i n g closer together. I n T a b r i z , w h i c h has a n i m p o r t a n t w o r k i n g class a p a r t f r o m t h e o i l w o r k e r s , w e c a n s a y t h a t this u n i t y has b e e n b r o u g h t a b o u t . S i m i l a r t h i n g s a r e t a k i n g p l a c e a t A b a d a n a n d t h e o t h e r r e g i o n s w h e r e t h e r e are oil-fields and refineries. The Iranian M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s must, in particular, sub-
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m i t t h e s t r e n g t h a n d o r i e n t a t i o n s o f t h e w o r k i n g class t o a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t a n a l y s i s a n d t h e n t h e i r p a r t y m u s t base its a c t i v i t y o n t h i s a n a l y s i s , g o a m o n g the w o r k i n g class, educate it a n d c l a r i f y it p o l i t i c a l l y and ideologically, w h i l e t e m p e r i n g i t s e l f t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e w o r k i n g class i n t h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y class s t r u g g l e w h i c h , f a r f r o m b e i n g e n d e d , has o n l y b e g u n a n d w i l l c e r t a i n l y a s s u m e d i v e r s e aspects. T h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i v i t y o f the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology alone m u s t become the factor deciding the correct directions w h i c h this anti-imperialist revolution m u s t take. Certainly, in the present situation in Iran m u c h can and must be gained by the revolutionary f o r c e o f t h e I r a n i a n w o r k i n g class, b y the p r o g r e s s i v e elements, a n d e s p e c i a l l y b y t h e s t u d e n t s a n d the p o o r a n d middle peasantry. The Marxist-Leninists w i l l be committing a mistake if t h e y do not understand the situation created and do n o t u t i l i z e i t i n t h e r i g h t w a y , i f t h e y come o u t a s a n t i r e l i g i o u s f i g h t e r s , a n d thus d a m a g e t h e i r a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t and anti-feudal u n i t y w i t h the followers of A y a t o l l a h K h o m e i n i and the followers of Mossadeq's, Bazargan's or others' a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c p a r t i e s a n d movements. A l t h o u g h anti-religious in their principles, the Iranian M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s must not for the m o m e n t wage a s t r u g gle a g a i n s t t h e r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s o f t h e p e o p l e w h o h a v e r i s e n i n r e v o l t against o p p r e s s i o n a n d a r e w a g i n g a j u s t struggle politically, but are still u n f o r m e d ideologically a n d w i l l h a v e t o g o t h r o u g h a great s c h o o l i n w h i c h t h e y w i l l l e a r n . T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s m u s t t e a c h t h e people t o assess t h e e v e n t s t h a t a r e t a k i n g p l a c e i n the l i g h t o f dialectical and historical materialism. However, our w o r l d outlook cannot be assimilated easily in isolation f r o m the r e v o l u t i o n a r y d r i v e o f t h e masses o r f r o m t h e a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t t r e n d s t h a t are t r y i n g t o r e m a i n i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p
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and to manoeuvre to prevent the bourgeois-democratic reforms of the revolution. T h e Iranian M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s a n d w o r k i n g class m u s t p l a y a m a j o r r o l e i n those r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t s , h a v i n g a clear u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e m o m e n t s t h e y are g o i n g t h r o u g h ; t h e y m u s t n o t let t h e r e v o l u t i o n d i e d o w n . T h e w o r k i n g class a n d its t r u e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t v a n g u a r d s h o u l d h a v e n o i l l u s i o n s a b o u t the deep-going b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c m e a s u r e s a n d r e f o r m s w h i c h the S h i a c l e r g y o r the a n t i - S h a h e l e m e n t s o f t h e o l d a n d n e w n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e m i g h t c a r r y out. C e r t a i n l y , i f the w o r k i n g class, t h e p o o r p e a s a n t r y a n d t h e p r o g r e s sive students, w h e t h e r b e l i e v e r s o r n o n - b e l i e v e r s , a l l o w the impetus of the revolution to ebb away, w h i c h means that they do not proceed w i t h determination and m a t u r i t y t o w a r d s a l l i a n c e s a n d a c t i v i t i e s c o n d u c i v e t o successive political a n d socio-economic reforms, then the revolution w i l l stop h a l f - w a y , the masses w i l l b e d i s i l l u s i o n e d a n d the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e m w i l l c o n t i n u e i n o t h e r f o r m s b y pseudo-democratic people l i n k e d in n e w alliances w i t h the different imperialists. These special n e w revolutionary situations w h i c h are d e v e l o p i n g a m o n g the peoples o f I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s must be studied, conclusions must be d r a w n f r o m t h e m and n e w forms of struggle, action and alliances must be f o u n d . T h e s e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n s are m u c h m o r e a d v a n c e d t h a n those i n E u r o p e a n d A s i a a n d , t o some d e gree, e v e n L a t i n A m e r i c a , w h e r e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e ments have assumed a petrified form, l i n k e d w i t h and led by reformist and counter-revolutionary social-democracy and m o d e r n revisionism. F o r instance, we do not see s u c h r e v o l t s of a m a r k e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y p o l i t i c a l s p i r i t occur i n E u r o p e w h e r e t h e r e i s a b i g a n d p o w e r f u l p r o l e t a r i a t . F o r w h a t reasons? F o r a l l those reasons w h i c h are k n o w n a n d h a v e t o d o w i t h the g r a v e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y i n f l u e n c e a n d sabotage
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of social-democracy and modern revisionism. The question is not that there is no exploitation on our continent, and t h e r e f o r e , t h e r e are n o m o v e m e n t s . N o , here, too, t h e r e i s exploitation a n d there are movements, but they are of a n o t h e r n a t u r e . T h e y are n o t v e r y d e e p - g o i n g , M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t s w h i c h a r e w a i t i n g for the s i t u a t i o n to r i p e n , as the s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s , r e v i s i o n ists a n d o t h e r l a c k e y s o f the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e d e s c r i b e t h e m . N o , t h e c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e itself a n d its l a c k e y s do not p e r m i t such situations to ripen, do not p e r m i t such occurrences as are going on at present in the A r a b M o s l e m c o u n t r i e s , w h e r e the r e v o l u t i o n a r y masses r i s e i n s t r u g g l e a n d create d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n s f o r i m p e r i a l i s m , feudalism a n d the cosmopolitan capitalist bourgeoisie. S o m e c l a i m t h a t the A r a b peoples a n d the peoples o f the o t h e r M o s l e m c o u n t r i e s a r e m o v i n g , because t h e y a r e p o o r ! I n d e e d , t h e y are poor. B u t those w h o s a y t h i s m u s t a d m i t t h a t t h e y t h e m s e l v e s h a v e become b o u r g e o i s a n d that i s w h y t h e y d o n o t rise against o p p r e s s i o n a n d exploitation, w h i l e the t r u t h is that capitalism barbarously oppresses a n d e x p l o i t s t h e peoples e v e r y w h e r e , w i t h o u t exception. I t i s c l a i m e d , also, t h a t i n the c o u n t r i e s o f I s l a m i c r e l i g i o n t h e masses are b a c k w a r d , t h e r e f o r e , t h e y are e a s i l y set i n m o t i o n . T h i s m e a n s t h a t those w h o s u p p o r t this r e a s o n i n g h a v e d e g e n e r a t e d a n d are n o t f o r r e v o l u tion, because a t a t i m e w h e n c a p i t a l i s m i s i n d e c a y honest people m u s t b e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d r i s e i n s t r u g g l e against c a p i t a l i s m , a i m i n g t h e w e a p o n s t h e y possess against it. Here, i n E u r o p e , h o w e v e r , w e d o n o t see s u c h a t h i n g . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , w e see t h e t h e o r y o f a d a p t a t i o n t o the e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n b e i n g p r e a c h e d . P o l i t i c a l debates are o r g a n i z e d a l l o v e r t h e c a p i t a l i s t countries. I t has b e c o m e f a s h i o n a b l e f o r t h e s o c i a l - d e m o crats, t h e C h r i s t i a n - d e m o c r a t s , t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d a l l
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sorts o f o t h e r people i n these c o u n t r i e s t o t a l k a b o u t r e v o l u t i o n a n d a l l e g e d l y r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions, a n d e a c h o f t h e m tries i n h i s o w n w a y t o c o n f u s e a n d m i s l e a d t h e w o r k i n g masses w i t h these slogans. T h e leftists s c r e a m f o r r e v o l u t i o n a r y measures, b u t i m m e d i a t e l y set t h e l i mits, explaining that revolutionary measures must not b e t a k e n e v e r y w h e r e a n d i n a l l fields, b u t t h a t o n l y certain changes m u s t be m a d e , t h a t is, a f e w c r u m b s m u s t b e t h r o w n t o t h e masses w h o are d e m a n d i n g r a d i c a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y changes, i n o r d e r t o deceive t h e m a n d t o h i n d e r a n d sabotage the r e v o l u t i o n a r y d r i v e of t h e masses. W e m u s t a n a l y s e these s i t u a t i o n s a n d p h e n o m e n a i n theoretical articles or in other forms and w i t h other means o f o u r p r o p a g a n d a o n t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t course, w i t h t h e a i m o f e x p l a i n i n g t h e essence o f t h e r e v o l t a n d u p r i s i n g s o f peoples against i m p e r i a l i s m , n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m a n d the l o c a l rulers w i t h the a i m of explaining the question of the s u r v i v a l o f o l d r e l i g i o u s t r a d i t i o n s , etc. T h i s does n o t r u l e o u t o u r s u p p o r t f o r l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s , because s u c h m o v e m e n t s o c c u r r e d e v e n b e f o r e the t i m e o f M a r x , a s m e n t i o n e d above. T o w a i t u n t i l r e l i g i o n i s f i r s t e l i m i n a t e d a n d c a r r y o u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n o n l y a f t e r this, i s n o t i n f a v o u r o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n o r t h e peoples. In the situation today, the people w h o have risen in r e v o l t a n d b e l i e v e i n r e l i g i o n are n o l o n g e r a t t h e stage o f consciousness o f S p a r t a c u s , w h o rose a g a i n s t t h e R o m a n E m p i r e , against the slave o w n e r s , b u t t h e y a r e s e e t h i n g w i t h r e v o l t against t h e b a r b a r o u s o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a tion and policy of imperialism and social-imperialism. T h e slaves' r e v o l t l e d b y S p a r t a c u s , a s M a r x a n d E n g e l s explain, was progressive, as were the beginnings of Christianity. I n these v e r y i m p o r t a n t s i t u a t i o n s w e see t h a t t h e other peoples o f A f r i c a h a v e r i s e n , too, b u t n o t w i t h t h e
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f o r c e a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y d r i v e o f t h e A r a b peoples, the I r a n i a n s , etc. T h i s i s a n o t h e r p r o b l e m w h i c h m u s t b e e x a m i n e d i n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e reasons w h y t h e y , too, d o n o t r i s e a n d w h y t h e y are n o t i n s p i r e d t o t h e s a m e l e v e l as the peoples that I mentioned. It is true that the A f r i c a n peoples a r e oppressed, too, i n d e e d , m u c h m o r e o p pressed t h a n t h e A r a b peoples, t h e I r a n i a n s a n d o t h e r s . L i k e w i s e , M a r x i s m has s t i l l n o t s p r e a d t o t h e p r o p e r e x t e n t i n A f r i c a , a n d t h e n t h e r e i s also the i n f l u e n c e o f r e l i g i o n , a l t h o u g h n o t o n t h e s a m e scale a s i n the M o s l e m c o u n t r i e s . W o r k m u s t b e done i n A f r i c a t o d i s s e m i n a t e the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory more extensively and deeply. T h a t i s e v e n m o r e v i r g i n t e r r a i n , w i t h o p p r e s s e d peoples, a m o n g s t w h o m t h e sense o f r e l i g i o n i s s t i l l i n a n i n f a n tile stage. T h e r e a r e peoples i n A f r i c a w h o s t i l l b e l i e v e i n t h e h e a v e n l y p o w e r s o f t h e s u n , t h e m o o n , m a g i c , etc., they have pagan beliefs w h i c h have not crystallized into an i d e o l o g y a n d a concrete t h e o l o g y s u c h as the M o s l e m r e l i g i o n , let a l o n e t h e C h r i s t i a n o r B u d d h i s t r e l i g i o n s a n d t h e i r sects. A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s s a v a g e o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x ploitation in A f r i c a , the movement in this region of the w o r l d i s d e v e l o p i n g m o r e s l o w l y . T h i s i s because t h e l e v e l of social development in A f r i c a is lower. I f w e t a k e these q u e s t i o n s a n d e x a m i n e t h e m i n u n i ty, w e s h a l l see t h a t a t t h e p r e s e n t stage o f d e v e l o p m e n t Islam a s a w h o l e i s p l a y i n g a n a c t i v e r o l e i n t h e a n t i i m p e r i a l i s t l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s o f t h e M o s l e m peoples, while in the E u r o p e a n countries and some other countries w h e r e t h e C a t h o l i c r e l i g i o n operates, p r e a c h i n g t h e s u b missive C h r i s t i a n p h i l o s o p h y o f t u r n t h e o t h e r cheek, its leaders t a k e a r e a c t i o n a r y s t a n d a n d t r y t o h i n d e r t h e m o v e m e n t , t h e r e v o l t , t h e u p r i s i n g o f t h e masses f o r n a tional a n d s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n . O f course, i n those c o u n t r i e s the o p p r e s s i v e p o w e r o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d c a p i t a l i s m , s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y a n d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m i s greater, b u t
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t h e C a t h o l i c r e l i g i o n , too, serves t o suppress t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s p i r i t o f the masses i n o r d e r t o k e e p t h e s i t u a t i o n i n stagnation. F r o m the stand-point of economic development the M o s l e m peoples h a v e b e e n h e l d b a c k ; as a consequence of colonialist occupation and colonialist and neo-colonialist e x p l o i t a t i o n i n past decades t h e M o s l e m r e l i g i o n i n those c o u n t r i e s w a s s u p p r e s s e d b y t h e C a t h o l i c o r P r o t e s tant religions w h i c h were represented by the foreign i n v a d e r s , a t h i n g w h i c h has n o t passed w i t h o u t c o n s e q u e n ces a n d w i t h o u t resistance, a n d h e r e i n w e m i g h t f i n d a political and ideological-religious reason for the a n t i i m p e r i a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n o f the M o s l e m peoples. T h e q u e s t i o n p r e s e n t s itself t h a t w e s h o u l d l o o k a t t h e p r e s e n t stage o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e M o s l e m r e l i g i o n a s c o m p a r e d w i t h past centuries. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f h u m a n society has e x e r t e d a n i n f l u e n c e t h a t has m a d e t h e M o s l e m r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f less a n d less f u n c t i o n a l . T h a t is, i t has b e e n i n f i l t r a t e d b y a c e r t a i n l i b e r a l i s m w h i c h i s a p p a r e n t i n t h e fact that, w h i l e t h e M o s l e m b e l i e v e r t r u l y believes i n t h e I s l a m i c r e l i g i o n , t o d a y h e i s n o l o n g e r l i k e t h e b e l i e v e r o f the M i d d l e A g e s o r t h e 17th, 18th a n d 19th c e n t u r i e s . T o d a y the v e i l e d w o m e n i n t h e M o s l e m c o u n t r i e s h a v e those s a m e f e e l i n g s w h i c h o u r v e i l e d w o m e n h a d b e f o r e L i b e r a t i o n as, f o r e x a m p l e , i n K a v a j a , ( 1 ) a l t h o u g h , of course, n o t c o m p l e t e l y those of w o m e n as p r o g r e s s i v e as ours w e r e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e f e e l i n g s of r e v o l t exist deep i n t h e i r hearts, a n d a r e e x p r e s s e d t o t h e e x t e n t that public opinion permits. T o d a y the Iranian w o m e n are i n v o l v e d i n the b r o a d m o v e m e n t o f t h e I r a n i a n people against the S h a h a n d i m p e r i a l i s m . H e n c e , w e see t h a t r e l i g i o u s o p p r e s s i o n exists i n the
_______________________________ 1 T o w n in C e n t r a l A l b a n i a .
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c o u n t r i e s w i t h M o s l e m p o p u l a t i o n s , too, b u t the r e l i g i o n itself has u n d e r g o n e a c e r t a i n e v o l u t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n its o u t w a r d m a n i f e s t a t i o n s . L e t m e m a k e t h i s q u i t e clear, r e l i g i o n has n o t d i s a p p e a r e d i n those c o u n t r i e s , b u t a t i m e has c o m e i n w h i c h t h e s p i r i t o f r e v o l t , o n the one h a n d , a n d t h e l i b e r a l i z a t i o n o f the r e l i g i o n , o n the other, are i m p e l l i n g people w h o b e l i e v e i n the I s l a m i c d o g m a s t o r i s e against those w h o c a l l t h e m s e l v e s r e l i g i o u s a n d w a n t t o e x e r c i s e the f o r m e r n o r m s o f the r e l i g i o n i n o r d e r t o s u p p r e s s t h e peoples a n d k e e p t h e m i n p o v e r t y . T h e i r struggle against imperialists, w h o m they continue to call i n f i d e l s , t h a t is, t h e i r enemies, e n e m i e s o f t h e i r r e l i g i o n , i s l i n k e d p r e c i s e l y w i t h this. T h e s e peoples u n d e r s t a n d that the foreign occupiers are people of Catholic or P r o testant b e l i e f s w h o w a n t t o oppress b o t h c o u n t r i e s a n d religions. T h e westerners call this religious antagonism, w h i c h also c o n t a i n s the class a n t a g o n i s m against f o r e i g n o c c u p i e r s , s i m p l y a r e l i g i o u s s t r u g g l e , or a p p l y o t h e r i n c o r r e c t d e n i g r a t i n g e p i t h e t s t o it. T h i s i s h o w t h e y are t r e a t i n g t h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s o f t h e M o s l e m peoples o f A r a b a n d n o n - A r a b countries i n A s i a and A f r i c a today, a n d e v e n the l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e o f t h e I r i s h people, m o s t of w h o m are Catholics, against the B r i t i s h occupiers w h o a r e P r o t e s t a n t s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , w e see i n c o r r e c t m a n i festations also a m o n g t h e M o s l e m peoples w h o h a v e r i s e n i n r e v o l t . T h e y , too, s a y : T h e G i a o u r s , u n s c r u p u l o u s people w h o a r e a g a i n s t o u r r e l i g i o n , a r e o p p r e s s i n g us, etc. I n t h i s w a y t h e y l i n k t h e q u e s t i o n o f n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n w i t h t h e r e l i g i o u s question, t h a t is, t h e y see t h e social a n d e c o n o m i c o p p r e s s i o n w h i c h i s i m p o s e d o n t h e m b y i m p e r i a l i s m a s r e l i g i o u s o p p r e s s i o n . I n t h e f u t u r e the other M o s l e m p e o p l e s w i l l c e r t a i n l y r e a c h t h a t stage o f d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h t h e p e o p l e o f A l g e r i a , S y r i a a n d some o t h e r c o u n t r i e s h a v e r e a c h e d o n these m a t t e r s . These struggles lead not o n l y to increased sympathy
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f o r t h e peoples w h o rise i n r e v o l t , b u t also t o u n i t y w i t h t h e m , because t h e y a r e a l l M o s l e m s . If a p e o p l e r i s e against i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the r e a c t i o n a r y chiefs r u l i n g t h e i r c o u n t r y , w h o use r e l i g i o n as a m e a n s of o p p r e s s i o n , this u p r i s i n g destroys t h e sense o f r e l i g i o n e v e n a m o n g those w h o b e l i e v e i n i t a t t h e m o m e n t . W h e n a people rise i n i n s u r r e c t i o n a g a i n s t o p p r e s s i o n , t h e n t h e r e v o l u tionary sentiment is extended and deepened and people r e a c h t h e stage w h i c h m a k e s t h e m t h i n k s o m e w h a t m o r e clearly about the question of religion. U n t i l yesterday t h e p o o r peasant i n I r a n s a i d o n l y i n s h a l l a h ! a n d c o m f o r t e d h i m s e l f w i t h this, b u t n o w h e u n d e r s t a n d s t h a t n o t h i n g c a n b e g a i n e d t h r o u g h i n s h a l l a h ! . I n t h e past a l l these peoples s a i d , T h u s i t has b e e n decreed, b u t n o w t h e masses o f b e l i e v e r s h a v e r i s e n u n i t e d a n d c o m e out i n t h e streets, a r m s i n h a n d , t o d e m a n d t h e i r r i g h t s and freedom. A n d certainly, w h e n they demand to take the l a n d , the peasants i n those c o u n t r i e s w i l l u n d o u b t e d l y h a v e to do b a t t l e f o r t h e great possessions of t h e r e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s , t h a t is, w i t h t h e c l e r g y . T h a t i s w h y t h e s i n i s t e r forces of r e a c t i o n a r e m a k i n g s u c h a great fuss about the f a n a t i c a l aspect, a b o u t t h e q u e s t i o n o f p u t t i n g the w o m e n b a c k u n d e r t h e v e i l , etc., etc., because t h e y are t r y i n g t o d i s c r e d i t t h e I r a n i a n r e v o l u t i o n , because i m p e r i a l i s m a n d w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m h a v e a colossal s u p p o r t i n r e l i g i o n . T h i s i s h o w m a t t e r s s t a n d w i t h the V a t i c a n , too, w i t h the p o l i c y o f t h a t great c e n t r e o f t h e m o s t r e a c t i o n a r y w o r l d obscurantism, w i t h the m e n t a l i t y a n d outl o o k o f C a t h o l i c s . B u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n disperses t h e r e l i gious f o g . T h i s w i l l c e r t a i n l y occur w i t h t h e A r a b p e o ples, w i t h t h e o t h e r M o s l e m peoples, w h o are r i s i n g i n i n s u r r e c t i o n , a n d w i t h the peoples o f o t h e r faiths, t h a t is, t h e r e w i l l b e progress t o w a r d s t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e , the elimination of religious beliefs and the religious leaders h i p . T h i s is a m a j o r p r o b l e m .
785
H e r e w e are t a l k i n g a b o u t w h o l e peoples w h o a r e r i s i n g i n r e v o l t i n the M o s l e m c o u n t r i e s , w h e t h e r A r a b o r o t h e r w i s e . T h e r e are n o s u c h m o v e m e n t s i n E u r o p e . O n this continent social-democratic reformist parties and forces operate. T h e n u m b e r o f M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s h e r e is still small, w h i l e there are big revisionist parties, w h i c h o p e r a t e c o n t r a r y t o people's i n t e r e s t s a n d sentiments, h a v e lost c r e d i b i l i t y a m o n g t h e masses, a n d s u p p o r t c a p i talism, imperialism and social-imperialism. The Moslem peoples o f t h e A r a b a n d n o n - A r a b c o u n t r i e s t r u s t n e i t h e r the A m e r i c a n imperialists nor the Soviet social-imperialists, because t h e y r e p r e s e n t great p o w e r s w h i c h are s t r u g g l i n g t o oppress a n d p l u n d e r t h e M o s l e m p e o p l e s ; also, a s M o s l e m s t h e y p u t n o t r u s t i n t h e r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s of those p o w e r s . A s a result, t h e u p r i s i n g w h i c h s i d e v e l o p i n g i n I r a n a n d A f g h a n i s t a n i s b o u n d t o h a v e consequences t h r o u g h out t h e M o s l e m w o r l d . H e n c e , i f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t g r o u p s , o u r c o m r a d e s i n these a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f this region p r o p e r l y understand the problems emerging f r o m t h e e v e n t s i n I r a n , A f g h a n i s t a n a n d other M o s l e m countries, then a l l the possibilities exist for t h e m to do m u c h w o r k . H o w e v e r , they m u s t w o r k cautiously there. R e l i g i o n c a n n o t b e e l i m i n a t e d w i t h directives, e x t r e m i s t slogans o r e r r o n e o u s analyses. I n o r d e r t o f i n d the t r u t h w e m u s t a n a l y s e t h e a c t i v i t y o f those forces i n t h e a c t u a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , because m a n y t h i n g s , t r u e a n d false, are being said about them, as is occurring w i t h A y a t o l l a h K h o m e i n i , too. T r u e , h e i s r e l i g i o u s , b u t r e g a r d l e s s o f this, a n a l y s i s m u s t b e m a d e o f h i s a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t a t t i t u des a n d actions, w h i c h , w i l l y - n i l l y , b r i n g g r i s t t o t h e m i l l of the revolution. T h i s w h o l e development of events is v e r y interesting. Here the question of religion is entangled w i t h political issues, t h e s y m p a t h y a n d s o l i d a r i t y b e t w e e n peoples.
786
ENVER HOXHA
W h a t I m e a n is t h a t if t h e l e a d e r s h i p of a c e r t a i n c o u n t r y w e r e t o rise against t h e r e v o l t o f t h e I r a n i a n people, f o r e x a m p l e , i t w o u l d lose its p o l i t i c a l p o s i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e c o u n t r y a n d the p e o p l e w o u l d r i s e i n o p p o s i t i o n , accuse the g o v e r n m e n t o f l i n k s w i t h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , w i t h t h e giaours, because t h e y a r e a g a i n s t I s l a m . T h i s is because these peoples see I s l a m as p r o g r e s s i v e , w h i l e the U n i t e d States r e p r e s e n t s t h a t f o r c e w h i c h o p presses t h e m , n o t o n l y f r o m the s o c i a l aspect b u t also f r o m t h e s p i r i t u a l aspect. T h a t i s w h y w e see that, i n g e n e r a l , n o n e of these c o u n t r i e s is c o m i n g out o p e n l y to c o n d e m n the events i n I r a n . A n o t h e r obstacle w h i c h r e a c t i o n i s u s i n g t o sabotage the revolution of the Iranian people is that of inciting feuds a m o n g a n d r a i s i n g t h e q u e s t i o n o f n a t i o n a l m i n o rities. Reaction is i n c i t i n g the national sentiments in A z e r b a i j a n , i n c i t i n g the K u r d s , etc., etc., i n o r d e r t o w e a k e n this great a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t a n d p r o - M o s l e m u p r i s i n g o f the I r a n i a n p e o p l e . T h e i n c i t e m e n t o f n a t i o n a l i s t s e n t i m e n t s has b e e n a n d i s a w e a p o n i n t h e h a n d s o f imperialism and social-imperialism and all reaction to sabotage the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t a n d n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n w a r s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e thesis o f o u r P a r t y t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n o f settling the problems of national minorities is not a m a j o r p r o b l e m a t present, i s correct. N o w the K u r d s , t h e T a d j i k s , the A z e r b a i j a n i s a n d o t h e r s o u g h t t o r i s e i n s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its l a c k e y s a n d , i f possible, r i s e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e teachings a n d i n s p i r a t i o n o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m . T h e K u r d s , the T a d j i k s and the Azerbaijanis w h o l i v e i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d are o p p r e s s e d a n d e n s l a v e d t o d a y , m u s t rise, f i r s t o f a l l , against R u s s i a n social-imperialism. I n b r o a d o u t l i n e t h i s i s h o w t h e s i t u a t i o n i n these r e g i o n s presents i t s e l f a n d these are some o f t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h emerge. T h e e v e n t s w i l l c e r t a i n l y d e v e l o p f u r t h e r .
787
O u r t a s k i s t o a n a l y s e these s i t u a t i o n s a n d events w h i c h are t a k i n g place in the M o s l e m w o r l d , using the M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t t h e o r y as t h e basis, a n d to d e f i n e o u r stands so t h a t t h e y assist a c o r r e c t u n d e r s t a n d i n g of these events, a n d t h u s m a k e o u r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the s u c c e s s f u l d e v e l o p m e n t of the peoples' r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement.
Reflections on the Middle East
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
A t the 9 t h C o n g r e s s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n , i n A p r i l 1978, the C a r r i l l o r e v i s i o n i s t s d e c l a r e d that t h e i r p a r t y w a s no l o n g e r a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y , b u t a Marxist-democratic revolutionary party. To consider L e n i n i s m t h e M a r x i s m o f o u r t i m e i s unacceptable, declared Carrillo. T h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s p r o p o s e d t o t h e i r 23rd C o n g r e s s , h e l d i n M a y 1979, t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o l o n g e r s p e a k o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m i n t h e i r d o c u m e n t s b u t use the t e r m s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m i n s t e a d . T h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s too, at the 15th C o n g r e s s of t h e i r p a r t y i n A p r i l 1979, r e m o v e d f r o m t h e i r C o n s t i t u t i o n the r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e m e m b e r s o f the p a r t y s h o u l d m a s t e r M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d a p p l y its teachings. T h e f o r m u l a o f ' M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m ' does not e x p r e s s t h e w h o l e w e a l t h o f o u r t h e o r e t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l heritage, s a i d the f o l l o w e r s o f T o g l i a t t i . N o w anyone, regardless o f t h e i d e o l o g y t o w h i c h h e adheres o r w h i c h h e applies, c a n b e l o n g t o the I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y . Thus, the E u r o c o m m u n i s t revisionists have f o r m a l l y and p u b l i c l y sanctioned the final break w i t h M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , w h i c h i n p r a c t i c e t h e y h a d m a d e y e a r s ago. V e r y pleased w i t h t h i s r a p i d a n d c o m p l e t e s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f these p a r t i e s , t h e b o u r g e o i s p r o p a g a n d a c a l l e d 1979 the y e a r of E u r o c o m m u n i s m . In a situation w h e n the E u r o p e a n bourgeoisie is in great d i f f i c u l t i e s because o f the g r a v e e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l crisis, w h e n t h e r e v o l t o f t h e masses against t h e consequences o f t h i s c r i s i s a n d c a p i t a l i s t o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n i s m o u n t i n g t o e v e r h i g h e r levels, n o t h i n g could serve it better t h a n the a n t i - M a r x i s t v i e w s a n d a n t i -
792
ENVER HOXHA
w o r k e r a c t i v i t y o f the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s . N o t h i n g c o u l d g i v e greater assistance t o the s t r a t e g y o f i m p e r i a l i s m f o r the s u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e u n d e r m i n i n g o f l i b e r a t i o n struggles a n d d o m i n a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d t h a n t h e revisionist, pacifist, capitulationist, collaborationist trends, including Eurocommunism. T h e W e s t e r n b o u r g e o i s i e does n o t c o n c e a l its e n t h u s i a s m o v e r t h e fact t h a t n o w t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t r e v i s i o n ists h a v e l i n e d t h e m s e l v e s u p w i t h t h e s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s a n d t h e fascists t o a t t a c k the r e v o l u t i o n , M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism and c o m m u n i s m jointly, w i t h all their weapons. T h e capitalists are o v e r j o y e d t h a t t h e y are p r e p a r i n g n e w a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f t h e i r a f f a i r s t o g r a d u a l l y r e p l a c e the social-democrats, w h o s e l o n g service i n the a p p a r a t u s e s o f the b o u r g e o i s state a n d o p e n s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e cause o f s o c i a l i s m i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s , has l e d t h e m i n t o t h e r a n k s o f e x t r e m e r e a c t i o n a n d c o m p r o m i s e d t h e m d e e p l y i n t h e eyes o f t h e w o r k e r s . T o d a y the s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t s h a v e b e c o m e i d e n t i f i e d , not o n l y i d e o l o g i c a l l y a n d p o l i t i c a l l y , b u t also f r o m t h e s o c i a l v i e w p o i n t , w i t h the b i g b o u r g e o i s i e . N o w the b o u r g e o i s i e has great hopes t h a t the E u r o c o m m u n i s t r e v i s i o n i s t s w i l l become t h e m a i n g u a r d i a n s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r , t h e b a n n e r - b e a r e r s o f c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n . B u t t h e great l o r d s o f c a p i t a l are a l i t t l e h a s t y i n b e a t i n g t h e v i c t o r y d r u m . F o r m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y n o w , c o m m u n i s m has b e e n terrifying the capitalist bourgeoisie and land-owners, i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d o p p o r t u n i s t s , a n d renegades f r o m M a r x i s m Leninism. F o r more than a hundred years M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m has b e e n g u i d i n g t h e p r o l e t a r i a n s i n t h e i r b a t t l e s t o o v e r t h r o w c a p i t a l i s m a n d f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f s o c i a l i s m . Its banner waved triumphant for a long time in m a n y countries, a n d t h e w o r k e r s , peasants, people's i n t e l l e c t u a l s , w o m e n and the y o u t h had savoured the fruits of that h u m a n life of freedom, justice and equality for w h i c h
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTICOMMUNISM
793
M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n had fought. A l t h o u g h s o c i a l i s m has b e e n o v e r t h r o w n i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d other countries where the counter-revolution triumphed, t h i s does n o t p r o v e t h a t M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m has b e e n defeated a n d invalidated, as the bourgeoisie and the revisionists claim. T h e g r e a t l e a d e r s o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , M a r x a n d L e n i n , p o i n t e d out a n d stressed t h a t the r e v o l u t i o n is n o t a triumphant m a r c h in a straight line. It w i l l have victories b u t also s e t b a c k s ; i t a d v a n c e s i n zigzags a n d m o u n t s step b y step. T h e h i s t o r y o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f h u m a n society s h o w s t h a t t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f one s o c i a l s y s t e m b y a n o t h e r , h i g h e r s y s t e m , i s not done w i t h i n one day, but covers a w h o l e h i s t o r i c a l epoch. I n m a n y instances a n d i n m a n y countries the bourgeois revolutions, w h i c h replaced t h e f e u d a l s y s t e m o f e x p l o i t a t i o n w i t h the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m o f e x p l o i t a t i o n , w e r e u n a b l e t o escape t h e c o u n t e r revolution, either. An example of this is France, w h e r e the b o u r g e o i s r e v o l u t i o n , a l t h o u g h i t w a s t h e m o s t profound and radical revolution of the time, was unable t o e s t a b l i s h a n d c o n s o l i d a t e the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r i m m e d i a tely. A f t e r t h e i n i t i a l v i c t o r y o f 1789, the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d the w o r k i n g masses h a d t o rise a g a i n i n r e v o l u t i o n t o o v e r t h r o w the f e u d a l m o n a r c h y o f the B o u r b o n s a n d the f e u d a l s y s t e m i n g e n e r a l a n d f i n a l l y restore the b o u r g e o i s o r d e r . T h e e p o c h o f p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n s has j u s t b e g u n . T h e a d v e n t o f s o c i a l i s m represents a n h i s t o r i c a l necessity w h i c h results f r o m the o b j e c t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f society. This is inevitable. The counter-revolutions which have been c a r r i e d out a n d t h e obstacles w h i c h e m e r g e can p r o l o n g t h e existence o f t h e o l d e x p l o i t i n g s y s t e m t o some extent, b u t t h e y a r e p o w e r l e s s t o h a l t the m a r c h o f h u m a n society t o w a r d s its socialist f u t u r e . E u r o c o m m u n i s m l a b o u r s to r a i s e a b a r r i e r of t h o r n s a n d b r a m b l e s t o the r e v o l u t i o n , i n o r d e r t o d e f e n d the
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c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m . B u t the f l a m e s o f the r e v o l u t i o n h a v e s w e p t o v e r a n d d e s t r o y e d n o t o n l y s u c h b a r r i e r s , b u t also w h o l e fortresses e r e c t e d b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . The revisionists and the Eurocommunists in particular, are n o t the f i r s t t o a t t a c k M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d t o p r o n o u n c e t h e g r a v e s t a n a t h e m a s against i t . B o u r g e o i s reaction and the imperialists have massacred, imprisoned, tortured and k i l l e d hundreds of thousands of communists a n d f i g h t e r s f o r the r e v o l u t i o n , w h o h a d e m b r a c e d t h e ideas o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d f o u g h t f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples. T h e fascists h a v e b u r n e d the b o o k s o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n i n t h e c i t y squares, a n d i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s s t i l l people are sent t o the f i r i n g s q u a d w h e n i t i s d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e y r e a d t h e i r books o r w h i s p e r t h e i r n a m e s w i t h h o p e a n d a d m i r a t i o n , e v e n i n secret. N o l i b r a r y c o u l d h o l d a l l the books, magazines, n e w s p a p e r s a n d o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s w h i c h a t t a c k M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , n o one c a n c a l c u l a t e o r e v e n i m a g i n e t h e q u a n t i t y a n d e x t e n t o f the a n t i - c o m m u n i s t p r o p a g a n d a of imperialism. N e v e r t h e l e s s , M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m has not d i s a p p e a r e d ; it is l i v i n g a n d flourishing as an ideology a n d a reality, m a t e r i a l i z e d i n the socialist social s y s t e m c o n s t r u c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o its teachings. E x e m p l i f y i n g t h i s a r e socialist A l b a n i a , t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties, a n d those m i l l i o n s a n d m i l l i o n s o f w o r k e r s a n d peasants w h o are f i g h t i n g e v e r y d a y f o r the o v e r t h r o w o f the bourgeoisie, f o r d e m o c r a c y a n d n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n . N o force, n o t o r t u r e , n o i n t r i g u e , n o d e c e p t i o n c a n e r a d i c a t e M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m f r o m the minds a n d hearts of m a n k i n d . T h e d o c t r i n e o f M a r x a n d L e n i n i s n o t a scheme d r a f t e d i n t h e studies o f p h i l o s o p h e r s a n d p o l i t i c i a n s . I t i s a r e f l e c t i o n of t h e o b j e c t i v e l a w s of the d e v e l o p m e n t of society. E v e n w i t h o u t k n o w i n g M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the w o r k i n g people s t r u g g l e t o escape f r o m o p p r e s s i o n a n d
795
e x p l o i t a t i o n , t o o v e r t h r o w t h e bosses a n d t y r a n t s , i n order to live in freedom and enjoy the fruits of their toil. B u t b y a c q u a i n t i n g t h e m s e l v e s w i t h the t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d Stalin, they f i n d the right r o a d in the struggle, f i n d t h e compass w h i c h g u i d e s t h e m i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t j u n g l e a n d g a i n t h e l i g h t w h i c h s h o w s t h e m the c e r t a i n socialist f u t u r e . T h e r e v i s i o n i s t s w a n t t o s m a s h t h i s compass o f t h e w o r k e r s , w a n t t o d i m t h i s l i g h t s o t h a t t h e y lose t h i s perspective. U n t i l recently the revisionist parties of the West were united in the K h r u s h c h e v i t e - i m p e r i a l i s t anti-communist c a m p a i g n against Stalin. T h e y spoke w i t h great enthusiasm about liberation f r o m Stalinism, allegedly to return to Leninism, which, according to them, had been d i s t o r t e d b y S t a l i n . N o w t h e y p r e a c h a b a n d o n i n g Leninism in order to go back to the founders of scientific socialism M a r x a n d Engels. T h e s e renegades a r e t r y i n g t o p r e s e n t t h e i r r a p i d descent d o w n t h e steps o f b e t r a y a l o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m as a p a i n f u l ascent of t h e m o u n t a i n to f i n d t h e s o u r c e of the communist truth. However, all revisionists, whether Khrushchevite or Eurocommunist, fight w i t h equal ferocity and c u n n i n g b o t h a g a i n s t S t a l i n a n d against L e n i n a n d Marx. T h e i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e i r f i r e against S t a l i n , l e a v i n g L e n i n o u t o f i t f o r the t i m e b e i n g , w a s s i m p l y tactical. T h e i r class l o g i c t o l d t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d r e visionists t h a t a t t h e g i v e n m o m e n t i t w a s p r e f e r a b l e f i r s t to destroy socialism in the Soviet U n i o n , first to attack M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m where it had been applied in practice. The b o u r g e o i s i e a n d r e a c t i o n u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e c a p i t a l i s t degeneration o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n w o u l d g r e a t l y assist t h e i r struggle t o b r i n g a b o u t t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n o f c o m m u n i s t parties w h i c h w e r e n o t i n p o w e r .
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T h e name and w o r k of S t a l i n were l i n k e d w i t h the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the state o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialism i n that country. B y denigrating S t a l i n a n d the social s y s t e m f o r w h i c h h e f o u g h t a n d w o r k e d t h r o u g h o u t his life, reaction a n d all the anti-communist scum w a n t e d t o d e s t r o y n o t o n l y the greatest a n d m o s t p o w e r f u l base o f s o c i a l i s m , b u t also t h e c o m m u n i s t d r e a m o f h u n d r e d s and hundreds of millions of people throughout the w o r l d . W i t h their attack on S t a l i n and his w o r k , they w a n t e d to create a n a t m o s p h e r e o f p e s s i m i s m a m o n g the f i g h t e r s f o r the r e v o l u t i o n , the b i t t e r d i s a p p o i n t m e n t o f someone w h o u n w i t t i n g l y has b e e n g u i d e d b y a false i d e a l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , despite a l l the g r e a t hopes t h e y h a d p i n n e d o n the c a m p a i g n against S t a l i n , despite t h e v i c t o r y o f the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n i n the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , the r e v o l u t i o n w a s n o t c o n q u e r e d , M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m w a s not e l i m i n a t e d , a n d s o c i a l i s m w a s not s n u f f e d out. T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e b e t r a y a l w a s a m a j o r one, but it could never p u l l d o w n the glorious banner of Marxism-Leninism which the genuine revolutionaries, m i l l i o n s o f people w h o b e l i e v e i n its i n e x h a u s t i b l e p o w e r , always hold high. While Khrushchevism was unmasked as a c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e o l o g y of the r e s t o r a t i o n of capitalism and as a great power p o l i c y for the d o m i n a t i o n o f the w o r l d , M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m r e m a i n e d the i d e o l o g y w h i c h leads t o t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the l i b e r a t i o n of the peoples. N o w t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e t u r n e d against L e n i n i s m . I t i s n a t u r a l t o a s k : w h y i s t h i s a t t a c k against L e n i n i s m u n d e r t a k e n a n d w h y a r e p r e c i s e l y t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s the standard-bearers of this attack? L i k e K h r u s h c h e v , w h o w i t h h i s a t t a c k against S t a l i n w a n t e d t o attack t h e t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e o f t h e construct i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , w i t h t h e i r attack
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o n L e n i n , w a n t t o a t t a c k t h e t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e o f the proletarian revolution. The w o r k of Lenin is very wideranging, but it is closely l i n k e d precisely w i t h the p r e p a r a tion a n d c a r r y i n g out of the revolution. Therefore, like K h r u s h c h e v w h o c o u l d n o t d e s t r o y s o c i a l i s m i n the Soviet U n i o n w i t h o u t getting r i d of Stalin, the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s c a n n o t t h o r o u g h l y u n d e r m i n e a n d sabotage the revolution w i t h o u t eradicating L e n i n f r o m the minds and hearts o f t h e w o r k i n g people. In the struggle to deny and denigrate M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism, t h e b o u r g e o i s i e has a l w a y s h a d t h e s u p p o r t o f o p p o r t u n i s t s a n d renegades o f e v e r y k i n d a n d e v e r y hue, a c c o r d i n g t o the t i m e . A l l o f t h e m h a v e p r o c l a i m e d t h e end o f M a r x i s m . T h e y h a v e d e s c r i b e d i t a s u n s u i t a b l e f o r the n e w t i m e s , w h i l e t h e y h a v e a d v e r t i s e d t h e i r m o d e r n ideas as t h e science of t h e f u t u r e . B u t w h a t b e c a m e of Proudhon, Lassalle, B a k u n i n , Bernstein, K a u t s k y , T r o t s k y a n d t h e i r s u p p o r t e r s ? H i s t o r y has n o t h i n g p o s i t i v e t o s a y about t h e m . T h e i r p r e a c h i n g s h a v e s e r v e d o n l y t o h o l d back a n d sabotage t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o u n d e r m i n e the struggle o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d s o c i a l i s m . T h e y w e r e defeated i n the s t r u g g l e w i t h M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d ended u p i n the r u b b i s h basket. F r o m t i m e t o t i m e n e w o p p o r t u n i s t s d r a g t h e m out o f t h i s basket, t r y i n g t o peddle t h e b a n k r u p t a n d d i s c r e d i t e d f o r m u l a e a n d theses o f the l a t t e r a s t h e i r o w n a n d t o oppose M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism. T h i s i s w h a t t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s are d o i n g t o d a y . T h e Eurocommunists are not the first and by no means o r i g i n a l i n t h e i r e f f o r t s t o negate M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism o n t h e g r o u n d s t h a t i t i s outdated a n d t h a t a l l e g e d l y new t h e o r i e s h a v e b e e n d i s c o v e r e d f o r e v e r y o n e , p r o letarians a n d b o u r g e o i s , p r i e s t s a n d police, to go o v e r to socialism together, w i t h o u t class s t r u g g l e , w i t h o u t r e v olution, w i t h o u t t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . O u r P a r t y o f L a b o u r l o n g ago a n a l y s e d a n d u n m a s k e d
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t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t theories a n d c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n s o f t h e Y u g o s l a v a n d S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s . I t has also r e f u t e d the opportunist a n d bourgeois v i e w s a n d stands of the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s . I t has n o t r e f r a i n e d f r o m c r i t i c i z i n g the i d e o l o g i c a l a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l d e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e , e i t h e r . I n t h i s book, h o w e v e r , w e s h a l l d e a l i n greater d e t a i l w i t h t h e e x a m i n a t i o n a n d c r i t i c i s m o f t h e a n t i - c o m m u n i s t concepts a n d theses o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t c u r r e n t w h i c h i s d o i n g g r e a t h a r m t o t h e cause o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m n o t o n l y i n E u r o p e , b u t t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . Its c a p i t a l i s t godfathers have baptized this trend of m o d e r n revisionism Eurocommunism, whereas for us Marxist-Leninists it is anti-communism.
THE NEW IMPERIALIST STRATEGY AND THE BIRTH OF MODERN REVISIONISM
O p p o r t u n i s m a P e r m a n e n t A l l y of the Bourgeoisie T h e b i r t h of m o d e r n revisionism, l i k e the b i r t h of t h e o l d r e v i s i o n i s m , is a s o c i a l p h e n o m e n o n c o n d i t i o n e d by. m a n y d i f f e r e n t h i s t o r i c a l , e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l a n d o t h e r causes. T a k e n as a w h o l e , it is a p r o d u c t of t h e p r e s s u r e of t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o n t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its s t r u g g l e . F r o m the moment they first appeared to this day, opportunism a n d revisionism have been closely l i n k e d w i t h the struggle of the bourgeoisie and i m p e r i a l i s m against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , h a v e b e e n a c o n s t i t u e n t p a r t of the capitalist grand strategy to undermine the r e v o l u t i o n a n d p e r p e t u a t e the b o u r g e o i s o r d e r . T h e m o r e t h e cause o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n has a d v a n c e d , a n d t h e m o r e M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m has b e e n s p r e a d a m o n g t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e w o r k i n g people, s o m u c h t h e g r e a t e r h a s b e e n the a t t e n t i o n w h i c h i m p e r i a l i s m has d e v o t e d t o t h e use o f r e v i s i o n i s m a s its f a v o u r i t e w e a p o n t o oppose a n d undermine the t r i u m p h a n t ideology of the proletariat. T h i s i s w h a t h a p p e n e d a t the b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e 19th c e n t u r y , a f t e r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e Communist Manifesto and other w o r k s of M a r x and Engels, a n d the g r o w t h of the influence of M a r x i s m a m o n g
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the w o r k i n g masses o f E u r o p e . P r e c i s e l y a t t h i s t i m e reformist trade-unionist currents were spread in B r i t a i n , the petty-bourgeois views of P r o u d h o n in France, the p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s concepts o f L a s s a l l e i n G e r m a n y , t h e a n a r c h i s t ideas o f B a k u n i n i n R u s s i a a n d e l s e w h e r e , a n d so on. This phenomenon appeared again after the heroic events o f the C o m m u n e o f P a r i s , w h e n the b o u r g e o i s i e , m o r t a l l y a f r a i d o f the s p r e a d o f the great e x a m p l e i t set, e n c o u r a g e d t h e n e w o p p o r t u n i s t t r e n d o f B e r n s t e i n , w h o t r i e d t o s t r i p M a r x i s m o f its r e v o l u t i o n a r y c o n t e n t and m a k e it harmless to the political domination of the i m p e r i a l i s t bourgeoisie. A t the b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 20th c e n t u r y , w h e n t h e political and economic conditions were becoming more a n d m o r e r i p e f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the s e i z u r e o f p o w e r b y the p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e b o u r g e o i s i e g a v e a l l - o u t s u p p o r t t o the o p p o r t u n i s t t r e n d o f the S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d u s e d i t e x t e n s i v e l y i n its m a n o e u v r e s f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a n d l a u n c h i n g o f the F i r s t W o r l d W a r . A f t e r the h i s t o r i c v i c t o r y o f the O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n , w h e n socialism was transformed f r o m a revolutionary theory and m o v e m e n t into a socio-economic system w h i c h h a d t r i u m p h e d i n one s i x t h o f the w o r l d , c a p i t a l i s m w a s f o r c e d t o a l t e r its s t r a t e g y a n d tactics. I n t e r n a l l y , i t stepped u p its v i o l e n c e a n d t e r r o r e v e n f u r t h e r , b e g a n t o use the most f e r o c i o u s m e a n s t o s t r e n g t h e n its r u l e e v e n by bringing fascism to power. First of all, it further w h i p p e d u p its d e m a g o g y a n d p r o p a g a n d a i n o r d e r t o denigrate and distort M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m by i n v e n t i n g n e w , p s e u d o - M a r x i s t theories, b y s l a n d e r i n g t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d p r e p a r i n g f o r w a r against it. A t t h a t t i m e L e n i n wrote that i m p e r i a l i s m ,
...just because it feels that Bolshevism has become a world force, is trying to throttle us as
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fast as possible in the hope of dealing first with the Russian Bolsheviks, and then with its own.*
I n 1918 the B r i t i s h , A m e r i c a n , F r e n c h a n d J a p a n e s e imperialists began their m i l i t a r y intervention in Russia. T h e s t r u g g l e against the f i r s t state o f w o r k e r s a n d peasants b r o u g h t a l l t h e r e a c t i o n a r y forces i n t o a single c a m p . T h e o p p o r t u n i s t s a n d renegades f r o m M a r x i s m also h u r l e d themselves into the attack on the October R e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a n state p o w e r . K a u t s k y i n G e r many, Otto Bauer and K a r l Renner in Austria, Leon B l u m a n d P a u l B o n c o u r t i n F r a n c e , rose i n f u r y against the October R e v o l u t i o n and the Leninist strategy and t a c t i c s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e y c a l l e d the O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n u n l a w f u l , a d i v e r s i o n f r o m t h e course o f h i s t o r i c a l development and a deviation f r o m the M a r x i s t theory. T h e y preached the peaceful revolution without violence a n d b l o o d s h e d , the t a k i n g o f p o w e r t h r o u g h t h e m a j o r i t y i n p a r l i a m e n t : t h e y w e r e against t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n t o a r u l i n g class. T h e y p r a i s e d b o u r g e o i s democracy to the heavens and attacked the dictatorship of the proletariat. W h e n t h e a r m e d i n t e r v e n t i o n against S o v i e t R u s s i a f a i l e d a n d w h e n s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y w a s u n a b l e t o stop t h e c r e a t i o n o f n e w c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s a n d t h e great r e v o l u t i o n a r y d r i v e o f t h e w o r k i n g masses o f E u r o p e , t h e b o u r geoisie p i n n e d a l l its hopes o n b r e a c h i n g t h e c o m m u n i s t front ...from within and is looking for champions among the leaders of the RCP (B).** T h e T r o t s k y i t e s a g a i n b r o u g h t u p the t h e o r y o f permanent revolution, according to w h i c h socialism could
_________________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n . Collected Works, v o l . 28, p. 239, A l b . ed. ** J. V. S t a l i n . Works, v o l . 6, p. 278, A l b . ed.
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not b e b u i l t i n the S o v i e t U n i o n w i t h o u t the t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n i n other c o u n t r i e s . T h e y a m a l g a m a t e d i n a single f r o n t w i t h the s t r u g g l e o f the b o u r g e o i s i e a g a i n s t socialism. S t a l i n v e r y correctly pointed out that a single e n e m y f r o n t h a d been created, i n c l u d i n g e v e r y b o d y , f r o m C h a m b e r l a i n t o T r o t s k y . T h e r i g h t i s t s , the B u k h a r i n i t e s also w e n t o n the a t t a c k a g a i n s t s o c i a l i s m . T h e y w e r e f o r e x t i n g u i s h i n g t h e class s t r u g g l e , a n d p r e a c h e d t h e possibility of the integration of capitalism into socialism. T h e strategy o f i m p e r i a l i s m a s s u m e d a m o r e m a r k e d c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d a n t i - c o m m u n i s t c h a r a c t e r , espec i a l l y a f t e r the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , a s a r e s u l t o f t h e a l t e r a t i o n i n t h e r a t i o o f forces i n f a v o u r o f s o c i a l i s m a n d the revolution, w h i c h shook the w h o l e capitalist s y s t e m t o its f o u n d a t i o n s . T h e s e changes p u t the q u e s t i o n o f t h e revolution and the t r i u m p h of socialism on the order of t h e day, n o l o n g e r i n j u s t one o r t w o c o u n t r i e s , b u t i n w h o l e regions a n d c o n t i n e n t s . I m p e r i a l i s m , h e a d e d b y A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , t h i s t i m e b a s e d its greatest h o p e o n the m i l i t a r i z a t i o n o f the w h o l e o f its l i f e , o n m i l i t a r y blocs a n d pacts, o n v i o l e n t i n t e r v e n t i o n a n d o p e n w a r against s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s o f the peoples. H o w e v e r , i t p i n n e d v e r y great hopes also o n t h e i n v i g o r a t i o n a n d a c t i v a t i o n o f a l l the o p p o r t u n i s t forces i n o r d e r t o u n d e r m i n e t h e socialist c o u n t r i e s a n d c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s f r o m w i t h i n a n d to b r i n g about their degeneration.
T h e V i c t o r y over F a s c i s m and the Counter-offensive of Imperialism The imperialist powers and the whole of w o r l d capitali s m encouraged and launched the Second W o r l d W a r w i t h t h e a i m o f d i r e c t i n g i t against the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d
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s o c i a l i s m . T h i s w a r , h o w e v e r , not o n l y f a i l e d t o o v e r t h r o w the f i r s t socialist state, b u t also dealt i m p e r i a l i s m h e a v y b l o w s , c a u s i n g i t great d a m a g e w h i c h p u t its w h o l e s y s t e m in jeopardy. N o t o n l y w e r e the a r m i e s o f f a s c i s m r o u t e d o n the battlefield, but the anti-communist ideology of w o r l d i m perialism and the counterrevolutionary policy of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i s m w e r e defeated, too. T h e fascist p o w e r s , G e r m a n y , Italy, Japan, w h i c h comprised the m a i n s t r i k i n g forces o f the a t t a c k o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l i s m o n s o c i a l i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m , w e r e defeated. T h e B r i t i s h a n d F r e n c h empires, w h i c h up t i l l that time h a d been the big noises i n w o r l d p o l i t i c s , d e c l i n e d i n p o w e r a n d w e i g h t a n d t a i l e d a l o n g b e h i n d t h e p o l i c y o f t h e U n i t e d States o f America. The anti-communist front was thoroughly b r e a c h e d a n d t h e c o r d o n s a n i t a i r e set u p against the Soviet U n i o n was smashed to smithereens. T h e Soviet U n i o n , w h i c h carried the m a i n burden of t h e w a r a n d p l a y e d a decisive r o l e i n the v i c t o r y o v e r f a s c i s m a n d the l i b e r a t i o n o f e n s l a v e d peoples, e m e r g e d f r o m the w a r strong and w i t h an indisputable internat i o n a l prestige. I n t h e g r e a t c l a s h w i t h i m p e r i a l i s m , the socialist s y s t e m g a v e h i s t o r i c a l p r o o f o f its s u p e r i o r i t y , stability and invincibility. As a result of the conditions w h i c h were created a n d their anti-fascist national l i b e r a t i o n w a r l e d b y t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s , a series o f o t h e r c o u n t r i e s b r o k e a w a y f r o m the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m a n d set o u t o n t h e r o a d t o s o c i a l i s m . T h e socialist c a m p w a s c r e a t e d a n d t h i s w a s t h e greatest e v e n t a f t e r t h e O c t o b e r Revolution. T h e communist parties of a l l countries had an unprec e d e n t e d g r o w t h . S t a n d i n g i n the f o r e f r o n t o f t h e f i g h t against f a s c i s m , t h e y h a d p r o v e d t h r o u g h t h e b l o o d o f t h e i r m e m b e r s a n d t h e i r s t a n d s t h a t t h e y w e r e the p o l i t i c a l forces m o s t c o n s i s t e n t l y l o y a l t o t h e interests o f
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the peoples a n d the nations, the m o s t resolute f i g h t e r s f o r freedom, democracy and progress. Marxism-Leninism s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t the w h o l e w o r l d , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t e x t e n d e d its a u t h o r i t y a n d i n f l u e n c e t o a l l continents. T h e great ideas o f f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n , w h i c h i n s p i r e d the a n t i f a s c i s t w a r , p e r v a d e d not o n l y E u r o p e , b u t also A s i a , A f r i c a a n d t h e L a t i n A m e r i c a n continent. T h e victory over fascism and the c r e a t i o n o f the socialist c a m p a w a k e n e d t h e peoples i n t h e colonies. T h e c o l o n i a l s y s t e m o f i m p e r i a l i s m e n t e r e d its greatest crisis. T h e p o w e r f u l n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t i n the colonies, w h i c h a c c o u n t e d f o r a l m o s t h a l f o f m a n k i n d , b u r s t out l i k e a v o l c a n o . T h e r e a r o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t system, the c o l o n i a l a n d s e m i - c o l o n i a l r e g i m e s b e g a n t o collapse. W e a k e n e d b y a l l these defeats, t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s y s t e m b e g a n to be s h a k e n to its f o u n d a t i o n s . A l l these changes c o n s t i t u t e d a great v i c t o r y , n o t o n l y f o r the S o v i e t U n i o n , n o t o n l y f o r t h e c o u n t r i e s o f people's democracy, n o t o n l y f o r t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d , b u t also f o r t h e i m m o r t a l t h e o r y o f M a r x . E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d Stalin, the vitality and accuracy of w h i c h was confirmed once a g a i n w i t h n e w f o r c e i n t h e greatest w a r w h i c h m a n k i n d has seen t o t h i s day, d u r i n g w h i c h t w o w o r l d s the socialist w o r l d a n d the c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d , clashed. A l l the c h a n g e s w h i c h o c c u r r e d after the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r p r o v e d i n p r a c t i c e t h e theses o f M a r x a n d L e n i n t h a t t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d w a s i n decay a n d h e a d i n g f o r collapse, w h i l e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m w e r e o n t h e ascent. I t w a s these great v i c t o r i e s o f s o c i a l i s m , t h e peoples, and the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory w h i c h compelled w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m t o d r a f t its n e w d e f e n s i v e a n d o f f e n s i v e s t r a t e g y i n o r d e r t o resist t h e m o u n t i n g w a v e s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the s t r u g g l e o f t h e peoples, i n o r d e r t o p r o p U p the s h a k y foundations of the capitalist system.
805
T h e j o i n t line, w h i c h the i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s w o r k e d out a f t e r the w a r , w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t w o f u n d a m e n t a l directions: First , t h e y m o b i l i z e d a l l t h e i r forces, e v e r y m e a n s a t their disposal to restore their economic, political and m i l i t a r y potential damaged by the war, to strengthen the capitalist system w h i c h was being shaken by the g r e a t a t t a c k o f people's r e v o l u t i o n a r y l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s . T h e y set t o w o r k t o c o n s o l i d a t e t h e e x i s t i n g a n t i - c o m m u n i s t a l l i a n c e s a n d t o f o r m n e w ones, a n d m a d e great efforts to preserve colonialism by means of neo-colonialism. A f t e r the Second W o r l d War, A m e r i c a n imperialism f o u n d itself in a d o m i n a t i n g position f r o m the point of v i e w o f e c o n o m i c p o w e r , a n d t o some e x t e n t f r o m t h e military viewpoint, in regard to Europe and Asia which were ruined by the war. The militarized A m e r i c a n econo m y w a s v e r y p o w e r f u l . T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a t r i e d t o e s t a b l i s h its e c o n o m i c , m i l i t a r y a n d p o l i t i c a l h e gemony over the whole w o r l d , w i t h the overriding a i m o f e n c i r c l i n g a n d w e a k e n i n g the S o v i e t U n i o n , w h i c h e m e r g e d t r i u m p h a n t f r o m the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r a n d w h i c h c e r t a i n l y w o u l d b e q u i c k l y r e s t o r e d f r o m the e c o n o m i c aspect a n d w o u l d assist i n t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d p r o g r e s s o f t h e n e w states o f people's d e m o c r a c y , w h i c h had been created in E u r o p e a n d A s i a . To this end, the i m p e r i a l i s t tactics o f t h e p o l i t i c a l - i d e o l o g i c a l s t r u g g l e a n d the e c o n o m i c s t r u g g l e , a s w e l l a s the m i l i t a r y tactics, w e r e b u i l t u p . T h e l a t t e r w e r e t h e f u r t h e r c o n t i n u a t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n p l a n s w o r k e d o u t d u r i n g the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , those p l a n s w h i c h h a d m a d e t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a great p o w e r f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m o d e r n weapons, as w e l l as for the discovery a n d production of the a t o m i c b o m b , w h i c h w a s d r o p p e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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ENVER HOXHA
T h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a b e c a m e the l e a d e r s h i p of the capitalist w o r l d a n d took u p o n itself the role of its saviour. T h u s t h e p r e t e n t i o n s o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m to w o r l d domination were placed on the agenda. The victory in the Second W o r l d War, declared H a r r y T r u m a n , w h o replaced F r a n k l i n Roosevelt as president, faced t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e w i t h t h e p e r m a n e n t a n d u r g e n t t a s k o f b e c o m i n g t h e w o r l d leader. I n essence t h i s w a s a c a l l f o r s t r u g g l e against t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l ism, to w i n new dominant economic and m i l i t a r y positions t h r o u g h o u t the w h o l e w o r l d , t o r e s t o r e its p a r t n e r s a n d t o save the c o l o n i a l s y s t e m . I n o r d e r t o r e a l i z e t h i s strategy, U N R R A w a s used, t h e M a r s h a l l P l a n w a s d r a f t e d , N A T O w a s created, a n d o t h e r a g g r e s s i v e blocs o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m w e r e set u p . Second , the f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s t i o n f o r c a p i t a l w a s t o b u i l d u p t h e u n d e r m i n i n g w o r k against t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n ist i d e o l o g y o n a l l f r o n t s , i n o r d e r t o r e m o v e t h e m o s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y s e c t i o n o f the w o r k i n g p e o p l e f r o m i t s i n f l u e n c e , a n d to cause the d e g e n e r a t i o n of s o c i a l i s m . A l o n g w i t h the u n r e s t r a i n e d a r m a m e n t s race, t h e m i l i t a r i z a t i o n o f t h e e c o n o m y a n d the e c o n o m i c b l o c k a d e s against t h e socialist c o u n t r i e s , i m p e r i a l i s m also m o b i l i z e d m a n y m e a n s o f p r o p a g a n d a , p h i l o s o p h e r s , economists, sociologists, w r i t e r s a n d h i s t o r i a n s f o r t h e f u r i o u s c a m p a i g n against t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m , i n o r d e r t o p r e s e n t c a p i t a l i s m a n d t h e c a p i t a l i s t state as c h a n g e d , as people's c a p i t a l i s m , as a state of g e n e r a l w e l l - b e i n g , etc. T h e b o u r g e o i s i e also e x p l o i t e d t h e f a v o u r a b l e p o s t - w a r economic c i r c u m s t a n c e s t o c l a m o u r a b o u t t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f c a p i t a l i s m , t o s p r e a d i l l u s i o n s a m o n g t h e masses a b o u t the e l i m i n a t i o n o f crises, a n a r c h y , u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d o t h e r ills of capitalism, about the alleged superiority of capitali s m o v e r s o c i a l i s m , w h i c h w a s p r e s e n t e d as a t o t a l i t a r i a n o r d e r b e h i n d the i r o n c u r t a i n , etc.
807
I n o r d e r t o h i n d e r the p e o p l e s ' l i b e r a t i o n struggle, to strangle the proletarian revolution, to destroy socialism, a n d d e f e n d a n d c o n s o l i d a t e its o w n p o s i t i o n , t h e b o u r geoisie i n the m o m e n t s o f its a g o n y a n d the g e n e r a l c r i s i s o f its c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m , incites, encourages a n d sets i n motion the various opportunist and revisionist currents, along w i t h other means. These enemies of the proletariat a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n set t o w o r k w i t h a l l t h e i r s t r e n g t h , f i r s t o f a l l , t o a t t a c k M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the i d e o l o g y w h i c h m a k e s t h e w o r k i n g class conscious o f its social s i t u a t i o n a n d its h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n , i n o r d e r t o d i s t o r t t h i s ideology, to m a k e it h a r m l e s s to the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d w o r t h l e s s t o the p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e n e w t r e n d s o f r e v i s i o n i s m w h i c h emerged after the Second W o r l d W a r and w h i c h w e r e c a l l e d f o r s h o r t m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m u n d e r t o o k this despicable role of betrayal. M o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , w h i c h i s t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f the a n t i - M a r x i s t theories of the parties of the Second Internat i o n a l , o f E u r o p e a n s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , a d a p t e d itself t o t h e t i m e s a f t e r t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r . I t has its source i n the hegemonic policy o f A m e r i c a n imperialism. A l l the variants and currents of m o d e r n revisionism have the same base a n d t h e s a m e strategy, a n d d i f f e r o n l y i n t h e tactics w h i c h t h e y a p p l y a n d the f o r m s o f s t r u g g l e w h i c h t h e y use. M o d e r n R e v i s i o n i s m in P o w e r a N e w W e a p o n of the Bourgeoisie against the R e v o l u t i o n and Socialism T h e first current w h i c h preceded i n p o w e r w a s Browderism . T h i s U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d f o r m e r g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y o f the USA, Earl Browder. the m o d e r n revisioncurrent was born in took its n a m e f r o m C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of
ism the the the
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I n 1944, w h e n the v i c t o r y o f t h e peoples o v e r f a s c i s m w a s c l e a r l y o n the h o r i z o n , B r o w d e r c a m e o u t p u b l i c l y w i t h a p r o g r a m w h i c h w a s r e f o r m i s t f r o m start t o f i n i s h . H e w a s the f i r s t h e r a l d o f t h a t l i n e o f i d e o l o g i c a l a n d political capitulation w h i c h A m e r i c a n imperialism was to s t r i v e t o i m p o s e o n t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s a n d the r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t . U n d e r the p r e t e x t o f the a l l e g e d c h a n g e i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f the d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l ism and the international situation, B r o w d e r proclaimed M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m outdated a n d c a l l e d it a s y s t e m of r i g i d d o g m a s a n d schemes. B r o w d e r a d v o c a t e d g i v i n g u p the class s t r u g g l e a n d c a l l e d for class c o n c i l i a t i o n on a n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l scale. H e t h o u g h t t h a t A m e r i c a n capitalism was no longer reactionary, that it could cure t h e i l l s o f b o u r g e o i s society, a n d c o u l d d e v e l o p i n d e m ocratic w a y s f o r t h e good o f the w o r k i n g people. H e no l o n g e r s a w s o c i a l i s m as an i d e a l , as an o b j e c t i v e to be a c h i e v e d . A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m w i t h its s t r a t e g y a n d p o l i c y h a d d i s a p p e a r e d c o m p l e t e l y f r o m his f i e l d o f v i s i o n . F o r B r o w d e r , the b i g m o n o p o l i e s , the p i l l a r s o f t h i s i m p e r i a l i s m , c o n s t i t u t e d a p r o g r e s s i v e force f o r the d e m ocratic, s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f the C o u n t r y . B r o w d e r d e n i e d the class c h a r a c t e r of the c a p i t a l i s t state, a n d c o n s i d e r e d A m e r i c a n society a u n i f i e d a n d h a r m o n ious society, w i t h o u t social a n t a g o n i s m s , a society in w h i c h u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d class c o - o p e r a t i o n p r e v a i l e d . O n t h e basis of these concepts B r o w d e r also d e n i e d the n e e d f o r the existence o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class. H e became a n i n i t i a t o r o f the d i s b a n d i n g o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a i n 1944. T h e C o m m u n i s t s , h e w r o t e , foresee t h a t t h e p r a c tical political aims they hold w i l l , for a long time, be in a g r e e m e n t o n a l l essential p o i n t s w i t h t h e a i m s o f a m u c h l a r g e r b o d y o f n o n - C o m m u n i s t s , a n d that, t h e r e f o r e , o u r p o l i t i c a l actions w i l l b e m e r g e d i n s u c h l a r g e r m o v e -
809
ments. T h e existence of a separate p o l i t i c a l p a r t y of c o m m u n i s t s , t h e r e f o r e , no l o n g e r serves a p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e b u t c a n be, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , a n obstacle t o t h e l a r g e r unity. T h e communists w i l l , therefore, dissolve their separate p o l i t i c a l p a r t y , a n d f i n d a n e w a n d d i f f e r e n t organizational form and name, corresponding more a c c u r a t e l y t o the t a s k s o f the d a y a n d t h e p o l i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e t h r o u g h w h i c h these tasks m u s t b e p e r f o r m e d . * B r o w d e r took the Conference of allied powers w h i c h w a s h e l d i n T e h r a n i n 1943 a s h i s s t a r t i n g p o i n t a n d j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r the f o r m u l a t i o n o f h i s b o u r g e o i s l i q u i d a t o ry theory and made a completely distorted and a n t i M a r x i s t analysis a n d interpretation of the results of this conference. B r o w d e r p r e s e n t e d t h e a g r e e m e n t o f the a n t i - f a s c i s t allies t o c a r r y t h e w a r a g a i n s t H i t l e r i t e G e r m a n y t h r o u g h to t h e e n d as t h e b e g i n n i n g of a n e w h i s t o r i c a l epoch, in w h i c h s o c i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s m h a d f o u n d the w a y t o c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h i n one a n d t h e same w o r l d , a s h e e x p r e s s e d it. B r o w d e r p r e s e n t e d it as a d u t y to e n s u r e that the s p i r i t o f c o - o p e r a t i o n a n d p e a c e f u l coexistence b e t w e e n the a l l i e d p o w e r s , w h i c h e m e r g e d f r o m T e h r a n , s h o u l d b e a p p l i e d n o t o n l y b e t w e e n t h e S o v i e t socialist state a n d those c a p i t a l i s t states, b u t also w i t h i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r y i n r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n a n t a g o n i s t i c classes. Class d i f f e r e n c e s a n d p o l i t i c a l g r o u p s n o w n o l o n g e r have a n y i m p o r t a n c e , s a i d B r o w d e r . H e c o n s i d e r e d t h e achievement of national unity, w i t h o u t incidents and in an a t m o s p h e r e of class peace, the sole o b j e c t i v e w h i c h the c o m m u n i s t s s h o u l d set themselves, a n d h e u n d e r s t o o d t h i s n a t i o n a l u n i t y as a b l o c u n i t i n g the g r o u p s of f i n a n c e capital, t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f m o n o p o l i s t s , t h e R e p u b l i c a n
_____________________________ * E. B r o w d e r , Tehran, Our Path in War and Peace, N e w Y o r k 1944, p. 117.
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a n d D e m o c r a t i c parties, a n d the c o m m u n i s t s a n d t r a d e union movements, all of w h i c h , without exception, he cons i d e r e d d e m o c r a t i c a n d p a t r i o t i c forces. F o r t h e sake o f t h i s u n i t y B r o w d e r d e c l a r e d t h a t c o m munists must be ready to sacrifice even their convictions, t h e i r i d e o l o g y a n d s p e c i a l interests, t h a t t h e A m e r i c a n communists have applied this rule to themselves first of all. The political aims w h i c h we h o l d w i t h the m a j o r i t y of the A m e r i c a n s , says he, w e w i l l a t t e m p t t o a d v a n c e through the existing p a r t y structure of our country, w h i c h i n the m a i n i s t h a t o f t h e p e c u l i a r l y A m e r i c a n ' t w o p a r t y system'. * C o n f u s e d b y the r e l a t i v e l y p e a c e f u l d e v e l o p m e n t o f A m e r i c a n capitalism f o l l o w i n g the w e l l - k n o w n reforms w h i c h the A m e r i c a n President Roosevelt undertook in o r d e r t o e m e r g e f r o m the e c o n o m i c c r i s i s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 30's, a s w e l l a s b y the r a p i d g r o w t h o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d e m p l o y m e n t d u r i n g the w a r p e r i o d , B r o w d e r d r e w the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l i s m h a d a l l e g e d l y been rejuvenated, that n o w it w o u l d develop w i t h o u t crises a n d w o u l d e n s u r e t h e r a i s i n g o f t h e g e n e r a l w e l l being, etc. He c o n s i d e r e d the A m e r i c a n e c o n o m i c s y s t e m to be a s y s t e m capable o f r e s o l v i n g a l l the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d problems of society and f u l f i l l i n g a l l the demands of the masses. H e e q u a t e d c o m m u n i s m w i t h A m e r i c a n i s m a n d d e c l a r e d t h a t c o m m u n i s m i s t h e A m e r i c a n i s m o f the 20th century. A c c o r d i n g to Browder, all the developed capitalist c o u n t r i e s c o u l d r e s o l v e e v e r y c o n f l i c t a n d g o g r a d u a l l y to socialism by using bourgeois democracy, for w h i c h A m e r i c a n democracy had to be the model. T h e r e f o r e , B r o w d e r c o n s i d e r e d t h a t the task o f A m e r i _________________________________ * E. B r o w d e r , Tehran, Our Path in War and Peace, N e w Y o r k 1944, p. 118.
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can communists was to ensure the n o r m a l functioning of the capitalist regime, and declared openly that they were ready to co-operate to ensure the efficient functioning of the capitalist regime in the post-war period, in order t o e n s u r e t h e greatest p o s s i b l e l i g h t e n i n g o f o b l i g a t i o n s w h i c h a r e a b u r d e n o n t h e people. A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , t h i s l i g h t e n i n g o f b u r d e n s w o u l d b e done b y t h e r e a s o n a ble A m e r i c a n capitalists, t o w h o m t h e c o m m u n i s t s m u s t extend the h a n d of friendship. I n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h h i s u l t r a - r i g h t i s t concepts a n d s u b m i t t i n g t o t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e bourgeoisie, a f t e r t h e d i s b a n d i n g o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n M a y 1944, B r o w d e r a n n o u n c e d t h e c r e a t i o n , in p l a c e of t h e p a r t y , of a c u l t u r a l a n d i l l u m i n i s t association c a l l e d t h e C o m m u n i s t P o l i t i c a l Association, justifying this w i t h the argument that the A m e r i c a n tradition allegedly demanded the e x i s t e n c e o f o n l y t w o p a r t i e s . T h i s association, o r g a n i z e d as a n e t w o r k of clubs, w a s to engage m a i n l y in a c t i v i t y of political education on a national, regional and local plane. T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h i s association s a y s : T h e C o m m u n i s t P o l i t i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n is a n o n - p a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n of A m e r i c a n s w h i c h , b a s i n g i t s e l f u p o n t h e w o r k i n g class, carries f o r w a r d the tradition of Washington, Jefferson P a i n e , J a c k s o n a n d L i n c o l n u n d e r the c h a n g e d c o n d i t i o n s o f m o d e r n i n d u s t r i a l society, t h a t t h i s association . . . u p h o l d s t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e , the U n i t e d States C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d its B i l l o f R i g h t s , a n d the a c h i e v e m e n t s of A m e r i c a n democracy against a l l the enemies of popular liberties. * B r o w d e r w i p e d o u t a l l t h e objectives o f the c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t . I n the p r o g r a m o f the A s s o c i a t i o n there is no mention of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the hegemony of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , the class s t r u g g l e , t h e r e v o l u t i o n or s o c i a l i s m . N a t i o n a l u n i t y , social peace, defence of the
____________________________________ * The Path to Peace, Progress and Prosperity, N e w Y o r k 1944, pp. 47, 48.
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b o u r g e o i s C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d the i n c r e a s e o f the c a p i t a l i s t p r o d u c t i o n became its o n l y objectives. I n this w a y , B r o w d e r w e n t o v e r f r o m o p e n r e v i s i o n o f the f u n d a m e n t a l s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y a n d tactics t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l liquidation of the communist movement in the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . A l t h o u g h t h e p a r t y w a s r e - f o r m e d a t i t s 13th C o n g r e s s i n J u n e 1945, a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i s t l i n e o f B r o w d e r w a s f o r m a l l y rejected, h i s i n f l u e n c e w a s never eliminated in the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of the U S A . L a t e r , e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r 1956, t h e ideas o f B r o w d e r f l o u r i shed a g a i n a n d J o h n H a y e s i n a n a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d T h e T i m e f o r C h a n g e H a s Come * , once a g a i n d e m a n d e d i n the spirit of B r o w d e r i s m the t u r n i n g of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of the U S A into a c u l t u r a l and propaganda associat i o n . A n d i n fact, t h a t i s w h a t t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f the U S A i s today, a n o r g a n i z a t i o n i n w h i c h the r e v i s i o n ism of B r o w d e r combined w i t h that of K h r u s h c h e v prevails. W i t h h i s r e v i s i o n i s t concepts a b o u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialism, B r o w d e r gave w o r l d capitalism direct aid. A c c o r d i n g t o B r o w d e r , s o c i a l i s m arises o n l y f r o m some great c a t a c l y s m , f r o m some catastrophe, a n d n o t a s a n inevitable result of historical development. We do not desire a n y c a t a s t r o p h e f o r A m e r i c a , e v e n i f s u c h a t h i n g w o u l d l e a d t o socialism, h e s a i d . W h i l e p r e s e n t i n g t h e prospect of the t r i u m p h of socialism as v e r y remote, he a d v o c a t e d class c o l l a b o r a t i o n i n A m e r i c a n society a n d throughout the w o r l d . A c c o r d i n g to h i m , the only alternative was that of development by evolution, through r e f o r m s a n d w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . A c c o r d i n g t o B r o w d e r , t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , w h i c h possessed colossal e c o n o m i c p o w e r a n d great
________________________________ * Political Affairs, October 1956.
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s c i e n t i f i c - t e c h n i c a l p o t e n t i a l , h a d to assist the peoples of the w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g the Soviet U n i o n , for their developm e n t . T h i s aid, s a i d B r o w d e r , w o u l d h e l p A m e r i c a m a i n t a i n h i g h rates o f p r o d u c t i o n a f t e r t h e w a r , e n s u r e w o r k for all, and preserve the national u n i t y for m a n y y e a r s . T o t h i s e n d , B r o w d e r a d v i s e d the m a g n a t e s o f W a s h i n g t o n t h a t t h e y s h o u l d set up a series of g i a n t industrial development corporations for the various dev a s t a t e d a n d u n d e v e l o p e d r e g i o n s o f the w o r l d , E u r o p e , A f r i c a , A s i a , L a t i n A m e r i c a . * If w e c a n face r e a l i t i e s w i t h o u t flinching, and revive in m o d e r n terms the grand tradition of Jefferson, Paine, and Lincoln, then A m e r i c a can face t h e w o r l d u n i t e d , a s s u m i n g a l e a d i n g p a r t . . . i n the salvation of mankind...** In this way, B r o w d e r b e c a m e t h e s p o k e s m a n a n d p r o p a g a n d i s t o f the g r a n d s t r a t e g y o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d its e x p a n s i o n i s t neo-colonialist theories and plans. B r o w d e r i s m d i r e c t l y assisted t h e M a r s h a l l P l a n t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a i m e d t o e s t a b l i s h its e c o n o m i c h e g e m o n y i n t h e d i f f e r e n t w a r d e v a s t a t e d c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e , A s i a , A f r i c a , etc. B r o w d e r a d v o c a t e d t h a t the c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d , a n d e s p e c i a l l y the c o u n t r i e s o f people's d e m o c r a c y a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , o u g h t t o s o f t e n t h e i r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p o l i c y a n d accept the a l t r u i s t i c a i d o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o h i m , has a colossal e c o n o m y a n d h u g e surpluses w h i c h c a n a n d s h o u l d serve a l l peoples(!). B r o w d e r t r i e d to present his a n t i - M a r x i s t and counterr e v o l u t i o n a r y v i e w s a s the g e n e r a l l i n e o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t . U n d e r the p r e t e x t o f the c r e a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f M a r x i s m a n d the s t r u g g l e against
________________________________ * The Path to Peace, Progress and Prosperity, N e w Y o r k 1944, p. 21. ** E. B r o w d e r , Tehran, Our Path in War and Peace, N e w Y o r k 1944, p. 128.
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d o g m a t i s m , he, l i k e a l l the e a r l i e r r e v i s i o n i s t s , t r i e d t o argue t h a t the n e w e p o c h a f t e r the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r required a communist movement w h i c h would examine its f o r m e r i d e o l o g i c a l c o n v i c t i o n s a n d r e l i n q u i s h its old formulas and prejudices, w h i c h , according to h i m , cannot h e l p u s a t a l l t o f i n d o u r w a y i n t h e n e w w o r l d . T h i s w a s a c a l l f o r r e j e c t i o n of the p r i n c i p l e s of M a r x i s m Leninism. Browder's views encountered the opposition of the c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s of s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s , as w e l l as of the revolutionary A m e r i c a n communists themselves. B r o w d e r ism was exposed relatively q u i c k l y as undisguised revisioni s m , as an o p e n l y l i q u i d a t i o n i s t c u r r e n t , as a d i r e c t i d e o l o gical agency of A m e r i c a n imperialism. B r o w d e r i s m d i d great d a m a g e t o the c o m m u n i s t a n d w o r k e r s ' m o v e m e n t o f the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d some L a t i n - A m e r i c a n countries. U p s e t s a n d splits o c c u r r e d i n some o f the o l d c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s o f L a t i n A m e r i c a , a n d these h a d t h e i r s o u r c e i n the a c t i v i t y o f o p p o r t u n i s t elements w h o , w e a r y o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e , g r a s p e d at any means w i t h w h i c h A m e r i c a n imperialism provided t h e m t o q u e l l t h e r e v o l t s o f t h e peoples a n d the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t o s p r e a d decay i n the p a r t i e s w h i c h w e r e w o r k i n g f o r the e d u c a t i o n a n d p r e p a r a t i o n o f the peoples f o r r e v olution. I n E u r o p e , B r o w d e r i s m d i d not h a v e the success i t h a d i n S o u t h A m e r i c a , a l t h o u g h this seed o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m w a s n o t l e f t u n a b s o r b e d b y those d i s g u i s e d a n t i - M a r x i s t a n d a n t i - L e n i n i s t r e f o r m i s t elements w h o w e r e awaiting or preparing the suitable moments to deviate o p e n l y f r o m the s c i e n t i f i c M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y . A l t h o u g h i n its o w n t i m e B r o w d e r i s m d i d not m a n a g e t o become a r e v i s i o n i s t c u r r e n t w i t h b r o a d i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o p o r t i o n s , t h e o t h e r m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s w h o came l a t e r r e v i v e d its v i e w s a n d m a d e t h e m t h e i r o w n . T h e s e v i e w s ,
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i n v a r i o u s f o r m s , r e m a i n the basis o f t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d ideological platforms of the Chinese and Yugoslav r e v i sionists, as w e l l as of t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s of Western Europe. N o t o n l y B r o w d e r i s m , b u t also Mao Zedong thought, the theories and line which the Chinese leadership followed , r e s p o n d e d t o the A m e r i c a n s t r a t e g y f o r r e s t r a i n i n g c o m m u n i s m a n d f o r the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the h e g e m o n y o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a o v e r t h e p o s t - w a r c a p i t a l ist w o r l d . A t the b e g i n n i n g o f 1945, a t the t i m e w h e n B r o w d e r a p p e a r e d o n t h e scene a n d w h e n a n e w A m e r i c a n s t r a t e g y u n d e r T r u m a n w a s a s s u m i n g its c o m p l e t e f o r m , the 7 t h Congress of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a was held in t h a t c o u n t r y . T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h t h i s congress a d o p t ed, states: T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a i s g u i d e d b y the ideas o f M a o Z e d o n g i n a l l its a c t i v i t y . C o m m e n t i n g o n t h i s d e c i s i o n , i n the r e p o r t w h i c h h e d e l i v e r e d a t t h e congress, L i u S h a o q i d e c l a r e d t h a t M a o Z e d o n g h a d a l l e g e d l y r e f u t e d m a n y o u t d a t e d concepts o f t h e M a r x i s t t h e o r y a n d r e p l a c e d t h e m w i t h n e w theses a n d conclusions. According to L i u Shaoqi, Mao Zedong had managed to give M a r x i s m a C h i n e s e f o r m . H e s a y s : T h e ideas o f M a o Z e d o n g are C h i n e s e M a r x i s m . T h e s e n e w theses a n d c o n c l u s i o n s , t h i s C h i n e s e form of M a r x i s m had nothing at all to do w i t h any creative a p p l i c a t i o n o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m i n the concrete c o n d i t i o n s of C h i n a , b u t w e r e a d e n i a l of its u n i v e r s a l f u n d a m e n t a l l a w s . M a o Z e d o n g a n d his c o m r a d e s h a d a bourgeois d e m o c r a t i c concept of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e revolution in C h i n a . T h e y were not for raising it to a socialist r e v o l u t i o n . F o r t h e m the m o d e l w a s t h e A m e r i can d e m o c r a c y a n d t h e y r e c k o n e d o n t h e s u p p o r t o f A m e r i c a n capital for the construction of new C h i n a .
816
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T h e r e w e r e great a f f i n i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e ideas o f M a o Z e d o n g a n d the o p p o r t u n i s t i d e a s o f B r o w d e r w h o , i t m u s t b e said, h a d s t u d i e d a n d t h o r o u g h l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t concepts o f t h e C h i n e s e leaders. B r o w d e r w r o t e : What is called the 'communist' camp in C h i n a , because i t i s l e d b y o u t s t a n d i n g m e m b e r s o f t h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , i s m u c h c l o s e r t o A m e r i c a n concepts of democracy than is the so-called K u o m i n t a n g c a m p ; it i s closer i n e v e r y w a y , i n c l u d i n g t h e w i d e r scope g i v e n t o ' f r e e e n t e r p r i s e ' i n e c o n o m i c life. * M a o Z e d o n g w a s f o r the u n r e s t r i c t e d f r e e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l i s m i n C h i n a i n t h e p e r i o d o f the state o f t h e type of new democracy, as he called that regime w h i c h was to be established after the departure of the Japanese. At the 7th Congress of the C P C he said, Some t h i n k that t h e c o m m u n i s t s a r e a g a i n s t the d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r i v a t e i n i t i a t i v e , against t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r i v a t e c a p i t a l , against the p r o t e c t i o n o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y . I n r e a l i t y , t h i s is not s o . . . the task of the order of n e w democracy, w h i c h w e a r e s t r i v i n g t o establish, i s p r e c i s e l y . . . t o e n s u r e the p o s s i b i l i t y f o r b r o a d circles o f C h i n e s e t o f r e e l y d e v e l o p t h e i r p r i v a t e i n i t i a v e i n society, t o f r e e l y d e v e l o p the p r i v a t e c a p i t a l i s t e c o n o m y . . . * * I n t h i s w a y , M a o Z e d o n g t o o k o v e r t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t concept o f K a u t s k y , according to w h i c h , in the b a c k w a r d countries the t r a n s i tion to socialism cannot be achieved w i t h o u t going through a l e n g t h y p e r i o d of f r e e d e v e l o p m e n t of c a p i t a l i s m w h i c h prepares the conditions to go over to socialism later. I n fact, the s o - c a l l e d socialist r e g i m e w h i c h M a o Z e d o n g and his group established in C h i n a , was and r e m a i n e d a bourgeois-democratic regime.
____________________________________ * E. B r o w d e r , Tehran, Our Path in War and Peace, N e w Y o r k 1944, p. 26. ** M a o Zedong, Selected Works, v o l . 4, p. 364, A l b . ed.
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In practice, the line w h i c h the Chinese leadership, headed by M a o Zedong, began to follow for restraining t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n C h i n a a n d s h u t t i n g off its socialist p e r s p e c t i v e assisted A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , w h i c h w a n t e d t o e x t e n d its d o m i n a t i o n , a n d t h e o t h e r i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , w h i c h were seeking to preserve their old domination. In the post-war years, the anti-colonialist national liberation movements surged ahead on a l l continents. T h e British, French, Italian, Dutch, and Belgian colonial e m p i r e s w e r e c o l l a p s i n g one a f t e r t h e o t h e r u n d e r t h e w a v e s o f the p o p u l a r u p r i s i n g s i n the colonies. T h e r e v o l u t i o n s i n m o s t o f these c o u n t r i e s w e r e b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a t i c . H o w e v e r , i n some o f t h e m , t h e o b j e c t i v e p o s sibilities existed for the revolution to be raised and a s s u m e a socialist c h a r a c t e r . M a o Z e d o n g , w i t h h i s v i e w s and activities, advocated the diversion of the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n s f r o m t h e r i g h t course o f t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t ; h e w a n t e d t h e m t o stop h a l f - w a y , n o t t o g o beyond the bourgeois f r a m e w o r k , so that the capitalist system was perpetuated. If we bear in m i n d the i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n a n d its i n f l u e n c e a m o n g the c o l o n i a l c o u n t r i e s , t h e d a m a g e w h i c h t h e theories o f M a o Z e d o n g caused w a s great. M a o ' s l i n e w a s t h a t C h i n a , a n d f o l l o w i n g its e x a m p l e , I n d o c h i n a , B u r m a , I n d o n e s i a , I n d i a , etc., h a d t o r e l y o n the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l a n d a i d f o r t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t . I n f a c t t h i s w a s acceptance o f t h a t n e w s t r a t e g y w h i c h h a d b e e n f o r m u l a t e d i n the departments of Washington and w h i c h B r o w d e r had begun to advocate in his o w n w a y . T h e A m e r i c a n envoys attached to M a o Zedong's staff i n t h e y e a r s 1944-1949 h a v e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l t h e views, attitudes, activity a n d demands of M a o Zedong t o w a r d s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a . O n e o f these e n v o y s was J o h n Service, political adviser to the commander of
818
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the A m e r i c a n forces o n the B u r m a - C h i n a f r o n t a n d l a t e r s e c r e t a r y o f the A m e r i c a n E m b a s s y t o the C h i a n g K a i s h e k g o v e r n m e n t i n C h o n g q i n g . H e w a s one o f the f i r s t o f t h e A m e r i c a n i n t e l l i g e n c e agents w h o m a d e o f f i c i a l contact w i t h the l e a d e r s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , a l t h o u g h t h e r e w e r e c o n t i n u a l u n o f f i c i a l contacts. S p e a k i n g a b o u t the C h i n e s e leaders, S e r v i c e a d m i t s : T h e i r o u t l o o k i m p r e s s e s one as modern. T h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f economics, f o r instance, i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o ours. * It is n o t s u r p r i s i n g , he c o n t i n u e s , that t h e y h a d f a v o u r a b l y i m p r e s s e d m o s t o r a l l o f the A m e r i c a n s w h o h a v e m e t t h e m d u r i n g the last s e v e n y e a r s : t h e i r m a n n e r s , h a b i t s o f t h o u g h t , a n d d i r e c t h a n d l i n g o f p r o b l e m s seem m o r e A m e r i c a n t h a n Oriental. ** I n essence, the l i q u i d a t i o n i s t v i e w s o f B r o w d e r a b o u t the p a r t y are f o u n d i n the theories o f M a o Z e d o n g too. J u s t as C h i n e s e c o m m u n i s m w a s a w a s h - o u t , the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a , too, w a s s u c h o n l y i n n a m e . M a o Z e d o n g d i d not w o r k t o b u i l d a g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r o l e t a r i a n p a r t y . F r o m its class c o m p o s i t i o n , its o r g a n izational structure and the w a y it was built and the i d e o l o g y w h i c h i n s p i r e d it, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a w a s not a p a r t y o f the L e n i n i s t type. M o r e o v e r , M a o Zedong had no consideration even for this party such as it was. He did w h a te v e r he wanted. D u r i n g t h e so-called C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n , h e c o m p l e t e l y d i s b a n d e d it, c o n c e n t r a t i n g e v e r y t h i n g i n h i s o w n h a n d s a n d p u t t i n g t h e a r m y a t the h e a d o f a f f a i r s . L i k e B r o w d e r , w h o p r e s e n t e d A m e r i c a n i s m a s the i d e a l m o d e l o f the society o f the f u t u r e , M a o Z e d o n g too, c o n s i d e r e d A m e r i c a n d e m o c r a c y the f i n e s t e x a m p l e o f state a n d social o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r C h i n a . M a o Z e d o n g
__________________________________ * J. Service, Lost Chance in China, N e w Y o r k 1974, p. 195. ** Ibidem, p. 198.
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a d m i t t e d t o S e r v i c e : A f t e r a l l , w e C h i n e s e consider y o u A m e r i c a n s t h e i d e a l o f democracy. * A l o n g w i t h t h e i r acceptance o f A m e r i c a n d e m o c r a c y , the C h i n e s e l e a d e r s s o u g h t the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of close and direct l i n k s w i t h A m e r i c a n capital, sought A m e r i c a n economic aid. Service w r i t e s that M a o Zedong told h i m , C h i n a m u s t i n d u s t r i a l i z e . T h i s c a n b e done i n C h i n a only by free enterprise and w i t h the aid of foreign c a p i t a l . C h i n e s e a n d A m e r i c a n i n t e r e s t s are c o r r e l a t e d and s i m i l a r . . . T h e U n i t e d States w o u l d f i n d u s m o r e c o o p e r a t i v e t h a n the K u o m i n t a n g . W e w i l l not b e a f r a i d o f d e m o c r a t i c American influence we w i l l welcome i t . . . A m e r i c a does n o t n e e d t o fear t h a t w e w i l l not b e c o - o p e r a t i v e . W e m u s t co-operate a n d w e m u s t h a v e A m e r i c a n help. ** T o d a y w e h e a r s u c h statements a n d requests e v e r y d a y f r o m the disciples a n d c o l l a b o r a t o r s o f M a o Z e d o n g , such a s D e n g X i a o p i n g , H u a G u o f e n g , a n d others w h o are a c h i e v i n g i n p r a c t i c e t h e a l l - r o u n d l i n k s w i t h A m e r i can i m p e r i a l i s m d r e a m e d o f a n d i n i t i a t e d b y M a o Z e d o n g . N o w the C h i n e s e s t r a t e g y i s o r i e n t a t e d c o m p l e t e l y tow a r d s c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a in particular, and w o r l d capitalism in general, and they began t o s u p p o r t C h i n a p o l i t i c a l l y a n d t o i n f l u e n c e i t ideologically, so that it w o u l d obliterate any shadow of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m f r o m the m i n d s a n d h e a r t s o f c o m m o n people a n d t h u s c a r r y o u t t h o r o u g h - g o i n g p o l i t i c a l a n d organizational transformations towards the capitalist system, w h e t h e r i n t h e e c o n o m i c f i e l d , i n t h e state o r g a n i z a tion, o r i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e p a r t y . Objectively, the whole line of Mao Zedong for the
_____________________________________ * J. Service, Lost Chance in China, N e w Y o r k 1974, p. 303. ** Ibidem, p. 307.
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c o n s t r u c t i o n o f C h i n a a n d h i s concept o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of the countries w h i c h liberated themselves f r o m coloniali s m has served a n d gone a l o n g w i t h t h e s t r a t e g y o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . I f close c o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a w a s n o t e s t a b l i shed a t the start, t h i s i s e x p l a i n e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h e post-war years the C h i a n g K a i s h e k l o b b y t r i u m p h e d i n A m e r i c a . A t t h a t t i m e t h e coId w a r w a s a t its h e i g h t a n d M a c a r t h y i s m p r e v a i l e d i n A m e r i c a . O n t h e other h a n d , i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e w a r , the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a gave p r i o r i t y t o J a p a n , t h i n k i n g t h a t f i r s t o f a l l , it had to aid J a p a n or subjugate it f r o m every point of view, to m a k e it a p o w e r f u l a n d obedient ally, to r e c o n s t r u c t the J a p a n e s e e c o n o m y , a n d t u r n t h a t c o u n t r y i n t o a great b a s t i o n against t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , a n d e v e n t u a l l y against M a o Z e d o n g ' s C h i n a . A p p a r e n t l y , t h e U S A w a s not s u f f i c i e n t l y p o w e r f u l t o b e a b l e t o p r o v i d e a i d f o r a l l p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d a n d t o p r e p a r e t h e m a g a i n s t the S o v i e t U n i o n , against t h e s y s t e m o f s o c i a l i s m , t h e r e f o r e , i t gave p r e f e r e n c e t o p r e p a r i n g E u r o p e a n d J a p a n , w h e r e t h e d e s t r u c t i o n w a s great a n d w h e r e s o c i a l i s m h a d become d a n g e r o u s t o w o r l d c a p i t a l . W i t h o u t doubt, these w e r e t h e f a c t o r s t h a t m a d e t h e heads o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m r e f u s e t o g r a s p t h e h a n d M a o Zedong held out to t h e m immediately. Considerable t i m e h a d t o pass. T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h a d t o g i v e n e w p r o o f s o f t h e i r love f o r A m e r i c a b e f o r e N i x o n c o u l d g o t o B e i j i n g a n d the A m e r i c a n s a n d a l l the others u n d e r s t a n d t h a t C h i n a h a d n o t h i n g a t a l l t o do w i t h socialism. A f t e r the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r t h e Yugoslav revisionists w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e great c a m p a i g n o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d other r e a c t i o n a r y forces t h a t g a t h e r e d a r o u n d it, i n t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e r e v -
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olution. This current, w h i c h represented revisionism in p o w e r , e m e r g e d at a c r u c i a l m o m e n t of t h e s t r u g g l e between socialism and imperialism. T h e p e r i o d after the Second W o r l d W a r could not be a period of t r a n q u i l i t y either for i m p e r i a l i s m or for s o c i a l i s m . I n t h e n e w c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h h a d b e e n created, i m p e r i a l i s m h a d t o cope w i t h s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h w e r e m o r t a l l y d a n g e r o u s t o it, w h i l e s o c i a l i s m h a d t o b e c o n s o l i d a t e d , h a d t o r a d i a t e a n d g i v e its a i d i n t h e r i g h t w a y f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n a n d t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e peoples o f the w o r l d . N o t o n l y h a d t h e w o u n d s o f t h e w a r t o b e t r e a t e d a n d h e a l e d , b u t t h e class s t r u g g l e h a d t o b e w a g e d c o r r e c t l y , too, b o t h w i t h i n the c o u n t r i e s w h e r e t h e p r o letariat had taken power and in the international arena. T h e v i c t o r y o v e r f a s c i s m h a d b e e n a c h i e v e d , b u t t h e peace was r e l a t i v e , t h e w a r c o n t i n u e d w i t h o t h e r m e a n s . T h e socialist c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e i r c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s were faced w i t h the task of w o r k i n g to consolidate their v i c t o r i e s o n t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r o a d a n d t o become e x a m p l e s a n d m i r r o r s f o r the peoples a n d t h e o t h e r c o m munist parties w h i c h w e r e not in power. T h e communist parties o f t h e s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , also, h a d t o t e m p e r t h e m selves f u r t h e r w i t h t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y , t a k i n g care t h a t t h i s w a s not t u r n e d i n t o a d o g m a , b u t p r e s e r v e d as a r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y f o r a c t i o n , a m e a n s to a c h i e v e profound social transformations, w h i c h is w h a t it is in fact. I n p a r t i c u l a r , a f t e r t h e h i s t o r i c v i c t o r y o v e r the fascist c o a l i t i o n , t h e socialist c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e c o m m u n i s t parties h a d t o a v o i d b e c o m i n g conceited, t h i n k i n g that they w e r e i n f a l l i b l e , a n d f o r g e t t i n g o r w e a k e n i n g t h e class s t r u g g l e . T h i s i s t h e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g S t a l i n h a d i n m i n d w h e n h e stressed t h e n e e d f o r t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f the class s t r u g g l e i n s o c i a l i s m . P r e c i s e l y i n these c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e T i t o i t e s c a m e out against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T i t o i s m d i d not t h r o w off its
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d i s g u i s e a n d come out o p e n l y a g a i n s t the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m a t the start, but, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , t r i e d t o camouflage itself w h i l e c o n t i n u i n g to prepare the t e r r a i n f o r t a k i n g Y u g o s l a v i a b a c k o n t o t h e course o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d its t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o a t o o l o f w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m . It is a r e c o g n i z e d fact t h a t T i t o i s m l e a n e d s p i r i t u a l l y , p o l i t i c a l l y a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l y t o w a r d s t h e W e s t , t o w a r d s the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , t h a t r i g h t f r o m t h e start i t m a i n t a i n e d n u m e r o u s p o l i t i c a l contacts a n d a c h i e v e d secret combinations w i t h the B r i t i s h and other representatives of w o r l d capitalism. T h e Y u g o s l a v leaders opened all the doors t o U N R R A , a n d b y t h i s m e a n s a n d u n d e r the pretext of aid w i t h the stockpiles of clothing and food left o v e r f r o m the t i m e o f t h e w a r , t h e A m e r i c a n - B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l i s t s t r i e d t o i n f i l t r a t e i n t o m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f the w o r l d , a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n t o t h e c o u n t r i e s o f people's d e m ocracy. T h e a i m o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t s w a s t o p r e p a r e a m o r e or less s u i t a b l e t e r r a i n f o r o p e r a t i o n s of a m o r e w i d e ranging p l a n in the future. T h e Yugoslavs benefited g r e a t l y f r o m t h e t h i n g s U N R R A g a v e t h e m , b u t f o r its p a r t , U N R R A w a s a b l e t o e x e r t its i n f l u e n c e o n t h e s t i l l i n c o m p l e t e l y b u i l t state m e c h a n i s m s o f the n e w l y f o r m e d Y u g o s l a v state. R i g h t f r o m t h e start, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the whole of international reaction gave Titoism a l l their s u p p o r t because t h e y s a w i n i t t h e course, t h e i d e o l o g y a n d the p o l i c y w h i c h l e d t o t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n o f the c o u n t r i e s of the socialist c a m p , to t h e s p l i t t i n g and d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e i r u n i t y w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . The a c t i v i t y o f T i t o i s m c o n f o r m e d c o m p l e t e l y t o the a i m o f A m e r i c a n imperialism to undermine socialism f r o m within. B u t T i t o i s m w a s also t o serve the s t r a t e g y o f i m p e r i a l i s m o f p a r a l y s i n g t h e l i b e r a t i o n struggles a n d w e a n i n g new states, w h i c h h a d j u s t t h r o w n off t h e c o l o n i a l i s t yoke, a w a y f r o m the revolutionary movement.
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F r o m the beginning, the Y u g o s l a v revisionists were against the theory and practice of the genuine socialism of L e n i n and S t a l i n on all questions and in all fields. Tito and his group l i n k e d the c o u n t r y w i t h the capitalist w o r l d a n d set t h e m s e l v e s t h e t a s k o f t r a n s f o r m i n g e v e r y t h i n g i n Y u g o s l a v i a , i n c l u d i n g its p o l i c y , i d e o l o g y , state o r g a n i z a tion, the organization of the economy and the army, in the d i r e c t i o n o f t h e W e s t e r n c a p i t a l i s t states. T h e i r a i m was to t r a n s f o r m Y u g o s l a v i a into a bourgeois capitalist c o u n t r y a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e . B r o w d e r ' s ideas, w h i c h w e r e t h e ideas o f A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l i s m , f o u n d a place i n the political and ideological p l a t f o r m of Titoism. F i r s t of all, the Titoites revised the fundamental p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a b o u t the r o l e a n d m i s s i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y state p o w e r a n d t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y i n s o c i a l i s t society. T h e y a t t a c k e d t h e M a r x i s t thesis about the leading role of the communist p a r t y in a l l fields of life in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat. F o l l o w i n g the example of B r o w d e r in A m e r i c a , t h e y l i q u i d a t e d t h e p a r t y i n p r a c t i c e , n o t j u s t because t h e y c h a n g e d its n a m e , c a l l i n g i t t h e L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s , b u t because t h e y also c h a n g e d t h e aims, f u n c t i o n s , o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d the r o l e w h i c h t h i s p a r t y w a s t o p l a y i n the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . T h e Titoites transformed the p a r t y into an educational and p r o p a g a n d a association. T h e y e l i m i n a t e d the r e v o l u t i o n a r y s p i r i t of t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a a n d de facto went so far as to eliminate the influence of the p a r t y a n d t o r a i s e t h e r o l e o f t h e P o p u l a r F r o n t a b o v e it. ( 1 )
__________________________________ 1 T i t o declared in 1947: Does the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Y u g o s l a v i a have another p r o g r a m besides that of the P o p u l a r F r o n t ? N o ! T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y has n o other program. T h e p r o g r a m of the P o p u l a r F r o n t is the p r o g r a m of the party, too. (J. B. T i t o , Speeches and A r t i c l e s III. R i l i n d j a , P r i s h tina 1962, A l b . ed. p. 145)
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On the cardinal question of the party, in connection w i t h the leading factor of the revolution and the construct i o n of s o c i a l i s m , t h e r e is a c o m m u n i t y of p o l i t i c a l , ideological and organizational views between B r o w d e r i s m a n d T i t o i s m . S i n c e the p o l i c y o f T i t o i s m , l i k e t h a t o f Browderism, is liquidationist and anti-Marxist on the decisive p l a n o f t h e v a n g u a r d r o l e o f t h e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , i t i s s u c h i n a l l aspects o f i t s p l a t f o r m s . T h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e v i e w s o f t h e T i t o i t e s a n d those o f B r o w d e r i s a p p a r e n t also i n t h e i r s t a n d t o w a r d s A m e r i c a n d e m o c r a c y w h i c h t h e T i t o i t e s took a s a m o d e l for the construction of the political system in Y u g o s l a v i a . K a r d e l j h i m s e l f has a d m i t t e d t h a t t h i s s y s t e m i s . . . s i m i l a r t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the e x e c u t i v e p o w e r i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a . * F o l l o w i n g the l i q u i d a t i o n o f t h e p a r t y a n d t h e b r e a k w i t h the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e c o u n t r i e s o f people's d e m ocracy, Y u g o s l a v i a has b e e n w r i t h i n g i n a chaos o f economic-organizational operations. T h e Titoites proclaimed t h e state p r o p e r t y social p r o p e r t y , a n d c a m o u f l a g e d t h e c a p i t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n u n d e r the a n a r c h o - s y n dicalist s l o g a n o f factories t o t h e w o r k e r s , a n d set t h e d e t a c h m e n t s o f t h e w o r k i n g class one a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r . The collectivization of small producers was called the R u s s i a n w a y a n d w a s opposed w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n w a y o f the c r e a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s t f a r m s a n d t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t of p r i v a t e peasant economies. T h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t h e economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d ideological fields was b o u n d to b r i n g about the subsequent t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e state o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n
__________________________________ * E. K a r d e l j . Directions of the Development of the Political System of Socialist Self-administration, R i l i n d j a , P r i s h t i n a 1978, p. 235.
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of the army, and the organization of education and culture and so it did. In the fifties they proclaimed their so-called s e l f - g o v e r n i n g s o c i a l i s m , w h i c h w a s u s e d t o disguise the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r . T h i s specific socialism, according to them, w a s to be built by r e l y i n g not on the socialist state, b u t d i r e c t l y o n the p r o d u c e r s . O n t h i s basis, t h e y p r e a c h e d t h e w i t h e r i n g a w a y o f the state i n s o c i a l i s m , d e n y i n g t h e f u n d a m e n t a l M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t thesis a b o u t the n e e d f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the proletariat d u r i n g the whole period of the transition from capitalism to communism. I n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y t h e i r course o f b e t r a y a l a n d t o t h r o w dust i n people's eyes, t h e T i t o i t e s p r e s e n t e d t h e m selves a s c r e a t i v e M a r x i s t s w h o o p p o s e d o n l y S t a l i n i s m b u t n o t M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h u s , t h e y p r o v e d once a g a i n t h a t t h e s l o g a n o f the c r e a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f M a r x i s m a n d the s t r u g g l e against d o g m a t i s m i s the favourite slogan c o m m o n to every variant of revisionism. T h e U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , B r i t a i n , European s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , etc., g a v e T i t o i t e Y u g o s l a v i a a l l - r o u n d political, economic and m i l i t a r y aid and kept it alive. T h e bourgeoisie w a s not opposed to Yugoslavia's f o r m a l l y r e t a i n i n g its socialist appearance, i n d e e d i t w a s i n t e r e s ted i n this. H o w e v e r , t h i s k i n d o f socialism h a d t o b e completely different f r o m the socialism envisaged and built by L e n i n and Stalin, w h i c h the Y u g o s l a v revisionists b e g a n to attack, to c a l l a l o w f o r m of socialism, state socialism, b u r e a u c r a t i c a n d a n t i - d e m o c r a t i c . Y u g o s l a v socialism h a d to be a h y b r i d c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t society, b u t e s s e n t i a l l y b o u r g e o i s - c a p i t a l i s t . It h a d to be a T r o j a n horse w h i c h w o u l d get i n t o t h e other socialist countries, in order to divert t h e m f r o m the road of socialism and link them w i t h imperialism. A n d i n fact T i t o i s m b e c a m e t h e i n s p i r e r o f r e v i s i o n i s t and o p p o r t u n i s t e l e m e n t s i n t h e f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s .
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T h e Y u g o s l a v revisionists carried out extensive u n d e r m i n i n g a n d sabotage w o r k i n these c o u n t r i e s . S u f f i c e i t t o m e n t i o n the events i n H u n g a r y i n 1956, i n w h i c h t h e Yugoslav Titoites played a v e r y active role to open the w a y t o the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a n d t a k e H u n g a r y i n t o the camp of imperialism. I n h i s w e l l - k n o w n speech a t P u l a i n 1956, T i t o h i m s e l f has c l e a r l y a n d o p e n l y e x p l a i n e d the place w h i c h T i t o i s m occupies i n the o v e r a l l s t r a t e g y o f i m p e r i a l i s m i n u n d e r m i n i n g the socialist c o u n t r i e s f r o m w i t h i n . A t t h a t t i m e h e d e c l a r e d t h a t the Y u g o s l a v m o d e l o f s o c i a l i s m w a s v a l i d n o t o n l y f o r Y u g o s l a v i a , b u t also f o r o t h e r socialist c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h o u g h t t o f o l l o w a n d a p p l y it. T h e T i t o i t e concepts a n d t h e o r i e s a b o u t w o r l d d e v e l o p m e n t a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s also c o n f o r m e d t o t h e s t r a t e g y o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . I n h i s speech d e l i v e r e d i n O s l o i n O c t o b e r 1954, the m a i n t h e o r e t i c i a n o f Y u g o s l a v revisionism, K a r d e l j , came out openly against the t h e o r y of the revolution, w h i l e advertising the new solutions w h i c h c a p i t a l i s m h a d a l l e g e d l y f o u n d . D i s t o r t i n g the essence o f state m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l i s m , w h i c h a s s u m e d w i d e p r o p o r t i o n s i n m a n y c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a f t e r the S e c o n d W o r l d War, he proclaimed it an element of socialism, w h i l e h e c a l l e d classical b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y a r e g u l a t o r o f s o c i a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n the d i r e c t i o n o f t h e g r a d u a l s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f socialist elements. H e d e c l a r e d t h a t today a gradual evolution towards socialism is taking place, a n d t h i s he c a l l e d an h i s t o r i c a l fact in a series of c a p i t a l i s t states. T h e s e r e v i s i o n i s t concepts, w h i c h i n essence are i d e n t i c a l w i t h those o f B r o w d e r , w e r e i n c l u d e d i n the p r o g r a m o f the L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a a n d b e c a m e a m e a n s of i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l d i v e r s i o n against the r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d peoples.
