City Development Plan

City Development Plan
Guwahati
July 2006
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 : Need & background of City Development Plan

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Background Objectives & Goals Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme Evolvement of CDP through a Consultative Process
5-7
5 6 7 7
Chapter 2 : Introduction to the Region

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Guwahati Metropolitan Area Population Geographical Location Climate of the Region Soil Profile of the Region Institutional Responsibility Regional Linkages 2.7.1 Roads 2.7.2 Railways 2.7.3 Airways 2.8 Seismic Zone
8-15
8 9 9 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 14
Chapter 3 : Demography
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Overall Decadal Population & Growth Rate Population Density Population Projections Migrations Urbanization Age Mix and Sex Ratio Literacy Rate Work force Variance 3.8.1 Work Break-Up 3.8.2 Income Variance
16-27
16 18 19 20 22 22 24 24 25 27
Chapter 4 : Economic Base

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Background Industry Key Industries Informal Sector
28-34
28 28 30 34
Chapter 5 : Profile of Urban Local Bodies

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Background Introduction to Guwahati Municipal Corporation Financial Profile Guwahati Municipal Corporation Summary of Key Observations Action Plan Funding for Capacity Building
35-42
35 35 37 39 40 40
Chapter 6 : Situation Appraisal

6.1 Environment 6.1.1 Disaster Management 6.2 Tourism 6.3 Water 6.4 Housing 6.5 Transportation 6.6 Drainage & Storm water Drainage 6.7 Sanitation & Sewerage 6.8 Basic Services for Urban Poor 6.9 Solid Waste Management 6.10 Water Front Development 6.11 Urban Renewal
43-76
43 45 48 49 53 55 64 69 70 71 75 75
Chapter 7 : Environment
7.1 Introduction 7.2 Background 7.3 Action Plan 7.3.1 Water Pollution 7.3.2 Drainage and Dredging 7.3.3 Air Pollution 7.3.4 Forest, Soil erosion & Hill Cutting 7.3.5 Water Bodies 7.3.6 Disaster Management
77-80
77 77 77 77 78 78 78 79 79
Chapter 8 : Vision & Perspective

8.1 Background
81-83
81
Chapter 9 : Land Use and Availability

9.1 Background 9.2 Present Scenario 9.3 Land Use 2025
84-88
84 84 86
Chapter 10 : Tourism
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Background Vision Waterfront Attraction Religious Places Other Places (Outside GMA) Action Plans
89-93
89 89 89 90 91 92
Chapter 11 : Water
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Background Vision Action Plans Schemes
94-98
94 94 94 98
Chapter 12 : Housing
12.1 Aims and Objectives 12.2 Background 12.3 Situation Appraisal
99-99
99 99 99
Chapter 13 : Transportation
13.1 Background 13.2 Vision 13.3 Major Action Points 13.3.1 Traffic Management System 13.3.2 Integrated Transportation System
100-107
100 100 100 101 103
Chapter 14 : Drainage & Storm Water Drainage

14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Background Action Plans Background Storm Water Drainage Action Plan
108-113
108 108 109 110
Chapter 15 : Sanitation & Sewerage

15.1 Background 15.2 Action Plan
114-115
114 114
Chapter 16 : Basic Services to the Urban Poor

16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Background Vision Key Interventions Key Actions
116-120
116 116 117 117
Chapter 17 : Solid Waste Management

17.1 Background 17.2 Action Plans
121-127
121 122
Chapter 18 : Waterfront Development

18.1 Background 18.2 Action Plans 18.3 Major Action Points
128-130
128 128 129
Chapter 19 : Urban Renewal Programme

19.1 Vision 19.2 Background 19.3 Major Action Points
131-133
131 131 131
Chapter 20 : Reform Program

20.1 Background and Reform Goals 20.2 Reform Agenda
134-142
134 134
Chapter 21 : City Investment Plan

21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Background Sustainability & Financial Options Sector Wise Utilisation Financial Operating Plan
143-152
143 143 148 151 155-160 161-161 162-162 163-164
ANNEXURE 1 : CDP Through a Consultative Process ANNEXURE 2 : Table on Institutional responsibility ANNEXURE 3 : Analysis on Air Samples, Standards & Ambient Air Quality ANNEXURE 4 : Details on Receipt & Expenditure of GMC (2002-2004)
1. Need & background of City Development Plan

1.1 Background
Cities and towns play a vital role in the countrys socio-economic growth, its transformation and change. The exponential increase in population and unplanned growth over the years have created enormous pressure on the availability of land and infrastructure with the result that most cities and towns are severely stressed in terms of available infrastructure and delivery of basic services.
Guwahati is recognized to be the most critical city in the Northeast India. The city has a well-developed connectivity with the rest of the country and acts as the gateway to the entire North Eastern India. Hence, the development of the city is not only critical to the state of Assam but also to the entire Northeast. Given the criticality of the city to the entire region, it is quite evident that population of the city would continue to grow rapidly in the future.
It is therefore extremely important that for the entire region to grow, the city needs to adopt a holistic and an all round Plan for development. An Integrated City Development Plan laying down a long-term vision for the city and also identifying key Strategies and Action Plans for achieving the same is important. Absence of the same would lead to Piece-meal and Skewed development.
The City Development Plan if efficiently and equitably managed, will trigger
collateral development of its
In order to encourage planned development of the urban sector across the country, the Government of India has recently launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The Mission aims at bringing about fast track planned development of identified cities with a clear focus on bringing efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens. Guwahati is one of the 63 cities, which have been identified under the said mission. The mission has also identified drawing up a City Development Plan as one of the critical milestones in this regard.
adjoining hinterland mostly through trickling down
effect- which will in turn help raise the level of over all welfare in this part of the region directly, and all over the State as well as the
In view of the above, Guwahati has taken up a programme of a City Development Plan (CDP). The CDP focuses on the development of infrastructure and builds up strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor, strengthening of municipal governments, their financial accounting,
budgeting systems and procedures, creation of structures for bringing in accountability and transparency, and elimination of legal and other bottlenecks that have stifled the land and housing markets. It provides a basis for cities to undertake urban sector reforms that help direct investment into city-based infrastructure using the Public Private Partnership (PPP) route.
1.2
Objectives & Goals
The objectives and Goals of the CDP are in line with that of the JNNURM and form the basis of the Strategies and Action Plans being drawn herein.
Specifically, the CDP aims at achieving the following objectives:
The prime strategic goals are
Promote focused, balanced and sustainable economic and infrastructure development that will enable Guwahati to fulfill its role as the Gateway to the North-East (N-E) India and possibly to the South East Asia under the look east policy of the Government of India;
Provide for and build a natural environment that contributes to providing a good quality of life for the residents and visitors;
Provide Basic Services to the Urban Poor through quality delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access at an affordable price
Planned development leading to dispersed urbanisation and reduction of congestion;
Improving Inter and Intra regional accessibility;
Raise adequate funds for meeting the investment requirements in the infrastructure sector;
Ensuring a mechanism for maintenance of assets created, so as to ensure long term project sustainability;
1.3
Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme
The overall goals are in turn integrated into the strategic aims of what the City seeks to achieve in the lifespan of the Mission and beyond. These aims also form the basis for the identification of various schemes and programs besides formulation of policies to be taken up over the Mission Period.
The plan includes strategic aims for each of the sectors as has been recognized by the Mission and in order to achieve the same a number of schemes and programmes have been identified. It may be recognized that the CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be responsive to ever-changing requirements of the citizens of the city. To the extent that the requirements change, the Plan will be continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing aspirations of the people.
1.4
Evolvement of CDP through a Consultative Process
In order to develop a shared vision of the area, views of stakeholders consisting of - Citizens/Beneficiaries, Peoples Representatives, key member of local industries, Academic & Research Institutions and members of the respective Urban Local Bodies have been taken. Suggestions, issues, interventions, views, ideas, proposals etc. emerging from consultation has been provided in the Vision as well as taken into account while formulating the CDP.
DETAILS
OF
CONSULTATIVE
PROCESS
HAVE
BEEN
PROVIDED IN ANNEXURE-I
2. Introduction to the Region

2.1 Guwahati Metropolitan Area
The City Development Plan (CDP) focuses on the Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority jurisdiction, comprising of Guwahati Municipal
Corporation Area (GMCA), North Guwahati Town Committee area, Amingaon and some revenue villages. The area is known as the Guwahati metropolitan area (GMA) and covers an area of 264 kms.
The
Guwahati Area
Metropolitan
covers a jurisdiction of 264 sq km and comprises of
Guwahati Municipal Corporation North Town Area,
Guwahati Committee,
Amingaon.
Guwahati is a part of Kamrup District and is situated between 25.43 and 26.51 North Latitude and between 90.36 and 92.12 East Longitude. Located on the banks of the Brahamaputra River, it is the largest commercial, industrial and educational center of the N-E region.
Guwahati is easily accessible by air, rail & road. Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport is a modern airport and most airlines have daily flights from all metros across India via Delhi and Kolkata. In addition, it also has regular connectivity with the South East Asia with twice a week flights connecting Bangkok with the region.
2.2
Population
As per Census 2001, the population of Kamrup district is 25,15,030, contributing to 9.44% of the state population; Kamrup is the most populous district of the state. Also among the districts of Assam, Kamrup shows the maximum decadal growth rate (28.73%) during 1991-2001. The total population covered under the Guwahati Metropolitan Area as per 2001 census is 8,90,773.
2.3
Geographical Location
Guwahati is situated on the banks of river Brahmaputra with its cardinal points as 26 10 north latitude and 92 49 east longitude. It is located towards the SouthEastern side of Kamrup district, which is surrounded by Nalbari district in the North, Darrang and Marigaon districts in the East, Meghalaya State in the south and Goalpara and Barpeta districts in the West. The city is situated on an undulating plain with varying altitudes of 49.5 m to 55.5 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL). The Southern and Eastern sides of the city are surrounded by hillocks. Apart from the hilly tracts, swamps, marshes, water bodies like Deepor Beel, Silpukhuri, Dighali Pukhuri, Borsola Beel and Silsakoo Beel etc also cover the city.
0 0
Map 1: Map of Guwahati
10
2.4
Climate of the Region
The climate of the state is characterized by a warm and humid feeling. As the tropic of cancer runs through the state, the climate is temperate but pleasant. The monsoon brings heavy rains to Guwahati. The average temperature is 31.5C to 24.7C in summers and 24.9C to 12.5C in winters.
The city has four well-defined seasons, summer, monsoon, winter and spring. Winter season is from October to March and spring starts from April and this is the best time to visit Guwahati. A mild and moderate climate never given to extreme cold or heat is the main feature of Guwahatis climate. Table 1: Climate of the Region
Mean Temperature oC Month Daily Minimum 9.8 11.5 15.5 20.0 22.5 24.7 25.5 25.5 24.6 21.8 16.4 11.5 Daily Maximum 23.6 26.4 30.2 31.5 31.0 31.4 31.8 32.1 31.7 30.1 27.4 24.6 Mean Total Rainfall (mm) 11.4 12.8 57.7 142.3 248.0 350.1 353.6 269.9 166.2 79.2 19.4 5.1 Mean Number of Rainy Days 1.2 1.3 4.6 9.0 14.3 16.1 16.8 13.9 10.3 5.3 1.5 0.4
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: Regional Meteorological Centre Guwahati 1951 -1980
2.5
Soil Profile of the Region

The city is situated on an undulating plain
The city is situated on an undulating plain with varying altitudes of 49.5 m to 55.5 m above mean sea level (MSL). The southern and eastern sides of the city are surrounded by hillocks. The central part of the city also has small hillocks like Sarania hill (193 m), Nabagraha hill (217 m), Nilachal hill (193 m) and Chunsali Hill (293 m). Apart from the hilly tracts, swamps, marshes and small water bodies like Deepar beel, Dighali Pukhuri and Silsakoo beel etc also cover the city.
with varying altitudes of 49.5 m to 55.5 m
above mean sea level (MSL).
11
The construction activities on the hills in Guwahati have resulted in the removal of vegetation cover in the forest area thereby exposing the surface. It has been observed that the soil loss is more on theexposed slopes than the vegetation covered slopes. The problem of soil erosion is significant not only from the view point of loss of soil fertility but also with respect to from the several environmental issues such as water logging, flashflood, siltation, decrease in the ground water table and the dusty environment on sunny days.
The Guwahati Municipal Development (GMDA) agency is Authority the for nodal the
development of the area. Major region portion however of the forms
apart of the GMC area
2.6
Institutional Responsibility
The primary development agenda of Guwahati city is carried out by two main agencies, the Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) and the Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA). The area covered under GMDA includes the GMC area of 216 sq kms and an additional 48 sq kms. Table 2: Institutional Framework Infrastructure Water supply Sewerage Drainage Storm water drainage Solid Waste disposal Municipal roads (Including flyover) Street lighting Town Planning Planning and Design PHE/AUWSSD/GMC PHE/AUWSSD/GMC/ FCD PHE/AUWSSD/GMC/ FCD GMDA/GMC/T&CP Construction PHE/AUWSSD/GMC PHE/AUWSSD/GMC/ FCD PHE/AUWSSD/GMC/ FCD GMDA/GMC GMC PWD/GMDA/GMC PWD/GMDA/GMC GMDA Operation and Maintenance PHE/AUWSSD/GMC PHE/AUWSSD/GMC/ FCD PHE/AUWSSD/GMC/ FCD GMDA/GMC GMC PWD/GMDA/GMC PWD/GMDA/GMC GMDA
GMC PWD/GMDA/GMC PWD/GMDA/GMC GMDA & T& CP
AUWSSB- Assam Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Department GMC- Guwahati Municipal Corporation GMDA- Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority PHE- Public Health Engineering PWD- Public Works Department FCD- Flood Control Department T&CP: Town and Country Planning Note: The area responsibilities are provided in annexure 2
12
The presence of multiple agencies while discharging similar duties has compounded the problem of service delivery in the city of Guwahati. Though each of the agencies in question has a clear demarcation with respect to service delivery in specific locations, for example, the PHE supplying drinking water to State Government installations, many a time, there are duplications of effort. The problem is compounded more so with respect to consumers, who have to deal with a number of agencies for redressal and service delivery.
The need of the hour with respect to the functioning of the various agencies concerning the discharge of civic functions is to bring about accountability of service delivery. In addition, wherever possible, the functioning of the agencies need to be streamlined to bring it under one agency, which will not only help in improving service delivery but also bring about accountability.
Further, some of the specific activities further streamlined with entrustment to individual agencies. For example, the planning and design for drainage could be entrusted to the PHE department and the construction could be with the PWD.
It is, however, apparent that each of the agencies operating in the city has predefined areas in which they operate, and hence there is a broad clarity on their roles and responsibilities. But it is recognized that the various agencies need to be brought under the ambit of the Guwahati Municipal Corporation, which should have the overall responsibility of providing infrastructure services in Guwahati and shall utilize the services of other agencies on a need basis.
2.7
Regional Linkages
Guwahati being the most important city of the Northeast has fairly well developed road, rail and air connectivity with the rest of the country and other cities and towns of the region. This is one of the major benefits of the Guwahati Metropolitan Area, since it offers good connectivity and related privileges for the development of the entire region.
The city has a well-developed connectivity the rest of with the
2.7.1
Roads
country. The city acts as to the the
Guwahati Metropolitan Area has been touched upon by National Highway 31, National Highway 37, and National Highway 40. National Highways 31 and 37 connect GMA with the rest of the country, while National highway 40 and State Highways connect the area with other north-eastern states of Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh and other cities and towns of Assam. National Highway 40 is a major link connecting
gateway North-East
13
Guwahati City with Shillong, Mizoram and southern parts of Assam. Whereas National Highway 31 connects the city with Bongaigaon, Dhuburi and enters West Bengal in the west. All the census towns and other important areas are located on or along the National Highways 31 and 37.
2.7.2
Railways
A broad gauge railway line connects Guwahati with other nearby major towns like Rangia, Bongaigaon, Khetri, etc. and further with the rest of the country. The Broad Gauge Railway Track also connects Guwahati with Dibrugarh Tinsukia in the East.
2.7.3
Airways
Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport at Guwahati is the largest besides being the busiest airport in the entire North Eastern region. It connects the city with major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata as well as with other cities in Assam and the North-Eastern region like Agartala, Imphal, Silchar, Tezpur, Jorhat, Dimapur, North Lakhimpur and Dibrugarh. Guwahati airport caters to both private and national airlines and has been recently converted in to an international airport with direct connectivity to South East Asia.
2.8
Seismic Zone
The Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining highlands constitute a highly active seismic zone. Guwahati falls in the Seismic Zone V, where earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more can occur i.e. the zone with highest intensity along with the entire north-eastern region. Guwahati and its surrounding area are situated on the fringe of hard rock formation. Its vulnerability to the sesmic activity is excerbated due to congestion brought on by topography, with poorly build housing and narrow streets. Earthquakes measuring upto 8.7 on the Richter scale occurred here in 1897 and 1950. Between 1920 and 1980 as many as 455 earthquakes
14
of magnitude 5 on the Richter scale were recorded in the region, an average of 8 per year Since, earthquakes are among the most dangerous and destructive natural hazards and are also the least easy to predict, warnings against it or preparations against physical destruction are difficult. Thus this calls for an attention to such natural disasters so that necessary precautionary disaster management steps can be undertaken.
15
3. Demography
3.1 Overall Decadal Population & Growth Rate
The State of Assam has been consistently witnessing a balanced growth in population. Assam accounts for over 70 % of the population of the Northeast (census 2001). The District Kamrup is one of the most densely populated regions of Assam. Guwahati is a fast growing metropolis and the most important city of the region. The city with a population of 8.9 Lakhs (Census 2001) is by far the largest settlement, while Shillong and Imphal, with population size of only 2.7 and 2.5 lakhs respectively are second and third largest cities in the North Eastern region. With substantial increase in population in the last few decades and poised to grow further, the City needs a well-structured development plan in its infrastructure to sustain this rapid growth.
Table 3: Population Growth Population growth in Guwahati vis--vis India, Assam and Kamrup 1971 1991 2001 Average Decadal Name Decadal Population Population Population Growth Rate Growth Rate in Percent India 548.15 846.3 24.25 1,027.01 21.35 Assam 14.63 22.41 23.8 26.64 18.85 Kamrup 1.21 2 28.73 2.52 25.75 GMA 0.29 0.65 48.45 0.89 37.85 GMCA 0.12 0.58 117.27 0.81 38.6
Source: Various issues of the Census of India No census was carried out during 1981
The population of Guwahati Metropolitan Area has grown almost 6.5 times between 1971 and 2001. The municipal limit of the city during the period increased from 43.82 sq.km in 1971 to 216.79 sq.km in 1991. The Decadal Growth in the GMA is otherwise quite balanced. The following Graph shows the population trend of the city over the decades.
16
Fig 1: Population breakup of the GMDA from 1921 to 2001
890,773 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 1951 1961 1971 1981* 1991 2001 199,482 97,389 293,219 371,296 646,169
1951
1961
1971
1981*
1991
2001
Source: Various Issues of Census of India
Table 4: Growth of population in Guwahati: 1921 to 2001
Year
Decadal GMA Decadal Population Growth excluding Growth in GMCA (%) GMCA (%) 1921 16,480 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 21,797 29,594 43,615 100,707 123,783 268,945 584,342 809,895 130.9 22.91 117.27 117.27 38.6 53,774 98,775 169,436 102,351 61,827 80,878 83.69 71.54 -39.6 -39.6 30.81
GMA -
Decadal Growth (%)
97,389 199,482 293,219 371,296 646,169 890,773 104.83 46.99 48.45 48.45 37.85
1981* 1991 2001
Source: Census Statistical Hand Book and Zoning Regulations for Guwahati
17
The decadal population growth in Guwahati Metropolitan Area is nearly, 37.85%, which is substantially higher than that of the National decadal growth of 21.35%. Table 5: Decadal Growth Name India Assam Kamrup GMCA GMDA Decadal Growth Rate in Percent (2001) 21.35 18.85 25.75 37.85 38.6
Source: Guwahati Master Plan
3.2
Population Density
The Population Density of Guwahati has been steadily increasing. The following graph shows trends in Population Density since 1981
Fig 2: Decadal Growth
3741 2001 2705 1991 2558 1981 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Population density Of Guwahati