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O n t h i s basis, t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s e l a b o r a t e d their theories a n d practices of non-alignment, w h i c h c a m e t o t h e a i d o f the s t r a t e g y o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m to r e s t r a i n the i m p u l s e of t h e a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t s t r u g g l e of t h e peoples o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t h i r d w o r l d a n d t o u n d e r m i n e their efforts to defend their freedom, independence and s o v e r e i g n t y . T h e T i t o i t e s a d v i s e d these peoples t h a t t h e i r a s p i r a t i o n s c o u l d b e f u l f i l l e d b y a p p l y i n g the p o l i c y o f n o n - a l i g n m e n t , t h a t is, o f n o t o p p o s i n g i m p e r i a l i s m . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e T i t o i t e s , t h e r o a d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f these c o u n t r i e s h a d t o b e s o u g h t i n active cooperation, i n ever m o r e e x t e n s i v e c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h the i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d big w o r l d capital, i n the aid a n d credits w h i c h they should take f r o m the developed capitalist countries. As to w h e r e the course w h i c h the revisionists of B e l g r a d e a d v o c a t e leads, t h e p r e s e n t - d a y r e a l i t y o f Y u g o slavia makes this v e r y clear. The collaboration w i t h A m e r i c a n imperialism, w i t h Soviet social-imperialism and the o t h e r b i g c a p i t a l i s t states, t h e l a r g e a m o u n t o f a i d and credits w h i c h they have received f r o m them have turned Yugoslavia into a country w h i c h is dependent on w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m f o r e v e r y t h i n g , i n t o a c o u n t r y w i t h its independence and sovereignty crippled. T h e strategy of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and the w h o l e s t r u g g l e o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e against the r e v olution a n d socialism received further, extremely great a n d m u c h d e s i r e d a i d w i t h t h e e m e r g e n c e o n the scene of Khrushchevite revisionism . T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e b e t r a y a l w a s the heaviest a n d m o s t d a n g e r o u s b l o w w h i c h has e v e r been s t r u c k a t s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e peoples' r e v o l u t i o n a r y l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t . I t t r a n s f o r m e d t h e f i r s t socialist c o u n t r y , t h e great c e n t r e o f t h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n , i n t o an imperialist c o u n t r y and a hotbed of counter-revolution. The repercussions of this betrayal on the national and
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i n t e r n a t i o n a l scale h a v e been t r u l y t r a g i c . N o t o n l y h a v e the peoples' r e v o l u t i o n a r y l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s s u f f e r e d f r o m its consequences, a n d t h e y are s t i l l s u f f e r i n g f r o m t h e m , b u t i n t e r n a t i o n a l peace a n d s e c u r i t y h a v e b e e n p l a c e d i n great d a n g e r . As an ideological and political current, K h r u s h c h e v i s m has n o great d i f f e r e n c e f r o m t h e o t h e r c u r r e n t s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m . I t i s t h e r e s u l t o f the same e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , o f the s a m e d e v i a t i o n f r o m the p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a n d o f t h e s a m e a i m of opposing the revolution and socialism and preservi n g a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m . T h e d i f f e r e n c e w h i c h does e x i s t has t o d o o n l y w i t h the l e v e l o f t h e d a n g e r w h i c h i t r e p r e s e n t s . K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m a l w a y s r e m a i n s t h e m o s t dangerous, t h e m o s t fiendish, the most threatening revisionism. T h i s is for t w o r e a s o n s : first , because it is a d i s g u i s e d r e v i s i o n i s m . It r e t a i n s its e x t e r n a l socialist a p p e a r a n c e a n d i n o r d e r t o deceive p e o p l e a n d l u r e t h e m i n t o i t s t r a p s , m a k e s e x t e n s i v e use o f M a r x i s t t e r m i n o l o g y , a n d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e need a n d t h e occasion, e v e n o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y slogans. B y m e a n s of t h i s d e m a g o g y it seeks to s p r e a d a t h i c k f o g so that the present-day capitalist reality of the Soviet U n i o n w i l l n o t b e seen, a n d a b o v e a l l , its e x p a n s i o n i s t aims w i l l be hidden in order to mislead the revolutionary liberation movements, and t u r n them into instruments of its p o l i c y . Second , a n d t h i s i s m o r e i m p o r t a n t , K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m has b e c o m e t h e r u l i n g i d e o l o g y i n a state w h i c h represents a g r e a t i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r , a t h i n g w h i c h gives it m a n y means and possibilities to manoeuvre in broad fields and in large proportions. K h r u s h c h e v i s m a n d t h e other r e v i s i o n i s t c u r r e n t s h a v e i n c o m m o n t h e l i q u i d a t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y a n d its t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o a p o l i t i c a l f o r c e w h i c h s e r v e s the bourgeoisie. I n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n too, the C o m m u n i s t
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P a r t y o f L e n i n a n d S t a l i n has been l i q u i d a t e d . I t i s t r u e t h a t t h e p a r t y t h e r e d i d n o t change i t s n a m e , a s o c c u r r e d i n Y u g o s l a v i a , b u t i t w a s s t r i p p e d o f its r e v o l u t i o n a r y essence a n d s p i r i t . T h e r o l e o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f the S o v i e t U n i o n a l t e r e d , a n d its w o r k f o r t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideology was replaced w i t h t h e d i s t o r t i o n o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y , u n d e r d i f f e r e n t disguises, t h r o u g h e m p t y p h r a s e o l o g y a n d d e m a gogy. T h e p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e p a r t y , l i k e t h e army, the police and the other organs of the dictatorship of the new bourgeoisie, was t r a n s f o r m e d into an organizat i o n t o oppress t h e masses, n o t t o m e n t i o n the fact t h a t i t also b e c a m e the b e a r e r o f the i d e o l o g y a n d p o l i c y o f their oppression and exploitation. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f the S o v i e t U n i o n d e g r a d e d , w a s w e a k e n e d , a n d b e c a m e a p a r t y of t h e e n t i r e people, t h a t is, no l o n g e r t h e v a n g u a r d p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, w h i c h c a r r i e s f o r w a r d the r e v o l u t i o n a n d b u i l d s s o c i a l i s m , b u t a p a r t y o f the n e w r e v i s i o n i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i c h causes t h e d e g e n e r a tion of socialism a n d carries f o r w a r d the restoration of capitalism. L i k e B r o w d e r , T i t o , T o g l i a t t i , etc., w h o p r e a c h e d t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r p a r t i e s i n t o associations, l e a gues, mass parties, a l l e g e d l y to a d a p t t h e m to t h e n e w social c h a n g e s w h i c h h a d o c c u r r e d as a r e s u l t of t h e development of capitalism, the g r o w t h of the w o r k i n g class a n d its p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l i n f l u e n c e , etc., K h r u s h c h e v too j u s t i f i e d t h e c h a n g e i n t h e c h a r a c t e r o f the p a r t y a s a n a l l e g e d a d a p t a t i o n t o t h e s i t u a t i o n c r e a t e d i n the S o v i e t U n i o n , w h e r e a l l e g e d l y t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialism h a d been completed a n d the construction of c o m m u n i s m had begun. A c c o r d i n g to K h r u s h c h e v , the c o m p o s i t i o n o f the p a r t y , its s t r u c t u r e , r o l e a n d p l a c e i n society a n d t h e state h a d t o a l t e r i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h i s new epoch.
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W h e n K h r u s h c h e v b e g a n t o a d v o c a t e these theses, t h e construction of c o m m u n i s m in the Soviet U n i o n not o n l y h a d not begun, b u t m o r e o v e r , t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m w a s n o t y e t c o m p l e t e d . T r u e , t h e e x p l o i t i n g classes h a d been e l i m i n a t e d a s classes, b u t t h e r e w e r e m a n y r e m n a n t s o f t h e m s t i l l e x i s t i n g p h y s i c a l l y , let a l o n e i d e o l o g i c a lly. The Second W o r l d W a r h a d hindered the broad emancipation of relations of production, w h i l e the p r o d u c t i v e forces, w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e t h e n e c e s s a r y a n d i n d i s p e n s a b l e basis f o r this, h a d b e e n g r a v e l y i m p a i r e d . T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t i d e o l o g y w a s p r e d o m i n a n t , b u t t h i s does not mean that the old ideologies h a d been completely e r a d i c a t e d f r o m t h e consciousness o f t h e masses. T h e S o v i e t U n i o n h a d w o n the w a r against fascism, but another war, w i t h o t h e r means, a n d n o less dangerous, h a d c o m m e n c e d against it. I m p e r i a l i s m , h e a d e d b y A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , h a d p r o c l a i m e d t h e cold w a r a g a i n s t c o m m u n i s m a n d all the poisoned arrows of w o r l d capitalism were a i m e d at the S o v i e t U n i o n f i r s t o f a l l . G r e a t p r e s s u r e w a s e x e r t e d o n the S o v i e t state a n d the S o v i e t peoples, w i t h t h e a i m o f instilling the fear of w a r amongst them, diminishing their revolutionary enthusiasm, and restraining their internationalist spirit a n d opposition to imperialism. I n t h e face o f these i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l pressures, Khrushchev surrendered and capitulated. He began to p r e s e n t the s i t u a t i o n i n r o s y colours, i n o r d e r t o c o n c e a l h i s o w n p a c i f i s t i l l u s i o n s . H i s theses a b o u t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of c o m m u n i s m , t h e e n d of t h e class struggle, and the final v i c t o r y of socialism looked l i k e something n e w , but i n fact t h e y w e r e r e a c t i o n a r y . T h e y w e r e the expression of the concealment of a n e w reality w h i c h was being created, of the b i r t h and development of the new b o u r g e o i s s t r a t u m a n d its p r e t e n s i o n s t o e s t a b l i s h its o w n power in the Soviet U n i o n . The line and program which Khrushchev presented
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a t the 2 0 t h C o n g r e s s o f the C P S U c o n s t i t u t e d not o n l y the l i n e o f t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m i n the S o v i e t U n i o n , b u t also the l i n e o f u n d e r m i n i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a n d o f t h e s u b j e c t i o n o f t h e peoples t o i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the w o r k i n g class t o the b o u r g e o i s i e . T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s p r e a c h e d t h a t a t t h e p r e s e n t stage, the m a i n r o a d o f transition to socialism was the peaceful road. T h e y advised t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s t o f o l l o w t h e p o l i c y o f class conciliation and collaboration w i t h social-democracy and other p o l i t i c a l forces o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . T h i s l i n e assisted t h e a t t a i n m e n t o f those o b j e c t i v e s f o r w h i c h i m p e r i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l h a d l o n g been f i g h t i n g w i t h e v e r y m e a n s , i n c l u d i n g arms and ideological diversion. It opened broad roads to bourgeois r e f o r m i s m and gave capital the possibil i t y to m a n o e u v r e in the difficult economic, political and m i l i t a r y situation created for it after the Second W o r l d W a r . T h i s i s t h e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r a l l t h a t great p u b l i c i t y w h i c h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e g a v e t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f t h e C P S U all a r o u n d the w o r l d and w h i c h called K h r u s h c h e v a m a n o f peace w h o u n d e r s t a n d s t h e situation, u n l i k e Stalin w h o was for communist orthodoxy, incompatibil i t y w i t h t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d , etc. W i t h their preachings of the peaceful road to socialism, the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s s o u g h t t o i m p e d e t h e c o m m u n i s t s a n d the r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s o f t h e w o r l d f r o m p r e p a r i n g f o r a n d c a r r y i n g out t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a n d w a n t e d t h e m t o r e d u c e a l l t h e i r w o r k t o p r o p a g a n d a , t o debates a n d e l e c t o r a l manoeuvres, to trade-union demonstrations and day-to-day demands. This was the typical social-democratic line w h i c h Lenin had fought so fiercely and the October Revolution had o v e r t h r o w n . T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e views, w h i c h were b o r r o w e d f r o m t h e a r s e n a l o f the c h i e f s o f t h e S e c o n d International, aroused dangerous illusions and discredited the v e r y i d e a o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e y d i d n o t p r e p a r e t h e
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w o r k i n g class a n d the w o r k i n g masses t o b e v i g i l a n t a n d t o oppose the b o u r g e o i s v i o l e n c e , b u t u r g e d t h e m t o r e m a i n s u b m i s s i v e l y a t the m e r c y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . T h i s w a s also p r o v e d i n t h e e v e n t s i n I n d o n e s i a a n d C h i l e , etc., w i t h the c o m m u n i s t s a n d peoples o f those c o u n t r i e s p a y i n g v e r y d e a r l y f o r the r e v i s i o n i s t i l l u s i o n s a b o u t t h e p e a c e f u l r o a d to s o c i a l i s m . E q u a l l y in favour of i m p e r i a l i s m and the bourgeoisie a n d h a r m f u l t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n w a s t h e o t h e r thesis o f t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f the C P S U a b o u t p e a c e f u l coexistence, w h i c h the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s t r i e d t o i m p o s e o n t h e w h o l e communist movement, extending it even to relations b e t w e e n classes, a n d b e t w e e n t h e peoples a n d t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t oppressors. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s , w h o p r e s e n t e d the p r o b l e m a s e i t h e r p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e o r devastating war, there was no other solution for the peoples a n d the w o r l d p r o l e t a r i a t b u t t o b e n d t h e i r backs, t o g i v e u p the class s t r u g g l e , t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d a n y o t h e r action w h i c h might anger i m p e r i a l i s m and provoke the outbreak of war. I n fact t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e v i e w s a b o u t p e a c e f u l coexistence, w h i c h w e r e closely l i n k e d w i t h those a b o u t the c h a n g e d n a t u r e o f i m p e r i a l i s m , w e r e p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h the p r e a c h i n g s o f B r o w d e r t h a t A m e r i c a n capitalism and i m p e r i a l i s m had allegedly become a factor of progress in post-war w o r l d development. T h e p r e t t i f y ing of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m and the false image created a b o u t i t s l a c k e n e d peoples' v i g i l a n c e t o w a r d s t h e h e g e m o n i c a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t p o l i c y o f t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d sabotaged t h e p e o p l e s ' a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t l i b e r a tion struggle. B o t h as an ideology and a practical p o l i t i c a l l i n e , K h r u s h c h e v i t e p e a c e f u l coexistence u r g e d t h e p e o ples, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e n e w states o f A s i a , A f r i c a a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a , etc., t o e x t i n g u i s h t h e hotbeds f r o m w h i c h the f l a m e s o f w a r m i g h t b u r s t out, t o seek r a p p r o c h e -
833
merit a n d c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h i m p e r i a l i s m , t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e of international co-operation for the peaceful developm e n t o f t h e i r e c o n o m y , etc. I n its e x p r e s s i o n s , t e r m s a n d o t h e r f o r m u l a s , this l i n e w a s t h e s a m e a s t h a t p r e a c h e d b y B r o w d e r , t h a t i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f the p e a c e f u l coexistence b e t w e e n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d the S o v i e t U n i o n , w e a l t h y A m e r i c a c o u l d assist r e s t o r a t i o n and advance of the w h o l e w o r l d . It was the same line w h i c h Tito advocated and applied in Yugoslavia, w h i c h h a d o p e n e d t h e doors o f t h a t c o u n t r y t o A m e r i c a n a i d , c r e d i t a n d c a p i t a l . I t w a s t h e s a m e desire w h i c h M a o Zedong and other Maoist leaders had to b u i l d up C h i n a w i t h A m e r i c a n a i d , b u t w h i c h the d i f f e r e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d events h a d h i n d e r e d u p t o t h a t stage. A n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n c a n n o t escape A m e r i c a n a i d a n d the a i d f r o m t h e o t h e r W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s a n y m o r e t h a n t h e T i t o i t e s , o r t o d a y t h e M a o i s t s c a n escape it. T h e integration of the Soviet U n i o n and other revisionist countries l i n k e d w i t h it into the w o r l d capitalist economy has a s s u m e d l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s . T h e s e c o u n t r i e s h a v e b e c o m e some o f t h e biggest i m p o r t e r s o f W e s t e r n c a p i t a l . T h e i r debts, a t least those w h i c h are m a d e p u b l i c , a m o u n t to tens of b i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s . S o m e t i m e s because of c h a n g i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , s u c h as those caused by t h e events i n A f g h a n i s t a n a t present, this process i s s l o w e d d o w n , b u t i t n e v e r stops. T h e c a p i t a l i s t i n t e r e s t s o f t h e t w o sides are s o great t h a t i n special s i t u a t i o n s t h e y o v e r r i d e a l l t h e i r f r i c t i o n s , r i v a l r i e s a n d clashes. T h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s u s e d t h e thesis about peaceful coexistence n o t o n l y t o j u s t i f y t h e i r p o l i c y o f concessions to and compromises w i t h A m e r i c a n imperialism. This line also s e r v e d a n d is s t i l l s e r v i n g t h e m as a m a s k to hide t h e e x p a n s i o n i s t p o l i c y o f S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , i n o r d e r t o l o w e r t h e v i g i l a n c e a n d resistance o f t h e p e o ples t o t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p l a n s o f t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t
834
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leaders f o r h e g e m o n y . T h e thesis a b o u t p e a c e f u l c o e x i s tence w a s a c a l l o f t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s t o the A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s t o d i v i d e u p the w o r l d a n d r u l e i t jointly. T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t l i n e assisted i m p e r i a l i s m and reaction to take advantage of the situation in order to launch an all-round attack on c o m m u n i s m . Of p a r t i c u l a r assistance t o t h i s n e w a t t a c k o n the r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialism were the attacks a n d the slanders of the K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionists on S t a l i n and his w o r k . The Khrushchevite revisionists started their campaign against S t a l i n i n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t c o u r s e w h i c h they had begun to follow inside and outside the c o u n t r y . T h e y c o u l d n o t negate t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e proletariat and transform the Soviet U n i o n into a bourgeois-capitalist state, c o u l d n o t s t r i k e b a r g a i n s w i t h i m perialism, without negating the w o r k of Stalin. T h i s is also t h e r e a s o n w h y t h e c a m p a i g n a g a i n s t h i m w a s c o n d u c t e d w i t h t h e accusations b o r r o w e d f r o m t h e a r s e n a l of imperialist and Trotskyite propaganda w h i c h presented t h e past of t h e S o v i e t U n i o n as a p e r i o d of mass r e p r i s a l s , a n d t h e socialist s y s t e m a s s u p p r e s s i o n o f democracy a n d a dictatorship l i k e that of I v a n the T e r r i b l e etc. B u t f o r a l l the s l a n d e r s a n d a t t a c k s o f i m p e r i a l i s t s , revisionists a n d other enemies of the revolution, the name a n d w o r k o f S t a l i n r e m a i n i m m o r t a l . S t a l i n w a s a great revolutionary, an outstanding theoretician, w h o r a n k s w i t h M a r x , Engels and L e n i n . L i f e has p r o v e d t h e correctness o f t h e a n a l y s e s o f t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a a n d its stands t o w a r d s Khrushchevite revisionism and is confirming them every day. I n the S o v i e t U n i o n s o c i a l i s m has b e e n d e s t r o y e d a n d c a p i t a l i s m has b e e n r e s t o r e d . M e a n w h i l e , i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e n a , t h e stands a n d actions o f t h e S o v i e t
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l e a d e r s h i p h a v e m o r e a n d m o r e r e v e a l e d the s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s t c h a r a c t e r o f the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d its r e a c t i o n a r y great p o w e r i d e o l o g y . T h u s , K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m has b e c o m e n o t o n l y the i d e o l o g y o f t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d sabotage o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e p e o p l e s ' l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , b u t also the i d e o l o g y o f s o c i a l - i m perialist aggression.
II
EUROCOMMUNISM AN IDEOLOGY OF SUBMISSION TO THE BOURGEOISIE AND IMPERIALISM
A s w e m e n t i o n e d above, m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m e m e r g e d i n the p e r i o d o f t h e s h a r p e n i n g o f t h e g e n e r a l crisis o f capitalism. It became an ally of the bourgeoisie and i m perialism and joined in their efforts to contain a n d divert t h e great t i d e o f p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n s , n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n struggles a n d t h e peoples' a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t d e m o c r a t i c m o v e m e n t . A s s u c h , the n e w r e v i s i o n i s m c o u l d n o t f a i l t o assume d i f f e r e n t f o r m s a n d appearances, t o use m e t h o d s a n d tactics a d a p t e d t o the needs o f c a p i t a l i n each c o u n t r y . I t a s s u m e d its greatest d e v e l o p m e n t , its e x t e n s i o n i n t h e communist and w o r k e r s ' movement after K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m e m e r g e d o n t h e scene. T h e betrayal w h i c h took place in the Soviet U n i o n w a s o f i n c a l c u l a b l e assistance t o t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d i m perialism at the moments most difficult for them. It gave big capital possibilities to attack the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h e o r y a n d the p r a c t i c e o f socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n , t o c r e a t e doubts about the revolutionary strategy of the proletariat, a n d t o cause t h e i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l d e g e n e r a t i o n of the communist parties. A b o v e all, the communist and workers' parties of Western Europe w h i c h followed the treacherous line of Tito and K h r u s h c h e v , were severely s h a k e n i d e o l o g i c a l l y . I n these p a r t i e s , t h e t e r r a i n h a d l o n g been prepared for them to embrace the K h r u s h c h e v i t e
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r e v i s i o n i s t ideas a n d p r a c t i c e a n d c a r r y t h e m f u r t h e r . Their organizational and ideological degeneration to d i f f e r e n t degrees a n d i n v a r i o u s w a y s h a d b e g u n e a r l i e r . Pseudo-revolutionary theories a n d practices h a d long been applied in their ranks.
T h e Beginnings of M o d e r n R e v i s i o n i s m in the C o m m u n i s t Parties of Western E u r o p e D u r i n g the Second W o r l d W a r m a n y positive factors w h i c h m a d e the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e a n t i - f a s c i s t w a r i n t o a p r o f o u n d p o p u l a r r e v o l u t i o n b o t h p o s s i b l e a n d necessary, h a d emerged in Europe. Fascism h a d eliminated not only t h e n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e o f the o c c u p i e d c o u n t r i e s , b u t also a l l d e m o c r a t i c f r e e d o m s , a n d h a d e v e n b u r i e d b o u r geois d e m o c r a c y itself. T h e r e f o r e , t h e w a r against f a s c i s m had to be not only a w a r for national liberation but also a w a r f o r t h e defence a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f d e m o c r a c y . As regards the communist parties, the achievement of these t w o o b j e c t i v e s h a d t o b e l i n k e d w i t h t h e s t r u g g l e for socialism. I n the c o u n t r i e s o f C e n t r a l a n d S o u t h - e a s t e r n E u r o p e , the c o m m u n i s t parties k n e w h o w t o l i n k the tasks o f the w a r f o r i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d d e m o c r a c y w i t h the s t r u g g l e f o r s o c i a l i s m . T h e y w o r k e d out a n d a p p l i e d a p o l i c y w h i c h l e d to the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of the r e g i m e s of t h e n e w people's d e m o c r a c y . M e a n w h i l e , the c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e d i d n o t p r o v e c a p a b l e o f u t i l i z i n g the f a v o u r a b l e s i t u a t i o n c r e a t e d b y the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r a n d the v i c tory over fascism. T h i s showed that they had not p r o p e r l y u n d e r s t o o d a n d d i d n o t a p p l y the d i r e c t i v e s o f t h e 7 t h C o n g r e s s o f t h e C o m m u n i s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l ( 2 ) . T h i s congress
_____________________________ 2 T h e congress was h e l d f r o m J u l y 25 to A u g u s t 21, 1935.
838
ENVER HOXHA
i n s t r u c t e d t h a t i n the course o f the o p p o s i t i o n a n d f i g h t against f a s c i s m , i n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , the p o s s i b i l i t i e s w o u l d be created for the f o r m a t i o n of united front g o v e r n ments w h i c h w o u l d be entirely different f r o m the socialdemocratic governments. T h e y w e r e to serve the transition f r o m t h e stage of t h e f i g h t a g a i n s t f a s c i s m to t h e stage of the f i g h t f o r d e m o c r a c y a n d s o c i a l i s m . I n F r a n c e a n d Italy, h o w e v e r , t h e w a r a g a i n s t f a s c i s m d i d n o t l e a d t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f g o v e r n m e n t s o f t h e t y p e w h i c h the C o m i n t e r n wanted. A f t e r the war, governments of the bourgeois type came to power there. T h e participation of the communists i n t h e m d i d not a l t e r t h e i r c h a r a c t e r . E v e n the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t Party, w h i c h up to the end of the Second W o r l d W a r had a correct line in general, was unable to o v e r c o m e a n d c o r r e c t its m i s t a k e s , w e a k n e s s e s a n d d e v i a tions o n c e r t a i n p r o b l e m s , w h i c h s t e m m e d a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s f r o m l a c k o f r e a l i s t i c analyses o f t h e i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l situations. T h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y played a p r i m a r y role in the creation of the P o p u l a r F r o n t in France. It launched t h e slogan o f t h e P o p u l a r F r o n t a t its C o n g r e s s o f N a n t e s i n 1935, a s l o g a n w h i c h q u i c k l y f o u n d a n echo a m o n g t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e F r e n c h people. T h e C o m i n t e r n made a high valuation of the efforts and w o r k of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f the P o p u l a r Front. However, it must be said that the p a r t y d i d not k n o w h o w o r w a s u n a b l e t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f the s i t u a t i o n a n d u t i l i z e i t i n f a v o u r o f t h e w o r k i n g class. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y s p o k e o p e n l y a b o u t the d a n g e r threatening France f r o m internal and external fascism, d e n o u n c e d t h i s d a n g e r a n d c a m e o u t i n t h e streets i n d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , b u t i t e x p e c t e d t h e m e a s u r e s against f a s c i s m a n d e v e r y t h i n g else f r o m the legal g o v e r n m e n t s , f r o m the bourgeois governments, f o r m e d by combinations
839
in the bourgeois parliament. This was apparent at the time o f t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a r F r o n t w h i c h w a s a success f o r t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , becasue i n t h e c o m p l i cated situation of that t i m e it blocked the w a y to the s e t t i n g u p o f a fascist g o v e r n m e n t i n F r a n c e . A l t h o u g h i t t o o k some m e a s u r e s i n f a v o u r o f the w o r k i n g class, t h e B l u m government violated and betrayed the p r o g r a m of t h e P o p u l a r F r o n t i n its i n t e r n a l a n d f o r e i g n p o l i c y . T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , w h i c h d i d not take part i n the P o p u l a r Front government, but supported it in Parliament, was u n a b l e t o stop t h i s process. T h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e masses, s t r i k e s , d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d actions w e r e r e p l a c e d b y t h e w e e k l y meetings w h i c h L o n B l u m held i n his home w i t h Thorez and Duclos. T h e leader of the P o p u l a r F r o n t government was a socialist, a n d t h e socialists m a d e up a l a r g e p a r t of t h e g o v e r n m e n t , b u t t h e g o v e r n m e n t a p p a r a t u s a t the centre a n d t h e base r e m a i n e d w h a t i t w a s . T h e a r m y r e m a i n e d la grande muette*. It w a s c o m m a n d e d , j u s t as u n d e r a l l f o r m e r g o v e r n m e n t s , b y t h e r e a c t i o n a r y caste o f o f f i c e r s t r a i n e d a t t h e b o u r g e o i s m i l i t a r y schools f o r the p u r p o s e o f s u p p r e s s i n g t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e a n d o c c u p y i n g colonies, b u t not f i g h t i n g f a s c i s m a n d r e a c t i o n . T h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y d i d n o t c a r r y its actions t h r o u g h to the end, it w a s not organized for real struggle against fascism a n d reaction. T h e propaganda a n d agitation, the demonstrations a n d strikes it led, were not on t h e l i n e o f t h e s e i z u r e o f p o w e r f r o m t h e h a n d s o f the bourgeoisie. I r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e basic p r i n c i ples o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m w e r e not d e n i e d , t h e a c t i v i t y and struggle of the p a r t y u n w i t t i n g l y and unconsciously assumed the nature of the struggle for reforms, for econ________________________________ * F r e n c h the great m u t e ; here the m e a n i n g is that the army w a s not supposed to get i n v o l v e d in politics.
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ENVER HOXHA
o m i c d e m a n d s o n t h e t r a d e - u n i o n l e v e l . O f course, t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s p l a y a r e v o l u t i o n a r y r o l e w h e n t h e y are u n d e r correct l e a d e r s h i p a n d a r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n i s created i n t h e m , o t h e r w i s e the t r a d e - u n i o n m o v e m e n t i s t u r n e d i n t o a r o u t i n e concocted b y t h e t r a d e - u n i o n chiefs t h r o u g h s t a n d s w h i c h are s o m e t i m e s correct, s o m e times deviationist, sometimes liberal, sometimes opportunist, b u t w h i c h , i n the f i n a l a n a l y s i s , e n d u p i n f r u i t l e s s t a l k s a n d c o m p r o m i s e s w i t h the e m p l o y e r s . W h e n the w a r b r o k e out i n S p a i n , t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a c t i v e l y assisted the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n a n d t h e S p a n i s h p e o p l e i n t h e w a r against F r a n c o w i t h agitation and propaganda and material aid. It called for volunteers to go to Spain, a call to w h i c h thousands o f m e m b e r s o f t h e p a r t y a n d other F r e n c h a n t i - f a s c i s t s responded, a n d three thousand of t h e m fell m a r t y r s on Spanish soil. The m a i n leaders of the p a r t y took part d i r e c t l y i n t h e w a r o r else w e n t t o S p a i n o n v a r i o u s occasions. M o s t o f t h e v o l u n t e e r s , w h o set out f r o m m a n y c o u n t r i e s t o j o i n the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r i g a d e s i n S p a i n , passed t h r o u g h F r a n c e . I t w a s t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w h i c h o r g a n i z e d t h e i r passage. D u r i n g the Spanish W a r the communists and the w o r k i n g class o f F r a n c e g a i n e d n e w e x p e r i e n c e i n b a t t l e , a n d t h i s w a s a d d e d t o the o l d t r a d i t i o n o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y struggles o f t h e F r e n c h p r o l e t a r i a t . T h i s c o n s t i t u t e d a great c a p i t a l , a r e v o l u t i o n a r y e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d i n o r g a n i z e d f r o n t a l class battles against the savage F r a n c o r e a c t i o n , I t a l i a n fascists a n d G e r m a n nazis, a s w e l l a s a g a i n s t French and w o r l d reaction. This revolutionary capital should have served the party in the critical moments of the Second W o r l d W a r and the occupation of France, but i n r e a l i t y i t w a s not u t i l i z e d . The French Communist P a r t y exposed the policy of M u n i c h w i t h w h i c h the Daladiers and Bonnets made con-
841
cessions t o H i t l e r , s e l l i n g o u t t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e C z e c h o slovak people w i t h the a i m of t u r n i n g the Hitlerite w a r machine against the Soviet U n i o n . It u n w a v e r i n g l y defended the S o v i e t - G e r m a n non-aggression pact a n d w i t h stood t h e s l a n d e r s a n d p e r s e c u t i o n s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . I t c a l l e d f o r r e s i s t a n c e a n d rose b o l d l y i n t h e f i g h t a g a i n s t the G e r m a n o c c u p i e r s a n d t h e i r c o l l a b o r a t o r s o f V i c h y . T h i s s t r u g g l e , w h i c h b e g a n w i t h actions, s t r i k e s , d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d sabotage, has s t e a d i l y e x t e n d e d . T h e F T P ( 3 ) created by the C o m m u n i s t Party, were the only f o r m a t i o n s w h i c h f o u g h t t h e occupiers, w h i l e t h e G a u l l i s t reseaux, as t h e n a m e s h o w s , w e r e n o t h i n g b u t a n e t w o r k of the S e c r e t S e r v i c e t o g a t h e r m i l i t a r y i n f o r m a t i o n u s e f u l t o the A l l i e s . W h i l e t h e G a u l l i s t s a d v o c a t e d w a i t i n g f o r a landing before going into action, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y f o u g h t v a l i a n t l y f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f the c o u n t r y . In the liberation w a r the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o r g a n i z e d a n d d e v e l o p e d t h e r e s i s t a n c e against t h e o c c u p i ers; a n d t r i e d t o a n d d i d a c h i e v e s o m e t h i n g i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the anti-fascist front. H o w e v e r , as the events showed, it had not considered a n d h a d not planned the seizure of power, or if it had planned this it abandoned the idea. T h i s i s c o n f i r m e d b y t h e fact t h a t d u r i n g the w a r the party created m a n y committees for national liberation, but i t d i d n o t g i v e a n y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e m a n d d i d not t a k e a n y m e a s u r e s t o e n s u r e t h a t these c o m m i t t e e s a f f i r m t h e m s e l v e s a s t h e n u c l e i o f t h e n e w state p o w e r . F r o m beginning to end the partisan formations remained small a n d w i t h o u t o r g a n i c l i n k s w i t h one a n o t h e r . A t n o t i m e did the party raise the question of the creation of b i g formations of a real national liberation a r m y . The French Communist
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842
ENVER HOXHA
fascist l i b e r a t i o n w a r , w h i c h i t l e d itself, b u t d i d n o t t u r n t h i s w a r i n t o a r e v o l u t i o n a r y w a r o f the w h o l e p e o ple. Moreover, it considered it more appropriate a n d revolutionary to beg De G a u l l e to be a l l o w e d to send one o f its r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o h i s F r e e F r a n c e C o m m i t t e e . A l l t h i s m e a n t , Please, M r . D e G a u l l e , accept m e i n t o y o u r C o m m i t t e e , too. T h i s m e a n t , M r . D e G a u l l e , t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a n d the partisan forces are going u n d e r your c o m m a n d and that of the 'Free France Committee'. This meant, M r . De Gaulle, we communists have no i n tention of c a r r y i n g out a n y revolution or of seizing power, a l l we w a n t is that the old game of parties, the 'democratic' game, w i l l b e p l a y e d i n the F r a n c e o f t h e f u t u r e a n d that, o n t h e basis o f p o l l i n g , w e too w i l l t a k e p a r t i n the f u t u r e g o v e r n m e n t . W h i l e the F r e n c h communists were acting in this w a y , the b o u r g e o i s i e w a s p r e p a r i n g a n d o r g a n i z i n g its forces t o seize p o w e r i n F r a n c e , w h i c h i t w o u l d a s s u m e w h e n the A n g l o - A m e r i c a n a l l i e s l a n d e d t h e r e . T h e N a t i o n a l Committee, created and led by the De G a u l l e group in London, and turned into a government in Algiers, w o u l d b e the most s u i t a b l e f o r c e t o t a k e o v e r t h i s p o w e r . O f course, i t w o u l d d o t h i s together w i t h the i n t e r n a l forces w h i c h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e h a d p r e p a r e d a n d set i n m o t i o n together w i t h t h e o l d a r m y c o m m a n d e d b y g e n e r a l s w h o , a f t e r h a v i n g s e r v e d P e t a i n . h a d p l a c e d t h e m s e l v e s i n t o the service of De Gaulle, w h e n it became clear that the G e r m a n ship was sinking. This was a dangerous situation, w h i c h the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y d i d n o t a p p r e c i a t e a n d assess c o r r e c t l y , o r d i d not a n a l y s e t h o r o u g h l y . I t w a s a f r a i d o f c o m p l i c a t i o n s w i t h t h e a l l i e d forces w h i c h w e r e l a n d i n g , i t w a s a f r a i d o f D e G a u l l e a n d t h e forces g a t h e r e d a r o u n d h i m , hence i t w a s a f r a i d o f c i v i l w a r , a n d e s p e c i a l l y o f w a r w i t h the A n g l o - A m e r i c a n s .
843
T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y forgot the example of the heroic communards, w h o encircled b y B i s m a r c k ' s G e r m a n a r m i e s , rose i n r e v o l t a g a i n s t t h e V e r s a i l l e s e , s t o r m i n g t h e heavens, a s M a r x s a i d , a n d c r e a t e d t h e C o m m u n e o f Paris. Theoreticians m a y t r y to justify this fatal mistake of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y d u r i n g the Second W o r l d W a r b y s a y i n g : T h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e forces h a d t o b e t a k e n i n t o account. O f course, t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e forces h a d t o b e t a k e n i n t o account. B u t since t h e c o m m u n a r d s , without a party, without organization, without links w i t h the peasantry a n d the rest of France, a n d encircled by foreign occupation troops, launched the attack a n d seized p o w e r , t h e F r e n c h w o r k i n g class w i t h its p a r t y a t the head, tempered i n battle, enlightened b y M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , a n d h a v i n g s u c h a great a n d p o w e r f u l a l l y a s t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n its s t r u g g l e , a t t h e h e a d o f t h e w o r k i n g masses a n d t h e g e n u i n e p a t r i o t s , c o u l d h a v e c a r r i e d o u t t h e i m m o r t a l deed o f t h e c o m m u n a r d s a h u n d r e d times more successfully. W h e n it should have acted b o l d l y a n d w i s e l y to f u l f i l the desires a n d a s p i r a t i o n s o f the F r e n c h c o m m u n i s t militants and proletariat, w h o fought w i t h determination a n d h e r o i s m a g a i n s t t h e H i t l e r i t e occupiers, t h e l e a d e r s h i p of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y proved hesitant and weak. It did not proceed on the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t road, on the road o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e . I t d i d n o t f o l l o w i n t h e footsteps of t h e c o m m u n a r d s . T h e a n t i - f a s c i s t w a r i n I t a l y h a d its o w n c h a r a c t e r istics a n d f e a t u r e s , b u t t h e o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y h a d set itself, its v a c i l l a tions a n d concessions a r e s i m i l a r t o those o f t h e F r e n c h Communist Party. T h e start of the Second W o r l d W a r f o u n d most of t h e l e a d i n g cadres o f t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n F r a n c e .
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N e a r l y a l l o f t h e m f e l l i n t o t h e h a n d s o f t h e police. A m o n g s t t h e m w a s the g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y o f t h e p a r t y , P a l m i r o T o g l i a t t i , w h o a s soon a s h e w a s r e l e a s e d f r o m j a i l , i n M a r c h 1941, w e n t t o the S o v i e t U n i o n . A l t h o u g h the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y took a correct s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e aggressive w a r w h i c h t h e fascist p o w e r s l a u n c h e d , a n d c o n d e m n e d it as a p r e d a t o r y i m p e r i a l i s t w a r , its a c t i v i t y r e m a i n e d r e s t r i c t e d . A l l t h e e f f o r t s o f this p a r t y were centered on the creation of a coalition o f the a n t i - f a s c i s t p a r t i e s i n e x i l e , o n i s s u i n g a n u m b e r o f appeals, r e s o l u t i o n s a n d p r o p a g a n d a p u b l i c a t i o n s . I n M a r c h 1943, t h e p a r t y , w h i c h h a d b e g u n t o d e v e l o p i t s a c t i v i t y w i t h i n t h e c o u n t r y f r o m t h e m i d d l e o f 1942, m a n a g e d t o o r g a n i z e a series o f p o w e r f u l s t r i k e s i n v a r i o u s zones, w h i c h t e s t i f i e d t o t h e r i s e o f t h e a n t i - f a s c i s t people's m o v e m e n t . T h e s e s t r i k e s a c c e l e r a t e d t h e d e v e l o p ments w h i c h led to the overthrow of M u s s o l i n i . F e a r o f the r e v o l u t i o n h a d m a d e t h e I t a l i a n b o u r geoisie a n d t h e s y m b o l o f its r u l e , t h e k i n g , s u m m o n M u s s o l i n i t o p o w e r i n 1922. T h i s same f e a r m a d e t h e b o u r geoisie a n d the k i n g r e m o v e M u s s o l i n i f r o m p o w e r i n J u l y 1943. T h e o v e r t h r o w o f M u s s o l i n i w a s c a r r i e d out b y m e a n s of a c o u p d'tat of t h e r u l i n g caste. T h e t a k e - o v e r was the w o r k of the k i n g of Badoglio, and other leading f i g u r e s o f f a s c i s m . S e e i n g the i n e v i t a b i l i t y o f I t a l y ' s defeat, b y s o d o i n g t h e y w a n t e d t o f o r e s t a l l the d a n g e r t h a t the w o r k i n g class a n d the people o f I t a l y w o u l d r i s e i n s t r u g g l e a n d r e v o l u t i o n , w h i c h w o u l d not o n l y o v e r t h r o w fasci s m a n d t h e m o n a r c h y , b u t w o u l d place t h e d o m i n a t i o n of t h e I t a l i a n b o u r g e o i s i e as a class in j e o p a r d y . T h e resistance m o v e m e n t o f t h e I t a l i a n people against f a s c i s m a s s u m e d great d e v e l o p m e n t e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r t h e capitulation of Italy. In N o r t h e r n Italy, w h i c h w a s still o c c u p i e d b y t h e G e r m a n s , o n the i n i t i a t i v e o f t h e p a r t y ,
845
the l i b e r a t i o n w a r , w h i c h i n c l u d e d t h e b r o a d masses o f a n t i - f a s c i s t w o r k e r s , peasants, i n t e l l e c t u a l s a n d others, w a s organized. B i g regular partisan formations w e r e created, the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of t h e m under the leadership of the party. L i k e w i s e o n t h e i n i t i a t i v e o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , national liberation committees were formed in N o r t h e r n Italy, a l o n g w i t h t h e p a r t i s a n u n i t s a n d d e t a c h m e n t s . T h e p a r t y s t r u g g l e d t o m a k e these c o m m i t t e e s n e w organs o f t h e d e m o c r a t i c p o w e r , b u t i n fact t h e y r e m a i n e d c o a l i t i o n s of different parties. T h i s d i d not p e r m i t them to be transf o r m e d i n t o g e n u i n e organs o f t h e people's p o w e r . Whereas in N o r t h e r n Italy the struggle of the party in general was developed on the right road, and could h a v e l e d n o t o n l y t o t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y b u t also t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e people's p o w e r , i n the S o u t h a n d o n a n a t i o n a l scale t h e p a r t y d i d n o t r a i s e t h e q u e s tion of the seizure of power. It sought only the f o r m a t i o n of a strong government w i t h authority, and d i d not fight f o r t h e o v e r t h r o w o f the m o n a r c h y a n d B a d o g l i o . A t a time w h e n favourable conditions existed in the country to c a r r y f o r w a r d t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e p r o g r a m o f the C o m munist Party was m i n i m a l . The party was for a parliamentary solution w i t h i n the f r a m e w o r k of the laws of the b o u r g e o i s o r d e r . Its m a x i m u m c l a i m w a s f o r its p a r t i cipation in the government w i t h t w o or three ministers. In this way, the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n v o l v e d itself i n b o u r g e o i s p o l i t i c a l c o m b i n a t i o n s a n d m a d e u n p r i n c i p l e d concessions one a f t e r t h e other. O n t h e eve o f t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y i t h a d great p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y s t r e n g t h w h i c h i t d i d not k n o w h o w t o use o r d i d n o t w a n t t o use, a n d i t v o l u n t a r i l y s u r r e n d e r e d its a r m s t o the b o u r g e o i s i e . I t a b a n d o n e d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y r o a d a n d set out o n t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y r o a d , w h i c h g r a d u a l l y t r a n s -
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f o r m e d this p a r t y f r o m a p a r t y of the revolution into a b o u r g e o i s p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class f o r s o c i a l r e f o r m s . In regard to Spain, it must be said that the directives of the 7th Congress of the C o m m u n i s t International h a d g r e a t e r r e s u l t s t h a n i n F r a n c e o r I t a l y . T h e effect o f t h e m was especially apparent d u r i n g the C i v i l W a r . A t first the communists d i d not take part in the P o p u l a r F r o n t government, but gave it their support. Nevertheless, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y c r i t i c i z e d t h e g o v e r n m e n t f o r its i r r e s o lute stand a n d demanded that it take measures against the fascist d a n g e r , against t h e a c t i v i t y w h i c h t h e fascists c a r r i e d out, e s p e c i a l l y t h e caste o f o f f i c e r s , w h o c o n s t i t u t e d the i m m e d i a t e d a n g e r a t t h a t t i m e . O n J u l y 17, 1936 t h e fascist g e n e r a l s l a u n c h e d t h e i r P r o n u n c i a m e n t o . T h e fascists' p l o t w a s w e l l c o - o r d i n a t e d . T h e y h a d acted u n d e r t h e nose o f t h e l e f t i s t g o v ernment and the authorities established by a government w h i c h h a d emerged f r o m the coalition of the P o p u l a r F r o n t . A l l t h e a n t i - f a s c i s t forces l i n e d u p a g a i n s t t h i s danger. In N o v e m b e r the government headed by L a r g o Caballero was formed w i t h two communist ministers i n c l u d e d . T h u s a c o m m o n f r o n t w a s f o r m e d t o d e f e n d the Republic even w i t h arms. The government granted autono m y t o t h e B a s q u e s , c o n f i s c a t e d t h e l a n d s o f fascists i n f a v o u r o f p o o r peasants a n d n a t i o n a l i z e d a l l t h e i r p r o perty. R i g h t f r o m the s t a r t , t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y c a l l e d o n t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e people f o r resistance. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y d i d not content i t s e l f w i t h appeals, h o w e v e r , but went into action. T h e members of the party went into the b a r r a c k s t o e x p l a i n t h e s i t u a t i o n t o t h e soldiers, t e l l i n g t h e m w h a t t h e fascists w e r e a n d w h a t a t h r e a t t h e y p r e s e n t e d t o t h e w o r k e r s , t h e peasants a n d t h e people. I n M a d r i d , t h e c a p i t a l o f S p a i n , t h e fascist c o u p f a i l e d .
847
I n o t h e r cities, t h e people, a n d f i r s t o f a l l t h e w o r k i n g class, a t t a c k e d the m i l i t a r y u n i t s w h i c h h a d r i s e n a g a i n s t the Republic and paralysed them. In A s t u r i a the fight of t h e m i n e r s a g a i n s t the fascist t r o o p s r a g e d f o r a m o n t h a n d this province remained in the hands of the people. T h e fascists c o u l d n o t pass t h e r e . T h e s a m e t h i n g o c c u r r e d i n the B a s q u e r e g i o n a n d m a n y p a r t s o f S p a i n . I n t h e f i r s t d a y s o f A u g u s t i t s e e m e d t h a t t h e fascist g e n e r a l s w e r e o n t h e w a y out a n d t h e i r defeat w o u l d h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e h a d t h e t r o o p s o f fascist I t a l y a n d n a z i G e r m a n y n o t gone t o t h e i r assistance i m m e d i a t e l y , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e troops r e c r u i t e d i n S p a n i s h M o r o c c o a n d those sent b y fascist P o r t u g a l . I n a c o u n t r y w h e r e t h e a r m y w a s l e d b y a n o l d caste o f r e a c t i o n a r y r o y a l i s t a n d fascist o f f i c e r s t h e fate o f the c o u n t r y c o u l d n o t b e l e f t t o the a r m y , o f w h i c h a p a r t f o l l o w e d t h e fascist g e n e r a l s w h i l e t h e rest b e g a n t o f a l l apart. Therefore, the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y called for the creat i o n o f a n e w a r m y , a n a r m y o f t h e people. T h e c o m m u n ists set t o w o r k t o create t h i s a r m y a n d w i t h i n a s h o r t t i m e m a n a g e d t o set u p t h e F i f t h R e g i m e n t . O n t h e basis o f t h i s r e g i m e n t , w h i c h a c h i e v e d great f a m e d u r i n g t h e S p a n i s h W a r , t h e people's a r m y o f t h e S p a n i s h R e p u b l i c was built up. T h e r e s o l u t e s t a n d o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y against the fascist a t t a c k , t h e b o l d e x a m p l e i t set b y p l a c i n g i t s e l f a t t h e h e a d of t h e masses to p r e v e n t t h e a d v a n c e of f a s c i s m , t h e e x a m p l e set b y its m e m b e r s , 6 0 p e r cent o f w h o m went to the different fighting fronts of the war, greatly increased the authority and prestige of the p a r t y among the masses of t h e people. A p a r t y g r o w s , w i n s a u t h o r i t y a n d becomes t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e masses w h e n i t h a s a c l e a r l i n e a n d hurls itself b o l d l y into struggle to i m p l e m e n t it. D u r i n g the C i v i l W a r t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n b e c a m e
848
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s u c h a p a r t y . B e t w e e n t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e fascist i n s u r r e c t i o n i n J u l y 1936 a n d t h e e n d o f t h a t y e a r , t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n c r e a s e d t h e n u m b e r o f its m e m b e r s t h r e e f o l d . A n d despite t h e fact t h a t i n those d a y s p e o p l e t u r n e d t o t h e p a r t y , n o t t o cast v o t e s i n e l e c t i o n s b u t t o g i v e t h e i r l i v e s , a t n o t i m e has a n y o t h e r p a r t y , w h e t h e r t h e so-called c o m m u n i s t p a r t y o f C a r r i l l o o r t h e other r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s w h i c h h a v e o p e n e d a l l t h e i r doors t o anyone, w i t h r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s o r o t h e r w i s e , w o r k e r s o r bourgeois, w h o w a n t t o j o i n t h e m , b e e n a b l e t o s h o w s u c h a g r o w t h o f its a u t h o r i t y a n d i n f l u e n c e a s t h a t w h i c h the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of S p a i n achieved d u r i n g the time of the C i v i l W a r . T h e Spanish W a r came to an end at the beginning of 1939, w i t h t h e e x t e n s i o n o f F r a n c o ' s r u l e o v e r t h e w h o l e country. In that w a r the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of S p a i n d i d not spare its e f f o r t s or forces to defeat f a s c i s m . If f a s c i s m t r i u m p h e d , t h i s i s due, a p a r t f r o m v a r i o u s i n t e r n a l factors, first of a l l to the intervention of Italian and G e r m a n fascism, as w e l l as to the capitulationist policy of nonintervention followed by the Western powers towards the fascist aggressors. M a n y members of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of S p a i n gave their lives d u r i n g the C i v i l W a r . Others fell v i c t i m to the Francoite terror. Thousands a n d thousands of others w e r e t h r o w n into prison where they languished for m a n y years or died. The terror w h i c h prevailed in S p a i n after the v i c t o r y o f t h e fascists w a s e x t r e m e l y f e r o c i o u s . T h e S p a n i s h d e m o c r a t s w h o m a n a g e d t o escape a r r e s t and internment took part in the French resistance and fought valiantly, w h i l e the Spanish democrats w h o went t o the S o v i e t U n i o n e n t e r e d t h e r a n k s o f t h e R e d A r m y and many of them gave their lives fighting against fascism.
849
A l t h o u g h i n e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t c o n d i t i o n s , the c o m m u n i s t s c o n t i n u e d the g u e r i l l a w a r a n d t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of resistance w i t h i n S p a i n . T h e m a j o r i t y of t h e m fell into the hands of the Francoite police a n d were condemned to death. F r a n c o dealt a heavy b l o w to the revolutionary v a n g u a r d o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e masses o f t h e S p a n i s h people a n d t h i s h a d n e g a t i v e consequences f o r t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y . L o s i n g its soundest, m o s t i d e o l o g i c a l l y p r e p a r e d , m o s t r e s o l u t e a n d c o u r a g e o u s e l e m e n t i n the a r m e d s t r u g g l e a n d d u r i n g the fascist t e r r o r , t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n c a m e u n d e r the n e g a t i v e a n d d e s t r u c t i v e influence of the cowardly petty-bourgeois and intellectual element, such as C a r r i l l o a n d company, w h o became d o minant. T h e y gradually transformed the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of S p a i n into an opportunist and revisionist party.
U n i t y w i t h the K h r u s h c h e v i t e Revisionists i n the Struggle against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d the Revolution The economic and political conditions w h i c h were c r e a t e d i n W e s t e r n E u r o p e after the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r were even more favourable to the consolidation and spread o f those m i s t a k e n o p p o r t u n i s t v i e w s w h i c h h a d e x i s t e d previously in the leaderships of the communist parties of France, Italy and Spain and further encouraged their spirit o f concessions t o a n d c o m p r o m i s e s w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . A m o n g s t others, s u c h f a c t o r s w e r e t h e a b r o g a t i o n o f fascist l a w s a n d o f o t h e r m e a s u r e s o f r e s t r i c t i o n a n d c o m p u l s i o n w h i c h the E u r o p e a n b o u r g e o i s i e h a d a d o p t e d f r o m the f i r s t d a y s a f t e r t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n a n d h a d m a i n t a i n e d u p t o the o u t b r e a k o f the w a r , w i t h the a i m o f r e s t r a i n i n g t h e u p s u r g e o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y
850
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d r i v e o f t h e w o r k i n g class, t o h i n d e r its p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n and prevent the spread of the M a r x i s t ideology. T h e r e - e s t a b l i s h m e n t on a m o r e or less e x t e n s i v e scale of bourgeois democracy, by completely legalizing all p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s e x c e p t t h e fascist p a r t i e s ; p e r m i t t i n g t h e i r unhindered participation in the political and ideological l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y ; g i v i n g these p a r t i e s p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r active participation in the electoral campaigns, w h i c h w e r e n o w h e l d o n t h e basis o f less r e s t r i c t i v e l a w s , f o r the a p p r o v a l o f w h i c h t h e c o m m u n i s t s a n d other p r o g r e s s i v e forces h a d w a g e d a long struggle, created m a n y reformist illusions among the leaderships of the communist parties. The v i e w began to establish itself a m o n g t h e m that f a s c i s m w a s n o w f i n i s h e d once a n d f o r a l l , t h a t t h e b o u r geoisie w a s n o l o n g e r a b l e t o r e s t r i c t t h e d e m o c r a t i c r i g h t s of the workers, but on the contrary w o u l d be obliged to allow their further development. T h e y began to t h i n k t h a t the c o m m u n i s t s , e m e r g i n g f r o m t h e w a r a s t h e m o s t influential and p o w e r f u l political, organizing and m o b i lizing force of the nation, w o u l d compel the bourgeoisie t o p r o c e e d o n t h e course o f e x t e n d i n g d e m o c r a c y a n d permitting the ever greater participation of w o r k i n g peop l e i n r u n n i n g t h e c o u n t r y , t h a t t h r o u g h elections a n d p a r liament they w o u l d have possibilities to take power p e a c e f u l l y a n d t h e n g o o n t o t h e socialist t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f society. T h e s e l e a d e r s h i p s c o n s i d e r e d t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t w o o r t h r e e c o m m u n i s t m i n i s t e r s i n the p o s t - w a r g o v e r n ments of F r a n c e a n d Italy not as the m a x i m u m f o r m a l concessions w h i c h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e w o u l d m a k e , b u t a s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a process w h i c h w o u l d d e v e l o p g r a d u a l l y up to the creation of a cabinet consisting entirely of c o m munists. The development of the economy in the West after t h e w a r also e x e r t e d a g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e s p r e a d o f o p p o r t u n i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t ideas i n t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s .
851
T r u e , W e s t e r n E u r o p e w a s d e v a s t a t e d b y t h e w a r , b u t its recovery w a s carried out relatively quickly. T h e A m e r i c a n capital w h i c h poured into Europe through the M a r s h a l l P l a n m a d e i t p o s s i b l e t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h e factories, plants, transport a n d agriculture so that their production extended rapidly. T h i s development opened up m a n y jobs a n d for a long period, not only absorbed a l l the free labour force b u t e v e n c r e a t e d a c e r t a i n s h o r t a g e of l a b o u r . T h i s s i t u a t i o n , w h i c h b r o u g h t t h e b o u r g e o i s i e great s u p e r p r o f i t s , a l l o w e d it to l o o s e n its p u r s e - s t r i n g s a l i t t l e a n d s o f t e n t h e l a b o u r c o n f l i c t s t o some degree. I n t h e social field, in such matters as social insurance, health, e d u c a t i o n , l a b o u r l e g i s l a t i o n etc., i t took some m e a s u r e s f o r w h i c h t h e w o r k i n g class h a d f o u g h t h a r d . T h e o b v i o u s improvement of the standard of l i v i n g of the w o r k i n g people i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h a t o f t h e t i m e o f t h e w a r a n d even before the war, the r a p i d g r o w t h of production, w h i c h c a m e as a r e s u l t of t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of i n d u s t r y a n d agriculture and the beginning of the technical and scientific revolution, and the f u l l employment of the w o r k force, o p e n e d t h e w a y t o t h e f l o w e r i n g a m o n g s t t h e u n f o r m e d o p p o r t u n i s t e l e m e n t o f v i e w s about t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a p i t a l i s m w i t h o u t class c o n f l i c t s , a b o u t its a b i l i t y t o a v o i d crises, t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f u n e m p l o y m e n t etc. T h a t m a j o r t e a c h i n g o f M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , that the periods of peaceful development of capitalism become a source for the spread of opportunism, w a s c o n f i r m e d once a g a i n . T h e n e w s t r a t u m o f t h e w o r k e r aristocracy, w h i c h increased considerably d u r i n g this period, began to exert an ever more negative influence in the r a n k s o f t h e p a r t i e s a n d t h e i r l e a d e r s h i p s b y i n t r o d u c i n g r e f o r m i s t a n d o p p o r t u n i s t v i e w s a n d ideas. U n d e r p r e s s u r e o f these c i r c u m s t a n c e s , the p r o g r a m s o f communist parties were reduced more and more to democratic a n d reformist m i n i m u m programs, w h i l e the idea of
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the revolution and socialism became ever more remote. The m a j o r strategy of the revolutionary transformation o f society gave w a y t o t h e m i n o r s t r a t e g y a b o u t c u r r e n t problems of the day w h i c h was absolutized and became the g e n e r a l p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l i n e . In this way, after the Second W o r l d W a r , the Italian Communist Party, that of France, of Great B r i t a i n and after this, t h a t of S p a i n , too, g r a d u a l l y b e g a n to d e v i a t e f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , to adopt revisionist v i e w s a n d theses a n d t o t a k e the course o f r e f o r m i s m . T h e n K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m e m e r g e d o n t h e scene, t h e t e r r a i n w a s suitable for t h e m to embrace it and unite f i r m l y w i t h it i n the s t r u g g l e against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . Apart from the p r e s s u r e o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y w i t h i n t h e i r o w n c o u n t r i e s , t h e decisions o f t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f the C P S U e x e r t e d a great i n f l u e n c e o n these parties t o g o o v e r c o m p l e t e l y t o a n t i - M a r x i s t , s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c positions.
T h e f i r s t t o e m b r a c e t h e l i n e o f t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f the C P S U w e r e t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s w h o i m m e d i a t e l y after t h a t congress, l o u d l y p r o c l a i m e d t h e s o - c a l l e d I t a l i a n r o a d t o s o c i a l i s m . A s soon a s f a s c i s m h a d b e e n o v e r t h r o w n , t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y h a d c o m e out w i t h a n o p portunist political and organizational platform. W h e n P a l miro Togliatti landed in Naples on his return f r o m the S o v i e t U n i o n i n M a r c h 1944, h e i m p o s e d o n h i s p a r t y t h e l i n e o f class c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its p a r ties. I n t h e p l e n u m o f the N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l o f t h e P a r t y w h i c h w a s h e l d a t t h a t t i m e , T o g l i a t t i d e c l a r e d , We d o not p u t f o r w a r d t h e s e i z u r e o f p o w e r a s t h e o b j e c t i v e o f o u r struggle, because o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d n a t i o n a l c o n d i tions; we want o n l y to destroy fascism completely and to create a ' t r u l y p r o g r e s s i v e , a n t i - f a s c i s t d e m o c r a c y ' . T h e
853
I C P 'must v i e w every p r o b l e m f r o m the angle of the n a t i o n , of t h e I t a l i a n state'. * In Naples Togliatti put f o r w a r d for the first time t h e idea, a n d i n d e e d t h e p l a t f o r m , o f w h a t h e c a l l e d t h e n e w p a r t y o f t h e masses, w h i c h d i f f e r e d i n class composition, ideology and organizational forms f r o m the communist party of the Leninist type. It was n a t u r a l t h a t , f o r a p o l i c y of u n p r i n c i p l e d a l l i a n c e s a n d a p o l i c y of reforms w h i c h Togliatti wanted, he needed a reformist party, a broad unrestricted party w h i c h anyone could enter or leave whenever he liked. M a n y years later a c o l l a b o r a t o r of T o g l i a t t i w r o t e , H i s n o t i o n of a m a s s p a r t y w h i c h has its roots i n t h e people assumes a l l its proper value if we l i n k it closely w i t h the national c o m ponent of the communists' struggle. T h e i r objective, in fact, i s t o a c h i e v e p r o f o u n d changes i n s o c i e t y . . . b y m e a n s of reforms. ** W i t h t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y , the w o r k i n g class o f I t a l y h o p e d f o r p r o f o u n d s o c i a l justice, e x p e c t e d t h a t t h i n g s w o u l d c h a n g e a n d t h a t a t last i t w o u l d h a v e its say. B u t t h i s d i d n o t occur. A n d t h i s w a s because o f the o r g a nization and management of the life of the country by the d i f f e r e n t b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y . T o d e c e i v e t h e masses a n d t o g i v e t h e m the i m pression that their voice was being heard in the governing o f the c o u n t r y , t h e y a r r a n g e d p o l i t i c a l l i f e w i t h m a j o r i t y a n d m i n o r i t y parties, w i t h p a r t i e s i n o f f i c e a n d p a r t i e s in opposition, w i t h a l l the p a r l i a m e n t a r y games a n d tricks, w i l l a l l t h e i r lies a n d h u m b u g . At first the Italian Communist P a r t y received two u n i m p o r t a n t p o r t f o l i o s , w h i c h the b i g b o u r g e o i s i e a l l o w e d
_________________________________ * P. Spriano, Storia del Partito Comunista Italiano, T o r i n o 1975. p. 308. ** G. Ceretti, A l'ombre des deux T, P a r i s 1973, p. 52.
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it w i t h i n the democratic game, in order to strengthen i t s p o s i t i o n , restore i t s a r m y , t h e p o l i c e a n d a l l t h e n e t w o r k o f suppression, a n d i n o r d e r t o use t h e presence o f c o m munists in the government to strangle and paralyse any t e n d e n c y o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e I t a l i a n people t o settle accounts w i t h those w h o e x p l o i t e d t h e m , o p p r e s s e d t h e m a n d sent t h e m t o r o b o t h e r peoples o f t h e i r f r e e d o m , l e a v i n g the bones o f t h e i r sons i n A b y s s i n i a , S p a i n , A l b a n i a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e n , i n M a y 1947, w h e n t h e y no longer w a n t e d them, the bourgeoisie t h r e w the c o m munist ministers out of the government. T h e possible danger on an attack by the workers had been averted. T h e w o r k i n g class h a d b e e n l i n e d up, i n c o r p o r a t e d i n different unions according to p a r t y colours, a n d thus the s t r u g g l e f o r votes, t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y s t r u g g l e , b e g a n . A f t e r the 20th Congress of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of the S o v i e t U n i o n , T o g l i a t t i a n d t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y p u b l i c l y p r o c l a i m e d t h e i r o l d r e v i s i o n i s t stands. N o t only did they approve every sign of liberalism w h i c h came f r o m M o s c o w , b u t t h e y r a c e d a h e a d s o fast t h a t t h e y p u t the K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionists in difficulties, a n d thus the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y began to become a w o r r y to them. The Togliatti supporters approved the revisionist course o f d e s t a l i n i z a t i o n , a p p l a u d e d t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s ' m u d s l i n g i n g a t S t a l i n a n d b o l s h e v i s m , a p p l a u d e d the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s ' course f o r t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e socialist f o u n d a t i o n s o f t h e S o v i e t state, w e r e i n f a v o u r o f r e v i s i o n i s t r e f o r m s a n d the p o l i c y o f o p e n i n g u p t o t h e c a p i t a l i s t states, e s p e c i a l l y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a . A s revisionists, Togliatti a n d his supporters w e r e f u l l y in agreement w i t h K h r u s h c h e v i t e peaceful coexistence a n d rapprochement w i t h imperialism. This was their old dream of collaboration w i t h the bourgeoisie on the national a n d international plane.
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O n t h e course o n w h i c h t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y h a d set o u t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i t n e e d e d u n i t y a n d friendship w i t h the Italian C o m m u n i s t Party, it needed the support, in particular, of the t w o revisionist parties of the West, o f F r a n c e a n d I t a l y , w h i c h w e r e t w o b i g p a r t i e s w i t h a certain international authority. This was the reason f o r t h e h o n o u r s w h i c h t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s p a i d these t w o p a r t i e s , a n d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e honours, w h i c h w e r e obvious, went big subsidies under the lap. Just as the Khrushchevites hastened to t u r n the Soviet U n i o n into a capitalist country, so Togliatti a n d company hastened to integrate themselves into the I t a l i a n c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r . I n J u n e 1956, i n the r e p o r t s u b m i t t e d t o the CC of the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y under the f l a m b o y a n t t i t l e The I t a l i a n R o a d t o S o c i a l i s m , P a l m i r o T o g l i a t t i l a u n c h e d a series of theses so b l a t a n t l y a n t i - c o m munist that K h r u s h c h e v w a s compelled to tell h i m that h e s h o u l d r e s t r a i n h i m s e l f a n d s h o u l d n o t cross h i s b r i d ges so h a s t i l y . At that time Togliatti put f o r w a r d the question of the integration of socialism into capitalism, as w e l l as t h e thesis d e n y i n g t h e r o l e o f t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y a s t h e sole a n d i n d i s p e n s a b l e l e a d e r o f t h e s t r u g g l e o f the p r o letariat for socialism. He said that the impulse towards socialism m i g h t come even w h e r e there w a s no communist p a r t y . T h e s e theses w e r e i d e n t i c a l w i t h those o f t h e Yugoslav revisionists. It is not accidental that the Italian revisionists proved t o b e a r d e n t s u p p o r t e r s o f the r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e Y u g o slav r e v i s i o n i s t s . T o g l i a t t i p e r s o n a l l y w e n t t o Y u g o s l a v i a to b e n d the k n e e to T i t o a n d to help m a k e h i m acceptable i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t . T h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a n d T o g l i a t t i s p o k e out against M o s c o w b e i n g the o n l y c e n t r e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l communism. T h e y preached polycentrism, the a i m of
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w h i c h w a s t h e c r e a t i o n o f a n e w r e v i s i o n i s t bloc, h e a d e d by the Italian Communist Party, w h i c h by opposing the Soviet revisionist bloc w o u l d raise the authority of the I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n t h e eyes o f t h e I t a l i a n a n d w o r l d bourgeoisie. T o g l i a t t i t h o u g h t t h a t h e w o u l d w i n t h e trust of the Italian monopoly capital in this w a y a n d be i n v i t e d t o j o i n i n its dance. K h r u s h c h e v s a w t h e d a n g e r o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s , b o t h those o f t h e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h w e r e m e m b e r s o f t h e W a r s a w T r e a t y a n d those w h i c h w e r e outside it, b r e a k i n g a w a y f r o m t h e t u t e l a g e of Moscow, therefore he tried to preserve unity. H o w ever, T o g l i a t t i ' s p o l y c e n t r i s m a n d K h r u s h c h e v ' s u n i t y were opposing and u n r e a l things. Revisionism splits a n d does n o t u n i t e . The revisionist p a r t y of Togliatti today, under Longo a n d B e r l i n g u e r , has steered a n o b s c u r e a n d b y n o m e a n s c l e a r course. I n t e l l e c t u a l i s t a n d s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c v i e w s h a v e m a d e deep i m p r e s s i o n s o n its l i n e a n d stands. T h e leader of the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , P a l m i r o Togliatti, m a n i f e s t e d these v i e w s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g s t r i d e n c y , u p t o h i s f a m o u s testament, w h i c h h e w r o t e a s h o r t t i m e b e f o r e h e d i e d i n Y a l t a . T h i s testament r e p r e s e n t s t h e code o f I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s m o n w h i c h t h e v i e w s o f E u r o c o m m u n i s m in general are based today. A f t e r t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f t h e C P S U m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m f o u n d a n e n v i r o n m e n t s u i t a b l e f o r its s p r e a d i n t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y also. T h e i d e a o f p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n i s m , t h e i d e a o f alliances w i t h s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y a n d the bourgeoisie, o f s t r u g g l e f o r r e f o r m s , h a d l o n g b e e n i m p l a n t e d i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h i s p a r t y . T h i s w a s not p r o c l a i m e d o p e n l y a s i t i s n o w , t h a t is, i t w a s not r a i s e d t o a t h e o r y . B u t t h e o p p o s i t i o n t o a n d s t r u g g l e against f a s c i s m , t h e s t r u g g l e f o r t h e defence a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f democracy, for the improvement of the situation of the
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w o r k i n g people, a l l o f t h e m actions correct i n p r i n c i p l e a n d also c o r r e c t a s tactics, w e r e n o t l i n k e d b y the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w i t h t h e f i n a l a i m , w i t h t h e socialist perspective. F o r the leadership of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , t h i s p e r s p e c t i v e w a s obscure, o r s o m e t h i n g w h i c h was accepted in theory but was considered to be unrealizable i n the c o n d i t i o n s o f F r a n c e . T h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , a s w e said, h a d a v o i ded changing the w a r for n a t i o n a l liberation into a people's r e v o l u t i o n , h a d t u r n e d a w a y f r o m t h e s t r u g g l e f o r the a r m e d s e i z u r e o f state p o w e r . T h e w o r k i n g class a n d its p a r t y s h e d t h e i r b l o o d , b u t f o r w h o m ? I n fact, f o r t h e F r e n c h bourgeoisie and the A n g l o - A m e r i c a n imperialists. H o w should this course of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y be described? B l u n t l y : betrayal of the revolution. P o l i t e l y : an opportunist liberal line. I t i s t r u e t h a t t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w a s not liquidated either by the G e r m a n occupiers or by reaction, but t h e n e g a t i v e p h e n o m e n o n o c c u r r e d that, w i t h t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f the c o u n t r y , t h e p a r t i s a n forces w h i c h w e r e led b y t h e p a r t y w e r e d i s a r m e d b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , o r m o r e p r e c i s e l y , t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e p a r t y i t s e l f took t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e d i s a r m e d since the H o m e land h a d been liberated. W i t h the liberation of the country, the bourgeoisie a g a i n t o o k p o w e r w h i l e t h e c o m m u n i s t s w e r e l e f t out o f the b a n q u e t . T h e v i c t o r ' s c a r r i a g e w a s p r e p a r e d f o r D e Gaulle, w h o was proclaimed the saviour of the F r e n c h people. T o a v o i d t h e resistance a n d s t r i k e s o f d i s i l l u s i o n e d and revolted workers, De G a u l l e summoned M a u r i c e T h o rez a n d one o r t w o o t h e r c o m m u n i s t s t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t . T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y p a i d f o r t h i s place a t t h e b o t t o m o f the t a b l e w h i c h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e g a v e i t b y a d o p t i n g stands c o n t r a r y t o t h e i n t e r e s t s a n d w i l l o f t h e F r e n c h w o r k i n g class.
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O n e m i s t a k e i n e v i t a b l y leads t o a n o t h e r . D i z z y w i t h t h e e l e c t o r a l success w h i c h t h e y a c h i e v e d i n t h e elections o f N o v e m b e r 10, 1946, w h e r e t h e c o m m u n i s t s a n d socialists w o n t h e a b s o l u t e m a j o r i t y o f seats i n t h e N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y , t h e leaders o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w e n t even further d o w n the road of reformism. Precisely at this time M a u r i c e Thorez gave an i n t e r v i e w to the correspondent of the B r i t i s h newspaper The Times, in w h i c h h e s a i d t h a t the d e v e l o p m e n t o f d e m o c r a c t i c forces t h r o u g h out the w o r l d a n d the w e a k e n i n g o f the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r geoisie a f t e r the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r i n d u c e d h i m t o e n visage f o r F r a n c e ...the t r a n s i t i o n t o s o c i a l i s m o n r o a d s other t h a n those w h i c h t h e R u s s i a n c o m m u n i s t s f o l l o w e d t h i r t y y e a r s a g o . . . I n a n y case, t h e r o a d c a n b e d i f f e r e n t f o r each country. * Perhaps this r o a d to socialism, about w h i c h Thorez spoke a t t h a t t i m e , w a s not e x a c t l y t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e road, the contours of w h i c h w e r e l a i d out later. B u t in any case the d i f f e r e n t road, w h i c h T h o r e z sought t h e n , w a s not t h a t o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e F r e n c h bourgeoisie and A m e r i c a n imperialism did not a l l o w T h o r e z a n d the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y t o l i v e l o n g w i t h t h e i r d r e a m s o f the p a r liamentary road to socialism. Not m u c h later, through a s i m p l e decree of t h e socialist p r e m i e r of t h a t t i m e . R a m a d i e r , the c o m m u n i s t s w e r e t h r o w n out o f the g o v e r n m e n t . A t its m e e t i n g i n O c t o b e r 1947, t h e C e n t r a l C o m mittee of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y was obliged to m a k e s e l f - c r i t i c i s m a b o u t its m i s t a k e n s t a n d s a n d actions at t h a t p e r i o d , a b o u t its i n c o r r e c t e v a l u a t i o n of the sit u a t i o n , t h e r a t i o o f forces, t h e p o l i c y o f t h e Socialist P a r t y etc. Thus, beginning f r o m the end of 1947, the French
__________________________________ * M. Thorez. Fils du peuple, P a r i s 1960, p. 234.
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C o m m u n i s t P a r t y b e g a n t o see c e r t a i n questions m o r e c o r r e c t l y . I t r a i s e d the w o r k i n g class i n i m p o r t a n t class battles a n d b i g s t r i k e s , w h i c h h a d a p r o n o u n c e d p o l i t i c a l character, e s p e c i a l l y those of the y e a r s 1947 a n d 1948, w h i c h caused p a n i c a m o n g the F r e n c h bourgeoisie. A t t h a t t i m e t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y f o u g h t against the Marshallization of France and the w a r m o n g e r i n g policy of A m e r i c a n imperialism. It opposed the establishment of A m e r i c a n bases i n F r a n c e a n d rose against t h e n e w colonial wars of French imperialism. The party called on the w o r k i n g class t o oppose the c o l o n i a l w a r i n V i e t n a m , not m e r e l y w i t h p r o p a g a n d a b u t also w i t h concrete actions. I n t h i s s t r u g g l e t h e F r e n c h w o r k i n g class p r o d u c e d f r o m its r a n k s s u c h heroes a n d h e r o i n e s a s R a y m o n d e D i e n , w h o l a y d o w n o n the r a i l s t o stop a t r a i n l o a d e d with arms for Vietnam. The French the m e e t i n g o f the s i t u a t i o n i n condemned and and his group. Communist P a r t y took an active part in the Information B u r e a u w h i c h examined the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of Yugoslavia. It sternly denounced the betrayal by Tito
However, after the death of S t a l i n and K h r u s h c h e v ' s advent t o p o w e r , v a c i l l a t i o n s a n d d e v i a t i o n s a p p e a r e d again i n t h e l i n e o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a n d the stands of its leaders. T h e s e v a c i l l a t i o n s w e r e a p p a r e n t as early a s 1954, i n its a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s the l i b e r a t i o n w a r o f the A l g e r i a n people. W h a t d i d t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y d o t o assist this w a r ? I t w a g e d o n l y a p r o p a g a n d a c a m p a i g n a n d n o t h i n g m o r e . I t w a s its d u t y t o d i s p l a y its i n t e r n a t i o n a l ism t o w a r d s t h e l i b e r a t i o n w a r o f t h e A l g e r i a n people i n deeds, because i n t h i s w a y i t w o u l d h a v e f o u g h t f o r t h e f r e e d o m o f t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e too. I t d i d n o t d o t h i s b e cause i t w a s g u i d e d b y o p p o r t u n i s t a n d n a t i o n a l i s t stands. The F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w e n t e v e n f u r t h e r . I t s t o p -
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ped the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of A l g e r i a f r o m t a k i n g part in t h e w a r . T h e facts s h o w t h a t w h e n t h e f l a m e s o f t h e n a tional liberation w a r were sweeping A l g e r i a , the A l g e r i a n communists d i d nothing, w h i l e the general secretary of the party, L a r b i B u h a l i , went s k i i n g and broke his leg i n the T a t r a M o u n t a i n s o f C z e c h o s l o v a k i a . W h e n K h r u s h c h e v and the Khrushchevites began their a c t i v i t y t o seize p o w e r a n d b r i n g a b o u t t h e c a p i t a l i s t d e generation of the Soviet U n i o n , w h e n they launched their attack against S t a l i n a t t h e 20th Congress, i t s e e m e d that, i n g e n e r a l , the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w a s o p p o s e d t o K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionism and the Italian C o m m u n i s t Party. Apparently, Thorez and the leadership of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y r e g a r d e d t h e changes w h i c h w e r e t a k i n g place i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n w i t h s u s p i c i o n . T h i s c o u l d b e seen i n t h e i r s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e q u e s t i o n o f S t a l i n , w h e n t h e y d i d n o t associate t h e m s e l v e s w i t h Khrushchev's slanders; it was apparent at the t i m e of the events i n P o l a n d a n d H u n g a r y i n 1956, w h e n , i n g e n e r a l , t h e y m a i n t a i n e d correct stands. H o w e v e r , after K h r u s h c h e v a n d h i s g r o u p l i q u i d a t e d M o l o t o v , M a l e n k o v , K a g a n o v i c h a n d others, a f t e r h e c o n s o l i d a t e d h i s p o s i t i o n i n t h e p a r t y a n d t h e state a n d t o o k t h e b i t b e t w e e n h i s teeth, i t w a s seen t h a t t h e l e a d e r s h i p of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y headed by Thorez was w a v e r i n g . L i t t l e b y l i t t l e a n d f r o m concession t o concession i t w e n t o v e r f r o m its a n t i - K h r u s h c h e v i t e p o s i t i o n t o t h e p o sition of Khrushchev. Was this fortuitous? Was it an aberration by Thorez? W a s it a retreat on his part or on t h e p a r t o f D u c l o s a n d the o t h e r l e a d e r s i n t h e f a c e o f the pressures, p r a i s e s a n d b l a n d i s h m e n t s o f K h r u s h c h e v a n d h i s other p u t s c h i s t m e t h o d s ? O f course, those m e t h o d s w e r e u s e d a n d h a d t h e i r i n f l u e n c e i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n to, and later, the u n i n t e r r u p t e d m a r c h of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y t o w a r d s r e v i s i o n i s m . B u t these d o n o t ac-
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c o u n t f o r e v e r y t h i n g . T h e t r u e causes m u s t b e sought w i t h i n t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y itself, i n its e a r l i e r stands, i n its i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n , i n its composition and in the external environment w h i c h exerted its o w n p r e s s u r e o n t h a t p a r t y . T h e process o f t h e descent o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n t o r e v i s i o n i s m d i d n o t t a k e p l a c e w i t h i n one d a y . Q u a n t i t y was transformed into quality over a relatively long period. T h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y reformist road, the Thorez r o a d o f the e x t e n d e d h a n d , h i s a d m i r a t i o n f o r a n d c o n cessions to a series of i n t e l l e c t u a l s , some of w h o m w e r e e x p e l l e d a f t e r t h e i r b e t r a y a l , w h i l e o t h e r s r e m a i n e d i n the p a r t y , a n d d e v e l o p e d d e f e a t i s m , s p r e a d i n g a l l sorts o f t h e o r i e s w h i c h d i s t o r t e d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , b r o u g h t the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y t o r e v i s i o n i s t positions. T h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y l i v e d s u r r o u n d e d b y a bourgeois, revisionist, Trotskyite, anarchist, political a n d ideological e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h beat ceaselessly a t its w a l l s , w h i c h p e n e t r a t e d t h e m a n d caused the p a r t y great d a m a g e . M a j o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l e v e n t s also c r e a t e d great u p h e a v als i n t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y . T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f K h r u s h c h e v ' s secret r e p o r t a g a i n s t S t a l i n , w h i c h w a s e x p l o i t e d b y a l l t h e E u r o p e a n a n d w o r l d bourgeoisie, also created a turbulent situation in the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y . T h e s t a n d w h i c h t h i s p a r t y a d o p t e d t o w a r d s events in H u n g a r y and P o l a n d encountered the stern opposition o f t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s i e o f F r a n c e , the m i d d l e bourgeoisie, the l i b e r a l i n t e l l e c t u a l s , a s w e l l a s o p p o r t u n i s t s outside a n d also i n s i d e t h e p a r t y . T h e events w h i c h occurred i n F r a n c e i n connection w i t h t h e w a r i n A l g e r i a also b r o u g h t a b o u t t h a t t h e o l d opportunist v i e w s a n d stands again came to the surface and b e c a m e p r e d o m i n a n t i n t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y . A l l these f a c t o r s t a k e n together t r a n s f o r m e d the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , f r o m one o f the p a r t i e s w i t h
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the greatest a u t h o r i t y , a s i t h a d been k n o w n i n the past, i n t o a s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c r e f o r m i s t r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y . In a w o r d , the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y t u r n e d b a c k t o t h e f o r m e r t r a d i t i o n s o f t h e o l d socialist p a r t y f r o m w h i c h i t h a d b r o k e n a w a y a t t h e C o n g r e s s o f T o u r s i n 1920. O n e o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s w h i c h has come o u t m o s t f e r v e n t l y w i t h the b a n n e r o f E u r o c o m m u n i s m i s t h e p a r t y o f C a r r i l l o . H o w d i d i t come a b o u t t h a t the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n , a p a r t y w h i c h d i s t i n g u i s h e d itself f o r its resolute s t a n d a t t h e t i m e o f the P o p u l a r F r o n t a n d the C i v i l W a r , b e c a m e u n i t e d w i t h the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s a n d r e a c h e d t h e state o f c o r r u p t i o n , d e g e n e r a t i o n a n d t r e a c h e r y i t i s i n t o d a y ? T h e changes d i d n o t a n d c o u l d n o t come a b o u t a l l at once, w i t h o u t a p r o t r a c t e d process of decline and degeneration w i t h i n the S p a n i s h p a r t y a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n its l e a d e r s h i p . I n the e a r l y y e a r s a f t e r the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r the l e a d e r s h i p o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n a n d the m a j o r i t y o f its m e m b e r s w e r e i n F r a n c e , w h e r e t h e y l i v e d a m o r e o r less l e g a l l i f e . T h e S p a n i s h R e p u b l i c a n g o v e r n m e n t w a s i n e x i l e too. T h i s w a s the t i m e w h e n the c o m m u n i s t s w e r e s t i l l i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f c o u n tries l i k e F r a n c e a n d I t a l y . T h e S p a n i s h c o m m u n i s t s too, b e g a n t o act l i k e t h e i r F r e n c h a n d I t a l i a n c o m r a d e s . I n 1946 t h e S p a n i s h R e p u b l i c a n g o v e r n m e n t i n e x i l e w a s r e - f o r m e d i n P a r i s . T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n sent S a n t i a g o C a r r i l l o a s its r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o this g o v e r n m e n t . W h e n the communist ministers were expelled from the g o v e r n m e n t s i n F r a n c e a n d I t a l y i n M a y 1947, the situation began to become difficult for the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n a n d i t s cadres a n d m i l i t a n t s , also. I n A u g u s t of the same year the S p a n i s h communists were e x p e l l e d f r o m the g o v e r n m e n t i n e x i l e . T h e p o l i c e searches, a r r e s t s a n d o t h e r m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t t h e m b e g a n
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anew. T h e i n f i l t r a t i o n of F r e n c h and Francoite police into the r a n k s o f t h e S p a n i s h c o m m u n i s t s a n d d e m o c r a t s b e came more intensive. It became ever more difficult for the leaders a n d cadres o f the p a r t y t o s t a y a n d w o r k i n F r a n c e , t h e r e fore, t h e y w e n t t o P r a g u e , E a s t B e r l i n , a n d o t h e r c o u n tries o f people's d e m o c r a c y . T h e i r e x o d u s t o w a r d s these c o u n t r i e s m o r e o r less c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e t i m e w h e n t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionist scum began to surface in the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d the c o u n t r i e s o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e . T h e m e e t i n g s o f the P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u a n d t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f the P a r t y b e g a n t o b e h e l d f a r a w a y f r o m Spain. Those communists, w h o had k n o w n the harsh c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e C i v i l W a r a n d i l l e g a l l i f e i n S p a i n , the difficulties and privations of life in exile in France, began t o get the taste f o r t h e l u x u r y a n d c o m f o r t o f t h e castles o f B o h e m i a a n d G e r m a n y , t o become a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e b l a n d i s h m e n t s a n d p r a i s e , a s w e l l a s w i t h the v a r i o u s p r e s s u r e s o f t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s , the a p p a r a t c h i k i a n d t h e i r secret agents. A s e v e n t s s h o w e d , the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n b e c a m e one o f t h e m o s t o b e d i e n t b l i n d tools o f N i k i t a K h r u s h c h e v a n d those o f h i s g r o u p . I n 1954 t h e 5 t h C o n g r e s s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n w a s h e l d . A t t h a t congress t h e f i r s t e l e m e n t s o f the s p i r i t o f p a c i f i s m a n d class c o n c i l i a t i o n b e c a m e a p p a r e n t , t h a t s p i r i t w h i c h , a l i t t l e later, w a s t o become t h e p l a t f o r m o f S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n i s m a n d w o u l d f i n d its most c o m p l e te expression in Carrillo's ultra-revisionist w o r k of betrayal. A d o p t i n g the K h r u s h c h e v i t e road of peaceful transition to socialism, the C e n t r a l Committee of the C o m m u n ist P a r t y o f S p a i n p u b l i s h e d a d o c u m e n t i n J u n e 1956, o n t h e occasion o f t h e 20th a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e C i v i l W a r , i n w h i c h i t f o r m u l a t e d its p o l i c y o f n a t i o n a l r e c o n c i l i a tion. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n e x p r e s s e d its s u p -
864
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p o r t f o r a n a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n forces w h i c h 2 0 y e a r s e a r l i e r h a d f o u g h t one a n o t h e r w i t h o p p o s i n g a r m i e s . A v e n g e f u l p o l i c y w i l l n o t h e l p t o get the c o u n t r y . . . o u t o f this s i t u a t i o n . S p a i n needs peace a n d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n b e t w e e n its s o n s . . . , * s a i d t h i s d e c l a r a t i o n . T h e t i m e o f t h e r e s o l u t e s t a n d s o f the S p a n i s h c o m m u n i s t s against t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f P r i m o d e R i v e r a ( 4 ) a n d t h e g e n e r a l s ' p r o n u n c i a m e n t o , stands w h i c h h a d i n creased the i n f l u e n c e o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a m o n g t h e masses a n d h a d s t r e n g t h e n e d a n d t e m p e r e d it, h a d passed. N o w w a s the t i m e o f the l i n e o f t h e m o s t v u l g a r o p p o r t u n i s m , o f b l a n d i s h m e n t s a n d o f b e n d i n g the k n e e t o the bourgeoisie a n d its p a r t i e s , t o t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h a n d the S p a n i s h a r m y , a l i n e w h i c h w a s t o r a n k t h e party of Dolores I b a r r u r i and C a r r i l l o among the typically social-democratic parties. W e w e r e u n a w a r e o f t h e i n t e r n a l process o f r e t r o g r e s s i o n w h i c h h a d o c c u r r e d i n the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n , b u t a t the M e e t i n g o f t h e c o m m u n i s t a n d w o r k e r s ' p a r t i e s i n M o s c o w i n N o v e m b e r 1960, w h e n t h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a o p e n l y e x p o s e d m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m a n d esp e c i a l l y S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s m , h e a d e d b y the t r a i t o r t o a n d r e n e g a d e f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , K h r u s h c h e v , the C o m munist P a r t y of Spain and Ibarruri personally attacked u s i n the m o s t v i c i o u s w a y . T h u s , w h e n i t came t o d e f e n d i n g M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the leaders o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n s a v a g e l y a t t a c k e d the P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a a n d d e f e n d e d K h r u s h c h e v and his group of traitors to M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism. T i m e proved that our P a r t y of L a b o u r was on the r i g h t r o a d , o n the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r o a d , w h i l e t h e C o m ___________________________________ * C. C o l o m b o , Storia del Partito Comunista Spagnolo, M i l a n o 1972, pp. 186-187. 4 T h e dictatorial fascist regime of P r i m o de R i v e r a r u l e d in S p a i n f r o m 1923-1930.
EUROCOMMUNISM IS AUTICOMMUNISM
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munist P a r t y of Spain, headed by Ibarruri, had lined up t o t a l l y w i t h t h e c a m p o f renegades f r o m a n d enemies o f communism. A f t e r 1960 m a j o r q u a r r e l s a n d d i f f e r e n c e s e m e r g e d i n t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n w h i c h l e d t o its s p l i t ting, as a result of w h i c h t w o a n t i - M a r x i s t revisionist g r o u p s w e r e c r e a t e d : t h e one p r o - S o v i e t , w i t h L i s t e r a t t h e h e a d , a n d t h e other, a f a c t i o n l e d b y I b a r r u r i a n d C a r r i l l o , w h i c h sought i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m M o s c o w i n o r d e r t o adopt the l i n e w h i c h l a t e r took the n a m e E u r o c o m m u n i s m . T h e line of C a r r i l l o became more and more identical w i t h the line of the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y and that of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t Party. Likewise, it conformed w i t h the l i n e o f the L e a g u e o f C o m m u n i s t s o f Y u g o s l a v i a . Thus a still structureless u n i t y began to crystallize bet w e e n T i t o i s m , t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y , the F r e n c h revisionist party, and the Spanish revisionist p a r t y of Ibarruri. At the time w h e n this grouping of West-European revisionists, including Tito, w h i c h w a n t e d to break a w a y f r o m Moscow, was being formed, M a o Zedong's C o m m u n ist P a r t y o f C h i n a w e l c o m e d C a r r i l l o t o P e k i n g a n d h a d close a n d i n t i m a t e t a l k s w i t h h i m . W h a t t h e content o f these t a l k s w a s has not b e e n r e v e a l e d , b u t t i m e i s s h o w i n g t h a t t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d the S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n ists h a v e m a n y t h i n g s i n c o m m o n . T h e r e f o r e , o p e n o f f i c i a l links between the Chinese revisionist p a r t y and the S p a nish revisionist p a r t y w i l l be established before long. C a r r i l l o also a d o p t e d t h e p o l i t i c a l o r i e n t a t i o n s , t h e aims, strategies a n d t a c t i c s o f t h e I t a l i a n a n d F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f close c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e r e a c t i o n a r y b o u r g e o i s i e a n d the b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l i s t states. H o w e v e r , t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n s t i l l d i d n o t h a v e l e g a l status. F o r t h i s r e a s o n , e v e n u n d e r Franco, it made great efforts to be legalized w i t h i n Spain.
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F r a n c o i s m a n d Franco did not a l l o w such a t h i n g . A f t e r the d e a t h o f F r a n c o , w i t h t h e c o m i n g t o p o w e r o f K i n g J u a n C a r l o s , C a r r i l l o a c h i e v e d some r e s u l t s i n t h e d i r e c tion of legalizing the party. H o w e v e r , in r e t u r n for this l e g a l i t y , h e h a d t o m a k e s u c h s t a t e m e n t s a n d s u c h colossal concessions i n p r i n c i p l e t h a t e v e n t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a n d the I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y h a d n o t p e r mitted themselves to m a k e to the capitalist bourgeoisie of their countries. In order to r e t u r n to S p a i n and legalize the p a r t y , C a r r i l l o a g r e e d t o r e c o g n i z e t h e r e g i m e o f K i n g J u a n Carlos, indeed he went so far as to praise it a n d c a l l i t democratic, a n d accepted the m o n a r c h y a n d its flag. A f t e r this submission, the monarchists gave h i m carte b l a n c h e . T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f S p a i n w a s l e g alized. C a r r i l l o a n d I b a r r u r i r e t u r n e d t o S p a i n t o g e t h e r w i t h the w h o l e h e r d o f S p a n i s h t r a i t o r s . A s soon a s t h e y r e t u r n e d t o M a d r i d , t h e r e v i s i o n i s t chiefs o p e n l y d e n i e d t h e R e p u b l i c a n d d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e Spanish W a r n o w belonged to history. Coalition w i t h the other bourgeois p a r t i e s a n d t h e s t r u g g l e f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the g o v e r n m e n t o f t h e c o u n t r y w a s p r o c l a i m e d a s t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e i r l i n e . I n t h e v a r i o u s elections w h i c h h a v e been h e l d i n S p a i n , C a r r i l l o ' s p a r t y has n o t w o n m o r e t h a n 9 p e r cent of t h e votes a n d has a f e w d e p u t i e s i n p a r l i a m e n t . C a r r i l l o has d e s c r i b e d t h i s a great d e m o c r a t i c v i c t o r y w h i c h w i l l c h a n g e t h e face o f S p a i n . B u t i n fact, the S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n i s t s c a n n e v e r c l e a n u p t h e face o f S p a i n because w h a t I b a r r u r i , C a r r i l l o a n d c o m p a n y h a v e i n t h e i r h a n d s i s n o t soap b u t t a r . T h e y h a v e rejected the r e d f l a g o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d h a v e s h a m elessly t r a m p l e d u n d e r f o o t t h e b l o o d o f tens a n d h u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s of heroes of t h e S p a n i s h W a r . I n the r e f o r m i s t a n d o p p o r t u n i s t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f the c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s o f t h e W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s , t h e l i n e
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w h i c h t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t Leadership e s t a b l i s h e d i n its relations w i t h t h e m played an important role. The a i m of the K h r u s h c h e v i t e revisionists of the Soviet U n i o n was to compel the revisionist parties of the different countries to follow them in the policy of establishing their social-imperialist hegemony over the whole w o r l d . T h e y d e m a n d e d t h a t these p a r t i e s become t h e i r assistants in the fiendish activity they had engaged in. N a t u r a l l y , t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d t h e i r allies could not approve the hegemonic a n d expansionist aims of the Soviet social-imperialists. N o r could the revisionist p a r t i e s o f d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s agree w i t h t h e S o v i e t p o l i c y . U r g e d b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o f t h e i r o w n countries, t h e y b e g a n e v e r m o r e o p e n l y t o c a r r y o n separate a c t i v i t i e s independently of the revisionist p a r t y of the Soviet U n i o n . O n e a f t e r t h e other, t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e , L a t i n A m e r i c a a n d A s i a rose t o a g r e a t e r o r lesser e x t e n t against the K h r u s h c h e v i t e S o v i e t h e g e m o n y , a t t h e same t i m e b r i n g i n g out n e w a n t i - M a r x i s t theories. T h e theories o f the b i g r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e , w h i c h t o o k the n a m e E u r o c o m m u n i s m , v e r y q u i c k l y b e c a m e the m o s t c o m p l e t e a n d m o s t p u b l i c i z e d o f these theories. A s soon a s i t e m e r g e d o n t h e scene, E u r o communism, like Titoite and Khrushchevite revisionism, began a f r o n t a l struggle against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , w i t h t h e a i m o f r e v i s i n g a n d d i s c r e d i t i n g its f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s i n the e y e s o f t h e w o r k e r s .
F r o m Revisionist O p p o r t u n i s m to Bourgeois Anti-Communism E u r o c o m m u n i s m is a v a r i a n t of m o d e r n revisionism, a h o t c h - p o t c h of p s e u d o - t h e o r i e s o p p o s e d to M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m . Its a i m i s t o h i n d e r the s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r y o f
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M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and Stalin f r o m remaining a strong a n d u n e r r i n g w e a p o n i n the h a n d s o f the w o r k i n g class and the genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties for the destruct i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m , its s t r u c t u r e a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , t o i t s foundations, for the establishment of the dictatorship of the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e n e w socialist society. The Italian revisionists have defined E u r o c o m m u n i s m as a t h i r d road, different f r o m the experience of the p a r t i e s o f s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y a n d d i f f e r e n t f r o m those w h i c h h a v e been p r o m o t e d since t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d other socialist c o u n t r i e s . A s t h e theses o f t h e 15th C o n g r e s s o f t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y h a v e it, t h i s t h i r d r o a d i s p r e s e n t e d a s a s o l u t i o n w h i c h i s a d a p t e d t o the n a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f the present epoch, t o t h e essential f e a t u r e s a n d d e mands w h i c h are c o m m o n to developed i n d u s t r i a l societies, w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n p a r l i a m e n t a r y d e m o c r a t i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , a s the c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e a r e today. * Hence, as the Eurocommunists themselves admit, this t h i r d road, t h i s so-called E u r o c o m m u n i s m , has n o t h i n g at all to do w i t h the genuine scientific c o m m u n i s m elaborated b y M a r x and L e n i n , embodied i n the October R e v o l u t i o n a n d i n the other socialist r e v o l u t i o n s t h a t f o l l o w e d it, a n d c o n f i r m e d b y t h e class s t r u g g l e o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l proletariat. E u r o c o m m u n i s m can be described accurately a n d correctly as E u r o p e a n revisionism n u m b e r three. N o w the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t Party, the Italian and S p a n i s h parties, h a v e o n l y the n a m e c o m m u n i s t , because t h e t h r e e o f t h e m are f l o u n d e r i n g i n t h e s t i n k i n g w a t e r s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h t h e y serve. T h e p r o g r a m s o f t h e
_________________________________ * La politica e R o m a 1979, pp. 8-9. I'organizzazione dei comunisti Italiani,
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r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s o f t h e W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s are t y p i c a l l y reformist programs, w h i c h do not differ f r o m the prog r a m s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s , socialist a n d s o c i a l - d e m o cratic, w h i c h sing the same r e f r a i n . Indeed, it is the latter w h i c h i n s p i r e t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s . T h e i r o b j e c t i v e i s n o t the p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e socialist t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f society, b u t t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e o p i n i o n a m o n g t h e b r o a d masses t h a t t h e y s h o u l d a b a n d o n t h e r e v o l u t i o n , w h i c h , t h e y say, has b e c o m e u n n e c e s s a r y a n d i n a p p r o p r i a t e . B u t w h a t s h o u l d b e done, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m ? W e m u s t t r a n s f o r m o u r l i f e - s t y l e , w e m u s t c h a n g e o u r w a y o f life, we must t h i n k about the day-to-day problems, we m u s t n o t a t t a c k p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t society, w e m u s t c a r r y out a c u l t u r a l revolution in place of the proletarian r e v o l u t i o n , e x p l a i n these a n t i - M a r x i s t p a r t i e s d a y a n d n i g h t . W e m u s t l i v e better, m u s t p r o t e c t o u r w a g e s a n d not allow t h e m to be reduced, must have paid holidays a n d g u a r a n t e e d jobs, w h a t m o r e c a n w e a s k ? t h e y s a y to the workers. T h e Italian and F r e n c h revisionist parties d e a l w i t h these q u e s t i o n s a t e v e r y m e e t i n g a n d e v e r y congress a n d f e e d t h i s s t u f f t o t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k e r s i n o r d e r t o w i n t h e i r votes. The classical revisionism of the social-democratic type has b e e n i n t e g r a t e d i n t o m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m . T h e theories of Bernstein a n d K a u t s k y in various forms, sometimes o p e n l y a n d s o m e t i m e s m o d i f i e d , are f o u n d i n t h e r e v i s i o n i s t B r o w d e r , are f o u n d i n K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s m , i n Titoite revisionism, in French revisionism and in the Ital i a n r e v i s i o n i s m o f T o g l i a t t i , i n t h e so-called M a o Z e d o n g thought, and all revisionist currents. These innumerable a n t i - M a r x s i t c u r r e n t s , w h i c h are d e v e l o p i n g i n t h e p r e sent-day capitalist and revisionist w o r l d , are the fifth c o l u m n in the r a n k s of the w o r l d revolution to prolong t h e e x i s t e n c e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l i s m b y f i g h t i n g the revolution from within.
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N e g a t i o n o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m i s the o b j e c t i v e w h i c h capitalism and imperialism have always wanted and want t o achieve. I n this d i r e c t i o n m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m i s h e l p i n g t h e m w i t h a l l its m e a n s a n d w a y s , o p e n a n d d i s g u i s e d , w i t h all kinds of pseudo-scientific philosophical theories a n d slogans. A t the 22nd C o n g r e s s o f the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r ty, Marchais declared that they w o u l d go to socialism w i t h o u t class s t r u g g l e , a n d t h a t the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w a s n o l o n g e r needed t o b u i l d it. H e a d m i t t e d t h a t i n h i s socialism t h e r e w o u l d b e n o t m e r e l y d i f f e r e n t parties, b u t e v e n p a r t i e s o f r e a c t i o n . T h u s , f o r M a r c h a i s , a s f o r B r e z h n e v a n d T i t o , s o c i a l i s m has a l r e a d y b e g u n t o b e b u i l t i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s w h e r e c a p i t a l rules, a n d a l l t h a t i s necessary i s t o p u t t h e s i g n b o a r d socialist c o u n t r y o v e r the gate. I n o t h e r w o r d s , since a l l c o u n t r i e s are g o i n g t o s o c i a l i s m s p o n t a n e o u s l y , a s t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s p r e a c h , n o one a l l e g e d l y has a n y n e e d f o r M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a s t h e science o f r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m , f o r i t n o w b e l o n g s t o t h e past, a n d t h e r e f o r e s h o u l d b e a b a n d o n e d . T h e v a r i o u s r e v i s i o n i s t s allege t h a t M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m is i n its dotage, t h a t i t i s n o l o n g e r c a p a b l e o f s o l v i n g the p r o b l e m s w h i c h t h e d e v e l o p e d s o c i e t y o f the p r e s e n t d a y raises, t h a t i t i s n o l o n g e r s u i t a b l e t o p r e s e n t - d a y c i v i l i z a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , m o d e r n society has a b s o r bed all that it can absorb f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a n d t h i s has e n t e r e d the r a n k s o f o u t d a t e d p h i l o s o p h i e s s u c h as Kantism, positivism, Bergsonian irrationalism and other i d e a l i s t p h i l o s o p h i e s . T h e u l t r a - r e v i s i o n i s t M i l o v a n Djilas writes openly that M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a philosophy e l a b o r a t e d i n the 19th c e n t u r y , c a n n o l o n g e r b e v a l i d w h e n c o n t e m p o r a r y science i s m u c h m o r e d e v e l o p e d t h a n the science a n d p h i l o s o p h y o f t h e p a s t c e n t u r y . P r o c e e d i n g o n t h i s r o a d , d u r i n g t h e last t w o o r t h r e e
871
years, t h e I t a l i a n , F r e n c h a n d S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e m a d e great e f f o r t s t o f o r m u l a t e i n t h e o r y t h e i r o p p o r t u n ist v i e w s a n d stands, w h i c h t h e y c a l l E u r o c o m m u n i s m , a n d to g i v e t h e m t h e c h a r a c t e r of a s e p a r a t e i d e o l o g i c a l a n d political doctrine, w h i c h allegedly represents a new d e v e l o p m e n t o f M a r x i s m . I n t h e recent congresses w h i c h these p a r t i e s h a v e h e l d , a n d i n t h e p r o g r a m s w h i c h w e r e adopted, E u r o c o m m u n i s m assumed a completely defined f o r m . These three parties have officially rejected M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e F r e n c h o f M a r c h a i s , w h o consider t h e t h e o r y o f M a r x a t h e o r y w i t h d r y a n d d o g m a t i c concepts, a closed s y s t e m o f u n a l t e r a b l e rules, s a y t h a t t h e n e w t h e o r y w h i c h t h e y h a v e created, has its sources i n t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l c u r r e n t s o f o u r nation*. I t i s s e l f - e v i d e n t t h a t t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s are n o t r e f e r r i n g t o those r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o g r e s s i v e p h i l o s o p h i c a l c o n t r i b u tions w h i c h M a r x included in a critical w a y in his work, b u t p r e c i s e l y t o those v i e w s w h i c h h e e x p o s e d a n d r e f u t e d and w h i c h the revisionists have n o w made their own. The revisionists' r e m o v a l of a n y reference to M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m in their Constitutions, programs and other d o c u m e n t s , is n o t an act of j u s t a f o r m a l character, w h i c h sanctions w h a t t h e y h a d d o n e i n p r a c t i c e l o n g b e f o r e . L i k e w i s e t h i s act does not r e p r e s e n t o n l y t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e w i l l o f the b o u r g e o i s i e , its d e m a n d t h a t t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s m u s t n o l o n g e r m e n t i o n the spectre o f c o m m u n i s m . N e i t h e r i s i t o n l y a n act w h i c h o f f i c i a l l y expresses t h e o p e n t r a n s i t i o n o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n ism to the ideological positions of European social-democracy. T h e abandonment of a n y reference to M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m b y the r e v i s i o n i s t parties, w h i c h u p t i l l n o w h a v e u s e d it as a disguise to deceive t h e w o r k i n g people, s h o w s that they have commenced an open struggle against it
_________________________________ * Cahiers du communisme, j u i n - j u i l l e t 1979, p. 392.
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f r o m t h e p o s i t i o n s o f b o u r g e o i s a n t i - c o m m u n i s m . T h e fact i s t h a t o n t h e i d e o l o g i c a l p l a n e , i t i s p r e c i s e l y the E u r o communists w h o are c a r r y i n g the banner of struggle against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n t o d a y . T h e p u b l i c i t y w h i c h t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s press, t h e p u b l i s h i n g trusts, the r a d i o a n d t h e t e l e v i s i o n a r e g i v i n g t o the articles, books, speeches a n d congresses o f t h e r e v i sionists i s t r u l y a s t o u n d i n g . F i g u r e s s u c h a s B e r l i n g u e r , Marchais, and even C a r r i l l o have been transformed by the big propaganda machine into personalities w h o outstrip n o t o n l y t h e f i l m stars b u t e v e n popes a n d h e a d s o f the biggest states. J o u r n a l i s t s a n d w r i t e r s p u r s u e t h e m a t e v e r y step a n d n e v e r a l l o w t h e m t o d r o p a w o r d w i t h o u t p u b l i s h i n g i t i n t h e biggest h e a d l i n e s o n t h e f r o n t pages of n e w s p a p e r s . A l l this a d v e r t i s m e n t , a l l t h i s c l a m o u r , i s e v i d e n c e o f t h e g r e a t j o y o f t h e bourgeoisie, w h i c h has f o u n d zealous l a c k e y s w h o are f i g h t i n g c o m m u n i s m f r o m t h e left, as t h e y say, at a t i m e w h e n its o p e n a n t i - c o m m u n i s t weapons h a d become r u s t y a n d broken. C a p i t a l could not f i n d a n y t h i n g b e t t e r o r m o r e e f f e c t i v e i n the d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n s i t i s e x p e r i e n c i n g t h a n the s e r v i c e w h i c h t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s offer. T h e r e f o r e , t h e p r a i s e w h i c h the b o u r geoisie i s h e a p i n g o n t h e d e m a g o g y a n d d e c e p t i o n , t h e theoretical speculations and practical activity w i t h w h i c h the r e v i s i o n i s t s are m a n o e u v r i n g t o d e c e i v e a n d d i s o r g a n ize the workers, is completely understandable and j u s tifiable.
T h e Bourgeois Conception of Bourgeois Society The Eurocommunists t r y to paint a distorted picture o f the p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y a n d its c o n t r a d i c tions, to p r e s e n t it as a s o c i e t y w h i c h has e v o l v e d so
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g r e a t l y since t h e t i m e o f M a r x , Engels, L e n i n a n d S t a l i n t h a t t h e i r f u n d a m e n t a l a n a l y s e s a n d t e a c h i n g s about i t are o u t o f date a n d n o l o n g e r v a l i d . T h e y see p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t society a s u n i f i e d a n d n o l o n g e r d i s t i n g u i s h its p o l a r i z a t i o n i n t o p r o l e t a r i a n s a n d bourgeois, n o l o n g e r see t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n b e t w e e n these t w o classes a s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y do n o t see t h e class s t r u g g l e as t h e m a i n m o t i v e f o r c e o f t h i s society. F o r t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , o f course, t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , w h i c h t h e y c a l l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s of d e v e l o p m e n t , of progress, of w e l l being, o f d e m o c r a c y etc., w h i c h h a v e a l l e g e d l y r e p l a c e d the old contradictions, especially the contradiction between labour a n d capital, on w h i c h the whole M a r x i s t Leninist theory about the role and the historic mission of the proletariat, the revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism is based. T o d a y , t h e y say, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o f t h e t i m e o f M a r x a n d L e n i n n o l o n g e r exists, the classes h a v e c h a n g e d a n d t h e y a r e n o l o n g e r those w h i c h M a r x a n d L e n i n k n e w a n d about w h i c h they spoke. Nowadays, say the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , e v e n t h e b o u r g e o i s class has d i s s o l v e d as a class, has b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o w o r k e r s a n d a l l t h e w e a l t h has b e e n g a t h e r e d i n t h e h a n d s o f a s m a l l c l i q u e of capitalists w h o preserve and defend this property. M a r chais, f o r e x a m p l e , has d i s c o v e r e d t h a t i n F r a n c e t o d a y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e that counts has b e e n r e d u c e d t o o n l y 2 5 f i n a n c i a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l groups, w h i l e t h e o t h e r s are w o r k e r s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , stress t h e r e v i s i o n i s t renegades, the p r e s e n t - d a y b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l i s t state has changed, because society i t s e l f has c h a n g e d a n d t h e classes h a v e changed. Therefore, they reason, M a r x a n d L e n i n , w h o d i d n o t k n o w t h e p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t state, w h i c h i s entirely different f r o m that of their time, foresaw another r o l e f o r the p r o l e t a r i a t , w h i c h d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t o f the
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p r e s e n t day, a n o t h e r m e t h o d f o r t h e s e i z u r e o f p o w e r b y the proletariat, another method of struggle to go over to socialism. F o r the E u r o c o m m u n i s t r e v i s i o n i s t s , a l l t h e classes a n d s t r a t a o f c a p i t a l i s t society t o d a y , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e intelligentsia, have been identified w i t h the proletariat. W i t h the exception of a s m a l l h a n d f u l of capitalists, in t h e i r eyes a l l t h e others, w i t h o u t d i s t i n c t i o n , w a n t t o c h a n g e society f r o m a b o u r g e o i s society i n t o a socialist society. A n d i n o r d e r t o c a r r y out t h i s c h a n g e , a c c o r d i n g t o the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , t h e o l d society h a s t o b e r e f o r med a n d not o v e r t h r o w n . H e n c e , t h e y i m a g i n e t h a t state p o w e r m u s t b e t a k e n gradually, through reforms, through the development of c u l t u r e , a n d t h r o u g h t h e close c o l l a b o r a t i o n o f a l l classes w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , b o t h those w h o h o l d a n d those w h o d o not hold this power. A l l the r e v i s i o n i s t s f o l l o w t h e course o f M a r c u s e , w h o w h e n h e s p e a k s a b o u t t h e A m e r i c a n p r o l e t a r i a t , t r i e s to p r o v e t h a t i n t h e h i g h l y i n d u s t r i a l i z e d A m e r i c a n society, a p r o l e t a r i a t in t h e M a r x i s t sense does n o t exist, because, a c c o r d i n g t o h i m , t h i s p r o l e t a r i a t n o w a l l e g e d l y belongs to h i s t o r y . To Marcuse, Garaudy, Berlinguer, Carrillo, Marchais, a n d t h e i r c o m p a n y , t h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e c o n s u m e r soc i e t y , d e v e l o p e d i n d u s t r i a l society, has n o t o n l y c h a n g e d t h e f o r m o f t h e o l d c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y b u t has also l e v e l l e d out t h e classes, a n d a s G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s i n p a r t i c u l a r has d e c l a r e d , n o w w e c a n n o l o n g e r t a l k a b o u t the F r e n c h p r o l e t a r i a t , b u t a b o u t t h e F r e n c h w o r k i n g class. Marx said that
... our 'proletarian' is economically none other than the wage-labourer who produces and increases 'capital', and is thrown out on the streets as
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soon as he is superfluous for the needs of aggrandissement of 'Monsieur capital'...*

W h a t has c h a n g e d i n F r a n c e t h a t M a r c h a i s c a n n o l o n g e r see p r o l e t a r i a n s ? A r e t h e r e n o l o n g e r w a g e - l a bourers w h o produce surplus value a n d increase capital, are there no longer unemployed w h o m Monsieur capital has t h r o w n o u t o n the streets a s u n w a n t e d ? I n socialist A l b a n i a , c e r t a i n l y , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t n o l o n g e r e x i s t s i n t h e sense t h a t t h i s n o t i o n has i n t h e c a p i t a l ist c o u n t r i e s , because i n o u r c o u n t r y t h e w o r k i n g class has the state p o w e r i n its h a n d s , i s t h e o w n e r o f the m a i n m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n , i s n o t oppressed o r e x p l o i t e d , a n d w o r k s f r e e l y f o r i t s e l f a n d f o r t h e socialist society. The matter is quite different in the capitalist count r i e s w h e r e t h e w o r k i n g class i s d e p r i v e d o f t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d , i n o r d e r t o l i v e , i s o b l i g e d t o s e l l its labour p o w e r and submit to capitalist exploitation, w h i c h i s c o n t i n u o u s l y i n c r e a s i n g its i n t e n s i t y . B e s i d e s b e i n g s a v a g e l y o p p r e s s e d a n d e x p l o i t e d t o the bone, t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n those c o u n t r i e s also s u f f e r s t h e o p p r e s s i o n o f the bourgeois a r m y and police. A l t h o u g h the proletariat i n the c a p i t a l i s t states m a y b e dressed i n t h e n y l o n m a t e r i a l s w h i c h t h e c o n s u m e r society p r o d u c e s , i n fact i t remains the proletariat. It is not without purpose that the m o d e r n revisionists change t h e n a m e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . If one speaks of the p r o l e t a r i a t , w h i c h i n c a p i t a l i s m possesses n o t h i n g b u t t h e s t r e n g t h o f its a r m s , i t i s s e l f - e v i d e n t t h a t t h i s p r o l e t a r i a t has to f i g h t its e x p l o i t e r s a n d oppressors. It is p r e c i s e l y this s t r u g g l e w h i c h has t h e o b j e c t i v e o f d e s t r o y i n g the old state p o w e r o f c a p i t a l t o its f o u n d a t i o n s , t h a t t e r r i f i e s the bourgeoisie and precisely in this context the revisionists
_________________________________ * K. M a r x , Capital, v o l . 1, book 3, p. 74, A l b . ed.
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assist the b o u r g e o i s i e w i t h a l l t h e m e a n s t h e y possess. T h e d e n i a l of t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t as a class in itself, as t h e m o s t a d v a n c e d class of society, c h a r g e d b y h i s t o r y w i t h the g l o r i o u s m i s s i o n o f e l i m i n a t i n g t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f m a n b y m a n a n d b u i l d i n g the n e w , t r u l y free, e q u a l , j u s t a n d h u m a n e society, i s n o t h ing new. The various opportunists were preaching it at the time w h e n M a r x i s m was emerging as a philosophic doctrine and a political movement. M a r x and Engels r e f u t e d these v i e w s a n d gave t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w e a p o n s a n d a r g u m e n t s t o f i g h t n o t o n l y these, b u t also t h e o t h e r l a c k e y s o f the bourgeoisie, the f u t u r e apologists o f c a p i t a l ism, such as the m o d e r n revisionists today. O n e o f t h e greatest m e r i t s o f M a r x i s m i s t h a t i t s a w in the proletariat not just an oppressed a n d exploited class, b u t t h e most p r o g r e s s i v e a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y class o f t h e t i m e , t h e class w h i c h h i s t o r y h a d c h a r g e d w i t h t h e mission of the grave-digger of capitalism. M a r x and Engels e x p l a i n e d t h a t this m i s s i o n stems f r o m t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c conditions themselves, f r o m the place w h i c h the proleta r i a t occupies a n d t h e r o l e w h i c h i t p l a y s i n t h e process o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l l i f e , f r o m the fact t h a t i t i s t h e b e a r e r o f the n e w r e l a t i o n s o f the f u t u r e s o c i a l ist society, t h a t i t has its o w n s c i e n t i f i c i d e o l o g y w h i c h i l l u m i n a t e s its w a y , has its o w n l e a d i n g staff the c o m munist party. D e s p i t e t h e changes w h i c h h a v e o c c u r r e d i n t h e d e v elopment of the economy and the social composition of c a p i t a l i s t society, t h e o v e r a l l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e e x i s t e n c e , the w o r k and the life of the proletariat today r e m a i n those w h i c h M a r x a n a l y s e d . N o o t h e r class o r s o c i a l s t r a t u m can r e p l a c e the p r o l e t a r i a t a s the m a i n a n d l e a d i n g f o r c e o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y processes f o r t h e p r o g r e s s i v e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of society. T h e teachings o f M a r x o n this q u e s t i o n r e m a i n u n -
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s h a k e n . I n t h e M a r x i s t t h e o r y t h e p r o l e t a r i a t f i n d s its o w n s p i r i t u a l w e a p o n , just a s this t h e o r y f i n d s its m a t e r i a l w e a p o n i n the p r o l e t a r i a t . M a r x s a i d t h a t the p r o l e t a r i a t i s the h e a r t o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n w h i l e p h i l o s o p h y i s its h e a d . M a r x ' s C a p i t a l i s t h e beacon l i g h t f o r t h e w o r l d p r o l e t ariat, w h i c h shows it scientifically in what m a n n e r and i n w h a t f o r m s t h e b o u r g e o i s i e e x p l o i t s it. T h e c a p i t a l i s t s c h a i n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t o the f a c t o r i e s a n d m a c h i n e s , b u t C a p i t a l teaches t h e p r o l e t a r i a t h o w t o b r e a k these c h a i n s . T h e r e v i s i o n i s t theses about t h e c h a n g e i n the n a t u r e o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n h a v e l o n g e x i s ted i n t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s o f t h e W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s , but the f i r s t t o come out w i t h t h e m p u b l i c l y a n d o f f i c i a l l y w a s R o g e r G a r a u d y , G a r a u d y w a s one o f t h e f i r s t r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r e t i c i a n s t o d e v e l o p the t h e o r y t h a t one could no longer talk about the impoverishment of the F r e n c h p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h a t the v a r i o u s classes a n d s t r a t a o f the p o p u l a t i o n w e r e a l r e a d y m o v i n g t o w a r d s b l e n d i n g and unification. T h e thesis o f G a r a u d y . n o w r e p e a t e d a n d a p p l i e d b y the o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t s , i s t h a t i n t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n , t h e r e i s n o l o n g e r a n y need f o r v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n , b e cause t h e w o r k e r s a r e g r a d u a l l y s h a r i n g a c t i v e l y i n t h e p r o f i t s o f t h e b i g c a p i t a l i s t enterprises, w h i c h n o w are n o l o n g e r r u n b y t h e b o u r g e o i s o w n e r s , b u t b y the t e c h n i cians w h o h a v e r e p l a c e d t h e m . T h i s i s a great f r a u d , because these t e c h n i c i a n s a n d specialists a r e u n d e r t h e t h u m b of a s i n g l e m a n a g e m e n t , t h e y a r e t h e s e r v a n t s of t h e b i g c a p i t a l i s t t r u s t s a n d m o n o p o l i e s w h i c h are t h e r e a l o w n e r s of t h e m e a n s of p r o d u c t i o n . I n the c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d , despite t h e changes w h i c h h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n the social class s t r u c t u r e , n o t h i n g has a l t e r e d i n r e g a r d t o t h e p o s i t i o n s o f classes a n d class relationships. T h e theory of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and
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S t a l i n a b o u t classes a n d t h e class s t r u g g l e i n b o u r g e o i s s o c i e t y r e t a i n s its f u l l freshness a n d v a l i d i t y . A series of o t h e r theories s i m i l a r to t h a t of G a r a u d y e m e r g e d i n t h e W e s t f r o m b o t h the n e w F r e n c h p s e u d o philosophers and f r o m their G e r m a n , A m e r i c a n , Italian a n d other c o u n t e r p a r t s . A l l these t h e o r i e s c a r r y t h e b r a n d of revisionism, Trotskyism, anarchism and social-democracy. T h e m o m e n t a r r i v e d w h e n a l l these t h e o r i e s b e came c o m p l e t e l y t h e p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y o f t h e F r e n c h , Italian, Spanish, B r i t i s h and other revisionist parties, w h i c h gathered up a l l this revisionist and opportunist refuse a n d codified it in a banal w a y . D a i l y l i f e , t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class, has e x p o s e d these t h e o r i e s a n d c o n t i n u e s to do so. It has revealed their reactionary counterrevolutionary aim. It p r o v e s t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class i s i m p o v e r i s h e d t h e m o r e the c a p i t a l i s t s a r e e n r i c h e d , t h a t i t p r o p e r l y u n d e r s t a n d s w h a t M a r x said, t h a t t h e m o r e w e a l t h e a c h w o r k e r p r o d u c e s t h e p o o r e r h e becomes, t h a t t h e m o r e c o m m o d i ties the w o r k e r m a k e s t h e m o r e h e reduces h i s o w n v a l u e as a c o m m o d i t y , t h a t t h e p r o l e t a r i a t cannot escape f r o m exploitation without t a k i n g over the means of p r o d u c t i o n a n d w i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n g t h e state p o w e r o f t h e bourgeoisie. Today, the m o d e r n revisionists such as M a r c h a i s , B e r l i n g u e r , C a r r i l l o a n d c o m p a n y , reject t h i s s c i e n t i f i c v i e w o f M a r x . T o d a y , t h e y say, t h e process o f the r e l a t i v e a n d absolute impoverishment of the proletariat no longer exists because of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e gains w h i c h t h e w o r k e r s h a v e achieved through reforms. T h e y w a n t to tell the proleta r i a n s t h a t a l l t h e i r d e m a n d s a n d needs a r e b e i n g f u l f i l l e d f r o m the h a n d - o u t s w h i c h c a p i t a l i s m gives t h e m , therefore they have no reason to rise in revolution. S o m e o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t theoreticians, f a c e d w i t h t h e
879
u n d e n i a b l e facts o f l i f e , declare t h a t i t i s t r u e t h a t M a r x s p o k e a b o u t t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class, b u t w h a t he said is equally v a l i d for both the capitalist and t h e socialist c o u n t r i e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e w o r k i n g class has n o r e a s o n t o r i s e against c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n because a l l e g e d l y i t c a n n e v e r escape i t ! T h i s i s a d i s t o r t i o n o f the reality and a slander. The position of the w o r k i n g class i n c a p i t a l i s m a n d its p o s i t i o n i n s o c i a l i s m are d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposite. I n the c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s the w o r k e r i s n o t free, e i t h e r i n w o r k o r i n l i f e . H e i s a slave t o t h e m a c h i n e , t o t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d t h e t e c h n o c r a t , w h o squeeze out t h e l a s t d r o p o f h i s l a b o u r p o w e r a n d f r o m t h i s create s u r p l u s v a l u e f o r c a p i t a l . O n l y i n t h e g e n u i n e socialist order, i n w h i c h t h e w o r k i n g class i s i n p o w e r , d o the teachings of M a r x , p r o p e r l y applied, provide the possibility f o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t o b e c o m e conscious a n d c o m p l e t e l y t h e m a s t e r o f t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d , t h r o u g h its d i c t a t o r s h i p , t o g a i n a l l its p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d d e m o cratic freedoms and rights. T h e b i n d i n g o f t h e w o r k i n g class w i t h e c o n o m i c chains, w i t h w h i c h c a p i t a l i s m s h a c k l e s it, i s t h e m a i n t h i n g i n b o u r g e o i s society. T h e w h o l e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m has b e e n b u i l t o n t h i s b o n d a g e . H o w e v e r , t h e b o u r g e o i s a n d revisionist theoreticians, being quite unable to deny this great truth, t r y to obscure the question of economic e x p l o i t a t i o n a b o u t w h i c h M a r x speaks a n d w h i c h i s p r i m a r y , a n d to i n t e r p r e t it t h r o u g h a series of concocted theses a n d false v i e w s . B e i n g u n a b l e t o r e f u t e t h e b i n d i n g o f the w o r k e r t o c a p i t a l , these t h e o r e t i c i a n s p r e a c h t h a t allegedly there is no longer a n y need to point out h o w m u c h t h e o w n e r i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r squeezes a n d enslaves m e n , b u t w h a t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t i s t h a t h i s link w i t h capital is allegedly in favour of the w o r k e r because i t k e e p s h i m a l i v e . T h e i r a i m i s t o d i v e r t t h e
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ENVER HOXHA
p r o l e t a r i a t f r o m the class s t r u g g l e against c a p i t a l i s m b y t r y i n g t o focus its a t t e n t i o n o n t h e blessings o f t h e c o n s u m e r society. T h e m o d e r n revisionists have invented m a n y decept i v e theses t o d i v e r t a t t e n t i o n f r o m e c o n o m i c o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n . T h e y g i v e great p u b l i c i t y t o t h e i r thesis t h a t i n the c o n s u m e r society t h e w o r k e r e n j o y s s o m a n y t h i n g s t h a t h e r e g a r d s the e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m s a s c o m i n g a t the b o t t o m o f t h e list. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , a l m o s t h i s only worries are the problems of religion, the family, his w i f e , h i s T V - s e t , h i s car etc. A n d a s a r e s u l t t h e p r o b l e m of e c o n o m i c e x p l o i t a t i o n is a l l e g e d l y no l o n g e r the basic p r o b l e m o f the class s t r u g g l e a n d r e v o l u t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e y d o a l l these t h i n g s i n o r d e r t o w a t e r d o w n the w i n e a n d d i v e r t the w o r k i n g masses f r o m the s t r u g g l e t o o v e r throw the bourgeois order. In breaking with Marxism-Leninism and wanting to create a n e w t h e o r y w h i c h i s d i s t i n c t f r o m t h e d o c t r i n e o f M a r x a n d L e n i n o n a l l f u n d a m e n t a l questions, t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s h a v e got t h e m s e l v e s i n t o a g r e a t mess a n d c o n f u s i o n , i n t o p r o f o u n d i n c o h e r e n c e a n d great c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . T h e y are p r a c t i c a l l y u n a b l e t o e x p l a i n a n y c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f the p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d o r t o give answers to the problems w h i c h arise f r o m them. T r u e , t h e y speak about such phenomena a s crisis, unemployment, the degradation and degeneration of b o u r g e o i s society, b u t t h e y content t h e m s e l v e s w i t h g e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n s w h i c h n o one, not e v e n t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , denies. H o w e v e r , t h e y c o n s c i o u s l y t r y t o c o v e r u p t h e cause of these p h e n o m e n a , t h e savage c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n , a n d t o a v o i d s h o w i n g t h a t this e x p l o i t a t i o n c a n b e e l i m i n a t e d o n l y t h r o u g h the r e v o l u t i o n , w i t h t h e o v e r t h r o w o f a l l t h e o l d r e l a t i o n s w h i c h k e e p the s y s t e m o f capitalist o p p r e s s i o n on its feet.
881
W i t h t h e i r theses a b o u t t h e d y i n g out o f t h e class struggle as a consequence of the essential changes w h i c h c a p i t a l i s t society has a l l e g e d l y nical-scientific revolution, the u n d e r g o n e because of capital-
of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e forces of p r o d u c t i o n , t h e t e c h restructuring ism, etc.; w i t h t h e i r p r e a c h i n g o f t h e n e e d t o e s t a b l i s h e x t e n s i v e class c o l l a b o r a t i o n , because n o w a l l e g e d l y i t i s not o n l y the w o r k i n g class a n d w o r k i n g masses w h o are i n t e r e s t e d i n s o c i a l i s m b u t also n e a r l y a l l t h e s t r a t a o f the bourgeoisie, e x c e p t f o r a t i n y g r o u p of m o n o p o l i s t s ; w i t h their claim that the transition to socialism can be m a d e t h r o u g h r e f o r m s , because p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t society is allegedly developing on the road of peaceful i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o s o c i a l i s m , etc., t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e m s e l v e s , n o t o n l y i n t h e o r y b u t also i n t h e i r practical activity, with old European social-democracy a n d h a v e a m a l g a m a t e d w i t h i t i n a single c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y c u r r e n t i n the s e r v i c e o f the bourgeoisie. T h e i r s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its l e a d i n g role has b e e n t h e t o u c h s t o n e f o r a l l r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a t a l l t i m e s . A b a n d o n m e n t o f the h e g e m o n y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t , p o i n t e d out L e n i n , i s t h e most v u l g a r f o r m o f r e f o r m i s m . B u t t h i s v u l g a r i t y does not w o r r y the Italian revisionists. so bombastically of they leaving declare, and the Indeed they proclaim their r e f o r m i s m class in the that they make t h e m capitalism can behind must and be
selves t r u l y l u d i c r o u s . T h e l e a d i n g r o l e o f the w o r k i n g process building achieved and socialism, through and
collaboration of
agreement
between in of
different parties and currents w h i c h aspire to socialism, w i t h i n the all do framework not want democratic system full rights, transformation which constitutional parties the enjoy even
those w h o
socialist
882
ENVER HOXHA
society a n d oppose it, o f course, w h i l e a l w a y s r e s p e c t i n g the d e m o c r a t i c c o n s t i t u t i o n a l rules. * This original M a r x i s t vision, a d d the supporters of B e r l i n g u e r , is n o t a n e w d i s c o v e r y , b u t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t h i n k i n g o f L a b r i o l a a n d T o g l i a t t i . I n t h i s case, t h e y themselves a d m i t the source o f t h e i r ideas. H o w e v e r , it shoud be added that L a b r i o l a , w h o m they are n o w m a k i n g a classic, w a s n o t a consistent M a r x i s t . He r e mained far removed f r o m the revolutionary activity and problems of the revolution. As for Togliatti, his w o r k a l r e a d y shows t h a t h e w a s a d e v i a t o r a n d a n o p p o r t u n i s t . By referring to L a b r i o l a or Togliatti, the Italian revisionists and their counterparts in France or S p a i n w a n t to leave in oblivion Lenin's theory about the necessity f o r the h e g e m o n y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n the r e v o l u t i o n a n d the c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m . In all his w o r k of genius L e n i n defended a n d developed M a r x ' s theory about the hegemony of the proleta r i a t i n the r e v o l u t i o n , a b a n d o n e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n s o c i a l democrats. N o w t h e s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c v i e w s o n t h i s q u e s tion have been revived by the revisionists. L e n i n proved that in the n e w conditions of imperialism, the hegemony o f the p r o l e t a r i a t i s essential n o t o n l y f o r t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n b u t also f o r t h e d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n . H e explained that the establishment of this hegemony is essential because t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i s i n t e r e s t e d m o r e t h a n a n y other s o c i a l class i n t h e c o m p l e t e t r i u m p h o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , i n c a r r y i n g i t t h r o u g h t o t h e e n d . W i t h the t h e o r y o f L e n i n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t has gone i n t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d has w o n , w h i l e w i t h t h e t h e o r i e s t h a t t h e r e visionists preach, it remains oppressed by the bourgeoisie. The Leninist theory about the u n d i v i d e d hegemony o f t h e w o r k i n g class has f o u n d a b r i l l i a n t c o n f i r m a t i o n
______________________________________ * La politica e l'organizzazione R o m a 1979, pp. 15-16. dei comunisti italiani,
883
a n d a p p l i c a t i o n i n the c a r r y i n g out o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e t r i u m p h o f s o c i a l i s m i n A l b a n i a , too. T o the A l b a n i a n c o m m u n i s t s i t w a s clear f r o m t h e s t a r t t h a t o n l y one party, the C o m m u n i s t Party, could lead the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r t h r o u g h t o c o m p l e t e v i c t o r y , t h a t o n l y one class, t h e w o r k i n g class, c o u l d b e t h e l e a d e r i n t h i s s t r u g gle, t h a t t h e m a i n a l l y o f t h i s class w o u l d b e t h e p o o r a n d m i d d l e p e a s a n t r y , t h a t the y o u t h a n d the students w o u l d b e t h e m a i n s u p p o r t o f the P a r t y a n d , t o g e t h e r w i t h the A l b a n i a n w o m e n , w o u l d comprise the fighting s t r a t a o f the people's r e v o l u t i o n . T h e s m a l l n u m b e r o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n A l b a n i a d i d n o t h i n d e r i t i n t h e least f r o m p l a y i n g its h e g e m o n i c r o l e because i t h a d a t t h e h e a d its C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , w h i c h w a s g u i d e d by the teachings of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n . T h e correct line of our Party, w h i c h r e s p o n d e d t o t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d the interests o f t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses, m a d e i t p o s s i b l e t o a c h i e v e t h e g r e a t u n i t y o f t h e p e o p l e a r o u n d t h e w o r k i n g class i n a s i n g l e f r o n t u n d e r t h e sole a n d u n d i v i d e d l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e Communist Party. T h e correct l i n e a n d l e a d e r s h i p o f o u r P a r t y l e d t o t h e e x t e n s i o n o f the s t r u g g l e , w h i c h g r a d u a l l y b u i l t u p u n t i l it a s s u m e d the f o r m of a g e n e r a l u p r i s i n g , a b r o a d people's a r m e d s t r u g g l e , u p t o t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f A l b a n i a and the establishment of the people's power. In negating the hegemonic and leading role of the w o r k i n g class i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s c o u l d n o t b u t a b a n d o n also the role and mission of the communist party, as it is d e f i n e d b y M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d a s i t has b e e n c o n f i r m e d by the l o n g history of the w o r l d revolutionary and communist movement. T h e theses o f t h e 15th C o n g r e s s o f t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y s a y t h a t n o w a n e w p a r t y has b e e n b u i l t .
884
ENVER HOXHA
W h a t is this new party? The Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r ty, says its C o n s t i t u t i o n , o r g a n i z e s the w o r k e r s , t h e w o r k i n g people, t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l s a n d t h e c i t i z e n s w h o f i g h t within the framework of the Republican Constitution f o r the c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e a n t i - f a s c i s t d e m o c r a t i c r e g i m e , f o r t h e socialist r e j u v e n a t i o n o f society, f o r the i n d e p e n d e n c e o f the peoples, f o r the r e d u c t i o n o f t e n s i o n a n d f o r peace, f o r c o o p e r a t i o n a m o n g a l l nations... T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n continues, the I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y is o p e n to a l l c i t i z e n s a b o v e 18 y e a r s of age, w h o i r r e s p e c t i v e of race, philosophical views a n d r e l i g i o u s belief, accept the p o l i t i c a l p r o g r a m a n d u n d e r t a k e t o act t o c a r r y i t o u t b y m i l i t a t i n g i n one o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s of t h e party. * W e q u o t e d t h i s l o n g clause o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f the Italian revisionist party, w h i c h is almost identical w i t h those o f t h e F r e n c h a n d S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s , i n order to show h o w far the E u r o c o m m u n i s t revisionists h a v e d e p a r t e d f r o m t h e concepts o f t h e L e n i n i s t p a r t y a n d h o w closely t h e y h a v e a p p r o a c h e d t h e m o d e l s o f s o cialist a n d social-democratic parties. T h e y speak about a n e w p a r t y , w a n t i n g i t t o b e d i s t i n c t f r o m the p a r t y o f the L e n i n i s t type, b u t i n fact t h e i r p a r t y w h i c h t h e y c a l l n e w i s a n o l d p a r t y o f the t y p e o f t h e p a r t i e s o f t h e Second International, against w h i c h L e n i n fought a n d on the ruins of w h i c h he built the Bolshevik P a r t y w h i c h became an example a n d the m o d e l for all other genuine communist parties. T h e s t a t e m e n t p l a c e d a t the b e g i n n i n g o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , t h a t anyone, i r r e s p e c t i v e o f his p h i l o s o p h i c a l v i e w s a n d r e l i g i o u s belief, c a n e n t e r t h e p a r t y , r e q u i r e s no comment to prove that the philosophy of M a r x is alien t o t h i s p a r t y , t h a t its e c l e c t i c i s m i s b l a t a n t , t h a t the l i n e
_______________________________________ * La politica e l'organizzazione dei R o m a 1979, p. 153. comunisti italiani,
885
o f c o m p r o m i s e s o f e v e r y k i n d i s p a r t o f its strategy, l e t a l o n e its tactics, t h a t t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i s a l i b e r a l s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c p a r t y , w i t h its l i n e , p o l i c y a n d stands determined by the changing political circumstances. Its l i b e r a l p o l i c y ensures t h a t a t t i m e s i t w i l l get votes, b u t not t h a t i t w i l l t a k e a n d h o l d p o w e r . I t m a k e s t h e b o u r g e o i s i e p r a i s e it, a n d t h e p r i e s t s i n the c h u r c h e s a n d t h e m o n k s i n the m o n a s t e r i e s s y m p a t h i z e w i t h it. Lenin's f u n d a m e n t a l idea about the p a r t y is that it m u s t b e a conscious v a n g u a r d d e t a c h m e n t o f the w o r k i n g class, a M a r x i s t d e t a c h m e n t of it.
... the role of vanguard fighter, Lenin said, can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory.*
This revolutionary vanguard theory, a reliable guide to
victory, is M a r x i s m . N o t only have the revisionists abandoned the fundamental condition for a communist party t o b e s u c h , i.e., acceptance o f M a r x i s m , b u t t h e y p e r m i t a l l t h e b o u r g e o i s , o p p o r t u n i s t , r e a c t i o n a r y o r fascist p h i l o s o p h i c a l v i e w s t o coexist i n t h e i r p a r t y , a n d this t h e y have sanctioned in their Constitution. the The thing that characterizes, guided activity. and that to distinguishes they communist adhere there in parties, all their be a
i s M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the sole i d e o l o g y b y w h i c h t h e y are which loyally Without party. are p a r t i e s t o parties carry and Marxism-Leninism cannot
communist
T h e genuine communist parties French and Spanish so-called
out the r e v o l u t i o n a n d b u i l d s o c i a l i s m , w h i l e t h e I t a l i a n , communist