Source: Various issues of the Census of India
The above density of 3741 is moderate. However the growth in density has been on an increasing trend as can be observed in the table given above. Further, the growth has been largely skewed resulting in congestion in certain pockets. With such high increase in population coupled with inequitable growth in the city, congestion has been the order of the day at present not only on the city roads but
18
with respect to living conditions as well. In addition, there has been unplanned urbanization all across the city leading to skewed development and congestion. Hence, a decongestion programme backed by a systematic development plan in basic infrastructure is required.
3.3
Population Projections
The GMA region has been experiencing an above average growth in population due to a mix of factors such as annexation, natural growth and migration. The population of GMCA and GMA (excluding GMCA) has been computed from the previous census 2001 and then the trend has been formulated on an exponential series to forecast the future projections. This has been done in order to develop a projection trend in line with the trend observed in the past. The last Decadal growth rate is only considered for this projection i.e. 38.6 % for GMCA and nearly 30 % for the other region. Based on the above, the total population of the GMA Area is expected to reach a total of 27 lacs by Year 2031.
Table 6: Population Trend and Projections
Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
Population in GMCA GMA excluding GMCA 43,615 100,707 123,783 268,945 584,342 809,895 1,191,418 1,752,668 2,578,310 53,774 98,775 169,436 102,351 61,827 80,878 110062 149776 203821
GMA 97,389 199,482 293,219 371,296 646,169 890,773 1,301,480 1,902,444 2,782,131
Source: Various issues of the Census of India *No Census could be conducted in Guwahati in 1981. The 1981 population figures have been extrapolated on the basis of the 1971-1991 CAGR. The figures from 2011 to 2031 are projected figures.
The table shows projection for i.e. GMCA and the GMA. The total projected population of the GMA would stand at over 27 Lakhs by 2031.
19
Fig 3: Population Trend & Projections
3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 890,773 646,169 584,342 61,827 809,895 80,878 110062 149776 1,301,480 1,191,418 1,902,444
2,782,131 2,578,310
1,752,668
203821 2031 GMDA
1991 2001 Population in GMCA
2011 2021 GMDA excluding GMCA
3.4
Migrations
One of factors accounting for the rapid growth in population has been migration from other areas to the GMA Region. The following table gives a vivid picture of people migrating to the region and the composition of migrants for the last decade. Table 7: Change in pattern of Migration in Guwahati City
Proportion of migrants (%) 1971 1991 Proportion of migrants in resident population 58.79 47.38 (a) Males 63.46 48.19 (b) Females 51.86 46.34 Total Migrants (a+b) 100 100 Migrants
The below table demonstrates the reason of Migration. It has been observed that a large section of people have migrated for reasons such as family connection, marriage, employment, education and business. Note: Migration has been computed at around 25% of the population
20
Table 8: Migrants by place of last Residence to Guwahati City by reasons for Migration Family Marriage Total Employment Business Education movement (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 100 22 8.8 6 22.5 17.3 Last Residence in India 100 22.4 8.8 6.3 22.3 17.5 100 24.3 9.6 6.6 20.6 17.1 100 19.9 7.8 5.9 24.8 18 Migrants from within Assam 100 24.7 6.4 7.5 20.8 18.6 100 26.1 6.6 7.9 19.5 18.1 100 22.5 6 7 23.1 19.6 Migrants from within District 100 23.8 5.8 7.1 18.4 21.2 100 24.6 5.6 7.4 18.4 20.3 100 20.2 6.6 5.4 17.9 25.6 Migration from other districts in Assam 100 24.9 6.6 7.6 21.5 17.9 100 26.7 7 8 19.9 17.2 100 22.7 6 7.1 23.6 18.9 Migrants from other states in India 100 17.2 14.4 3.5 25.8 14.8 100 19 18.6 2.8 24.1 14 100 15.8 10.6 4.1 27.6 15.5 Last residence outside India 100 13.2 8.8 1.2 27 14.1 Fig 4: Profile of Migrants Natural Calamities (%) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0 Others (%)
22.9 22.3 21.4 23.2 21.7 21.5 21.6 23.3 23.2 23.6 21.2 20.8 21.4 23.8 21.1 25.9 35.7
Total A Total Rural Urban 1 Total Rural Urban 1a Total Rural Urban 1b. Total Rural Urban 2 Total Rural Urban B Total .
Source: Adopted from Table D-10, Census of India -1991, Series-4, Migration Tables
Migrants from other states in India Migration from other districts in Assam Migrants from within District Migrants from within Assam 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Employment Family movement Others

Business Marriage
Education Natural Calamities
21
3.5
Urbanization
Assam is one of the least urbanized states of the country. While the share of urban population to total population of Assam in 1951 was only 4.29%, it has increased to 12.1% in 2001, which is still lower than the national average of 27.78%. Even among the North Eastern states, Assam has the lowest urbanization, with Mizoram at 49.5% being the most urbanized state in the NE region. Among all the districts of Assam, Kamrup is the most urbanized with 35.81% urbanization. Fig 5: Urbanization Trend For The Last Decade
100 100
100 94.34 80 60 40 20 0 India Assam Kam rup 27.78 26.73 12.72 35.81 11.1 32.76
94.3
GMDA
GMCA
2001
1991
Guwahati is the largest urban centre in Assam with 23.89% of the total urban population of the state. Guwahati alone contributes 55% of the combined population of the significant towns of Assam.
3.6
Age Mix and Sex Ratio
The composition of the Guwahati City population as per the 2001 census shows that nearly 46% of the total population is Female. Fig 6: Composition of Population 1991/2001
Com position of P opulation:-1991
Composition of Population -2001
Fem ale 44% M ale: 56%
Female 46%
Male: 54%
M ale:
F em ale
Male:
Female
22
The composition of Population as per the 2001 census reveals that there has been a small growth in female population vis-a-vis male population. At present 46% of the Guwahati Population is Female with the rest being male. The age wise composition of the population is given below: Age 0-9 10--14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+ All ages Table 9: Age-Sex Distribution in GMCA: 2001 Total % Total Male % Male Female % Female 137,506 16.98 71,124 16.15 66,382 17.96 84,481 10.43 42,947 9.75 41,534 11.24 75,811 9.36 40,398 9.18 35,413 9.58 84,677 10.46 45,456 10.32 39,211 10.61 89,565 11.06 46,409 10.54 43,156 11.68 76,081 9.39 41,341 9.39 34,740 9.4 72,976 9.01 40,497 9.2 32,479 8.79 95,061 11.74 56,525 12.84 38,536 10.43 52,763 6.51 32,349 7.35 20,414 5.52 26,865 3.32 15,391 3.5 11,474 3.1 10,197 1.26 5,840 1.33 4,357 1.18 3,912 0.48 2,011 0.46 1,901 0.51 809,895 100 440,288 100 369,597 100
Source: Census of India
Moreover the age mix of the total population is also explained in the adjoining table. It is observed that the child population i.e. the population between the age group 0-9 is the majority in the city followed by the age group of 25-29.This indicates that a large segment of the population in the city is young. Fig 7: Population Distribution
140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 0 - 9 10-14 1519 2024 2529 3034 3539 4049 5059 6069 7079 80+ 95,061 89,565 84,481 84,677 75,811 76,081 72,976 52,763 137,506
26,865 10,197 3,912
GMDA-total population
Male
Female
The graph shows the categorical breakup of the Age and sex mix of the population.
23
3.7
Literacy Rate
The literacy rate of Assam was 53.78% in 2001, which is lower than the all India average of 65.37%. The literacy rate in Kamrup district is 74.69% in 2001, registering an increase of 9.65% over the 1991 figure of 65.04%. GMCA registered around 9% growth in literacy rate between 1991 and 2001. This increase in literacy rate may be attributed to the transformation of socio-cultural importance of education in the society and the growing government emphasis on education.
Fig 8: Literacy Rates
77%
GMDA
70.60%
74.69%
Kamrup
53.78%
65.04%
Assam
1991 2001
52.89%
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
3.8
Work force Variance
The economy of the city is essentially based on the tertiary sector. Majority of the workforce in Guwahati is dependent on the government and public sector jobs indicating lack of development of Industries and enterprise. The work participation rate in Guwahati in 1991 was 32.2%. The corresponding male and female figures were 52.4% & 8.7% respectively. Guwahati has considerable low female worker participation. The following table gives a detail worker participation in the different sectors. Table 10:Workers Participation
Particulars Male Female
% Of total male or female worker 52.4% 8.7%
24
3.8.1 Workforce Breakup

The major contribution in employment of Guwahati is mostly from the wholesale and retail markets and least being electricity, gas and water. The breakup of work force is given below in tabular form. Table 16: Workforce Breakup Activity Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Major Industry Group

Raising Of Live Stock Agricultural Services (Hunting, Forestry & Fishing) All Agricultural Activities (Sr. 1 + Sr. 2) Mining & Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas & Water Construction Wholesale Trade
Employment in Reference Area (Assam)

37,785 16,756 54,541 24,309 390,007 6,141 55,467 30,711
Employment in Local Area (GMA)

2,059 232 2,291 1,021 16,747 36 1,622 7,034
9 10 11 12 13 14
Retail Trade Restaurants & Hotels Transport Storage & Warehousing Communications Financial, Insurance, Real Estate and
163,791 68,112 15,487 5,658 13,088 50,738 735,232 1,613,282
40,211 11,097 5,099 1,128 2,005 14,648 95,145 198,084
Business Services 15 Community, Social and Personal Services Total

Source: Fourth Economic Census of India, 1998
25
Below is the Graphical presentation of workforce Breakup in Guwahati
D istributiono fw orkerssector w ise(1991)
Distribution of workers in Primary Sector
9% 24%
5%
12%
47%
20%
Cultivation
83%
Agriculture Labour
P rim aryS ector S econdaryS ector T ertiaryS ector
Animal Husbandry Mining
Distribution of workers in Secondary Sector

5%
Distribution of w orkers in Tertiary Sector
7%
45%
31%
95%
17%
Household Industry
Non-Household Industry
Const ruction Transport & Storage
Trade & Commerce Other Services
From the above graphs, it has been observed that maximum employment is generated from the tertiary sector. In primary sector, maximum employment is
26
provided by the animal husbandry segment. Non-household industry segment generates the maximum employment in the secondary sector and in the tertiary sector, maximum contribution is from other services.
3.8.2
Income Variance
The poverty level figures have been incorporated and compared both on Indian Poverty Line and also on Millennium Development goals to understand the additional share of the population in the city to be targeted for poverty reduction measures under this renewal programme. 31.1% of the total population of Guwahati is under BPL Table 11 : Poverty Levels Poverty Levels Based on Indian Poverty Line Based on Millennium Development Goals (INR386/Capital/month) City Above Less than BPL (%) Above Poverty Line (%) US$1/Capita/Day US$1/Capita/Day (%) (%) Guwahati 31.1 68.9 77.6 22.4 Agartala 24.8 75.2 76.2 23.5 Itanagar 8.2 91.8 44.2 55.8 Kohima 14.5 85.5 56 44 Gangtok 17.6 82.4 57.7 42.3 Imphal 26.7 73.3 65.1 34.9
Source : Various issues of the Census of India
The table gives a comparative analysis of the earning variance in comparison to the other important capital cities of Northeast. Guwahati has a high-income variance with the highest number of people living under the poverty line.
It is quite evident that Guwahati has been experiencing a stable population growth and a decent population density, which is not very high in comparison to the other urban capital cities of India and the Northeast region. The city marks a high literacy rate of nearly 77%, which is higher than that of the country average. However in terms of income variance, it is observed that more than 30% people are residing below the poverty line. Besides, women participation as worker in Guwahati is least as compared to the other northeastern capital cities.
27
4. Economic Base
4.1 Background
th
Guwahati is the largest city in the entire North Eastern Region. It ranks 44
among 5230 urban centres in India (as per 1991). It is the regional hub and all other states in the region depend on the city for connectivity to not just the rest of the country but also the North Eastern region as well. The city is not just a tourist destination but is also the gateway to the rest of the North Eastern Region.
Guwahati
is
the
largest city in the entire North Eastern Region. It ranks 44

th
among 5230 urban
Guwahati is the major hub of economic activity in the entire northeastern region. The establishment of Guwahati Refinery in 1962 marked the beginning of industrialization in the city. The construction of bridge over River Brahmaputra at Saraighat and the shifting of capital from Shillong to Guwahati in 1972 made tremendous economic impact on the city and turned Guwahati into one of the most important cities in the Northeast.
centres in India (as per 1991).
4.2
Industry
The economic activity of Assam is based on Agriculture and Oil. More than half of India's petroleum is produced in Assam. It also produces significant part of total world's tea production. Though it is an agriculturally based State, industrialization of Assam dates back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the Country's first petroleum refinery was setup by the British at Digboi in Upper Assam. The central projects like Oil India Ltd., ONGC Ltd., HFC Ltd., Petro-chemical project and more recently Numaligarh Refinery have been established in the state. Guwahati is one of the major industrial centres of Assam and the North Eastern Region. The location of the Head quarter of NF railway, Guwahati Oil Refinery at Noonmati and other heavy and medium size petro-chemical industries have added industrial impetus to the city. Ever since the major industrial development through the establishment of the Guwahati refinery in 1961 the city has seen a steady growth in the industrial sector. During the 1990s, the major focus of industrial development in Guwahati has been light and medium industries. Till 1980 there were 19 large and medium industries in Guwahati. There were 669 units of industries located in Guwahati in
The economic activity of Assam is based on Agriculture and Oil. More than half of India's is
petroleum
produced in Assam. It also produces part of tea
significant total
world's
production
28
the year 1981. There are around 4055 small-scale industries in Kamrup district out of which 2647 are located in Guwahati as per data available with Directorate of Industries. The major types of industries in Guwahati include Chemicals and Fertilizers, Engineering Industries, Petroleum and Refineries, and Agro Based Industries. There are six Industrial estates located in GMA. The first Industrial Estate in Assam was established in the early 2
nd
five year Plan (1957-62) at
Bamunimaidam, Guwahati. Industrial estates were developed to check the haphazard growth of industries. Besides these estates tabulated as under, industrial estates are being developed at Rani and Amingaon. In addition to these industrial estates, there are numerous small-scale estates as well. Table 12 : Industrial Estates in GMA Name of the Industrial Estate/Industrial area Industrial Bamunimaidam Industrial Kalapahar Mini industrial Estate, Kalapahar Industrial area, Bonda Industrial Bamunimaidam EPIP, Amingaon 27.55 4 38 plots Nil 27,932 sq.m.
Source : Master Plan Guwahati
Total land of the area (ha) 7.6
Total nos. of shed 62
Total no of open spaces 43 Shed -
Vacant Open Space -
Estate,
area,
1.4
13
13
1.2
29
Plot 22 Plot 27
21 41
22 plots 27 plots
Nil
area,
29
Table 13 : Development of Industrial estates in Guwahati (2001-02)
Particulars Total number of sheds constructed Total number of sheds allotted Number of unit Total sheds occupied Total sheds functioning
Number 60 60 45 60 45
Source: Statistical Handbook Assam 2002, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt., of Assam
Table 14 : Commercial Estates in GMA
Sl No 1 2 3
Name Commercial Estate (North Guwahati) Commercial Estate North Guwahati Industrial Area, CITI Complex, Kalapahar
Total area (Acre) 3.3 1.4 3.3
Total no of sheds 10 14 8
Open space allotted 5 nos Nil 2
Sheds under occupation 10 14 8
Open space under occupation 5 Nil 2
Source : Master Plan Guwahati
4.3
Key Industries
Petroleum and Refineries
Assam is the third largest producer of petroleum (crude) and natural gas in India. Petroleum and natural gas productions are nearly 16% and 8% respectively of the total production in the country. In 1999, production of crude oil was 5001 thousand MT, and of natural gas was 1333 million cubic meters. The first
commercial discovery of crude oil in the country was made in 1889 at Digboi near Brahmaputra valley in Assam. At present the following refineries and company's
engaged in Petroleum and Petro- Chemicals in Guwahati are: Indian Oil Corporation, Noonmati Refinery India Carbon (CPC Plant)
30
Tea Industry
Assam is the world's single largest tea growing region, producing more than 1,500,000 pounds of tea annually. Assam has a first flush and a second flush tea. The first flush tea has a rich and fresh aroma, while the second flush produces the famous tippy tea (with a golden colour leaf). The golden tip present in Assam tea makes it sweet and smooth and is very popular throughout the World. Due to the rainfall of 100-150 inches per year in this region tea plantation is said to be favourable.
Guwahati has a
major Tea Auction House and major takes through
transaction place
auction houses
Forest and Wood Industry
Plywood, pulp and paper, safety match box making etc are the main forest based industries in the state. Plywood industry is the third largest industry in the state after tea and petroleum. The state forest is the source of raw material for above industries
Handloom and Handicraft Industries.