___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 5, pp. 435-436, A l b . ed.
886
ENVER HOXHA
o t h e r s o f t h i s t y p e are p a r t i e s o f b o u r g e o i s r e f o r m s . T h e f o r m e r a r e p a r t i e s f o r t h e o v e r t h r o w o f the b o u r g e o i s o r d e r a n d the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the n e w w o r l d , the l a t t e r a r e p a r t i e s f o r t h e defence o f the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r a n d the p r e s e r v a t i o n o f the o l d w o r l d . A t t h e t i m e w h e n L e n i n w a s f i g h t i n g against the o p p o r t u n i s t s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the B o l s h e v i k P a r t y , he said:
... give us an organization of revolutionaries, we will overturn Russia!*
and
H e b u i l t s u c h a p a r t y a n d l e d t h e R u s s i a n w o r k i n g class t o the g l o r i o u s v i c t o r y o f the O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n . B u t where do Berlinguer's revisionists want to lead the Italian working of the class? says, We Fight must fight within they you as the say. like the framework Republican Constitution, as m u c h
A n d the bourgeoisie this does me no
w i t h i n t h e b a r s o f t h e cage o f m y C o n s t i t u t i o n because harm. The bourgeoisie maintains a r m y , t h e police, t h e c o u r t s , etc., t o d e f e n d its C o n s t i t u t i o n , l a w s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s . L i n e d u p beside t h e m n o w i s the revisionist and party confuse which it is struggling It has to keep the w o r k i n g class o p p r e s s e d a n d e n s l a v e d , t o c o r r u p t i t i d e o logically guish the politically. spirit of transformed class, to itself i n t o a n i n s t i t u t i o n o f the b o u r g e o i s state t o e x t i n revolutionary the working obscure t h e socialist p e r s p e c t i v e , t o p r e v e n t i t f r o m u n derstanding the miserable condition in w h i c h it is l i v i n g and from rising in resolute struggle to overthrow the bourgeoisie.
____________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 5, p. 555, A l b . ed.
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTICOMMUNISM T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s ' Socialism Is the Present Capitalist S y s t e m
887
H o w d o the Eurocommunists envisage socialism? A l t h o u g h t h e y a r e o b l i g e d t o speak a b o u t s o c i a l i s m f o r demagogy, the socialism w h i c h they w a n t to b u i l d is s i m p l y a f r a u d and deception. I t i s k n o w n t h a t n o t o n l y n o w , b u t f o r years, m a n y bourgeois and petty-bourgeois philosophers and ideological trends have speculated greatly w i t h the idea of socialism. M a n y U t o p i a n schemes a n d endless m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s h a v e b e e n concocted a b o u t s o c i a l i s m . M a r x r e j e c t e d a l l the old forms of socialism and taught the w o r l d proletariat that it should organize and fight to establish the new social o r d e r b a s e d o n g e n u i n e s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m . A s e a r l y a s i n the f i r s t p r o g r a m m a t i c d o c u m e n t o f Marxism, the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels made an a l l - r o u n d criticism of various pseudo-socialist theories, s u c h as f e u d a l s o c i a l i s m , p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s s o cialism, G e r m a n genuine socialism, conservative or b o u r g e o i s s o c i a l i s m . T h e y r e v e a l e d t h e i r class essence a s anti-scientific theories w h i c h served the interests of the b o u r g e o i s i e . I n s t r u g g l e against b o u r g e o i s a n d p e t t y - b o u r geois o p p o r t u n i s t a n d a n a r c h i s t t h e o r i e s w h i c h h i n d e r e d t h e e m a n c i p a t i o n o f the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its s t r u g g l e , t h e M a n i f e s t o t a u g h t t h e w o r k i n g class t h a t i t c o u l d escape bourgeois oppression and exploitation only by means of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h a t i t c o u l d n o t l i b e r a t e i t s e l f w i t h o u t , a t t h e same t i m e , l i b e r a t i n g t h e w h o l e o f society. H i s t o r y has p r o v e d t h a t since t h e b i r t h o f M a r x i s m , e v e r y o t h e r i d e o l o g i c a l t r e n d w h i c h has c o m e out w i t h socialist slogans has t u r n e d i n t o a r e a c t i o n a r y c u r r e n t i n t h e process o f t h e class s t r u g g l e . M a r x i s m a l o n e p r o v i d e s the a c c u r a t e i d e a o f the g e n u i n e socialist society. N o
888
ENVER HOXHA
socialism can be achieved or built without being based on this theory. T h e f i r s t great c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e M a r x i s t t h e o r y formulated in the C o m m u n i s t Manifesto came in the r e v o l u t i o n a r y events o f 1848-1849, w h i c h s h o o k t h e w h o l e o f Europe. Revolutions not only open the w a y to social progress b u t t h e y a l w a y s become the g r a v e o f U t o p i a n , r e v i s i o n i s t a n d o t h e r false d o c t r i n e s . T h i s o c c u r r e d w i t h t h e d o c t r i n e s of bourgeois socialism, p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s s o c i a l i s m , etc., w h i c h w e r e b u r i e d b y the r e v o l u t i o n s o f 1848-1849. T h e m a i n e v i l o f those s o - c a l l e d socialist d o c t r i n e s w a s t h a t t h e y c o m p l e t e l y i g n o r e d the r e v o l u t i o n a r y class s t r u g g l e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d e n v i s a g e d s o c i a l i s m as the realization of this or that system, invented by this or t h a t theoretician. T h i s w a s the s o u r c e o f a l l those i l l u sions t h a t the c r e a t i o n o f associations s u p p o r t e d b y the state, r e s t r i c t i o n of i n h e r i t a n c e r i g h t s , e s t a b l i s h m e n t of p r o g r e s s i v e t a x scales w o u l d g r a d u a l l y l e a d t o s o c i a l i s m i n a p e a c e f u l w a y . P r o u d h o n a n d L o u i s B l a n c , the G e r m a n genuine socialists a n d U t o p i a n c o m m u n i s t s l i k e W a i t l i n g , Cabets, D e s a m i s a n d others h a d p r e a c h e d a n d were preaching this doctrinaire socialism. T h e w o r k i n g class leaves t h i s d o c t r i n a i r e s o c i a l i s m t o the p e t t y bourgeoisie, says M a r x , w h i l e
... the proletariat rallies more and more round revolutionary socialism , round c o m m u n i s m . . . This socialism, he continues, is the declaration of the permanence of the revolution, the class dictatorship of the proletariat as the necessary transit point to the abolition of class distinctions generally, to the abolition of all the relations of production on which they rest, to the abolition of all the social relations that correspond to these rela-
889
tions of production, to the revolutionizing of all the ideas that result from these social relations.*
A t p r e s e n t the n e w P r o u d h o n i s t s , s u c h a s G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s , E n r i c o B e r l i n g u e r , S a n t i a g o C a r r i l l o a n d others, are t r y i n g to impose on the West-European proletariat these o l d p h i l o s o p h i e s w h i c h w e r e r e f u t e d b y M a r x , d r e s sed u p i n d i f f e r e n t cloaks. A l l t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s w a n t t o d e c e i v e t h e masses w i t h t h e i r theories b y e l i m i n a t i n g t h e s c i e n t i f i c f o u n d a t i o n s o f M a r x i s m . T h e y are s i m p l y t e l l i n g l i e s w h e n t h e y s a y that t h e y are o b j e c t i v e i n t h e i r r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e l a w s w h i c h m a k e society a d v a n c e ! I n r e a l i t y t h e y h a v e b e c o m e l a c k e y s o f the c o n s u m e r society c r e a t e d b y t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d i m p e r i a l i s t bourgeoisie to ensure m a x i m u m profits f r o m the exploitat i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d a l l the w o r k i n g masses. T h e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s also w a n t t o c o n s u m e s o m e t h i n g f r o m the surplus value w h i c h is extracted f r o m the proletariat of t h e i r c o u n t r i e s . T h e q u e s t i o n o f w h a t s o c i a l i s m is, w h a t socialist s o c i e t y is, w h a t i t r e p r e s e n t s a n d achieves a t p r e s e n t i s n o t a q u e s t i o n of the f u t u r e , b u t a concrete r e a l i t y , a w h o l e h i s t o r i c a l p r a c t i c e , a t a n g i b l e social s y s t e m . G e n u i n e s c i e n t i f i c s o c i a l i s m , t h a t a d v o c a t e d b y t h e great geniuses of the revolution, M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and Stalin, was a c h i e v e d a n d e x i s t e d f o r a l o n g t i m e i n the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d m a n y o t h e r f o r m e r socialist c o u n t r i e s , a n d i t exists a n d i s a d v a n c i n g i n socialist A l b a n i a . T h e e f f o r t s w h i c h t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s a r e m a k i n g t o d a y to p r o v e t h a t g e n u i n e s o c i a l i s m has a l l e g e d l y n e v e r e x i s t e d a n y w h e r e , t h a t t h e socialist society b u i l t i n the S o v i e t U n i o n b y L e n i n a n d S t a l i n w a s a l l e g e d l y a d i s t o r t i o n o f socialism, i n d e e d a f a i l u r e o f t h e concepts a n d ideas w h i c h M a r x
___________________________________ * K. M a r x a n d F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 1, T i r a n a 1975, p. 226, A l b . ed.
890
ENVER HOXHA
a n d L e n i n h a d o f s o c i a l i s m , are n o t h i n g b u t e x p r e s s i o n s of their hostility to communism, expressions of their des i r e t o keep the e x i s t i n g b o u r g e o i s s o c i e t y i n t a c t . The Italian, F r e n c h and Spanish revisionists have t r a v e l l e d a l o n g r o a d to r e a c h the p o i n t of t h e i r d e n i a l of socialism. At first, they claimed that socialism in the Soviet U n i o n was divided into two parts, a Leninist s o c i a l i s m w h i c h w a s good, just, b u t c o n d i t i o n e d b y t h e special historical conditions of czarist Russia, therefore unsuitable for the developed capitalist countries, and a S t a l i n i s t s o c i a l i s m w h i c h w a s b a d , because a l l e g e d l y i t w a s a d i s t o r t i o n of the f o r m e r , d e f o r m e d , b u r e a u c r a t i z e d , and so on. T h i s evolution in judgements is not accidental. I f the L e n i n i s t e x p e r i e n c e w e r e accepted, e v e n w i t h r e s e r v a t i o n s , i f the j u s t i c e o f t h e use o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i o l e n c e f o r t h e s e i z u r e o f p o w e r w e r e accepted, f o r e x ample, then there w o u l d be no place left for the E u r o communists' model of socialism. Lenin's theory on the revolution and the construction of socialism, w h i c h is a f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of M a r x ' s teachings, is so m u c h a w h o l e , s o coherent, s o s c i e n t i f i c a n d l o g i c a l t h a t i t m u s t b e accepted a s i t i s o r n o t accepted a t a l l . I t c a n n o t b e c h o p p e d i n t o pieces w i t h o u t f a l l i n g i n t o i r r e c o n c i l a b l e contradictions and absurdities of logic. T h u s the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s are n o w n o l o n g e r o p p o sed o n l y t o S t a l i n , b u t h a v e a b a n d o n e d L e n i n i s m , too, t h i n k i n g t h a t w i t h t h i s t h e y h a v e escaped a n d f o u n d the w a y to preach Eurocommunist socialism. B u t if t h e y h a v e a b a n d o n e d L e n i n i s m , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t has n o t done so. L e n i n i s m is a l i v i n g science, the m i l i t a n t i d e o l o g y of the proletariat, the banner of the revolution and the construction of socialism. L e n i n i s m is that p o w e r f u l weapon w i t h w h i c h all genuine revolutionaries, a l l those w h o w a n t c o m m u n i s m a n d are s t r i v i n g f o r s o c i a l i s m , f i g h t against a l l enemies, a g a i n s t t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its c o l l a b -
891
orators. L e n i n i s m is the m i r r o r w h i c h brings to light the true features of the Eurocommunists a n d all other revisionists, w h i c h reveals the falsity of their opportuni s t theories, w h i c h s h o w s u p t h e i r r e a c t i o n a r y a c t i v i t y against t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e peoples' cause. In order to avoid the dissatisfaction of the r a n k and f i l e o f t h e i r p a r t i e s , t h e d o u b t s w h i c h t h e theories t h e y propose about socialism and their confused, contradict o r y theses i n g e n e r a l arouse, the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s d e c l a r e t h a t t h e i r s o c i a l i s m s t i l l does n o t r e p r e s e n t a model, is not yet something clear and defined, but only an express i o n o f t h e n e e d t o f i n d the w a y t o w a r d s t h i s society w h i c h m u s t b e discussed. I n o t h e r w o r d s , i t i s j u s t b e a t i n g t h e air, because n o t h i n g i s b e i n g a c h i e v e d . The socialism envisaged by the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s is a s o c i e t y i n w h i c h socialist a n d c a p i t a l i s t e l e m e n t s a r e combined and coexist in the economy a n d politics, in the base a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . I n t h e i r s o c i a l i s m t h e r e w i l l b e b o t h socialist p r o p e r t y a n d c a p i t a l i s t p r o p e r t y , hence t h e r e w i l l also b e e x p l o i t i n g a n d e x p l o i t e d classes; a l o n g side t h e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class t h e r e w i l l also b e b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s ; t h e p r o l e t a r i a n i d e o l o g y w i l l coexist w i t h t h e o t h e r i d e o l o g i e s ; i n t h i s socialism t h e state w i l l b e a state i n w h i c h a l l p a r t i e s a n d classes h a v e p o w e r . The Eurocommunists can dream as m u c h as they like a b o u t s u c h a h y b r i d c a p i t a l i s t - s o c i a l i s t society, b u t t h i s society w h i c h t h e y p r o p o s e c a n n e v e r b e a c h i e v e d . S o c i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s m are t w o d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l s y s t e m s w h i c h are m u t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e . C a p i t a l i s m e x i s t s a s l o n g a s i t keeps t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses o p pressed a n d e x p l o i t e d , w h i l e s o c i a l i s m i s b u i l t a n d a d v a n ces o n l y o n t h e r u i n s o f c a p i t a l i s m , a f t e r i t i s c o m p l e t e l y overthrown. In order to justify their profoundly opportunist views, the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s o v e r r a t e t h e r o l e o f e q u i p m e n t , o f
892
ENVER HOXHA
m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n i n the d e v e l o p m e n t o f society, t h u s s l i p p i n g i n t o t h e s o - c a l l e d t h e o r y o f p r o d u c t i v e forces, w h i c h w a s the i d e o l o g i c a l basis o f a l l t h e o p p o r t u n i s m o f the Second International. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , the i m p u l s e t o w a r d s s o c i a l i s m comes a u t o m a t i c a l l y a n d s p o n t a n e o u s l y f r o m the d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r o d u c t i v e forces. T h e r e f o r e , t h e y c l a i m , f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n t o s o c i a l i s m t h e r e i s n o n e e d f o r class s t r u g g l e o r p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n . M o r e o v e r , a c c o r d i n g t o the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , e v e n i n those c o u n t r i e s w h e r e t h e r e v o l u t i o n h a s b e e n c a r r i e d out a n d socialist r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n h a v e been e s t a b l i s h e d , if t h e r e is a r e l a t i v e l y l o w l e v e l of p r o d u c t i v e forces, t h e r e c a n b e n o t a l k o f g e n u i n e s o c i a l i s m there. I n o r d e r t o see h o w f a r t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s h a v e d e p a r t e d f r o m t h e i d e a o f s o c i a l i s m a n d w h a t sort o f socialist society t h e y p r e t e n d t h a t t h e y h a v e t o b u i l d , o n e need o n l y e x a m i n e some o f t h e i r m a i n theses, a b o u t w h i c h t h e y beat t h e b i g d r u m s o l o u d l y a s t h e highest development of the progressive thought of present-day h u m a n society. A n integral nationalization of the means of product i o n is n o t necessary to a c h i e v e a socialist society, d e c l a r e t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s . A l o n g s i d e a p u b l i c sector... p r i vate i n i t i a t i v e w i l l operate... F r e e l y u n i t e d peasant p r o perty; crafts; small and m i d d l e industry; the private i n i t i a t i v e i n the t e r t i a r y field... w i l l p l a y a s p e c i a l r o l e . I n t h i s concept o f t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f society i n t h e socialist sense, t h e r e m u s t be a l i n k i n g of t h e e c o n o m i c system in order to ensure an integration between p r o g r a m i n g and the market, between p u b l i c and private i n i tiative... * T h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s also p r o c l a i m s u c h a
___________________________________ * La politica e l'organizzazione R o m a 1979, pp. 12-13. dei comunisti
socialitaliani,
893
i s m . T h i s society, t h e y say, requires a s u f f i c i e n t b o d y of democratic nationalizations, along w i t h other forms of s o c i a l p r o p e r t y a n d a n e c o n o m i c sector b a s e d o n p r i v a t e property.* C a r r i l l o says, T h i s s y s t e m , w h i c h w i l l h a v e a m i x e d c h a r a c t e r i n the f i e l d o f t h e e c o n o m y , w i l l b e e x p r e s s e d i n a p o l i t i c a l r e g i m e i n w h i c h the o w n e r s w i l l b e o r g a n i z e d n o t o n l y e c o n o m i c a l l y b u t also i n one o r m o r e p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t t h e i r interests. T h i s s i t u a t i o n w i l l b e c o m e one o f the c o m p o n e n t s o f p o l i t i c a l a n d ideological pluralism.** It requires no special knowledge of social laws to u n d e r s t a n d t h a t the t a b l e a u o f t h e s o - c a l l e d socialist s o c i e t y w h i c h the Eurocommunists present is nothing other than the precise and most t y p i c a l tableau of present-day bourgeois society. T h e basic e l e m e n t w h i c h d e t e r m i n e s a s o c i a l s y s t e m is the o w n e r s h i p of the m e a n s of p r o d u c t i o n . If the o w n e r s h i p of the m e a n s of p r o d u c t i o n is p r i v a t e , then we have to do w i t h a system in w h i c h m a n exploits man, in w h i c h w e a l t h is accumulated in the hands of the m i n o r i t y a t one pole, w h i l e t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o f the people l i v e i n p o v e r t y a n d w a n t a t t h e o t h e r pole. I t has a l r e a d y b e e n p r o v e d t h a t s o c i a l i s m cannot e x i s t without the elimination of capitalist property and the s m a s h i n g o f the b o u r g e o i s state. T h e r e c a n n e v e r b e socialism w i t h o u t the establishment of social ownership of the m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n i n a l l sectors w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , without the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. T h e p r o l e t a r i a t has f o u g h t w i t h courage, s a c r i f i c e a n d abnegation to o v e r t h r o w the relations of capitalist o w n e r _________________________________ * The Democratic Road to Socialism for France, L'Humanit, J a n u a r y 13, 1979. ** S. C a r r i l l o , Eurocommunisme et Etat, F r a n c e 1977, pp. 121-122.
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ENVER HOXHA
s h i p o f t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n . T o t h i s end, i t has e l a b o r a t e d its o w n i d e o l o g y , M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , w h i c h m u s t g u i d e i t i n the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s o c i a l ownership of the means of production, in the elimination o f the e x p l o i t a t i o n w h i c h arises f r o m p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p o f these means, a n d i n t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f p o v e r t y . T h e p r o l e t a r i a t r e a l i z e d t h i s o b j e c t i v e i n those c o u n t r i e s w h e r e the revolution t r i u m p h e d and socialism was established. This experience, w h i c h the construction of socialism in A l b a n i a i s c o n f i r m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e e a c h day, s h o w s that the fundamental condition for the construction of socialist society i s p r e c i s e l y the e x p r o p r i a t i o n o f t h e b o u r geoisie a n d t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e e c o n o m y of t h e c o u n t r y on a socialist basis, t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of social o w n e r s h i p of t h e m e a n s of p r o d u c t i o n . Liberation found A l b a n i a a backward country from the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d c u l t u r a l v i e w p o i n t , m a i n l y a n a g r i cultural country, almost w i t h o u t industry, w i t h a v e r y l o w l e v e l o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces. D i d t h i s c o n s t i t u t e a n obstacle t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialist r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n ? O f course i t d i d , i n d e e d a m a j o r obstacle, b u t n o t a n i n s u r m o u n t a b l e one. O u r P a r t y c o u l d n o t w a i t f o r t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces to be d e v e l o p e d to a h i g h l e v e l , a n d t h e n c o m m e n c e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f socialist r e l a t i o n s . A m o n g the first and most important measures w h i c h o u r people's state p o w e r t o o k w e r e t h e l i q u i d a t i o n o f f o r e i g n c a p i t a l a n d t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f its e n t e r p r i s e s i n t o socialist state p r o p e r t y , t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a n extensive a n d radical l a n d r e f o r m , w h i c h not o n l y l i q u i d ated the large-scale p r o p e r t y of the f e u d a l lords a n d the estate-owners, b u t also g r e a t l y r e s t r i c t e d t h e p r o p e r t y of t h e r i c h peasants. T h e s e m e a s u r e s of a p r o f o u n d l y revolutionary character created i m p o r t a n t premises for the g r a d u a l socialist t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , f o r
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTICOMMUNISM the
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d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o o p e r a t i v e m o v e m e n t there. H a v i n g the u n e r r i n g g u i d e o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , a s w e l l a s t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e S o viet U n i o n , the P a r t y of L a b o u r of A l b a n i a put f o r w a r d t h e l i q u i d a t i o n o f t h e e c o n o m i c base o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the e c o n o m i c base o f s o c i a l i s m i n t o w n a n d countryside as a m a i n objective.
T h e socialization of the m a i n means of production was carried out relatively quickly, by means of nationa l i z a t i o n w i t h o u t c o m p e n s a t i o n . I n 1946, t w o y e a r s a f t e r L i b e r a t i o n , t h e b a n k s , i n d u s t r y , t h e m i n e s , p o w e r stations, transport, communications, foreign trade, i n t e r n a l w h o l e sale t r a d e , p a r t o f t h e r e t a i l t r a d e , t h e m a c h i n e a n d t r a c t o r stations, t h e forests, w a t e r s a n d u n d e r g r o u n d assets, w e r e s o c i a l i s t state p r o p e r t y . T h u s t h e socialist sector o f the economy occupied the c o m m a n d i n g position. A m a j o r p r o b l e m f o r e v e r y socialist r e v o l u t i o n i s t h e agrarian problem. The development of the whole econo m y a n d t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e people's state p o w e r i t s e l f depend on the correct solution of this problem. In A l b a n i a , w h e r e the peasantry comprised the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of the population and agriculture was the m a i n branch of t h e e c o n o m y , t h e a g r a r i a n p r o b l e m w a s e x t r e m e l y acute a n d decisive. T h e c o u r s e w h i c h o u r P a r t y f o l l o w e d t o r e s o l v e t h i s c a r d i n a l q u e s t i o n w a s t h e L e n i n i s t course o f socialist c o - o p e r a t i o n . A d h e r i n g strictly to the principle of the free w i l l o f t h e p e a s a n t r y t o u n i t e i n c o o p e r a t i v e s , t h e process o f the c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e , w h i c h b e g a n a l m o s t immediately after the liberation of the country, and w e n t o n f o r a b o u t 1 5 t o 2 0 years, w a s c a r r i e d o u t w i t h o u t f i r s t n a t i o n a l i z i n g the l a n d . T h i s w a s done o n l y a f t e r c o l lectivization h a d been completed, w i t h the adoption of the n e w C o n s t i t u t i o n i n 1976. With the construction of the economic base of so-
896
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c i a l i s m i n t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e , t h e e x p l o i t i n g classes w e r e l i q u i d a t e d a s classes a n d t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f m a n b y m a n w a s w i p e d out. O n l y t w o f r i e n d l y classes r e m a i n e d , the w o r k i n g class a n d the c o o p e r a t i v i s t p e a s a n t r y , l i n k e d w i t h each o t h e r b y c o m m o n ideas, a i m s a n d i n t e r ests a l o n g w i t h t h e s t r a t u m o f the socialist i n t e l l i g e n t s i a f r o m the r a n k s o f the w o r k i n g people a n d c r e a t e d d u r i n g the y e a r s of t h e people's state p o w e r . T h e construction of socialism cannot be carried out e i t h e r t h r o u g h decrees o r i n a s p o n t a n e o u s w a y . S o c i a l i s m i s b u i l t w i t h m u l t i p l i e d forces, w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f a l l the w o r k i n g people, a n d w i t h a c o - o r d i n a t e d , c e n tralized, overall plan. B y i m p l e m e n t i n g a correct p o l i c y f o r t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z a tion of the country, it was possible to t r a n s f o r m A l b a n i a quickly from a backward agricultural country into a country w i t h developed industry and agriculture, w i t h a d v a n c e d e d u c a t i o n a n d c u l t u r e , a c o u n t r y i n w h i c h the people l i v e i n t r u e f r e e d o m a n d h a p p i n e s s . T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s d o n o t accept o u r e x p e r i e n c e , o r t h a t o f the S o v i e t U n i o n o r other c o u n t r i e s w h e n t h e y w e r e socialist. T h e y w a n t t o i n v e n t a n e w s o c i a l i s m . H o w e v e r , y o u n e e d a c r i p p l e d l o g i c i n o r d e r t o accept t h e existence o f p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p o f t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n i n society a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h i n k y o u c a n a v o i d the exploitation of m a n by man, a n d to speak about socialist t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , e q u a l i t y , justice, etc., s u c h a s the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s p r e a c h . T h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f p r i vate ownership of the means of production, of private i n i t i a t i v e , t h a t is, t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f c a p i t a l i s t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e society w h i c h t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s p r o p o s e , m e a n s i n fact t h a t the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m w i l l b e r e t a i n e d completely intact and inviolate. I n a l l t h e i r p h i l o s o p h i c a l fantasies, a s w e l l a s i n the p r o g r a m s w h i c h t h e i r p a r t i e s p r o c l a i m , the E u r o c o m m u n -
897
ist r e v i s i o n i s t s d o not t o u c h a t a l l o n the q u e s t i o n o f w h a t w i l l b e done w i t h the m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s a n d f o r e i g n c a p i t a l . S i n c e t h e y d o n o t m e n t i o n it, this m e a n s t h a t t h e y w i l l r e m a i n i n t e g r a l p a r t s o f t h e socialist society w h i c h t h e y advocate, t h i s m e a n s t h a t b i g A m e r i c a n , West-German, British, F r e n c h a n d other capital w i l l no longer t h i n k of super-profits, but w i l l serve socialism. This is just day-dreaming. On this question, Carrillo, B e r l i n g u e r , M a r c h a i s are n o t as p r o g r e s s i v e as those c i r c l e s of the bourgeoisie in m a n y developing countries, w h i c h , although they are not for socialism, d e m a n d the e x p u l sion of foreign m o n o p o l y capital a n d liberation f r o m the multinational companies. I n r e g a r d t o the s o - c a l l e d p u b l i c sector, the e x i s t e n c e o f w h i c h E u r o c o m m u n i s t s o c i a l i s m foresees, h e r e w e have to do s i m p l y w i t h a speculation in terms, w i t h a v u l g a r a t t e m p t t o p e d d l e t h e sector o f state c a p i t a l i s m , w h i c h e x i s t s t o t h i s o r t h a t degree i n a l l t h e b o u r g e o i s c o u n t r i e s , as a socialist sector of t h e e c o n o m y . T h e state c a p i t a l i s t sector, or the p u b l i c sector, as the b o u r g e o i s i e calls it, has b e e n c r e a t e d i n w a y s a n d f o r reasons t h a t a r e k n o w n . State capitalism in the i n d u s t r i a l countries of Europe existed previously, but it assumed an obvious development, especially after the Second W o r l d W a r . It was c r e a t e d as a r e s u l t of a n u m b e r of f a c t o r s . In I t a l y , f o r e x a m p l e , it w a s set up by the b o u r g e o i s i e as a r e s u l t of the e x a c e r b a t i o n o f t h e class s t r u g g l e a n d t h e g r e a t p r e s sure o f t h e w o r k i n g masses, w h o d e m a n d e d t h e e x p r o priation of big capital, especially that l i n k e d w i t h fascism, w h i c h w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the c a t a s t r o p h e w h i c h the c o u n t r y s u f f e r e d . I n o r d e r t o escape the f u r t h e r r a d i c a l i z a t i o n o f the s t r u g g l e o f t h e w o r k i n g masses a n d t o a v o i d r e v o l u t i o n a r y o u t b u r s t s , the w e a k I t a l i a n b o u r g e o i s i e c a r -
898
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ried out the nationalization of some b i g industries, a n a tionalization w h i c h fulfilled the m i n i m u m demands of t h e c o m m u n i s t a n d socialist p a r t i e s , w h i c h e m e r g e d f r o m the w a r s t r e n g t h e n e d . I n B r i t a i n , t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c sector l i k e t h a t of r a i l w a y s or c o a l c a m e as a r e s u l t o f b i g c a p i t a l ' s a b a n d o n i n g some b a c k w a r d a n d u n p r o f i t a b l e b r a n c h e s . I t h a n d e d these o v e r t o t h e state, w h i c h s u b s i d i z e d t h e m f r o m t h e budget, f r o m t h e t a x p a y e r s , w h i l e i t i n v e s t e d its c a p i t a l i n t h e sectors o f new i n d u s t r i e s w i t h a h i g h l e v e l o f t e c h n o l o g y , i n w h i c h great super-profits were secured more easily and quickly. N a t i o n a l i z a t i o n s o f t h i s k i n d h a v e b e e n a n d are s t i l l being carried out for this or that reason in other countries, too, b u t t h e y h a v e n o t c h a n g e d a n d c a n n e v e r c h a n ge the capitalist nature of the system in power, cannot eliminate capitalist exploitation, unemployment, poverty and the lack of freedoms and democratic rights. A s v e r y l e n g t h y e x p e r i e n c e has a l r e a d y p r o v e d , state c a p i t a l i s m i s s u p p o r t e d a n d d e v e l o p e d b y the b o u r g e o i s i e , not to create t h e f o u n d a t i o n s of socialist society, as t h e revisionists think, but to strengthen the foundations of c a p i t a l i s t society, o f its b o u r g e o i s state, i n o r d e r t o e x p l o i t a n d oppress t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e m o r e . T h o s e w h o r u n the p u b l i c sector a r e n o t the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e w o r k e r s , b u t t h e m e n o f b i g c a p i t a l , those w h o h a v e t h e r e i n s o f t h e w h o l e e c o n o m y a n d t h e state i n t h e i r h a n d s . T h e s o cial position of the w o r k e r in the enterprises of the p u b l i c sector i s n o d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o f t h e w o r k e r i n the p r i v a t e sector; h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e m e a n s o f production, to the economic management of the enterprise, t h e p o l i c y of i n v e s t m e n t s , p a y , etc., is t h e same. T h e b o u r g e o i s state, i.e., the b o u r g e o i s i e , a p p r o p r i a t e s t h e p r o f i t o f these enterprises. O n l y the r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e a b l e t o f i n d some d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e socialist c h a r a c t e r
899
o f t h e e n t e r p r i s e s o f I R I a n d t h e bourgeois c h a r a c t e r o f F I A T , b e t w e e n t h e free w o r k e r s o f R e n a u l t a n d the oppressed w o r k e r s o f C i t r o n . T h e society of democratic socialism, w h i c h the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s p r e a c h t o d a y , i s the b o u r g e o i s society w h i c h exists a t p r e s e n t i n t h e i r c o u n t r i e s . T h e y j u s t w a n t t o t o u c h it up a bit, so t h a t t h e o l d E u r o p e a n b o u r g e o i s i e , w i t h one foot i n the g r a v e , w i l l l o o k l i k e a y o u n g b r i d e , f u l l of life and vitality. A c c o r d i n g to the Eurocommunists, a l l that is needed is a bit of retouching, retaining the state c a p i t a l i s t sector a l o n g s i d e t h e p r i v a t e sector, c r e a t i n g some w o r k e r s ' c o n s u l t a t i v e c o u n c i l s a t t a c h e d t o the m a n a g e m e n t o f e n t e r p r i s e s , a l l o w i n g t h e t r a d e - u n i o n bosses t o c a l l f o r j u s t i c e a n d e q u a l i t y i n m e e t i n g s i n the squares, g i v i n g the r e v i s i o n i s t s a f e w seats i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d . . . s o c i a l i s m w i l l come o f its o w n a c c o r d . W i t h t h e i r u n r e s t r a i n e d zeal t o f i g h t a n d d e n y M a r x ism-Leninism, the E u r o c o m m u n i s t revisionists, prettify the present-day reality of capitalist society in every w a y . To them, the existing social system in Italy, France, S p a i n a n d e l s e w h e r e , t h e state w h i c h r u l e s i n these c o u n t r i e s , is a k i n d of s u p r a - c l a s s d e m o c r a c y , a d e m o c r a c y f o r a l l . I n t h i s s o c i e t y a n d t h i s state t h e y see o n l y a f e w d i f f i c u l ties, a f e w m i s t a k e s , a f e w d i s t o r t i o n s at t h e most, b u t n o t h i n g m o r e . O n t h i s b a s i c concept a n d p r e m i s e t h e y b u i l d u p t h e i r schemes o f t h e i r d e m o c r a t i c socialism, w h i c h i n essence w i l l b e t h e s a m e p r e s e n t - d a y b o u r g e o i s society, b u t w i t h o u t t h e defects, r e s t r i c t i o n s a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s w h i c h i t has t o d a y . T h e r e v i s i o n i s t s d e c l a r e t h a t i n t h e i r socialism m o r e t h a n one p a r t y w i l l e x i s t a n d f u n c t i o n , a l o n g w i t h t h e possibility of their alternation in government. It must be s a i d t h a t o n t h i s q u e s t i o n t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s are r e a l l y coherent. I t i s n a t u r a l t h a t i n t h i s society, i n w h i c h t h e r e w i l l b e a n t a g o n i s t i c classes, d i f f e r e n t s t r a t a o f t h e b o u r -
900
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geoisie, g r o u p s o f c a p i t a l i s t s w i t h separate interests, t h e r e also w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t parties, a n d t h a t t h e p r a c t i c e w h i c h h a s e x i s t e d u p t o n o w i n c a p i t a l i s t society, t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r t i e s a l t e r n a t e a t t h e h e a d o f t h i s state, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e occasion a n d the need, w i l l c e r t a i n l y e x i s t . B u t w h e r e the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s d e l i b e r a t e l y m i s r e p r e s e n t m a t t e r s i s t h a t t h e y p r e s e n t t h i s p l u r a l i s m , t h a t is, t h e p r a c t i c e o f c h a n g i n g t h e horses i n t h e c h a r i o t o f the b o u r geois state, as t h e c u l m i n a t i o n of d e m o c r a c y , as a s i t u a t i o n w h i c h creates the p o s s i b i l i t y t o solve a l l s o c i a l p r o b lems. T h e i r a i m i s t o d i s t o r t t h e v e r y concept o f socialist society a n d t o p r e s e n t b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y a n d its i n s t i t u tions a s c a p a b l e o f r e a l i z i n g socialist a i m s , w i t h n o n e e d f o r the r e v o l u t i o n , w i t h o u t t h e n e e d t o s m a s h t h e o l d b o u r g e o i s state a p p a r a t u s . I n fact, t h e i r i d e a l state i s t h e c u r r e n t A m e r i c a n , o r m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y , the G e r m a n p o l i t i c a l system, i n w h i c h t w o b i g b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s , w h i c h a l t e r n a t e w i t h one a n o t h e r a t t h e h e a d o f t h e g o v e r n ment, r u l e . T h e y w a n t t w o b i g p a r t i e s i n I t a l y , F r a n c e , o r S p a i n t o o : one o f t h e m o p e n l y b o u r g e o i s , d e m o c r a t i c o r l i b e r a l , a n d the o t h e r a w o r k e r s ' p a r t y , w h e t h e r t h e y c a l l i t socialist, c o m m u n i s t , l a b o u r , o r w h a t y o u w i l l , a s w e l l a s a f e w other u n i m p o r t a n t s m a l l p a r t i e s , j u s t f o r the sake o f v a r i e t y . A n d i n this w a y , I t a l i a n s o c i a l i s m , F r e n c h socialism, S p a n i s h s o c i a l i s m w o u l d b e created, j u s t a s S w e d i s h socialism, N o r w e g i a n socialism, a n d so on, h a v e been c r e a t e d . I n d e m o c r a t i c s o c i a l i s m the state m u s t n o t b e the state o f w o r k e r s a n d peasants, t h a t is, i t m u s t n o t b e l i k e the state a d v o c a t e d b y M a r x a n d L e n i n , w h i c h w o u l d b r i n g the w o r k e r s f r o m the f a c t o r i e s a n d the p e a s a n t s w h o w o r k the l a n d i n t o l e a d e r s h i p . T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s w a n t a state w h i c h w i l l b e t h e state o f e v e r y b o d y , a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t of t h i s state l i k e w i s e w i l l be of e v e r y b o d y . B u t a state of e v e r y b o d y has n e v e r e x i s t e d a n d n e v e r w i l l e x i s t .
901
T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s ' concepts a b o u t the state a r e v e r y close t o those o f P r o u d h o n a n d L a s s a l l e w h i c h M a r x r e f u t e d m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y ago. L a s s a l l e , f o r e x a m p l e , preached that through reforms, in peaceful ways, through g e n e r a l elections, and with the aid of the bourgeois state a n d o f associations o f p r o d u c e r s , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e t o b e created, t h e r e a c t i o n a r y P r u s s i a n state c o u l d b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a f r e e p o p u l a r state. H e p r e s e n t e d t h i s k i n d of state as a m o d e l f o r the n e w socialist state f o r w h i c h the w o r k e r s ought to fight. T h e L a s s a l l i a n concept o f t h e p o p u l a r state d e n i e d t h e class c h a r a c t e r of t h e state as a d i c t a t o r s h i p of a g i v e n class. M a r x , e s p e c i a l l y i n h i s o u t s t a n d i n g w o r k The Critique of the Gotha Programme, c o n f r o n t e d t h e L a s s a l l i a n concept o f t h e f r e e p o p u l a r state w i t h t h e concept o f the state as a class o r g a n , w i t h h i s concept of t h e d i c t a torship of the proletariat.
... one does not get a flea-hop nearer to the problem by a thousandfold combination of the word 'people' with the word 'state', says M a r x . Between capitalist and communist society lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat.*
T h e M a r x i s t t h e o r e t i c a l theses a n d d o c t r i n e o n the state, p r o c l a i m e d i n t h e m o n u m e n t a l w o r k s o f M a r x a n d Engels, f o u n d b r i l l i a n t c o n f i r m a t i o n i n t h e events o f t h e Commune of Paris.
_______________________________ * K. M a r x a n d F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 2, T i r a n a 1975, p. 24, A l b . ed.
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T h e C o m m u n e of P a r i s showed that the proletariat cannot r e t a i n the o l d b o u r g e o i s state m a c h i n e a n d use i t f o r its o w n purposes, t o o v e r t h r o w the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r . T h e C o m m u n e d e s t r o y e d t h a t m a c h i n e a n d , i n p l a c e o f it, created state o r g a n i s m s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s e n t i r e l y n e w i n content a n d f o r m . T h e C o m m u n e w a s t h e f i r s t f o r m o f t h e p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the p r o l e t a r i a n state p o w e r . A s L e n i n stressed, t h e C o m m u n e o f P a r i s s h o w e d t h e h i s torical limitations
... and limited value of the bourgeois parliamentary system and bourgeois democracy...*
I t w a s p r o v e d i n p r a c t i c e t h a t t h e state w h i c h t h e C o m m u n e o f P a r i s set u p r e p r e s e n t e d t h e h i g h e s t t y p e o f democracy, that of the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of the people. I t p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e t h e great d e m o c r a t i c r i g h t s a n d freedoms w h i c h the bourgeoisie proclaims but never realizes. Later L e n i n , in struggle w i t h the opportunist dist o r t i o n s o f t h e chiefs o f t h e S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l , b r i l l i a n t l y d e f e n d e d M a r x ' s t h e o r y o n the state. H e r e f u t e d t h e i r concepts t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e state i s n o t a n o r g a n o f the d o m i n a t i o n o f one class o v e r a n o t h e r , b u t a n o r g a n o f class c o n c i l i a t i o n , t h a t t h e a p p a r a t u s of t h e b o u r g e o i s state should not be destroyed, but should be used in the i n t e r ests o f the w o r k i n g people. I n h i s f a m o u s b o o k T h e S t a t e a n d R e v o l u t i o n , L e n i n s h o w e d t h a t t h e state i s a p r o d u c t of c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n classes a n d an e x p r e s s i o n of t h e i r r e c o n c i l a b i l i t y o f these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . H e p r o v e d t h a t the b o u r g e o i s state a p p a r a t u s , a n a p p a r a t u s set u p t o k e e p the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses o p p r e s s e d a n d
903
exploited, could not be used by t h e m for the elimination o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n . T h e p r o l e t a r i a t has t o b u i l t its o w n state, n e w i n f o r m a n d content, i n s t r u c t u r e and organization, in the people w h o r u n it and in their m e t h o d s o f w o r k , a state w h i c h w i l l e n s u r e t h e f r e e d o m o f t h e w o r k i n g masses a n d s u p p r e s s t h e e f f o r t s o f enemies of socialism to restore the capitalist system. Lenin's book The State and R e v o l u t i o n and the L e n i n ist theses o n t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t p l a y e d a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n the p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e S o v i e t state p o w e r in Russia. T h e y r e m a i n p o w e r f u l weapons in the hands of genuine revolutionaries to combat the theorizing of modern r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h o a r e t r y i n g t o r e v i v e the o l d v i e w s o f K a u t s k y a n d c o m p a n y a b o u t t h e state, w h i c h L e n i n e x posed a n d d e f e a t e d . T h e t h e o r i z i n g o f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s a b o u t the state is a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e a n t i - M a r x i s t l i n e of these r e n e g a des w h o p r e t e n d t h a t n o t class s t r u g g l e b u t class peace exists in capitalism, that the a r m y and the police are no l o n g e r r e p r e s s i v e forces o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , t h e r e f o r e t h e r e is no need for the dictatorship of the proletariat and the g e n u i n e d e m o c r a c y w h i c h t h e p r o l e t a r i a t establishes. T h e y w a n t o n l y one state, one d e m o c r a c y t h e state of b o u r geois-revisionist democracy.
T h e Democratic R o a d to S o c i a l i s m a Disguise to Protect the Bourgeois State T h e q u e s t i o n o f state p o w e r has a l w a y s been t h e fundamental question of the ideology a n d policy of every p a r t y , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f w h a t class i n t e r e s t s i t represents. E u r o c o m m u n i s m could be no exception to this. It began its s t r u g g l e p r e c i s e l y i n t h i s f i e l d , b e c o m i n g a n e w w e a p o n
904
ENVER HOXHA
i n the h a n d s o f the b o u r g e o i s i e t o protect its p o w e r o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n , a n d t o p r e v e n t the p r o l e t a r i a t f r o m c a r r y i n g out t h e r e v o l u t i o n , d e s t r o y i n g t h a t p o w e r and establishing socialism. I n t h e i r p r o p a g a n d a against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , t h e Eurocommunists insist that in the conditions of modern society, as t h e y c a l l the p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t society, t h e theory of M a r x about the overthrow of capitalism by m e a n s o f v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n needs n e w i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . A m o n g the f i r s t w h o b e g a n t o attack, t o d e c l a r e i n v a l i d a n d v i o l a t e t h e thesis o f M a r x a n d L e n i n a b o u t the necessity f o r t h e v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n , a thesis w h i c h t h e y t o t a l l y d i s t o r t e d , w e r e the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s , a s w e m e n t i o n e d above. I n o r d e r t o m a k e t h e i r t h e o r y o f p e a c e f u l transition to socialism convincing, they w e n t so far as t o c l a i m t h a t the O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n w a s a p e a c e f u l r e v o l u t i o n , a l t h o u g h h i s t o r y recognizes t h a t i t w a s t h e f i r s t revolution, w h i c h after the violent o v e r t h r o w of the R u s s i a n bourgeoisie, e s t a b l i s h e d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t ariat. A t the same t i m e t h e y b e g a n t o p r o p o u n d t h e t h e o r y t h a t t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t w a s a t e m p o r a r y p h e n o m e n o n w h i c h g a v e w a y t o the s o - c a l l e d state o f t h e w h o l e people. W i t h these theories, t h e y a i m e d t o m i n i m i z e a n d negate t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y class c o n t e n t o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . This deliberate distortion of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m by t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s b e c a m e t h e basis o n w h i c h the E u r o c o m m u n i s t theories on this question w e r e built up. T h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e theses t h a t w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n the class s t r u g g l e n o l o n g e r existed, that the t r i u m p h of socialism was guaranteed and there was no danger of any reversal, that there was no longer any need for the dictatorship of the proletariat, o r f o r t h e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, b e c a m e a n i n s p i r a t i o n and encouragement for the other revisionists to go
905
even further. Misrepresenting the significance of the changes w h i c h h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n the w o r l d a n d m i s i n t e r p r e t i n g a c o r r e c t p h r a s e of L e n i n ' s a b o u t t h e s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s of the r o a d to s o c i a l i s m , t h e y stress t h a t at t h e present t i m e it is possible to go to socialism t h r o u g h parliamentarianism and reforms. T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s p r e s e n t the c o u r s e o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s t society i n t o socialist society a s t h e development of bourgeois political democracy through to t h e e n d , as t h e y say, as a p e a c e f u l course w h i c h does not l e a d to a q u a l i t a t i v e c h a n g e but o n l y to a q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a n g e . T h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s say, P o l i t i c a l d e m o c r a c y p r e s e n t s i t s e l f a s t h e h i g h e s t i n s t i t u t i o n a l f o r m o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e state, e v e n of a socialist state. * I f w e a n a l y s e t h i s so-called thesis, i t t u r n s o u t t h a t p o l i t i c a l d e m o c r a c y f o r t h e w o r k i n g people a l l e g e d l y exists a l r e a d y i n c a p i t a l i s m a n d t h a t s o c i a l i s m i s a l l e g e d l y r e a c h e d b y e x t e n d i n g t h i s d e m o c r a c y a n d , f i n a l l y , t h a t the f u n d a m e n t a l f e a t u r e o f socialist s o c i e t y a l l e g e d l y i s b o u r geois d e m o c r a c y w h i c h i s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h socialist d e m o cracy. M e a n w h i l e the Spanish revisionists, for their part, claim that socio-political democracy is not a t h i r d road, e i t h e r c a p i t a l i s t or socialist, b u t is a t r a n s i t i o n a l stage b e t w e e n c a p i t a l i s m a n d socialism. ** D e m o c r a c y i s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t h e a i m a n d the m e a n s o f transformations, *** says M a r c h a i s . A s c a n b e seen, i n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y t h e i r r e v i s i o n i s t v i e w s B e r l i n g u e r , C a r r i l l o , M a r c h a i s a n d others present v e r y c o n f u s e d ideas a b o u t d e m o c r a c y a n d the state. S u c h
__________________________________ * La politica e l'organizzazione dei comunisti italiani, R o m a 1979, p. 11. ** Noveno Congreso del Partido Comunista d'Espaa, B a r celona 1978, p. 83. *** L'Humanit, F e b r u a r y 13, 1979.
906
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r e a s o n i n g , w h i c h i s n o t based o n t h e class r e l a t i o n s t h a t e x i s t i n b o u r g e o i s society, w h i c h i s outside t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e c a p i t a l i s t e c o n o m i c base a n d s u p e r s t r u c ture, outside r e a l i t y a n d a n y logic, has t h e a i m o f p r o v i n g a l l e g e d l y t h a t g e n u i n e d e m o c r a c y i s n o t t h a t w h i c h the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t establishes, t h e d e m o c r a c y o f t h e great m a j o r i t y o f t h e e x p l o i t e d masses o v e r t h e m i n o r i t y of the capitalist exploiters, or their remnants, b u t d e m o c r a c y a l a M a r c h a i s a n d C a r r i l l o , t h a t is, d e m o c r a c y f o r a l l , w h e r e e v e r y o n e l i v e s i n peace a n d class h a r m o n y . H o w e v e r , h i s t o r y has p r o v e d t h a t t h e r e i s n o t and cannot be bourgeois democracy w i t h o u t the b o u r geois d i c t a t o r s h i p , j u s t as t h e r e cannot be socialist d e m o cracy w i t h o u t the dictatorship of the proletariat. The r i g h t s a n d d u t i e s o f c i t i z e n s are r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f the class w h i c h i s i n p o w e r . W h e r e t h e c a p i t a l i s t class rules, t h e r e are r i g h t s f o r t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , and restriction of rights, oppression and denigration of t h e masses, w h i l e w h e r e t h e w o r k i n g class rules, t h e r e a r e r i g h t s a n d f r e e d o m s f o r the w o r k e r s , a n d r e s t r i c t i o n a n d compulsion for the m i n o r i t y of former rulers and e x p l o i t e r s , as w e l l as f o r t h e enemies of s o c i a l i s m . T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s are not the first opportunists t o d e n y the n e e d f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a s t h e o n l y basic m e a n s f o r the o v e r t h r o w o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m . B e f o r e t h e m , a s i m i l a r t h i n g w a s done b y P r o u d h o n , w h o m M a r x exposed, and b y Bernstein and company, w h o ended up openly defending the capitalist system. Bernstein, for example, preached that by i m p r o v i n g the labour legislation, by increasing the role and activity o f t r a d e - u n i o n s a n d cooperatives, b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g class i n p a r l i a m e n t , a l l t h e economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t c o u l d b e s o l v e d p e a c e f u l l y a n d o n the e v o l u t i o n i s t course.
907
H e stated e x p l i c i t l y t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class n e e d o n l y w i n a s i m p l e m a j o r i t y in p a r l i a m e n t , get 51 p e r cent of t h e votes, a n d i t c o u l d a c h i e v e a l l its a i m s . S i n c e t h e w i l l o f t h e m a j o r i t y r u l e s i n d e m o c r a c y , h e s a i d , t h e state loses its class c h a r a c t e r , i s t r a n s f o r m e d f r o m a n o r g a n o f t h e class r u l e i n t o a n o r g a n w h i c h stands a b o v e classes a n d r e p r e s e n t s t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e w h o l e society. I n s u c h a state, h e said, t h e w o r k i n g class a n d its p a r t y can a n d m u s t c o l l a b o r a t e w i t h a l l t h e other classes a n d p a r t i e s . T o g e t h e r , t h e y m u s t d e f e n d a n d s t r e n g t h e n t h i s state against reactionaries. B e r n s t e i n p r e a c h e d t h a t the r o a d o f the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f society w a s t h e r o a d o f p a r t i a l a n d g r a d u a l r e f o r m s , the r o a d o f e v o l u t i o n , o f t h e g r a d u a l i n t e g r a t i o n of capitalism into socialism. Therefore, according to h i m . the p a r t y of t h e w o r k i n g class m u s t be a p a r t y not of social r e v o l u t i o n , b u t o f s o c i a l r e f o r m s . L e n i n s t r o n g l y c r i t i c i z e d a n d p o i n t e d out t h e utter f a l s i t y o f these v i e w s o f B e r n s t e i n , w h i c h K a u t s k y a n d c o m p a n y took o v e r l a t e r . T h e G r e a t October R e v o l u t i o n gave the historic verdict in the great debate b e t w e e n t h e M a r x i s t s l e d b y L e n i n , w h o d e f e n d e d t h e i d e a o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t o p p o r t u n i s t s , w h o w e r e p a r t i s a n s o f t h e p e a c e f u l , r e f o r m i s t r o a d , o f pure d e m o c r a c y , etc. T h i s r e v o l u t i o n s h o w e d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d peoples of the w o r l d that the road to victory over i m p e r i a l i s m a n d c a p i t a l i s m does n o t r u n t h r o u g h r e f o r m s a n d a g r e e m e n t s w i t h the b o u r g e o i s i e , b u t t h r o u g h v i o l e n t r e v olution. A r g u i n g i n s u p p o r t o f t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n t o the M a r x ist-Leninist theory on the revolution and the dictatorship o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s c l a i m t h a t M a r x h i m s e l f a l l e g e d l y o n l y once m e n t i o n e d t h i s t e r m ! H o w ever, i t i s k n o w n t h a t t h e i d e a o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f
908
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t h e p r o l e t a r i a t constitutes the f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s t i o n o f t h e w h o l e o f M a r x ' s d o c t r i n e o n s o c i a l i s m . I n 1852 M a r x w r o t e ,
What I did that was new was to prove: 1) that the existence of classes is bound up with particular historical phases in the development of production; 2) that the class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat; 3) that this dictatorship itself only constitutes the transition to the abolition of all classes and to a classless society...*
M a r x d i d n o t r e g a r d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t as a s i m p l e a l t e r n a t i o n of some p e o p l e in t h e g o v e r n m e n t , b u t a s a q u a l i t a t i v e l y n e w state, w h i c h i s b u i l t o n the r u i n s o f t h e o l d b o u r g e o i s state. H e c o n s i d e r e d t h e s m a s h i n g o f t h e o l d b o u r g e o i s state m a c h i n e w i t h violence an essential condition for the t r i u m p h not o n l y o f the p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n , b u t o f a n y g e n u i n e p e o p l e ' s r e v o l u t i o n l e d b y t h e w o r k i n g class. L e n i n c a l l e d t h i s conclusion, put f o r w a r d b y M a r x i n his outstanding w o r k The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, a g i g a n t i c step f o r w a r d . I t i s p r e c i s e l y t h i s f o u n d a t i o n stone o f t h e M a r x ist-Leninist doctrine that a l l the old revisionists have attacked and denied, and w h i c h all the new E u r o c o m m u n i s t r e v i s i o n i s t s attack. T h e stand of the Eurocommunists towards the quest i o n o f the r e v o l u t i o n , the state a n d d e m o c r a c y c o i n c i d e s i n essence w i t h t h a t o f t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h o h a v e declared that n o w the communist p a r t y in the Soviet U n i o n has a l l e g e d l y b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a p a r t y o f the entire people a n d that the dictatorship of the proletariat
___________________________________ * K. M a r x a n d F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 2, T i r a n a 1975, p. 486, A l b . ed.
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has b e e n r e p l a c e d w i t h t h e state o f t h e e n t i r e people. O n t h e basis o f these statements o f the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s M a r c h a i s a n d C a r r i l l o h a v e t h e r i g h t t o r e a s o n : If y o u c a n a l l e g e d l y t r a n s f o r m the p a r t y a n d t h e state o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n t o a p a r t y a n d state o f t h e e n t i r e people, w h y shouldn't we in the West have the right to carry out s u c h a t h i n g , b u t w i t h o u t v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n a n d the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t ? W e are g o i n g t o p r o c e e d i n ' p l u r a l i s m ' a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h t h e bourgeoisie, b y b u i l d i n g u p o p i n i o n f o r a ' g e n u i n e d e m o c r a c y ' , w h i c h has not b e e n a c h i e v e d i n y o u r c o u n t r y . I t i s i n v a i n f o r y o u to c l a i m the existence of democracy in y o u r c o u n t r y w h i l e y o u a r e s t r e n g t h e n i n g oppression. I n r e g a r d t o t h e T i t o i t e s , t h e y , too, are i n d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h the Eurocommunists in connection w i t h democracy a n d p l u r a l i s m . T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s speak a b o u t the u n i t y o f t h e n o n - a l i g n e d w o r l d , a n d w i t h t h i s f o r m u l a e l i m i n a t e t h e class s t r u g g l e a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p of the proletariat. T h e y demand f r o m i m p e r i a l i s m and w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m o n l y t h a t the n o n - a l i g n e d c o u n t r i e s s h o u l d r e m a i n w i t h i n t h e i r p r e s e n t status q u o a n d b e assisted e c o n o m i c a l l y . I n t h i s d i r e c t i o n t h e T i t o i t e s a r e o f the s a m e o p i n i o n a s t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s . w i t h the one d i f f e r e n c e that, w h i l e t h e Y u g o s l a v s speak a b o u t a l l e g e d i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m s u p e r p o w e r s a n d blocs, t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s d o not d o t h i s e v e n f o r m a l l y . W i t h o u t a t t a c k i n g t h e m d i r e c t l y , b u t t h r o u g h the ideas t h e y express, t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s t e l l t h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i sionists t h a t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f o n l y one p a r t y i n Y u g o s l a v i a is not t h e r o a d of g e n u i n e d e m o c r a c y , t h e r e f o r e t h e p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m i n Y u g o s l a v i a , too, m u s t u n d e r g o changes. W h i l e directly attacking L e n i n and the w h o l e M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t t h e o r y o n t h e state a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n , B e r l i n g u e r , M a r c h a i s , C a r r i l l o a n d c o m p a n y c a l l o n the K h r u s h chevites t o c a r r y t h e i r b e t r a y a l t h r o u g h t o t h e e n d , t e l l i n g
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t h e m t h a t i t i s not o n l y the mistakes o f S t a l i n w h i c h i s the p r o b l e m f o r t h e i r f i l t h y u n d e r t a k i n g , b u t t h e socialist s y s t e m itself, w h i c h , a l t h o u g h i t w a s a n a p p r o p r i a t e s y s t e m a f t e r the O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n , i s n o t r i g h t a t t h e present t i m e , because i t a l l e g e d l y denies d e m o c r a c y . W i t h o u t doubt, t h i s thesis i s n o t t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o f the K h r u s h c h e v i t e s w h o , i n o r d e r t o c o n c e a l t h e i r b e t r a y a l a n d t o pose a s M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s , s t i l l m a i n t a i n s o m e allegedly Leninist forms. I n o r d e r t o r e t a i n t h i s disguise, f r o m t i m e t o t i m e t h e B r e z h n e v g r o u p m a k e s some feeble c r i t i c i s m o f t h e d i s obedient p a r t i e s a n d a d v i s e s t h e m t h a t t h e y m u s t a l l e g e d l y s a f e g u a r d the class p r i n c i p l e s o f L e n i n o n the r o a d a n d the f o r m s o f t r a n s i t i o n t o s o c i a l i s m . H o w e v e r , t h e r e v i sionist p a r t i e s o f t h e W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s d o n o t f a i l t o r e p l y t o B r e z h n e v t h a t t h e y are d o i n g n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n w h a t the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e done, t h a t t h e y a r e acting according to their conditions, w h i c h allegedly dictate the peaceful road, the r o a d of democratic reforms, p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l p l u r a l i s m , etc., etc. B e r l i n g u e r , M a r c h a i s a n d C a r r i l l o , w h o h a v e gone f u r t h e r t h a n T o g l i a t t i , t e l l t h e S o v i e t s : Isn't i t y o u w h o h a v e s p o k e n a b o u t p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e ? T h e n , come o n , let u s create t h i s coexistence a n d c a r r y i t t h r o u g h t o the end. A n d w i t h w h o m are w e t o p e a c e f u l l y c o e x i s t ? W i t h the o p p o n e n t s o f c o m m u n i s m , t h a t is, w i t h the c a p i talist bourgeoisie, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , etc. H o w e v e r , t o a c h i e v e p e a c e f u l coexistence, t h e y say, f i r s t w e m u s t r e v i s e the dogmas i n p o l i c y , i n i d e o l o g y , i n t h e e c o n o m y a n d i n art, because t h e dogmas c a n n o t b e a d a p t e d t o p r e s e n t - d a y society. S i n c e t h e ideas o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n o n t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e class struggle, a n d t h e s e i z u r e o f p o w e r w i t h v i o l e n c e a r e a l l e g e d l y dogmas, t h e n t h e y a r e n o t s u i t a b l e , e i t h e r , therefore p o w e r must be taken not through violence, but
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i n t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y w a y , t h r o u g h g e n e r a l elections, t h r o u g h t h e c o m i n g t o p o w e r o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d r e m o v a l of the bourgeoisie f r o m power in democratic ways. F o r the s a k e o f d e m a g o g y a n d t o t h r o w d u s t i n t h e eyes o f t h e masses, t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s m u t t e r i n a n u n d e r t o n e t h a t t h e t h i r d w a y , o r dmocratie s o c i a l i s m , is n o t s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , because it has not c a r r i e d soc i e t y b e y o n d t h e l o g i c o f capitalism.* N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e y add immediately, we must unite w i t h social-democracy a n d the o t h e r p o l i t i c a l forces, a n d together w i t h t h e m m u s t e x e r t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e state a p p a r a t u s o f t h e c a p i t a l ist b o u r g e o i s i e , t h r o u g h p r o p a g a n d a , r e f o r m s , the c h u r c h , c u l t u r e , etc., a n d n o t d e s t r o y it, as t h e classics of M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m say, s o t h a t g r a d u a l l y t h i s state p o w e r w i l l a s s u m e a t r u l y d e m o c r a t i c f o r m , s o t h a t i t w i l l serve t h e w h o l e o f t h e s o c i e t y a n d create t h e c o n d i t i o n s t o b u i l d socialism in a peaceful w a y . In other words, they a d vocate t h e c r e a t i o n o f a b a s t a r d i z e d s o c i a l o r d e r w h i c h w i l l have nothing in common w i t h scientific socialism. T h e theses o f T o g l i a t t i a n d h i s s u p p o r t e r s , t h e l i n e o f t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , h a v e become the i d e a l of all the E u r o c o m m u n i s t revisionists to such an extent that they have aroused the envy of C a r r i l l o and M a r chais. G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s w r i t e s in l'Humanit, In 1956 w e w e r e s l o w t o d r a w lessons f r o m w h a t h a d o c c u r r e d in the Soviet U n i o n and w o r k out the F r e n c h road to socialism, t h a t is, a s T o g l i a t t i d i d . W h e n M a r c h a i s o r C a r r i l l o s a y t h a t t h e p o l i c e a r e w i t h the I t a l i a n C o m m u n ist P a r t y , a n d t h a t i n R o m e they v o t e f o r t h i s p a r t y , t h e y are p r a i s i n g t h e e f f o r t s a n d a c h i e v e m e n t s o f B e r l i n g u e r i n the d i r e c t i o n o f c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , t h e
_________________________________ * La politica R o m a 1979, p. 7. e l'organizzazione dei comunisti italiani,
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C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t s , a n d t h e socialists o n p u b l i c q u e s tions, a n d also i n the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e bourgeoisie. T h e successes o f B e r l i n g u e r i n these d i r e c t i o n s , t h a t is, i n s u b m i s s i o n t o I t a l i a n a n d w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m , s e r v e the o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t s a s p r a c t i c a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e i r o p p o r t u n i s t p o l i t i c a l theses. B e r l i n g u e r w o r k s w i t h g r e a t zeal. H e does n o t a t t a c k the b o u r g e o i s C o n s t i t u t i o n , does not a t t a c k t h e p o w e r o f the b o u r g e o i s i e , does n o t e v e n m e n t i o n o v e r t h r o w i n g t h i s p o w e r a n d its a p p a r a t u s , does n o t speak a b o u t d e s t r o y i n g t h e I t a l i a n o p p r e s s i v e a r m y , b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y , signs statements t o g e t h e r w i t h the parties of reaction that the a r m y must be strengthened, t h a t t h e A m e r i c a n bases m u s t r e m a i n , t h a t t h e p o w e r and funds of the police must be increased, that the police m u s t h a v e the r i g h t , o u t s i d e the l a w , t o check u p o n a n y t h i n g w h i c h i s suspicious, e v e n t o b u g t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a tions a n d open private correspondence. N o w the p r o g r a m a n d activities of the Italian r e v i sionists are r e a d y a n d tested f o r t h e o t h e r r e v i s i o n i s t s , too. In Italy, S p a i n and France, the integration of revisionism into capitalism, a n d not of capitalism into socialism, as the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s p r e a c h i n t h e i r p r o g r a m s a n d speeches, i s d e v e l o p i n g a n d t a k i n g concrete f o r m . The Italian, F r e n c h and Spanish communist parties say nothing at a l l about the Chinese revisionists. T h e i r w h o l e s t r u g g l e i s s p e a r h e a d e d against M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n , a n d f o r t h e i r o w n ends, s o m e t i m e s a g a i n s t t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s , too. T h e y a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e Chinese revisionists on all fronts. T h e Chinese revisionists are struggling for an alliance w i t h the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , the d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e r u l i n g cliques in the neo-colonial countries. S u c h an alliance is o n the course o f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t renegades. T h e fact is that the Chinese foreign policy conforms completely
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w i t h the policy w h i c h the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s preach about the u n i t y of revisionist parties w i t h the bourgeois-capitalist r e g i m e s i n p o w e r . T h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a also are f o r p l u r a l i s m i n s o c i a l i s m . I n C h i n a the p a r t i e s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e not o n l y exist, b u t t h e y p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e state p o w e r a n d t h e leadership, together w i t h the C o m m u n i s t Party, w h i c h cannot exist a n d r u n things w i t h o u t collaboration w i t h t h e m . O n these f u n d a m e n t a l questions the C h i n e s e r e v i sionists a r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h the E u r o p e a n r e v i s i o n i s t s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , C h i n e s e p r i v a t e enterprises, n e s e - f o r e i g n c a p i t a l j o i n t private; enterprises, p u r e l y i g n p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e s , c o o p e r a t i v i s t sectors, etc., a l o n g s i d e t h e state c a p i t a l i s t sector i n C h i n a . T h i s f o r m s c o m p l e t e l y w i t h t h e t h i r d road, w i t h the cialism w h i c h the Eurocommunists propagate. Chiforeexist conso-
M a o Z e d o n g p r o c l a i m e d h i s t h e o r y a b o u t t h e bloss o m i n g of a h u n d r e d f l o w e r s a n d c o n t e n t i o n of a h u n d r e d schools. W h a t does t h i s m e a n ? T h i s m e a n s t h a t a l l i d e a l ist, s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c , r e p u b l i c a n , r e l i g i o u s a n d o t h e r ideas are p e r m i t t e d a n d d e v e l o p i n C h i n a . L e t a l l t h e schools c o n t e n d , t h i s i s dialectical, s a y s M a o Z e d o n g . B u t since p l u r a l i s m a l l e g e d l y becomes d i a l e c t i c a l , a t h i n g w h i c h t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s p r e a c h , too, t h e n i t m u s t b e possible t o g o t o s o c i a l i s m t o g e t h e r a n d i n u n i t y w i t h the b o u r geoisie a n d its p a r t i e s , i n peace a n d p e a c e f u l c o m p e t i t i o n . W h e n bourgeois parties exist and take part in the leadership in China, along w i t h the Communist Party, t h e n t h e state c a n n o t b e t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , b u t m u s t be a h y b r i d o r g a n i s m , w h i c h is a state o f the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t o n l y i n w o r d s , w h i l e in r e a l i t y it is a b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y . T h e C h i n e s e p r a c t i c e r e s p o n d s t o t h e l i n e o f the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s a n d serves as a c o n f i r m a t i o n of h o w the t r a n s i t i o n t o s o c i a l i s m c a n b e c a r r i e d out w i t h o u t
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r e v o l u t i o n a n d the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . S o m e one m a y s a y : B u t C h i n a w e n t t o s o c i a l i s m t h r o u g h t h e r e v o l u t i o n , C h i n a has a d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t etc. T h i s i s n o t t r u e . T h e t r u t h i s t h a t C h i n a f o u g h t against t h e J a p a n e s e o c c u p i e r s a n d t h e K u o m i n tang, but the dictatorship of the proletariat was never e s t a b l i s h e d a n d s o c i a l i s m w a s n e v e r b u i l t t h e r e . T h e state p o w e r i n C h i n a w a s c a l l e d the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t ariat, b u t its content w a s d i f f e r e n t , a n d n o w w e a r e seeing t h a t t h e disguises w h i c h the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a a n d the C h i n e s e state h a d p u t o n a r e f a l l i n g off one a f t e r the o t h e r . F o l l o w i n g t h e d e a t h o f M a o Z e d o n g , w h o w a s a n eclectic, a n d o f Z h o u E n l a i , w h o w a s a b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a t , we see t h a t C h i n a is r e v e a l i n g its t r u e features, e m e r g i n g as a b o u r g e o i s r e p u b l i c a n d an i m p e r i a l i s t state. I n r e g a r d t o t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s h a v e w i t h the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s o v e r t h e c h a r a c t e r o f the state in s o c i a l i s m , these are n o t in t h e least of a p r i n c i p l e d n a t u r e . T h e y a t t a c k t h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t state, p r e s e n t i n g it as a d i s t o r t i o n w h i c h , as t h e y p u t it, n e i t h e r M a r x nor Engels w o u l d approve and indeed even L e n i n w o u l d not c o n s i d e r m a n y t h i n g s r i g h t . B u t t h i s i s a v u l g a r s p e c u l a t i o n . T h e p r e s e n t S o v i e t state is n o t a socialist state. It has b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a d i c t a t o r s h i p of t h e r e v i s i o n i s t b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h oppresses a n d e x p l o i t s t h e w o r k i n g masses. W i t h t h i s s p e c u l a t i o n , t h e E u r o c o m m u n ists w a n t t o p r o v e t h a t t h e i r p l u r a l i s t l i n e i s t h e o n l y s c i e n t i f i c M a r x i s t l i n e , t h e o n l y l i n e s u i t a b l e f o r the construction of true socialism. A c c o r d i n g to them, this line is a d i a l e c t i c a l consequence of t h e m a t e r i a l i s t d e v e l o p ment of history, w h i c h allegedly M a r x and Engels did n o t foresee a n d w h i c h a l l e g e d l y L e n i n d i d n o t foresee, either. H o w e v e r , i t h a s b e e n a l l e g e d l y d i s c o v e r e d b y Berlinguer, Marchais, C a r r i l l o and the other revisionists
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o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e w h o are b e a t i n g t h e i r breasts a n d s a y i n g : It i s w e w h o e n v i s a g e the g e n u i n e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of society a n d w h o analyse the phenomena of the presentd a y w o r l d t o t h e i r roots. I n fact, t h e y a r e opposed t o a n y k i n d of revolutionary transformation. They want to pres e r v e the p r e s e n t - d a y b o u r g e o i s c o n s u m e r society, t o preserve the domination of capitalism and the exploitation o f t h e w o r k i n g people. T h i s i s t h e i r i d e a l a n d t h e i r a i m . F o r t h i s t h e y a r e w o r k i n g a n d s t r u g g l i n g . A l l t h e rest i s just propaganda, demagogy, deception, means w h i c h the b o u r g e o i s i e uses t o f i g h t s o c i a l i s m a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n .
T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s ' Independence Is Dependence on C a p i t a l and the Bourgeoisie T h e s t r u g g l e against i m p e r i a l i s m i n g e n e r a l a n d its tools i n e v e r y c o u n t r y i s one o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l questions o f t h e s t r a t e g y o f e v e r y c o m m u n i s t p a r t y , a n d one o f the decisive conditions for the t r i u m p h of a n y revolution, w h e t h e r p e o p l e ' s d e m o c r a t i c , a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t o r socialist. A t t h e s a m e t i m e , its a t t i t u d e t o i m p e r i a l i s m serves a s a t o u c h s t o n e to e v a l u a t e t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n o f e v e r y p o l i t i c a l f o r c e w h i c h operates e i t h e r w i t h i n the national f r a m e w o r k of each country, or on an i n t e r n a t i o n a l scale. I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e s t a n d t o w a r d s i m p e r i a l i s m has a l w a y s b e e n a l i n e o f d e m a r c a t i o n w h i c h divides the genuine patriotic and democratic revolutionary forces, o n t h e one h a n d , f r o m t h e forces o f r e a c t i o n , c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a n d n a t i o n a l b e t r a y a l , o n the o t h e r hand. W h a t is the stand of the Eurocommunists on this v i t a l question of such major importance of principle? C o m m e n c i n g f r o m t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f t h e C o m m u n ist P a r t y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , w h e n K h r u s h c h e v c a m e
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out w i t h t h e l i n e o f c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d r a p p r o c h e m e n t w i t h A m e r i c a n imperialism, and put this f o r w a r d as a general line for the w h o l e communist movement, the revisionist parties of the Western countries abandoned any a n t i imperialist position, on both the theoretical and practical planes. I t s e e m e d a s i f t h e y w e r e l i b e r a t e d f r o m t h e i r shackles to rush into conciliation w i t h the big i m p e r i a l ist, c o l o n i a l i s t a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e . T h e n e w strategy w h i c h K h r u s h c h e v presented to the communist movement was that w h i c h the leaders of the Western c o m m u n i s t parties h a d long desired, w h i c h they h a d beg u n t o a p p l y i n p r a c t i c e , b u t w h i c h , y o u m i g h t say, h a d not yet received the seal of official a p p r o v a l . E v e n b e f o r e t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f t h e C P S U , because o f v a r i o u s v a c i l l a t i o n s a n d concessions, i n F r a n c e a n d I t a l y t h e s t r u g g l e against N A T O , a g a i n s t the r e v i v a l a n d rearmament of G e r m a n i m p e r i a l i s m , against the interference o f A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l a n d its m i l i t a r y bases i n E u r o p e a n d so on, h a d begun to decline. If something w a s done a t t h a t t i m e , i t w a s o n l y i n t h e f i e l d o f p r o paganda, w i t h o u t any action. On the A l g e r i a n question, the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w a s in almost the same position as the bourgeois parties of the country. B u t its chauvinism and nationalism on this question more and m o r e softened its s t a n d t o w a r d s t h e b i g a l l y o f t h e F r e n c h b o u r g e o i s i e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d its e c o n omic and political expansion. Since French Algeria had t o b e d e f e n d e d , F r e n c h A f r i c a h a d also t o b e d e f e n d e d , a n d a b l i n d eye a n d a deaf e a r t u r n e d to B r i t i s h A s i a and American America. T h e Italian revisionists, w h o were striving in every w a y to convince the bourgeoisie of their sincerity a n d loyalty, tried to give the m a x i m u m proofs precisely in not opposing the foreign p o l i c y of the C h r i s t i a n Democrat government, w h i c h was a policy of unconditional alliance
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w i t h A m e r i c a n imperialism, total submission to N A T O , the opening of doors to A m e r i c a n big capital, and the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y i n t o a b i g m i l i t a r y base of the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a . I n r e g a r d t o the S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n i s t s , t h e i r sole preoccupation at that time was to achieve the legalization of the p a r t y and r e t u r n to Spain. T h i n k i n g that the d e m o c r a t i z a t i o n o f S p a i n c o u l d b e done o n l y t h r o u g h t h e pressure of the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a , w h i c h , accordi n g t o t h e m , w a s i n t e r e s t e d i n r e m o v i n g t h e obstacle F r a n c o , t h e y d i d n o t e v e n see t h e A m e r i c a n p o l i c y o f e x p a n s i o n a n d h e g e m o n y , let a l o n e f i g h t it. The n a t i o n a l roads to socialism, w h i c h the r e v i s i o n ist p a r t i e s o f t h e c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e a d o p t e d i n t h e s p i r i t o f t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f t h e C P S U , l e d t o t h e i r s u b m i s s i o n , n o t o n l y t o t h e n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e b u t also to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l bourgeoisie, first of all, to A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m . At the same time, it was n a t u r a l that their abandonment of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the revolution and socialism could not f a i l to be accompanied by their abandonment of the principles of proletarian internationalism, of a i d to a n d support for the revolutionary and liberation movements. A l t h o u g h the French, Italian and Spanish revisionist parties began g r a d u a l l y to keep a certain distance f r o m t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t o c r i t i c i z e M o s c o w o v e r c e r t a i n aspects o f its i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l p o l i c y , t o d i s a p p r o v e o f some o f its actions i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s , t h e y n e v e r r e a c h e d the point of describing and condemning the present-day Soviet U n i o n as an imperialist country. True, they cond e m n e d its a g g r e s s i o n i n C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , f o r e x a m p l e , but on the other hand, they approved the Soviet i n t e r vention i n A f r i c a ; true, they demanded the w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e S o v i e t fleet f r o m t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , b u t t h e y w e r e silent a b o u t t h e d i s p a t c h o f S o v i e t w e a p o n s t o a l l p a r t s o f
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the w o r l d . A c c o r d i n g t o the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , t h e S o v i e t policy w i t h i n the country is anti-democratic, but abroad i n g e n e r a l i t i s socialist a n d a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t . T h i s s t a n d has l e d a n d leads t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s t o s u p p o r t the h e g e m o n i c a n d e x p a n s i o n i s t p o l i c y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n g e n e r a l , despite some o p p o s i t i o n . In this way, just as the revisionist parties of Western Europe became defenders of the bourgeois order w i t h i n t h e i r o w n c o u n t r i e s , t h e y b e c a m e n o less a r d e n t f i g h t e r s for the preservation of the imperialist system on an intern a t i o n a l scale. T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s b e c a m e c h a m p i o n s o f the bourgeois i m p e r i a l i s t status q u o o n a l l f r o n t s . I f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s s t i l l r e t a i n some disguise, t r y t o a p p e a r a s opponents, t h o u g h f e e b l e ones, o f t h e b o u r geoisie a n d t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r o n i n t e r n a l p r o b l e m s , in relations between the revolution and international c a p i t a l i s m o n a w o r l d scale, b e t w e e n t h e oppressed p e o ples and imperialism, between socialism and capitalism, t h e y are o p e n l y against a n y c h a n g e . Today, the revisionist parties of Italy, France, S p a i n a n d the o t h e r p a r t i e s o f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t t r e n d h a v e been transformed into pro-imperialist political forces w h i c h , in their line and activities, are indistinguishable f r o m t h e b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s o f those c o u n t r i e s . L e t u s t a k e their stand towards N A T O and the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t t w o o f the basic p o l i t i c a l , e c o n omic and m i l i t a r y factors on w h i c h the domination of the E u r o p e a n b i g bourgeoisie and the hegemony of A m e r i c a n imperialism in Europe are founded and realized. F r o m t h e t i m e i t w a s c r e a t e d t o t h i s day, N A T O has c h a n g e d n e i t h e r its n a t u r e , its a i m s , n o r its objectives. T h e agreements r e m a i n those w h i c h w e r e s i g n e d i n 1949. Everyone knows the purpose for w h i c h the A t l a n t i c Pact w a s created a n d w h y i t i s m a i n t a i n e d . E v e n i f some d o not k n o w them, the Pentagon a n d the Head-quarters in
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Brussels r e m i n d them of it day by day. N A T O was and still is a political and military alliance of A m e r i c a n and E u r o p e a n b i g c a p i t a l , f i r s t o f a l l t o p r e s e r v e the capitalist system and institutions in Europe, to prevent the revolution f r o m breaking out and to strangle it violently if it b e g i n s t o a d v a n c e . O n t h e other h a n d , t h i s c o u n t e r r e v o l u tionary organization is an armed guard of neo-colonialism a n d the spheres of i n f l u e n c e of i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , a n d a weapon for their political and economic expansion. To hope to achieve the transformation of West E u r o p e a n capit a l i s t society a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m w h i l e h a v i n g N A T O a n d t h e A m e r i c a n bases i n the c o u n t r y , i s to day-dream. T h e attempts of the Eurocommunists to stress o n l y t h e a n t i - S o v i e t f u n c t i o n o f N A T O a n d t o forget its m i s s i o n o f s u p p r e s s i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n W e s t e r n E u rope have the a i m of deceiving the w o r k e r s and preventi n g t h e m f r o m seeing t h e r e a l i t y . T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s d o n o t w a n t t o see the existence of a m a j o r national problem, the question of A m e r i c a n d o m i n a t i o n i n W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n d the n e e d f o r l i b e r a t i o n f r o m it. F r o m t h e e n d o f t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r t o t h i s day, A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m has b o u n d this p a r t o f E u r o p e w i t h a l l k i n d s o f p o l i t i c a l , economic, m i l i t a r y , c u l t u r a l a n d o t h e r c h a i n s . W i t h o u t b r e a k i n g these chains y o u cannot have socialism, or even that bourgeois democracy w h i c h t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s p r a i s e t o the skies. A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l has p e n e t r a t e d so d e e p l y i n t o E u r o p e , is so c l o s e l y c o m b i n e d w i t h l o c a l c a p i t a l t h a t w h e r e one begins a n d the o t h e r f i n i s h e s c a n n o l o n g e r b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d . T h e E u r o p e a n armies have been so completely integrated into N A T O , i n w h i c h the A m e r i c a n s dominate, that i n practice they no longer exist as independent national forces. A n e v e r g r e a t e r i n t e g r a t i o n i s d e v e l o p i n g i n the f i n a n c i a l a n d m o n e t a r y f i e l d , i n t e c h n o l o g y , c u l t u r e , etc. It is true that between the E u r o p e a n N A T O member
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c o u n t r i e s a n d the U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a t h e r e a r e various contradictions. These are n o r m a l a n d inevitable b e t w e e n b i g c a p i t a l i s t g r o u p s a n d g r o u p i n g s , b u t it is a fact t h a t o n a l l t h e m a j o r w o r l d p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c questions the N A T O c o u n t r i e s h a v e a l w a y s s u b m i t t e d t o W a s h i n g t o n . W h e n i t comes t o c h o o s i n g b e t w e e n class interests a n d n a t i o n a l interests, t h e E u r o p e a n b i g b o u r geoisie, l i k e t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o f a l l o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , a l w a y s tends t o s a c r i f i c e t h e l a t t e r . T h i s i s w h y t h e c o m m u n i s t s h a v e a l w a y s f o u g h t t o d e f e n d t h e n a t i o n a l interests, seei n g t h e m a s c l o s e l y l i n k e d w i t h t h e cause o f the r e v o l u tion and socialism. The Eurocommunists' denial of the existence of a n a tional p r o b l e m in their countries, concretely, the need to f i g h t the A m e r i c a n d o m i n a t i o n a n d d i c t a t e a n d t o s t r e n g t h e n the n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y , i s f u r t h e r proof of their political and ideological degeneration and t h e i r b e t r a y a l o f the cause o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T o d a y , t h e Italian revisionists not only insist that Italy must stay i n N A T O , b u t h a v e become e v e n g r e a t e r s u p p o r t e r s o f the A t l a n t i c T r e a t y t h a n t h e C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t s a n d the other p r o - A m e r i c a n bourgeois parties. Italy must stay in the A t l a n t i c A l l i a n c e , s a y the I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s , b e cause of the n e e d to p r e s e r v e the b a l a n c e of p o w e r on w h i c h the p r e s e r v a t i o n o f peace i n E u r o p e a n d t h e w o r l d depends. * W i t h t h i s thesis, B e r l i n g u e r a n d c o m p a n y t e l l the w o r k e r s : D o n ' t oppose N A T O , don't d e m a n d t h e w i t h d r a w a l o f the A m e r i c a n s f r o m N a p l e s a n d C a s e r t a , don't c o n d e m n the s t a t i o n i n g o f a t o m i c m i s s i l e s n e a r y o u r h o mes, s a y n o t h i n g a b o u t t h e A m e r i c a n a i r c r a f t w h i c h s t a n d i n the I t a l i a n a i r p o r t s r e a d y t o f l y w h e r e v e r t h e
____________________________________ * La politica e l'organizzazione R o m a 1979, pp. 39-40. dei comunisti italiani,
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i n t e r e s t s o f t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s are affected. L e t t h e n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s o f I t a l y b e s a c r i f i c e d f o r the sake of the hegemonic A m e r i c a n policy, say the Italian revisionists; l e t W a s h i n g t o n d i c t a t e w h o s h o u l d g o v e r n I t a l y a n d h o w t h e y s h o u l d g o v e r n it, let I t a l y b e c o n s u m e d i n a n a t o m i c holocaust, a s l o n g a s t h e b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o superpowers is maintained. T h e thesis a b o u t t h e b a l a n c e b e t w e e n b i g p o w e r s a s a f a c t o r or m e a n s f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of peace is an o l d i m p e r i a l i s t s l o g a n w i t h w h i c h the w o r l d , a n d E u r o p e esp e c i a l l y , a r e v e r y w e l l a c q u a i n t e d . I t has a l w a y s been used to j u s t i f y the hegemonic policy of big imperialist powers and the right w h i c h they give themselves to interfere in the i n t e r n a l affairs of others a n d dominate t h e m . T o accept t h e n e e d f o r the e x i s t e n c e a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g of i m p e r i a l i s t blocs, a l l e g e d l y as a m e a n s f o r the p r e s e r v a t i o n of peace, as t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s do, also m e a n s t o a p p r o v e t h e i r p o l i c y . T h e i m p e r i a l i s t m i l i t a r y blocs e x i s t n o t t o p r e s e r v e t h e peace a n d t o d e f e n d t h e f r e e d o m , i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y o f t h e i r m e m b e r countries, as the E u r o c o m m u n i s t revisionists proclaim, but to rob t h e m o f these t h i n g s , t o p r e s e r v e t h e d o m i n a t i o n a n d hegemony of the superpowers in those countries. It is k n o w n t h a t one o f the m a i n a i m s o f A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m w h e n it created N A T O was to defend the interests of c a p i t a l a n d o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n E u r o p e p o l i t i c a l l y , b u t also w i t h arms, and to put d o w n any revolution w h i c h might b r e a k o u t t h e r e w i t h f i r e a n d steel. T h e s e a r e t h e o b j e c tives of N A T O w h i c h the Eurocommunist revisionists support. T h e p o l i c y o f blocs i s a n a g g r e s s i v e p o l i c y o f t h e superpowers. It results f r o m their hegemonic a n d e x p a n sionist strategy, f r o m t h e i r a m b i t i o n s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r complete and u n d i v i d e d rule over the w h o l e w o r l d . The E u r o c o m m u n i s t s do n o t see or do not w a n t to see t h i s
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p r e d a t o r y n a t u r e o f i m p e r i a l i s m , because, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r theories, b i g c a p i t a l , w h i c h i s i t s f o u n d a t i o n , i s b e i n g democratized, i s b e c o m i n g people's c a p i t a l , b e cause t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s i e i s b e i n g i n t e g r a t e d i n t o s o cialism. In regard to their loyalty to N A T O , the F r e n c h r e v i sionists a r e n o d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e i r I t a l i a n c o u n t e r p a r t s , but in order to be in unison w i t h the Giscardians or the G a u l l i s t s , they, too, speak a b o u t t h e s p e c i a l p o s i t i o n w h i c h F r a n c e s h o u l d h a v e i n these o r g a n i z a t i o n s . F o r its p a r t , C a r r i l l o ' s p a r t y i s s t r i v i n g w i t h a l l t h e m e a n s i t possesses t o seize t h e b a n n e r o f t h e s t r u g g l e t o get S p a i n i n t o N A T O . I n this w a y Franco's unrealized dream w i l l b e achieved. F o r the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s , the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t a n d U n i t e d E u r o p e , t h i s great c o m b i n e o f c a p i t a l i s t m o n o p o l i e s a n d m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s f o r the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f the peoples a n d the w o r k i n g masses o f E u r o p e a n d t h e peoples o f t h e w o r l d , are a r e a l i t y w h i c h m u s t b e accepted. B u t t o accept t h i s r e a l i t y m e a n s t o accept the elimination of the sovereignty, the cultural and spiri t u a l traditions of each i n d i v i d u a l country of E u r o p e in f a v o u r o f t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e b i g m o n o p o l i e s , t o accept t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f the i n d i v i d u a l i t y o f t h e E u r o p e a n p e o p l e s a n d t h e i r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o a mass o p p r e s s e d b y the m u l t i n a t i o n a l companies dominated by A m e r i c a n big capital. T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s ' slogans a l l e g i n g t h a t t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the P a r l i a m e n t a n d o t h e r o r g a n s o f t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y w i l l lead to their democratic transf o r m a t i o n , to t h e c r e a t i o n of a E u r o p e of w o r k i n g p e o ple, are n o t h i n g b u t d e m a g o g y a n d d e c e p t i o n . T h e speeches o f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s a n d t h e p r o p a g a n d a meetings of the P a r l i a m e n t of U n i t e d E u r o p e can no more t r a n s f o r m E u r o p e i n t o a socialist s o c i e t y t h a n t h e d e m o -
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c r a t i c r o a d c a n t r a n s f o r m t h e c a p i t a l i s t society o f each c o u n t r y i n t o s u c h a society. T h e r e f o r e , t h e s t a n d of t h e Eurocommunists towards the E u r o p e a n C o m m o n M a r k e t a n d U n i t e d E u r o p e is a s t a n d of o p p o r t u n i s t s a n d scabs, w h i c h r e s u l t s f r o m t h e i r l i n e o f class c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d s u b m i s s i o n to t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . It is i n t e n d e d to b e m u s e t h e w o r k i n g masses, t o b r e a k t h e i r m i l i t a n t d r i v e i n defence o f t h e i r o w n class i n t e r e s t s a n d t h e interests o f the w h o l e nation. T h e i r reformist ideology, submission to the bourgeoisie a n d c a p i t u l a t i o n t o t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p r e s s u r e h a v e transformed the E u r o c o m m u n i s t parties into parties w h i c h a r e not o n l y a n t i - r e v o l u t i o n a r y b u t also a n t i - n a t i o n a l . E v e n a m o n g s t t h e r a n k s o f the b o u r g e o i s i e i t i s r a r e t o f i n d people w h o c a l l t h e m s e l v e s p o l i t i c i a n s a n d w h o accept the concept of l i m i t e d s o v e r e i g n t y , as C a r r i l l o does. ...we a r e c o n s c i o u s t h a t t h i s i n d e p e n d e n c e w i l l a l w a y s b e relative..., h e w r i t e s . I n the d m o c r a t i e a n d socialist S p a i n , w h i c h h e proposes i n h i s p r o g r a m , ...investments o f f o r e i g n c a p i t a l a n d the f u n c t i o n i n g o f m u l t i n a t i o n a l s w i l l n o t b e prohibited.... H o w e v e r , h e adds, f o r a v e r y long time to come we must p a y a tribute to foreign capit a l i n the f o r m o f s u r p l u s value... b u t t h i s w i l l s e r v e the d e v e l o p m e n t o f those sectors w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d t o the n a t i o n a l interest. * W i t h t h e i r s t a n d s i n defence o f t h e m o n o p o l i e s a n d the i n t e r e s t s o f i m p e r i a l i s t p o w e r s , t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s h a v e set t h e m s e l v e s a g a i n s t t h e a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t a n d d e m o cratic traditions of the F r e n c h , S p a n i s h and Italian w o r k ers. T h e y h a v e also set t h e m s e l v e s against the p a t r i o t i c t r a d i t i o n s o f t h e s t r u g g l e w h i c h the w o r k e r s a n d p r o g r e s sive people o f these c o u n t r i e s h a v e w a g e d against N A T O ,
__________________________________ * S. C a r r i l l o , pp. 157-160. Eurocommunisme et Etat, F r a n c e 1977,
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t h e A m e r i c a n bases i n E u r o p e a n d t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e a n d pressure of A m e r i c a n imperialism. The Eurocommunists h a v e a b a n d o n e d these p o s i t i o n s a n d gone o v e r t o the c a m p of r e a c t i o n . T h e i d e a o f class c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d s u b m i s s i o n t o foreign domination, w h i c h pervades the entire political and ideological l i n e of the Eurocommunists, emerges clea r l y also i n t h e s t a n d w h i c h t h e y t a k e t o w a r d s the a n t i imperialist national liberation revolutionary movements. N o t being for the r e v o l u t i o n in their o w n countries, they are not for the revolution in other countries, either. T h e y d o n o t w a n t the w e a k e n i n g o f t h e i r i m p e r i a l i s t a n d n e o c o l o n i a l i s t bourgeoisie, t h e r e f o r e t h e y c a n n e v e r see t h e revolution in the oppressed countries as a direct aid for t h e o v e r t h r o w o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m . F o r t h e m , the u n i f i e d process o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e n a t u r a l c o n n e c t i o n b e tween its different currents, the indispensable reciprocal aid, do not exist. Sometimes they say the odd propaganda w o r d in f a v o u r of anti-imperialist movements, just for the sake of appearances. B u t t h i s i s o n l y e m p t y p h r a s e o l o g y w i t h n o concrete content a n d , a b o v e a l l , n o t a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n . T h e i r s u p p o r t is, at most, a s l i g h t l y leftist pose, a w a y of a p p e a r i n g p r o g r e s s i v e a n d d e m o cratic. T a k e n as a whole, in their stand towards the r e v o l u tionary liberation movements the Eurocommunists have embraced the ideology of non-alignment, w h i c h is e x tremely convenient for them in order to justify the subj u g a t i o n o f peoples t o t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f i m p e r i a l i s t p o w ers a n d t o p r o c l a i m n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m a s a w a y f o r t h e f o r mer colonial countries to emerge f r o m poverty and develop. I n t h e theses f o r t h e i r r e c e n t congress, t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s w r o t e , the s t r u g g l e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a new international system and order in the economic field
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is a moment of more and more f u n d a m e n t a l importance i n the s t r u g g l e f o r peace, f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n a n d the p o l i c y o f p e a c e f u l coexistence. * T h e y are c o n sistent i n t h e i r o p p o r t u n i s t l i n e . T h e y t h i n k t h a t t h e exploiting character of the international economic r e l a t i o n s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m c a n b e c h a n g e d w i t h some r e f o r m s , i n t h e s a m e w a y a s t h e y seek t o r e f o r m t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r w i t h i n t h e c o u n t r y , C a r r i l l o also t a l k s a b o u t a n e w w o r l d e c o n o m i c order, o r h o w the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s e n v i s a g e it. I n d e e d , h e p u t s t h e m a t t e r m o r e c l e a r l y : In a n y case w e m u s t p r o c e e d f r o m a n o b j e c t i v e reality; although imperialism is no longer a unified w o r l d s y s t e m , a w o r l d m a r k e t a l w a y s exists, r e g u l a t e d b y t h e objective laws of the exchange of commodities, laws w h i c h , i n t h e f i n a l a n a l y s i s , a r e capitalist. ** A c c o r d i n g t o C a r r i l l o , these o b j e c t i v e c a p i t a l i s t l a w s c a n n o t a l t e r o r b e r e p l a c e d e v e n i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f soc i a l i s m . I n o r d e r t o s u p p o r t t h i s thesis h e quotes t h e example of the capitalist character of relations between r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s i n t h e e c o n o m i c f i e l d . I n other w o r d s , according to C a r r i l l o , it turns out that it is in v a i n for t h e peoples t o r i s e i n s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t n a t i o n a l a n d n e o colonialist oppression, against unequivalent exchanges between the developed capitalist countries and the u n d e v eloped countries, w h i c h are expressed especially in the savage p l u n d e r o f t h e r a w m a t e r i a l s o f t h e l a t t e r . T h i s is the international order w h i c h C a r r i l l o wants to retain a n d t o w h i c h B e r l i n g u e r w a n t s t o d o some r e t o u c h i n g , so that it looks shiny a n d new. A line w h i c h is opposed to the genuine national i n terests of t h e c o u n t r y , a line w h i c h d e f e n d s i m p e r i a l i s t
_____________________________________ * La politica e l'organizzazione dei comunisti italiani, R o m a 1979, p. 40. ** S. C a r r i l l o , Eurocommunisme et Etat, F r a n c e 1977, p. 159.
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hegemony and expansion, w h i c h praises neo-colonialism a n d sanctifies foreign capitalist exploitation is doomed to failure. The objective laws of the development of history cannot alter. T h e n e w w o r l d o r d e r f o r w h i c h t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the peoples a r e f i g h t i n g i s n o t t h e i m p e r i a l i s t o r d e r w h i c h the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s a d v e r t i s e , b u t the s o c i a l ist o r d e r t o w h i c h t h e f u t u r e belongs. I n recent y e a r s , the s t a n d o f the I t a l i a n , F r e n c h a n d S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s t o w a r d s the S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s w i t h it h a v e b e c o m e a m a j o r object of discussion a n d interpretation by the whole i n t e r n a t i o n a l bourgeoisie. T h e a t t e m p t o f t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s t o describe themselves independent of Moscow, original a n d e v e n opponents o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a p p e a r s t o b e m a d e a l l e g e d l y t o deceive the b o u r g e o i s i e o f t h e i r c o u n t r i e s , b u t i n r e a l i t y i t i s m a d e t o deceive the p r o l e t a r i a t o f t h e i r o w n c o u n t r i e s a n d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o l e t a r i a t . I t is by no m e a n s i m p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s c o u l d be a m a n o e u v r e o n the p a r t o f t h e S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s t o c r e a t e t h e i m p r e s sion of the existence of allegedly p r o f o u n d differences and contradictions of principle between t h e m and the communist parties of Western Europe, especially w i t h the I t a l i a n a n d F r e n c h p a r t i e s , w i t h the a i m o f f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f these p a r t i e s i n t h e b o u r g e o i s g o v e r n ments of the respective countries. If this could be achieved, t h i s w o u l d b e i n t h e interests o f S o v i e t s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , i n the i n t e r e s t s o f its w o r l d d o m i n a t i o n , because i t w e a k e n s its r i v a l s w h i l e i n c r e a s i n g its i n f l u e n c e a n d hegemony in different countries. The K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i sionists n e e d t h i s also t o s u p p o r t t h e i r a n t i - M a r x i s t thesis t h a t state p o w e r c a n b e t a k e n i n a p e a c e f u l w a y , a n d thus prove w h a t they failed to p r o v e in Chile. Indeed, a t the 25th C o n g r e s s o f the C P S U , B r e z h n e v s a i d t h a t t h e C h i l e a n e x p e r i e n c e d i d n o t r u l e out t h e t h e o r y o f t a k i n g power in parliamentary ways.
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On the other hand, E u r o c o m m u n i s m is a k i n d of idea t h a t suits t h e E u r o p e a n b i g c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h i s encouraging and fanning up the contradictions between the Eurocommunists a n d Soviet social-imperialists in every w a y , because i t i s i n t e r e s t e d i n w e a k e n i n g t h e r e v i s i o n i s t ideological p o w e r a n d influence of the Soviet U n i o n . It tries to present the Italian, Spanish, F r e n c h and other revisionisms as an ideological bloc w h i c h is being created in E u r o p e in opposition to the Soviet revisionist bloc. A n d since t h e y are t a l k i n g a b o u t a n a n t i - S o v i e t i d e o l o g i c a l grouping, it is self-evident that the reactionary bourgeoisie o f t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e has t h i s E u r o c o m m u n i s m u n d e r its i n f l u e n c e . However, the K r e m l i n w o u l d not like E u r o c o m m u n i s m to break a w a y completely f r o m its influence. Therefore, t h e p r o p a g a n d a b e i n g s p r e a d i n the W e s t a b o u t E u r o c o m m u n i s m a s a n independent i d e o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t a n n o y s M o s c o w . T h i s a n n o y a n c e also stems f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h i s w a y t h e s p l i t , w h i c h has l o n g e x i s t e d b e t w e e n the revisionist parties of Western Europe and the r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d its satellites i n Eastern Europe, is made public. These parties have never had, do not have a n d never w i l l h a v e u n i t y . H o w e v e r , i t pleases the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of the Soviet U n i o n to m a i n t a i n a superficial appearance of u n i t y amongst the revisionist parties not only of E u rope, b u t also o f t h e w h o l e w o r l d . T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t r i e s t o m a i n t a i n its i d e o l o g i c a l h e g e m ony over all the other revisionist parties of the w o r l d in d i s g u i s e d w a y s . I t i s eager t o s i g n j o i n t d e c l a r a t i o n s a n d communiques w i t h them, in order to give the appearance o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f u n i t y a n d t h e respect w h i c h these parties have for the Soviet leadership. There have been splits and disagreements between the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y and the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r -
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t y a n d t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s since t h e t i m e o f T o g l i a t t i a n d T h o r e z , a n d these d i s a g r e e m e n t s a n d d i f f e rences h a v e s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e d a n d e x t e n d e d . H o w e v e r , t h e y d i d n o t r e a c h t h e n s u c h a degree of acuteness as they have reached today. N o w the worsening of relations has come o u t o p e n l y . Pravda a t t a c k e d C a r r i l l o a n d c o n demned Eurocommunism. Carrillo replied just as sharply t o M o s c o w . H e d o t t e d the i's o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l o r i e n t a t i o n o f h i s p a r t y a n d b r o k e off t h e connections o f d e p e n d e n c e o n the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f t h e Soviet Union. F o l l o w i n g Pravda's c r i t i c i s m a n d C a r r i l l o ' s r e p l y , t h e League of Communists of Yugoslavia came out as an ardent defender of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of S p a i n . T h e Y u g o s l a v r e v i s i o n i s t s o p e n l y t o o k C a r r i l l o ' s side, because they have always been for the split, f o r the b r e a k i n g a w a y of revisionist parties f r o m Moscow, and they have always struggled to b r i n g this about. I n r e g a r d t o the F r e n c h a n d I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s t h e y are s o m e w h a t m o r e c a u t i o u s i n t h i s p o l e m i c . S o m e t i m e s t h e y r a i s e it, s o m e t i m e s t h e y l o w e r i t a n d a t o t h e r times they extinguish it altogether. T h i s is explained not by any particular moderation, but apparently by the existence o f c e r t a i n m a t e r i a l a n d o t h e r l i n k s w h i c h t h e y w a n t t o p r e s e r v e because t h e y b r i n g t h e m p r o f i t s . P r e c i s e l y f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f these t h r e a d s l i n k e d w i t h rubles, w h i c h have long existed between t h e m and the S o v i e t s , t h e y w a n t t h e t e m p e r s to be cooled a l i t t l e so t h a t t h e p o l e m i c w i t h t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s does n o t a s s u m e uncontrollable proportions. The visits of Berlinguer, P a j e t t a , etc., t o M o s c o w w e r e m a d e f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . T h e Italian revisionist leaders declared that they were going to M o s c o w to e x p l a i n to the Soviet leaders that there should not be a bitter polemic a n d that M o s c o w d i d not h a v e the r i g h t t o m e d d l e o r i n t e r f e r e i n t h e l i n e o f t h e
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c o m m u n i s t p a r t y o f a n o t h e r c o u n t r y , because each o f t h e m h a d t h e r i g h t t o d e f i n e its o w n s t r a t e g y a n d l i n e o n t h e basis o f t h e s i t u a t i o n i n the c o u n t r y , a n d a l l e g e d l y also b e a r i n g i n m i n d the e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e w o r l d c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t . M o s c o w i s r e a d y t o p u t i t s s i g n a t u r e t o these theses, b u t i n r e t u r n d e m a n d s r e c o g n i t i o n o f its s o c i a l ism and, above all, approval of the m a i n directions of its f o r e i g n p o l i c y . W h e n M a r c h a i s a p p l a u d s the S o v i e t occupation of A f g h a n i s t a n and acclaims the expansionist policy of the K r e m l i n as the highest expression of international solidarity, B r e z h n e v cannot f a i l to r e w a r d h i m b y a p p r o v i n g t h e d e m o c r a t i c r o a d s o d e a r t o the F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h i c h i s c o m p l e t e l y i n a c c o r d w i t h the theses o f t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s ' 20th C o n g r e s s . A l t h o u g h they have an identical strategy today, the Italian, F r e n c h and Spanish revisionist parties differ a l i t t l e i n t h e i r tactics, because o f t h e s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i n these t h r e e c o u n t r i e s . T h e F r e n c h b o u r geoisie is s t r o n g a b o u r g e o i s i e w i t h l o n g e x p e r i e n c e . I t also has g r e a t p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l p o w e r , n o t t o s p e a k o f its e c o n o m i c s t r e n g t h a n d t h e m i l i t a r y a n d p o l i c e p o w e r w h i c h i t h a s a t its d i s p o s a l . T h e I t a l i a n b o u r geoisie, h o w e v e r , i s n o t s o s t r o n g a s t h e F r e n c h . A l t h o u g h i t has p o w e r i n its h a n d s , i t has m a n y w e a k p o i n t s . T h i s has m a d e i t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y t o enter into negotiations a n d to establish collaboration in m a n y forms, indeed even in parliamentary forms, w i t h other parties, not to m e n t i o n their collaboration through t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s w i t h t h e I t a l i a n c a p i t a l i s t bourgeoisie, and first of all w i t h its Christian Democratic Party. This i s w h y B e r l i n g u e r ' s p a r t y w i l l t r y t o m o v e c l o s e r t o the bourgeoisie, but at the same time t r y a n d p l a y a policy de bascule* b e t w e e n M o s c o w a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e of its
______________________________ * counterpoise (French in the original).
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c o u n t r y , t h e m o r e s o w h e n t h e I t a l i a n b o u r g e o i s i e also has its o w n interests i n r e g a r d t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . W e m u s t n o t forget t h e l a r g e i n v e s t m e n t s w h i c h t h e I t a l i a n bourgeoisie has m a d e t h e r e . T h e F r e n c h b o u r g e o i s i e also, w h i c h k n o w s w h a t t h e r e v i s i o n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n is, does n o t p r o c e e d b l i n d l y i n its p o l i c y , a s the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s w o u l d l i k e a n d a d v o c a t e w h e n they demand that France should take a h a r d line in its r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . O f course, t h e r e l a tions b e t w e e n these t w o c o u n t r i e s are n o t a l l sweetness a n d honey, b u t n e i t h e r are t h e y a s tense a s t h e C h i n e s e w o u l d l i k e . M e a n w h i l e , t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , too, i n its p o l i c y o f a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e socialists, has i n m i n d that it must not put itself in open a n d clear-cut opposition t o M o s c o w , b u t s h o u l d m a i n t a i n a c e r t a i n status q u o w i t h it at a time w h e n it is moving towards lining up and u n i t y w i t h the F r e n c h bourgeoisie. W i t h t h e S p a n i s h b o u r g e o i s i e the s i t u a t i o n i s d i f f e rent. In the post-Francoist period, the Suarez party, w h i c h is in power in collaboration w i t h the other parties, is the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h has its o w n t r a d i tions, b u t w h i c h a r e m o s t l y t h e t r a d i t i o n s o f t h e fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p . It is a b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h has e x p e r i e n c e d m a n y d i s t u r b a n c e s , w h i c h h a v e n o t a l l o w e d i t t o create t h a t s t a b i l i t y w h i c h t h e F r e n c h b o u r g e o i s i e has c r e a t e d , a n d t o a lesser e x t e n t , the I t a l i a n b o u r g e o i s i e . N o w i t i s i n t h e process o f r e v i v a l . C a r r i l l o , w i t h h i s r e v i s i o n i s t i d e ology, has b e e n i n c l u d e d i n t h i s process, i n t h e process o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g of a c a p i t a l i s t r e g i m e w h i c h i s closely l i n k e d w i t h A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m a n d w h i c h is m a k i n g efforts to join N A T O , U n i t e d Europe, etc. A l l these f a c t o r s r e s t r i c t t h e f i e l d o f m a n o e u v r e f o r both the Spanish bourgeoisie and revisionist party, w h i c h has l i t t l e r o o m i n w h i c h t o m o v e i n its g a m e w i t h Moscow.
EUROCOMMUNISM IS
ANTICOMMUNISM
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T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a too, l i k e s E u r o c o m m u n i s m , both as an ideology a n d as a practical activity. I t agrees w i t h t h e n a m e a n d w i t h t h e content o f the l i n e of these t h r e e p a r t i e s . C h i n a , as a state, a n d t h e p a r t y w h i c h d e f i n e s t h e l i n e a n d s t r a t e g y o f t h i s state, p r o c e e d according to the w o r l d contingencies w h i c h alter e v e r y h o u r and minute. In the grouping called E u r o c o m m u n i s m t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a sees a n i d e o l o g i c a l o p p o n ent o f the S o v i e t U n i o n w h i c h i t considers the n u m b e r one e n e m y . T h e r e f o r e , j u s t a s i t s u p p o r t s w i t h o u t t h e slightest h e s i t a t i o n a n d assists w i t h o u t t h e slightest r e s e r v e e v e r y force (with the exception of genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s and revolutionaries) w h i c h appears to be against the Soviet U n i o n , C h i n a s u p p o r t s a n d a p p r o v e s E u r o c o m m u n i s m , too. T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a l o n g ago e s t a b l i s h e d r e l a t i o n s w i t h C a r r i l l o , a s i t i s d o i n g n o w w i t h B e r l i n g u e r , too. I t t o o k a step b y s e n d i n g t h e C h i n e s e a m b a s s a d o r i n R o m e t o a t t e n d t h e r e c e n t congress o f t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y as the official representative of the C o m m u n i s t Party of China. Recently it welcomed Berlinguer to B e i j ing. There is no doubt that it w i l l establish relations w i t h t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y , too. T h e s e l i n k s w i l l b e gradually increased and strengthened. T h i s cannot fail to h a p p e n i n a s m u c h a s t h e y h a v e i d e n t i c a l strategies a n d s i m i l a r tactics. T h e d e l a y i n e s t a b l i s h i n g close l i n k s comes f r o m C h i n a , w h i c h hesitates t o g o too f a r i n t h e d i r e c tion of the Eurocommunist parties in order to avoid ange r i n g t h e t o p c i r c l e s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e r u l i n g those c o u n tries, e s p e c i a l l y the p a r t i e s o f t h e r i g h t , t o w h i c h i t gives p r i o r i t y a n d c o n s i d e r s its closest a l l i e s . The genuine Marxist-Leninist parties of Europe and o f a l l c o n t i n e n t s are n o t m i s l e d b y t h e tactics a n d m a n o euvres of the Soviet revisionists w h o allegedly have e n t e r e d i n t o p o l e m i c s a n d o p p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e so-called E u -
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r o c o m m u n i s m . T h e y do not t h i n k that they can f i n d a breach here. In principle, there is no breach a m o n g the r e v i s i o n i s t s . T h e y are d i v i d e d t a c t i c a l l y t h e b e t t e r t o achieve t h e i r strategy, w h i c h has t h e a i m o f t h e g l o b a l domination of m o d e r n revisionism over the w o r l d proleta r i a t . T h e r e f o r e , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s e x p o s e a n d fight Soviet modern revisionism, Yugoslav, Chinese and E u r o c o m m u n i s t revisionism equally. T h e y do not a n d must not have any illusions on this question.
III
REFORMIST IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EUROCOMMUNIST PARTIES
A s w e saw, m o d e r n revisionism i s expressed i n v a r i o u s c u r r e n t s a n d assumes d i f f e r e n t a p p e a r a n c e s a c c o r d i n g to the concrete political and socio-economic conditions o f each c o u n t r y o r g r o u p o f c o u n t r i e s . T h i s i s t h e case also w i t h t h e p a r t i e s w h i c h are n o w k n o w n u n d e r t h e n a m e of E u r o c o m m u n i s t parties. A l t h o u g h they represent a separate c u r r e n t of m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , a c u r r e n t w h i c h conforms m o r e to the interests of the bourgeoisie of the d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , s u c h as t h e c o u n t r i e s of W e s t e r n Europe, the Italian, F r e n c h and Spanish r e v i s i o n ist p a r t i e s also h a v e c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e s .
T h e Constitution of the Bourgeois State the Basis of Togliatti's Socialism S p e a k i n g a b o u t t h e t h i r d road, w h i c h constitutes the n e w strategy of Eurocommunist revisionism, in his r e p o r t e n t i t l e d F o r S o c i a l i s m i n P e a c e a n d Democracy..., d e l i v e r e d a t t h e 15th C o n g r e s s o f t h e I C P , B e r l i n g u e r gives a r a t h e r m o r e c o m p l e t e e x p l a n a t i o n o f w h a t h e a n d h i s associates m e a n b y t h i s t h i r d r o a d . I ' m r e f e r r i n g ,
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he says, to a f o r t u n a t e expression... w h i c h we h a v e a c cepted... W e h a v e h a d t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f the S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l : the first phase of t h e s t r u g g l e of t h e w o r k e r s ' movement to emerge f r o m capitalism... B u t this e x p e r i e n ce... c a p i t u l a t e d i n t h e f a c e o f t h e F i r s t W o r l d W a r a n d various kinds of nationalism. The second phase, continues Berlinguer, opens w i t h t h e R u s s i a n O c t o b e r Revolution... * B u t this, too, according to h i m , should be looked at critically in v i e w of t h e h i s t o r y a n d t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , because this experience is not v a l i d , either. A n d it results that t h e t h i r d p h a s e has b e g u n n o w w i t h E u r o c o m m u n i s m . T h e t a s k o f the w o r k e r s ' m o v e m e n t i n W e s t e r n E u r o p e , B e r l i n g u e r declares, i s to f i n d n e w r o a d s o f a d v a n c e t o w a r d s s o c i a l i s m a n d the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f socialism. ** A c c o r d i n g to the Italian revisionists, the road to a c h i e v e t h i s society i s the l i n e l a i d d o w n b y t h e R e p u b l i c a n C o n s t i t u t i o n t o set I t a l y o n t h e r o a d o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o a socialist society b a s e d o n p o l i t i c a l d e m o c r a cy.*** W h e r e a s t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s , w h o c a n n o t p r e s ent t h e D e G a u l l e C o n s t i t u t i o n a s t h e basis o f t h e i r s o c i a l i s m , since not o n l y d i d t h e y n o t t a k e p a r t i n d r a f t i n g it, b u t t h e y also v o t e d a g a i n s t it, d o n o t m e n t i o n it, a l t h o u g h i n p r a c t i c e t h e y d o n o t negate it. The Italian revisionists w o r k e d out their idea of a c h i e v i n g socialism t h r o u g h t h e b o u r g e o i s C o n s t i t u t i o n a l o n g t i m e ago. In h i s speeches, as e a r l y as 1944, T o g l i a t t i declared that allegedly the times had changed, the w o r k i n g class h a d c h a n g e d a n d t h e w a y s t o t h e s e i z u r e o f
_____________________________________ * E. B e r l i n g u e r , Per il socialismo nella pace e nella democrazia in Italia e in Europa, R o m a 1979, p. 38. ** Ibidem, p. 39 *** La politica e l'organizzazione dei comunisti italiani, R o m a 1979, p. 3.
935
p o w e r h a d also c h a n g e d . W i t h t h i s h e m e a n t t h a t the t i m e of revolutions was over and the time of evolutions h a d come, t h a t p o w e r c a n n o t b e seized e x c e p t b y w a y o f r e f o r m s , o n t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y r o a d , t h r o u g h votes. L a t e r , a t t h e m e e t i n g o f t h e C C o f the I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o n J u n e 28, 1956, i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e 20th Congress of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of the Soviet U n i o n , T o g l i a t t i s a i d : w e m u s t foresee a socialist a d v a n c e w h i c h t a k e s p l a c e p r e c i s e l y o n t h e t e r r a i n w h i c h the C o n s t i t u t i o n d e t e r m i n e s a n d envisages, w h i c h i s the t e r r a i n o f d e m o cratic freedoms and progressive social transformations... T h i s C o n s t i t u t i o n i s n o t yet a socialist C o n s t i t u t i o n . B u t since i t i s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f a b r o a d u n i t a r y m o v e m e n t of rejuvenation, it differs p r o f o u n d l y f r o m the other b o u r g e o i s C o n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d r e p r e s e n t s a n e f f e c t i v e base f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f I t a l i a n society o n t h e r o a d t o w a r d s socialism. That the Italian Constitution differs, for example, f r o m t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e t i m e o f the m o n a r c h y a n d f a s c i s m , t h a t a series of d e m o c r a t i c p r i n c i p l e s f i g u r e in it, t h i s i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e , because these p r i n c i p l e s h a v e b e e n i m p o s e d o n i t b y t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d the I t a l i a n p e o p l e against f a s c i s m . B u t t h e I t a l i a n C o n s t i t u t i o n i s n o t the o n l y one w h i c h c o n t a i n s s u c h p r i n c i p l e s . A f t e r the Second W o r l d War, the bourgeoisie in all the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e t r i e d , t o t h i s o r t h a t degree, t o o u t f l a n k the w o r k i n g class b y g i v i n g i t c e r t a i n r i g h t s on paper and t a k i n g t h e m a w a y in practice. T h o s e t h i n g s w h i c h t h e I t a l i a n C o n s t i t u t i o n envisages are f o r m a l f r e e d o m s a n d r i g h t s w h i c h are v i o l a t e d e v e r y d a y b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . F o r e x a m p l e , i t envisages a c e r t a i n r e s t r i c t i o n o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y . B u t t h i s has n o t stopped the F I A T s a n d Montedisons f r o m becoming more and m o r e w e a l t h y and their w o r k e r s becoming ever more i m p o v e r i s h e d . T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n envisages the r i g h t t o
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w o r k , b u t t h i s stops n e i t h e r t h e c a p i t a l i s t e m p l o y e r s , n o r t h e i r state f r o m t h r o w i n g a b o u t 2 m i l l i o n people o u t o f w o r k . T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n g u a r a n t e e s a series of d e m o c r a t i c r i g h t s but this has n o t s t o p p e d t h e I t a l i a n state, t h e c a r a b i n i e r i o r the police, b a s i n g t h e m s e l v e s o n t h e r i g h t s w h i c h the C o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e s , f r o m a c t i n g a l m o s t o p e n l y t o set u p t h a t m e c h a n i s m w h i c h i s r e a d y f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a fascist r e g i m e . T h e v a r i o u s fascist c o m m a n d o s , f r o m those o f t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t t o those w h o c a l l t h e m s e l v e s t h e Red Brigades a n d t h e t e r r o r i s t s of the F o n t a n a S q u a r e , also f i n d t h e i r j u s t i f i c a t i o n i n t h e Italian Constitution. T o t h i n k , a s t h e f o l l o w e r s o f T o g l i a t t i do, t h a t t h e I t a l i a n b o u r g e o i s i e d r a f t e d its w e l l - k n o w n C o n s t i t u t i o n t o l e a d the society t o w a r d s s o c i a l i s m , i s s i m p l y a b s u r d . T h e I t a l i a n C o n s t i t u t i o n , l i k e the o t h e r f u n d a m e n t a l l a w s o f bourgeois c o u n t r i e s , sanctions the u n d i v i d e d political, legislative and executive rule of the bourgeoisie in the c o u n t r y , sanctions t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f its p r o p e r t y a n d its p o w e r to e x p l o i t t h e w o r k i n g masses. It gives a l e g a l basis f o r t h e organs o f v i o l e n c e t o r e s t r i c t the f r e e d o m a n d d e m o c r a c y o f t h e people, t o s u p p r e s s a l l a n d r u l e o v e r everything. Beautiful words such as freedom, equality, f r a t e r n i t y , d e m o c r a c y , justice, etc., m a y b e w r i t t e n i n t h e Constitution for two hundred years, but in practice they w i l l not be realized for another t w o thousand years if the capitalist bourgeoisie is not o v e r t h r o w n together w i t h its C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d l a w s . F o r the I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s the e x i s t i n g C o n s t i t u t i o n i s t h e i r B i b l e a n d the b o u r g e o i s i e c o u l d n o t f i n d b e t t e r advocates t o d e f e n d i t o r m o r e zealous p r o p a g a n d i s t s t o a d v e r t i s e it. T h e a r d e n t defence w h i c h t h e I t a l i a n r e v i sionists m a k e o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e i r c a p i t a l i s t state s h o w s t h a t t h e y c a n n o t conceive a n y o t h e r s o c i a l s y s t e m outside the e x i s t i n g b o u r g e o i s society, o u t s i d e its p o l i t i c a l ,
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i d e o l o g i c a l , economic, r e l i g i o u s a n d m i l i t a r y i n s t i t u t i o n s . T o t h e m s o c i a l i s m a n d the p r e s e n t - d a y I t a l i a n c a p i t a l i s t state a r e the s a m e t h i n g . T h e o p p o r t u n i s m i n w h i c h t h e leaders of the Italian revisionist p a r t y were b o r n a n d r a i s e d , has c l o u d e d t h e i r eyes a n d s h u t off a l l h o r i z o n s t o t h e m . T h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s h a v e b e c o m e the g u a r d i a n s of t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r . T h e y e v e n p r e s e n t t h i s r o l e as a v i r t u e a n d m e n t i o n i t i n t h e i r d o c u m e n t s . ... i n these 3 0 years, s a y the theses f o r t h e 15th C o n g r e s s o f t h e I C P , the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y has f o l l o w e d a l i n e of t h e c o n s i s t e n t defence o f d e m o c r a t i c ( r e a d : bourgeois) i n s t i t u t i o n s ; a l i n e of the o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of d e m o c r a t i c l i f e a m o n g s t t h e masses of w o r k e r s a n d citizens, a line of struggles for i n d i v i d u a l a n d collective freedoms, for o b s e r v a n c e a n d the a p p l i c a t i o n o f the C o n s t i t u t i o n . T h e I C P has i m p l e m e n t e d t h i s p o l i c y t h r o u g h c o n t i n u a l l y seeking u n i t y w i t h the I S P (5), w i t h the other democratic forces, s e c u l a r a n d C a t h o l i c , a n d s e e k i n g e v e r y possible c o n v e r g e n c e e v e n w i t h C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a c y itself, e v e n f r o m t h e o p p o s i t i o n , with the aim of avoiding the damage to the democratic constitutional framework.* It c o u l d n ' t be stated m o r e o p e n l y . A m o r e s e r v i l e t e s t i m o n y of l o y a l t y t o the b o u r g e o i s i e c o u l d not b e g i v e n . A v o i d i n g the damage to the democratic constitutional f r a m e w o r k means to avoid the o v e r t h r o w of the existing bourgeois order, t o a v o i d t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o a v o i d s o c i a l i s m . W h a t m o r e c o u l d the b o u r g e o i s i e ask o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s ? F o r 3 5 y e a r s o n e n d t h e I t a l i a n bourgeoisie, r e v i s i o n ists, t h e C h u r c h , a n d s o on, h a v e b e e n d e c e i v i n g t h e I t a l i a n people b y t e l l i n g t h e m t h a t the h a r d l i f e w h i c h t h e y l e a d , t h e p o v e r t y i n w h i c h t h e y l i v e , the savage e x p l o i t a t i o n ,
________________________________ 5 I t a l i a n Socialist P a r t y . * La politica e R o m a 1979, p. 11. l'organizzazione dei comunisti italiani,
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corruption, terror, and all the other social evils that charact e r i z e I t a l y are the r e s u l t o f f a i l u r e t o i m p l e m e n t t h e Constitution consistently. B u t the situation in Italy has been a n d s t i l l i s d e p l o r a b l e , not f r o m f a i l u r e t o i m p l e m e n t the C o n s t i t u t i o n , b u t because o f the s y s t e m w h i c h t h e Constitution defends. T h e present situation is the result o f the w h o l e d e v e l o p m e n t o f I t a l y a f t e r t h e w a r . I t a l y , w h i c h s u f f e r e d the e v i l s o f t h e r o y a l r e g i m e o f the S a v o y d y n a s t y , w h i c h e x p e r i e n c e d the h o r r o r s o f the fascist r e g i m e , w h i c h came t o k n o w t h e e c o n o m i c p o v e r t y a n d m o r a l a n d p o l i t i c a l d e g e n e r a t i o n w h i c h this r e g i m e b r o u g h t , w h i c h s u f f e r e d t h e d e v a s t a t i o n o f the S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , came out of this w a r economically r u i n e d and entered a grave political and moral-social crisis w h i c h continues to this d a y . A f t e r the e n d o f t h e w a r , I t a l y w a s t u r n e d i n t o chaos, b u t also i n t o a circus, i n w h i c h the r o l e o f a c r o b a t s a n d clowns was p l a y e d by the n e w hierarchs decked out in the robes o f r e - c o n s t i t u t e d p a r t i e s w i t h b r i l l i a n t t i t l e s s u c h a s socialist, s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t , C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t , l i b e r a l , c o m m u n i s t , etc. O n e p o s e d a s t h e c o n t i n u e r o f t h e p a r t y o f G r a m s c i , t h e o t h e r o f D o n S t u r z o , the one o f C r o c e , the other o f M a z z i n i . F r o m a c o u n t r y o f silence a n d c l o s e d mouths, w h i c h Italy was in the time of fascism, it t u r n e d into the country where a deafening clamour is traditional. I f A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l has got one f o o t i n t h e d o o r i n the d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e , i t has b o t h feet f i r m l y p l a n t e d i n I t a l y . T h i s has o c c u r r e d because t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o f t h a t c o u n t r y i s m o r e degenerate, m o r e c o s m o p o l i t a n , more unpatriotic, and more given to all-round corruption. The C h r i s t i a n Democrats have always held the reins o f I t a l y i n t h e i r h a n d s . T h e o t h e r b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s also w a n t their share in this bargaining, w h e r e everything, i n c l u d i n g I t a l y itself, i s u p f o r sale, w h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l . T h e i n n u m e r a b l e f r e q u e n t changes o f g o v e r n m e n t s a r e
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an expression of the struggle for power, of the competition and r i v a l r y between parties. Changes are made, but the C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t P a r t y a l w a y s r e m a i n s the p i v o t w h i c h t a k e s the l i o n ' s s h a r e . T h e C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t s h a v e p r o v e d t o b e s k i l f u l t i g h t - r o p e w a l k e r s i n the f o r m a t i o n o f m i n i s t e r i a l councils, g i v i n g t h e i r r i v a l s c a r e f u l l y m e a s u r e d r a t i o n s o f a u t h o r i t y a n d l e a v i n g the i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e y a r e a n d are n o t t h e i n c o n t e s t a b l e r u l e r s o f t h e c o u n t r y . I n t h i s w a y t h e y b r i n g o n stage s o m e t i m e s the centre-left, s o m e t i m e s t h e centre-right, s e t t i n g up a c a b i n e t s o m e t i m e s mono-tone in c o l o u r , s o m e t i m e s twotone. A l l these a r e c o n j u r o r ' s t r i c k s t o s h o w t h a t t h e y are a l l e g e d l y f i n d i n g a s o l u t i o n to t h e chaos, p o v e r t y , hunger, unemployment, to the terrible all-round crisis the country is in. A t p r e s e n t a l l sorts o f c r i m e s a r e f l o u r i s h i n g i n I t a l y . The n e w fascism has organized itself in p a r l i a m e n t a r y p a r t i e s a n d possesses countless t e r r o r i s t squads a n d g r o u p s , w h i c h the Italians call the lambs of the general secretar y o f t h e fascist p a r t y , A l m i r a n t e . T h e c r i m i n a l M a f i a has its c l a w s d e e p l y i m p l a n t e d e v e r y w h e r e , a n d c r i m e , thefts, m u r d e r s , k i d n a p p i n g s h a v e b e e n r a i s e d t o a m o dernized industry. No Italian is certain of tomorrow. The a r m y , t h e c a r a b i n i e r i a n d t h e o r g a n s o f t h e secret p o l i c e have become so inflated that the country can h a r d l y breathe. T h e y have been increased allegedly to defend the people a n d the d e m o c r a t i c o r d e r f r o m the m e m b e r s o f t h e u l t r a - l e f t a n d u l t r a - r i g h t brigades. B u t t h e t r u t h i s t h a t w i t h o u t these o r g a n s the b i g t h i e v e s a n d m u r d e r e r s w h o o c c u p y t h e soft seats i n p a r l i a m e n t o r i n t h e staffs o f t h e a r m y , p o l i c e etc., c o u l d n o t protect t h e m selves. A t t h e s a m e t i m e , I t a l y i s u p t o its ears i n debt w h i l e i t s c u r r e n c y i s one o f t h e w e a k e s t o f a l l t h e c u r rencies o f t h e c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e . T o d a y i t i s
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c a l l e d t h e sick m a n o f t h e E u r o p e a n N i n e . N o o n e t r u s t s t h i s Italy, w i t h t h i s r o t t e n r e g i m e i t has, t h i s Italy w h i c h m a y t a k e a course dangerous not o n l y for the I t a l i a n people b u t also f o r its n e i g h b o u r s . The various Italian governments, not to m e n t i o n the period of Mussolini fascism, have in general m a i n t a i n e d u n f r i e n d l y stands t o w a r d s A l b a n i a , e i t h e r o p e n l y o r i n disguise. T h e t r e a c h e r o u s A l b a n i a n r e a c t i o n w h i c h f l e d o n b o a r d the B r i t i s h s h i p s w a s g a t h e r e d t o g e t h e r i n I t a l y , was organized and trained by the post-war governments of that country, by the permanent enemy of A l b a n i a the V a t i c a n , as w e l l as by the A n g l o - A m e r i c a n s , to operate against t h e n e w A l b a n i a . I n the f i r s t y e a r s a f t e r Liberation, our people h a d to wage a stern fight against wreckers w h o landed in our country f r o m Italy. W h a t e n d t h e y met, i s k n o w n . H o w e v e r , the e n d o f the o t h e r s w a s n o better. S o m e o f the f u g i t i v e A l b a n i a n t r a i t o r s remained in Italy, the others dispersed to the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a , B e l g i u m , B r i t a i n , F e d e r a l G e r m a n y a n d m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s w h e r e the i m p e r i a l i s t e s p i o n a g e services sent t h e m . Seeing that they could achieve nothing against the n e w A l b a n i a w i t h acts o f d i v e r s i o n , t h e I t a l i a n g o v e r n ments began to m a i n t a i n an indifferent political stand towards our country. True, diplomatic relations between the t w o countries w e r e established, but other relations always remained at a low level. The Italian governments n e v e r s h o w e d a n y desire t o d e v e l o p t h e m . N o g o v e r n m e n t has e v e r p u b l i c l y c o n d e m n e d M u s s o l i n i ' s b a r b a r o u s acts against A l b a n i a . H o w e v e r , these g o v e r n m e n t s d i d i n t e r e s t t h e m s e l v e s i n t a k i n g the bones o f the I t a l i a n s o l d i e r s k i l l e d b y o u r p a r t i s a n s d u r i n g the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r f r o m t h e i r g r a v e s a n d sent t h e m t o I t a l y t o consecr a t e t h e m a s heroes w h o h a d f o u g h t f o r the greatness of Italy, and every year they p a y homage to them.
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M o s t of the Italian press r a r e l y publishes any posit i v e a r t i c l e a b o u t A l b a n i a . I t has d i s t i n g u i s h e d itself a b o v e a l l t h e w o r l d press f o r its s t a n d o f d e n i g r a t i o n a n d m i s i n f o r m a t i o n about our country. T h e s t a n d o f t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s has n o t been a n d is not a n y different f r o m this stand of the government leaders a n d t h e p r e s s o f I t a l y . I n 1939, t h e l e a d e r s o f the I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y stood b a c k a n d w a t c h e d t h e fascist a r m i e s w h i c h w e r e g o i n g t o r o b a s m a l l n e i g h b o u r i n g people of their freedom. T h e y d i d not p r o v e to b e e v e n a t t h e l e v e l o f t h e I t a l i a n socialists, w h o c o n demned the i m p e r i a l i s m of their country at the time of t h e w a r o f V l o r a i n 1920. E v e n a f t e r t h e w a r , t h e m a i n leaders of the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y d i d not deign t o come t o A l b a n i a t o c o n d e m n t h e c r i m e s o f f a s c i s m and express their solidarity w i t h the A l b a n i a n people w h o h a d faced death and destruction and h a d fought heroically against Italian fascism. The Italian Communist P a r t y fought and is fighting t o e l i m i n a t e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s p i r i t f r o m its m e m b e r s a n d t h e I t a l i a n p r o l e t a r i a t , t o f o s t e r t h e i d e a o f class conciliation and w i p e out a l l thought of seizing p o w e r f r o m t h e h a n d s o f the c a p i t a l i s t s t h r o u g h v i o l e n c e . I t i s n o t h i n g b u t a s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c p a r t y l i k e t h e others, b u t has b e e n l e f t i n o p p o s i t i o n a n d has not b e e n i n v i t e d t o t a k e p a r t i n t h e dance, because i t w a s f o r m e r l y i n t h e T h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l , a n d because, a p p a r e n t l y , t h e b o u r g e o i s i e r e q u i r e s s t i l l g r e a t e r p r o o f s o f l o y a l t y f r o m it. T h e I t a l i a n d e m o c r a t i c b o u r g e o i s state gives b i l l i o n s of lire in subsidies to the Italian C o m m u n i s t Party, as w e l l as to other p a r l i a m e n t a r y parties. However, the r e v i sionist p a r t y also h a s o t h e r l a r g e sources o f i n c o m e f r o m t r a d i n g c o m p a n i e s , a s w e l l a s f r o m v a r i o u s subsidies i n the f o r m o f c o m m i s s i o n s . I t h a s its a r i s t o c r a c y a n d its p l e b s ; t h e a r i s t o c r a t s a r e t h e deputies, senators, c h a i r m e n
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and councillors of municipalities and the permanent functionaries. T h e 10th C o n g r e s s o f the I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , w h i c h w a s h e l d i n 1962, c o d i f i e d t h e ideas o f T o g l i a t t i , his s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c l i n e a n d o p e n d e p a r t u r e f r o m M a r x ism-Leninism. Togliatti was a reformist intellectual and this is what he remained to the end of his life, up till the T e s t a m e n t o f Y a l t a i n w h i c h h e r e - e m p h a s i z e d his p o l y c e n t r i s m a n d p r o n o u n c e d h i m s e l f i n f a v o u r o f the p l u r a l i s m of p a r t i e s a l l e g e d l y to go to s o c i a l i s m , of the f r e e d o m of r e l i g i o n , f r e e d o m of speech, human rights, etc. T h i s w a s the r o a d o f t h e s o - c a l l e d I t a l i a n socialism. T h e 10th C o n g r e s s p r e s e n t e d the I t a l i a n r o a d t o s o c i a l i s m as an o r i g i n a l r o a d , as a n e w d e v e l o p m e n t of M a r x i s m , as a s u p e r s e d i n g of t h e t e a c h i n g s of t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n a n d the e x p e r i e n c e o f a l l t h e socialist r e v o l u tions u p t o t h a t t i m e . I n r e a l i t y , i t w a s t h e r o a d o f s t r u c tural reforms, the revisionist, opportunist road adopted t o s u i t t h e needs a n d the s i t u a t i o n o f I t a l i a n m o n o p o l y capital. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e theory o f s t r u c t u r a l r e f o r m s the transition to socialism w i l l be m a d e through gradual reforms w h i c h w i l l be forced f r o m monopoly capital in a peaceful way. These gradual reforms w i l l be made only by means of parliamentarianism, through p o w e r of the vote, regardless o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c a p i t a l i s t m o n o p o l i e s h a v e i n t h e i r h a n d s t h e w e a l t h o f t h e c o u n t r y , the w e a pons, a n d t h e r u n n i n g o f p a r l i a m e n t a n d t h e a d m i n i s t r a tion. According to the Italian revisionists, the reforms o f s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e s , w h i c h i t i s a l l e g e d l y possible t o c a r r y o u t w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h e b o u r g e o i s state, w i l l w i p e o u t e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d class i n e q u a l i t i e s a n d w i l l m a k e i t possible... t o g r a d u a l l y o v e r c o m e the g a p b e t w e e n those w h o r u l e a n d those w h o a r e r u l e d ,
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a n d m o v e t o w a r d s the c o m p l e t e l i b e r a t i o n o f m a n a n d society. * T h e Italian revisionits have slipped completely into the positions of trade-unionism and social-democracy. T h e y restrict the workers' struggle merely to economic a n d d e m o c r a t i c d e m a n d s , a n d t h i n k t h a t the c o n s e q u e n ces o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r c a n b e a v o i d e d w h i l e l e a v i n g t h i s o r d e r i n t a c t . H o w e v e r , h i s t o r y has p r o v e d t h i s t o b e U t o p i a n , because t h e consequences c a n n o t b e e l i m i n a t e d w i t h o u t e l i m i n a t i n g t h e i r causes w h i c h l i e i n the c a p i t a l ist s y s t e m itself. N o w t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t c h i e f s t h e m selves accept t h i s o p e n t r a n s i t i o n t o t h e p o s i t i o n s o f s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , a n d i n d e e d t h e y e v e n boast t h a t t h e y h a v e b e e n a b l e t o t a k e t h i s h i s t o r i c step. A t the recent congress o f t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , I n g r a o , the former chairman of the Italian Parliament and member of the leadership of the party, declared: We have m u c h to learn f r o m social-democracy. It is true that the l e a d ers of the Italian revisionist p a r t y are still y o u n g pupils, c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e o l d s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c professors, i n revising M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d in the struggle against the revolution. H o w e v e r , they can be considered their equals in their unrestrained zeal to serve the bourgeoisie unconditionally and in a servile manner. T h e Italian revisionists can preach night and day, c a n f o a m a n d shout i n a l l t h e squares a n d p r a y i n a l l the churches of Italy, but t h e y w i l l never be able to achieve their reformist dreams of the transition to sociali s m through parliament, the Constitution and the bourgeois state. The follow-on from Togliatti's line of structural r e f o r m s h a s n o w b e c o m e the h i s t o r i c c o m p r o m i s e w i t h
___________________________________ * La politica R o m a 1979, p. 11. e l'organizzazione dei comunisti italiani,
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the bourgeoisie, p r o c l a i m e d b y B e r l i n g u e r . T h i s slogan, w i t h w h i c h the I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h i p i s n o w c o m f o r t i n g itself, w a s l a u n c h e d p r e c i s e l y a t the t i m e w h e n the I t a l i a n c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s state w a s i n a v e r y deep crisis. T h r o u g h t h e h i s t o r i c c o m p r o m i s e t h e I t a l i a n C o m munist P a r t y offered Christian Democracy, the represent a t i v e o f b i g c a p i t a l a n d t h e t o p c l e r i c a l h i e r a r c h y , its c o - o p e r a t i o n i n o r d e r t o get o u t o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n a n d rescue this state. B e r l i n g u e r ' s h i s t o r i c c o m p r o m i s e i s the c o n t i n u a t i o n of the old orientations of the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w h i c h i m m e d i a t e l y after the w a r sought participation in the b o u r g e o i s state, a n d u n i f i c a t i o n w i t h t h e socialists o f N e n n i . I t i s the c o n t i n u a t i o n o f its n o t o r i o u s f l i r t a t i o n w i t h the then c h a i r m a n o f the C h r i s t i a n Democrats, A l cide d e G a s p e r i , i t i s t h e h a n d o f f r i e n d s h i p o f T o g l i a t t i Longo offered to the Catholics. B e r l i n g u e r t u r n e d this orientation f r o m a tactic into a strategy. T h e historic compromise proposed by the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i s the o l d l i b e r a l p o l i c y w h i c h has a l w a y s f i t t e d I t a l y comme un gant*. Berlinguer's historic compromise was an effort and a hope b o r n u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f events i n C h i l e . W h e n the I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s s a w t h a t t h e socialist A l l e n d e w a s unable to r e m a i n in office without the co-operation of the C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t i c P a r t y o f F r e y , t h e y t h o u g h t t h a t t h e y , too, c o u l d n e i t h e r c o m e t o p o w e r n o r r e m a i n i n o f f i c e w i t h o u t the s u p p o r t a n d c o l l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e Christian Democrats. Fear of the establishment of fascism w i t h the aid of A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m led t h e m to m a j o r retreats a n d concessions i n p r i n c i p l e a n d p r a c t i c e , to abandoning even that slightly independent position
_____________________________________ * l i k e a glove (French in the original).
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w h i c h they h a d maintained until that time, w h e n they thought they could w i n the p a r l i a m e n t a r y m a j o r i t y and g o v e r n j o i n t l y w i t h a left c o a l i t i o n . S i n c e t h a t t i m e , i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e events o f C h i l e i n Italy, t h e y accepted to p l a y the secondary and subsidiary role in a coalition, n o l o n g e r o f t h e left, b u t o f t h e r i g h t , t o g e t h e r w i t h the Christian Democrats. W h e n the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y launched the slogan of the historic compromise Italy gave the i m pression that it was being transformed into a p o w e r f u l i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c o u n t r y . A t t h i s p e r i o d , not o n l y t o r e a c t i o n , b u t also t o t h e I t a l i a n c o m m u n i s t s t h e m s e l v e s , the h i s t o r i c c o m p r o m i s e s e e m e d l i k e a l o n g - t e r m strategy. However, the crisis came and fascism was revived, became threatening; the bombs began to burst, people were m u r d e r e d and disappeared. The historic compromise b e g a n t o b e c o m e m o r e i m m e d i a t e a n d t o seem r e a s o n able e v e n t o a p a r t o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d C h r i s t i a n Democrats. A l d o M o r o was a representative of this current, b u t h e w a s l i q u i d a t e d , because t h e C h r i s t i a n D e m o crats w e r e n o t a n d a r e n o t yet r e a d y t o e n t e r t h i s c o m p r o m i s e , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e losses t h e y h a v e s u f f e r e d i n elections. I n the p r e s e n t c r i s i s s i t u a t i o n , t h e C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t s h a v e f o u n d some w a y s a n d f o r m s o f c o - o r d i n a t i n g a c t i v i t i e s w i t h t h e c o m m u n i s t s o n c e r t a i n questions, a t t h e t r a d e - u n i o n l e v e l a n d the p a r t y l e v e l , b u t s t i l l t h e y are a f r a i d of e v e n an I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y l'eau de rose.* W i l l I t a l i a n m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l accept t h e h a n d w h i c h t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i s o f f e r i n g i t ? I t w a n t s the revisionists to support the government in parliament, to v o t e f o r its p r o g r a m a n d l a w s , t o c o m e i n t o t h e p a r ________________________________ * w i t h rose w a t e r (French in the original).
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l i a m e n t a r y m a j o r i t y , i n t o the g o v e r n m e n t m a j o r i t y , b u t n o t i n t o the g o v e r n m e n t , n o t i n t o p o w e r , n o t i n t o t h e centres w h e r e p o l i t i c a l decisions f o r r u n n i n g t h e c o u n t r y are t a k e n . T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a h a s expressed its o p p o s i t i o n to t h e presence of t h e E u r o p e a n revisionists in the governments of the N A T O m e m b e r countries. T h e I t a l i a n b o u r g e o i s i e i s c a r r y i n g o u t t h i s o r d e r of its p a t r o n s . W h e n e v e r p a r l i a m e n t a r y elections a r e h e l d , t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y is faced w i t h a great d i l e m m a . It does n o t k n o w h o w to act in case it w i n s a g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f votes t h a n t h e C h r i s t i a n D e m o c r a t s . B e r l i n guer, f r i g h t e n e d , a d h e r e s t o the f o r m u l a t h a t i n a n y case a broad government should be f o r m e d of all the parties o f t h e d e m o c r a t i c arch, w h i c h w o u l d c a r r y o u t s o m e r e f o r m s , o f course, i n a p l u r a l i s t d e m o c r a c y , a n d I t a l y w o u l d not leave N A T O . W h y does B e r l i n g u e r h o l d out t h i s p r o s p e c t ? B e c a u s e t h i s i s the r e v i s i o n i s t l i n e o f t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , w h i c h i s a f r a i d t o accept t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e face o f t h e c r i s i s a n d b a n k r u p t c y o f t h e b o u r g e o i s s y s t e m w h i c h cannot b e c u r e d w i t h r e f o r m s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i s a f r a i d o f t h e masses o f the w o r k e r s a n d w o r k i n g p e o p l e o f I t a l y , w h o , i f t h i s p a r t y should w i n , w i l l demand not cooperation w i t h the e m p l o y e r s , b u t the s e i z u r e o f p o w e r . T h e I t a l i a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y does n o t w a n t t h i s s i t u a t i o n a n d w i l l n e v e r p e r m i t it. B u t n e i t h e r does t h e A m e r i c a n a n d t h e I t a l i a n m o n o p o l y b o u r g e o i s i e w a n t it, a n d t h e y w i l l d o e v e r y thing in their power to avoid such a situation. An anti-historic compromise might be made in the beginning if the Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w i n s on the votes, b u t t h i s c o m p r o m i s e w i l l b e e p h e m e r a l , j u s t t o c a l m public opinion, u n t i l the screws can be tightened. C a p i t a l n e v e r h a n d s o v e r its w e a p o n s , i f t h e y a r e n o t
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t a k e n f r o m it by force. T h e Italian C o m m u n i s t P a r t y is n o t o f those p a r t i e s w h i c h g o i n t o r e v o l u t i o n . I t i s n o t a n d n e v e r has b e e n f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a socialist society i n I t a l y , e i t h e r t o d a y , t o m o r r o w , o r ever.
T h e Successors o f P r o u d h o n i n F r a n c e T o g l i a t t i a n d h i s I t a l i a n acolytes l o n g ago c a r r i e d o u t t h e t h e o r e t i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e roads t o t h e n e w socialist society w h i c h t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s advocate. A t present, h o w e v e r , i t i s t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s w h o a r e m a k i n g m e g a l o m a n i a c a l p h i l o s o p h i c a l speeches, w h o are t r y i n g t o m a k e u p f o r lost t i m e a n d emerge a s t h e b a n n e r - b e a r e r s o f E u r o c o m m u n i s m , a s those w h o i n t e r p r e t a n d state its l a w s . T h i s r o l e t h e y h a v e u n d e r t a k e n m a k e s t h e m r i d i c u l o u s a n d exposes t h e m e v e n m o r e i n t h e eyes o f t h e w o r k i n g class o f t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y a n d t h e w o r k i n g people o f the w h o l e w o r l d . G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s has become a zealous f o l l o w e r of t h e t h e o r i e s o f R o g e r G a r a u d y , w h o m a d e the l a w i d e ologically i n the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n the time of Thorez and w h o was expelled f r o m that p a r t y later. G a r a u d y strove to prove that in the developed capitalist c o u n t r i e s t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a l l e g e d l y n o l o n g e r exists, t h a t i t h a s b e e n p u t o n t h e same l e v e l a s the w o r k i n g p e o p l e o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e engineers a n d t e c h nicians, who, according to G a r a u d y , are a l l equally exp l o i t e d . N o w G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s has t a k e n o v e r this t h e o r y a s h i s o w n a n d has c a r r i e d i t e v e n f u r t h e r . A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , e v e r y o n e , n o t o n l y the w o r k i n g class, not o n l y a l l t h e w o r k i n g people, b u t e v e n t h e bourgeoisie, a n d i n d e e d t h e a r m y a n d police, are a l l e g e d l y f o r t h e socialism w h i c h h e preaches. I n h i s discourses h e says r e p e a t e d l y . W e w a n t t o a d v a n c e t o s o c i a l i s m , b u t w e are h i n d e r e d
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by just 25 families, w h i c h comprise the strength of capital in France. H o w is it possible that we, all this force, s h o u l d not b e a b l e t o h a v e o u r say a n d o v e r c o m e this caste w h i c h r e m a i n s i n p o w e r ? w o n d e r s M a r c h a i s . A n d he provides his o w n answer, that to advance to socialism France requires only economic and political r e f o r m s . H e deals w i t h the q u e s t i o n o f o v e r t h r o w i n g c a pital as something w h i c h can be easily achieved, just w i t h a f e w w o r d s , b y p u f f i n g o u t one's c h e e k s a n d b l o w i n g i t over. W h a t e v e r else i t m a y be, t h e r o a d w h i c h t h e F r e n c h revisionists advocate can be anything, but it has nothing at all to do w i t h the genuine road to socialism. M a r c h a i s c o m p a r e s a n d equates t h e p r e s e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f state p o w e r i n F r a n c e w i t h t h e F r e n c h a r i s tocracy before the time of the t r i u m p h of the bourgeoisie, t w o c e n t u r i e s ago, a n d r e f e r s t o its l e a d e r s a s these p r i n ces w h o g o v e r n us. H o w e v e r , t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e not e v e n i n the p o s i t i o n s o f those people w h o c a r r i e d o u t the F r e n c h b o u r g e o i s r e v o l u t i o n o f 1789. I t i s k n o w n t h a t this r e v o l u t i o n cut off t h e heads o f t h e k i n g a n d the q u e e n a n d o f a l l those princes w h o g o v e r n e d F r a n c e at that time. T h e progressive bourgeoisie of that period, w h i c h o v e r t h r e w the m o n a r c h y a n d f e u d a l i s m , d i d n o t stop a t that, b u t c a r r i e d t h e r e v o l u t i o n f u r t h e r b y c u t t i n g the heads of a l l t h e leaders of t h e r e a c t i o n a r y f a c t i o n s of the b o u r g e o i s i e w h i c h w e r e e m e r g i n g : t h e F e u i l l a n t s , t h e V e r g n i a u d s a n d D a n t o n s . T h i s r e v o l u t i o n r e a c h e d its c u l m i n a t i o n in the dictatorship of the Jacobins led by Robesp i e r r e w h o m b o u r g e o i s r e a c t i o n sent t o t h e g u i l l o t i n e . M a r c h a i s describes P r i n c e P o n y a t o w s k i , G i s c a r d d ' E s taing's f o r m e r m i n i s t e r of t h e i n t e r i o r , as a V e r s a i l l e s e . H o w e v e r , h e f o r g e t s the C o m m u n e o f P a r i s w h i c h f o u g h t w i t h a r m s against T h i e r s a n d t h e V e r s a i l l e s e . T h e C o m m u n a r d s s t o r m e d the heavens, s a i d M a r x , w h i l e M a r c h a i s ,
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w i t h h i s r e v i s i o n i s t theories, w a g e s against t h e P o n y a t o w s k i s la guerre en dentelles*. T h e l e a d e r s o f the F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t y t r y t o e x p l a i n the u n d e r l y i n g reasons f o r t h e d e c l i n e o f F r a n ce. T h e theses f o r the 23rd C o n g r e s s o f the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y s a y : S i n c e 1976, i n f l a t i o n p r a c t i c a l l y stands at a h i g h l e v e l ; u n e m p l o y m e n t has i n c r e a s e d a b o u t 30 p e r cent; t h e b u y i n g p o w e r o f the w o r k i n g people has d e c l i n e d ; e c o n o m i c g r o w t h has ceased... A u s t e r i t y , u n e m ployment and the super-exploitation of the w o r k i n g peop l e are a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h a n increase i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t s ' profits... I n F r a n c e , w h i c h has a m u l t i - b r a n c h e d i n d u s t r i a l economy, w h o l e branches, such as iron-steel, s h i p b u i l d i n g , m a c h i n e b u i l d i n g , t e x t i l e , f o o t w e a r , etc., are b e i n g r u i n e d today. T h e n u m b e r of w o r k e r s employed in indust r y has f a l l e n b y m o r e t h a n 500,000.** T h e s e t h i n g s a b o u t the s i t u a t i o n i n F r a n c e are k n o w n . T h e p r o b l e m i s n o t t o observe the grave situation of the economy and the w o r k ers i n F r a n c e , b u t h o w t o change t h i s s i t u a t i o n . M a r x d i d not r e s t r i c t h i m s e l f m e r e l y t o m a k i n g his diagnosis o f c a p i t a l i s t society, b u t also d e f i n e d t h e r o a d to o v e r t h r o w it. T h e m o d e r n revisionists have abandoned t h i s s c i e n t i f i c r o a d a n d o n l y p r a t t l e t o deceive t h e p a r t y a n d t h e w o r k i n g class t h a t t h e y are a l l e g e d l y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t its s i t u a t i o n . T h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s also speak about t h e g r a v e crisis w h i c h t h e c a p i t a l i s t w o r l d i s e x p e r i e n c i n g t o d a y . The present crisis of the capitalist countries is an intern a t i o n a l crisis, says G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s , it i s i n t h e f i n a l a n a l y s i s a crisis of t h e s y s t e m of e x p l o i t a t i o n , d o m i n a t i o n a n d p l u n d e r o f t h e w o r k e r s a n d t h e peoples. *** V e r y
_________________________________ * a f i g h t w i t h lace handkerchiefs (French in the original). ** Cahiers du communisme, juin-juillet, P a r i s 1979, p p . 361, 363. *** I b i d e m , pp. 356, 358.
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good, b u t h o w does h e i n t e n d t o u t i l i z e t h i s k e y m o m e n t , w h i c h n o t o n l y F r a n c e , b u t the w h o l e w o r l d i s e x p e r i e n c i n g ? W i t h w h a t k i n d o f s t r u g g l e ? W i t h class s t r u g g l e , o r w i t h discourses? Does h e h o p e t h a t w i t h h i s speeches h e w i l l liquidate the F r e n c h monopoly bourgeoisie w h i c h oppresses the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d w o r k i n g p e o p l e o f F r a n c e w i t h a l l that a r m y and police force w h i c h M a r c h a i s t h i n k s h e has o n h i s side? N o , h e i n d u l g e s i n d e m a g o g y w h i c h i s meant, o n t h e one h a n d , f o r t h e g a l l e r y a n d o n t h e other, t o t r a n q u i l i z e t h e e m p l o y e r s . S u c h r e v i s i o n i s t s base t h e m s e l v e s o n t h e p s e u d o - t h e ories w h i c h t h e y h a v e c o n c o c t e d t h e m s e l v e s , a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h the s i t u a t i o n h a s n o w a l l e g e d l y m a t u r e d t o t h e point that there is no longer a n y need for the revolution a n d the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n o r d e r t o b u i l d the n e w socialist society. N o w , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m , e v e r y class i n society, i n d e e d e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l , t h i n k s a s a s o c i a l i s t . F o r t h e m , s o c i a l i s m has become s o d e e p l y i m p l a n t e d i n the consciousness o f m a n t h a t i t has b e c o m e p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f h i s consciousness. T h e theses o f t h e 23rd C o n g r e s s o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y say, S o cialism is already being realized, and moreover, being r e a l i z e d i n a g r e a t d i v e r s i t y o f forms. * T h e p u r p o s e o f these p s e u d o - t h e o r i e s i s t o t e l l the w o r k e r s t h a t w h a t L e n i n d i d t h r o u g h r e v o l u t i o n a n d b l o o d s h e d has n o w been a c h i e v e d , m o r e o v e r u n d e r t h e savage o p p r e s s i o n o f capital, without revolution and w i t h o u t violence. The revisionist leaders of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y are t r y i n g t o c o n v i n c e the w o r k e r s t h a t i n t h e e x i s t i n g society o f F r a n c e , E u r o p e a n d t h e w o r l d , m a n has m a n a g e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y i s n o l o n g e r a society b a s e d o n c a p i t a l i s t p r o f i t . T h i s i s a n u t t e r l y false t h e o r y , because m o n o p o l y c a p i t a l w h i c h p r e __________________________________ * Cahiers du communisme, juin-juillet, P a r i s 1979, p. 371.
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vails in this society demands not m e r e l y profits, but m a x i m u m p r o f i t s . G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s also speaks a b o u t the e x p o r t o f c a p i t a l , b u t h e does not s a y t h a t t h i s e x p o r t i s a means of barbarous exploitation, not o n l y of the w o r k e r s of t h e m e t r o p o l i s e s , b u t also of the w o r k e r s of t h e b a c k w a r d or developing countries. T o d a y the export of capital has become a fundamental f e a t u r e of n e o colonialism. G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s goes s o f a r a s t o c l a i m t h a t i n t h e e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n , i m p e r i a l i s m i s o b l i g e d t o seek n e w i n t e r n a t i o n a l s o l u t i o n s w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d t o the needs o f the peoples. H o w h u m a n i t a r i a n t h i s i m p e r i a l i s m has b e c o m e t h a t acts a c c o r d i n g to t h e needs of t h e p e o p l e s ! H o w e v e r , i m p e r i a l i s m r e m a i n s i m p e r i a l i s m a n d does n o t c h a n g e w i t h t h e w o r d s a n d a n a l y s e s o f sophists. B y p r e a c h ing such stuff the F r e n c h E u r o c o m m u n i s t revisionists are s i m p l y assisting imperialism by p r e t t i f y i n g it, b y s p r e a d i n g a n d n u r t u r i n g t h e i l l u s i o n t h a t i t desires t o remake a new world. In a l o n g tirade, at the 22nd Congress of the F C P , M a r c h a i s goes so f a r as to s a y t h a t t h e a c c u s a t i o n of a l l e g e d l y w a n t i n g t o e l i m i n a t e the w e a l t h y , l e v e l l e d a gainst t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s , i s w i t h o u t f o u n d a t i o n . C o n s i d e r i n g i t a s l a n d e r , h e declares o p e n l y t h a t t h e y w a n t p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y t o exist, w a n t the m i d d l e b o u r g e o i s i e t o e x i s t w i t h a l l its p r o p e r t y a n d w a n t the l a n d e d p e a s antry to exist; that they want o n l y to nationalize a l l t h e c o m m o n state assets a n d t o h a v e a l l these a d m i n i s t e r e d b y t h e people. S o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y also defends these c a p i t a l i s t s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h M a r c h a i s defends. I n this i n stance h e h a s t h e r i g h t t o b e a n g r y w i t h those w h o accuse h i m o f n o t b e i n g one h u n d r e d p e r cent l o y a l t o t h e b o u r geoisie l i k e h i s s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c b r o t h e r s . A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f 1979, G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s w r o t e : W e w a n t a s o c i a l d e m o c r a c y , an e c o n o m i c d e m o c r a c y , a
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political democracy, and we w i s h to go further, to a r a dical transformation of social relations so that we can m a k e i t possible f o r t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e t o l i v e i n a d e m o cratic self-administrative socialism. * Thus, Marchais emerges as a f o l l o w e r of T i t o w h o has i m p l e m e n t e d in Y u g o s l a v i a p r e c i s e l y the a n a r c h o - s y n d i c a l i s t t h e o r i e s o f Proudhon and B a k u n i n on worker self-administration, w h i c h M a r x and later L e n i n sternly condemned. N o w G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s , u n d e r the c l o a k o f c r e a t i v e M a r x i s m b u t n e v e r d e i g n i n g t o use a n y o f t h e statements o f t h e great teachers o f M a r x i s m , does n o t d a r e t o d e f e n d the anti-Marxist views of P r o u d h o n openly and say that he i s h i s disciple. H o w e v e r , i n d e m a n d i n g s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a tion, h e s i m p l y i s c h a n g i n g t h e t e r m s w h i l e h e c a r r i e s on the petty-bourgeois theory of P r o u d h o n . T h e leaders of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y speak a great d e a l a b o u t w a g e s a n d r a i s e t h e p r o b l e m of t h e reformist struggle for raising them. T h e b u y i n g power of the w o r k e r s and their families must be increased by g i v i n g m o r e t o those w h o get t h e least, t h e y say. T h e m e a sures t o m i n i m i z e t h e i n e q u a l i t i e s i n i n c o m e s a s w e l l a s i n bonuses m u s t b e i n c r e a s e d . T h e r a n g e o f w a g e d i f f e r e n tials must be reduced by raising the l o w e r wages. T h e r e v i s i o n i s t s r a i s e these p r o b l e m s because at the p r e s e n t t i m e i n c r e a s e d p a y is a u n i v e r s a l d e m a n d of t h e masses. G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s asks i n a m a z e m e n t h o w t h e p h e n o m e n o n c a n exist t h a t w o r k e r s a n d t h e e l d e r l y d o n o t have the possibility to live properly, do not have the right t o s p e a k o n the r a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n . T h e y m u s t w i n a l l these t h i n g s , h e says. M y P a r t y has f o u g h t a n d i s f i g h t i n g t o i n c r e a s e wages, t o r e d u c e taxes, t o e n s u r e t h a t p a r l i a m e n t w i l l n o l o n g e r b e a s i t i s a t present, w i t h i n t o l e r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s i m p o s e d o n its f u n c t i o n i n g a n d its
____________________________________ * L'Humanit, F e b r u a r y 13, 1979.
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p r e r o g a t i v e s restricted, says he. W h i l e r e s t r i c t i n g t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class s i m p l y t o d a y - t o - d a y d e m a n d s , t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s neglect t h e t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x w h o has e x p l a i n e d t h a t i n a d i s g u i s e d w a y , w a g e s h i d e the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e w o r k e r s b y t h e c a p i t a l i s t s w h o appropriate a part of the labour, precisely the u n p a i d l a b o u r o f t h e w o r k e r s , w h i c h creates s u r p l u s v a l u e for the capitalist. T h e y deliberately say nothing about the idea of M a r x w h o explains that the solution to the p r o b l e m does n o t l i e i n r a i s i n g wages, o r i n e q u a l i z i n g t h e m , a s P r o u d h o n , t h a t classic r e f o r m i s t , b e l i e v e d . M a r x s a i d t h a t t o r e s t r i c t t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e w o r k i n g class m e r e l y t o w a g e s w a s n o t h i n g b u t a n a t t e m p t t o p r o l o n g the existence of wage slavery. The f i n a l elimination of the e x p l o i t a t i o n o f w a g e l a b o u r e r s , says M a r x , i s t h e o n l y correct a n d r a d i c a l s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m . The F r e n c h revisionists leave in obscurity M a r x ' s t h e o r y a b o u t t h e social c h a r a c t e r o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d the capitalist, private character of the means of production in capitalism and the relations of production between classes. T h e y d e l i b e r a t e l y d o not m e n t i o n t h e fact t h a t these q u e s t i o n s i n v o l v e t h e i n t e r e s t s o f d i f f e r e n t classes w h i c h are c o n s t a n t l y i n s t r u g g l e w i t h one a n o t h e r t o a l t e r t h e c h a r a c t e r o f o w n e r s h i p . T h e y d e a l w i t h these p r o b l e m s i n g e n e r a l t e r m s , s i m p l y a s e c o n o m i c questions, j u s t a s the t h e o r e t i c i a n s o f e c o n o m i s m d i d . T h e i r t h e o r y i s not t h e t h e o r y o f M a r x , b u t t h e t h e o r y o f d e v i a t o r s w h o came after M a r x . M a r c h a i s reduces the mission a n d t h e s t r u g g l e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t to a s t r u g g l e f o r e c o n o m i c rights and not for the o v e r t h r o w of the p o w e r of capital. In t h e Manifesto of the Communist Party M a r x i s s u e d the c a l l : W o r k e r s o f a l l countries, u n i t e ! B u t w h y ? T o c a r r y out the revolution. W h i l e M a r c h a i s says: Workers, peasants, b o u r g e o i s , police, s o l d i e r s a n d officers, unite... t o carry r e f o r m s ! T h e notion proletariat is considered by
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the F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s to be a r o m a n t i c n o t i o n a b o u t w h i c h t o create p o e t r y . Instead o f f i g h t i n g t o e n s u r e t h a t the p r o l e t a r i a t i s i n the f o r e f r o n t o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d i n close a l l i a n c e w i t h the w o r k i n g people of t o w n and countryside, the French revisionists t r y to unite it in another historic bloc, in a u n i o n of the left, as t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s call their collaboration w i t h the bourgeois parties, or in the historic c o m p r o m i s e , as t h e I t a l i a n r e v i s i o n i s t s c a l l such a thing. The French revisionists promote this theory on alliances o n t h e basis o f t h e i r v i e w t h a t i n t h e p r e s e n t - d a y capitalist order, t h e w o r k e r s e v e r y d a y see t h a t t h e c o n d i tions o f l i f e are i m p r o v i n g a n d t h a t the p r o l e t a r i a t , i n the true meaning of the term, is disappearing. This is the thesis o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t G a r a u d y w h o m the F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s keep o u t s i d e the p a r t y i n v a i n . W h e t h e r h e i s i n s i d e or outside it, it is a l l the s a m e so l o n g as t h e r e v i s i o n i s t leaders o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y agree t h a t the b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s s h o u l d j o i n t h e m i n t h e d a n c e in order to go to socialism. T h a t is where G a r a u d y and c o m p a n y vegetate, too. T h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t l e a d e r s h i p c r i t i c i z e d a n d e x p e l l e d G a r a u d y f r o m the p a r t y , not p r o c e e d i n g f r o m p r i n c i p l e d positions, b u t because h e c a m e out p r e m a t u r e l y w i t h a n d r a i s e d t h e b a n n e r o f the n e w line, s o m e t h i n g w h i c h a c c o r d i n g t o r a n k , w a s u p t o M a r c h a i s a n d other l e a d e r s m o r e s e n i o r t h a n he. T h i s l e a d e r s h i p i s a c t i n g i n the same w a y t o d a y w i t h E l l e n stein a n d A l t h u s e r w h o w a n t t o p r o c e e d m o r e q u i c k l y on the revisionist road. However, there is no doubt at all t h a t the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w i l l q u i c k l y come t o t e r m s a n d u n i t e , n o t o n l y w i t h G a r a u d y a n d E l l e n s t e i n . b u t also w i t h M i t t e r r a n d . R o c a r d a n d a l l t h e social-democrats. W h e t h e r t h e y w i l l pass f i r s t t h r o u g h a u n i o n of the left. a joint p r o g r a m or t h r o u g h some other
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f o r m i s o f n o i m p o r t a n c e . S i n c e t h e y h a v e t h e same v i e w s a n d a i m s , e v e r y t h i n g else w i l l c o m e a b o u t a u t o m a t i c a l l y . T h e r e v i s i o n i s t s i n g e n e r a l a n d the F r e n c h ones i n p a r t i c u l a r i n t h e i r t h e o r i e s a r e opposed t o t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m y b y t h e state i n s o c i a l i s m . M a r c h a i s s a y s : W e are f i g h t i n g t o d a y a g a i n s t a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m a n d s u f f o c a t i n g c e n t r a l i s m . . . O n the c o n t r a r y , w e w a n t t h e state e n t e r p r i s e s t o b e a u t o n o m o u s i n t h e i r a d m i n i s t r a tion... w e w a n t the w o r k i n g p e o p l e t h e w o r k e r s , the c l e r k s , t h e e n g i n e e r s a n d t h e cadres t o t a k e p a r t m o r e a n d m o r e a c t i v e l y i n t h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . W e also w a n t the communes, districts a n d regions to become real centres f o r d e c i s i o n m a k i n g a n d d e m o c r a t i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . * T h e s e v i e w s o f r e v i s i o n i s t s i n the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y are totally in accord w i t h the line of Y u g o s l a v self-administration and the federalism of P r o u d h o n w h o said, there should be o n l y an i n d u s t r i a l democracy, a p o s i t i v e a n a r c h y . W h o e v e r speaks o f f r e e d o m speaks o f f e d e r a l i s m , o r says n o t h i n g , w h o e v e r speaks o f r e p u b l i c , s p e a k s o f f e d e r a l i s m , o r says n o t h i n g , w h o e v e r speaks of s o c i a l i s m , s p e a k s of f e d e r a l i s m , or says nothing. H e n c e , f o r P r o u d h o n , t h e f e d e r a l p r i n c i p l e i s a p p l i e d i n the e c o n o m y a n d i n p o l i t i c s . P e r h a p s G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s does not d e s c r i b e these q u e s t i o n s i n t h e t e r m s w h i c h P r o u d h o n used, b u t w h e n h e s p e a k s o f h i s d e m o c r a t i c s o c i a l i s m h e says, W e w a n t a f i n e society, w i t h justice, f r e e d o m , etc., a n d asks w h e t h e r i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t h a t t h e w o r k e r s s h o u l d b e s u p p r e s s e d f o r these s i m p l e a s p i r a t i o n s a n d t h a t these a s p i r a t i o n s s h o u l d r e m a i n o n l y a d r e a m . P r o u d h o n demanded democracy and freedom, and a c c o r d i n g t o h i m these c o u l d b e w o n v e r y easily, c o u l d b e t a k e n f r o m t h e h a n d s o f the c a p i t a l i s t s w i t h o u t a n y t r o u b le. M a r c h a i s does n o t r e s t r i c t h i m s e l f m e r e l y t o this, b u t
_____________________________________ * Le socialisme pour la France, P a r i s 1976, pp. 84-85.
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stresses t h a t t h e w o r k e r s i n b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y h a d g r e a t e r f r e e d o m t w o h u n d r e d y e a r s ago, t h e y t o o k p a r t i n t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e state a n d t h e f a c t o r i e s , a n d f i n a l l y , h e i s i n d i g n a n t t h a t t h e y d o n o t h a v e these f r e e d o m s t o d a y . H o w e v e r , h e goes n o f u r t h e r t h a n i n d i g n a t i o n . A n d M a r c h a i s goes n o f u r t h e r , because h e does n o t w a n t t o d o b a t t l e w i t h t h e capitalists, b u t w a n t s t o c o e x i s t w i t h t h e m i n peace. A l l t h i s i s l i k e a f a i r y - t a l e f o r t h e gogos*. M a r c h a i s preaches that even in the conditions of the existence o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t order, b y m e a n s o f r e f o r m s i t c a n b e b r o u g h t a b o u t t h a t the p r o l e t a r i a t t a k e s p a r t i n the m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m y . H e d r e a m s a n d says that w i t h i n this order there can be a social democracy i n w h i c h a l l the w o r k e r s , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , c a n b e n e f i t f r o m wealth, that there can be a political democracy in w h i c h every citizen can control, manage, a n d t r u l y be in the l e a d e r s h i p , i n o t h e r w o r d s s e l f - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . I s this not completely the theory of P r o u d h o n ? In connection w i t h the democratic socialism he a d vocates, M a r c h a i s also deals w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f p r o p e r t y and the p l a n n e d r u n n i n g of the economy. He divides p r o p e r t y i n t h i s society i n t o state a n d p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y , b u t the p r o p e r t y w h i c h h e l e a v e s t o p r i v a t e o w n e r s i s colossal. W i t h t h i s h e w a n t s t o tell t h e r u l i n g b o u r g e o i s i e , don't accuse u s F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s i n v a i n , because w e respect p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y , w e a r e n o t f o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n , w e are n o l o n g e r f o r r a i s i n g t h e fist, b u t f o r h o l d i n g o u t t h e h a n d o f f r i e n d s h i p . M a r c h a i s speaks a b o u t m u n i c i p a l , d e p a r t m e n t a l , r e g i o n a l p r o p e r t y . H e does not use P r o u d h o n ' s t e r m f e d e r a l i s m , b u t i t a m o u n t s t o t h e same t h i n g . W h e n M a r c h a i s says, w e f i g h t a g a i n s t authoritarianism and suffocating centralism, he implies t h e s t r u g g l e against d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m , c o n t r a r y t o
______________________________________ * the innocent (French in the original).
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the teachings of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and Stalin. A n d he stresses, w e m u s t b u i l d u p t h e p l a n i n a d e m o c r a t i c w a y , ensuring that not only the w o r k e r s and other w o r k i n g people, b u t also those w h o h a v e p r o p e r t y w i l l t a k e p a r t . M a r c h a i s k n o w s that the p l a n n i n g of the economy is not a method w h i c h can be applied in a n y social system d e p e n d i n g o n the g o o d w i l l o f those w h o a r e i n the leadership of the country. U n i f i e d central planning becomes p o s s i b l e o n l y w h e r e c o m p l e t e s o c i a l o w n e r s h i p has been established over the means of production, a n d this is characteristic only of socialism. Private property, in w h a t e v e r f o r m , has n o t s u b m i t t e d a n d n e v e r w i l l s u b m i t t o c e n t r a l i z e d p l a n n i n g . T h e s e are o b j e c t i v e t r u t h s a n d t h e y c a n n o t change j u s t because t h i s w o u l d please M a r c h a i s a n d o t h e r E u r o c o m m u n i s t theoreticians. M o d e r n revisionism, not o n l y i n France, but i n a l l c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t c o u n t r i e s , i s also a t t a c k i n g M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m i n the f i e l d o f l i t e r a t u r e a n d t h e arts, because i t w a n t s t o use t h e m a s m e a n s t o p o i s o n the m i n d s o f p e o p l e a n d m a k e t h e m degenerate. T h e r e v i s i o n i s t w r i t ers, poets a n d artists h a v e t a k e n t h e r o a d o f b o u r g e o i s degeneration. T o d a y it is difficult to distinguish an A r a g o n f r o m a Beauvoir and an A n d r e S t i l f r o m a Sagan. This is not referring to a similarity in style and form, but to an i d e n t i t y i n t h e content a n d p u r p o s e o f t h e i r w o r k s w h i c h are i n s p i r e d by a n t i - M a r x i s t philosophical trends, in order t o e m e r g e o n the same course, t o f i g h t t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o t a m e t h e s p i r i t s , t o m a k e t h e m dead spirits, e q u a l l y degenerate. A l l t h e r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r e t i c i a n s a d v o c a t e t h e thesis t h a t M a r x a n d E n g e l s a l l e g e d l y gave v e r y l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n , i f a n y a t a l l , t o aesthetics. T h e aesthetes o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y go even further. T h e y t r y to prove that M a r x w a s allegedly not interested at all in art or d i d n o t u n d e r s t a n d it. C o n t r a r y t o t h e facts, t h e y allege
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t h a t M a r x was u n a b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t i t w a s t h a t gave a r t a n e v e r l a s t i n g v a l u e i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l m o m e n t s , a n d w a s u n a b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d h o w G r e e k art, l i n k e d w i t h the i n f r a s t r u c t u r e o f t h a t t i m e , c o n t i n u e s t o a r o u s e e m o t i o n s . S u c h a d i s t o r t i o n o f M a r x i s n o t done w i t h o u t a p u r p o s e . O n t h e one h a n d , t h e y w a n t t o create the i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e r e i s n o M a r x i s t o p i n i o n a b o u t a r t a n d t h a t a l l e g e d l y t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e e l a b o r a t i n g this, a n d , o n the o t h e r h a n d , t h e y are t r y i n g t o d e n y t h e class c h a r a c t e r o f a r t a n d t o start d i s c u s s i o n a b o u t w h e t h e r a r t is p a r t of the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e or t h e s t r u c t u r e , w h e t h e r or not it is an ideology, w h e t h e r or not it is l i n k e d w i t h the class a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t o w h a t degree a n d t o w h a t point, etc. A series of t h e o r e t i c i a n s of t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y have had different opinions about literature a n d art a t d i f f e r e n t periods, a n d this has b r o u g h t a b o u t c o n f u s i o n a n d chaos i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e p a r t y a n d its m i l i t a n t s a n d vacillations in the creative literary and artistic w o r k of c o m m u n i s t w r i t e r s a n d artists. A t one p e r i o d , t h e F r e n c h Communist P a r t y fought for that creative w o r k w h i c h w a s based o n t h e people's art. o n r e v o l u t i o n a r y art, a n d l a t e r , o n socialist r e a l i s m . A t a l a t e r stage a n t i - M a r x i s t t r e n d s p e n e t r a t e d the c r e a t i v e w o r k o f c o m m u n i s t artists. W i t h its decadent art, t h e b o u r g e o i s i e e x e r t e d a n i n fluence not o n l y on the r a n k - a n d - f i l e m e m b e r s of the c o m m u n i s t p a r t y , b u t also o n t h e c a d r e s e n g a g e d i n a g i t a t i o n a n d p r o p a g a n d a . I n f l u e n c e d b y t h i s art. these e l e m e n t s p r o p o u n d e d theories, gave d i s t o r t e d a n d i n c o r r e c t interpretations of L e n i n , w h o pointed out that the r e v o l u t i o n creates its o w n a r t a n d t h a t the c o m m u n i s t s d o not reject t h e p r o g r e s s i v e h e r i t a g e o f t h e p e o p l e f r o m t h e past. T h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s also i n t e r p r e t e d i n b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t w a y s t h e statements o f L e n i n . S t a l i n and Z h d a n o v t h a t i n socialist society t h e w r i t e r s a n d a r t i s t s
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should be free in their creative work, should have pers o n a l i n i t i a t i v e , b u t a l w a y s b e r e a l i s t a n d create w o r k s w h i c h t r u l y serve the revolution and socialism. C e r t a i n p s e u d o - M a r x i s t aesthetes w e n t so f a r as to d e f e n d t h e thesis t h a t L e n i n h a d a l l e g e d l y a d v o c a t e d a b solute f r e e d o m i n c r e a t i v e w o r k . T h e a n t i - M a r x i s t p h i l o sopher G a r a u d y proclaimed unlimited realism. Others d e f e n d t h e thesis t h a t w h e n i d e o l o g y a n d the p a r t y p r e v a i l i n l i t e r a t u r e a n d art, t h e r e i s n o f r e e d o m a n d t h e r e fore, n o c r e a t i v e w o r k . W h a t else c o u l d one e x p e c t i n t h e f i e l d o f aesthetics, w h e n such people as A n d r Gide, M a l r a u x or P a u l N i z a n had influence in the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y and posed as communists. Together w i t h Aragon, they took part in the F i r s t C o n g r e s s o f the S o v i e t w r i t e r s i n M o s c o w , b u t in the end betrayed and became open anti-communists. S u c h t h e o r e t i c i a n s i n F r a n c e , i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , could have no idea of the value of art based o n the p r i n c i p l e s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e p u r pose o f these e l e m e n t s w a s t o separate a r t a n d l i t e r a t u r e f r o m p o l i t i c s a n d i d e o l o g y , o f course, f r o m p r o l e t a r i a n politics a n d t h e M a r x i s t i d e o l o g y . T h e y s t r u g g l e d t o c l e a r the w a y f o r the s p r e a d o f b o u r g e o i s i d e o l o g y a n d p o l i t ics, f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of decadent art, p s y c h o - a n a l i s t , s e x u a l , c r i m e a n d p o r n o g r a p h i c novels, s o t h a t t h e m a r k ets, b o o k s h o p s , show-cases, t h e a t r e s a n d c i n e m a s w o u l d be filled w i t h such works. L e t u s t a k e P i c a s s o . H e w a s a m e m b e r o f the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y t i l l he died, but he never became a M a r x i s t . T h i s i s r e f l e c t e d i n his w o r k s , w h i l e t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y boasted o f h i m a n d t h e o n l y c r i t i c i s m which they made of h i m was for a scrawl w h i c h was called Portrait of Stalin, and w h i c h his f r i e n d and c o m r a d e A r a g o n p u b l i s h e d in t h e n e w s p a p e r Les lettres franaises, of w h i c h he w a s d i r e c t o r .
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S o c i a l i s t r e a l i s m w a s n o t s u p p o r t e d b y the F r e n c h Communist P a r t y strongly and w i t h conviction. Some of the writers, philosophers and critics w h o were party members, such as Marguerite Duras and Claude Roys, deserted. A f t e r K h r u s h c h e v ' s s l a n d e r s a g a i n s t S t a l i n , t h e French Communist P a r t y was shaken and such intellect u a l s w e r e the f i r s t t o c a p i t u l a t e . I t l a u n c h e d t h e s l o g a n o f complete f r e e d o m i n a r t a n d c u l t u r e , a n d s u c h f o r m e r defenders o f socialist r e a l i s m a s A r a g o n , A n d r S t i l , a n d A n d r W u r m s e r not o n l y c h a n g e d t h e i r coats b u t e v e n s o l d t h e i r souls a n d t h e i r h i d e s t o r e v i s i o n i s m . T h u s , the French pseudo-communist literary figures began to fall i n l o v e w i t h t h e L u k a c s e s , the K a f k a s a n d t h e S a r t r e s . C r i t i c a l discussions b e g a n t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e p a r t y o n t h e p l a t f o r m w h i c h the b o u r g e o i s i e d e s i r e d , s u c h as, w h a t i s the r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n l i t e r a t u r e a n d i d e o l o g y ? , w h a t f o r m s h o u l d b e accepted i n art, ' s e c t a r i a n i s m i n interpretation' or 'opportunist eclecticism'?. S p e a k i n g as a n authority, R o l a n d L e r o y s p r o n o u n c e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t there c a n n o t b e a s p e c i f i c f o r m o f p r o l e t a r i a n a r t or art w h i c h is completely revolutionary. W a l l o w i n g in opportunism and revisionism, the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a l l o w e d these a n t i - r e v o l u t i o n a r y theses t o ooze l i k e s t a g n a n t w a t e r s a n d b e c o m e p r e d o m i n a n t a m o n g s t its c r e a t i v e artists. A s a c o n c l u s i o n , w e c a n s a y t h a t the l i n e o f the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n l i t e r a t u r e a n d a r t has h a d its ups a n d d o w n s . B u t i t has a l w a y s b e e n w o b b l y . Its v a c i l l a t i o n has b e e n caused b y its o r t h o d o x y i n the p r e s e r v a t i o n o f p r i n c i p l e s , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d b y the direct and indirect influence of bourgeois ideology in l i t e r a t u r e a n d art a m o n g s t its i n t e l l e c t u a l s , o n t h e other. In general, the intellectuals w h o w o r k e d in the field o f a r t i s t i c creativeness h a v e p l a y e d a r o l e m o r e n e g a t i v e than positive for the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y . Irrespec-
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t i v e o f t h e i r class o r i g i n , t h e y c o m p l e t e d t h e i r s c h o o l i n g a n d s o u g h t fame. T h e p a r t y n e v e r i n f l u e n c e d a n d g u i d e d t h e m w i t h t h e p r o l e t a r i a n i d e o l o g y a n d c u l t u r e . T o these i n t e l l e c t u a l s o f t h e p a r t y i t w a s t h e i r free, s u b j e c t i v e , i n d i v i d u a l , creative w o r k , a n d never the true interests of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the r e v o l u t i o n , t h a t w e r e i m p o r t a n t . T h e s e e l e m e n t s l i v e d a n d w o r k e d f a r r e m o v e d f r o m the w o r k i n g class a n d i s o l a t e d f r o m it. F o r t h e m , t h e class w a s t h e economy, w h i l e t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l s w e r e t h e g o d head t h a t h a d t o g u i d e t h e e c o n o m i c f a c t o r . T h e intellectuals of the F r e n c h party h a d been raised and i n s p i r e d i n t h e B o h e m i a o f M o n t p a r n a s s e , i n Closerie des Lilas, Pavillon de Flore, Bateau-Lavoir a n d in o t h e r c l u b s i n w h i c h a l l k i n d s o f decadent t r e n d s c a m e together, t r e n d s f r o m w h i c h e m e r g e d t h e A r a g o n s , t h e Picassos, t h e Elsa Triolets and m a n y other friends of the Lazareffs, the T r i s t a n Z a r a s , t h e dadaists, cubists, a n d a t h o u s a n d a n d one decadent schools o f l i t e r a t u r e a n d art. T h i s t r a d i t i o n and this road continued uninterruptedly w i t h i n the French C o m m u n i s t P a r t y u n t i l i t a r r i v e d a t its 22nd C o n g r e s s a t w h i c h the revisionist Georges M a r c h a i s flaunted all the a n t i - M a r x i s t corruption w h i c h had long been festering in the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y . A t t h i s congress, t h e F r e n c h r e v i s i o n i s t s c a m e o u t officially against the leading role of the p a r t y of the w o r k i n g class i n t h e f i e l d o f a r t a n d against t h e m e t h o d o f socialist r e a l i s m . U n d e r t h e p r e t e x t o f t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t u n i f o r m i t y , t h e y c l a i m e d t h a t socialist c u l t u r e should be open to a l l currents, to all kinds of experiments a n d creations. I n t h e b o o k w h i c h contains h i s r e p o r t t o the 22nd Congress, the p s e u d o - M a r x i s t Georges M a r c h a i s published a p o e m by A r a g o n t a k e n f r o m h i s b o o k Elsa's Madman. Elsa was Aragon's wife. Here is what Aragon, a member of the C e n t r a l Committee of the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t Party,
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says i n t h i s v e r s e : W i l l t h e r e a l w a y s b e f i g h t i n g a n d feuds/ R e g a l b e h a v i o u r a n d b o w e d heads/ C h i l d r e n b o r n o f m o t h e r s u n w a n t e d / W h e a t d e s t r o y e d b y the locusts?/ W i l l there always be prisons a n d torture/ A l w a y s massacres i n the n a m e o f i d o l s (the i d o l s are M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n ) / A m a n t e l o f w o r d s cast o v e r t h e c o r pses/ A gag in the m o u t h a n d n a i l e d h a n d s ? / B u t a d a y w i l l come w i t h o r a n g e colours... T h i s i s A r a g o n ' s w a y o f s a y i n g t h a t h e a n d h i s p a r t y h a v e a b a n d o n e d the r e d colour, c o m m u n i s m . In this way, the F r e n c h revisionists t h r e w overboard the p r i n c i p l e s o f the i m m o r t a l t h e o r y o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n ism. N o w their party is floundering in a revisionism w h i c h i s a m i x t u r e o f the o l d u t o p i a n t h e o r i e s o f B e r n stein, P r o u d h o n , K a u t s k y , a n d a n a r c h i s m . U n i t i n g w i t h the i d e o l o g y of other b o u r g e o i s parties, it is f i g h t i n g to create the i d e a i n F r a n c e a n d e l s e w h e r e t h a t M a r x i s m has become obsolete, a n d E u r o c o m m u n i s m m u s t come t o the f o r e i n s t e a d . I n 1968 the students i n P a r i s c l a s h e d w i t h the f o r ces o f l a w a n d order. T h e T r o t s k y i t e s , S a r t r e , t h e t h e oretician of existentalism, Simone de Beauvoir, C o h n B e n d i t a n d others seized o n t o these clashes t o g i v e t h e m a n a n a r c h i s t c o l o u r . A n d i n fact t h e y took p l a c e i n great disorder. T h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y d i d not p a r t i c i pate. W h y d i d i t not p a r t i c i p a t e ? W a s i t t h a t i n p r i n c i p l e it w a s opposed to a n a r c h i s m ? I t h i n k t h i s is n o t the reason. T h e r e a s o n i s t h a t i t d i d n o t w a n t t o u n i t e w i t h the s t u d e n t y o u t h , w h i c h w a s a t t a c k i n g t h e D e G a u l l e g o v e r n m e n t . I n fact, i t w a s this m o v e m e n t w h i c h f o r c e d D e G a u l l e t o h o l d the r e f e r e n d u m , a n d w h e n h e d i d n o t w i n in the w a y he wanted, he retired to C o l o m b a y - L e s Deux-Eglises, where he died. The F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y stopped the w o r k i n g class f r o m g o i n g i n t o a c t i o n a n d t a k i n g o v e r t h e l e a d e r -
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s h i p o f the u p r i s i n g . T h e p a r t y h a d the s t r e n g t h t o e n s u r e that the flames were spread throughout France, and if n o t to seize p o w e r , at least to s h a k e the p o w e r of p r i n ces, or t h e p o w e r of barons, as t h e y c a l l e d it at t h a t t i m e . I t d i d not d o this, because i t w a s f o r t h a t r o a d a n d f o r those m e t h o d s w h i c h the p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s r e v i s i o n i s t G e o r g e s M a r c h a i s advocates. T h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y has great hopes i n a c o a l i t i o n o f t h e left, w h i c h i t t r i e d t o create w i t h t h e socialist p a r t y o f M i t t e r r a n d i n the elections f o r t h e p r e s i d e n t o f F r a n c e a n d i n the p a r l i a m e n t a r y elections. T h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y and the F r e n c h Socialist P a r t y r e a c h e d a c e r t a i n agreement, b u t t h i s w a s t e m p o r a r y . N o t o n l y d i d t h e y n o t w i n i n t h e v o t i n g , b u t a f t e r t h e elect i o n s a n d t h e t r i u m p h o f G i s c a r d d ' E s t a i n g , i t w a s seen t h a t t h e l o v e b e t w e e n t h e c o m m u n i s t s a n d t h e socialists w a s c o o l i n g , a n d i n d e e d t h e y b e g a n t o a t t a c k one a n o t h e r . N e i t h e r t h e b i g b o u r g e o i s i e , n o r its parties, n o r e v e n t h e Socialist P a r t y of M i t t e r r a n d w i l l ever w a n t a c o m m u n ist p a r t y , e v e n one o f a n o r a n g e colour, s u c h a s A r a g o n describes it, t o t a k e p a r t i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f F r a n c e . T h i s d i d n o t t a k e p l a c e w i t h the P o p u l a r F r o n t , w h e n L o n B l u m w a s at the head of the Socialist P a r t y , is not t a k i n g p l a c e t o d a y , w h e n M i t t e r r a n d i s a t t h e h e a d o f the Socialist P a r t y , a n d neither w i l l it take place w h e n someone else emerges at t h e h e a d of it. T h e i n t e r e s t s o f the F r e n c h c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e a n d o f the t w o h u n d r e d f a m i l i e s , w h i c h M a r c h a i s has r e d u c e d t o 2 5 i n o r d e r t o g i v e t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t o d a y t h e y are d e a l i n g w i t h a s m a l l r e a c t i o n a r y force, are c l o s e l y l i n k e d t o g e t h e r t o p r o t e c t t h e i r p r i v i l e g e s , t o p r o t e c t t h e i r great possessions a n d c a p i t a l , t o i n c r e a s e t h e i r p r o f i t s a t t h e expense of the proletariat and a l l the w o r k i n g people of F r a n c e . O f course, t h e socialists h a v e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w i t h t h e o t h e r p a r t i e s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , b u t w h e n i t comes
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t o t h e issue t h a t t h e b o u r g e o i s p o w e r i s t h r e a t e n e d b y the proletariat, then u n i t y is achieved, not between the c o m m u n i s t s a n d the socialists, h o w e v e r , b u t b e t w e e n the socialists a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . T h i s i s o c c u r r i n g i n I t a l y w i t h the Socialist P a r t y w h i c h is u n i t i n g w i t h the C h r i s t i a n Democrats, the L i b e r a l P a r t y and the Social-Democratic Party, and is not m a k i n g a c o m m o n front even w i t h T o gliatti's communists. H o w e v e r , a s s u m i n g f o r a m o m e n t t h a t a c a r t e l of t h e left i n F r a n c e c o u l d m a n a g e t o t a k e p o w e r , f o r t h e F r e n c h communists, even w i t h their orange colour, this w o u l d be ephemeral a n d w o u l d change nothing. W h y is this? Because this is w h a t happened w h e n De Gaulle, in o r d e r to get o u t of h i s d i f f i c u l t i e s , accepted a f e w c o m munists headed by Thorez in the government, and threw t h e m out again after he h a d used t h e m as f i r e m e n . A n d w h e n did he do this? He did this at a time w h e n the F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y had emerged f r o m the Second W o r l d W a r w i t h no s m a l l authority, as the only p a r t y w h i c h h a d fought the occupier consistently. Therefore, M a r c h a i s ' p r e t e n s i o n s t h a t h e is g o i n g t o t a k e p o w e r a n d b u i l d s o c i a l i s m n o w , w i t h the E u r o c o m m u n i s t strategy, w i t h the revisionist ideology of P r o u d h o n and Bernstein, w i l l n e v e r b e r e a l i z e d . T h e m o s t t h a t the heads o f t h e F r e n c h C o m m u n i s t P a r t y m i g h t achieve is to become shareholders in p l u n d e r i n g the sweat and t o i l of the F r e n c h p r o l e t a r i a t a n d people, t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e f i r e brigades of the counter-revolution, but nothing more.
R e v i s i o n i s m w i t h the G l o v e s off The line of the Spanish revisionists is w o r t h y of s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n , n o t because these r e v i s i o n i s t s are d i f ferent f r o m the Italian and F r e n c h variety, but because
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of the special role they have undertaken, as spokesmen a n d kite-fliers for all revisionists. C a r r i l l o and company speak w i t h t h e g l o v e s off, s p e a k o p e n l y , a n d w h e t h e r o r not the other revisionists headed by the Soviet r e v i s i o n ists l i k e it, t h e y e x p r e s s t h e t r u e o p i n i o n o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m . I f the S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s t s s o m e t i m e s criticize C a r r i l l o , t h e y d o t h i s n o t because o f h i s t r e a c h e r o u s r e v i s i o n i s t ideas, b u t because h e b l u r t s out t h e o p i n i o n s and aims of a l l revisionists. C a r r i l l o i s a p r o d u c t o f the c o r r u p t b o u r g e o i s c a p i t a l ist s o c i e t y i n decay, a p r o d u c t o f l u m p e n i n t e l l e c t u a l s i n the service of the capitalist bourgeoisie. H e has l i v e d i n F r a n c e , a n d a p p a r e n t l y , w h i l e there, w a s p r o f o u n d l y influenced by Sartrist, anarchist, T r o t s k y ite, a n d a l l sorts o f o t h e r c o r r u p t a n t i - M a r x i s t theories. N o w h e i s d e v e l o p i n g these t h e o r i e s i n t h e speeches a n d i n t e r v i e w s w i t h w h i c h h e f i l l s t h e pages o f the b o u r g e o i s press, a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n h i s m u c h a d v e r t i s e d b o o k Eurocommunism and the State. In t h i s u t t e r l y a n t i - M a r x i s t work, the general secretary of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of S p a i n has s u m m a r i z e d a n d s y s t e m a t i z e d t h e o p p o r t u n i s t theses a n d v i e w s o f Togliatti, Berlinguer, Marchais, K h r u s h c h e v , T i t o and other chiefs of m o d e r n revisionism. His m a i n aim is to justify his deviation from M a r x i s m L e n i n i s m , to attack the idea of the revolution and socialism, and legitimize revisionism. Carrillo called his book Eurocommunism and the State, as a c o u n t e r to L e n i n ' s f a m o u s a n d b r i l l i a n t w o r k The State and Revolution, in w h i c h he p u t f o r w a r d the s t r a t e g y o f t h e socialist r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e state o f t h e dictatorship of the proletariat. This megalomaniac, C a r r i l lo, p r e t e n d s t h a t w i t h a m i s h m a s h o f p h r a s e s g a t h e r e d f r o m a l l t h e renegades f r o m c o m m u n i s m , h e c a n k n o c k d o w n one o f t h e m i g h t i e s t m o n u m e n t s o f t h e M a r x i s t t h i n k i n g s u c h as The State and Revolution, w h i c h l i f e a n d
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r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r a c t i c e h a v e s t a m p e d w i t h the g r e a t s e a l of history, m a k i n g it immortal. A c c o r d i n g to the renegade C a r r i l l o , w h o propagates t h e theses o f p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s i n t e l l e c t u a l s , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t t o d a y i s a l l e g e d l y n o l o n g e r the m o s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y class o f society w h i c h leads t h e s t r u g g l e f o r s o c i a l i s m , b u t a l l classes t o some e x t e n t a n d , f i r s t o f a l l , the i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , lead this struggle. He claims that in Lenin's time the p r o l e t a r i a t w a s a l l e g e d l y a b a c k w a r d class, w h i l e t o d a y , t h i s r e n e g a d e says, t h e w o r k i n g class i s v e r y a d v a n c e d a n d the i n t e l l i g e n t s i a has g r o w n u p a l o n g s i d e it. I n o t h e r w o r d s , he, too, associates h i m s e l f w i t h t h e theses o f t h e revisionist philosopher Roger G a r a u d y . A c c o r d i n g to C a r r i l l o , the c o m m u n i s t s m u s t t a k e p o w e r t o d a y , n o t t h r o u g h violence, n o t b y d e s t r o y i n g the b o u r g e o i s p o w e r a n d establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat, but by using other f o r m s , a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e c h a n g e s w h i c h t h e c a p i talist s y s t e m has u n d e r g o n e . A l l e g e d l y , p r e s e n t - d a y b o u r geois society c o n t a i n s w i t h i n itself the k e r n e l o f s o c i a l i s m , t h e r e f o r e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i s n o t t h e o n l y class i n t e r e s ted i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s o c i a l i s m . W e m u s t u n d e r s t a n d , says C a r r i l l o , t h a t the c a p i t a l i s t state has c h a n g e d t o d a y , a n d h e goes o n t o c l a i m t h a t the others d o n o t see t h i s change i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t state, b u t his m i n d r e v e a l s it. A n d w h a t i t r e v e a l s i s a n i m a g i n a r y r e a l i t y o n w h i c h h e proceeds t o b u i l d u p h i s w h o l e w o r t h l e s s theory. A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , t h e c a p i t a l i s t state has n a t i o n a l i z e d a series of e n t e r p r i s e s w h i c h h a v e a s s u m e d other f o r m s w h i c h d i f f e r f r o m those o f t h e o l d concerns o f c a p i t a l i s m o r i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e state a d m i n i s ters these e n t e r p r i s e s m o r e o r less c o r r e c t l y , t h r o u g h f u n c tionaries w h o have a bourgeois mentality. N o w , according t o C a r r i l l o , a l l t h a t has t o b e d o n e i s t o c h a n g e t h i s m e n tality and e v e r y t h i n g w i l l be in order. This bourgeois m e n t a l i t y o f the f u n c t i o n a r i e s , says C a r r i l l o , has u n d e r -
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gone r a d i c a l changes, b u t m o r e m u s t b e done t o r e a c h t h e stage a t w h i c h t h e b e a r e r s o f t h i s m e n t a l i t y u n d e r s t a n d the n e e d f o r f u r t h e r r e f o r m s t o a d v a n c e t o s o c i a l i s m . C a r r i l l o t r i e s to p r o v e t h a t the p r e s e n t - d a y state i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a l l e g e d l y does not r e p r e s e n t t h e p o w e r of t h e bourgeoisie, its a p p a r a t u s of v i o l e n c e to p r o t e c t its p r o p e r t y a n d r u l e , b u t i s a supra-class p o w e r b e l o n g i n g t o a l l classes. B e i n g u n a b l e t o m a k e b l a c k e n tirely white, he admits o n l y that there is a certain super i o r i t y o f the b o u r g e o i s i e i n this state, w h i c h h e r e g a r d s as something left over f r o m the historical conditions in w h i c h t h i s state w a s created, b u t w h i c h n o w c a n b e set right. B u t h o w i s t h i s change t o b e m a d e ? H o w i s t h i s super i o r i t y t o b e e l i m i n a t e d a n d t h e state o f d e m o c r a t i c socialism to be created? Obviously, according to h i m , t h e L e n i n i s t t h e o r y , w h i c h a l l e g e d l y w a s v a l i d f o r t h e past p e r i o d s , c a n n o t b e a p p l i e d , because t h e economic, social and other conditions have changed. N o w another theory i s needed, a n d C a r r i l l o has i t r e a d y . T h e o w n e r s h i p o f t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n , h e says, is n o w not o n l y that of the bourgeoisie. A l o n g w i t h it exists state o w n e r s h i p , w h i c h C a r r i l l o considers socialist, c o o p e r a t i v i s t o w n e r s h i p , etc. T h e p r o l e t a r i a t n o l o n g e r exists, because i t has m e r g e d w i t h a l l t h e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , the o f f i c e w o r k e r s , t h e priests, t h e judges, the g e n d a r mes, etc. M e a n w h i l e , the c a p i t a l i s t s r e m a i n a s m a l l g r o u p o f s t u b b o r n b o u r g e o i s w h o s t i l l c l i n g t o t h e o l d . I n these conditions, according to C a r r i l l o , the institutions of the bourgeois superstructure must be democratized through r e f o r m s a n d e d u c a t i o n , a n d t h i s process has a l r e a d y c o m m e n c e d . T h u s , the o n l y t a s k left f o r t h e c o m m u n i s t s t o c a r r y o u t i s t o accelerate t h i s process. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e n e g a d e C a r r i l l o , t h e c o n f l i c t bet w e e n t h e w o r k i n g masses a n d the b o u r g e o i s state t o d a y
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has r a d i c a l l y c h a n g e d . T h i s c o n f l i c t i s n o l o n g e r w h a t i t w a s b e f o r e , because n o w a l l e g e d l y t h e state i s a n e m p l o y e r w h i c h n o l o n g e r d e f e n d s t h e i n t e r e s t s o f the b o u r geoisie as a w h o l e , b u t o n l y of a f r a c t i o n of it, t h a t f r a c tion w h i c h controls the big monopoly groups. Therefore, h e says, n o w t h e state i s n o l o n g e r i n o p p o s i t i o n o n l y t o the a d v a n c e d p r o l e t a r i a n s , b u t also d i r e c t l y t o t h e b r o a d e s t s o c i a l classes a n d s t r a t a , i n c l u d i n g a b i g s e c t i o n of t h e b o u r g e o i s i e itself. T h e e l e m e n t of d i f f e r e n t classes, w h i c h is in opposition to the big financial oligarchy and the e m p l o y i n g state, i s n o t o n l y a b l e t o p e n e t r a t e the state a p p a r a t u s , he declares, b u t has a l r e a d y done so. T h r o u g h t h i s p r o g r e s s i v e e l e m e n t i t i s possible t o t a k e power by means of reforms. T o c o n f i r m these d r e a m s , C a r r i l l o quotes t h e e x a m p l e o f I t a l y , w h e r e a s h e says, e v e n t h e p o l i c e i n R o m e vote for the Italian C o m m u n i s t Party. W i t h this he wants t o a r r i v e a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e forces o f c o m p u l s i o n and oppression of the capitalist bourgeoisie have undergone changes also. T r u e , h e says, t h e y f r e q u e n t l y act a c c o r d i n g t o t h e desire o f c a p i t a l , b u t t h e y d o t h i s a l l e g e d l y c o n t r a r y t o t h e i r conscious w i l l , because, w h e n t h e occasion arises t o e x p r e s s t h i s consciousness w i t h o u t e x p o s u r e t o the c a p i t a l i s t state, t h e y act i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e w i l l o f t h i s state. T h e position is similar in regard to the l a w courts. T h e courts, says C a r r i l l o , n a t u r a l l y c a r r y o u t t h e l a w s o f the bourgeoisie, b u t there, too, t h e consciousness of t h e c o u r t s has b e g u n to u n d e r g o a m e t a m o r p h o s i s . H e deals w i t h the p r o b l e m o f r e l i g i o n a n d t h e c h u r c h i n t h e same s p i r i t . T h e c h u r c h , h e says, has c h a n g e d a n d i s n o l o n g e r t h a t d o g m a t i c c h u r c h o f t h e past. T o d a y t h e c l e r g y t h e m s e l v e s a r e f o r a m e n d m e n t o f t h e dogmas, a r e n o l o n g e r opposed t o science b u t i n f a v o u r o f it. T h i s b e i n g t h e case, t h e y are i n f a v o u r o f a l i f e e n t i r e l y d i f -
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ferent f r o m that w h i c h the B i b l e and the V a t i c a n f o r m e r l y preached, and the V a t i c a n has allegedly made an evolution towards a more progressive a n d more humane society, t o w a r d s a society i n w h i c h t h e r e w i l l b e a g r e a t e r and more complete democracy. A c c o r d i n g t o C a r r i l l o , e v e n t h e c h u r c h m a k e s its c o n t r i b u t i o n to the social transformations towards socialism! B a s i n g himself on this fantasy, he arrives at the conclusion that the top clerical hierarchy, w i t h o u t as yet going s o f a r a s t o accept s o c i a l i s m a n d M a r x i s m , h a s a l l e g e d l y begun to raise doubts about the possibilities of capitalism a s a w a y t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m s f o r the f u t u r e . H e declares t h a t h e t a k e s h i s h a t off t o t h e c l e r g y since t h e y h a v e m a d e a n e v o l u t i o n i n t h e i r dogmas, t h e r e f o r e t h e E u r o e o m m u n i s t s m u s t r e j e c t t h e i r o w n dogmas, i.e., M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , in order to be m o r e progressive t h a n the church and the V a t i c a n . E d u c a t i o n , one o f t h e m o s t c o n s i s t e n t i d e o l o g i c a l a p p a r a t u s e s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , does n o t p r e s e n t a n y p r o b l e m t o C a r r i l l o , because i t has j u s t a b o u t b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d already. He claims that education today, w h i l e h a v i n g b e c o m e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e masses, has also c h a n g e d its i d e o l o g i c a l content. A s t o t h e f a m i l y , a c c o r d i n g t o C a r r i l l o , i t has c o m p l e t e l y c h a n g e d its w a y o f l i f e a n d t h i n k i n g , P r e s e n t - d a y children not o n l y do not listen to their parents, but they a r e o p p o s e d t o t h e i r ideas. M e n t a l l y , t h e y a r e v i r t u a l l y living in socialism already. In other words, for Carrillo, the whole of capitalist s o c i e t y has b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d , i s n o l o n g e r t h a t society o f the t i m e of M a r x and the t i m e of L e n i n , is no longer in t h a t d e c a y e d state o f 1917, w h e n t h e G r e a t O c t o b e r S o cialist Revolution overthrew czarism. C a r r i l l o links both the October Revolution in the Soviet U n i o n and the revolutions w h i c h t r i u m p h e d in other countries w i t h the
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w o r l d wars, thus perpetrating a monstrous slander against genuine revolutionaries, who, according to him, are in favour of w a r in order to ensure the t r i u m p h of the r e v olution. It is true that by exacerbating the social contradictions t o the m a x i m u m , a n d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e s u f f e r ings o f the masses t o a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d l e v e l , w o r l d w a r s h a s t e n a n d accelerate t h e o u t b u r s t of r e v o l u t i o n s , as t h e o n l y w a y t o escape w a r s a n d the o r d e r w h i c h gives b i r t h t o t h e m . B u t w o r l d w a r s a n d l o c a l w a r s are n o t t h e cause o f s o c i a l r e v o l u t i o n s . T h e u n d e r l y i n g cause o f the r e v o l u t i o n i s the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s of the capitalist system itself, e s p e c i a l l y the c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n o l d r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d n e w p r o d u c t i v e forces, a c o n f l i c t w h i c h c a n b e s o l v e d e v e n w i t h o u t b e i n g associated w i t h i n t e r state w a r s , a s h i s t o r y has p r o v e d . S o c i a l i s m , declares C a r r i l l o , c a n n o t b e l i n k e d w i t h w o r l d w a r , because s u c h a w a r i n o u r t i m e w o u l d l e a d t o the t o t a l d e s t r u c t i o n o f h u m a n society. T h u s , C a r r i l l o does n o t f a i l t o m a k e h i m s e l f a p r o p a g a n d i s t o f i m p e r i a l ism's a t o m i c b l a c k m a i l . F o l l o w i n g i n t h e footsteps o f K h r u s h c h e v , h e says t h a t i t i s n o t necessary t o c a r r y o u t r e v o l u t i o n s o r l i b e r a t i o n w a r s i n the c o n d i t i o n s w h e n t h e a t o m i c b o m b exists, because t h e y m i g h t b e c o m e t h e cause f o r n u c l e a r w a r s i n w h i c h n e i t h e r side w i l l w i n . I f w e speak a b o u t a w o r l d w i t h o u t w e a p o n s , w i t h o u t w a r s , says C a r r i l l o , t h e n w e m u s t c a r r y t h i s i d e a t h r o u g h t o the end. Since we w a n t to b u i l d a w o r l d w i t h o u t wars, as w a s s a i d a t t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of the Soviet U n i o n , let u s w o r k i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n , n o t o n l y b y d e m a n d i n g d i s a r m a m e n t a n d m a k i n g speeches i n f a v o u r o f peace, b u t also b y u n d e r m i n i n g a n d s a b o t a g i n g the r e v o l u t i o n e v e r y w h e r e . On the other hand, to C a r r i l l o violent revolution is a c l o s e d r o a d because a l l e g e d l y A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m w i l l not p e r m i t such a thing. C a r r i l l o w a n t s to raise his
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o w n p e t t y - b o u r g e o i s f e a r t o the l e v e l o f t h e o r y a n d t o transform his capitulation to i m p e r i a l i s m and the bourgeoisie i n t o a n o r m . T h e t h r e a t o f i n t e r v e n t i o n t o s u p press a n y r e v o l u t i o n o n t h e p a r t o f i m p e r i a l i s m , a n d not o n l y A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m , b u t the w h o l e o f w o r l d r e a c t i o n , has e x i s t e d f o r a l o n g t i m e a n d t h i s i s p a r t o f the a g g r e s s i v e s t r a t e g y o f t h e A m e r i c a n a n d other i m p e r i a l i s t s . H o w e v e r , h i s t o r y has p r o v e d t h a t t h e peoples have risen in revolution, have clashed w i t h the A m e r ican intervention, and have triumphed. Let us take the Iranian revolution as a recent example. A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m u s e d a l l i t s threats, b u t does n o t d a r e t o i n t e r v e n e d i r e c t l y w i t h a r m s , because i t senses t h a t , f a c e d w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e I r a n i a n people, i t w i l l s u f fer a b i g g e r defeat t h a n t h a t w h i c h i t a n d t h e g e n d a r m e Shah, w h o m it h a d a r m e d to the teeth w i t h the most m o d e r n means, suffered. W h a t i s n e w i n C a r r i l l o ' s s e r m o n s i s t h a t h e has become t h e s p o k e s m a n f o r a n d c h a m p i o n o f the i m p e r i a l ist p o l i c y , a s p r e a d e r of p a n i c a n d a t o o l of r e a c t i o n to s o w t h e seed o f d e m o r a l i z a t i o n a n d c a p i t u l a t i o n a m o n g the masses. A n d w h o m does h e w a r n t h a t t h e y s h o u l d fear foreigners? He is addressing the heroic Spanish people, w h o f o u g h t s o b o l d l y a n d v a l i a n t l y not o n l y against F r a n c o , b u t also against t h e a r m e d i n t e r v e n t i o n o f H i t l e r a n d M u s s o l i n i , a n d a g a i n s t t h e socialists l i k e B l u m , w h o sabotaged the revolution in Spain, and whose p u p i l C a r r i l l o has n o w b e c o m e . T o C a r r i l l o i t seems u n n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e bourgeoisie to m a i n t a i n a large police force a n d apparatus of opp r e s s i o n . W h y does i t n e e d t h i s w h e n p u b l i c o p i n i o n does n o t w a n t s u c h a t h i n g ? asks C a r r i l l o . T h e state p o w e r of the financial oligarchy and capital ought to come to terms w i t h the workers, preaches this n e w C h r i s t i a n p r i e s t . A c c o r d i n g t o h i m . s t r i k e s can c o n t i n u e t o b e
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held, but should be done in co-ordination w i t h and organized by the employers and the representatives of the w o r k e r s , that is, b y t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y . I t i s v e r y easy, says C a r r i l l o , f o r t h e m a n a g e r s t o r e a c h a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e w o r k e r s a n d p u t aside t h e i r a r r o g a n c e a n d not i m p o s e t h e i r dictate. A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , t h i s c a n b e a c h i e v ed simply and without difficulty. B u t he is reckoning w i t h o u t h i s host. H e i s s p e a k i n g w i t h o u t those w h o h a v e p o w e r a n d a r e h o l d i n g o n t o it, w h o h a v e t h e a p p a r a t u s of o p p r e s s i o n , t h e p r o p a g a n d a m a c h i n e , t h e c h u r c h , etc., i n t h e i r h a n d s . T h e y d o n o t s w a l l o w these tales o f C a r r i l l o ' s , b u t t h e y s u p p o r t h i m s o t h a t h e w i l l create s u c h concepts a n d s p r e a d t h e m i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e s t r a t a o f w o r k i n g p e o p l e s o t h a t t h e l a t t e r w i l l live w i t h the dreams of Carrillo. I n r e g a r d t o the a r m y , t h e p r o b l e m i s q u i t e s i m p l e to Carrillo. The present-day a r m y must be transformed on the basis of a d e m o c r a t i c p o l i c y , he w r i t e s in h i s b o o k . T h i s does n o t m e a n t o g i v e i t a n o t h e r p o l i t i c a l colour, h e says, let i t r e t a i n t h e c o l o u r i t has (i.e., r e a c t i o n a r y ) , b u t it m u s t never t h i n k about m i l i t a r y plots, or about a p r e s e n t - d a y r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e 19th c e n t u r y a n d p a r t o f t h e 20th c e n t u r y . T o C a r r i l l o , i n s u r r e c t i o n s and civil wars must be avoided. Likewise to be eliminated is the historical b i n o m i a l : the oligarchy plus the a r m e d forces equals c o n s e r v a t i s m a n d r e a c t i o n ; a n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f the a r m y a n d c i v i l i a n society m u s t b e a c h i e v e d , a n identification w h i c h w i l l allegedly facilitate the advance of the p r o g r e s s i v e forces t o w a r d s d e m o c r a c y , a s o c i e t y of equality and justice. According to him, no pretext must be given for the a r m y t o b e set i n m o t i o n b y one side o r t h e other, b u t w o r k m u s t b e c a r r i e d out f o r a d e m o c r a t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f the m i l i t a r y m e n t a l i t y , s o t h a t t h e a r m y w i l l u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w a r s h o u l d n o l o n g e r e x i s t i n society, b e -
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cause o t h e r w i s e i t w i l l b e s u i c i d e . T h e doors o f t h i s a r m y o f c a p i t a l s h o u l d n o t b e o p e n e d o n l y t o t h e cadres o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , b u t also t o t h e b r o a d s t r a t a o f t h e people, so t h a t t h e i d e o l o g y of t h e masses, t h e socialist i d e o l o g y , etc. c a n p e n e t r a t e it, a n d i t w i l l n o l o n g e r b e a r e s e r v e of the police, but s i m p l y a w e a p o n in the service of p u b l i c o r d e r . H o w t h i s i s t o b e done i s a n o t h e r m a t t e r . H o w e v e r , C a r r i l l o t h i n k s that, since h e p r e a c h e s it, the bourgeoisie should accept h i s wise c o u n c i l , should p e a c e f u l l y r e l i n q u i s h t h e m a i n w e a p o n o f its p o w e r , a n d one f i n e day, a f t e r i t has b e e n c o n v i n c e d t h a t this i s w h a t j u s t i c e r e q u i r e s , w i l l s a y t o C a r r i l l o , come a n d take power, we are w i t h d r a w i n g , lead all of us towards s o c i a l i s m ! I n s u p p o r t o f h i s thesis a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e d e m o c r a t i z a t i o n o f t h e a r m y a n d its t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o a n a r m y w h i c h s e r v e s t h e people, C a r r i l l o p r o d u c e s a n u m b e r of arguments w h i c h are as naive as they are r i d i c u l o u s . T h e F r e n c h a r m y , h e says, w a s d e m o c r a t i z e d a f t e r t h e w a r i n A l g e r i a , because its r e g u l a t i o n s w e r e r e d r a f t e d a n d n e w ones w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d w h i c h h a v e c r e a t e d a d e m o c r a t i c s p i r i t i n it. T o c l a i m t h a t t h e F r e n c h b o u r g e o i s a r m y has c h a n g e d its w o r l d o u t l o o k a n d i s n o l o n g e r a w e a p o n i n the h a n d s o f t h e b i g bourgeoisie, but a weapon in the hands of public opinion, is betrayal. A c c o r d i n g to this revisionist, the m i l i t a r y doctrine a n d t h e a r m y i t s e l f i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t states are i n crisis, because i n its r a n k s , i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e m i l i t a r y cadres t h e r e are b o t h h a w k s a n d doves. H e n c e , says C a r r i l l o , w e m u s t w o r k in a p e a c e f u l way to t u r n the h a w k s , too. i n t o doves. T o t h i s e n d , C a r r i l l o t h i n k s t h a t t h e c o m m u n i s t parties should have a separate m i l i t a r y policy, but should n e v e r c o n s i d e r c a r r y i n g p o l i t i c s i n t o t h e a r m y . H e says that efforts should be m a d e to d r a w the m i l i t a r y theme i n t o t h e f i e l d o f the p o l i c y o f t h e left, s o t h a t i t w i l l b e
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a m o n o p o l y of n e i t h e r the r i g h t n o r t h e l e f t . A c c o r d i n g to Carrillo, such a p o l i c y on the p a r t of the communist p a r t i e s w o u l d d r a w the a r m y a w a y f r o m t h e p o l i c y o f t h e r i g h t , a n d the a r m y w o u l d g o o v e r m o r e t o the side o f the n a t i o n . T h u s , b o t h t h e left a n d the r i g h t together s h o u l d s t r u g g l e against a n d c o n t r o l e a c h o t h e r a n d , i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l w a y , s h o u l d c o n t r o l the state, too, n o t t h e b o u r geois state, b u t C a r r i l l o ' s state, w h i c h is to be c r e a t e d through reforms. As a c o n c l u s i o n of these analyses of p r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t society a n d the b o u r g e o i s state, C a r r i l l o , w h o poses as the i d e o l o g i s t a n d t h e o r e t i c i a n of E u r o c o m m u n i s m , also b u i l d s u p h i s s t r a t e g y t o g o o v e r t o s o c i a l i s m . T h e s t r a t e g y o f r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s t o d a y , says C a r r i l l o , i s not to o v e r t h r o w the state p o w e r of t h e bourgeoisie, because state p o w e r n o l o n g e r belongs t o t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , n e i t h e r is it to overthrow the bourgeois relations of production, since t h e y h a v e c h a n g e d a l r e a d y . T h e o n l y t h i n g w h i c h s h o u l d b e done i s t o g r a d u a l l y t r a n s f o r m t h e e x i s t i n g political and ideological institutions through reforms, in o r d e r t o b r i n g t h e m i n t o c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e social r e a l i t y a n d t u r n t h e m i n f a v o u r o f t h e people. T h e h e a d o f the S p a n i s h r e v i s i o n i s t s preaches t h a t n o w it is completely possible to g r a d u a l l y t r a n s f o r m the c a p i t a l i s t s u p e r s t r u c t u r e i n t o a socialist s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , w i t h o u t a l t e r i n g its base. T h i s i s a n t i - d i a l e c t i c a l a n d c o n t r a r y t o s i m p l e logic. H o w e v e r , C a r r i l l o i s n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n science, b u t i n the schemes h e has concocted. T h i s i s because h i s a i m i s n o t t o i n d i c a t e t h e s o l u t i o n o f p r o b lems, b u t t o o b s c u r e t h e i r s o l u t i o n , t o set t h e p r o l e t a r i a t on a w r o n g road, to lead it up a b l i n d alley and t u r n it away f r o m the revolution. A s w e said, C a r r i l l o has b e e n i n s p i r e d b y a l l t h e theories o f t h e K h r u s h c h e v i t e s , t h e T r o t s k y i t e s , B r o w d e r a n d a t h o u s a n d a n d one o t h e r t r a i t o r s t o t h e w o r k i n g
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class. H o w e v e r , h e d e m a n d s t h a t t h i n g s s h o u l d b e s a i d o p e n l y , t h a t t h e i's s h o u l d b e d o t t e d , i n o t h e r w o r d s , t h a t the r e v i s i o n i s t s ' a c t i o n s s h o u l d b e u n i f i e d w i t h c a p i talism and w o r l d imperialism. First of all, allegedly w i t h t h e o r e t i c a l a r g u m e n t s , h e calls o n a l l t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d p s e u d o - c o m m u n i s t s o f t h e w o r l d t o r i s e against M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and Stalin. He distorts and interprets as he pleases M a r x ' s w r i t i n g s o n t h e e v e n t s o f 1848, o n t h e J u n e U p r i s i n g i n F r a n c e , o n t h e P a r i s C o m m u n e a n d goes so far as to admit openly that he is t a k i n g his treacherous theses f r o m T r o t s k y o r K a u t s k y . B y m e n t i o n i n g these n o t o r i o u s renegades a n d d i s c r e d i t e d o p p o n e n t s o f M a r x i s m , h e s h o w s f r o m w h i c h s t a b l e h e comes a n d w h e r e t h e sources of h i s t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c o v e r i e s l i e . T o t a l d e n i a l o f t h e class s t r u g g l e i s t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f a l l C a r r i l l o ' s ideas. I n h i s v i e w , a l l classes a r e together a t t h e h e a d o f t h e b o u r g e o i s state t o d a y . B u t t o C a r r i l l o t h e s t r a t u m o f i n t e l l e c t u a l s i s e v e r y t h i n g , i s t h e cleverest, t h e most k n o w l e d g e a b l e , t h e m o s t c a p a b l e a n d the best a d m i n i s t r a t o r . I f one h a d s a i d these t h i n g s i n the t i m e w h e n M a r x , E n g e l s a n d L e n i n w e r e a l i v e , declares C a r r i l l o h i m s e l f , t h e y w o u l d h a v e c a l l e d t h e m U t o p i a n ideas. O u r classics w o u l d n o t j u s t h a v e c a l l e d these c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y ideas U t o p i a n , b u t w o u l d h a v e d e s c r i b e d t h e m a s b e t r a y a l , j u s t a s t h e y d e s c r i b e d the predecessors o f C a r rillo as traitors. C a r r i l l o is a revisionist whose betrayal k n o w s no b o u n d s . A l l r e v i s i o n i s t s a r e t r a i t o r s , b u t i n one w a y o r a n o t h e r t h e y h a v e t r i e d t o disguise t h e i r b e t r a y a l . T h e y have hesitated to attack M a r x , Engels and L e n i n so openly as all of them have attacked Stalin. B u t C a r r i l l o goes f u r t h e r t h a n K h r u s h c h e v a n d m a n y others. A l t h o u g h h e t r i e d , K h r u s h c h e v d i d n o t d a r e t o publicly rehabilitate Trotsky. By calling Stalin a criminal, b y r e j e c t i n g a l l the r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r i a l s w h i c h w e r e h e l d
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i n the t i m e o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , i n practice K h r u s h c h e v rehabilitated K a m e n e v a n d Z i n o v i e v . H e also r e h a b i l i t a t e d m a n y o t h e r t r a i t o r s s u c h as R a j k and so on. H o w e v e r , C a r r i l l o was not satisfied w i t h K h r u s h c h e v . I n h i s book, h e r e b u k e s h i m a s i f t o s a y : W h e n y o u h a v e r e h a b i l i t a t e d a l l these f i n e people w h o m S t a l i n h a d shot, w h e n y o u h a v e b e t r a y e d M a r x , Engels and L e n i n , w h y have y o u not rehabilitated y o u r father Trotsky? Therefore, C a r r i l l o calls for T r o t s k y to be r e h a b i l i t a t e d a n d f o r a c a m p a i g n to do j u s t i c e to t h e merits of Trotsky. I n o t h e r w o r d s , C a r r i l l o i s one o f t h e d i r t i e s t , one o f t h e m o s t b a r e - f a c e d agents o f w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m . H o w e v e r , h i s theories w i l l n o t d o c a p i t a l i s m m u c h g o o d because, a s C a r r i l l o presents t h e m , t h e y a r e a r e a l e x p o s u r e o f the p s e u d o - M a r x i s m of the m o d e r n revisionists. On the one h a n d , C a r r i l l o s e r v e s i m p e r i a l i s m a n d w o r l d c a p i t a l i s m , because h e opposes t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a n d denies t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ideas w h i c h i n s p i r e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d , b u t o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h e tears t h e m a s k f r o m t h e o t h e r m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d exposes t h e m , discloses t h e i r t r u e a i m s t o t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e peoples. Santiago Carrillo, the general secretary of the C o m munist P a r t y of Spain, is a bastard of revisionist bastardy. He took all the vilest a n d most counter-revolutionary things f r o m m o d e r n revisionism and made himself the apologist o f u t t e r b e t r a y a l a n d c a p i t u l a t i o n .
IV
ONLY THE MARXIST-LENINISTS HOLD HIGH THE BANNER OF THE REVOLUTION AND CARRY IT FORWARD
P r e s e n t - d a y c a p i t a l i s t society, b o t h b o u r g e o i s a n d r e visionist, is pregnant w i t h revolution and the revolution a l w a y s has b e e n a n d a l w a y s w i l l b e g u i d e d o n l y b y t h e ideas o f M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n a n d S t a l i n . A l l t h e d i f f e r e n t ideas w h i c h seek t o r e v i s e o u r great t h e o r y w i l l e n d u p in the rubbish b i n of history, just as they have always done. T h e y w i l l b e s m a s h e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h c a p i t a l i s m , i m p e r i a l i s m a n d s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m , b y the g r e a t p o w e r of the w o r l d proletariat w h i c h leads the revolution and is inspired by the i m m o r t a l doctrine of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e tactics a n d manoeuvres of the E u r o c o m m u n i s t s cannot overshadow our great doctrine a n d they w i l l never get e s t a b l i s h e d . O n l y those w h o are i m b u e d w i t h the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t d o c t r i n e a n d r e m a i n l o y a l t o i t see w h a t dangerous and cunning opportunists they are confronted w i t h in their gigantic struggle for the t r i u m p h of the n e w w o r l d , t h e socialist w o r l d , w i t h o u t oppressors, e x ploiters, w a r - m o n g e r i n g imperialists a n d social-imperialists, w i t h o u t r e v i s i o n i s t s , d e m a g o g u e s a n d t r a i t o r s , either old or new. In France, Italy, S p a i n and the other capitalist countries, i t depends g r e a t l y o n t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e anti-class, a n t i -
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revolutionary, a n t i - M a r x i s t theories of the revisionists a r e defeated. W i t h o u t a g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y t o l e a d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i n class battles a n d r e v o l u t i o n , these a n t i - M a r x i s t theories w h i c h have been spread by the revisionist parties cannot be combated and the p o w e r of the b o u r g e o i s i e c a n n o t b e l i q u i d a t e d . C o n s c i o u s o f the great loss w h i c h t h e b i r t h a n d s p r e a d of m o d e r n revisionism, especially K h r u s h c h e v i t e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m , b r o u g h t t h e cause o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d c o m m u n i s m , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t revolutionaries k n e w h o w a n d w e r e a b l e t o resist t h i s g r e a t c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y tide and to organize themselves and fight resolutely against i t . W i t h a l o f t y sense of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to t h e p r o l e t a r i a t of their o w n countries and the w o r l d , they placed t h e m selves i n t h e f o r e f r o n t o f t h e s t e r n , p r i n c i p l e d s t r u g g l e f o r t h e e x p o s u r e o f the r e v i s i o n i s t s ' b e t r a y a l a n d set t o w o r k t o create n e w M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d p a r t i e s . The Marxist-Leninist movement was born and developed i n this great process o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n f r o m m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m a n d t h e s t r u g g l e f o r t h e cause o f c o m m u n i s m , and took upon itself to raise a n d carry f o r w a r d the banner of the revolution and socialism, betrayed and rejected by the former communist parties w h i c h the r e v i sionist d e g e n e r a t i o n h a d t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o f i r e m e n t o q u e l l the flames of the r e v o l u t i o n a n d the peoples' l i b e r a t i o n wars. The formation of new Marxist-Leninist parties was a v i c t o r y o f h i s t o r i c i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e w o r k i n g class o f each c o u n t r y , a s w e l l a s f o r the cause o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n on a w o r l d scale. The parties i n w h i c h Browderite, Khrushchevite, T i toite, E u r o c o m m u n i s t , M a o i s t m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m b e c a m e established w e r e l i q u i d a t e d a s c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s . R e v i sionism stripped them of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t revolutiona r y spirit, transformed them f r o m organized detachments
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o f t h e w o r k i n g class t o c a r r y o u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n t o w e a p o n s f o r e x t i n g u i s h i n g t h e class s t r u g g l e , f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g class peace, f o r s a b o t a g i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d destroying socialism. B e a r i n g i n m i n d t h e s t r u g g l e w h i c h the m o d e r n r e v i sionists w a g e a g a i n s t t h e L e n i n i s t t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e on the party, the genuine communist revolutionaries fight f o r the defence, s t r e n g t h e n i n g a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r o l e t a r i a n p a r t i e s b u i l t o n t h e basis o f t h e t e a c h i n g s o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . T h e y a r e conscious t h a t w i t h o u t s u c h a party, w i t h o u t an organized v a n g u a r d detachment of the w o r k i n g class, t h e r e v o l u t i o n c a n n o t b e c a r r i e d out, t h e national liberation struggle cannot be waged correctly t h r o u g h t o the e n d a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u tion cannot be deepened a n d go over to the proletarian revolution. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y does n o t e m e r g e a n d i s n o t c r e a t e d a c c i d e n t l y o r f o r n o p u r p o s e . I t emerges a n d is c r e a t e d as a r e s u l t of c e r t a i n v e r y i m p o r t a n t o b j e c t i v e a n d subjective factors. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y emerges f r o m t h e r a n k s o f t h e w o r k i n g class, r e p r e s e n t s i t s h i g h e s t a s p i r a t i o n s , its r e v o l u t i o n a r y aims, a n d w a g e s a n d c a r r i e s f o r w a r d the class s t r u g g l e . W i t h o u t the w o r k i n g class, w i t h o u t its r e v o l u t i o n a r y objectives, w i t h o u t the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory, w h i c h is the theory of the w o r k i n g class, t h e r e c a n n e v e r be a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y . A p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class becomes its t r u l y o r g a n i z e d d e t a c h m e n t , its s u p r e m e staff, w h e n i t i s e d u c a ted w i t h and masters the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory and w h e n i t uses t h i s p o w e r f u l a n d i r r e p l a c e a b l e w e a p o n c o m p e t e n t l y , i n a c r e a t i v e w a y , i n t h e class s t r u g g l e f o r the t r i u m p h of the revolution, for the establishment of the d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m . T h a t p a r t y w h i c h a s s i m i l a t e s t h i s t h e o r y b u t does n o t
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a p p l y it, o r a p p l i e s i t i n c o r r e c t l y a n d c o n t i n u e s t o f a i l t o correct t h e m i s t a k e s i t i s m a k i n g , w i l l n o t a d v a n c e o n t h e r i g h t r o a d , but w i l l d e v i a t e f r o m M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m . The genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y is characterized by the clear-cut and resolute stand w h i c h it maintains towards modern revisionism, towards Khrushchevism, T i t o i s m , M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , E u r o c o m m u n i s m , etc. T h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a c l e a r l i n e of d e m a r c a t i o n o v e r t h i s question is of m a j o r principled importance. I f a p a r t y p e r m i t s i l l u s i o n s t o b e c r e a t e d i n its r a n k s , for example, that irrespective of the K h r u s h c h e v i t e ideology, s o c i a l i s m i s b e i n g b u i l t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , that there are bureaucrats in the leadership of the C o m munist P a r t y of the Soviet U n i o n but there are revolutionaries and Marxist-Leninists as w e l l , then w i l l y - n i l l y such a p a r t y is no l o n g e r in a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p o s i t i o n , b u t has d e v i a t e d f r o m t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y a n d tactics, a n d i f n o t o p e n l y a t least i n d i r e c t l y , has b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a p r o - S o v i e t p a r t y , i r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e fact t h a t i n w o r d s i t m i g h t b e a g a i n s t t h e theses o f t h e 20th C o n g r e s s o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d K h r u s h c h e v i s m . R e v o l u t i o n a r y e x p e r i e n c e has p r o v e d that y o u cannot fight against K h r u s h c h e v i s m if y o u d o not also f i g h t against t h e c h a u v i n i s t a n d s o c i a l imperialist hegemonic policy w h i c h the leaders of the present-day capitalist and imperialist Soviet Union, Brezhnev, Suslov and company, follow. T h e v i e w s o f those w h o d i v i d e t h e r e a c t i o n a r y l i n e a n d the p r o - i m p e r i a l i s t p o l i c y o f t h e c u r r e n t C h i n e s e leaders f r o m M a o Z e d o n g a n d M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t are o f the same n a t u r e a n d e q u a l l y h a r m f u l . T h e c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y stands o f D e n g X i a o p i n g a n d H u a G u o f e n g cannot b e opposed a n d u n m a s k e d i f t h e i d e o l o g i c a l basis o f t h e i r actions, w h i c h i s M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t , i s n o t fought and unmasked.
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T h e P a r t y o f L a b o u r o f A l b a n i a has r e a c h e d this conclusion after m a k i n g a p r o f o u n d analysis of M a o Z e d o n g t h o u g h t a n d the l i n e w h i c h the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a has f o l l o w e d . T o d e f e n d M a o Z e d o n g a n d his ideas w i t h o u t g o i n g d e e p l y i n t o a n d s e r i o u s l y a n a l y s i n g t h e e v e n t s a n d facts m e a n s t o f a l l i n t o a r e v i s i o n i s t deviation. As long as y o u do not clear up this position y o u cannot be in a genuine M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t position. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s a n d the p r o l e t a r i a t o f each country never underestimate the pressure of the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its i d e o l o g y , t h e o p p r e s s i v e f o r c e o f c a p i t a l ism, i m p e r i a l i s m , social-imperialism and deceptive r e v i s i o n ist ideologies. T h i s p r e s s u r e a n d these n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e s b e c o m e h a r m f u l , v e r y d a n g e r o u s , i f t h e p a r t y o f the p r o l e t a r i a t does n o t w a g e a r e s o l u t e s t r u g g l e against t h e m a n d does n o t h a v e a s t r o n g o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d i r o n p r o l e t a r i a n d i s c i p l i n e , a n d i f i t i s n o t c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a steel u n i t y of thought and action, w h i c h excludes any spirit of factionalism and groups. This is why, along w i t h raising their ideological level a n d w a g i n g t h e s t r u g g l e against r e v i s i o n i s m a n d t h e influences of the bourgeois ideology, the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s devote t h e greatest care t o t h e i r i n t e r n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r e n g t h e n i n g o n t h e basis o f t h e L e n i n i s t n o r m s a n d p r i n c i p l e s . T h e p a r t y i s a n d becomes r e v o l u t i o n a r y w h e n tested, active, d e d i c a t e d , r e v o l u t i o n a r y e l e m e n t s m i l i t a t e i n its r a n k s . T h e y r e s o l u t e l y c o m b a t the s e c t a r i a n i n t e l l e c t u a l i s t concepts w h i c h f r e q u e n t l y , h i d i n g b e h i n d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t o a d m i t t r a i n e d elements, close t h e doors o f t h e p a r t y t o t h e w o r k e r s a n d s o u n d elements f r o m t h e o t h e r s t r a t a o f t h e w o r k i n g masses w h o , b y m i l i t a t i n g i n the r a n k s o f t h e p a r t y , c a n g a i n a l l those qualities w h i c h must characterize the vanguard of the revolutionary proletariat. S e n t i m e n t a l i t y , l i b e r a l i s m , t h e t e n d e n c y t o seek n u m -
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bers i n o r d e r t o g i v e the i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e r a n k s o f the p a r t y are i n c r e a s i n g w i t h n e w m e m b e r s , are h a r m f u l a n d h a v e g r a v e consequences. S u c h a d m i s s i o n s w i t h o u t strictly applying the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t norms not only do not h i n d e r the i n f l u e n c e a n d p r e s s u r e o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e f r o m a t t a c k i n g t h e p a r t y f r o m outside b u t a l l o w the p a r t y t o b e i n f i l t r a t e d b y v a r i o u s elements w h i c h d i v i d e a n d l i q u i d a t e it. The M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties in the capitalist countries are w o r k i n g a n d f i g h t i n g i n d i f f i c u l t c o n d i t i o n s a n d e n c o u n t e r m a n y d a n g e r s w h i c h come f r o m v a r i o u s d i r e c tions. T h e s e d a n g e r s are n o t i m a g i n a r y . T h e y a r e r e a l , a r e e n c o u n t e r e d e v e r y day, i n e v e r y step a n d i n e v e r y action. T h e y cannot be withstood if the communists do not u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e p r o g r a m o f a c t i o n a n d s t r u g g l e o f the p a r t y i s f o u n d e d o n the n e e d f o r s a c r i f i c e f o r t h e great ideals o f t h e cause o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d c o m m u n i s m , i f these s a c r i f i c e s a r e n o t c o n s c i o u s l y accepted a n d made unhesitatingly at any moment, in any situation or c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h i c h t h e m a j o r interests o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e people r e q u i r e . I n the c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , t h e e x i s t e n c e o f m a n y p a r t i e s causes g r e a t c o n f u s i o n i n p e o p l e ' s m i n d s . T h e s e p a r t i e s are p a r t i e s f o r v o t e s ; t h e y a r e i n t h e s e r v i c e o f local and w o r l d capital. This united capital rules w i t h t h e a i d o f state p o w e r a n d m o n e y , w i t h t h e o r g a n i z e d force o f the a r m y , t h e p o l i c e a n d o t h e r o r g a n s o f v i o l e n c e . T h e p a r t i e s , w h i c h are l i n k e d w i t h c a p i t a l , w i t h t h e various m u l t i n a t i o n a l concerns and companies, p l a y the g a m e o f d e m o c r a c y w i t h t h e a i m o f d i v e r t i n g t h e masses f r o m the m a i n o b j e c t i v e o f t h e i r s t r u g g l e t h r o w i n g off t h e y o k e o f c a p i t a l a n d s e i z i n g state p o w e r , t h a t is, c a r r y i n g out the revolution. It is not w i t h o u t purpose that the bourgeois parties apply certain organizational and political orientations and
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f o r m s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e y a l l o w a n y o n e t o enter o r l e a v e t h e i r r a n k s w h e n e v e r h e w a n t s . A l l a r e free t o t a l k a n d shout, t o d e l i v e r discourses a t m e e t i n g s a n d r a l l i e s , b u t no one is a l l o w e d to act, to go b e y o n d t h e b o u n d s o f t h e s o - c a l l e d f r e e d o m o f speech. T h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m f r e e d o m o f speech t o concrete actions i s c l a s s i f i e d a n d t r e a t e d a s a n act o f a n a r c h i s t s , c r i m i n a l s a n d t e r r o r i s t s . The M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y can never be such a party. It is not a p a r t y of w o r d s , b u t a p a r t y of r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n . I f its m e m b e r s are not e n g a g e d i n concrete a c t i o n s and struggle it w i l l not be a genuine Marxist-Leninist Party, but a Marxist-Leninist party only in name. At g i v e n moments such a p a r t y w i l l certainly be split into d i f f e r e n t factions, w i l l h a v e m a n y l i n e s w h i c h w i l l coexist, a n d it w i l l be turned into a liberal, opportunist and rev i s i o n i s t p a r t y . S u c h a p a r t y i s n e i t h e r s u i t e d t o o r needed b y t h e w o r k i n g class. A r e v o l u t i o n a r y M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y cannot reconcile itself either to r e f o r m i s m or to anarchism and t e r r o r i s m . I t i s a g a i n s t a l l these c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y trends in w h a t e v e r f o r m they present themselves. T h e p a r t y must a l w a y s bear in m i n d that it is impossible for t h e b o u r g e o i s i e n o t t o a t t a c k it, t h a t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t h a t i t w i l l n o t c a l l its actions t h e actions o f a n a r c h i s t s a n d t e r r o r i s t s . H o w e v e r , t h i s does n o t m a k e t h e p a r t y t a i l b e h i n d e v e n t s a n d t h e m o v e m e n t o f the masses, g i v e u p actions a n d enter the vicious circle of revisionist and reformist parties. It is the c o m p l e x actions of the political, ideological a n d economic struggle of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties at t h e h e a d o f t h e w o r k i n g class against t h e bourgeoisie, s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y , r e v i s i o n i s m a n d t h e b o u r g e o i s state, w h i c h e n a b l e t h e masses t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r n o t these a c t i v i t i e s a r e t r u l y r e v o l u t i o n a r y i n c h a r a c t e r . T h e masses k n o w h o w t o d i s t i n g u i s h g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r y
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actions w h i c h a r e i n t h e i r i n t e r e s t s f r o m t e r r o r i s m a n d anarchism. Therefore, they j o i n in the revolutionary actions w h i c h the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties lead and rise against the p o w e r o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e blows and the harsh oppression of the capitalist bourgeoisie, w h i c h goes a s f a r a s u n d e r t a k i n g b l o o d y a c t i o n s against t h e w o r k i n g class a n d g e n u i n e c o m m u n i s t s . T h e Marxist-Leninist communist p a r t y is not afraid of c i v i l w a r , w h i c h t h e savage o p p r e s s i o n a n d v i o l e n c e o f the b o u r g e o i s i e l e a d to. I t i s k n o w n t h a t c i v i l w a r i s n o t w a g e d b e t w e e n t h e w o r k i n g class a n d honest w o r k i n g people, b u t i s w a g e d b y t h e w o r k i n g masses a g a i n s t t h e r u l i n g c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its o r g a n s o f o p p r e s s i o n . T h e revolutionary struggle of the proletariat m u s t lead to the violent seizure of power. It is precisely this development o f w h i c h t h e capitalists, t h e b o u r g e o i s a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s are a f r a i d . T h a t i s w h y s o c i a l - d e m o c r a c y a n d t h e m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s s t r i v e t o p r e v e n t t h e w o r k i n g class f r o m g a i n i n g r e v o l u t i o n a r y consciousness, f r o m u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f economic, p o l i t i c a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l p r o blems, and reaching that r e v o l u t i o n a r y m a t u r i t y and sound organization w h i c h help in the creation of the subjective conditions for the struggle for the seizure of power. T h e s t r a t e g y a n d tactics o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i c h t h e Eurocommunists have made their o w n , a i m to split the w o r k i n g class s o t h a t t h e y w i l l n o t b e f a c e d w i t h a u n i f i e d s t r i k i n g force. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s , h o w e v e r , f i g h t f o r t h e opposite, f o r t h e u n i t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class. T h e b o u r g e o i s i e f e a r s the r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n and u n i t y of the proletariat, w h i c h , contrary to the preachings of the Eurocommunists and other revisionists, remains the m a i n revolutionary m o t i v e force of our time. Therefore, it tries to m a i n t a i n continuous control over t r a d e - u n i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n s , o v e r t r a d e - u n i o n centres, w h i c h
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can be numerous in the capitalist parties, w i t h names a n d programs w h i c h appear different, but w h i c h have no essential d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m . T h r o u g h t h e b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s a n d its o w n state s t r u c t u r e s , t h e b o u r g e o i s i e has e n c o u r a g e d as n e v e r b e f o r e the d i v e r s i o n i s t role of the trade-unions w h i c h are openly manipulated by them. A s t h e facts s h o w , t r a d e - u n i o n s o f t h i s k i n d i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s h a v e become c o m p l e t e l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o a n d a p p e n d a g e s o f t h e e c o n o m i c a n d state o r g a n i z a t i o n o f c a p i t a l i s m . T h e e v e r m o r e open c o l l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e t r a d e - u n i o n centres w i t h t h e o w n i n g class, w i t h f i n a n c e c a p i t a l a n d t h e bourgeois g o v e r n m e n t s is a n o t o r i o u s fact. As it is n o w , t h e t r a d e - u n i o n m o v e m e n t does n o t c h a l l e n g e c a p i t a l i s m , b u t w o r k s f o r it, t r i e s t o s u b j u g a t e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t o r e s t r i c t a n d u n d e r m i n e i t s s t r u g g l e against c a p i t a l i s m . S o m e o f t h e m a r e m o r e l i k e b i g c a p i t a l i s t concerns t h a n trade-union organizations. It is a fact that, as a r e s u l t of this u n d e r m i n i n g a c t i v i t y c a r r i e d out b y t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s a n d s o c i a l - d e m o cracy, b y t h e b o u r g e o i s - r e f o r m i s t t r a d e - u n i o n centres, the E u r o p e a n p r o l e t a r i a t r e m a i n s split, a n d a n i m p o r t a n t sect i o n o f t h e w o r k e r s i s m a n i p u l a t e d b y these centres. T h e control of revisionists a n d social-democrats over the tradeu n i o n m o v e m e n t is a m a j o r obstacle to the d e v e l o p m e n t o f the class s t r u g g l e a n d the f o r m a t i o n a n d t e m p e r i n g o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y consciousness o f the w o r k i n g people. Therefore, the only road for the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s and r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , a r o a d w h i c h is i m p o s e d on t h e m , is to expose t h e a c t i v i t y o f r e v i s i o n i s t s , t o d i s i n t e g r a t e t h e i r p o s i t i o n s i n the t r a d e - u n i o n m o v e m e n t a n d t o create r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a d e - u n i o n s . O b v i o u s l y , these n e w t r a d e u n i o n s c a n n o t b u t h a v e the o b j e c t i v e o f a c h i e v i n g t h e u n i t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class against the p o w e r o f c a p i t a l ,