through
The State of Assam is traditionally known for its rich Handloom and Handicraft products and their promotion is undertaken by the State Government
various schemes. The state government has also provided various financial and technical assistance to assist in the growth of this industry.
Type units
of
Number of units
29,816 544 30,360 28,103
Number of artisans
97,363 3,119 1,00,482 92,665
Household Non Household Total Rural areas Urban areas
2,257
7,817
31
Information Technology
Information Technology (IT) occupies a key position in our modern age and is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world economy. Applications of IT have become pervasive, covering all spheres of life. Keeping the importance of Information Technology in mind Government of Assam has taken some initiatives, which are listed below: To accord primacy for the growth of I.T industry for the purpose of socio-economic development of the State. To accelerate the use of Information Technology industry at the governmental level with the view to provide better services to the citizens of the state; To improve productivity and efficiency of the Government services to the citizens of the state. To serve as an important tool to enhance employability as well absorb a major portion of the educated employed in the state; To enable the state to reach an eminent position in the IT sector. To encourage and accelerate the growth of both the domestic and the export oriented I.T units in the state and make the state an attractive destination for I.T investment within India and abroad. To encourage and accelerate the use of Information Technology in schools, colleges and educational institutions in the state to enable the youth to acquire necessary skills and knowledge in this sector making them highly employable. To set up training institutes in the private sector and the joint sector in order to prepare skilled manpower within the existing system; To organize Manpower Development Training in the field of Computer Applications for the successful implementation of the Information Technology Policy of Assam. To develop appropriate networks between various departments and different spatially spread out administrative hierarchies through welldesigned database management systems. To encourage the spread of IT in the private sector
Given the high literacy rate of the city and also being the center of education and excellence for the entire North Eastern region, Guwahati can be developed as a center for ITES sector for the region.
32
Trade & Commerce
The Commercial establishment of Guwahati is divided into four categories namely Wholesale, Wholesale Cum Retail, Retail Shop and Service Shops. There is an absence of centralized market complex due to which, shops have been established in an unplanned manner across the city. The main wholesale market of Guwahati is situated at located at Machkhowa and Fancy Bazaar areas. These areas being in the heart of the city, occupy valuable space, which otherwise could have been more productively used. Importantly, these markets lack basic amenities like water supply and solid waste management, leading to unhealthy atmosphere for trading. However, the single most important fall out of the presence of these markets relates to traffic congestion on the main interior roads of the city, which passes through these areas. Commercial vehicles involved in loading and unloading of goods, occupy a major portion of these roads leading to tremendous traffic congestion throughout the day. The markets lack adequate infrastructure facilities. The description of the markets situated in Guwahati is given in the table below. Table 15: Description of the markets Situated in Guwahati. Sl No 1 Name & type Wholesale markets of food-grains and perishable items Hardware and Building materials (Wholesale and retail) Location
Fancy Bazaar & Machkhowa areas Fancy Bazaar and Athgaon A.T. Road from Fire Station in ASTC to Athgaon Railway crossing A.T. Road (from Paltan Bazaar
Motor Parts (Wholesale-cum-retail)
to Bharalumukh); Beltola (from Khanapara junction to Tetelia junction)
Coal Market
Along NH-37 from Khanapara junction to Biharibari junction Mainly in Maligaon and Rehabari areas Near Paltan Bazaar area on the backside of Meghdoot cinema Fancy Bazaar Area
Timber market
6 7
Wholesale fish market Wholesale Cloth Market
33
4.4
Informal Sector Activities
The major informal sector trade and services are scattered in the major work and commercial centres along the GS Road, Kamrup Chamber Road, M S Road, J N Road, Kamar Patty, Fancy bazaar, Dewan road, SRCB Road, T R Phukan Road, and can be found in almost all areas of the city. The informal sector units locate themselves strategically near work centres, commercial areas, outside the boundaries of schools, colleges and hospitals, transport modes and near large housing clusters. In view of this, it is proposed to incorporate the informal sector in trade in the planned development of various zones: Norms for the provision of the informal sector activities: Retail Trade: Central Business District Sub-Central Business District Zonal Commercial Centre Community Centre Convenience Shopping Centre Government and Commercial offices Wholesale trade and freight complexes Hospital Bus terminal Schools: Primary Secondary/ Senior Secondary/Integrated Parks: Regional / District Parks Neighborhood Parks Residential Industrial Railway terminus
3 to 4 units per 10 formal shops as specified in the norms separately
2 3 4 5 6
5 to 6 units per 1000 employees 3 to 4 units per 10 formal shops 3 to 4 units per 100 beds 1 units per two bus bays 3-4 units 5-6 units
7 8 9 10
8 to 10 units at each major entry 2-3 units 1 unit/1000 population 5-6 units/1000 employees To be based on surveys at the time of preparation of the project
The above norms are taken from the UDPFI guidelines: The areas where informal sector is located should have suitable public conveniences and solid waste disposal system. In all land development projects certain minimum area should be reserved for informal sector activities.
34
5. Profile of Urban Local Bodies

5.1
Background
th
The constitution (74
Amendment) Act 1992 has redefined the role,
power, function and finances of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) wherein the Twelfth Schedule of the constitution lists additional function to be carried out by ULBs. This would result in a substantial increase in the responsibilities of the Urban Local Bodies, which would in turn lead to a significant increase in expenditure incurred by the ULBs with a corresponding increase in requirement of funds.
Over a period of time, the ULBs will have to be self-sufficient and therefore generate additional revenues from own sources to meet the above additional requirements. At present, the expenditure on services provided exceeds that of revenues earned and with growing urbanization and subsequent increase in demand, the gap will only be widened further.
The rapid growth of urban population has led to ever increasing demand on urban service. This will necessitate substantial investment in infrastructure and extensive capacity building of the local bodies.
Traditional public funding of projects need replacement by governance through creditworthiness to access capital market and leverage private finance. This will need the balance sheet of the corporation to be healthy.
Urban Reform Incentive Fund (URIF) has laid down levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs with the objective of recovering full cost of operation and maintenance by the end of 10 Five Year Plan. Further 85 % collection efficiency needs to be achieved as a Property Tax Reform Measure.
th
5.2
Introduction to Guwahati Municipal Corporation
The Guwahati Municipal Corporation was constituted in 1974 under the provisions of the Guwahati Municipal Corporation Act, 1971. The Corporation covers an area of 216 sq k.m. The Corporation has a council of 60 elected ward
35
councilors. The council is headed by a Mayor and the Commissioner is the executive head of the corporation.
The corporations activities are as follows:

Conservancy Water works tax division Public Works Building Permission Streetlight and Electrical Section Municipal Markets Sanitation &Health Dead body and night soil removal Branch Poverty alleviation Birth and death registration Garage Branch Accounts Branch Table 17 : Basic Data related to Guwahati Municipal Corporation GMC area Wards Employees Revenue zones Public works division Public work zones Primary schools High schools Parks Municipal markets Holdings GMC roads Water treatment plants Production of water Water pipe length 216 sq Kms 60 2750 4 5 23 5 1 12 11 1,00,000 1919 (511.5Kms) 3 80 MLD 425 Km(approx) Veterinary Enforcement Property Tax Mutation Branch Trade License Advertisement Slow Moving Vehicle
36
5.3
Financial Profile Guwahati Municipal Corporation

Table 18: Financial Position of GMC for the last three years * Rs lacs 2001 02 2002 03 2003 04 Amount %of Amount %growth Amount %growth total
2859.16 2160.19 698.97 2490.58 100 75.55 24.45 100 3793.00 2682.36 1110.64 2697.55 32.66 24.17 58.90 8.31 3067.96 2111.63 956.33 2967.89 (19.12) (21.28) (13.90) 10.02
Particulars
Revenue Receipts: Own source: Govt & other revenue grants: Revenue Expenditure Revenue surplus/def Revenue surplus/def excl grants **
368.58
100
1095.45
197.21
100.07
(90.86)
(330.39)
(15.19)
(856.26)
* Based
on actual accounts. ** Deficit excludes grant and is financed by Govt. grant
Figures for 2004-05 has been provided under Financial Operating Plan Break up of revenue receipt of 2004-05 Actual for 2004-05 Property tax 908.51 Urban immovable property tax 84.82 Fixed deposit with bank 0 Taxes on drought animal & non-mech Vehicle 31.14 Other taxes 458.13 Discretionary tax u/s 144(2) 48.69 Assign taxes from govt u/s 184 702 Sub Total I 2233.29 Grant in aid from govt 853.36 Duty on transfer of property u/s 170 266.78 Realisation of fees under special act & rules 55.04 Sale of water 26.15 Application fees 54.89 Interest on loan & advance 0 Market & slaughter house 116.53 Other fees 127.58 Sub Total II 1500.33 Grand Total 3733.62
37
Fig 9 : Gap between Revenue Income and Expenditure
Graph showing the gap between Revenue income & Revenue expenditure
Income & expenditure
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2001-02 2002 - 03 2003 - 04 2004 - 05 Year Revenue income Revenue Expenditure
Table 19 : Financial Profile of Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority Particulars 2001 02 %of Amount total
956.00 516 440 2173.87 2156.6 10.63 6.64 (1217.87) 100 53.97 46.03 100 99.20 0.49 0.31
2002 03 Amount
201.05 201.05 0 148.91 135.78 6.21 6.92 52.14 (93.15%) (93.70%) (41.58%) 4.22% 104.28%
2003 04 Amount
275.00 275.00 0 210.97 81.87 114.69 14.41 64.03 41.68% (39.70%) 1746% 108.24% 22.80%
2004 - 05 Amount
293.50 293.50 0
%growth
(79%) (61%) (100%)
%growth
36.78% 36.78%
%growth
6.73% 6.73%
Revenue Receipts: Own source: Govt & other revenue grants: Revenue Expenditure Establishment expenses: Operation & Maintenance Others Revenue surplus / deficit Revenue surplus / deficit excluding grants
249.47 97.98 61.42 0 44.02
18.25% 19.68% (46.45%) (100%) (31.25%)
(1657.87)
Nil
NIL
38
5.4
Summary of Key Observations
It maybe noted from the table 19 that GMC has been suffering heavy losses and over the years has primarily been dependent on Government Grant for its survival.
As can be observed from the above Graph, the major financial setback and consequent revenue gap for GMC was in the year 2003-04, when the revenue receipts went down sharply. This was primarily due to withdrawal of toll tax, which contributed as much as 33% of the revenue earnings of the corporation.
A simple analysis of the expenditure would reveal that the establishment expenditure for 2004-05 itself is 1.3 times the revenue.
Sources of Revenue The major revenue income for GMC is Property Tax, which comprises of general tax, water tax, scavenging tax, light tax and urban tax. At present there are over 1,00,000 assessed holdings and 40,000 water connections to different holdings. Other revenue sources are as follows: Trade license fee Entry toll Parking fees Toll and rent from municipal markets Tax on advertisements Tax on slow moving vehicles Animal tax Building permission fees and penalties Water connection charge Fines Share of motor vehicle tax Share of entertainment tax Share of land revenue and surcharge on stamp duty
One of the key factors affecting the financial health of GMC is the extremely low recovery of the cost of services being rendered by the corporation. For example, as per GOI Report in 2003, the average cost per connection on account of water generation and distribution is Rs 9 against a cost recovery of only Rs. 3 per connection reflecting a collection level of only 33%.
39
The position on the various taxes collected by GMC is as given below :

S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Taxes Taxes on Land and Buildings Octroi Stamp duty Tax on Professions Tax on Vehicle Tax on Animals Tax on Dogs Show Tax Toll Tax Tax on Boats/ Ferries Tax on Electricity Pilgrimage Fee Drainage Fee Lighting Fee Scavenging Fee Latrine Fee Fee on service Tax on Servants Tax on Building Applications Tax on Advertisement Fee on License Parking Fee Water tax Tax on Private markets Fee on Fire Brigade Fee on Health Services Betterment tax Status D M D M D D D D D
Source: Primary Analysis of Municipal Taxes and Account; D= Discretionary/M= Mandatory/ = Taxes are levied by local bodies
5.5
Action Plans
GMC fully recognizes the importance of the above developments and is committed to take urgent steps in this regard. GMC shall strive to bring about efficiency in its services and implement time bound programmes and initiatives for increasing its revenue base. Additionally, a package of measures shall be implemented to make the Corporations self-sustainable. It may however be mentioned that while these packages will improve the future financial position of the corporations substantially, introduction of a one time bail out package is
40
required to wipe out the legacies of the past. In view of the same, a onetime funding to the tune of Rupees 30 Crores is proposed to strengthen the capability of the corporation to operate projects in a sustainable manner.
In order to strengthen the revenue streams, a package of measures are proposed to be implemented. The key interventions are as follows:
E- Governance to be implemented and computerisation of entire systems and records;
Levy of Surcharge on holdings totally/ partially used for commercial purpose;
Initiation of detailed survey to identify un assessed and under assessed properties;
Strengthening of Assessment Department with adequate staffing; Lobbying with the State Government and Central Government (through the State Government) for settlement and subsequent regular payment of Tax dues by Central and State Government agencies;
Leverage on Idle Assets; Restructuring and Revaluation of Balance Sheet; Valuation of assets under the corporation Levy of reasonable tariffs and Intense Recovery; Increase Water Connections; A graded approach to revisions may have to be worked out so that cost recoveries increase over time
Change over the basis of property tax from annual rental value to Area based system.
A system of tax assessment, reassessment, systems for serving demand notice, collection, developing information base to be developed
Valuation of assets under the corporation and also strengthening of Balance Sheet
Encouraging public private partnerships with part/full cost recovery principle, project structuring support for parking, terminals and solid waste management needed to be provided
Reforming property tax system to firstly ensure total coverage of properties in the city
Shift from single entry system to double entry accrual based system Training and capacity building measures in area of debt financing.
41
Periodic monitoring of funds, their sanctions and disbursement. Institutional reforms Establish clarity of roles and responsibilities Collective action, specially in programmes for solid waste management, water resource management and slum up-gradation
5.6
Funding for Capacity Building & Clearing past legacies
In order to make the Financials of GMC viable in the long run, there is a requirement of Financial & Operating Restructuring. While the Municipality is taking steps to improve on the operating parameters, there is a need for an integrated programme comprising of Capacity Building Measures and clearing past legacies. This is a critical step to ensure that one of the long-term goals of JNURM viz ensuring financial sustainability is met. In view of this the following programme is proposed for implementation under this plan.
Capacity Building Programme scheme

Projects Cost (Rs crore)
Capacity Building Programme & Clearing Past Legacies

Total
30
30
42
6. Situation Appraisal
In order to develop an overall vision for the region as well as to develop sector wise vision it is necessary to carry out a broad appraisal of the existing situation. Accordingly a situation appraisal is carried out and broad results are as follows.
Sectors:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Environment Tourism Water Housing Transportation Drainage & Storm Water Sanitation Basic Services to Poor Solid Waste Management Water front Development Urban Renewal Program
6.1
Environment
River Brahmaputra generally has low pollution level. However, the River has been contaminated with bacterial pollution due to the discharge of raw sewage directly into the river without any treatment. Additionally, there is a backflow from the river during the flooding season in Guwahati. Within the city, the Bharalu Channel, cris-crossing a vast expanse of the GMA, discharges flow of rain water to River Brahmaputra. A major portion of the municipal waste, refinery waste water flowing from the Indian Oil Corporation Refinery at Noonmati, flows through the drain directly to River Bharalu. The waste water from the households, commercial and business establishments, small and medium industries within the city also flow into the Bharalu through the system of mutually interdependent drains.
43
High turbidity of water also indicates transportation of soil and other particulate refuse from the municipal drains. Bacteriologically the Bharalu Channel water is found to be extremely unsuitable having serious faecal contamination primarily due to improper sanitary systems and habits, unscientific and unplanned sewage disposal and utterly unhygenic way of effluent disposal through septic-tanks. The down stream of Bharalu is not wide enough to handle large flow of water. Land cutting and soil erosion have also created heavy siltation on the riverbed thereby aggravating the already precarious situation. Deepar Beel, an important water body of the region, receives a fair amount of waste water from different parts of the city. The inflow of the Bharalu river is the main controlling factor of the water quality of this water body. Pressure of urbanisation and pollution have had the negative impact on its stability. Overall wetland degeneration has emerged as a major problem in the region caused by encroachment, natural siltation, earth filling and garbage dumping. The list of major waterbodies are enclosed below: Bharalu Basin: Bharalu River being the most flood prone area and it is the core of the drainage system with a catchment area of 42 sq.km. During heavy rainfall there is a black flow of water. Deepar Basin: Single largest drainage basin, covering an area of 20135 hectares and is divided into two sub-basins: Bijubari and Dipur sub-basin Borsola Basin: This is another major natural drainage system of the city. The Basin is located towards the Southern part of the City. Silsako Basin: Silsako basin covers 6534 hectares in the east of Guwahati and is connected with Brahmaputra through a stream called Bonda Jan. Foreshore Basin: The catchment areas of this basin include certain residential, commercial, institutional and business areas in Guwahati. North Guwahati Basin: It has mostly hill ranges comprising north and western boundary of the city covering a total area of 32.3 sq km Kalmoni Basin: The total area occupied by the basin is 66.5 sq km. River Kalmoni finds its way into the River Brahmaputra through Dipar Beel and the Khona Jan and partly through Thengbhanga and the Khalbhog river.
44
6.1.1 Disaster
Management
River Brahamaputra is the main cause of floods due to heavy rainfall to high intensity rainfall in Guwahati Metropolitan Area. Highly flowing and meandering course of Brahamaputra obstruct the normal charge of water and thus the velocity is reduced which delays the passage of water resulting in stagnation of water. The flood water from Brahamaputra, into the region was naturally accommodated in the low lying areas on both sides of the main channel before the construction of Town Protection Embankments and extensive encroachments of human settlements but the appearance of these activities has aggravated the dimension of flood because of marked reduction in the water accommodating capacity of the channel. A glaring example of such embankment is the siltation of riverbed and its consequences in creating flood during the rainy season leaving major damages to the adjoining areas of the river. However, the other extreme events causing the disaster are rare except the earthquake, which visits the zone frequently with low intensity and rarely causes disasters except the disastrous earthquake of 1950. The entire state of Assam has been identified as Seismic Zone V by the Government of India.
45
NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND REDUCTION With regard to Guwahati, it can be stressed that floods and landslides cause colossal loss to human life and property and its management takes the centerstage in this part of the country. In fact, flood is an attribute of physical environment but it is important to note that floods are also aggravated by human activity like deforestation in the catchments areas. Since the floods of rivers are the responses of both natural and anthropogenic factors, the causes of floods of the alluvial rivers become highly complexed and their relative importance varies from place to place. Anthropogenic activities such as building activity and eventual urbanization, channel manipulation through diversion of river course, construction of bridges, barrages and reservoirs, agricultural practices, deforestation, land use changes invite hazards in the river system viz. disastrous floods, landslides and slumping along the banks, massive erosion along the river banks, siltation of riverbed, deposition of sands and clays in flood plains etc. which pose a serious threat to human society and necessitate river regulation and flood control.
This is applicable to the Brahamaputra river system although, heavy rainfall is the root cause of floods due to immense volume of water through high intensity rainfall. Highly sinuous and meandering course of Brahamaputra obstruct the normal charge of water and thus the velocity is reduced which delays the passage of water resulting in stagnation of water. Large-scale deforestation in upper catchments is perhaps the most important anthropogenic factor of the cause of flood and landslides in the Guwahati. Large scale deforestation effected by man for various purposes such as for expansion of agricultural lands, for supply of raw materials to the factories, for domestic uses as firewood, timber wood, for commercial purposes etc. has decreased the infiltration capacity of the forestland and consequently increased surface runoff which is helping tremendously in increasing the magnitude of recurrent floods in the plains and landslides in the hilly terrains of Guwahati. It may be pointed out that dense vegetation allows maximum infiltration of rainwater into the ground because raindrops are intercepted by forest canopy and thus reach the ground slowly in the form of Aerial Streamlets through the leaves, branches and stems of trees and hence infiltrates easily into the spongy soil layer formed by the leaf litters. On the other hand, in the absence of forest and other vegetation covers, raindrops
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strike the ground surface directly and in case of heavy downpour the rainfall exceeds the limits of infiltration soon and thus maximum runoff is generated which reaches the rivers through rills, rivulets and streams and causes the floods. Increased surface runoff also accelerates the rate of soil erosion and landslides thus increasing the sediment load of the river. This processes result in gradual rise in the riverbed and reduce the water accommodating capacity of the river. All these chain effects of deforestation and related increased surface runoff, increased soil erosion and landslides and decreased cross sectional areas of the valley has not only caused floods but also has increased the magnitude and dimension of floods in the North-East. Increasing urbanization has also helped in increasing the surface runoff and therefore dimensions and magnitude of floods because extension in the pucca ground cover through the constructions of building, courtyards, roads, pavements etc. reduces infiltration of rainwater significantly and increases surface runoff, increase the volume and discharge of urban drains to the river.
Flood control measures include a series of steps to tame the menacing river such as to delay the return of runoff resulting from torrential rainfall to the river to hasten the discharge of water as sinuous and meandering river retard the quick disposal of water to divert the flow of water to low-lying areas or artificially constructed channels bordered by artificial dykes to reduce the volume of water through a series of engineering devices such as construction of flood control storage reservoirs to reduce the impact of floods through the embankments, flood walls etc. to forewarn the occurrence of floods through the central flood control boards and state flood control boards .
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6.2
Tourism
Guwahati has several places of historical interest with the biggest attraction being the Kamakhya Temple. The city is donned with several places of religious and tourist attractions such as Umananda Temple situated on an island in the middle of the river Brahmaputra, which incidentally is also the smallest inhabited river island in the world. In addition to the religious sites, there are splendid water fronts and water bodies, which could be developed as places of tourist attraction.
Guwahatis positioning in the tourism map of Assam and perhaps the NE region is due to the fact that the city is well connected to the places of tourist interest by road, rail and air. Most of the tourist routes in the region touches upon Guwahati and hence is considered to be a hub for tourist movement within the region. Different action plans facilitating package touring of Guwahati and the neighboring Capital cities like Shillong, Imphal, Kohima and other places in Arunachal Pradesh etc would also enhance the Touring culture. River cruises to Kaziranga sanctuary, Majuli Island and other places of tourist interest can be developed to encourage tourism in this region.
From a long-term perspective, to encourage tourism, there is a need to prepare an Integrated Tourism Plan and will include measures to develop tourist spots holistically coupled with enhanced connectivity. Steps need to be taken to market Tourist Destinations besides developing and publicizing Tourism Products.
Despite donning an important place in the tourism map of the region, the citys infrastructure relating to tourist amenities is at best far less than adequate and at worst appalling. There is an absence of quality accommodation in the city and there is a general lack of enthusiasm to cater to this growing tourism segment. Some of the observations in this regard are as follows: Gateway to the northeast but no 5-star hotel facility Tremendous demand for quality accommodations and facilities Look east policy of the centre forging stronger business ties with ASEAN countries bringing a boom in corporate traffic. Northeast being positioned as paradise unexplored would promote tourism. Paucity of high-end accommodations
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6.3
Water
6.3.1 Sources of water & Sustainability