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a g a i n s t its d e m a g o g y a n d t h a t o f the b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t parties. T o f i g h t against the so-called t r a d i t i o n a l t r a d e - u n i o n s does not m e a n t h a t y o u are o p p o s e d i n p r i n c i p l e t o t h e existence of u n i o n s as o r g a n i z a t i o n s of t h e masses w i t h a b r o a d c h a r a c t e r , as centres of t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d resistance o f the w o r k i n g class, h i s t o r i c a l l y i n e v i t a b l e a n d essential i n the c o n d i t i o n s o f c a p i t a l i s m f o r u n i t i n g t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h r o w i n g i t i n t o t h e class s t r u g g l e against t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . W h i l e p u t t i n g f o r w a r d the t a s k o f c r e a t i n g r e v o l u t i o n a r y unions, t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s i n n o w a y a b a n d o n t h e i r w o r k i n t h e e x i s t i n g u n i o n s i n w h i c h t h e r e are l a r g e masses o f w o r k e r s , because, o t h e r w i s e , t h e y w o u l d l e a v e t h e t r a d e - u n i o n bosses a f r e e h a n d to m a n i p u l a t e t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t o use i t i n t h e i r o w n i n t e r e s t s a n d t h e interests o f c a p i t a l . P a r t i c i p a t i o n o f c o m m u n i s t s i n t h e existing unions is not determined by contingency and is n o t a tactic, as t h e T r o t s k y i t e s t r y to p r e s e n t it, b u t a s t a n d o f p r i n c i p l e w h i c h stems f r o m t h e L e n i n i s t t e a c h i n g s o n the n e e d f o r u n i t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class, w h i c h c a n n o t b e a c h i e v e d w i t h o u t w o r k i n g a m o n g the masses a n d without freeing them f r o m the influences of the bourgeoisie a n d v a r i o u s o p p o r t u n i s t s . O f course, the s t r u g g l e o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y w i t h i n the reformist and revisionist trade-union centres does n o t h a v e t h e a i m o f c o r r e c t i n g o r e d u c a t i n g t h e t r a d e u n i o n bosses, o r i m p r o v i n g a n d r e f o r m i n g t h e m . S u c h a stand w o u l d be a n e w r e f o r m i s m . T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s w o r k w i t h t h e masses o f t r a d e - u n i o n i s t s i n o r d e r t o educate a n d p r e p a r e t h e m f o r a n t i - c a p i t a l i s t , a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t a n d a n t i - r e v i s i o n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y actions. T h e unity and cohesion of the proletariat is brought about in the process o f w o r k a n d s t r u g g l e . H o w e v e r , a s M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m teaches us, t h e u n i t y
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o f t h e w o r k i n g class i s a c h i e v e d , f i r s t o f a l l , i n the f i e l d o f p r a c t i c e , t h r o u g h p o l i t i c a l actions a n d e c o n o m i c c l a i m s p r o p e r l y h a r m o n i z e d w i t h one another, g i v i n g p r i o r i t y t o p o l i t i c a l actions. T a k i n g a f i r m r e v o l u t i o n a r y class stand, the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s fight to l i n k economic claims w i t h political claims, and in this terrain denounce and expose t h e t r e a c h e r o u s a c t i v i t y o f t h e t r a d e - u n i o n bosses who, through various trade-union manoeuvres, sacrifice the m a j o r f u n d a m e n t a l interests of the proletariat. A t present, t h e r e a r e m i l l i o n s w h o come o u t o n s t r i k e s , i n d e m o n s t r a t i o n s f o r e c o n o m i c c l a i m s , w h i c h also h a v e a p o l i t i c a l c h a r a c t e r , because t h e y a r e f i g h t i n g capitalism w h i c h refuses to recognize the rights of w o r k ers. H o w e v e r , a l l these e n d u p i n a n a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t r a d e - u n i o n bosses a n d c a p i t a l i s t s , w h o m a k e t h e s t r i k e r s some m i n o r concession, j u s t t o g i v e t h e m a c e r t a i n s a t i s f a c t i o n . H o w e v e r , i f these c l a i m s a r e g i v e n a r e a l p o l i t i c a l c h a r a c t e r , t h e tools o f c a p i t a l i n t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s a n d capital itself are placed in great difficulties. T h e w o r k e r aristocracy and the capitalist bourgeoisie are v e r y m u c h afraid of the l i n k i n g of the economic strugg l e w i t h t h e p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e . T h e y f e a r the p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e , because i t leads t h e w o r k i n g class a l o n g w a y , a n d e v e n leads i t t o clashes a n d battles. P o l i t i c a l actions, p r o p e r l y c a r r i e d out, w e a k e n the l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e c a p i t a l ist b o u r g e o i s i e i n t h e t r a d e - u n i o n s , b r e a k t h e rules, t h e l a w s , a n d e v e r y t h i n g else i t h a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n o r d e r t o e n s l a v e t h e w o r k i n g class, a n d opens the eyes o f t h e class. T h e w o r k i n g class i s t h e l e a d i n g class, a n d a s s u c h , it must break its l i n k s w i t h the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois p s y c h o l o g y . In o r d e r to do this, it is n e c e s s a r y to f i g h t b o t h against l i b e r a l - o p p o r t u n i s t v i e w s , w h i c h l e a d t o rightist trade-unionist deviations, a n d against sectarian v i e w s w h i c h isolate t h e g e n u i n e M a r x i s t p a r t y f r o m
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v i g o r o u s concrete w o r k w i t h the masses. B o t h these t y p e s o f v i e w s h a v e e x t r e m e l y h a r m f u l consequences f o r t h e cause of the r e v o l u t i o n . J u s t as the r e d u c t i o n of t h e t r a d e union movement merely to struggle for economic demands must be combated, hesitation to fight for economic demands, for fear of going over to opportunism and the s i m p l e t r a d e - u n i o n s t r u g g l e , m u s t also b e a v o i d e d . W h i l e f i g h t i n g f o r the u n i t y o f the w o r k i n g class, t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s see t h i s a s t h e basis f o r the u n i t y o f a l l t h e masses o f the people, w h i c h i s q u i t e t h e opposite t o those u n p r i n c i p l e d , c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y c o m b i n a t i o n s a n d a l l i a n c e s w h i c h t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s advocate. T h e d e e p e n i n g o f t h e crisis, w h i c h t h e c a p i t a l i s t - r e v i s i o n i s t w o r l d i s e x p e r i e n c i n g , i s e x t e n d i n g the s o c i a l a n d class basis o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n . A p a r t f r o m the w o r k i n g class, other s t r a t a o f society e x p l o i t e d b y c a p i t a l i s m , s u c h as the peasantry, the u r b a n petty bourgeoisie, the i n t e l l i g e n t s i a a n d the students, t h e y o u t h a n d t h e masses o f w o m e n , are t a k i n g p a r t e v e r m o r e a c t i v e l y i n t h e r e v olutionary movement. Therefore, the question of l i n k i n g u p w i t h these masses a n d l e a d i n g t h e m becomes a t a s k o f first-rate importance for the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties. D i r e c t w o r k b y the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y a n d its m e m b e r s i n the r a n k s o f the masses i s i n d i s p e n s a b l e a n d o f great v a l u e , b u t i t i s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o e x t e n d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f the p a r t y a m o n g t h e b r o a d w o r k i n g masses, i f t h e l e v e r s of the p a r t y , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s of the masses, such as those of the y o u t h , w o m e n , etc., are n o t o r g a n i z e d a n d set i n t o a c t i o n . T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y w o r k s w h e r e v e r the masses are, e v e n i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h a r e r u n a n d m a n i p u l a t e d b y the b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t parties, i n o r d e r t o w e a n a w a y t h e m f r o m t h e i n f l u e n c e of the r e a c t i o n a r y a n d o p p o r t u n i s t i d e o l o g y of these parties, j u s t a s i t w o r k s also t o create the r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f the masses w h i c h m i l i t a t e o n t h e l i n e o f
989
t h e p a r t y a n d act w i t h c o n s c i o u s c o n v i c t i o n u n d e r its leadership. In the countries where capital rules, the youth, the w o m e n a n d o t h e r w o r k i n g masses a r e a m a j o r r e s e r v e o f the revolution. T o d a y there are millions of y o u t h a n d w o m e n unemployed, abandoned and left w i t h o u t hope by t h e bourgeoisie, t h e r e f o r e t h e y are s e e t h i n g w i t h r e v o l t a n d the e l e m e n t s o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y o u t b u r s t s are a c c u m u l a t i n g . R e g a r d i n g the m o v e m e n t s o f t h e y o u t h , students, intelligentsia and progressive w o m e n as important c o m ponent parts of the broad democratic and liberation r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t s i n g e n e r a l , the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s t r y to unite the drive and revolutionary aspirations of these b r o a d masses w i t h t h e d r i v e a n d a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e w o r k i n g class, i n o r d e r t o o r g a n i z e , e d u c a t e a n d l e a d t h e m o n t h e r i g h t r o a d . W h e n t h e i n e x h a u s t i b l e energies o f t h e y o u t h , t h e w o m e n a n d t h e o t h e r masses are u n i t e d w i t h t h e energies o f t h e w o r k i n g class u n d e r t h e l e a d e r ship of the proletarian party, there is no force w h i c h can stop t h e t r i u m p h o f the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m . T h e hegemony of the proletariat w i l l not be complete a n d e f f e c t i v e i f i t i s not e x t e n d e d o v e r a l l t h e s t r a t a o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n t e r e s t e d i n the r e v o l u t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y o v e r the peasantry w h i c h in the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of countries, represents the m a i n a n d most p o w e r f u l a l l y of t h e w o r k i n g class. A t t h e same t i m e , t h e a l l i a n c e o f t h e w o r k i n g class w i t h the p e a s a n t r y i s t h e basis f o r u n i t i n g i n a b r o a d f r o n t a l l t h e w o r k i n g masses, a l l those w h o i n one w a y o r a n o t h e r are f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t c a p i t a l i s m a n d i m p e r i a l i s m , against o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n b y m o nopolies and m u l t i n a t i o n a l companies. A t the present time, m a n y rallies a n d demonstrations are b e i n g h e l d i n t h e streets o f cities a n d v i l l a g e s o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s . N a t u r a l l y , these are o r g a n i z e d b y t h e bourgeois, social-democratic a n d revisionist parties, w h i c h
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h a v e c e r t a i n a i m s w h e n t h e y b r i n g t h e masses o u t i n t h e streets. A b o v e a l l , t h e y w a n t t o k e e p the r e v o l t e d masses o f w o r k i n g people u n d e r t h e i r c o n t r o l a n d t o c o n f i n e t h e i r demands w i t h i n the economic f r a m e w o r k permitted by the bourgeoisie. T h e t a s k o f t h e c o m m u n i s t s i s n o t t o s t a n d a p a r t f r o m these d e m o n s t r a t i o n s because t h e b o u r g e o i s and revisionist parties organize them, but to take part in these mass m o v e m e n t s a n d t u r n t h e m i n t o p o l i t i c a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d clashes w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its lackeys. I n a c t i v i t y , a p a t h y a n d f r u i t l e s s discussions a r e l e t h a l to a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y . If a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y i s n o t c o n t i n u a l l y active, i n m o v e m e n t w i t h a g i t a t i o n a n d p r o p a g a n d a , i f i t does not t a k e p a r t i n t h e d i f f e r e n t m a n i festations o f the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e o t h e r w o r k i n g masses, i r r e s p e c t i v e t h a t t h e y m a y b e u n d e r the i n f l u e n c e of reformist parties, it w i l l not be possible to alter the d i r e c t i o n w h i c h the r e f o r m i s t p a r t i e s g i v e t h e m o v e m e n t of the masses. T h e correct l i n e o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y c a n n o t b e c a r r i e d a m o n g t h e masses b y m e a n s o f its press alone, w h i c h is usually very restricted. The communists, s y m p a thizers, a n d m e m b e r s o f the mass o r g a n i z a t i o n s c a r r y t h e l i n e o f t h e p a r t y a m o n g the masses p r e c i s e l y d u r i n g t h e a c t i v i t i e s a n d actions o f t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e o t h e r w o r k i n g masses w h e n t h e y a r e i n m o v e m e n t , i n s t r u g g l e and battle for their economic rights, and even more for their political rights. S u c h vigorous r e v o l u t i o n a r y action ensures t w o i m p o r t a n t o b j e c t i v e s : o n t h e one h a n d , i t t e m p e r s t h e p a r t y i t s e l f i n a c t i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e masses a n d r a i s e s i t s a u t h o r i t y a n d i n f l u e n c e , a n d o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t creates p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e p a r t y t o see t h e m o s t p o l i t i c a l l y a n d ideologically sound and advanced elements of the w o r k i n g class i n a c t i o n , those w h o w i l l b e t h e best a n d the m o s t
991
r e s o l u t e m i l i t a n t s o f t h e p a r t y i n t h e f u t u r e . F r o m these elements, the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s secure the n e w b l o o d f o r t h e i r r a n k s , a n d not f r o m a f e w d i s c o n t e n t e d i n t e l l e c t u a l e l e m e n t s , o r some u n e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s w h o d e m a n d justice, w h o a r e r e v o l t e d , b u t a r e n o t s o s t a b l e a n d do n o t accept t h e i r o n d i s c i p l i n e of a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t proletarian party. The leaders of revisionist parties t h i n k that the w h o l e w o r k o f t h e p a r t y consists o f endless discussions, f r u i t l e s s t h e o r i z i n g a n d e m p t y contests o v e r one q u e s t i o n o r a n o t h e r . N o t h i n g comes o u t o f s u c h sterile w o r k . T h e r e v i s i o n ist p a r t i e s w o r k o n t h e masses t h r o u g h t h e i r press w h i c h , it must be admitted, is extensive. These parties themselves are big capitalist trusts, a n d t h e y have p a i d w o r k e r s especially to t u r n out their propaganda. T h e y have become v e r y s k i l f u l a t p r e a c h i n g t o t h e w o r k i n g masses w h a t t h e y s h o u l d a n d w h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t do. W i t h t h e i r d e m a g o g y t h e y o b s c u r e t h e f i n a l a i m o f t h e w o r k i n g masses, w h i c h is the o v e r t h r o w of the capitalist system, and m a k e them believe that w h a t is achieved w i t h a n o r m a l strike is everything. T h i s big lie is in favour of the capitalist b o u r geoisie. T h a t i s w h y the b o u r g e o i s i e i s n o t w o r r i e d b y t h e w o r d s , t h e a r t i c l e s a n d t h e discourses o f t h e s a l a r i e d r e v i s i o n i s t p r o p a g a n d i s t s , o r b y t h e s t r i k e s w h i c h are h e l d under the leadership of their parties. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s n e v e r descend t o these f o r m s o f t h e stale p r o p a g a n d a o f t h e r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s . T h e y k n o w that the u p r i s i n g a n d the revolution do not come a b o u t a u t o m a t i c a l l y . T h e y m u s t b e p r e p a r e d . T h e best p r e p a r a t i o n i s t h r o u g h actions. B u t t o g e t h e r w i t h a c t i o n , t h e t h e o r y w h i c h g u i d e s these actions i s necessary. M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n teach us that w i t h o u t revolutionary action there is no revolutionary theory and without revolutionary theory there is no revolutionary action.
992
ENVER HOXHA
T h e w o r k of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y among the masses, u n i t i n g t h e m a r o u n d concrete p o l i t i c a l o b j e c t i v e s , i s a n i m p o r t a n t task, because t h e r e v o l u t i o n i s n o t c a r r i e d o u t b y the w o r k i n g class alone, a n d e v e n less s o b y its v a n g u a r d , t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y alone. T o c a r r y o u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e w o r k i n g class enters i n t o a l l i a n c e w i t h o t h e r social forces, w i t h p r o g r e s s i v e p a r t i e s a n d f a c t i o n s o f t h e m , w i t h p r o g r e s s i v e i n d i v i d u a l s , w i t h w h o m i t has interests i n c o m m o n o n v a r i o u s p r o b l e m s a n d a t d i f f e r e n t periods. B r o a d popular fronts w i t h definite political p r o g r a m s a r e c r e a t e d w i t h these forces. T h e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class i s n o t d i s s o l v e d i n these f r o n t s , b u t a l w a y s r e t a i n s its o r g a n i z a t i o n a l a n d p o l i t i c a l i n d e p e n d e n c e . T h e question of alliances is a v e r y acute a n d delicate problem. The Marxist-Leninist party must follow, study a n d d e f i n e t h e tendencies, d e m a n d s a n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w h i c h e x i s t w i t h i n t h e m o v e m e n t o f the masses, i n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e dialectics o f t h e class s t r u g g l e . O n t h i s basis t h e c o m m u n i s t s choose t h e r i g h t r o a d t o a c h i e v e v a r i o u s alliances. T h e m a t u r i t y o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y i s e x p r e s s e d i n its s o u n d a n a l y s i s a n d assessment o f t h e s i t u a t i o n w h i c h exists i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e masses a n d amongst different political groupings for the creation of necessary alliances. O n l y w i t h a correct p o l i c y a n d a n a c c u r a t e f o r e s i g h t o f h o w events w i l l d e v e l o p w i l l t h e p a r t y o f t h e w o r k i n g class b e a b l e t o m a i n t a i n its i n d i v i d u a l i t y i n these a l l i a n c e s a n d i n c r e a s e its i n f l u e n c e a m o n g t h e masses w h i c h i t w a n t s t o r a l l y a n d t h r o w i n t o revolution. T h e c r e a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t a l l i a n c e s a n d , o n t h i s basis, t h e c r e a t i o n o f b r o a d p o p u l a r f r o n t s becomes a n i m perative duty, especially in the conditions w h e n in m a n y c o u n t r i e s t h e d a n g e r o f f a s c i s m i s great a n d i m m e d i a t e , and the pressure and interference of the superpowers against a l l c o u n t r i e s h a v e i n c r e a s e d . T h e f a c t t h a t t h e n a -
993
t i o n a l issue i s a s s u m i n g a s p e c i a l a n d s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y process t o d a y f a v o u r s t h e a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h i s u n i t y a n d these alliances. T h i s is l i n k e d w i t h the intensification of the e x p a n sionist hegemonic a n d aggressive policy of the imperialist powers. B u t the occupation of a country is not always done t h r o u g h m i l i t a r y a g g r e s s i o n . T h i s e n s l a v e m e n t , c o l o n i z a t i o n , o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n i s also c a r r i e d o u t i n o t h e r new, m o d e r n , e c o n o m i c , c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l f o r m s , w h i c h d i s g u i s e savage i m p e r i a l i s t d o m i n a t i o n . T h a t is w h y , w h e n we say that the r e v o l u t i o n is on t h e o r d e r o f t h e d a y , t h i s i s also l i n k e d w i t h t h e n a t i o n a l issue, t h a t is, w i t h t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f one o r some c o u n t r i e s by the big capitalist and imperialist powers, either through direct m i l i t a r y occupation or t h r o u g h indirect means a n d w a y s . I n t h i s sense, c o u n t r i e s l i k e Italy, S p a i n , P o r t u g a l , etc., a l t h o u g h t h e y are n o t o c c u p i e d b y the a r m e d f o r c e of foreign armies, still suffer f r o m foreign domination and interference. T h e Eurocommunists can prattle as m u c h as they l i k e t h a t t h e i r c o u n t r i e s a r e f r e e a n d s o v e r e i g n , b u t i n fact t h e S p a n i s h , I t a l i a n , P o r t u g u e s e a n d o t h e r peoples a r e o p p r e s s e d a n d e x p l o i t e d . A b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y exists i n e a c h o f t h e i r c o u n t r i e s , b u t the state t h e r e i s b o u n d h a n d a n d foot t o f o r e i g n c a p i t a l . T h e people, t h e w o r k i n g class do not enjoy genuine democracy a n d sovereignty, they a r e n o t f r e e because e v e r y t h i n g i s c o n t r o l l e d b y f o r e i g n capital. D u r i n g the Second W o r l d W a r , at the time w h e n m a n y countries were occupied by the G e r m a n nazi or t h e I t a l i a n fascist a r m i e s , t h e q u i s l i n g s a n d c o l l a b o r a t o r s u n i t e d w i t h t h e o c c u p i e r s . T o d a y , too, o t h e r q u i s l i n g s a n d c o l l a b o r a t o r s , w i t h d i f f e r e n t disguises a n d slogans, a r e i n p o w e r a n d a r e b o u n d t o t h e n e w m o d e r n occupiers, t h e n e o c o l o n i a l i s t s a n d t h e i r c a p i t a l , w i t h a t h o u s a n d threads,
994
ENVER HOXHA
V e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n a n d c a r r y i n g o u t o f the r e v o l u t i o n i s t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y w o r k i n the r a n k s of the bourgeois armies, w h i c h L e n i n called
...the
chief
instruments
of
state
power.*
L e n i n has p r o v i d e d t h e a n s w e r t o m a n y t h e o r e t i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m s l i n k e d w i t h t h e necessity o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y w o r k i n the r a n k s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s a r m i e s a n d has d e f i n e d t h e w a y s t o attack, d e m o r a l i z e a n d d i s i n t e g r a t e t h e m . T h i s q u e s t i o n assumes s p e c i a l i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e p r e sent c o n d i t i o n s w h e n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n s i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s are m a t u r i n g r a p i d l y . I n g e n e r a l , t h e b o u r g e o i s a r m y is the bourgeoisie a r m e d to the teeth w h i c h conf r o n t s the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e p o p u l a r masses. T h e large armies of the capitalist countries create the impression that in such circumstances the revolution a n d t h e s m a s h i n g o f t h e state o f o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n become i m p o s s i b l e . T h e s e v i e w s a r e s p r e a d a n d p r o p a g a t e d , especially, b y t h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s w h o d o not attack the bourgeois a r m y even w i t h feathers. In r e g a r d t o the n u m b e r o f t r o o p s i n t h e a r m y , t h i s does not m a k e a n y great d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n , w h i l e i t creates w o r r y i n g p r o b l e m s f o r t h e b o u r g e o i s i e . T h e e x t e n s i o n o f the a r m y w i t h m a n y e l e m e n t s f r o m v a r i o u s s t r a t a o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n creates m o r e f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r d e m o r a l i z i n g t h e a r m y a n d t u r n i n g i t against t h e b o u r geoisie. In this w a y the revolution encounters t w o m a j o r p r o b l e m s . O n t h e one h a n d , i t m u s t w i n o v e r t h e w o r k i n g class a n d the w o r k i n g masses, w i t h o u t w h o m i t i s i m possible t o g o i n t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , it must demoralize and disintegrate the bourgeois a r m y
995
w h i c h suppresses t h e r e v o l u t i o n . I n the t r a d e - u n i o n s , the b o u r g e o i s i e uses t h e w o r k e r a r i s t o c r a c y f o r its o w n ends, w h i l e i n the a r m y i t uses t h e caste o f o f f i c e r s w h o c a r r y o u t t h e s a m e f u n c t i o n s t h e r e a s the t r a d e - u n i o n bosses i n the trade-unions. The principles, laws and organizational structures in t h e b o u r g e o i s a r m i e s are s u c h t h a t t h e y a l l o w t h e b o u r geoisie t o e x e r t c o n t r o l o v e r the a r m y , t o m a i n t a i n a n d t r a i n it as a m e a n s to s u p p r e s s the r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e peoples. T h i s s h o w s the m a r k e d l y r e a c t i o n a r y class c h a r a c t e r o f t h e b o u r g e o i s a r m y a n d exposes t h e e f f o r t s t o p r e s e n t it as above classes, n a t i o n a l , outside politics, r e s p e c t i n g d e m o c r a c y , etc. R e g a r d l e s s of t h e d e m o c r a t i c traditions, the bourgeois a r m y in any country is a n t i p o p u l a r a n d d e s t i n e d t o d e f e n d the r u l e o f the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t o c a r r y o u t its e x p a n s i o n i s t a i m s . H o w e v e r , t h e b o u r g e o i s a r m y does n o t c o n s t i t u t e a c o m p a c t m a s s ; t h e r e i s n o t a n d c a n n o t b e u n i t y i n it. T h e a n t a g o n i s t i c c o n t r a d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e bourgeoisie, e i t h e r c a p i t a l i s t o r r e v i s i o n i s t , o n t h e one h a n d , a n d t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g masses, o n t h e other, are r e f l e c t e d i n t h e a r m i e s o f these c o u n t r i e s , too. T h e masses o f soldiers, m a d e u p o f t h e sons o f w o r k e r s a n d peasants, h a v e interests d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed to the character of the a r m y a n d t h e m i s s i o n t h e b o u r g e o i s i e charges i t w i t h . L i k e t h e w o r k e r s a n d o t h e r w o r k i n g people, the masses o f soldiers a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n the o v e r t h r o w o f t h e e x p l o i t i n g order, a n d t h a t i s w h y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e shuts i t u p i n b a r r a c k s a n d isolates i t f r o m t h e people, t u r n i n g the a r m y , as L e n i n p o i n t e d out, i n t o a p r i s o n f o r m i l l i o n s of soldiers. T h i s i s t h e basis o f t h e c o n f l i c t w h i c h g r o w s c o n s t a n t l y deeper b e t w e e n t h e soldiers, w h o are the sons o f the people, a n d t h e c o m m a n d i n g body, t h e o f f i c e r s , w h o are t h e e x e c u t i v e h a n d o f the c a p i t a l i s t bourgeoisie, t r a i n e d
996
ENVER HOXHA
a n d e d u c a t e d to s e r v e the i n t e r e s t s of c a p i t a l z e a l o u s l y . T h e w o r k o f the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y a i m s t o m a k e the s o l d i e r r e v o l t against the o f f i c e r , so t h a t he does n o t c a r r y out t h e o r d e r s , does n o t o b s e r v e t h e d i s c i p l i n e a n d the l a w s o f the bourgeoisie, a n d sabotages t h e w e a p o n s i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e m f r o m b e i n g u s e d against t h e people. L e n i n s a i d ,
Not a single great revolution has ever taken place, or ever can take place, without the 'disorganization' of the army. For the army is the most ossified instrument for supporting the old regime, the most hardened bulwark of bourgeois discipline, buttressing up the rule of capital, and preserving and fostering among the working people the servile spirit of submission and subjection to capital.*
O f course, the m e t h o d s , f o r m s a n d t a c t i c s t o b r i n g a b o u t the d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e a r m y are m a n y a n d v a r i e d , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e concrete c o n d i tions. T h e c o n d i t i o n s are n o t i d e n t i c a l i n e v e r y c o u n t r y t o d a y a n d , t h e r e f o r e , t h e tactics o f t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s d i f f e r f r o m one c o u n t r y t o a n o t h e r . T h e r e a r e c o u n t r i e s w h e r e fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p s a n d t e r r o r h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i shed o p e n l y , a n d t h e r e are others w h e r e those f e w l e g a l forms of bourgeois democracy can a n d must be utilized. In general, however, personal w o r k w i t h i n d i v i d u a l soldiers, b o t h i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e t h e b a r r a c k s , t h e s t e r n s t r u g g l e o f the w o r k e r s , t h e c o n t i n u a l s t r i k e s , d e m o n s t r a tions, r a l l i e s , protests, etc., p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t role, b o t h f o r t h e m o b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e masses a n d f o r t h e d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the b o u r g e o i s a r m y .
997
...all these, so to say, test battles and clashes, p o i n t e d out L e n i n , are inexorably drawing the army into political life and consequently into the sphere of revolutionary problems. Experience in the struggle enlightens more rapidly and more profoundly than years of propaganda under other circumstances.*
W o r k m u s t b e d o n e w i t h the soldier, the son o f the people, b e f o r e h e j o i n s the a r m y , a n d l a t e r , w h e n h e i s c a r r y i n g o u t h i s m i l i t a r y service, w h i c h i s t h e m o s t d e c i s i v e phase, a n d f i n a l l y , w h e n h e completes h i s service a n d becomes a r e s e r v i s t . W o r k w i t h t h e l o w e r r a n k i n g o f f i c e r s , i n o r d e r t o separate t h e m f r o m the caste o f senior officers a n d to convince t h e m not to raise their h a n d a g a i n s t the people, m u s t n o t b e e x c l u d e d , e i t h e r . O f course, p o l i t i c a l w o r k i n t h e a r m y i s a s d a n g e r o u s as it is important. Whereas the worst that can happen to y o u for political activity and propaganda in the ranks o f the t r a d e - u n i o n s i s t o b e d i s m i s s e d f r o m y o u r job, i n t h e a r m y w h e r e p o l i t i c a l w o r k a n d p r o p a g a n d a are s t e r n l y p r o h i b i t e d , t h e p u n i s h m e n t c o u l d b e t o f a c e the f i r i n g squad. However, revolutionary communists have never l a c k e d t h e s p i r i t o f sacrifice, o r t h e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t w i t h o u t w o r k i n g i n t h i s sector the w a y t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n cannot be o p e n e d . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , the d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the b o u r geois a r m y is a c o m p o n e n t p a r t of t h e s t r a t e g y a i m e d to r u i n the w a r - m o n g e r i n g plans of the capitalist bourgeoisie, t o sabotage its p r e d a t o r y w a r s a n d t r a n s f o r m them into revolutionary wars. This is h o w the bolsheviks acted w i t h the c z a r i s t a r m y i n the t i m e o f L e n i n . T h e
__________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 9, pp. 402-403, A l b . ed.
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o v e r t h r o w o f K e r e n s k y a n d his g o v e r n m e n t w h i c h w a n t e d t o c o n t i n u e t h e i m p e r i a l i s t w a r , L e n i n ' s p o l i c y o n peace, o n t h e a g r a r i a n q u e s t i o n a n d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the l a n d a m o n g the p o o r peasants, etc., b r o u g h t t h e s o l d i e r s o v e r t o the side o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , w h i l e t h e o f f i c e r caste r e m a i n e d w i t h the W h i t e G u a r d s , o n t h e s i d e o f the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n . T h e L e n i n i s t s t r a t e g y a n d tactics o f s t r u g g l e against t h e b o u r g e o i s a r m y m a k e i t easier t o encourage a n d m o b i l i z e t h e w o r k i n g class a n d t h e peoples f o r the r e v o l u t i o n , f o r the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t a n d t h e n a tional liberation wars. T h e w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t has r i c h e x p e r i ence o f w o r k i n t h e r a n k s o f the b o u r g e o i s a r m i e s . I n the czarist a r m y i n R u s s i a i n 1905, r e v o l u t i o n a r y c o m m i t t e e s o f soldiers w e r e c r e a t e d u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e Russian Social-democratic Party, of w h i c h L e n i n was the leader. I n t h e F e b r u a r y R e v o l u t i o n o f 1917, a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n the O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n , p a r t y cells a n d Soviets o f s o l d i ers a n d sailors w e r e f o r m e d i n t h e d e t a c h m e n t s a n d u n i t s o f t h e c z a r i s t a r m e d forces, a n d these p l a y e d t h e decisive r o l e i n t a k i n g t h e b u l k o f t h e b o u r g e o i s a r m y o v e r to t h e side of t h e r e v o l u t i o n . D u r i n g the A n t i - f a s c i s t N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r i n A l b a n i a , t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f A l b a n i a w o r k e d i n deep illegality w i t h i n the r a n k s of the army, and even in t h e g e n d a r m e r i e , p o l i c e , etc., i n o r d e r t o p a r a l y s e those tools a n d t o b r i n g about d i s o r d e r i n a n d d e s e r t i o n s f r o m their ranks. This compelled the enemy to distrust, a n d i n some cases, t o i n t e r n w h o l e d e t a c h m e n t s o f t h e old A l b a n i a n a r m y w h i c h was in the service of the occupier. A t the same t i m e , m a n y m i l i t a r y m e n f r o m t h e o l d a r m y went over t o our N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n A r m y . L e t us take another m o r e recent example, that of the a r m y o f t h e S h a h o f I r a n a n d h i s caste o f o f f i c e r s , w h i c h notwithstanding that it was a r m e d to the teeth
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w i t h the most sophisticated weapons was incapable of operating effectively and suppressing the anti-imperialist a n d a n t i - m o n a r c h i s t u p r i s i n g o f the I r a n i a n p e o p l e . T h e P a h l a v i r e g i m e w a s one o f t h e m o s t b a r b a r o u s , blood-thirsty and corrupt regimes of exploiters of the m o d e r n w o r l d . T h e savage P a h l a v i d i c t a t o r s h i p w a s b a s e d on the feudal lords and the v e r y w e a l t h y stratum w h i c h t h e r e g i m e created, o n t h e r e a c t i o n a r y a r m y a n d its o f f i c e r caste, a n d o n S A V A K w h i c h , a s t h e S h a h h i m s e l f d e s c r i b e d it, w a s a state w i t h i n t h e state. T h e P a h l a v i s w h o ruled through terror w e r e partners w i t h and sold out to the A m e r i c a n a n d B r i t i s h imperialists, the most h e a v i l y a r m e d g e n d a r m e s o f t h e P e r s i a n G u l f u n d e r the o r d e r s o f the A m e r i c a n C I A . Nevertheless, the great terror, the army, S A V A K a n d a l l t h e rest w e r e u n a b l e t o q u e l l t h e r e v o l t o f t h e I r a n i a n people, w h i c h i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s a n d i n t e n s i t i e s c o n t i n u e d u n t i l i t w a s r a i s e d t o q u a l i t y a n d o v e r c a m e t h e stage o f f e a r i n g v i o l e n c e . I n t h i s process t h e a r m y a n d S A V A K , the shields of the bloodthirsty regime of the S h a h , d i s i n tegrated, p a r t of the a r m y w e n t over to the side of the p e o p l e w h o seized t h e w e a p o n s a n d a r e h o l d i n g o n t o them. This is an experience w h i c h proves that the a r m y a n d t h e police, h o w e v e r n u m e r o u s a n d w e l l a r m e d , c a n n o t stop t h e r e v o l u t i o n w h e n t h e p e o p l e r i s e i n a u n i t e d b l o c k , w h e n c a r e f u l w o r k i s done f o r t h e d e m o r a l i z a t i o n a n d disintegration of the bourgeois a r m y a n d police. I t has n o w b e c o m e f a s h i o n a b l e i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s f o r a l l sorts o f p e o p l e t o s p e a k a b o u t t h e r e v o l u tion a n d to c a r r y out allegedly r e v o l u t i o n a r y activities. T h e s o - c a l l e d leftists s c r e a m f o r r e v o l u t i o n a r y m e a sures, b u t t h e n i m m e d i a t e l y set a l i m i t t o t h e m . T h e y explain that revolutionary measures should not be u n dertaken everywhere and in every field, but only some alterations should be made. Hence, an illusion should
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be c r e a t e d to deceive t h e masses t h a t a r e s e e k i n g r a d i c a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y changes. L i k e the bourgeoisie, t h e leftists see the a r m y a s a n i m p r e g n a b l e f o r t r e s s a n d n e v e r e v e n r a i s e the task o f d i s i n t e g r a t i n g , d e m o r a l i z i n g a n d d e s t r o y i n g it. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties, however, w i t h o u t neglecting the other d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e s t r u g g l e , r e g a r d t h e s t r u g g l e f o r the u n i t y o f the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f the bourgeois a r m y as t w o directions of decisive i m p o r t ance f o r t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n .
Of course, s a i d L e n i n , unless the revolution assumes a mass character and affects the troops, there can be no question of serious struggle.*
The purpose of the w o r k of the Marxist-Leninists in the r a n k s o f t h e b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t a r m i e s i s t o d r a w the m i l i t a r y m e n i n t o conscious r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i v i t y , a n d n o t s i m p l y t o o r g a n i z e coups d'tat. M a r x i s t L e n i n i s t s h a v e n e v e r r e g a r d e d t h e o v e r t h r o w o f the c a p i t a l i s t o r d e r as a q u e s t i o n of p u t s c h e s a n d m i l i t a r y plots, b u t as a r e s u l t of t h e conscious a c t i v i t y a n d a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e masses i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n . C o u p s d'tat, p l o t s o r g a n i z e d b y t h e o f f i c e r caste h a v e become fashionable in m a n y countries of the w o r l d . By these m e a n s t h e m o n o p o l y g r o u p s b r i n g d o w n one g o v e r n m e n t a n d r e p l a c e i t w i t h a n o t h e r i n t h e i r service. B y m e a n s o f m i l i t a r y coups, t h e A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s t s a n d Soviet social-imperialists have placed reactionary cliques i n t h e i r service a t t h e h e a d o f t h e state i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s of t h e w o r l d . In these cases, t h e mass of s o l d i e r s has frequently b l i n d l y served the interests of the local r u l i n g classes a n d i m p e r i a l i s t s u p e r p o w e r s .
___________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 11, p. 183, A l b . ed.
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I n s u c h instances, t h e g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s m a k e t h i n g s c l e a r t o the masses o f soldiers, s o t h a t t h e y w i l l not b e d e c e i v e d b y t h e r e a c t i o n a r y p r o p a g a n d a w h i c h presents t h e m i l i t a r y c o u p s a s actions i n t h e interests o f t h e n a t i o n , i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f the p e o p l e a n d defence o f the n a t i o n , etc. T h e y m a k e clear also t h a t a n a r c h i s m , t e r r o r i s m a n d g a n g s t e r i s m , w h i c h are a s s u m i n g e x t e n s i v e p r o p o r t i o n s i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t countries, h a v e n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h the r e v o l u t i o n , e i t h e r . D a i l y facts p r o v e t h a t t h e g r o u p s o f a n a r c h i s t s , t e r r o r i s t s , a n d gangsters a r e u s e d b y r e a c t i o n a s a n e x c u s e a n d a w e a p o n f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n a n d the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the fascist d i c t a t o r s h i p , t o i n t i m i d a t e t h e p e t t y b o u r g e o i s i e a n d to m a k e it a t o o l a n d a h o t b e d of f a s c i s m , to p u t p r e s s u r e o n t h e w o r k i n g class a n d k e e p i t b o u n d w i t h the c h a i n s o f c a p i t a l i s m u n d e r the t h r e a t t h a t i t w i l l lose those f e w c r u m b s w h i c h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e has g i v e n i t . A l l these c u r r e n t s a n d g r o u p s are d i s g u i s e d b e h i n d a l l u r i n g names, s u c h a s p r o l e t a r i a n , c o m m u n i s t , red brigades, a n d o t h e r l a b e l s w h i c h sow t o t a l c o n f u s i o n . T h e a c t i v i t i e s o f these g r o u p s h a v e n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h Marxism-Leninism, with communism. I n its p r o p a g a n d a , t h e b o u r g e o i s i e accuses the c o m m u n i s t s , those w h o a r e g e n u i n e l y f o r r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m , f o r t h e o v e r t h r o w o f t h e r u l e o f the b o u r geoisie, o f b e i n g t e r r o r i s t s , a n a r c h i s t s a n d gangsters, a n d t r i e s t o b u i l d u p o p i n i o n against the g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d its v a n g u a r d . T h i s i s one o f t h e m a i n p u r p o s e s f o r w h i c h i t i n c i t e s terrorism and gangsterism, w h i c h in such countries as Italy is assuming major proportions. T h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s a l w a y s t a k e account o f these manoeuvres and tricks of the bourgeoisie and struggle to expose a n d defeat t h e m . T h e y reject t h e attacks, a c c u s a tions a n d s l a n d e r s o f the b o u r g e o i s i e a n d its l a c k e y s w h o
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call the illegal activity of the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties terrorism and gangsterism. Whether the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y is illegal, either p a r t l y o r c o m p l e t e l y , depends o n t h e concrete c o n d i t i o n s of a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y . I r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , h o w e v e r , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f i l l e g a l w o r k i s t h e greatest g u a r a n t e e t h a t the v i c t o r y w i l l b e s e c u r e d . W i t h o u t t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n the g r e a t s t r i k i n g f o r c e o f t h e b o u r g e o i s dictatorship w r e a k s havoc a n d gravely damages the proleta r i a t a n d its v a n g u a r d a t t h e m o m e n t s the d i c t a t o r s h i p f i n d s it s u i t a b l e to do so. A p a r t y of t h e w o r k i n g class, w h i c h does n o t foresee m o m e n t s o f f i e r c e a t t a c k s a n d clashes w i t h t h e forces of the c a p i t a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , is n o t a g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r y party. F o r such a party, the theoretical principle that p o w e r cannot be seized f r o m the bourgeoisie except b y violence, b y f i g h t i n g a n d m a k i n g sacrifices, r e m a i n s a n e m p t y phrase, a m e r e s l o g a n . M o m e n t s o f f i e r c e s t r u g g l e are i n e v i t a b l e a n d i n these m o m e n t s o f f i e r c e s t r u g g l e l e g a l p r o p a g a n d a bases a l o n e a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t . A t t h e s e m o m e n t s , t h e c o m m u n i s t p a r t y m u s t h a v e its f i g h t i n g bases, m u s t h a v e c r e a t e d its s t r i k i n g forces, m u s t h a v e its r e a r secure a n d e q u i p t h e m w i t h t h e n e c e s s a r y p o l i t i c a l , ideological a n d m a t e r i a l means. The c o m i n g actions w i l l r e q u i r e sacrifices, t h e r e w i l l b e p e o p l e w h o are h u r t , w h o are k i l l e d o r i m p r i s o n e d . T h e r e f o r e , w o r k m u s t b e d o n e t o b u i l d u p a r o u n d the p a r t y a g r e a t mass o f d e d i c a t e d people, r e s o l u t e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w h o l i s t e n t o the p a r t y and w i l l h u r l themselves into revolutionary action t o gether w i t h i t . Meanwhile, the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t parties k n o w they m u s t also t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f b o u r g e o i s d e m o c r a c y a n d the possibilities w h i c h legal w o r k and struggle p r o v i d e for the preparation of the revolution. E v e n w h e n they operate legally, they m a k e efforts to ensure that t h e i r
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a c t i v i t i e s s e r v e t o f u l f i l t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d tasks o f the revolution, the ideo-political, organizational and m i l i t a r y p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e p a r t y a n d t h e masses f o r the o v e r t h r o w of the bourgeoisie, regardless of w h a t the b o u r geois l a w s p e r m i t o r d o n o t p e r m i t . O n a l l occasions a n d u n d e r a l l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e g e n u i n e revolutionary parties k n o w that they must combine the organization and development of illegal and legal strugg l e c o r r e c t l y , u s i n g o n l y those r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r m s o f w o r k a n d tactics w h i c h d o n o t o b s c u r e t h e i r s t r a t e g y w i t h illusions about bourgeois legality and democracy.
In all countries, even in those that are freest, most 'legal', and most 'peaceful' in the sense that the class struggle is least acute there, s a i d L e n i n , it is now absolutely indispensable for every Communist Party to systematically combine legal and illegal work, legal and illegal organizations.*
A t f i r s t sight, i t seems t h a t t h e w o r k i n g class i n W e s t e r n E u r o p e i s b o u n d t i g h t i n the c h a i n s w h i c h s o c i a l democracy a n d the revisionists called Eurocommunists h a v e r i v e t t e d o n t o it, a n d t h a t t h e w o r k e r s ' m o v e m e n t is strongly under the influence of bourgeois and revisionist i d e o l o g y . H o w e v e r , t h i s a p p e a r a n c e does n o t r e f l e c t t h e r e a l i t y . M o r e o v e r , i t does n o t i n d i c a t e t h e tendencies o f s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e processes w h i c h a r e s e e t h i n g i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e w o r k i n g masses, t h e h i s t o r i c a l necessity and imperative demands of the time. T h e bourgeoisie, the revisionists a n d a l l the other opportunists are t r y i n g to restrain the revolution and to e x t i n g u i s h t h e c o m m u n i s t i d e a l . A t g i v e n stages a n d i n special historical conditions, they even manage to be_________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 31, p. 211, A l b . ed.
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m u s e a n d c o n f u s e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d w o r k i n g masses, a n d to obscure the prospects of t h e socialist f u t u r e to some degree. B u t this i s a t e m p o r a r y a n d p a s s i n g p h e n o m e n o n . T h e revolution and socialism as a theory and practical a c t i v i t y cannot b e i m p o s e d o n t h e masses f r o m o u t s i d e by isolated individuals or groups of people. T h e r e v o l u tion and socialism represent the o n l y k e y w h i c h the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e masses n e e d t o s o l v e t h e i r r e c o n c i l a b l e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s o f c a p i t a l i s t society, t o p u t a n e n d t o t h e i r exploitation and oppression and establish genuine freedom and equality. As long as there is oppression a n d exp l o i t a t i o n , a s l o n g a s c a p i t a l i s m exists, t h e t h i n k i n g a n d s t r u g g l e o f t h e masses w i l l a l w a y s b e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s the r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o c i a l i s m . T h e Eurocommunists have rejected the banner of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , the revolution and the dictatorship of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e y p r e a c h class peace a n d s i n g h y m n s to bourgeois democracy. H o w e v e r , the ills of bourgeois society are not c u r e d a n d its c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a r e n o t r e solved w i t h sermons and hymns. H i s t o r y has already p r o v e d t h i s a n d its lessons c a n n o t b e set aside. T h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e oppressed a n d t h e e x p l o i t e d a r e m o v i n g naturally towards the revolution, towards the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism. Just as n a t u r a l l y t h e y a r e s e e k i n g t h e r o a d w h i c h leads t o t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f these h i s t o r i c a l a s p i r a t i o n s , the r o a d w h i c h t h e i m m o r t a l theory of M a r x , Engels, L e n i n and S t a l i n shows them. It i s t h e d u t y o f the n e w M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c o m m u n i s t p a r ties t o t a k e o v e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f class b a t t l e s w h i c h the Eurocommunists have abandoned, to provide the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the masses w i t h t h a t m i l i t a n t f i g h t i n g v a n g u a r d w h i c h t h e y a r e s e e k i n g a n d accept a s t h e i r leadership. T h e s i t u a t i o n i s n o t easy, b u t let u s r e c a l l t h e o p t i m i s t i c w o r d s o f S t a l i n , t h a t there i s n o f o r t r e s s w h i c h
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the c o m m u n i s t s c a n n o t take. T h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y o p t i m i s m stems f r o m t h e o b j e c t i v e l a w s o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s o ciety. C a p i t a l i s m i s a n o r d e r c o n d e m n e d b y h i s t o r y t o l i q u i d a t i o n . N o t h i n g , n e i t h e r t h e f r e n z i e d resistance o f the b o u r g e o i s i e n o r the t r e a c h e r y o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s t s c a n save i t f r o m i t s i n e v i t a b l e d o o m . T h e f u t u r e b e l o n g s to socialism and communism.
Published according to the book Eurocommunism Is A n t i c o m m u nism. A l b a n i a n edition, T i r a n a 1978.
THE PROGRESS OF THE COUNTRY IS INSEPARABLE FROM T H E DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE
From the closing speech at the 8th Plenum of the CC of the PLA (1)
June 25, 1980
The analysis and discussion of the problems of scienc e a t t h i s P l e n u m o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f the P a r t y w e r e necessary a n d u s e f u l . O u r c o u n t r y has n o w r e a c h e d a n a d v a n c e d stage o f socio-economic d e v e l o p m e n t a t w h i c h c r e a t i v e a n d t r a n s f o r m i n g s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t y h a s its o w n v e r y i m p o r t a n t r o l e a n d place, b u t w o r k m u s t b e d o n e t o r a i s e it to an even higher quantitative and qualitative level, w i t h the a i m that it should m a k e a greater and more effective contribution to all this development. O u r H o m e l a n d i s t h e o n l y c o u n t r y w h i c h i s successf u l l y b u i l d i n g g e n u i n e socialist s o c i e t y a n d i t i s d o i n g s o in peculiar historical circumstances, encircled by the capitalist-revisionist w o r l d and without accepting any econ_________________________________ 1 On J u n e 24-25, 1980, the 8th P l e n u m of the CC of the P L A h e l d its proceedings i n w h i c h i t analysed the report of the P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u , W e must raise the level of the scientific-research w o r k a n d raise its efficiency for the present a n d perspective development of the country, delivered by member of the P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u a n d secretary of the CC o f the P L A , C o m r a d e R a m i z A l i a .
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE
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o m i c a i d o r c r e d i t f r o m a b r o a d . T h i s i s n o t t h e case w i t h o t h e r states, n o t o n l y t h e s m a l l states b u t also t h e b i g ones w h i c h , b e i n g c a p i t a l i s t o r r e v i s i o n i s t , use science a n d t e c h n i q u e t o oppress a n d exploit the broad working masses a n d t o r e a l i z e t h e i r p r e d a t o r y , i m p e r i a l i s t a m b i tions. A s w e l l a s this, t o d a y o u r c o u n t r y i s f a c i n g t h e m a j e s t i c t a s k s set i n t h e 7 t h F i v e - y e a r P l a n w h i c h w e a r e drafting and which we shall accomplish entirely w i t h our o w n forces. T h e s e a r e t h e m a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h i c h i m p e l l e d t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u t o decide t o h o l d a s p e c i a l d i s c u s s i o n o n t h e p r o b l e m s o f science a n d s c i e n t i f i c - r e a search w o r k at this meeting of the C e n t r a l Committee, w i t h t h e a i m of placing science and technical progress more thoroughly in the service of the present and future development of the country, for the development of the economy, the education of the new man and the strengthening of the defence of the Homeland. ... O u r P a r t y has g i v e n great i m p o r t a n c e t o science a n d scientific and technical progress in our country a n d it w i l l c o n t i n u e t o d o so, because t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t i s i n s e p a r a b l e f r o m t h e needs o f o u r socialist social l i f e . A t n o t i m e h a v e science a n d s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s b e e n a n a i m i n t h e m s e l v e s f o r o u r P a r t y a n d 6tate. Science and technique have advanced and developed directly serving the needs for production and social life, just as the latter, for their part, have been and are permanent factors impelling the development of science and technique. T h e sciences, b o t h t e c h n i c a l a n d n a t u r a l , l i k e l i t e r a t u r e , art, a n d so o n , a r e a f o r m of t h e s o c i a l c o n s c i o u s ness. S c i e n c e acts u p o n t h e g e n e r a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c i v i l i z a t i o n , o f t h e society, j u s t a s t h e arts, l i t e r a t u r e ,
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t e c h n i q u e , etc., do. It is not an i s o l a t e d e p i p h e n o m e n o n , but, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , i s l i n k e d b y s t r o n g a n d deep roots w i t h t h e social, i d e o l o g i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l t e r r a i n . S c i e n c e i s l i n k e d w i t h the epochs a n d develops i n d i f f e r e n t epochs. Science, o r s c i e n t i f i c t h i n k i n g , c a n n o t a n d m u s t not b e d i v o r c e d f r o m t h e s o c i a l c o n t e x t i n w h i c h i t evolves. T h u s , i t i s i n s e p a r a b l e f r o m t h e g e n e r a l h i s t o r y o f m a n k i n d , f r o m the p r o g r e s s o f society. T h e p r a c t i c e of the society is t h e source of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f sciences a n d the c r i t e r i o n w h i c h p r o v e s t h e correctness o f t h e i r theses. T o d a y t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n the d e v e l o p m e n t o f science, t e c h n i q u e a n d t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces has become closer. U n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f science and technical a n d scientific progress the m a t e r i a l and i n t e l l e c t u a l p o t e n t i a l o f society increases a n d this, f o r its p a r t , gives a n e w i m p u l s e to the d e v e l o p m e n t of science. Its d e v e l o p m e n t a l w a y s f o l l o w s a m a t e r i a l i s t - d i a l e c t i c a l course. A s o u r great classics t e a c h us, t h e p r o g r e s s o f chemistry led to materialism, the development of m a t h e matics to determinism and atheism. T h r o u g h the introduct i o n of geometry Archimedes overthrew the theories of A r i s t o t l e a b o u t the u n i v e r s e a n d t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f bodies, a n d so o n . N a t u r a l l y , p r o p e r k n o w l e d g e o f the sciences t o d a y i s not so simple even for the experts themselves, but on t h e c o n t r a r y , i s v e r y c o m p l i c a t e d . T h e sciences h a v e n o w e x t e n d e d s o g r e a t l y t h a t e v e n t h e m o s t c a p a b l e scientist loses h i s b e a r i n g s , a s t h e y say, a n d f i n d s i t d i f f i c u l t t o present t h e i d e a o f t h e e x t e n t o f t h i s o r t h a t science i n a b r i e f s u m m a r y . Every science is divided into separate branches and each branch is a speciality. The development and multiplication of knowledge leads to specialization, and specialization demands the closest possible cooperation between various scientific disciplines and all kinds of different research methods and techniques. As a
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result of specialization and the intensive cooperation between specialities it is becoming ever m o r e difficult to d i s t i n g u i s h the d i v i d i n g l i n e b e t w e e n s c i e n t i f i c d i s c i p l i n e s a n d t o u n d e r s t a n d one w i t h o u t t h e o t h e r . What, for example, are physics and chemistry? These are t w o sciences t h a t a r e s o c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t h a t y o u c o u l d c a l l t h e m cousins. T h e i r objects a n d m e t h o d s a r e v e r y s i m i l a r t o one a n o t h e r , i n d e e d , w e c a n s a y t h e y a r e i n t e r l i n k e d . H o w e v e r , b o t h o f t h e m s e r v e the s t u d y o f the u n i v e r s e a n d h a v e b e e n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a s h a v e t h e o t h e r n a t u r a l sciences. I n t h e h a r m o n i o u s e x p l a n a t i o n o f the w o r l d , sciences w o u l d have left m a n y similar things and phenomena in o b s c u r i t y , h a d t h e l i n k s b e t w e e n t h e m n o t b e e n disclosed. T h e r e f o r e , n o science c a n b e l e a r n e d , a p p l i e d a n d f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d w i t h o u t l i n k i n g its p r o b l e m s a n d m e t h o d s w i t h those o f o t h e r sciences. P h y s i c s o r c h e m i s t r y , electronics o r a t o m i c studies, c o u l d n o t h a v e m a d e p r o g r e s s w i t h o u t u s i n g t h e l a n g u a g e of m a t h e m a t i c s . A close, d i a l e c t i c a l c o n n e c t i o n e x i s t s also b e t w e e n t h e t e c h n i c a l a n d n a t u r a l sciences a n d the e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l sciences. This results f r o m the complex nature of various problems and phenomena in life, in w h i c h the material, t e c h n i c a l a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l aspects a r e n o t s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d social aspects. T h i s r e q u i r e s that in our practice we must overcome incorrect manifest a t i o n s w h i c h a r e seen i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n s . I n m a n y cases t h e p r o b l e m s i n t h e t e c h n i c a l a n d n a t u r a l sciences a r e c o n s i d e r e d o v e r as soon as t h e t e c h n i c a l a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l aspects a r e s o l v e d , w i t h o u t t a k i n g p r o p e r a c c o u n t o f t h e i r s o c i o - e c o n o m i c aspect. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , the e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l sciences m u s t h a v e t h e i r s a y m o r e c l e a r l y and in a m o r e complex w a y about the directions in w h i c h a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h e t e c h n i c a l a n d n a t u r a l sciences a r e used, a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f p u t t i n g t h e m i n t o p r a c t i c e ,
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the order in w h i c h this should be done and their economic benefit. If we look at the question in this w a y we w i l l u n d e r s t a n d h o w c l o s e l y t h e sciences a r e l i n k e d w i t h one another, b o t h i n the aspect o f f u n d a m e n t a l r e s e a r c h a n d , e v e n m o r e so, i n r e g a r d t o r e s e a r c h f o r a p p l i c a t i o n . H e n ce, i t emerges t h a t c o n c e r n a b o u t t h e c o l l a b o r a t i o n , c o o p eration and synthesis amongst w o r k e r s of different scientific disciplines must not be abandoned or even weakened. O t h e r w i s e , science does n o t a d v a n c e , b u t stagnates, p r o g ress gets s t u c k a t t h e a r t i s a n f o r m s a n d prospects f o r further advance are not opened. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a p p l i e d sciences is based, to a l a r g e degree, o n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l sciences. F r e q u e n t l y , t h e b e n e f i t of a s c i e n t i f i c d i s c o v e r y is n o t seen i m m e d i a t e l y , b u t w h a t seems a t t h e m o m e n t l i k e a n u n u s a b l e r e s u l t o f pure science t h e c o m i n g g e n e r a t i o n s w i l l a p p r e c i a t e a n d a p p l y for great w o r k s . T h e history of the development o f science p r o v i d e s countless e x a m p l e s o f t h i s . L e t u s t a k e , f o r instance, t h e d i s c o v e r y o f m a t h e m a t i c a l a n a l y s i s b y N e w t o n and Leibniz. Their contemporaries considered it valuable, but could it have been imagined at that time t h a t t h e e n g i n e e r o f t h e f u t u r e w o u l d use i t s o e x t e n s i v e l y for the construction of bridges a n d skyscrapers and to f i r e a r t i l l e r y shells o v e r a r a n g e of m o r e t h a n 120 k i l o metres? No, this could not have been i m a g i n e d . S i m i l a r t h i n g s h a v e o c c u r r e d , also, w i t h t h e s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r i e s of outstanding astronomers like Tycho B r a h e and Keppler, a n d t h e t h e o r i e s o f great scientists a n d p h y s i c i s t s s u c h a s E i n s t e i n a n d others. In the conditions of our country we have to insist f i r m l y on application and this is w h e r e we must concent r a t e t h e m a i n forces f o r s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h w o r k . T h i s does n o t m e a n t h a t p u r e studies i n t h e f i e l d o f f u n d a m e n t a l sciences s h o u l d n o t b e done, too. I n t h i s d i r e c t i o n
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we must struggle harder to assimilate the theory of n a t u r a l a n d t e c h n i c a l sciences with the aim of understanding and successfully applying the applicable achievements of these sciences on a broad scale and must put them into practice. T h i s i s t h e w a y t o m a k e the t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e o r y t o p r a c t i c e , a n d also t o c o m b a t e m p i r i c i s m a n d a c a d e m i c a l i s m i n s c i e n t i f i c a c t i v i t y . O u r people o f science must consider routine h a r m f u l and non-creative in the s t u d y o f science a n d its p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n , m u s t c o n s i d e r i t a s e r i o u s obstacle w h i c h m u s t b e r e s o l u t e l y c o m b a t e d . B u t , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e y m u s t also c o m b a t s p u r i o u s r e a s o n i n g a n d s p e c u l a t i o n i n a n y k i n d o f science, because t h i s n o t o n l y m a k e s t h e i r k n o w l e d g e sterile, b u t also causes t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n of science. I n t h i s context, too, t h e l o g i c o f t h e l i n k i n g o f t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e m u s t b e d e v e l o p e d , b o t h a m o n g the p e o p l e o f science a n d a m o n g those o f p r o d u c t i o n , b o t h b y t h e u n i v e r s i t y a n d b y t h e base, b o t h b y the specialist w h o w o r k s a t t h e base a n d b y t h e specialist w h o w o r k s i n the c e n t r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e p e o p l e o f science m u s t p r o c e e d f r o m the principle that the theoretical and experimental d a t a c a n b e e l e v a t e d t o science w h e n t h e y a r e l i n k e d t o g ether in a logical w a y . E v e n f r o m s u c h a g e n e r a l v i e w o f these m a j o r p r o b l e m s o f science w e c a n come t o the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t w e h a v e t o d o a great d e a l o f w o r k n o w a n d i n t h e f u t u r e i n o r d e r t o a p p l y t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f science a n d f o l l o w its a d v a n c e . The society exerts an influence on the development of science, but science also exerts an influence on the development of society. The socialist revolution, in particular, gives a great impulse to science. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t science a s s u m e d w i t h t h e F r e n c h b o u r g e o i s - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n i s w e l l k n o w n , b u t the G r e a t O c t o b e r S o c i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n , l e d b y L e n i n a n d S t a l i n , g a v e science a c o l o s sal f o r w a r d impulse.
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W i t h t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e people's r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n o u r c o u n t r y science h a s ass u m e d a great i m p e t u s . I t i s a n u n d e n i a b l e fact t h a t b y a p p l y i n g the l i n e a n d the p o l i c y o f t h e P a r t y o u r s o c i a l sciences h a v e m a d e t h e i r v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e clarification and scientific elucidation of the laws of deve l o p m e n t of socialist society, to t h e defence of t h e d o c trine of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and the exposure of b o u r geois a n d r e v i s i o n i s t v i e w s a n d p r a c t i c e s a n d t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c e l a b o r a t i o n o f the a n c i e n t a n d g l o r i o u s h i s t o r y o f o u r people. T h e y h a v e p l a y e d a n d are p l a y i n g a m a j o r r o l e i n the c o m m u n i s t e d u c a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e a n d the p e r f e c t i o n o f r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o f o u r socialist society. I m p o r t a n t studies a n d r e s e a r c h w o r k h a v e b e e n d o n e f o r the r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces, f o r the b u i l d i n g of an independent, complex economy a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e m a t e r i a l - t e c h n i c a l base o f s o c i a l i s m . T h e w o r k e r s , c o o p e r a t i v i s t s a n d specialists a r e f o r g i n g a h e a d w i t h t h e i r ideas, m a k i n g p r o p o s a l s f o r i m p r o v e ments, in order to replace the old w i t h the n e w . Despite the great w o r k w h i c h is going on everywhere, h o w e v e r , w e c a n n o t s a y t h a t a correct concept a n d a p preciation of research work and study have been achieved... On these matters a major change must be made by the leaders of all ranks, by the workers, cooperativists and specialists, by the higher and middle cadres, wherever they work and run things. E f f o r t s m u s t be m a d e to forge ahead more boldly, m o r e confidently a n d in m e t h o d ical ways in the assimilation and the application of science. O t h e r w i s e , t h e a d v a n c e w i l l b e s m a l l a n d n o t i n proportion w i t h the tasks a n d the great a n d g r o w i n g needs of the c o u n t r y . O u r people, w h e t h e r i n the l e a d i n g a p p a r a t u s o r i n
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p r o d u c t i o n , a t t h e centre o r the base, m u s t a l w a y s b e a r i n m i n d the lesson o n w h i c h L e n i n i n s i s t e d :
...we must learn and then see to it that learning shall not remain a dead letter or a fashionable catch-phrase (and we should admit in all frankness that this happens very often with us), that learning shall really become part of our being, that it shall actually and fully become a constituent element of our social life. In short, we must not make the demands that are made by bourgeois Western Europe, but demands that are fit and proper for a country which has set out to develop into a socialist country.*
I think that the tasks included in the report on the development of scientific-research work which was presented to the Plenum should be considered as integral parts of the five-year plan that we are preparing. Science must assist the planning of production, precede production, and open perspectives for the development of the economy and culture. T h e p l a n w h i c h i s b e i n g d r a f t e d i s b e i n g discussed a t t h e base a n d c o m i n g b a c k t o t h e c e n t r a l o r g a n s . B u t t h e decisions o f t h i s P l e n u m m u s t n o t be conceived as separate f r o m the 7th Five-year P l a n and we must not proceed f r o m the m i s t a k e n idea that it i s o v e r a n d done w i t h , a n d l e a v e t h e s c i e n t i f i c s t u dies a n d r e s e a r c h w o r k w h i c h h a v e t o d o w i t h t h e d r a f t i n g and i m p r o v e m e n t of the five-year p l a n to spontaneity. I n n o w a y m u s t t h i s occur. O f course, o n c e r t a i n issues t h i s P l e n u m also sets t a s k s f o r a t e r m s o m e w h a t l o n g e r t h a n the objectives o f the 7th F i v e - y e a r P l a n . B y i n c l u d i n g the m a i n tasks for
____________________________________ * V. I. L e n i n , Collected Works, v o l . 33, p. 550, A l b . ed.
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the d e v e l o p m e n t o f science a n d t e c h n i q u e i n w o r k of the five-year plan, however, they w i l l d e f i n e m o r e a c c u r a t e l y t h e needs f o r cadres, t h e m a t e r i a l base a n d f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t g a n i z a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c w o r k f r o m t h e base t o a n d other m a t t e r s .
T h e a i m o f a l l t h i s w o r k i s t o m a k e the d e v e l o p m e n t o f science a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s a p o w e r f u l s u p p o r t f o r t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f the m a j o r o b j e c t i v e s a n d t a s k s a h e a d o f us. I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s i t s h o u l d b e b o r n e in m i n d that the 7th P l e n u m of the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e c a l l e d on the working people of science to devote all their physical and mental energies to the new five-year plan we are drafting . E v e r y t h i n g e n v i s a g e d d u r i n g t h e f i v e y e a r p e r i o d f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r o d u c t i v e forces a n d t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n , w h i c h are l i n k e d w i t h science a n d s c i e n t i f i c studies, m u s t b e a b s o l u tely guaranteed f r o m all stand-points. H e r e t h e p r o b l e m m u s t b e seen f r o m t w o aspects: the d r a f t i n g o f t h i s p l a n o n t h e soundest p o s s i b l e s c i e n t i f i c basis, especially, i n r e g a r d t o its p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a tion, as w e l l as the opening of perspectives for the f u t u r e . O f course, t h i s also p r e s u p p o s e s v e r i f i c a t i o n a n d m o r e c o m p l e t e e l u c i d a t i o n i n t h e process o f c a r r y i n g out t h e tasks o f t h e p l a n . S c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s is a major reserve w h i c h must be used to i m p r o v e and o v e r f u l f i l our plans. The main links and directions of scientific-research work and technical progress have been defined in the fundamental orientations which the Central Committee has issued for the future development of the economy and culture. F o r t h e 7 t h F i v e - y e a r P l a n t h e y i n c l u d e t h e development in breadth and depth of heavy industry for the extraction, enrichment and processing of minerals; the d e v e l o p m e n t a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e e n e r g y base
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o f t h e c o u n t r y , m a i n l y o f t h e o i l i n d u s t r y ; the c o m p l e t i o n a n d exploitation at f u l l capacity of the projects w h i c h t h e C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s sabotaged a n d l e f t h a l f - f i n i s h e d , a t a s k in w h i c h t h e e n g i n e e r i n g i n d u s t r y h a s a special role; the development of agriculture and livestock f a r m i n g ; t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e needs f o r t h e defence o f the country, as w e l l as the development of other branches and sectors o f t h e e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e . T h e s u c c e s s f u l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f these o b j e c t i v e s i n t h e e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n a n d a t t h e p r e s e n t stage d e m a n d s an absolutely correct concept of scientific work and of the development and deepening of the technical-scientific revolution as a whole. T h e r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n s a n d i n n o v a t i o n s w h i c h a r e m a d e b y t h e w o r k e r s a n d specialists a n d w h i c h b r i n g advances in technique are u n d o u b t e d l y based on an advanced e m p i r i c a l element. Included in them, also, are i s o l a t e d n o t i o n s a n d e l e m e n t s o f s c i e n t i f i c k n o w ledge. T h e s e r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n s a n d i n n o v a t i o n s m u s t b e made, indeed should be increased, both in q u a n t i t y and quality. T h i s requires large-scale involvement of the masses i n t h i s w o r k , w h i c h solves i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s o f production and must be encouraged a n d organized better so that it responds properly to the existing conditions and the great t a s k s w h i c h w e face. H o w e v e r , w e must not confound w h a t y o u could call m i n o r s c i e n t i f i c w o r k f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f a process, t h e c a r r y i n g o u t of a r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n in a f a c t o r y , or an improvement in agriculture, w h i c h is very useful and certainly must be encouraged in every way, w i t h scient i f i c w o r k i n t h e b r o a d e r a n d p u r e r sense o f the t e r m . What we require from scientific work is a generalization, a whole positive improvement and transformation of practice and theory, a qualitative upsurge, you might say, a revolution in production, technique, technology or orga-
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nization in the whole factory, in all the factories of the same or similar type, in various fields of our development, providing solutions to the current problems which arise in life as well as opening up prospects for the future. These d e m a n d s f o r s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h w o r k s h o u l d b e seen i n u n i t y , b o t h b y t h e w o r k e r s a n d b y those e n g a g e d i n studies a t the base a n d i n the centre. T h e y h a v e t o d o w i t h t h e a c t i v e r o l e o f science itself, w i t h t h e q u a l i t y a n d effectiveness o f s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h w o r k . D e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e m has n e g a t i v e consequences f o r the p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the c o u n t r y a n d f o r science itself. Let us look at the field of technology and construction from this stand-point. T h e s e t t i n g up of a series of p r o d u c t i o n lines, d e p a r t m e n t s a n d p l a n t s w i t h o u r o w n forces, a n d l i k e w i s e the p r o d u c t i o n o f t r a c t o r s a n d d r i l l ing-rigs, the b u i l d i n g of ships a n d other means of transp o r t are successes. A g o o d p a r t of t h e m h a v e b e e n b u i l t or produced m a i n l y at the level of the existing technology, f o l l o w i n g k n o w n and possible models. W e h a v e a p l a n n e d a n d f r u g a l e c o n o m y w h i c h stems f r o m the nature of our socio-economic order, but we are a s m a l l c o u n t r y . T h i s i m p e l s u s t o use the m a t e r i a l a n d t e c h n i c a l base w e h a v e c r e a t e d a s l o n g a s w e p o s s i b l y c a n b y b e i n g v e r y c a r e f u l a b o u t its m a i n t e n a n c e , a n d w e shall go on doing this. Likewise, we shall continue to p r o d u c e m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t o n t h e basis o f the e x i s t i n g l e v e l . B u t n o w the t i m e has c o m e a n d the p o s s i bilities have been created w h e n we should t h i n k a n d w o r k m o r e f o r the p e r s p e c t i v e i n o r d e r t o d e s i g n a n d p r o d u c e m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t o f n e w types, w i t h t e c h n i c a l e c o n o m i c q u a l i t i e s a n d p a r a m e t r e s w h i c h r e s p o n d t o the l e v e l o f the t e c h n i q u e a n d t e c h n o l o g y o f t h e p r e s e n t d a y and should not proceed only f r o m the idea of producing that type w h i c h can be accomplished a n d built more
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easily, b u t w h i c h i s n o t a l w a y s t h e best o r m o s t s u i t a b l e . T h u s , w e c a n d e v e l o p t h e p r o d u c t i v e forces i n e x t e n s i v e and intensive ways. I n t h i s f i e l d , h o w e v e r , t h e scientists, t h e specialists, the innovators a n d others w h o are engaged in creative s c i e n t i f i c w o r k m u s t s p e a k out l o u d l y a n d c o n t i n u a l l y a s k t h e q u e s t i o n : I s w h a t w e are d o i n g t h e best, t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e a n d s u i t a b l e t o t h e needs a n d t h e e c o n o m i c a n d social possibilities of our country? If this is not done in practice w e w i l l not keep u p w i t h the times, w e w i l l t a l k a b o u t t h e necessity f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d i n t e n sification of the economy, but w i l l not really do as m u c h as we should in comparison w i t h the possibilities w h i c h exist and w h i c h w i l l be even greater in the future. I m a k e t h i s suggestion, also, f o r t h e w o r k i n g g r o u p s w h i c h a r e b e i n g set u p f o r t h e d e s i g n i n g o f t h e t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d the production of m a c h i n e r y for the reconstructions and the n e w projects of the 7th F i v e - y e a r P l a n . O f course, these p r o b l e m s a r e n o t s i m p l e o r e a s i l y s o l v e d . T h e y r e q u i r e m a n y studies, c o m p a r i s o n s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s , because h e r e w e h a v e t o do, i n t h e f i r s t place, w i t h technology w h i c h , as is k n o w n , is a whole complex o f i n t e r c o n n e c t e d m e t h o d s a n d processes w h i c h are u s e d in the processing of p r i m a r y and other materials during t h e process o f p r o d u c t i o n i n o r d e r t o t r a n s f o r m t h e m i n t o finished products. H e r e w e also r u n u p against the m o n opoly of technology w h i c h the capitalists and revisionists t r y to use as a m e a n s of p r e s s u r e f o r t h e s u b j u g a t i o n of t h e peoples, a t h i n g w e m u s t b e a r w e l l i n m i n d i n o u r work. ... T h e major improvements w h i c h need to be made in t e c h n o l o g y i n a l l b r a n c h e s a n d sectors o f o u r e c o n o m y a s w e l l a s the tasks w h i c h w e have a n d w h i c h w i l l increase in the future, to design and b u i l d m a n y new projects
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w i t h o u r o w n forces, m a k e the t r a i n i n g o f c a d r e s i n t h i s field an imperative need. The programs a n d the level of t e a c h i n g a n d the t r a i n i n g o f cadres f o r t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l aspects o f p r o d u c t i o n i n o u r h i g h e r a n d s e c o n d a r y schools must be re-examined and there should be studies on h o w t o o v e r c o m e t h e shortage o f cadres i n c e r t a i n s p e c i a l i t i e s b y t r a i n i n g t h e m w i t h i n the c o u n t r y , or, i f n e e d be, b y s e n d i n g some caches a b r o a d f o r s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . At present the engineering industry in our country is entering a new stage, that of machine building, on a more extensive scale. A c c o r d i n g to t h e d r a f t of the 7 t h Five-year Plan, production of machinery and equipment i s t o increase a b o u t 8 0 p e r cent i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e 6th F i v e - y e a r P l a n , a t h i n g w h i c h has n o t o c c u r r e d i n a n y other f i v e - y e a r period... We do not have experience of such a t h i n g on this scale, b u t w e m u s t a n d c e r t a i n l y w i l l g a i n it. O u r needs w i l l i m p e l u s t o f o r g e a h e a d , just a s w e h a v e d o n e h i t h e r t o i n a l l f i e l d s o f l i f e a n d science. W e a r e w e l l aware of what Engels w r o t e in analysing the dialectical c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n science a n d t h e needs o f p r a c t i c e :
If... technique depends to a great degree on the state of science, science depends to an even greater degree on the state and the needs of technique. When society is faced with a technical need, it carries science forward more than tens of universities.*
... T h e studies, designs a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k o n t h e problems of t h e r m a l energy must be raised to a h i g h e r
____________________________ * K. M a r x a n d F. Engels, Selected Works, v o l . 2, T i r a n a 1975, p. 545, A l b . e d .
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scientific a n d organizational level. T h e y must cover i m portant problems such as the scientific study of the energy balance of projects w i t h large consumption, of i n d u s t r i a l r e g i o n s a n d the w h o l e n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y . S t u dies m u s t b e c a r r i e d o u t o n t h e m o r e e f f i c i e n t c o m b u s t i o n o f s o l i d fuels, b y a d a p t i n g t h e heat g e n e r a t i n g e q u i p m e n t t o the d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f c o a l , a s w e l l a s o n r a i s i n g t h e l e v e l o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f sources g e n e r a t i n g t h e r m a l energy for electric power w i t h the a i m that this energy should be used in a m o r e c o m p l e x w a y in industry, in a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r h e a t i n g , etc. On the basis of the Marxist-Leninist agrarian policy of the Party our agriculture has advanced and is forging ahead in original ways which are correct and with clear perspectives. T o d a y a b o u t t w o t h i r d s o f o u r p o p u l a t i o n l i v e a n d w o r k i n the c o u n t r y s i d e a n d w e s h a l l c o n t i n u e to m a i n t a i n this situation for most of them. We are doing this by developing agriculture both intensively and ext e n s i v e l y a s w e l l a s b y the m o r e e x t e n s i v e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f i n d u s t r y a n d the a c t i v i t y o f o t h e r b r a n c h e s a n d sectors o f t h e e c o n o m y i n r u r a l areas. N e v e r t h e l e s s , a g r i c u l t u r e w i l l a l w a y s t a k e p r i d e o f place i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e . W e are p r o c e e d i n g o n the course o f t h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f a g r i cultural production in conditions w h e n we continue to increase t h e l a b o u r f o r c e i n a g r i c u l t u r e f r o m t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f the c o u n t r y s i d e a n d p a r t l y f r o m t h e c i t y . L i k e w i s e , we are successfully applying the policy of continually reducing the distinctions between countryside and city. T h e p r o g r e s s o n t h i s c o u r s e i s a g r e a t success i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f o u r w h o l e society a n d a t h i n g w h i c h i s n o t o c c u r r i n g a n y w h e r e else i n t h e w o r l d , w h e r e t h e c o u n tryside is being abandoned and agriculture degraded. On t h e one h a n d , t h e c a p i t a l i s t s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t s t a l k a b o u t turning their countries into industrial and superindustrial countries, but on the other hand, t h e y are facing i r r e -
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f u t a b l e facts o f t h e s t a g n a t i o n a n d d e c l i n e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n , o f p r o f o u n d a g r a r i a n crises, g l o o m y p r o s p e c t s a n d the p a n i c w h i c h h a s seized t h e m . O p e n l y o r r e l u c t a n t l y a l l o f t h e m a r e o b l i g e d t o a d m i t these p h e n o m e n a f r o m the positions of neo-Malthusianism. The further development of achievements in the field o f t h e a g r a r i a n p o l i c y , the d e v e l o p m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r e a n d t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , b r i n g i n g l i f e t h e r e closer t o t h a t o f t h e c i t y a n d e n s u r i n g its a d v a n c e p a r a l l e l w i t h t h a t o f the city, p r e s e n t s the a g r i c u l t u r a l , e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l sciences w i t h m a j o r p r o b l e m s w h i c h r e q u i r e t h e m to thoroughly study the problems of the intensive and e x t e n s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r e , those o f the h a r monization and efficiency of branches of agricultural production, of the perfection of relations of distribution and exchange and the educational, c u l t u r a l and social progress o f o u r socialist c o u n t r y s i d e . Our Party plays a militant, vanguard role in defence of Marxism-Leninism. L i f e has c o m p e l l e d us to b u i l d s o cialism in our country in special conditions and c i r c u m stances, e n c i r c l e d b y savage i m p e r i a l i s t a n d r e v i s i o n i s t enemies, a n d t o a d v a n c e o n u n t r o d d e n p a t h s a n d a c h i e v e success. L o o k i n g a t t h e m a t t e r f r o m t h i s s t a n d - p o i n t , o u r s o c i a l sciences face m a j o r p r o b l e m s b o t h t o s u m u p the e x p e r i e n c e o f o u r r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d t o i n d i c a t e t h e prospects o f o u r d e v e l o p m e n t o n the m o s t t h o r o u g h l y s c i e n t i f i c basis. The bourgeoisie and the revisionists, all the h i r e d propagandists of capital: philosophers, politicians, economists, sociologists a n d t h e i r o t h e r l a c k e y s , are m a k i n g feverish efforts to prettify a n d defend the rotten order of capitalist oppression, to h i n d e r the revolution a n d the peoples' l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , t o c o m b a t a n d r e v i s e the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theory on the revolution, the party o f the w o r k i n g class a n d t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t -
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a r i a t , t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m , t h e class struggle, a n d its o t h e r c a r d i n a l p r o b l e m s . A m o n g s t t h i s mess w h i c h the i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e has c o o k e d u p i n t h e c o n t e x t o f the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y g l o b a l a i m s o f its i m p e r i a l i s t strategy, i t i s a n i m p e r a t i v e d u t y f o r t h e social sciences, under the leadership of the P a r t y , to p l a y a greater role i n defence o f M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , t o o p e n u p the p e r s p e c tives and to b r i n g out more clearly the experience of our socialist r e v o l u t i o n . The Great October Socialist Revolution, led by L e n i n a n d S t a l i n o n t h e basis o f the d o c t r i n e o f M a r x a n d Engels, is k n o w n to the whole w o r l d , therefore everybody speaks a b o u t it, e i t h e r f o r o r against, w h i l e o u r r e v o l u t i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y less k n o w n . A great m a n y p e o p l e i n t h e w o r l d k n o w t h a t t h e r e i s a socialist A l b a n i a w h i c h r e m a i n s u n w a v e r i n g a n d w h i c h has its o w n line, b u t t h i s astonishes t h e m a n d t h e y s a y : H o w c a n t h i s be, h o w can A l b a n i a stand l i k e this? It is the duty of our social sciences, t h r o u g h s c i e n t i f i c g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a n d studies, t o e x p l a i n the o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e f a c t o r s o f o u r r e v o l u t i o n a n d socialist c o n s t r u c t i o n , t o e x p l a i n t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n w h i c h w a s c r e a t e d i n o u r c o u n t r y w a s u t i l i z e d b y the P a r t y by f a i t h f u l l y adhering to the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theo r y i n t h e concrete c o n d i t i o n s o f o u r c o u n t r y . T h i s t h e o r y teaches u s t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y r o a d t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e others, too, a b s o l u t e l y h a v e t o pass, d e s t r o y i n g i m p e r i a l ism and revisionism. R e g a r d l e s s o f a l l t h e pressures, b l a c k m a i l , d e c e p t i o n a n d c o r r u p t i o n , w h a t o u r great classics, M a r x , E n g e l s , L e n i n and Stalin predicted scientifically is occurring in the present epoch: the antagonistic contradiction between the p r o d u c t i v e forces a n d the c a p i t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s o f o p p r e s s i o n and exploitation in production is on the w a y to being resolved. T h e proletariat w h i c h is oppressed a n d e x p l o i ted, the s t a r v i n g m i l l i o n s i n A s i a , A f r i c a , L a t i n A m e r i c a
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a n d a l l o v e r the w o r l d w i l l r e a c h a p o i n t w h e n t h e y c a n no longer endure their situation and w i l l certainly erupt in revolution. O u r socialist c o u n t r y i s a n d m u s t b e c o m e e v e n m o r e a n e x a m p l e o f i n s p i r a t i o n a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t f o r the proletariat a n d the oppressed peoples of the w o r l d . F r o m this, too, emerges once a g a i n t h e necessity t h a t o u r s o c i a l sciences: p o l i t i c a l - p h i l o s o p h i c a l , e c o n o m i c , h i s t o r i c a l , l i n guistic, e t h n o g r a p h i c , a n d s o o n , m u s t c a r r y o u t c o m p l e x studies a n d g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a b o u t t h e a n c i e n t h i s t o r y o f t h e A l b a n i a n people, a b o u t t h e i r genesis a n d h e r o i c past, about t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e l a n g u a g e a n d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f o u r n a t i o n , a b o u t the g l o r i o u s e p i c o f t h e N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n W a r , a b o u t the course w e h a v e p u r s u e d f o r the establ i s h m e n t o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o l e t a r i a t , f o r the c r e a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r socialist e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e , a n d a series o f o t h e r p r o b l e m s w h i c h e m e r g e f r o m life and our revolutionary development. The social sciences s h o u l d d i r e c t t h e i r a t t e n t i o n , f i r s t o f a l l , t o c u r r e n t t h e m e s a n d those p r o b l e m s w h i c h d e m a n d solution... T h e social sciences, o u r school, a r t a n d c u l t u r e m u s t militate better for the revolutionary t e m p e r i n g a n d e d u cation of our new m a n i m b u e d w i t h the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t w o r l d outlook so that he can understand and consistently a p p l y the correct l i n e a n d p o l i c y o f o u r P a r t y . A n a d v a n c e d c o u n t r y w h i c h i s b u i l d i n g g e n u i n e soc i a l i s m o u g h t t o b e o u t s t a n d i n g , also, f o r t h e m a t e r i a l a n d s p i r i t u a l c u l t u r e o f i t s people, f o r t h e socialist w a y of their life, beginning f r o m the n e w m a n and the c u l t u r a l e n l i g h t e n m e n t o f t h e people, t h e c o n c e r n w h i c h i s d i s p l a y e d f o r t h e h e a l t h o f the people, t h e p r o b l e m s o f town-planning and architecture, d o w n to the level of c u l t u r e d i s p l a y e d i n t r a d e a n d o t h e r services, i n short, i t ought to be outstanding in every field of life. These things require scientific study w o r k w i t h broad horizons and
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p e r s p e c t i v e s , j u s t a s m o r e e f f e c t i v e m e a s u r e s are r e q u i r e d o n t h e p a r t o f t h e state o r g a n s a n d a l l the o t h e r l e v e r s of the P a r t y . L i k e w i s e , the o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f t h e masses, w h i c h a r e i n d a i l y c o n t a c t w i t h t h e b r o a d masses o f t h e w o r k i n g people o f t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e , c a n a n d m u s t u n d e r t a k e m o r e studies i n the p o l i t i c a l , i d e o l o g i c a l , s o c i o l o g i c a l a n d o t h e r f i e l d s w i t h t h e i r o w n i n t e r n a l forces a n d a c t i v i s t s i n order to place their w o r k on more scientific f o u n d a tions Science and scientific-research work today have achieved a stage of development and are confronted with tasks and requirements such that dictate the need for more perfect management and organization from the centre to the base. S i n c e w e s a y t h a t t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n science a n d t e c h n i q u e i s c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e masses, a t h i n g w h i c h i s an indisputable reality in our country, then we must respond to the raising of this revolution to n e w levels w i t h more effective management and organization. This becomes m o r e i m p e r a t i v e i f w e b e a r i n m i n d the n a t u r e , difficulties and complexity of scientific-research activity, f r o m the s i m p l e s t w o r k o f i n n o v a t i o n a n d c r e a t i o n t o t h e more complicated scientific activity. H e r e t h e r e a r e a series o f questions, t h i n g s w h i c h w e have considered correct in their o w n time, but w h i c h , in t h e n e w c o n d i t i o n s a n d w i t h the n e w tasks, m u s t b e r e e v a l u a t e d a n d s o l v e d better. T o w h a t e x t e n t a r e a l l these people a n d l i n k s o f science, o f s c i e n t i f i c a c t i v i t y a n d i n n o v a t i o n , e n g a g e d i n t h e i r p r o p e r jobs, t o w h a t e x t e n t does the organization we have help in c a r r y i n g the w o r k forw a r d and how can it be improved? H o w adequately do the h u m a n , material, f i n a n c i a l a n d currency resources s u p p o r t t h e o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h w e p u t f o r w a r d , because t h e y c o u l d seem t o u s f i n e a n d s u f f i c i e n t w h e n t h e y m a y n o t b e a n d are not so? H o w e v e r , t h i s c o u l d j e o p a r d i z e
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m a n y o f those tasks w h i c h w e l a y d o w n i n t h e f i e l d o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f science a n d t e c h n i q u e . P o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c l e a d e r s h i p m u s t e x i s t i n the leading unity of every state institution at the centre and the base. T h e s e o c c u p y f i r s t place. In s e c o n d place, a n d a u x i l i a r i e s o f the f o r m e r , c o m e t h e s c i e n t i f i c o r g a n i s m s , f o l l o w e d b y t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , w h i c h h a s its o w n r o l e and function in every institution. There is no doubt that a l l o u r state a c t i v i t y i s g u i d e d b y s p e c i f i c s c i e n t i f i c w o r k harmonized in every particular direction. The inhibitive a n d bureaucratic character w h i c h is sometimes displayed i n m a n a g e m e n t a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e accepted b y the p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c l e a d e r s h i p b u t s h o u l d b e fought. It is essential that manifestations of bureaucracy a n d l i b e r a l i s m m u s t b e r e s o l u t e l y c o m b a t e d , because t h e y h i n d e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f the n e w a c h i e v e m e n t s o f science in a t h o u s a n d w a y s . T h e p o l i t i c a l a n d o p e r a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p m u s t n o t get b o g g e d d o w n i n t r i f l i n g details, b u t s h o u l d h a v e i n i t i a t i v e a n d n o t t r y t o dodge n e r v e - r a c k i n g p r o b l e m s . S c i e n t i f i c o p i n i o n a n d ideas o n i n n o v a t i o n s m u s t b e l i s t e n e d t o a n d people e n c o u r a g e d t o m a k e u s e f u l p r o p o s a l s i n o r d e r to give an impulse to production and all other activities, both short-term a n d long-term. These must be applied a n d n o t b e l e f t t o get c o v e r e d w i t h dust. A p p l i c a t i o n p r o v e s b o t h t h e s c i e n t i f i c w o r t h o f the step w h i c h i s t a k e n and the result w h i c h it brings in the development of production and in the social field. I t i s a n i m m e d i a t e need, also, t o e x a m i n e h o w e f f e c t i v e are the w o r k a n d c o - o r d i n a t i o n of the various scientific institutes and organisms of the central departments and the Academy of Sciences. T h e d e p a r t m e n t a l i n s t i t u t e s m u s t engage t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e m s w h i c h are c l o s e l y l i n k e d w i t h t h e a d v a n c e o f production, education and culture and must not be turned
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into organs of administrative activity as they frequently are t o d a y . I n t h e n e x t steps w h i c h w i l l b e t a k e n the n e e d m a y a r i s e f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f some n e w s p e c i a l i z e d s c i e n t i f i c o r g a n i s m s , b u t i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h i s s h o u l d b e done a f t e r v e r y c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n a n d w i t h a n eye t o e c o n o m i z i n g , because w h i l e w e w a n t t o a d v a n c e i n science we must combat the institute mania. We have considered the institutes nuclei w h i c h must c a r r y o u t s c i e n t i f i c w o r k , b u t t h e y are r e q u i r e d t o base t h e m s e l v e s f i r m l y o n those t h o u s a n d s a n d t h o u s a n d s o f h i g h e r a n d m i d d l e cadres a n d v a n g u a r d w o r k e r s a n d c o o p e r a t i v i s t s who constitute the greatest reserve. O n l y in t h i s w a y c a n a n e w , f u r t h e r i m p u l s e b e g i v e n t o the w o r k of innovation and scientific research. The technical and technological bureaus and the scientific councils in the enterprises and cooperatives h a v e a special role as l i n k s in the w h o l e of scientific w o r k . In t h i s d i r e c t i o n t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f the s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i r w o r k m u s t b e c o m b a t e d because i n m a n y cases t h e y h a v e b e e n t u r n e d m o r e i n t o g r o u p s w h i c h solve p r o b l e m s o f c u r r e n t processes o f p r o d u c t i o n o r m a k e some m i n o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t w h i c h , i n fact, s h o u l d b e d o n e b y t h e w o r k e r w h o p e r f o r m s a n d c o n t r o l s the p r o d u c t i o n . I n some cases t h e y w i l l d o s u c h w o r k , too, b u t this s h o u l d n o t b e c o m e t h e i r n o r m a l d u t y . T h e tasks o f the technical a n d technological bureaus and scientific councils should be clearly defined and their w o r k put on a s o u n d basis b y a c t i v a t i n g a r o u n d t h e m tens o f h i g h e r specialists a n d h u n d r e d s o f w o r k e r s a n d c o o p e r a t i v i s t s w i t h experience a n d schooling, w h o exist in every enterprise and cooperative. The work the enterprises be much more technical and of innovation and scientific research in a n d agricultural cooperatives is and must e x t e n s i v e t h e n the d i r e c t w o r k w h i c h t h e technological bureaus and the s c i e n t i f i c
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c o u n c i l s do. T h i s d a i l y a c t i v i t y m u s t b e g u i d e d b e t t e r and must be supported and encouraged in every way. It continually gives rise to valuable initiatives, both p l a n ned a n d unplanned. T h e t h i n g is that these initiatives s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d , s o r t e d out, a s t h e y say, a n d t h e n measures t a k e n t o a p p l y t h e m . G r a d u a l l y f u r t h e r steps s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o w a r d s t h e mass a d o p t i o n , s p e c i a l i z a t i o n a n d c e n t r a l i z a t i o n o f these i n n o v a t i o n s , a n d b u r e a u c r a t i c obstacles s h o u l d n o t b e r a i s e d , a s t h e y s o m e t i m e s a r e i n p r a c t i c e , o n t h e p r e t e x t t h a t the m a i n t h i n g i s t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f t h e p l a n , t h a t this o r t h a t i n n o v a t i o n is n o t r e l a t e d to t h e p r o f i l e of t h e e n t e r p r i s e , etc., etc. In scientific-research work, as in every other activity, man, with political and ideological education and scientific training, is the decisive factor for carrying the work ahead. N o w t h e P a r t y h a s t r a i n e d a w h o l e a r m y o f h i g h e r a n d m i d d l e cadres w h o s e n u m b e r s are i n c r e a s i n g e v e r y year. T h e y have brought about a great development of science a n d k n o w l e d g e , a n d the r e s u l t s i n t h i s f i e l d , a s i n e v e r y other f i e l d , are o b v i o u s a n d t a n g i b l e . Nevertheless, I think they should have done and should do still more. Wherever we have created the conditions the w o r k p r o ceeds m o r e b o l d l y , b u t t h e r e a r e also m a n y o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e obstacles w h i c h e m e r g e t o p r e v e n t t h e m e n o f science f r o m c o n t r i b u t i n g t h e i r m a x i m u m . A m o n g t h e m t h e r e are some w h o l a c k t h e w i l l f o r c r e a t i v e s c i e n t i f i c w o r k , w h o forget t h a t e v e r y s c i e n t i f i c d i s c i p l i n e has a n d r e q u i r e s its o w n m e t h o d o f r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t , a p p l i c a t i o n a n d c o n c e p t i o n , the basis on which that science is applied. ... T h e r e i s also a n o t h e r q u e s t i o n w h i c h m u s t b e m a d e v e r y clear. I f t h e n u m b e r o f h i g h e r cadres i n p r o d u c t i o n o r other sectors i s i n c r e a s e d , t h e n the P a r t y expects o f
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t h e m a n d d e m a n d s that, i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e w o r k i n g collectives, t h e y m a k e p r o g r e s s i v e changes a n d i m p r o v ements, o t h e r w i s e t h e i r w o r k w i l l n o t g i v e t h e d e s i r e d effect. N a t u r a l l y , the cadres i n p r o d u c t i o n are r e s p o n s i b l e a n d m u s t b e r e s p o n s i b l e , f i r s t o f a l l , f o r the d r a f t i n g a n d a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e p l a n o n t h e basis o f the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f science a n d t e c h n i q u e , b u t t h e y a r e also r e q u i r e d t o m a k e their valuable contribution to the w o r k of scientific and technical research. T h e r e f o r e , t h e engineers, a g r o n o m i s t s , e c o n o m i s t s a n d a l l t h e o t h e r specialists m u s t b e c h a r g e d w i t h c a r r y i n g o u t c o n c r e t e tasks a n d p l a n s , r e q u i r i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t w i t h i n this or that period the technological parametres, m e c h a n i z a t i o n , savings, y i e l d s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l crops, etc., s h o u l d a c h i e v e t h i s o r t h a t l e v e l . T h i s w i l l also assist t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e masses i n the a p p l i c a t i o n o f science. The P a r t y is seeking efficiency of production, but this cannot be achieved w i t h o u t effective scientific-research work. The nurseries for the training of capable cadres, our scientists, are the University and other higher schools. T h e i r m a i n t a s k i s t o t u r n o u t c a d r e s a n d scientists c a p a b l e i n e v e r y d i r e c t i o n , i n e v e r y subject a n d d i s c i p l i n e . To achieve this objective, quality must be demanded, first of all, in the teachers. T h e r e f o r e , it is e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h e i r selection s h o u l d b e done p r o p e r l y . N o t o n l y m u s t t h e y b e capable i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e subjects, b u t t h e y m u s t also d e m a n d h i g h s t a n d a r d s f r o m t h e m s e l v e s a n d f r o m t h e i r students, m u s t b e c a p a b l e o f d e v e l o p i n g the theory and w e l l acquainted w i t h the application of science. T h e y m u s t b e o u t s t a n d i n g f o r t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c m e t h o d s , s t y l e a n d d i s c i p l i n e , t h e y m u s t h a v e a p a s s i o n f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t o f science w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o m e t h e i r s e c o n d nature a n d they should not consider their function as teachers s i m p l y as a m e a n s to e a r n a l i v i n g . If t h e r e are
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i n c o m p e t e n t teachers i n o u r h i g h e r schools o r i n c o m p e t e n t cadres i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s , t h e y s h o u l d b e r e p l a c e d i m m e d i a t e l y w i t h m o r e c a p a b l e cadres. For fruitful scientific work in any discipline of science, very careful consideration must be given to the time allowed for studies, the work-load of teachers and students, including theoretical, laboratory and teaching work and, on the other hand, practical and military work as well as the necessary holidays. W h a t has b e e n g a i n e d f r o m o u r e x p e r i e n c e t o date m u s t also b e s t u d i e d . I s the t i m e w h i c h w e h a v e a l l o c a t e d f o r studies i n the v a r i o u s s c i e n t i f i c d i s c i p l i n e s s u f f i c i e n t ? To t h i s e n d there should be close collaboration between the faculties of the University and other higher schools in regard to their various disciplines p r e c i s e l y to s t u d y t h e m i n d i v i d u a l l y and as a w h o l e a n d changes a n d i m p r o v e m e n t s s h o u l d b e m a d e o n t h e basis o f concrete a n a l y s e s and new orientations. U n d o u b t e d l y , the U n i v e r s i t y a n d the h i g h e r schools must be equipped w i t h laboratories, libraries, and a l l the other necessary means, b u t , n a t u r a l l y , n o t i m m e d i a t e l y w i t h means so sophisticated that they do not k n o w h o w to use t h e m . T h e dependence o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y a n d the h i g h e r schools o n t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n a n d C u l t u r e does not mean that the other departments must w a s h their h a n d s o f t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o g i v e t h e necessary a t t e n t i o n a n d assistance t o those i n s t i t u t i o n s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , they must carefully co-ordinate their w o r k w i t h the M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n a n d C u l t u r e o r w i t h t h e state organ which, it is proposed, should be considered for r u n n i n g t h e h i g h e r schools. Likewise, the connection of the U n i v e r s i t y and the h i g h e r schools w i t h t h e base m u s t b e f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n e d , j u s t a s the A c a d e m y o f Sciences a n d o t h e r s c i e n t i f i c -
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r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s also m u s t s t r e n g t h e n a n d deepen t h e i r connections. T h i s s h o u l d n o t be c o n c e i v e d as a c o n n e c t i o n between the administration of the university and the m i n i s t r y , b u t a s t h e U n k i n g o f t h e h i g h e r specialists w i t h t h e base a n d its l e a d e r s h i p . B u t t h e l e a d e r s h i p too, s h o u l d have the kindness a n d logic to listen attentively to the specialists. It must follow science, learn it and apply it. This is how this matter should be understood. W e p r e s e n t t h i s t a s k because s t i l l w e d o n o t see t h a t necessary a n d p o s s i b l e i n t e g r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e teachers and the scientific w o r k e r s of the U n i v e r s i t y , the higher schools a n d t h e s c i e n t i f i c i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d p r o d u c t i o n , s o t h a t t h e w o r k i n g p e o p l e o f a l l these i n s t i t u t i o n s , w h o h a v e s c i e n t i f i c degrees, h a v e t h e i r s a y w i t h g r e a t e r a u t h o r i t y a n d b e a r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b e f o r e t h e state a b o u t the various problems which worry production. We do not need w h a t y o u might call merely voluntary a d v i s e r s w h o toss i n some o p i n i o n w h e n i t i s s o u g h t o r w h o study some p r o b l e m w h e n they need it themselves i n o r d e r t o g a i n a s c i e n t i f i c degree o r t i t l e , b u t t h e i r o p i n i o n s a n d studies m u s t s e r v e m a i n l y t o i n c r e a s e p r o duction or advance science In this field, perhaps, there should be study of the e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e w a y t h e w o r k i s o r g a n i z e d i n the F a c u l t y o f M e d i c i n e , w h e r e t h e teachers a r e also doctors in the respective clinics w h i l e the chiefs of chairs w h o are t h e m o s t q u a l i f i e d w o r k e r s o f m e d i c i n e , also r u n a n d l e a d clinics. T h e y are responsible not o n l y for the adequate t r a i n i n g o f t h e cadres, b u t also f o r t h e s c i e n t i f i c t r e a t m e n t of the patients in the clinics w h i c h they r u n . ... Science is learned side it, after leaving develop, organize and knowledge among the in school but it is also learnt outschool. T h e r e f o r e , the P a r t y m u s t guide a great thirst for scientific masses, n o t o n l y i n s i d e i n s t i t u t i o n s
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b u t also o u t s i d e t h e m . S u c h a desire, s u c h a n i n t e r e s t , e s p e c i a l l y o n the p a r t o f t h e y o u t h , b u t also a m o n g t h e o l d e r people, i s n o t a p p a r e n t t o t h e necessary degree. T h e r e a r e some w h o a r e s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e k n o w l e d g e t h e y h a v e g a i n e d a t school, w h i c h m a y b e q u i t e good, a n d w h o proceed f r o m the idea that the d i p l o m a they put in their p o c k e t i s s u f f i c i e n t , because w i t h t h i s e v e r y d o o r c a n be opened to t h e m . It is true that the diploma, w h i c h represents e f f o r t s d e v o t e d to s t u d y f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t o f one's l i f e , opens t h e door, b u t t h e r e are m a n y t u r n s , m a n y roads, i l l u m i n a t e d a n d d a r k , w h i c h m u s t b e c l a r i f i e d , d i s c o v e r e d a n d i l l u m i n a t e d . T h i s c a n n o t b e done w i t h o u t extensive knowledge, without learning continuously, w i t h out d r a w i n g conclusions w h i c h g i v e a n i m p u l s e t o c r e a t i v e thinking. The higher cadres will engage more effectively in scientific work when the whole system of post-graduate qualification is placed on sounder scientific foundations. T h e i r t r a i n i n g a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o r t h e o t h e r h i g h e r schools lasts f r o m f o u r t o f i v e y e a r s . H o w e v e r , l i f e i s a h e a d o f t h o s e w h o c o m p l e t e t h e i r s c h o o l studies, a n d t h e t a s k s w i t h w h i c h they are charged increase a n d knowledge increases a n d e x t e n d s i n p r o p o r t i o n . I n these c o n d i t i o n s c o n t i n u o u s q u a l i f i c a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l f o r a l l cadres a n d specialists, e m p l o y i n g a l l t h e p r a c t i c a l a n d p o s s i b l e w a y s to this end individually and in an organized way, by a r o u s i n g s c i e n t i f i c debates a n d c r i t i c i s m . H e n c e , i t t u r n s o u t t h a t p o s t - g r a d u a t e q u a l i f i c a t i o n , too, m u s t b e p l a c e d o n m o r e s o l i d s c i e n t i f i c f o u n d a t i o n s , because t o d a y i t i n c l u d e s a s m a l l n u m b e r o f cadres a n d o n l y i n c e r t a i n specialities. I t needs t o b e l i n k e d c l o s e l y w i t h l i f e a n d serve t h e s o l u t i o n o f p r o b l e m s . T h e cadres a n d w o r k i n g p e o p l e i n g e n e r a l w a n t t o l e a r n and acquaint themselves w i t h the m a j o r discoveries i n i n d i v i d u a l sciences, e s p e c i a l l y t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n . H o w -
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ever, w e m u s t b e realists, t o g a i n a p r o f o u n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f science i s n o t easy. T h e m o r e i t develops the m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d i t becomes. W i t h t h e m e t h o d s e m p l o y e d hitherto it is quite impossible to follow the development a n d p r o g r e s s o f science a n d t o a s s i m i l a t e a l l that great volume of knowledge or to avoid parallel work. This r e q u i r e s p r o f o u n d s t u d y a n d p a s s i o n f o r science f r o m o u r s c h o l a r s a n d s e r i o u s s u p p o r t f r o m t h e P a r t y a n d state organs for the opening up of perspectives and their concretization and activation. A t the same t i m e , this r e q u i r e s the o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e best p o s s i b l e s y s t e m o f s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n . F o r this we must utilize the existing forms and t r y to i m p r o v e t h e m , b u t w e m u s t also s t u d y a n d t h i n k , a s t h e r e p o r t p o i n t s out, a b o u t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n o n s o u n d e r f o u n d a t i o n s , by c r e a t i n g a sector or centre of technical-scientific information and documentation. The r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d t a s k s f a c i n g t h i s centre d i c t a t e the n e e d that it should be at a h i g h technical and scientific level. T h i s i s necessary b o t h f o r t h e p e o p l e w h o w i l l b e e m p l o y e d there and for the technical apparatus w i t h w h i c h it w i l l be equipped. In this direction the libraries, especiall y t h e c e n t r a l ones, m u s t p l a y t h e i r r o l e better. F o r t h e s p e c i a l i s t s t o increase t h e i r k n o w l e d g e , t o a c q u a i n t t h e m selves w i t h t h e n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s o f science a n d t e c h n i q u e , more technical and scientific books a n d magazines must be available to them. A p a r t f r o m this, b e a r i n g i n m i n d t h e r o l e t h a t t h e sciences p l a y i n o u r c o u n t r y a t t h e p r e s e n t stage, t h e i r p o p u l a r i z a t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e n e g l e c t e d either, because t h i s enables a m o r e o r less c u l t u r e d p u b l i c t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r scientific meaning and application in practice. T h e object i v e o f t h i s p o p u l a r i z a t i o n o f science m u s t n o t b e f o r sensation, b u t the most realistic a n d coherent theoretical a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m s dealt w i t h .
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Good leadership and organization of scientific work have their beginning in sound and complete planning of it. W e s a y t h a t the p l a n o f s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h w o r k a n d t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n as a w h o l e is p a r t of t h e u n i f i e d state p l a n . B u t i s i t so, i n fact, f r o m t h e base t o the c e n t r e ? T h e p l a n o f s c i e n t i f i c w o r k i s n o t j u s t the list o f t h e m e s a n d studies d i v i d e d a c c o r d i n g t o w h a t o r g a n i s responsible, t h e p e o p l e w h o a r e t o b e e n g a g e d i n t h e m and the times for their completion. T h e p l a n must i n c l u d e t h e a i m s o f s c i e n t i f i c w o r k s a n d studies, t h e results w h i c h t h e y are e x p e c t e d t o a c h i e v e , w h a t n e w articles w i l l be obtained and produced, w h e r e m e c h a n i z a t i o n a n d a u t o m a t i o n w i l l b e c a r r i e d out, w h e r e n e w t e c h n o l o g i c a l processes w i l l b e i n t r o d u c e d o r t h e e x i s t i n g ones i m p r o v e d , h o w c e n t r a l i z a t i o n , s p e c i a l i z a t i o n a n d c o operation w i l l be developed, w h a t the i n n o v a t i o n m o v e m e n t m u s t achieve, a n d s o o n . T h e state b u d g e t f u n d s f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f science should be carefully calculated and included in the plan a n d m u s t b e e m p l o y e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e alone. B o t h t h e m i n i s t r i e s a n d t h e A c a d e m y o f Sciences m u s t h a v e t h e i r o w n budgets, i n v e s t m e n t s a n d t h e f u n d s n e c e s s a r y n o t o n l y f o r t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e tasks f o r e s e e n i n t h e p l a n f o r s c i e n t i f i c studies a n d r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s , b u t also some e s s e n t i a l r e s e r v e i n o r d e r t o o p e n t h e w a y t o u n f o r e s e e n n e w a d v a n c e s o f science w h i c h e m e r g e i n the course o f w o r k a n d l i f e . P l a n n i n g of scientific-research w o r k is required to p r e cede the d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m y a n d c u l t u r e , hence, t h e r e is a n e e d f o r p r o g n o s t i c s t u d i e s o v e r l o n g e r t e r m s on the development of different disciplines and branches of science a n d t e c h n i q u e . If we understand this necessary development p r o p e r l y t h e r e w i l l b e p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s . I n the course o f a p p l i c a t i o n t h e n e e d w i l l a r i s e f o r f u n d s , m a t e r i a l s , people, etc.,
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w h i c h have not been foreseen. A r e we going to open t h e r o a d to t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t or close i t ? The road must be opened. T h e p l a n c a n n o t be r i g i d . G r e a t e r c o n c e r n a n d seriousness m u s t b e s h o w n f o r the p l a n n i n g a n d o r g a n i z e d a p p l i c a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h w o r k because the accomplishment of the plan for production, culture and defence depends on this to an appreciable degree. With the new impulse being given to scientific-research work from the base to the centre, better, more correctly orientated and centralized guidance of it is required. T h i s raises t h e n e e d f o r t h e c e n t r a l d e p a r t m e n t s a n d t h e A c a d e m y o f Sciences a n d t h e e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e s o f t h e d i s t r i c t p e o p l e ' s c o u n c i l s t o p a y m u c h closer attention to scientific-research work, to give it guidance and direction. The setting up of a Higher Committee of Sciences, as p r o p o s e d i n t h e r e p o r t o f the P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u , w o u l d s e r v e t h e p r o g r e s s of o u r science. It should be at the rank of a ministry , b u t n o t c o n s t r u c t e d l i k e t h e o t h e r ministries. I t h i n k this H i g h e r C o m m i t t e e of Sciences s h o u l d n o t h a v e a n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n the sense o f the administration of ministries, nor have laboratories and i n s t i t u t e s d i r e c t l y d e p e n d e n t o n it, a s t h e c e n t r a l d e p a r t ments or the A c a d e m y of Sciences have. T h i s Committee, w h i c h w i l l g u i d e t h e sciences i n o u r c o u n t r y , s h o u l d b e c o m p r i s e d o n l y o f t h e best scientists o f v a r i o u s d i s c i p l i n e s . It should have the w h o l e country, wherever study, w o r k a n d p r o d u c t i o n i s c a r r i e d on, a s its l a b o r a t o r y . T h e H i g h e r C o m m i t t e e of Sciences must have f u l l knowledge of the l e v e l o f science a n d its a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h i s o r t h a t c a t e g o r y o r process o f w o r k , s h o u l d c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r t h i s o r t h a t s t u d y s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d f u r t h e r , w h a t studies t h e e n t e r p r i s e o r d e p a r t m e n t s c a n c a r r y out. I t c a n a n d m u s t conduct v a r i o u s studies a b o u t the f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t o f
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science a n d t e c h n o l o g y i n t h e f i e l d s a n d d i r e c t i o n s m o s t i m p o r t a n t f o r the p r e s e n t a n d t h e f u t u r e a n d t h e b r a n c h e s to w h i c h priority must be g i v e n , should determine the r e l a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f d i f f e r e n t b r a n c h e s o f science, t h e needs f o r t h e t r a i n i n g of cadres, etc., etc. T h e H i g h e r C o m m i t t e e o f Sciences w i l l h a v e t o c o ordinate the most important scientific w o r k on a national scale a n d assist i n the m a j o r p r o b l e m s o f i n t e r - d e p a r t m e n t a l c o - o p e r a t i o n , check u p o n t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f the m o r e i m p o r t a n t s c i e n t i f i c w o r k s , set t h e w o r k for t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n a n d s p e c i a l i z a t i o n o f cadres m o r e f i r m l y o n t h e r o a d t o progress, etc. I n brief, i t w i l l b e a n o r g a n w h i c h w i l l t a k e decisions a n d act u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n o f the C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s a n d w i l l b e r e s p o n s i b l e t o it. T h i s C o m m i t t e e , l i k e t h e other state organs, w i l l p r e s e n t v a r i o u s m a t e r i a l s , studies a n d p r o p o s a l s i n t h e f i e l d o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f science a n d t e c h n i q u e t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f the P a r t y . The Committee must not take over the competences of any department, any institution, the Academy, the University and other higher schools and institutions. On the contrary, it will assist them and check up on their carrying out of studies and the application of decisions. T h e C o m m i t t e e w i l l a d m i n i s t e r t h e state f u n d a l l o c a t e d f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f science i n o u r c o u n t r y a n d w h i l e checking up on the scientific w o r k of the departments, i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d the base, w i l l also see w h e t h e r t h e f u n d s are u s e d w e l l o r b a d l y a n d w i l l e x a m i n e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c w o r k , t o see w h e t h e r i t i s t r u l y a t t h e high level required (a thing w h i c h must yield fruit), or is o n l y a s i m p l e i n n o v a t i o n , a d a y - t o - d a y i m p r o v e m e n t of the w o r k . N o t only w i l l the Committee analyse m a j o r scientific p r o b l e m s , b u t i t c a n also s t u d y a n d a n a l y s e i n n o v a t i o n s w h i c h have importance and can be used generally over
DEVELOPMENT
OF
SCIENCE
AND
TECHNIQUE
1035
t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y . Who is going to do such studies for the government and the Central Committee? The Committee which I mentioned and which should be set up, w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e occasion, activizes, sets t a s k s f o r a n d guides w o r k i n g groups, study commissions and various specialists. T h e d e p a r t m e n t s , too, m u s t c a r r y o u t a n d a p p l y s c i e n t i f i c studies, w h i l e t h e g o v e r n m e n t , f o r its p a r t , m u s t m a k e m o r e p r o f o u n d studies a b o u t t h e d e p a r t m e n t s , w i t h out s h o w i n g p a r t i a l i t y t o w a r d s t h e m a n d c o m p e l t h e m t o c o m p l y w i t h its decisions. A l l o u r d e v e l o p m e n t o n t h e r o a d o f the r e v o l u t i o n , the a l l - s i d e d process o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s m i n o u r c o u n t r y , a r e b a s e d f i r m l y o n the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t science, o n t h e p o l i c y a n d i d e o l o g y o f the P a r t y , w h i c h is b u i l t on the basis of a p r o f o u n d k n o w l e d g e of o b j e c t i v e l a w s w h i c h d e t e r m i n e t h e p o l i t i c a l , economic, s o c i a l a n d cultural development of the country. T h e proceedings of t h i s P l e n u m m u s t serve to e n s u r e t h a t the organs and organizations of the Party, wherever they work and militate, take continuous care to place all their work of leadership, organization and education on sounder scientific foundations. H e n c e , the task d e v o l v e s on the P a r t y i n t h e c e n t r e , t h e d i s t r i c t s a n d a t t h e base, t o p a y g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n t o science a n d s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h w o r k , to the development and deepening of the scientific and t e c h n i c a l r e v o l u t i o n . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e organs o f t h e P a r t y t h e m s e l v e s m u s t engage m o r e i n s c i e n t i f i c studies, m u s t m a k e studies a n d g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s o f t h e i r a c t i v i t y in leadership, organization, education and application. B e s i d e s this, the P a r t y m u s t t a k e care a n d d e m a n d t h a t t h e o r g a n s o f t h e state, t h e e c o n o m y a n d a l l the o t h e r l e v e r s also r a i s e t h e s c i e n t i f i c l e v e l o f t h e i r w o r k i n a l l fields, i n t h e base a n d i n the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . It is essential that the proceedings of this Plenum
1036
ENVER HOXHA
s h o u l d b e f o l l o w e d b y p r o f o u n d serious analyses o f t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s to date, of the s h o r t c o m i n g s a n d the t a s k s w h i c h emerge at every l i n k of the productive, educational, c u l t u r a l a n d defence a c t i v i t y i n each i n s t i t u t i o n a n d c e l l o f the w o r k o f s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h a n d i n n o v a t i o n , a c c o m p a n y i n g this w i t h c o n c r e t e m e a s u r e s a n d actions i n f a v o u r of the c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m , t h e defence of the Homeland, for the i m p r o v e m e n t of the l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f the people a n d t h e f u r t h e r t e m p e r i n g o f o u r n e w man. Reports and Speeches, 1980-1981
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
VII
1976 ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE O F T H E P A R T Y O F L A B O U R O F A L B A N I A (Extracts f r o m the Report submitted to the 7th Congress of the P L A ) (November 1, 1976)
I The new c o n s t i t u t i o n a g r e a t h i s t o r i c v i c t o r y of the p a r t y and t h e people
II The economic development t h e t a s k s of t h e p a r t y of t h e country and 17
1. The further development of industry the m a i n factor for the strengthening of the economy 2. Agriculture, the basic branch of the economy, must be raised to a higher level
20
27
1038
CONTENTS 4. The people's w e l l - b e i n g must be increased and i m p r o v e d 6. T h e principle of self-reliance must be understood and implemented correctly
35 40
IV THE STRUGGLE OF THE PARTY ON THE IDEOLOGICAL FRONT 1. We must wage the class struggle correctly and w i t h determination 2. The leading role of the w o r k i n g class and the education of the w o r k i n g masses 4. Education, culture and science must be raised to the level of the tasks of the time
44
44
61
76
V THE INTERNATIONAL POLICY of THE PRA SITUATION AND THE FOREIGN
87
B R A T I S L A V A 1968 (Article published in the newspaper Zri i popullit) (November 16, 1976) THE PARTY STANDING AT THE HEAD OF THE MASSES INSPIRES A N D MOBILIZES T H E M TO C A R R Y O U T T H E T A S K S (From the talk w i t h the First Secretary of the CC of the Communist P a r t y of Brasil, Joao Amazonas) (November 25, 1976) . . . SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT THE B A L L I S T DECAL O G U E OF M A O Z E D O N G (December 28, 1976)
138
143 163
CONTENTS
1039
1977 THE JUST CAUSE OF THE A R A B PEOPLES IS I N V I N C I B L E (Article published in the newspaper Zri i popullit) (November 24, 1977)
186
1978 WHEN THE PRESENT STANDS ON STEEL FOUND A T I O N S T H E F U T U R E I S S E C U R E (From the speech delivered to the cadres of the district of Gjirokastra) ( M a r c h 18, 1978) T h e peoples t h r o u g h o u t the w o r l d are a d v a n c i n g t o w a r d s the r e v o l u t i o n . . . . T h e p r o b l e m s of each stage m u s t be s o l v e d w i t h prudence and maturity, never forgetting the future No s i t u a t i o n m u s t c a t c h us off g u a r d . . .
195
196
213 227
PROLETARIAN DEMOCRACY IS GENUINE DEMOC R A C Y (Speech delivered at the meeting of the G e n e r a l C o u n c i l of the Democratic Front of Albania) (September 20, 1978) Y U G O S L A V SELF-ADMINISTRATION TALIST T H E O R Y A N D PRACTICE 1. A brief glance at Titoite revisionists the A CAPI-
233
265 of the 268
history
1040
CONTENTS 2. The system of the economy self-administration in 283
3. Self-administration and the anarchist views on the state. The national question in Yugoslavia 4. The system of self-administration and the negation of the leading role of the party 5. Ideo-political pluralism, democracy and socialist construction in Yugoslavia . .
303
323
335
IMPERIALISM AND T H E REVOLUTION Foreword to the first edition
358 359 362
Note to the second edition
PART I THE STRATEGY REVISIONISM OF
ONE
IMPERIALISM
AND
MODERN 363 . . . 372 380 385
T h e s t r a t e g y of w o r l d i m p e r i a l i s m The strategy of Soviet
social-imperialism
T h e s t r a t e g y of C h i n e s e s o c i a l - i m p e r i a l i s m The role of Titoism and other revisionist
CONTENTS t r e n d s i n the g l o b a l s t r a t e g y o f i m p e r i a l i s m and social-imperialism . T h e r e v o l u t i o n the o n l y w e a p o n to defeat t h e s t r a t e g y of the enemies of the p r o l e t a r i a t a n d the peoples
1041
394
405
II THE LENINIST THEORY ON IMPERIALISM RETAINS ITS F U L L V A L I D I T Y
409
III THE REVOLUTION AND THE PEOPLES W e m u s t d e f e n d a n d i m p l e m e n t the M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t teachings on the r e v o l u t i o n . . The peoples' liberation struggle a c o m p o n e n t p a r t of the w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n . . . G e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s c a l l o n the p r o l e t a r i a n s a n d peoples t o r i s e u p f o r the n e w w o r l d , the socialist w o r l d 464
467
488
518
PART I
TWO
T H E T H E O R Y OF THREE WORLDS A C O U N TERREVOLUTIONARY CHAUVINIST THEORY . .
549
1042
CONTENTS T h e concept of the T h r e e W o r l d s n e g a t i o n of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a 550
T h e a t t i t u d e o f the C h i n e s e r e v i s i o n i s t s t o contradictions is an idealist, revisionist a n d capitulationist attitude T h e C h i n e s e v i e w a b o u t the u n i t y T h i r d W o r l d is r e a c t i o n a r y of the
567
595
T h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y o f the T h i r d W o r l d a n d the Y u g o s l a v t h e o r y o f the N o n - a l i g n e d W o r l d sabotage the r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e of the peoples II

CHINA'S P L A N T O B E C O M E A SUPERPOWER . . .
603
615
III MAO ZEDONG THEORY THOUGHT AN ANTI-MARXIST 649 702
T H E D E F E N C E OF M A R X I S M - L E N I N I S M A M A J O R DUTY FOR A L L GENUINE REVOLUTIONARIES . .
1979 THE IRANIAN WORKING CLASS C A M E OUT ON THE BATTLEFIELD, OVERTHREW THE SHAH AND S H O O K T H E C A P I T A L I S T W O R L D (Article p u b l i shed in the newspaper Zri i popullit) (February 18, 1979) THE CHINESE LEADERSHIP HEADED BY DENG
708
CONTENTS XIAOPING HAVE LAUNCHED A MILITARY A T T A C K O N V I E T N A M (Article published i n the newspaper Zri i popullit) (February 21, 1979) . . . ONLY UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF A GENUINE MARXIST-LENINIST PARTY C A N THE OBJECTIV E S B E A C H I E V E D (From a talk w i t h Ernst Aust) (November 30, 1979)
1043
720
729
1980 THE AGGRESSORS MUST GET OUT OF AFGHANIS T A N ! (Article published i n the newspaper Z r i i popullit) (January 5, 1980) THE EVENTS WHICH ARE TAKING PLACE IN THE MOSLEM COUNTRIES MUST BE SEEN IN THE LIGHT OF DIALECTICAL AND HISTORICAL M A T E R I A L I S M (January 1980)
752
758
EUROCOMMUNISM
IS
ANTI-COMMUNISM I
. . . .
789
THE NEW B I R T H OF
IMPERIALIST STRATEGY MODERN REVISIONISM a permanent
AND
THE 799
Opportunism bourgeoisie
ally
of
the 799
T h e v i c t o r y o v e r f a s c i s m a n d the c o u n t e r o f f e n s i v e of i m p e r i a l i s m Modern revisionism in power a new
802
1044
CONTENTS w e a p o n of the bourgeoisie against the revolution and socialism . . . . . . . .
807
II EUROCOMMUNISM AN IDEOLOGY OF SUBMISSION TO T H E BOURGEOISIE A N D I M P E R I A L I S M T h e b e g i n n i n g s o f m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m i n the c o m m u n i s t p a r t i e s of W e s t e r n E u r o p e . . U n i t y w i t h the K h r u s h c h e v i t e r e v i s i o n i s t s i n the s t r u g g l e against M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d the r e v o l u t i o n . . . . . . . . . . F r o m revisionist anti-communism opportunism to bourgeois 867 872 887 903 915
836
837
849
T h e bourgeois c o n c e p t i o n of bourgeois society T h e E u r o c o m m u n i s t s ' socialism i s the p r e sent c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m T h e d e m o c r a t i c r o a d to s o c i a l i s m a d i s guise t o p r o t e c t the b o u r g e o i s state . . . . The Eurocommunists' independence is dependence on c a p i t a l a n d the bourgeoisie
III REFORMIST IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE E U R O C O M M U N I S T PARTIES T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n of the bourgeois state the basis o f T o g l i a t t i ' s socialism . . . .
933
933
CONTENTS T h e successors of P r o u d h o n in F r a n c e . R e v i s i o n i s m w i t h the gloves off .
1045 947 964
IV ONLY THE MARXIST-LENINISTS HOLD HIGH THE BANNER OF THE REVOLUTION AND CARRY IT FORWARD .
977
THE PROGRESS OF THE COUNTRY IS INSEPARAB L E F R O M THE D E V E L O P M E N T OF SCIENCE A N D T E C H N I Q U E (From the closing speech at the 8th P l e n u m of the CO of the P L A ) (June 25, 1980) . .
1006