Main source of Raw Water for the region is surface water drawn from the River Brahmaputra and its tributary Bahini, coming down from K&J hills. The water level of the river Brahmaputra varies around 10 meter between winter and monsoon period. During monsoon, the water level of the river goes higher than G.L of the city and stays so for more than
Main source of Raw Water for the region is surface water drawn from the River Brahmaputra and its tributary Bahini, coming down from K&J hills. The water level of the river Brahmaputra varies around 10 meter between winter and monsoon period.
30 days. The average discharge of
the River at Saraighat Bridge is 4500 m3/sec and flows nearly full for most part of the year. A limited amount of water is also drawn from open water bodies like Deepar Beel and other beels. There has been very little exploitation of ground water over the years and the possibility of availability of ground water is uncertain because of substantial presence of hard rock in the region. However, a comprehensive study on ground water availability and potential is called for. The Brahmaputra has low organic pollution, and mineral contents are more or less optimum along the stretch covering the city of Guwahati. Water Treatment Facilities The city of Guwahati has witnessed a rapid growth in population particularly during the last one and half decades. As a result, there is tremendous pressure on natural sources like groundwater. It is striking that in spite of being water-rich, access to water is restricted to only 30% of population. The total installed capacity of potable water generation under GMC area is around 20 MGD, considering the capacities of treatment plants located at Panbazar, Satpukhuri, Kamakhya and Hengerabari although the total water treated is far less It may be mentioned that many of the above facilities are running well blow capacity and requires urgent investments. The Panbazar water treatment plant in particular has expired its design life, is in a poor state and requires renovation and augmentation. Overall it is estimated that these plants are running at a capacity of around 50%. The transmission loss is also estimated to be very high at around 40% by the authorities.
The water supply to the city is provided by multiple organizations viz. Assam Urban Water Supply & Sewerage Board (AUWSSB), Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) and Public Health Engineering. Railways, Refineries, Defence Authorities and Other Government agencies
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The water supply to the city is provided by multiple organizations viz. Assam Urban Water Supply & Sewerage Board (AUWSSB), Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) and Public Health Engineering. Railways, Refineries, Defence Authorities and Other Government agencies maintain there own plants but these plants do not cater to the requirements of the general public. In North Guwahati, there exists independent water treatment facilities at E.P.I.P Amingaon complex and also another one plant recently constructed inside I.I.T, Guwahati. A private agency has constructed a small water treatment plant behind Brahmaputra Hotel, having a small compact plant capacity of 2 lakh ltrs/hr and running for 18 hr per day (capacity 3.6 MLD). It is supplied through specially built 3-wheeler water tankers. This water has become very popular in Guwahati nowadays. Table 24 : Present status of water treatment plant Installed Year of Capacity Installation Area Covered Ward no 5 (100%), Ward 1996 no. 4 (Partly)
Name Hengerabari Water Treatment Plant Panbazar Water Treatment Plant Satpukhri Water Treatment Plant
2.77
9.89
1960 20 Ward (100%),
4.99
1985 3 Ward (75%), Ward no. 7 and Kamakhya Temple 1992 campus, Maligaon, Nambari, and Pandu (only Railway staff 1996 quarter)
Kamakhya Water Treatment Plant Panbazar Water Treatment Plant(PHED)
2.5
Some factors that have contributed to this unsatisfactory situation are as follows:
Rapid growth in population and water demand (and in some areas, shortage of water) Inadequate water charges and billing/collection mechanisms, leading to insufficient revenues to repair, maintain, and replace infrastructure Intermittent and poor quality of electricity supply
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Inadequate human resource development, including training in modern utility operations; and Inadequate demand-responsiveness and customer-orientation among service providers.
With the projected growth in population, water is expected to become substantially scarce, unless adequate investment is made in building up of capacity. Based on the projected growth of population the following graph indicates the growing requirement of drinking water supply in the city.
Fig 13 : Projected Demand For Household Consumption
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1991 2001 2005 2011 2021 2031 2041
mgd
demand
year
It may be noted from the above is that the water requirement in 2021 for catering to the population is to the tune of 80 MGD which has been calculated, based on the average requirement @ 135 lpcd as per CPHEEO norms and it also taken into account the substantial floating population which will call for additional requirement of water. It is also important to note that as per present norms, water treatment plants are required to cater to 20 years. Considering that virtually the entire present capacity shall expire the design life in the near future, adequate planning needs to be done to build up new capacity. It may be mentioned here that the water supplied to the general public is much lower than the 150 lpcd recommended by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Moreover the duration of daily supply is as low as 3 hours from 6am to 9am. Irregular supply is prevalent even though the city has sufficient
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water resources to provide a continuously pressurized system, operated 24 hours a day. Table 25: Service Level Indicator for Water Supply Service Levels Supply/Capita (lpcd)-Norm Supply/Capita (lpcd)-Existing Supply Hours Status 150 41.23 2 hrs Storage Capacity to % Total supplied % Of Treatment Capacity Available Source: ADB Report for the North East Cost Recovery Effectiveness of recovery mechanism may be assessed on cost of production and cost recovery. Revenue from water supply comprises of receipts in the form of water tax collected as a part of property tax and additional water charges are collected where individual water connection is provided. The cost for production and distribution Per kilolitre of water is one of the key indicator in assessing the efficiency of services and tariff levels. As per available statistics, the recovery in the form of tariff is far lower than the running cost leading to a situation, where there is hardly any fund available for conducting routine operation. Hence, assets created have been left to go through a slow degradation process. As per data available, total cost incurred by GMC for water supply is to the tune of Rs 90 lakhs per month translating to an average annual expenditure of approximately Rs 10.8 crore. As against this, the recovery is to the tune of 80 lakhs annually. It is clear that unless this gap is met availability of funds for O&M will always be uncertain. Distribution Network The distribution of water is not sufficient to meet the demand of the region. Moreover there is a huge transmission loss caused by leakages in the pipelines. There are number of areas where the network of pipelines are not sufficient to reach the destination. 36.4 88 3
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In the western part, leaving aside the Kamakhya and University Complex, the growing population in large area is completely deprived of water facility. North Guwahati virtually has no water distribution lines. Substantial areas in the eastern part of the city are also not covered under the distribution system. As per city records and LASA Household survey, only 33% of the population is connected by distribution lines. The ratio of distribution network to road network is
phenomenally low at 0.2
6.4
Housing
The total increase in population in the city from 1991 to 2001 is 37 %, whereas the household increase for the same period is 46 % and Persons per household has decreased by 0.27 persons. This can be observed by the following table: Table 26: Growth of Population and households in GMA
2001 Jurisdiction Population Households household No Of Persons per Population Households household 1991 No Of Persons per
GMC area GMA excluding GMCA Total GMA
809,895
184,454
4.39
584,342
125,906
4.64
80878
15,804
5.12
64,307
11,553
5.57
890,773
200,258
4.45
648,649
137,459
4.72
Source: The Census of India, 2001
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The total number of households in the city are 2,00,258 as per the census of India, 2001, of which 178738 is used for residential purposes only. The distribution of houses as per their use is shown by the following pie chart. Fig 15 : Distribution of house by use
Residences Residential cum other use Shop, Office Factory workshop, work-shed etc. Other non-residential use Vacant houses School, College etc. Hotel, Lodge, Guest house etc. Hospital, Dispensary etc Place of Worship
Source: Census of India, 2001
It has been observed that mostly the households in the GMC area are owned and rented. As per the 2001 census, the own houses account for 48.4%, while rented ones account for 46.4%. The ownership status of houses in GMC area is presented below in the pie chart. Fig 16: Distribution according to ownership status.
5%
49% 46%
Owned
Rented
Any Other
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Table 27: Distribution of households by number of dwelling units, 2001
Type No exclusive room One Room Two Room Three Room Four Room Five Room Six Room & above Total
Source : Census of India 2001
No. of D.Us 1,932 57,354 49,113 34,438 20,854 11632 11,678 187,001 1.0 30.7 26.3 18.4 11.2 6.2 6.2 100.0
% of D.Us
It can be seen from the above table that out of the total of 187001 dwelling units, the major portion consist of one room D.U.s accounting for 30.70%, while the lowest portion being six rooms & above at 6.2%.
A study conducted by the Comprehensive Master Plan preparation team for GMA 2025, has revealed that the shortage for housing facilities within the Guwahati city in the year 2001 was to the tune of 3.1%, which has subsequently increased to 6.9% in the year 2005. It has been estimated that there will be a need for 3,04,437 dwellings by the year 2025, accounting for over 40% increase over the requirement in 2001. From the same study it has been observed that the demand for housing will continue to increase in the coming years thereby necessitating a comprehensive action plan to deal with the problem of housing deficiencies in future.
6.5
Transportation
The population of GMA is growing at a high rate and between 1991 and 2001; the city registered a decadal growth rate of 37.85%. The region also experiences
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flow of large volume of goods pertaining not only to the state of Assam but also to the other parts of the northeastern region. Additionally, substantial number of students and workers from the rest of the state as also from the rest of the NE region come to Guwahati on regular basis. The substantial growth in the region is characterised by densification of the center core, ribbon development along the main transportation corridor and inadequacy of internal link road. The situation has further deteriorated due to a limited road network and carriageway resulting in perpetual congestion on the main as well as arterial roads within the city. Table 28: Number of Vehicles on Roads in Assam Year 1981 1991 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2003-2004 Number of Vehicles 87,644 249, 323 373,962 401289 534885 588259 670580
Source: Office of the Commissioner of Transport, Assam * 2002-2003 not available
A rapid increase of the numbers of Motor Vehicles on road in Assam has been observed over the years. The density of Motor Vehicles in Assam was 7 (seven) per sq. km. during 2001-2002, which has gone up to 9 per sq km in 2003-04. The number of registration of new vehicles has also gone up every year. The situation is no different in the Kamrup district as well. The following table shows the increasing number of vehicles in the Kamrup district. Table 29: increase in the number of vehicles in Kamrup district. Year 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 up to 31/12/05 Trucks & Buses 1463 1402 1811 3015 2113 Car & Jeep Two Wheelers 3382 2819 4002 9924 4458 10876 8542 17237 7766 14733 Others 6767 1343 1654 870 844 Total 14431 16671 18799 29664 25456
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Source: Statement of Motor Vehicles Registration, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam
Fig 17: Newly Registered Vehicles
35000 30000 Numbers 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005
trucks & Buses Car & Jeep Two Wheelers others Total
Year
The most important means of transportation for movement of goods and passenger traffic in the State of Assam is road transport. The movement of goods within the state is primarily in the hands of the private operators while both private as well as state owned transport company (Assam State Transport Corporation) carry passenger traffic. With respect to transportation of goods into the state from the rest of the country, both the road and rail networks are used. As a step towards improvement of passenger amenities and provide efficient connectivity, the State Government has already taken up the task of construction of an Inter-State Bus Terminus at Gorchuk on the outskirts of the city to facilitate interstate transportation of passenger traffic. The Bramaputra and Barak are the two most important navigable rivers of Assam. There area also numerous tributaries of these two rivers, which are navigable by country boats. Brahmaputra has already been declared as No.2 National Waterways. At present, two public sector organisations, viz., the State Directorate of Inland Water Transport (IWT) and Central Inland Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC) are operating water transport services between Guwahati and Kolkata exclusively for movement of goods. The Department of Inland Water Transport, Assam is operating 61 numbers of Ferry Services for the purpose of public utility connecting the South Bank of the river with North Bank. The growth region characterised densification substantial in the is by of
the center core, ribbon development along of main
transportation
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There is an absence of a well-networked bus or rail system in the city. At present, the intra-city traveling needs of the residents are met through State owned ASTC operated city buses, private buses operating under ASTC, private trekker services and personalized vehicles. In fact, the growth of vehicles within the city has been so rapid in the last decade or so that the density of vehicular population in Guwahati is considered to be one of the highest in the country. The North East Frontier Railway used to operate a shuttle services between Pandu on the west periphery of the city and Narengi on the east for passenger movement, which, however, has been discontinued about a few years ago. A mass transportation or an integrated transportation system would go a long way towards alleviating the transportation problems of the city. In addition, the congestion on the roads is compounded due to the absence of an integrated transportation management system, with most of the congested points being manned by traffic personnel leading to stressed manpower and ill organized traffic on the roads.
Some of the key issues observed in the transportation sector are as follows:
Congestion along the main roads

Guwahati apart from being the gateway to the North-East India, is also the most important commercial hub of the state and the region. So most vehicles going to other parts of the northeast India and the state have to pass through the city. Due to the movement of vehicles inside the city, most of the roads remain congested during the peak hours. Guwahatis main road network is linear in character with a rather straight road length connecting airport with Noonmati from west to east and from Paltan Bazar to Khanapara connected by another linear road from north to south. The notable roads servicing a major portion of the city are the G.S Road, GNB Road, A T Road and M. G. Road, which incidentally are also the most congested roads of the city that need immediate attention. Apart from these roads, there are pockets of congestion at places such as the Guwahati Club police point up to Silpukhuri, Paltan Bazar, Pan Bazar, Fancy Bazar, Ambari, Maligaon Chariali police point, Adabari city bus stand, Bamunimaidam, the B Borooah Road up to Ulubari, Rehabari, Bhangagarh, The VIP road and G S Road police point amongst others.
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The congestion is also due to the fact that there is no adequate parking at any of the above mentioned roads leading to usage of a part of the roads width as parking by vehicle owners. Some of the major reasons for such congestion on these roads stems from the following: Inadequate width of the roads Retail Trade and Commerce activities and at some places these spilling onto the roads Wholesale trade (Storage facilities, loading / unloading, Truck Parking) Inter-Region and Intra-Region Bus Terminus as is typically seen at the Paltan Bazar, Adabari and Machkhowa area City bus terminals on the roads as is seen at Judges Field, Noonmati etc Auto-Rickshaw and Taxi Terminal facilities On-Street parking Presence of slow moving non motorized vehicles such as cycle rickshaws, hand carts etc Absence of scientific traffic management system leading to nonregulated traffic movement No separate lanes for pedestrian traffic Manned rail crossings at several important junctions Un-coordinated construction activities on the roads Digging up of roads by civic agencies without paying attention to planned traffic diversion
Inadequacy and poor condition of internal roads

The traffic volume of the major roads of the Guwahati is substantially high resulting in low travel speed, poor level of service and increase in congestion. The mean speed and running speed of the traffic stream on different roads varies from 10 km ph to 41 km ph during different periods of the day (IIT, Guwahati report of the year 2005). At most of the sections, the running speed was found to be 20 km ph, which calls for urgent steps to improve road availability and quality. Considering the rapid growth of the population in coming years, the pressure on existing roads will increase causing congestion in the city.
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Internal Roads inside the township area do not have adequate capacity to cater to the present demand. Additionally the surface condition in some of the links is appalling due to lack of adequate maintenance. The quality of riding surface in some areas is extremely poor and calls for immediate intervention.
Increasing number of accidents

Due to the weak traffic management measures in the city, the number of accidents in the city has increased every year. The following table shows the increasing number of accidents in the Kamrup district. Table 30 : Accident Vehicles Examine by M.V.I.
Year 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 up to 31/12/05
Numbers 385 396 419 1450 784
Source: Statement of Motor Vehicles Registration, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam
Railway Barriers
One of the major barriers for free flow of traffic within the Guwahati city is the presence of railway crossings. Though in the recent years a few RoBs and underpasses have been built to ensure smooth movement of traffic, some of the important junctions particularly parallel to the GNB Road and the AT Road require intervention by the authorities. In addition, some of the existing RoBs and underpasses are very narrow resulting in congestion at most times of the day. Some of these points are the RoB at Maligaon, Panbazar amongst others. These RoBs will have to be widened and strengthened in order to enable them to cater to the growing traffic movement within the city.
Markets in heart of the city
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Currently the wholesale markets are situated within the city resulting in major congestions on the roads passing through these areas. Such markets can be found at Fancy Bazar, Machkhowa, the A T Road stretches among others. The roads in these areas are also very narrow and this coupled with parking of goods traffic along the roads hinder free movement of traffic.
Absence of centralized warehousing facilities

Linked to the earlier point is the fact that apart from the New Guwahati area, which is a major Railway goods loading and unloading centre, the city has no centralized warehousing facility. In the absence of such a facility, some internal roads in the main business district are occupied by trucks and other goods vehicles leading to not only congestion but also unhygienic conditions due to unauthorized dumping of perishable products.
Absence of parking areas

With the growth in trade and commerce in the region, the number of vehicles has grown sharply. The city attracts substantial amount of cars and two wheelers. Though there is a parking lot in the riverfront at Bharalumukh, the capacity of the parking lot is not sufficient to cater to the present demand and at the same time the location of the parking lot is questionable. In the absence of adequate parking facilities, the vehicles are parked on the side of the street leading to a major bottleneck in the smooth flow of traffic. In addition, high population density, large number of pavement hawkers as can be observed at Fancy Bazar and Paltan Bazar area, sidewalk encroachments, heterogeneous nature of traffic and commercial area development along all the major roads have compounded the problem of congestion on the main as well as internal roads of the city. Since there is no planned parking space available within the city, currently, the ULB and the city traffic police allow parking of passenger vehicles on the side of the road thereby eating away a sizeable portion of motorable road.
Bus Terminus at heart of the city

The city at present has an inter state bus terminus at Paltan Bazar and intra city bus terminus at Adabari near Jalukbari and at Machkhowa. While the Inter State Bus Terminus is being moved to a location on the National Highway bypassing the city, there is no provision for the intra city bus terminus to be improved or
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moved out to the periphery of the city in the near future. The city ideally requires intra city bus terminus at all the terminal points of city bus movements such as Khanapara in the South, Noonmati/Narengi in the East and Jalukbari in the west. While Adabari is the only intra city bus stand catering to a large number of city buses ferrying passengers across the city, at other terminal points, the buses are parked haphazardly leading to congestion and creating accident prone areas. Apart from that the existing bus terminuses do not provide proper amenities to the travelers, bus drivers and conductors.
Absence of Integrated Mass Rapid Transportation System

Heavy concentrations of residential units coupled with required movement to work places or to market places demand transportation of people. Roads are ideally designed to cater for the same. However, the road network across cities have a limitation the area available remains constant once the development is completed, and old cities in particular throw up the problems of mismatch of designed capacity versus the increasing pressure of populations. Guwahati as a city has similar characteristics to any city, which has grown steadily over the years in terms of population, trade & commerce and other indicators of rapid urbanization. However, adequate attention has not been paid to transportation of people in a manner, which would take the pressure off the already stressed road network in the city. To cater to the requirement of the Guwahati city in the near future, it needs an integrated mass rapid transportation system that will also facilitate integration of different modes of transport in the city. The increase in the vehicular population in the city together with the increase in movement of vehicular traffic through the city have put tremendous pressure on the existing traffic management system. In fact, it will not be inappropriate to state that the concept of traffic management system is absent in the city leading to prolonged queues of vehicles on the city roads at most of the time during the day. Given the state of affairs at present and the fact that increase in vehicular traffic has not been supported by commensurate improvement in infrastructure, it is absolutely necessary to put in place a comprehensive integrated traffic management system in the city in order to streamline the movement of vehicles and pedestrians in future.
Inland Waterways
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The Brahmaputra provides the perfect backdrop for developing an efficient inland waterways system for smooth connectivity with the rest of the country. While the river has been declared National Waterways 2 by the Ministry of Shipping, the waterway has not been utilized properly for effecting movement of goods and people. At present, ferry services are operated by the state run organizations between the south and the north banks of the river Brahmaputra primarily catering to movement of people. However, the ferries used for carrying passengers are old and do not have the capacity to carry vehicles thereby reducing the effectiveness of the entire system. The apparent lack of connectivity via this mode has contributed towards lack of development of North Guwahati in the past. In addition, no efforts have been made in the past to check the utility of converting the Bharalu channel as an inland waterway for transportation of goods across the city. This channel, which cris-crosses the city of Guwahati can be utilized in an effective way for carriage of goods and can go a long way in decongesting the already stressed city roads.
Rural connectivity
The rural connectivity of the region is rather poor as most of the roads linking rural areas to the cities are inadequate in terms of capacity or condition. Even the exiting road connectivity with the rural segments is based on LTM (Light Transport Modal) construction thereby not providing the base for rural population to transport their produce in mass quantity to the city markets for selling.
Guwahati being the gateway to the other States of the North Eastern Region of the Country, the need for development of transport and communication sector in the city and hence the connectivity with the rest of the region is of vital importance for speedy economic development of the region. Due to its geographical isolation and difficult terrain, transport has been a major bottleneck in the process of economic progress of the region. The existing infrastructures and facilities of transport and communication in the city are hardly adequate to meet the requirements. The city is of course served by all the modern means of transport viz., roads, railways, waterways and airways but there is enough scope for further improvement of the facilities.
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6.6
Drainage & Storm Water
The city of Guwahati has no comprehensive drainage system available at present barring a small area within the city where Town and Country Planning, Government of Assam through GMDA has implemented minor drainage schemes. The small drains alongside the roads in the city are not efficient enough to provide relief for the localities. The problem is compounded by the fact that there is severe encroachment alongside the drains, low-lying ditches and other related factors, which, have resulted in flooding/overflowing as the normal flow of the drains is affected.
The city receives substantial rainfall during the monsoon, and in the absence of a planned drainage system, outlet for the water is limited. In addition, the existing natural drainage channels, which have played a major role in the discharging of water including waste and storm water in the past have been made ineffective today by unscientific development process and subsequent encroachments. There has been continuous top soil erosion on the surrounding hillocks resulting in larger flow of water down to the plains. To add to the woes of the city, large amount of water also flows down from the hills of adjoining Meghalaya resulting in massive water logging in the wards neighboring the hill state. Further, increasing concretization of the city in the recent years has also blocked the exit of the water to the water bodies, which have traditionally been acting as the absorber of the citys excess water. This coupled with the fact that the city does not have a comprehensive sewerage and sanitation system, has affected the living environment for its citizens.
6.6.1 Available Drainage Basins

The entire Guwahati Metropolitan Area is divided into seven drainage basins, through which all the waste and disposal of the city is drained into the river Brahmaputra either directly or through various drainage channels and reservoirs indirectly. These basins are Bharalu Basin: Bharalu Basin is probably the most important drainage system within the city with a catchment area of 42 sq.km. This river flows
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through the heart of the city into the river Brahmaputra and many small industries are located on its banks. During monsoon and heavy rainfall, there is a back flow of water leading to overflow on to the catchment areas. It is the most flood prone area in the GMA. Over the years, siltation has caused the river bed to rise leading to overflowing and backflow in the river. In addition, there has also been encroachment in the natural drainage system putting the citys drainage system under pressure. So, it would not be an exaggeration to state that if the Bharalu basin fails, the citys drainage system collapses. Deepar Basin: It is the single largest drainage basin of the region, covering an area of 20135 hectares. The basin is subdivided into two sub-basins: Bijubari sub-basin and Dipur sub-basin Silsako Basin: Silsako basin covers 6534 hectares in the east of Guwahati; Silsako basin is connected with Brahmaputra River through Bonda River. Borsola Basin: Borsola basin also covers a large area and is responsible for absorbing a large amount of discharge flowing out of the southern part of the city Foreshore Basin: The areas include main residential, commercial, institutional and business area in Guwahati. North Guwahati Basin: It has mostly hill ranges comprising north and western boundary of the GMA. This covers a total area of 32.3 Km Kalmoni Basin: The total area occupied by the basin is 66.5 Km. River Kalmoni finds its way into the River Brahmaputra through Deepar Beel and the Khona River and partly through Thengbhanga and the Khalbhog river.
The current natural drainage of Guwahati Metropolitan Area on the south bank of river Brahmaputra is mainly through the river Bharalu, river Basistha flowing into Deepar Beel, Khona River and through Silsako-Tapar Beel System. The Deepar Beel also receives discharge from a large part of the Metropolitan area and ultimately disposes such discharges into the Brahmaputra River through Khona
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River. In the northern bank area, the discharge is either directly to the River Brahmaputra or through the Ghorajan River into the River Brahmaputra
Within the city, man made underground drains carry wastewater from the residences and commercial complexes. These drains are meant for the storm water of the plots and lanes and by lanes abutting on the roads.
But due to deposition of silt over the years and their lack of maintenance, the capacity of the drains to carry waste water have been reduced resulting in overflowing/artificial flooding in adjoining areas. The major areas where the underground drains are found have been mentioned below.
Col.J.Ali Road AT Road Lachitnagar Road Ambari Road Hidayetpur Road G.S.Road G.N.Bordoloi Road
Guwahati suffers from chronic water logging which is primarily due to non availability of integrated and scientific drainage systems. It needs to be recognized that due to the topographical features of the region and the fact that the level of the river Brahmaputra is higher than the rest of the city at most places, an integrated drainage system is absolutely necessary. Some of the key issues in this regard are as follows:
6.6.2 Major Problems in Drainage

Lack of proper maintenance of the existing drainage system, whether natural or man made in the region. Due to dumping of solid waste and siltation, the natural flow of the drainage system has been affected; the capacity of drains to discharge the storm water to main arteries has been reduced. . The drainage system in the region comprising of natural and artificial drainage is not adequate to cope with the growing population in the region.
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Construction of buildings and roads over the man made drains is also responsible for affecting the flow of the drainage system.
Encroachment on the natural drainage system of the city. Filling up of original swamps and natural water reservoirs for the purpose of development.
Affluent generated from the refineries in the city is also a major bottleneck for the development of the drainage system in the region.
Most of the existing artificial drains within the GMA are below the level of River Bharalu resulting in overflowing at most places along the river.
Areas which faces acute problem of water logging are usually low-lying residential and commercial areas which are as follows:
Geeta Nagar/ Hatigaon Chariali upto Narengi G.N.B. Road from Guwahati club to Noonmati ( except the New Guwahati Area)
R G Boruah Road Maligaon Guwahati College Approach road Nabagraha road and its nearby areas Along the Kanwachal road, particularly the southern part. Naveen Nagar/Ambikagiri Nagar/tarun Nagar up to Bhangagarh Sundarpur Rukmini Gaon, Mathura Nagar and some low lying areas in Beltola Fatasil Ambari Some areas on the A T Road Lamb Road
This is only an indicative list of the places, which face severe water logging problems. This in fact is a pointer to the fact that water logging is one of the more serious problems plaguing the city and needs to be addressed through a comprehensive drainage and sewerage system.
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Storm Water
The Brahmaputra riverbank in Guwahati is higher than most of the city areas. The average ground level of the riverbank is 51.3m whereas the average ground level in the rest of the city, except the hillocks and wetlands, is around 49m. But the HFL of the Brahmaputra at the D.C. court point is 51.37m, as recorded in 1988. The flood level of the river remains above 49m every year for a number of days during the season of heavy rains. Therefore, gravity flow of storm water of the city into the river cannot take place.
To prevent the reverse flow from Brahmaputra into Guwahati, Sluice gates had to been installed at the down stream ends of the Bharalu channel, Bonda Jan and Khona Jan, and pumps had to be installed at Bharalu sluice gate to discharge Guwahati drainage water into Brahmaputra. In Guwahati, drainage is a serious problem. The covered drains are actually the pedestrian walkways whose covers are removed for maintenance purpose but is not replaced immediately leading to overflow of drains even if during light rainfall. This is also a safety hazard for pedestrians and to the vehicular traffic. Choking of drains (Siltage) is a regular occurrence forcing drains to overflow most of the times. Two rivulets Bharalu (the upstream part of which is called Bahini) and Basistha, originating from the southern hill range, which is an extension of the hills of Meghalaya, run through the city of Guwahati. Both Bharalu and Basistha are the natural drainage channels for the Guwahati Metropolitan Area. The Bahini Bharalu channel has its outfall in Brahmaputra and the Basistha channel flows into Deeper Beel, which again is connected to Brahmaputra through a stream known as Khona Jan. Similarly, another stream called Bonda Jan in the east connects Silsako Beel with river Brahmaputra. But the capacity of these channels have eroded in the recent times thereby proving to be inadequate to handle the storm water flows.
Storm Water Drainage of Metropolitan Guwahati is now solely dependent on pumping during high floods in Brahmaputra. The Bharalu channel to which most of the storm water has been diverted does not have adequate capacity to cope with the discharge. As a result, there is frequent rain water floods, which submerge roads, streets and lanes as well as houses and establishments.
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6.6.3 Key Issues in storm water

Storm water runoff causes pollution, erosion and flooding problems. These problems occur because of the man made alteration in the natural drainage flow through unscientific construction activities and the way water flows through the altered landscape. Flooding problem As city grows, there will be more housing and construction activities leading to more rooftops, driveways, streets and other hard or impervious surfaces thereby decreasing the capacity of the land to soak up and carry excess water. In addition, the top soil erosion on the hill surfaces surrounding the city, has led to greater discharge of rain water down to the plains within the city, thereby choking the channels of discharge. This has resulted in more artificial flooding as has been experienced by the city in the last few years. Pollution problem As water from rain runs across these hard surfaces, roads, lawns and gardens, they pick up pollutants such as sediments, pet waste, oil, grease, pesticides, and fertilizers amongst others. Storm water carries these contaminants to the streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands and the natural aquifer. Such pollutants ultimately destroy the health of the waterways and thereby impact the environment and the health of the residents.
6.7
Sanitation & Sewerage
The city of Guwahati doesnt have any integrated sewerage system at present except for certain residential areas such as the Railway Colonies, the I.O.C Refinery colonies and residential areas under defense establishments. All the mentioned areas have their own separate sewerage facilities.
For the rest of the residents of the city, most of the individual houses have septic tanks without any collective disposal system for effluents. The sewage from septic tanks goes directly into the open drain. Also the garbage generated in the city is dumped just by the side of the drainage system, which leads to loss of flowing capacity of the drains. This ultimately makes the surroundings unclean, unhygienic and conducive for growth of disease carrying organisms. The soak
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pits connected to septic tanks are becoming non-functional due to high sub soil water table within a short span of time.
Population serviced by sanitary facilities in Guwahati
18.27% 0.12% 0
Septic Tanks Public Conveniences Low Cost Sanitation Units Open defecation 81.61%
The unplanned urban development of Guwahati city has created stagnant pools of waste water, which has become breeding place for mosquito and other disease carrying organisms and has become a source of public health hazards. Therefore, immediate steps have to be taken to provide a comprehensive sewerage system for collection, treatment and disposal of all spent wastewater of the city in a scientific manner.
Key issues pertaining to sanitation are similar to that of drainage. Hence, it is imperative to have an integrated sewerage and drainage scheme, which also takes into account sewerage, sewage treatment and storm water drainage.
6.8
Basic Services to the Poor
There are number of slums in the Guwahati city. It is understood that there are 26 slum pockets in the GMC area covering 1.6 lakh people. It is proposed that a comprehensive Slum Improvement Programme be undertaken. The programme must have the following components:
Provision of Shelter & other Physical Infrastructure at affordable price so as to improve the sanitation and living condition in the existing slums and other squatter settlements;
Provision of adequate health care including family welfare; immunization, child health care, etc;
Development of facilities for community development and recreation
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Programme for basic education and training; Ensuring maintenance and up-gradation of the existing housing stock of the poorer sections;
6.9
Solid Waste Management
Overall the present solid waste management process covering the entire Guwahati Region is found to be highly inadequate. The drains on either side of existing roads are overflowing and also are open, plastic materials has created a nuisance blocking the natural flow of drains, which eventually leads to overflowing of the drains. Presently, the wastes are simply thrown either on the roadside heap or close to near by waste bin and the roads end up being storage of enormous amounts of waste. There is virtually no Solid Waste Management System in almost the whole of the Guwahati City.
The major shortfalls in the present systems are as illustrated below:
Functional element Segregation & Storage at source Primary collection Waste storage depot Transportation Frequency of removal Processing Disposal
Details Generally absent. Waste is deposited in community bins /thrown on the streets/drains / rivers No organized system. Large percentage of waste is deposited on the streets and picked up through street sweeping. Throwing in open drains is also common. Very unscientific. Waste is stored on open sites/masonry enclosures/metallic drums Manual loading in open trucks Regular along major roads. In by-lanes and other areas-Irregular No processing is carried out except a small private initiative of Vermi Composting outside city limits. Crude unsafe dumping at Sachhal
The waste
bulk is
of
the not
collected on a daily basis and left to decay on the roads, streets and drains, etc.
No segregation of Waste:
Concept of segregation of waste is largely absent and people are totally ignorant about the significance and necessity of segregation of Solid waste
Bio-medical Waste:
Though the region contains a good number of hospitals, however they do not have updated and sophisticated solid waste management facilities. The Biomedical wastes are also getting dumped along with domestic wastes.
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6.9.1
Present
Institutional
Structure
of
Solid
Waste
Management at Guwahati
The responsibility of managing solid waste generated within the city is vested on the five engineering division of GMC. No separate solid waste management department exist in the city, the whole process is controlled and supervised by the engineering division directly. For operational purposes the entire area of the Corporation is divided into 21 zones (23 Engineering zones out of which 21 zones have SWM responsibilities) consisting of 60 wards, comprising of 3 to 5 wards in each. The Map (Annexure-I) containing the roads and the limits of the municipal wards of GMC is enclosed with report. Each zone is headed by a Zonal Engineer (Assistance Engineer). Inspectors and supervisors who oversee the daily activities assist the zonal engineers. The Zonal Engineers work under Divisional engineers, each division having 4-5 zones. The engineering department address major programmes such as Construction and
Responsibility Managing waste of
Solid
generated
within the city is vested on the five engineering division of GMC
maintenance, Building licensing, and SWM activities including drain cleaning. A table has been provided below showing existing infrastructure of the corporation for collection of Solid waste management. Table 32: Composition of Garbage in GMC
Composition Garbage Organic waste Paper Glass Plastic Total
of
Percentage (%) 78
39% Organic waste Paper 50% Glass Plastic Total
14 1.8 6.2 100
1% 3%
7%
Source: white Paper on Pollution, PCB and SRDC
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Service Level Indicators for Solid Waste Management in North Eastern States:
Indicators Agartala Aizawal Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Shillong
Service level indicators

Total waste Generated per day (Tons) Waste Generated per capita (Gms) Waste collected (Tons) No of Collection Bins Vehicle adequacy ratio 137 104 59 373 100 38 33 65
350
400
250
460
450
457
414
528
114
40
16
314
73
10
60
52
NA
65
220
55
90
65
70
75
136
81
169
50
55
84
60
Coverage Indicators
% of waste collected Number of vehicles Number of Trips/ Day Dust bin spacing (m) Disposal sites Type of Disposal Conservancy staff Frequency of collection Agencies involved 80 29 3 133 One (7Kms) Open dumping & composting 203 Daily 40 15 3 NA One (20Kms) Open dumping 209 Twice a week LAD 30 7 3 2240 One (15Kms) Open dumping 50 Once in 23 days UDHD 80 75 3 190 One (15Kms) Open dumping 1100 Twice a week GMC 70 14 3 290 One (2Kms) Open dumping Na Twice a week Municipality & NGOs 20 4 3 900 One (10Kms) Open dumping Na Daily 30 7 3 650 Two (8-10Kms) Open dumping 38 Twice a week Town committee 90 13 3 490 One (6 Kms) Open dumping 528 Once in 2 3 days Municipal cantonment Boards.
Municipality & NGOs
UDHD
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Composition of Garbage in selected residential and market areas of GMC Residential Areas Hengerabari Professor Colony Mathura Nagar Beltola Chenikuthi Hill side Kamakhya Gate Kannachal Pension Para Source: Ibid Market Areas Uzanbazar Fancy Bazar Paltanbazar Organic 77% 75% 85% 90% 73% 67% 76% 63% Paper 16% 18% 9% 5% 10% 26% 13% 17% Plastic 6% 5% 3% 5% 14% 5% 11% 20% Glass 0.6% 2% 2% 0% 3% 2% 0% 0% Metal & others 0.4% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
76% 57% 66%
10.5% 10% 10%
6.6% 8.5% 6.0%
2.0% 10% 0%
4.9% 14.5% 18%
Source: comprehensive Master Plan GMA Details of Solid waste Generated in Guwahati: Year 1991 2001 2010 2025 Actual/ Projected Population (lakhs) 6.46 8.9 12.5 22.15 Estimated Generation Kg/day/person 0.3 0.35 0.6 0.8 Estimated Generation (MT/day) 193.8 311.5 750.0 1772
Solid Waste Generation-with estimated Population