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WORKERS OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!

PUBLISHED BY DECISION OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA

INSTITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES AT THE CC OF THE PLA

NOVEMBER 1976 - JUNE 1980

ON T H E ACTIVITY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA

Extracts from the Report_(1) submitted Congress of the PLA (2)

T h e 6th Congress of the P a r t y put f o r w a r d the task _______________________________

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY AND THE TASKS OF THE PARTY

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE P L A

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

2. A G R I C U L T U R E , T H E B A S I C BRANCH OF T H E E C O N O M Y , MUST BE RAISED TO A HIGHER L E V E L

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE P L A

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

T h e c o m p l e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n of socialist s o c i e t i y is closely connected w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p l e o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e i n e v e r y step a n d

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

43 has the the forby

THE STRUGGLE OF THE PARTY ON IDEOLOGICAL FRONT

1. WE M U S T W A G E T H E C L A S S S T R U G G L E C O R R E C T L Y AND WITH DETERMINATION

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE P L A

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

2. THE L E A D I N G ROLE OF T H E WORKING CLASS A N D THE EDUCATION OF THE WORKING MASSES

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

4. EDUCATION, C U L T U R E A N D SCIENCE M U S T BE RAISED TO THE L E V E L OF THE TASKS OF THE TIME

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND FOREIGN POLICY OF THE PRA

88 democracy, for cause o f the peoples is n o t but a problem

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

REPORT TO THE 7th CONGE ESS OF THE PLA

is no defeat f o r it, because it has p u t its s q u a d r i s t i ( 8 ) contingents i n t o the C h r i s t i a n - d e m o c r a t i c P a r t y .