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 15 12.5 8.9 6.46 5 750 10 1772 22.15 20 25
1000 800 600 400 193.8 200 0 1991 2001 Year Estimated Generation (MT/day)
311.5
0 2010 2025
Actual/ Projected Population
74
Projected Population
MT/Day
6.10 Waterfront Development

Guwahati is endowed with bountiful natural resources, rich heritage and culture. But population explosion and accelerated economic development, have led to over use and abuse of the natural resources thereby threatening the life support systems. The Guwahati Waterfront on the banks of the Brahmaputra is, arguably, one of the most spectacular waterfronts in the country, but its existence is threatened with the increase in the growth of squalid, unhygienic squatter settlements, unorganized and unsafe river transport facilities. In addition, the waterfront areas are extensively used by bamboo traders and as bathing ghats, creating unhygienic conditions.
The drainage of Guwahati Metropolitan area is primarily on the south bank of river Brahmaputra and is serviced through the river Bharalu, river Basistha, Deepar Beel, Khona River and through Silsako-Tapar Beel System amongst others. The Deepar Beel receives discharge from the major part of Metropolitan area, which finally flows into Brahmaputra through the Khona river. In the northern bank area the discharge is effected either directly into Brahmaputra or indirectly through the Ghorajan river. Due to the absence of systematic and scientific drainage system, the pollution levels of waterfront areas have experienced significant increase in the recent years.
6.11
Urban Renewal Programme
Guwahati Metropolitan Area is the gateway to the northeastern region. Due to its excellent connectivity and unique geographical location, this region is experiencing rapid growth of trade and commerce and it has the potential to become the hinterland for the entire northeastern region. As a result lots of people migrate from different parts of the region to the city increasing pressure on the available infrastructural facilities.
Presence of Wholesale Markets and Industries in Busy Areas The major problem of the GMA pertains to presence of different types and sizes of industries at different busy areas of the city. Apart from creating congestion due to loading and unloading of goods at these places, their presence also lead to a polluted environment thereby affecting the inhabitants of the city. In addition,
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the solid waste generated by these industries are not managed in a scientific manner adding to the pollution levels in the city.
Presence of Wholesale Markets In the GMA, presence of wholesale markets in the heart of the city cause tremendous congestion as roads besides these markets are used for commercial activities are causing huge congestion. Most of the markets are situated besides busy roads. So most of the wholesale activities take place in the footpaths of the nearby roads of the markets. That encroaches the footpath of the busy market area. As a result of this most of the pedestrians can not use the footpaths of the market areas. This causes a large number of accidents in the area. Areas like Fancy Bazaar, Paltan Bazaar and Pan Bazaar create a lot of congestion while transshipment of goods.
Again huge amount of garbage is dumped everyday in the markets that causes pollution and makes roads dirty. Again as the markets are situated in the busy areas of the cities it also causes noise pollution, which is not according to the norms of the modern cities. Scarcity of Housing due to rise in Migration As industries, are situated in the area and new industries are growing, the region generates large number of employment opportunities. So migration takes place from different cities and villages of the neighborhood areas. Most of these people live in the slums of the cities in the region. As a result number of slum dwellers is increasing in the area. In any urban area slums are considered as visible manifestation of urban poverty. These slum pockets develop on their own either near a huge employment source like an industry or near a well-established residential area. Slums are likely source of public health hazard because of the presence of unsanitary living conditions and lack of civic infrastructure facilities. Presence of the JAIL In the Central City Area: The city jail is right in the central area of the city. The jail should be shifted to the outskirts of the city in isolation to ensure rehabilitation of the prisoners along with better security for the citizens.
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7. Environment
7.1 Introduction
The Guwahati Metropolitan Area has been experiencing rapid growth in population, development process, urbanization and congestion. One of the major issues that needs to be addressed relates to the resultant adverse impact on Environment.
7.2
Background
Rapid urbanization creates enormous stresses on natural environment. Guwahati being the most critical centre in North- East has been experiencing steady growth of population, increase in trade & commerce activities, growth in vehicular population, rapid urbanization and hence the resultant increase in the levels of pollution.
7.3
Action Plan
7.3.1 Water Pollution
Wastewater Treatment
Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste are required to pass through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. A program for Wastewater Treatment shall be developed. The following steps need to be undertaken for protection of Water Bodies:
No garbage dumping should be permitted. Technique of improvement of water quality using aquatic plants and fishes can be introduced where necessary, in order to avoid mosquito breeding. Grass plantation should be carried out along the perimeter of water bodies in the immediate sloping catchments. Existing water bodies are to be widened and deepened to the extent possible and nearby storm water drainage is to be used to fill up the additional capacity thus created. Water bodies will have to be desilted and deepened
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No sewage should be diverted to water bodies in order to maintain their water quality
7.3.2
Drainage and Dredging
The city of Guwahati needs a comprehensive drainage system that will discharge water from higher levels to lower levels. Additionally, dredging needs to be carried out on Brahmaputra and Bharalu to control siltation. Organized Discharge of Industrial Effluent
In case of industrial units, effluent in most of the cases are discharged into pits, open ground, or open unlined drains near the factories, thus allowing it to move to low lying depressions resulting in ground water pollution. Hence, adequate sewage treatment plant needs to be installed properly. Public Participation
The problems associated with water pollution have the capability to disrupt life to a great extent. The people in the region need to be responsible and they require to get pro-actively involved to reduce the level of pollution in ground water. There is a need to develop community awareness schemes for participation by the populace in these measures.
7.3.3 Air Pollution

Air pollution needs to be controlled through a mix of direct and indirect measures. One of the most important measures that needs to be taken up immediately is strict compliance to regulatory measure. Violation would result into punitive action including financial levies. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act provides for the control and abatement of air pollution. It entrusts the power of enforcing this act to the CPCB. The Atomic Energy Act deals with the radioactive waste. The Motor Vehicles Act stipulates that all hazardous waste will have to be properly packaged, labeled, and transported. The Local Bodies shall have to step up strict enforcement for compliance to these laws. Additionally the region needs to actively promote use of Clean Fuels through support for Alternate fuels. Note: Analysis of Report on Air Samples in Annexure 3
7.3.4 Forest, Soil Erosion and Hill Cutting
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To deal with the alarming situation, forest areas need to be conserved and marked for no further development; cutting of trees and encroachment on hills will have to be stopped. This should help in the protection of topsoil from erosion, which is the main cause for siltation on the riverbeds and consequent damage to the drainage system. Massive aforestation programme should be undertaken.
7.3.5 Rejuvenation & Beautification of Water Bodies

Apart from the hilly tracts, swamps, marshes, water bodies like Deepar Beel, Silpukhuri, Dighali Pukhuri, Borsola Beel and Silsakoo Beel etc also cover the city. The rejuvenation and beautification process of the above water bodies will have many advantages such as;
The water qualities of the bodies are extremely polluted and effect the environment adversely. The process will clean up the environment in and around the water body The beels have been identified as tourist spots by Tourism Department. For example Sola beel was identified as a tourist attraction and Deepar beel was identified as a spot for botanical cum city forest. The cleaning up of water bodies will allow the residents of the city to use the water bodies for recreational activities. The wet lands are source of ground water. However with dumping, siltation and encroachment, it adversely effect the water availability. A program for development of the identified wet land need to be drawn up and recharging
capacity of the water bodies need to be augmented
7.3.6 Disaster Management

To create scientific strong infrastructure motion in the form of
seismographs,
accelerographs,
Global
Positioning Systems; To generate knowledge-based products such as
microzonation maps to help in Flood and Earthquake Disaster Mitigation and Management;
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To create awareness about flood & earthquakes by organizing workshops and other relevant programmes; To support disaster management training programmes for officials to form Disaster Management Team
To encourage social response to disasters is largely determined by the communications of media like newspaper and TV reports. Thus, communications are of crucial importance in the assessments, management and reduction of disasters.
To take following mitigation measures:
Earthquake-proof building codes and by-laws; Incentives, control and enforcement mechanisms; Earthquake-proof hospitals, etc); lifeline systems (including
Hazards mapping the vulnerability assessment of buildings Strengthening of information technologies Monitoring and impact assessment of natural hazards using space technology Disaster Warning System (DWS) Human resource development where various role players in disaster management are included. Programme on Enhancing Emergency Response (PEER)
Schemes for Water Bodies Restoration, Preservation & Beautification

Restoration & Beautification of Deepar Beel Restoration & Beautification of Silsako Beel Restoration & Beautification of Borsola Beel Restoration & Beautification of Dighali Pukhuri Restoration & Beautification of Silpukhuri
Total
50 20 15 10 5
100.00
8. Vision & Perspective
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8.1
Background
Developing a vision for the city is central to the preparation of a CDP. A vision is a statement concerning what the city wishes to achieve within a given timeframe, and is often expressed in terms of clear expectations. It defines the potential of the city besides reflecting its unique attributes in terms of comparative and
competitive advantages, values and preferences of the citys residents, relationship of the city to the state, national and global economies, and of course, the history and physical characteristics of the city.
While preparation of a vision is a critical element in JNNURM process, the city of Guwahati has already recognized the importance of having a vision statement. The comprehensive Master Plan for Guwahati Metropolitan Area 2025 has already envisioned the following vision for the region:
Guwahati is visualised to be one of the most admired state capitals of India with a unique image. To this end, Guwahati shall Promote and focus on balanced and sustainable economic and infrastructure growth that will enable the city to fulfil its role as the Gateway to the North-East India and South East Asia.
The Goals identified under for achieving the vision are as follows:
Goal I: Objectives
Creation of quality infrastructure To have a smooth drainage system free from clogging Municipal water supply & sewerage connection to 100 percent households A thorough solid waste management system for all type of wastes. Integrated Modern Transportation System including Traffic Management and Mass Rapid Transit System
Goal II:
Creation of spaces for economic activities
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Goal III:
Goal IV:
Development of a wholesale markets with quality infrastructure Development of a state-of-the-art business center Development of organised shopping areas in all parts of the city To bring in a system in the land development process Objectives Development of large areas for integrated urban development in a planned manner and accordingly the impact of each component to the total development of the region. Creation of an image befitting that of a State Capital Objectives To create a city image by development of: (a) Capital Complex, (b) State Level Exhibition and Business area (c) Cultural complex (d) Sports Complexes To achieve an environment of knowledge base and research To achieve an environment of safety & health To create visually inspiring and culturally vibrant public places Create a City Without Slums To provide basic services to urban poor and upgrade the living standard. To rehabilitate the existing slum and prevent further encroachment through enforcement.
Objectives
Goal V: Objectives
Goal VI: Objectives
Respect the Natural Environment Protect and enhance biodiversity through natural reserves and large open spaces Conserve wetlands and environmentally vulnerable areas Maintain high air and water quality
The city would strive to provide essential infrastructure and universal access to civic amenities to its people and redefine the image of GMA into a diverse multifaceted region with sector focus. To this end, the Area would concentrate on building up appropriate social and physical infrastructure development, carry out Institutional reform, capacity building
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and Social Welfare with a focus on Gender equality, Poverty alleviation and Tribal affairs. The city recognizes that the growth and development of the GMA are critical to the development of entire North Eastern region and shall strive to be an efficient Gateway to the entire North East.
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9. Land use and Availability

9.1 Background
The city is situated on the southern bank of river Brahmaputra with its cardinal points as 26* 10 north latitude and 92*49 east longitude. It is located towards the south eastern side of Kamrup district, which is surrounded, by Nalbari district in North, Darrang and Mariagaon districts in the East, Meghalaya state in the south and Goalpara and Barpeta districts in the west.
The city is situated on an undulating plain with varying altitudes of 49.5m to 55.5 m above mean sea level. The southern and the eastern sides of the city are surrounded by hillocks. The central part of the city also has some hillocks like Sarania hill (193m), Nabagraha hill (217m), Nilachal hill (193m) and Chunsali Hill (293m). Apart from the hilly tracts, swamps, marshes and small water bodies like Deepar beel, Dighali Pukhuri and Silsakoo beel etc also cover the city.
9.2
Present Scenario
The Land Use Pattern for Guwahati as per the Town and Country Planning Department of the State in 2001 is provided in the following break-up: Table 22 : Land use pattern for Guwahati in 2001 Land Use Percentage
Residential Commercial Industry Special category Government Recreational and Parks Public and Semi Public Transport Green Belt Water bodies, hills
Total
25.10 2.50 5.20 6.20 5.40 9.40 12.90 15.40 17.70

100.00
The Land Use is predominantly residential and substantial portion of the Land Use is for Circulation. Industry and Commercial do not form a major part of the Land Use.
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85
Fig 11 : Broad Break up of Land Use 2001

Land usage as per 2001
Residential Commercial 18% Industry 26% Special category Government 15% 3% 5% 6% 13% 9% 5% Recreational and Parks Public and Semi Public Transport Green Belt
9.3
Land Use 2025
A Master Plan for the city had been prepared, shows the overall land use breakup for 2025. It is understood that the Master Plan is under further revision. It has been estimated that approximately 5000 hectare of land is required by GMA for various urban activities by 2025.
However, based on the existing Master Plan, the proposed Land Use is as under: Table 23 : Land Use of GMA - 2025 Land Use Percentage
Residential Commercial Public/semi public Industries Area under Spl. Govt. Use Transportation Recreation Hills and Water bodies
Total
27.24 5.85 14.15 5.85 4.83 4.05 15.52 22.49

100.00
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Fig 12 : Land Usage in 2025
Land usage in 2025
Residential Commercial Public/semi public
22%
27% Industries Area under Spl. Govt. Use Transportation Recreation Hills and Water bodies
16% 4% 5% 14% 6%
6%
87
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10.
Tourism
10.1 Background
The State of Assam has a unique natural beauty with Flora and Fauna, Historical Monuments, Pilgrim Centers, Tea Gardens and its colorful cultural festivals. However, Tourism has been given a very limited attention with concentration being primarily on Wildlife, Tea-tourism and Historical Monuments.
10.2
Vision
Tourism to be positioned and developed as an Engine of Economic Growth through development of an Integrated Tourism Development Plan based on the unique cultural and natural heritage of the area.
10.3
Waterfront Attraction
Some of the waterfronts in Guwahati are as follows:
10.3.1 Dighalipukhuri
It is a beautiful water body located in the heart of the city. At present, this water body is used for boating facilities and is maintained by Assam Tourism Development Corporation.
10.3.2 Deepar Beel

The Deepar Beel is a large water body located on the western periphery of the GMA and is visited by large varieties of migratory birds every year.
10.3.3 Chandubi Lake

A natural lagoon and fine picnic spot located 64 kms from Guwahati. The lake and its surroundings is an ideal holiday resort with the added attraction of fishing and rowing. The place is easily accessible by road from Guwahati. The best season to visit is from November to April.
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10.3.4 Brahmaputra Riverfront

Guwahati is located on the banks of the might river Brahmaputra, locally known as the Luit. The riverfront itself is over 1o kms in length within the main city area and offers a splendid view. The riverfront is also dotted with many hillocks An indicative list of some of the potential places in and around Guwahati, which are of tourist interests:
10.4
Religious Places
10.4.1 Kamakhya Temple
Kamakhya temple is situated atop the Nilachal hill, at a distance of 10 km from the railway station, where the Goddess Kamakhya is worshipped and which commands a majestic view of the city and the river. Noted to be the most sacred among the tantrik shrines of Shakti worship in the world, Kamakhya, was built in the 10th century by the Koch king, Naranarayan. 10.4.2 Bhubaneshwari Temple
Above Kamakhya is another small temple, Bhubaneshwari, from where one can have a bird's eye view of the city
10.4.3 Umananda Temple

Another place of attraction is the Umanada Island. The Shiva temple of
Umananda, reached by motorboats and public ferries from Umananda Ghat, stands on an island in the middle of the Brahmaputra, believed to be the smallest inhabited river island in the world.
10.4.4 Nabagraha Temple

Atop another hill in east Guwahati is the Nabagraha temple the "temple of the nine planets" an ancient seat of astrology and astronomy. Housed in a red beehive-shaped dome, the central lingam is encircled by nine others representing the planets (grahas) Sun (Surya, Ravi),Moon (Chandra, Soma), Mercury (Buddh), Venus (Sukra), Mars (Mangal), Jupiter (Brihaspati) and Saturn
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(Sani). Two others were added later Rahu and Ketu, the dragon's head and the dragon's tail, or the ascending and descending nodes of the moon;
10.4.5 Vashistha Ashram

Within the city, there is also the Vashistha Ashram, an interesting old shrine, with plenty of verdure and three beautiful streams, Lalita, Kanta and Sandhya. It is at a distance of 12 km from the railway station and is said to have been the abode of sage Vashistha. Several other temples like the Ugratara temple, famous for its golden idol and buffalo sacrifices, are also strewn across the city.
10.4.6 Mahabhairab Temple

An ancient temple, where King Bana worshipped Mahabhairab, another incarnation of Lord Shiva. It is another place of pilgrimage.
10.4.7 Madan Kamdev

It is nearly 40 kms from Guwahati and is a great Historical Splendor.
10.5
Other Places (Outside GMA)
The Manas wildlife sanctuary, 176 km from the city, is situated on the banks of river Manas. It is the only tiger project of its kind in Assam.
Pabitora, a small wildlife sanctuary, 60 km from Guwahati is also worth a visit. Rhino and various species of deer abound here.
Hajo, 25 km west of Guwahati, is a sacred place for Hindus, Muslims and Buddhists. The town also boasts the Hayagriba Madhava Temple, accessible via a long stone stairway. At the foot of the stairway is a large pond inhabited by one of Hajo's oldest residents: a giant turtle. Hajo is also renowned for its bell metal work.
Sualkuchi, 32 km from Guwahati, is a village where almost all the inhabitants are weavers, involved in the traditional art of silk weaving.
Tezpur is 181 km east of Guwahati, and is a town of both historic importance and adventure sports.
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Barpeta, 185 km from Guwahati, is notable for the monastery and shrine dedicated to the Vaishnavite saint, Sankardeva.
10.6
Action Plans
It has been proposed to develop a inter and Intra district tourist circuits based on the unique cultural and natural heritage of the area. This can be achieved through formation of an Integrated Tourism Development Plan. The plan needs to include identification of various packages, schemes and tourism Circuits. A State Level Tourism Policy could go a long way in developing tourism in the region. Proper structuring of Tourism Projects is critical and the same would enable Public Private Partnership Projects.
Critical to the development of tourism is Infrastructure Development. These include development of Connectivity, Tourism Spots, Waterfront Development and provision of Basic Amenities.
Steps need to be taken to encourage diversified nature based recreational activities along Brahmaputra riverfront. Area with greater ethnic tribal groups concentration will be promoted and developed for tourism interest.
Considering that there has been limited exploitation of the tourism sector, it would be necessary to carry out a detailed study and identification of specific steps and plans to make the region a preferred Tourist Destination Analysis of the Socio-Cultural relevance, religious importance,
architectural uniqueness, heritage value and existing supportive facilities for different scales of tourism activities.
Evaluation of various approaches by different modes of transport for the convenience of local and regional users.
Identification of emerging threats and possible causes of decay for the existing tourist sites
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Exploring new areas for nature based tourism like picnicking or weekend tourism along riverfront.
Development of river cruises connecting the nearby islands and other areas
Encouraging diversified nature based recreational activities along Brahmaputra riverfront. In addition to revenue generation, these activities will help in maintaining the riverfronts.
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11.
Water
11.1 Background
Water Supply is directly related to the main themes in the development agenda poverty alleviation, environment protection, private sector-led growth, participatory development and good governance. The growth process and expansion of economic activities inevitably lead to increasing demands for water for diverse purposes out of which drinking and domestic need are of paramount importance. However, this essential commodity for sustenance of life is not adequately available to a large number of people in the region.
It is striking to note that in Guwahati, only around 30% of people has direct access to piped water supply. Water has already become a scarce resource and is certainly going to become scarcer in future. The water supply system utilities are locked in a vicious spiral of weak performance, insufficient funding for maintenance leading to deterioration of assets. Provision of continuous and safe water supply service calls for ample and reliable water sources and adequate capacity for treatment, transmission, and distribution, as well as properly functioning pumps, reservoirs, and networks. The way these facilities are operated and maintained can greatly affect the health of the population, the quality of the environment, the benefits to the poor, and the resources available for investment in expansion.
It is striking to note that in Guwahati only, around 30% of people has direct access to piped water supply. Thus water has already become a scarce resource is
certainly going to become scarcer in future
11.2
Vision
To provide safe and sustainable water to its citizens at an appropriate pricing with the ultimate goal of providing 24 hours water across the city.
11.3 Action Plans

Water supply is one of the most essential services, which needs to be made available to every cross section of the people. The demand can only be satisfied by substantial capacity expansion of the water treatment plants, setting up of a well planned distribution channel and creation of a robust mechanism to ensure an adequate operation and maintenance. It will thus be the endeavor of the City to ensure that the people residing in the GMA have access to efficient, responsive, and sustainable water and sanitation
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services. In order to achieve these objectives, the City shall provide resources and support to encourage and implement approaches that are people-centered, market-based, and environment-friendly. Emphasis will be put on creating facilities that are self-sustaining. The plan would essentially cover the following points;
Sustainability of Source
The main water source is the River Brahmaputra. Virtually all the users, public and private utilize the River as an intake. The source is presently highly dependable. However, it needs to be recognized that sporadic and uncontrolled exploitation of water will be harmful in the long run and hence, there is a need for regulation of intake. The city also uses water from Tube Wells and Water Bodies. However, these are in very limited quantities. There is virtually no exploitation of ground water, which due to presence of hard rock appears to be difficult. However, there is a need to explore conclusively the possibilities of developing alternate sources of water such as ground water as it remains the most reliable option. And moreover in the areas where there is difficulty in covering and in spreading the distribution network ground water source may be explored. To ensure that water quality remains within acceptable norms, infrastructure for developing mechanism for water quality monitoring need to be installed.
Creation of Water Treatment Plants

The available capacity is grossly inadequate to meet the basic drinking water demand and there is a serious gap between demand and supply. Keeping in mind the future increase in population, the gap between demand and supply of water is expected to sharply widen. These plants are in poor shape and need immediate investment for augmentation of capacity utilization from current poor levels. It may be noted that the water requirement in 2021 for catering to the population is to the tune of 80 MGD. Guwahati also has substantial floating population, which will require additional requirement of water. It is also important to note that as per present norms, water treatment plants are required to cater to a minimum of 20 years. Considering that virtually the entire present capacity shall expire the design life in the near future,
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planning needs to be carried out to build new capacity for the entire projected requirement of water. Based on the population growth, transmission efficiency and taking into account floating population, which is 25%, the requirement of Water Treatment Capacity is to the tune of 100 MGD.
New Water Supply Schemes for pipelines and taps

As mentioned above, the coverage of the distribution network within the city is extremely low. In view of the same, there is a requirement for building up a comprehensive Water Supply Network comprising of Construction of Collector wells, Reservoirs, Overhauling and Addition of new pipelines to the areas, which are presently not being served. The network of water distribution needs to be increased to cover all the areas under GMA.
Operation and Maintenance

Operation and maintenance of water supply pipes and water treatment plant is necessary to ensure that the facilities created cater to the future demand of water. All the above strategies and action plans will fail, if there is no proper operation and maintenance.
Pipelines Leakages need to be identified and adequate measures undertaken to prevent loss of water. While the ULBs shall enhance the tariff base over a period time to ensure that O&M is payable from the revenues, there is an immediate requirement of O&M funds so as to ensure that the assets created under this scheme are properly maintained.
Augmentation of Water Availability

Rainwater harvesting measures will be implemented to preserve and conserve water from other sources.
Capacity Building & Workshop

A program and a series of definite measures would be drawn up to improve the overall management performance of the existing agencies through capacity building, induction of professional expertise, introduction of IT enabled tools, and induction of HR techniques. In a nutshell, approach has to be more scientifically and technically oriented.
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Reduction of Losses in Water Supply by Public Awareness

A series of workshops should be organized across the region to create public awareness on the importance of water as a national resource and the severe consequences of waste & pollution of water.
Scope of recycle and reuse of water in industrial and urban settlements will have to be properly understood and affected. The treated water can be suitably used for domestic purposes like cleaning, washing, gardening etc.
Sustainability
In order to ensure the availability of adequate funds for operation and maintenance, the project needs to be structured to make it sustainable. In the first few years, a revolving fund will be created to take care of initial operation and maintenance requirement, but in the long run project will have to be made self-sustainable. This can be achieved through the following points:
Reduce O&M Cost through a program of renovation and modernization Design a tariff structure that meets simplicity and equity criteria in addition to financial objectives;
Implement specific projects for supplying affordable water to the urban poor. Poverty targeted projects shall be given due attention.
Improvement in Performance and Reliability

Guwahati city recognizes that it is essential to improve the reliability of the Water Services to its citizens. To meet this objective, the following steps are proposed to be taken: Structured Public Private Participation Private Sector Participation is desirable in the PPP format in the sector so that there is a balance between the risks and responsibilities between the Government Agencies and the Private Sector. This aspect was also been discussed in the various consultative meeting and which was also been accepted by the participant.
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In view of the same, Private Sector Participants shall be invited to leverage on the following possible benefits: Reduction of involvements of Public finance or redirecting such funds to the poor; Induction of greater technical and management expertise; Provision of a more responsive service to the customers; Sourcing of additional funds if required;
Initially outsourcing of Operation & Maintenances and some of the commercial activities through Management Contracts to professional and reliable operators shall be undertaken. This would greatly facilitate induction of technical and system knowledge and pave the way for larger Private Sector Involvement in future. At the same time, it is recognized that while private investment and management shall play a growing role, the same must be coupled with a strong legal, contractual and regulatory framework to be carried out simultaneously.
11.4 Schemes
Projects Study for alternative water sources 1. Upgradation of existing plants 2. Source augmentation 3. Treatment Plants 4. Transmission & Distribution Operation & Maintenance Fund Capacity Building Water Harvesting Total
Cost (Rs crore) 2 30 20 300 650 60 10 5 1077
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12. Housing
12.1 Aims and Objectives
The Urban Local Bodies shall strive to provide appropriate housing to all its citizens. In particular, it shall continuously carry out the following actions:
Identify adequate sites to facilitate and encourage housing for households of all economic levels, including persons with disabilities;
Remove, as legally feasible and appropriate, governmental constraints to housing production, maintenance, and improvement;
Assist in the development of adequate housing for low and moderateincome households;
Conserve and improve the condition of housing, including existing affordable housing; and
Promote housing opportunities for all persons.
12.2
Background
Provision of Housing to its Citizen is one of the most important tasks for any Urban Body. Housing also comprises one of the key elements of the civic plan. One of the key elements of a housing plan is provision of housing for the poor.
In any urban center with growing demand and consequent spiraling prices, the urban poor are deprived of adequate housing. It is thus left to the State to provide housing to Low Income Group. Slums Improvement needs to be given its due importance through a programme of Slum Eradication, Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation.
It is acknowledged that Good housing is intrinsically linked to good health and nutrition, better employment opportunity, better living and, consequently, better quality of life.
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13.
Transportation
13.1 Background
Guwahati city is well connected with other parts of the country by air, roads and railways. There are daily flights to LGB International Airport at Borjhar, Guwahati, from Delhi and Kolkata. Flights from Agartala, Dibrugarh, Imphal and Silchar also arrive in Guwahati on a daily basis. Taxis and coaches operate between the city and the airport, which is about 25 km away. Guwahati is the nodal point for road transport in North East India with two national highways meeting on the periphery of the city. There are several trains connecting Guwahati with various Indian cities including direct connectivity with the metros.
It is recognized that an efficient transport system is a prerequisite for sustainable economic development. It is not only the key infrastructural input for the growth process but also plays a significant role in promoting social and economic integration with the rest of the country, which is particularly important in a large country like India. The transport system plays an important role of promoting the development of the backward regions and integrating them with the mainstream economy by opening them to trade and investment. This is particularly important for Guwahati, which provides connectivity to the entire northeastern region.
13.2
Vision
The City aims to provide a Modern Integrated Transportation System, which will provide all its citizens efficient and cost effective travel options and integrate with the other areas of North East.
13.3
Major Action Points
In order to tackle the problems plaguing the transportation sector in the city, it is suggested to take an integrated approach involving improvement and introduction wherever necessary of an integrated traffic management system and an integrated modern transportation system.
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13.3.1 Traffic Management System

In the immediate term, improvement of traffic management system includes traffic engineering and management schemes, together with application of Transportation System management (TSM) principles. These measures are low cost solutions for immediate and short-term improvement.
To achieve this, the following measures will have to be acted upon:
Intersection improvements
It is observed that most intersections in Guwahati city do not have road markings or dividers to direct merging, crossing and diverging flows into specific channels. At these locations considerable delays are occurring due to undisciplined behavior of vehicular traffic not obeying the yield principle. However based on the available information and observation, the delays at major intersections will be identified for immediate attentions.
Street Lights
The number of streetlights in the city is not found to be sufficient and almost 50% of them use tube lights or bulbs, which not only consume enormous amount of power but also obsolete. The following table shows the street lighting situation in the Guwahati city. Table 31: Street Lighting Situation In Guwahati Aspects Numbers High Mast Lamps Mercury Vapour Lamps Sodium Vapour Lamps Tube Lights Others Total 5 30 6000 6500 15 12550
Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project, Asian Development Bank.
Measures will be taken to convert all the streetlights into sodium vapor so that the quality of light improves and cost of maintenance is reduced. Efforts will also
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be made to introduce street lighting system using non-conventional energy sources such as solar power, which are not only cost effective in the long term but also durable and environment friendly.
Isolated Traffic Signals

While channelization of approaches to intersections reduces the conflict area, they function only when the volume are low in nature and has large time and space headways in the cross traffic, sufficient for merging. These gaps decrease the volumes of flows thereby necessitating physical stoppage of one of the conflicting flows to facilitate the movement of the other. At present, within the city there are a number of fixed time signalized intersections which need to be replaced by traffic actuated signalized.
Signal system optimization and Area traffic control

Even if the number of signalized intersections is increased, the overall delays may not be optimized unless all these signals are interconnected. If the signals are not integrated, management of traffic will become increasingly difficult within the city.
Traffic signs and markings

The traffic in the region being mixed in nature and the carriageway being of a nonstandard format, all the carriageways need adequate traffic signs and road markings to provide guidance for disciplined and safe driving.
It is observed in the city that on many important corridors, traffic guidance in the form of traffic signs and lane markings are not up to the standards. It is necessary to standardize the lane markings, edge markings, median markings, pedestrian crossings, parking zones, traffic delineators, and traffic signs and implemented on all important travel corridors.
Bus Bays
Frequent weaving movements of buses in busy corridors have a significant effect on the running speed of traffic. Further, stopping buses in the middle of traffic
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lanes tends to block the traffic moving on the left lane. Since most of the roads in the city are two lanes with an un-mountable central divider, the problem of traffic blockade becomes even more acute. Hence, considering the fact that the number of buses will increase every year, important and congested bus bays will be identified to make provision for convenient stoppages for buses without inconveniencing the traffic following them.
Pedestrian Crossings & Sub-Ways

As a significant proportion of the trips are performed on foot and only 72% of the road length in the city have footpaths (Source: Comprehensive Master Plan for GMA 2025), pedestrians are more vulnerable in being involved in accidents, it is necessary to protect them through provision of Guard Rails, Zebra Crossings, Pelican Signals or through Grade separations.
13.3.2 Integrated Transportation System

Along with the improvement in traffic management system, care will have to be taken to introduce a modern integrated transportation system involving various modes of mass transport. The system will require following improvement: Creation of an Integrated Intelligent Transport System with Multi-modal Access Improvement of existing roads & Construction of ROBs Establishment of a Logistic Hub on the periphery of the city Development of Parking facilities & Modern intra-city bus terminus New alignment parallel to the GNB road along the railway tracks from Guwahati club intersection to Narengi Study to ascertain techno-economic feasibility for a mass rapid system and its integration with the main transport system
On an overall basis, all plans would necessarily integrate land use and transport planning and also give priority to non-motorized transport to the extent possible.
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Improvement of Existing Roads

Roads need to be improved so that traffic can move smoothly and the number of accidents are reduced. To achieve this, the quality of roads need to be improved and given that the percentage area covered by roads in the city is not sufficient, road widening programme needs to undertaken to improve the channel capacity by adding more area to the circulation channels. For the purpose, busy and congested roads will be identified. Based on the present conditions of the internal roads, a total length of 638.972 kms has been identified in the GMC area for strengthening and widening. The break up of these roads are as follows:
Similarly, a total length of approximately 200 kms have been identified by the Public Works Department for improvement.
The alignment on the Railway Tracks from the Guwahati Station to Noonmati can be converted into a dedicated Road Transport Corridor to ease the traffic on the GNB Road. A study for the same needs to be conducted for finalizing the project cost and implementation structure. It may be mentioned that projects to be implement4ed under the scheme shall focus on providing adequate pedestrian facilities and encourage decongestion in the city. An important component of the plan is to develop cycling tracks & pedestrian ways in the city. Also focus will be made on development of road accessing city schools and hospitals. In addition to roads, it is proposed that a Ropeway be constructed between Kamakhya Mandir and Umananda Mandir. Both the places are important religious centres and attract substantial pilgrims. In addition to providing to the convenience to the large number of visitors, the Ropeway will also be attractive for tourists.
Construction of ROBs
Since the presence of railway crossings at some parts of the roads reduces the speed of the vehicles, it is proposed to construct Rail Over Bridges (ROBs) at various locations, which will provide easy and smooth connectivity. Again existing ROBs like Maligaon, Panbazar, B Borooah Road need to be strengthened in order to improve the flow of vehicles. There are at present 16 major railway crossings, out of which ROBs have been constructed at five crossings. Of these
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five ROBs, three over bridges at Maligaon, Panbazar and over B Borooah road require immediate strengthening. It is proposed to construct four new ROBs at the congested points. The exacted locations will be identified through a joint study with the Indian Railways.
Construction of logistic hubs outside the city

The major problem of the region is the mixing of inter and intra city vehicles which cause tremendous traffic congestions in the GMA. Constructing a new logistic hub on the periphery of the city can go a long way in solving the congestion problem within the city.
The logistic hub will include a comprehensive truck terminal for inter city vehicles. This will ensure that the inter city commercial vehicles do not enter the city creating congestions on the roads. If a logistic hub is constructed outside the city and the wholesale market is relocated to the hub or nearby the hub on the outskirts of the city the congestion created due to loading and unloading of vehicles can be addressed. The hub can act as a transshipment centre for not only carrying of goods to other cities/towns of the region in smaller vehicles, but also for goods meant for the city as well.
For that purpose the logistic hub will also include a wholesale trade and storage center. This center will have modern storage facilities for different types of products like building materials, auto components, food grains etc. In addition, the hub will cater to certain commercial activities related to wholesale trading and will provide basic amenities/facilities to truck drivers and helpers.
This logistic hub will be taken up on PPP basis. The objective of Logistic Hub will be to provide decongestion to the heavily congested city roads, particularly the central business area and shall also provide adequate amenities for the Truck Drivers and Helpers to encourage them to utilize the facility. The project will be implemented on integrated framework and shall comprise of warehousing facilities, marketing centre and centre for wholesale trading along with supporting infrastructure. It is recognized that the project with viability gap funding is Hence it is proposed that funds to be drawn
amenable to PPP participants.
under the JNNURM Scheme be used as viability gap funding to attract private developers.
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Parking Facilities
Parking lots needs to be constructed in the city to facilitate better utilization of the existing roads. Off-street parking facilities shall also be identified and constructed in major nodes in the regions thereafter. An appropriate parking pricing methodology need to be developed so as to enable the parking projects to be implemented with Private Sector Participation. It is suggested that exclusive pedestrian areas be created around the Parking Lots which car movement will be restricted. However, to ensure that the facilities are adequate and also
proposed charges are acceptable to the users. It is proposed to bid it out with a Viability Gap Funding. Funds under JNNURM shall be used for Viability Gap Funding.
For the development of such parking facilities, 13 locations have been identified across the city. Under NURM, six parking facilities at the most congested areas will be taken up for development.
Long Term Approach

Guwahati city is expected to reach a phenomenal 27 Lakh population by 2031. Such an increase would restrict movement of people within the city to a large extent unless a comprehensive integrated mass rapid transit system is introduced. With this background, it is proposed to introduce a mass rapid transit system in the city to be integrated with the overall transportation system, which will also be designed keeping in mind the impending population and vehicular growth in the city.
In order to introduce such a system, it is required to undertake a detailed study for determining the techno-economical feasibility and its integration with the main transportation system.
Given the complexity of the transportation problems of the city, it is evident that isolated solutions directed at one or two facets such as building flyovers, road widening etc., will at best assuage the problem temporarily but will not be able to tackle the problem comprehensively. Only a multifaceted approach duly integrating land use with transportation at the planning stage as a long-term measure to structurally integrate this sector with the overall growth of the urban
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area will be able to give best benefits at least possible cost. It is felt that a concerted and sustained campaign duly addressing issues as mentioned above will be able to address transportation related problems comprehensively.
Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS)

In order to provide a long-term solution, it is proposed that a MRTS be implemented.
The new transportation system would be in line with the
National Urban Transport Policy. However, finalization of the configuration, technical structure, project structuring and cost would
require substantial project development activities. These development activities are critical and need to be urgently carried out to provide a longterm solution. In view of this, project development activities comprising of pre-feasibility, detailed project report, project structuring and modeling shall be carried under the JNNURM scheme. Along with this study, feasibility of setting up an elevated road shall also be explored while project development activities have been included under the CDP. The final project shall be incorporated in the CDP after the detailed study has been carried out. . Schemes
Projects
Integrated Traffic Management System Integrated Transportation System: Road Improvement New ROBs/ Strengthening of existing ROBs Logistic Hubs Parking Facilities Intra city Bus terminus New Alignment Parallel GNB Road Ropeway Project Project Development of MRTS (Project Pre-feasibility, Detailed project report, Project Structuring and Modeling
Cost (Rs crore)

200 319 100 50 60 32 40 30 10
Total
841
Cost for MRTS has been estimated at Rs 3000 crore. However, the same has not been included pending preparation of Detailed Project Report.
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14.
Drainage & Storm Water Drainage

14.1 Background - Drainage
Drainage plays a major role in the development of any city. There has to be a systematic outflow for the rainwater and other wastewater generated in a city in any given day in order to avoid the problem of water logging. For the purpose, a city requires a comprehensive integrated drainage and sanitation system so that there are no artificial blockages thereby affecting health and environment.
14.2
Action Plans
Considering that there is virtually no systematic drainage system in the city, it is imperative for the Guwahati city to plan and implement an integrated drainage and sewerage system in a phase manner. The drainage system will have to be designed on the basis of the Master Plan, which is under revision at present, GIS, Land Use patterns & Control Plan and the existing Drainage Channels. Generally, drains shall be provided along the existing roads, existing railway tracks and the proposed transportation network. The cost of the Integrated Drainage System shall be worked out through Detailed Studies and will be taken up for implementation thereafter. However, since the present situation merits urgent attention and requires implementation of immediate improvement schemes. In view of the same, immediate action plans have been worked out for implementation
It is proposed to run a major drainage improvement program across the Guwahati city. All the natural drainage systems barring the Deepar Beel and the basin covering North Guwahati will have to be strengthened through an immediate action plan. The capacity of all major artificial drains connected with Bharalu basin will have to be augmented. The Borsola Beel and the Silkaso Beel area can be strengthened for storing of storm water besides being developed as a recreational area. In addition, the schemes suggested by the One Man enquiry Committee appointed by GMDA can be taken up for implementation after detail studies. These schemes with modifications have been outlined in the heading under Storm Water Drainage.
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Additional activities to be undertaken as per the Action Plan are mentioned below: An effective Solid Waste Management should be in place so that the garbage do not block the drainage channels. Encroachments on natural drainage system should be immediately stopped. Proper maintenance of the existing drainage facility should be there. Periodical cleaning should be done so that the silt deposits do not block the drainage system.
Drainage Schemes:
Integrated Drainage System

Total
200
200
14.3
Background Storm Water Drainage
Storm water is generally rain and melting snow that run off surfaces that cannot readily absorb water. These surfaces include rooftops, pavement, compacted gravel lots, and even frozen ground. As it flows towards larger water bodies such as streams, lakes, rivers or infiltrates down into the aquifer, it picks up pollutants. These pollutants include elements such as sediments, airborne dust, pet waste, oil, grease, fertilizers, chemicals, litter and whatever that are left on the ground or poured down to drains and grates that can be carried along or dissolved in water. Usually, roadside storm water drains carry the storm water. In the absence of a proper sewerage system, they also carry domestic sewage. Absence of efficient Storm Water Drainage network will invariably lead to water stagnation on roads, which in turn pose the problem of water borne diseases, inconvenience to traffic and pedestrian movement besides damages to the condition of roads. In effect, without an outlet and if delivered in large quantities, such storm water can cause artificial flooding.
Activities to be undertaken for flooding and pollution problems

Manage storm water to control flooding and erosion;
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Plan and construct storm water systems so contaminants are removed before they pollute the surface waters or the groundwater sources
Acquire and protect the existing natural waterways through a detail rehabilitation plan
To look for opportunities to build "soft" structures such as ponds, swales or wetlands to work with existing or "hard" structures, such as pipes and concrete channels;
Revision of current storm water regulations to address the comprehensive storm water needs;
Enhance and enforce existing rules and regulations to ensure compliance by property owners;
A community awareness programme needs to be launched involving all localities to educate residents of dos and donts.
Adequate planning and review of status periodically
14.4
Action plan
As per the report on Storm Water Drainage System by the one-man enquiry committee for Guwahati Metropolitan Area, the following measures need to be adopted: Augmentation of discharge and retention capacity of the existing drainage system. Reduction of flow through Bharalu and Basistha channels by flow diversion from their upstream portions. Utilization of natural wetlands for storm water retention Control of silting in drains and channels and their desilting.
Watershed Planning Out of the seven natural drainage systems within the GMA, four are situated within the densely inhabited areas. Watershed planning is required with respect to these four basins primarily to handle storm water. Such planning will enable the authorities to construct and maintain other man made drainage system within the city.
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Maintenance Maintenance of existing or new ponds, swales, catch basins, drywells, ditches and culverts is required in a planned manner. Such storm water facilities will need to be mapped to its exact location and the process of maintenance need to be monitored through regular stock-taking so that the performance of each facility can be measured. Public Involvement and Awareness Informing the public about drainage systems, their functioning and the necessity to maintain them in a planned manner will go a long way to reduce threats to water quality and prevent flooding problems. Integrated Drainage System Remedial Measures suggested by one man enquiry committee: The remedial measures suggested by the one man enquiry committee appointed by GMDA is submitted for consideration under NURM. A detail techno-economic study for these measures will have to be undertaken to arrive at the detail cost parameters. These schemes are: Drainage channel from Silsako Beel to Bonda Sluice Desiltation of Silsako Beel Construction of a trunk drain connecting Bharalu with Silsako basin drainage system from Beltola bazaar to reduce storm water flow through Bharalu channel Prevention of storm water flow from Silsako to Bharalu channel along OIL pipeline corridor Construction of a trunk drain along the Hengerabari Narengi road for diversion of storm water from Japorigog Hengerabari area to Silsako basin Embankment of Bahini stream after removal of encroachment Hume pipe culvert on G S road at Rukmini Gaon bus stop to be replaced by a bridge Augmentation of waterway under Zoo road bridge and removal of all encroachments under other bridges on Bharalu
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Shifting of water pipes and telephone cable obstructing flow under bridges and culverts at various locations
Underground drain along S R Bora path to be connected to Bharalu channel
A trunk drain along the abandoned railway track from Ambari-Uzan Bazar area for diversion of storm water of Silpukhuri-Chenikuthi area directly into Brahmaputra
Augmentation of the capacity of the drain from Guwahati Railway station to Sola Beel via the culvert near Nandan Hotel at Paltan Bazar
Desiltation of Sola Beel Resectioning of Mora Bharalu upto Deepar Beel Construction of a canal along the NH By-pass for diversion of storm water flowing from Meghalaya hills through Basistha river and Koinadhara-Bakrapara area into Deepar Beel
Improvement of Hatigaon channel upto Basistha channel Downstream portion of Basistha channel beyond Jyotikuchi Dhopolia to be constructed upto Deepar Beel via Mora Bharalu
Improvement of Khona Jan from Deepar Beel to Brahmaputra Augmentation of Sluice at Khona Mukh with installation of pumping facility
Desiltation of Deepar Beel and removal of encroachment Soil conservation and silt trapping measures Control with respect to inflow and outflow of Bharalu river Acquisition of dredging machines, dumpers and other equipments for ready use
A separate drainage channel for diversion of rain water from Meghalaya hills to the Deepar bill
Storm Water Drainage Schemes:

Storm Water Drainage System

Total
200
200
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Principles to Strive for in Storm Water Management
These four principles provide a helpful framework for looking at storm water plans:
Control. Control measures can be broken down into two categories: source control and runoff control. Source control measures focus on pollution prevention. Their objective is to avoid or limit the generation of pollutants. Typical source control
Measures include proper containment measures; spill prevention and cleanup, waste reduction, public education, illicit connection control, and reduced use of fertilizers and pesticides. Runoff control measures focus on minimizing runoff from new developments, and siting infrastructure to discourage development in environmentally sensitive areas. These controls are cost-effective if implemented in the site-planning phase of new development projects. Examples of these controls at the municipal planning level include zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, buffers, and setback requirements. Runoff control measures also include techniques for slowing down runoff.
Collection. Capture and storage of runoff for more timely release is a vital component of most storm water management systems. Retention basins are areas designed to hold the storm water permanently until it infiltrates into the ground. Detention basins are meant to slow and hold storm water before releasing it. Conveyance. Conveyance systems are used to drain and direct the flow of runoff generated on a site. This is often done with catch basins feeding into storm sewers. More natural systems, using vegetated depressions and swales which look and function much like the natural drainage system, should be used whenever possible. Cleansing. Control, conveyance, and collection of runoff mean little without provisions for cleansing. Cleansing is commonly accomplished through techniques that promote filtration and settling of pollutants and their natural processing by vegetation and soil. Filtering devices include engineered structures like sediment basins and porous pavement, but also include natural systems like stream buffers and vegetated filter strips. Depending on their design, many collection systems like ponds and constructed wetlands also serve to clean water.
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15.
Sanitation & Sewerage

15.1 Background
Sanitation has a close and direct link with the environment, water supply, health and hygiene. The importance of drainage has been recognized by the Government of India through the National Master Plan of India (1983), which has suggested standards for physical level of sanitation services according to population of urban and rural centers. For sanitation, it is envisaged to achieve 100% of population coverage for Class I urban areas (population 1 lac and above), 80% of population coverage in other urban centers with provision for sewerage, sewage treatment facilities and low cost sanitation methods. However the shortfall in achieving the target is glaring. According to the projection of Census of India 2001, only 73.7% of the urban population has access to latrine facilities of any type. It is estimated that by the year 2025, more than 50% of the countrys population will settle in urban areas whereby issues related to sanitation in urban areas will assume a very serious dimension. Needless to mention, sanitation has a close and direct link with environment, water supply and its cleanliness, health and hygiene. The problem of sanitation, associated with steep influx of population in urban areas, therefore needs to be addressed forth with, debated and deliberated at length, by the policy planners for the development of urban/city areas. The capital-intensive nature of sewerage system has put many roadblocks in urban planning primarily due to weak financial positions of most of the ULBs.
15.2
Action Plan
Considering the topographical and hydrological features of the area, it is proposed to develop a separate Sewerage System. The storm and surface water along with the treated effluents from the industries within the disposal norms of the Pollution Control Board shall be carried out through Underground Pipes/Surface Drains and Canals and disposed into the river. The domestic sewage from the residential and industrial units shall be carried through underground pipe sewers and shall be pumped to the Sewerage Treatment Plants. After treatment, final effluent shall be disposed into the river. The action plan has been tabulated below
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S. No 1.
Strategy
Short Term (1-2) Yrs

Sewage Improve Collection: collection
Medium Term (2-5 Yrs)

Sewerage Coverage: Extend Coverage areas to all
Long Term (5-10 Yrs)

Tertiary Treatment: Recycle sewerage with appropriate
Upgrade sewerage collection and
treatment and use of reclaimed
efficiency of sewage so that water resources
sewage for recycle
are available.
technology considering uses. end
New STPS: construct new sewage treatment plant for sewage
Upgrade Existing STPs: quality of Improve treated the
Ground Recharge: appropriate technology ground recharge
Water use
treatment
sewage from existing treatment
for water by
sewage plants,
the output of which can go as input for tertiary required recycling treatment for
reclaimed sewage.
Schemes for Sanitation:

Integrated Sanitation & Sewerage System Awareness Programme

Total
300.98 5.00
305.98
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16.
Basic Services to the Urban Poor

16.1 Background
It
As per 2001 population Census, 283.35 million people reside in Urban Area.
constitutes 27.8% of the total population of the country. In post independence era, while population of India has grown three times, the urban population grown five times. The rising urban population has also given rise to increase in the number of urban poor. As per 2001 census the slum population is estimated to be 61.8 million the ever increasing number of slum dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic services and infrastructure. The Government of India has defined slum areas as those areas where buildings are unfit for human habitation (Slum Area Act, 1956). Physically, slums consist of clusters of hutment comprising several rooms constructed with building materials where each room is inhabited by a family sharing a common latrine without arrangement for water supply, drains, disposal of solid waste and garbage within the slum boundaries. Apart from degrading environmental conditions, slums in the urban settlements are also characterized by almost total absence of community and recreational facilities.
In any urban area, slums are visible manifestation of urban poverty. These slum pockets develop on their own either near a major employment source like an industry or near a well-established residential area. Most peri-urban slum areas are not legally part of the cities they encircle and thus not commonly viewed as the responsibility of municipal officials. Many of these areas lack in infrastructure for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste disposal. The resulting environmental pollution creates a situation inimical to the maintenance of good health. Children living in these communities are most at risk. They suffer the highest rates of mortality and morbidity from diarrhea disease as is observed in most developing countries. Inadequate solid waste collection has also led to contamination of surface water and groundwater resources and of the ambient air from waste burning.
16.2
Vision
To create a city without slums through rehabilitation of the existing slum and prevent further encroachment through enforcement and to provide basic services to urban poor and upgrade the living standard.
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16.3
Key Interventions
It may be recognized that in order to bring about a meaningful and effective slum development programme, an all round effort will have to be made by all the stakeholders of city development and to bring about this change, a specific programme is being developed under this City Development Plan. GMDA and
GMC is committed to bringing about this change, which would contribute to the development of the city and hence, its citizens. It is proposed that a comprehensive Slum Improvement Programme be undertaken. The programme must have the following components:
Provision of Shelter & other Physical Infrastructure at affordable price so as to improve the sanitation and living condition in the existing slums and other squatter settlements;
Provision of adequate health care including family welfare; immunization, child health care, etc;
Development of facilities for community development and recreation Programme for basic education and training; Ensuring maintenance and up-gradation of the existing housing stock of the poorer sections;
16.4
Key Actions
To achieve the above objectives, the following key issues and challenges related to poverty alleviation need to be considered.
Land, Housing and Infrastructure

To provide shelter or upgrade the existing shelter for people living below poverty line in urban slums, which will help in making cities slum free. Land ownership and housing are critical for poverty alleviation and slum development. One of the reasons identified for the growth of slums is the non-availability of developed land for weaker sections.
For this purpose, GMDA will be taking steps for development of housing facilities for the poor in the fringe areas and the unused lands, with central agencies such as Railways which are lying waste or are being used for illegal encroachment, of the city or other vacant lands outside the cities where land price is affordable for
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the poor section. Also provide basic housing to the identified
areas with a
scheme, where there is partial recovery from the users. Night Shelters for pavement dwellers shall also be provided to improve the living conditions of the homeless.
Community Institutions and Structures

Again the growth of the community institutions and structures, particularly community development societies and self-help groups, is weak in the area compared to other cities in the country. Therefore it will be necessary to create self-help groups in order to educate people and create awareness among them so that they can take help of various government programmes for their economic and social development. Community infrastructure: provision of community centres to be used for pre-school education, non-formal education, adult education, recreational activities etc.
Livelihoods, Employment and Informal Sector

It was observed that a number of programmes are currently under implementation by various agencies for supporting employment and livelihoods but there is no convergence and coordination across them. There are several programmes for promoting livelihood but the people are not aware of these programmes. So a communication strategy should be devised for increasing the awareness among the public. Social amenities like pre-school education, adult education, maternity, child health, and primary health care including
immunization etc.
Relocation of Slums Outside the City

Slums need to be relocated outside the cities to improve the sanitary condition of the cities. Necessary steps need to be taken to build proper housing facilities for increasing number of people in the cities. Having a secure place to live is central to life with dignity. A safe and adequate living environment is essential to quality of life and it fosters physical and mental health as it enables participation in the community and the exercise of many social and cultural rights. Adequate housing not only meets the need for shelter from the elements, but also for physical security and personal privacy. Housing contributes to community life as a place for social events and for nurturing family and community relationships. Housing
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may also be essential to a familys income as income-generation activities are sometimes based in the home.
Again proper actions need to be taken to stop migration from different areas. Improving road network with the rural areas, increasing transportation facilities, can do it and the cost of such transportation must be affordable for rural people. In this way it will be possible to ensure that labors can come to the city and go back at the end of the day. This help to reduce the pressure of increasing demand for housing facilities.
Construction of community toilet

Number of people using open space (including the banks of River Brahmaputra) for the purpose of defecation in the region is a major environmental concern apart from being a health hazard. A major initiative like construction of Community Toilet in different areas should be taken so that slum dwellers do not use open space as toilets. Programme for Integrated Low Cost Sanitation for conversion of dry latrine system into water borne low cost sanitation system shall be implemented. Also reduction of the solid waste stream, use of innovative technologies, and health education and social marketing to change communityand house hold level behaviors.
Construction of Child Care Centres

Again health is a prime concern for people living in slum areas. Poverty and ignorance of the people and their less nutritional status aggravate the situation. Ignorance and superstitions continue to hamper scientific approach to health and related problems.
There is no doubt that the public health and medical facilities increased and improved over the years in both rural and urban areas covering a large number of populations, but this has not been able to cover the entire population. Primary Health Centres located in rural areas failed to give proper services due to lack of manpower, transportation, medicine and modern equipments. On the other
hand, modern scientific treatments available are concentrated in urban areas and these are beyond the reach of most of rural and urban lower middle class population. Therefore, until the Governments through its institutions provide
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subsidized medical facilities, the available health care facilities will remain beyond the reach of large part of the population.
The children living in the slums are one of the worst affected due to the lack of availability of basic facilities including access to proper and immediate health care. This has resulted in the mortality rate among the children being very high in the slum areas. So it is necessary to construct child care centres in different areas of the region so that people from the weaker section of the society can have proper care for their children at lowest possible cost.
Schemes for Urban Poor

Community Hall Health Care & Education Slum relocation and rehabilitation Slum Development Programmes (provision for community baths & toilets, night shelters, old age & destitute children homes.) Operation & Maintenance Total
10 40 30 20
10 110
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17. Solid Waste Management

17.1 Background
Solid waste can be defined as material that no longer has any value to the person who is responsible for it, and is not intended to be discharged through a pipe. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare, agricultural and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets and public places.
With rapid industrialization and urbanization, waste generation has become inevitable. The tremendous increase in population and sustained drive for economic progress and development has resulted in a remarkable increase in the quantity of solid wastes from different processes for example domestic waste, industrial waste etc. Solid waste generated from domestic and commercial activities has become a major concern causing extensive environmental problems and threat to human health. Municipal authorities are now confronted with the important task of management of municipal solid waste.
At present, the wastes generated are disposed in an indiscriminate manner due to lack of systematic collection, proper transportation system and unavailability of adequate disposal facilities. The local authorities of urban centers find it difficult to arrange sufficient area of land for municipal waste disposal.
In India, municipal wastes have to be managed as per the provisions of Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 promulgated under Environment Protection Act, 1986. As per these rules, all the biodegradable municipal solid wastes shall be required to be processed by appropriate biological processing method. Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 has made MSWM the Litigation responsibility of urban local bodies (city corporations and municipal corporations), which asks for source segregation of waste for cleaner composting and recycling. Further, the Supreme Court of India, acting on Public interest Litigation directed all urban local governments to install scientific solid waste treatment plants before a set deadline. Thus the installation of a scientific solid waste management system, though a costly proposition for most of the urban bodies, has become a necessity. Also the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India, has issued the Municipal Solid Wastes (management and handling) Rules
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in the year 2000, which identify the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) as the agency to monitor the implementation of these rules.
Another serious concern pertaining to solid waste in an urban area relates to the generation of bio-medical waste. These wastes, though are generated in small quantities, pose a great risk to the community due to their potential biohazard.
The disposal of non hazardous industrial waste is also another problem area and is taken care of through the Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Though these wastes have low components of hazardous components, the environment is threatened due to the volume of such waste generated in a city. With rapid industrialization and urbanization, waste generation has become inevitable. The tremendous increase in population and sustained drive for economic progress and development has resulted in a remarkable increase in the quantity of solid wastes from different processes for example domestic waste, industrial waste etc.
17.2
Action Plans
The total generation of solid waste by 2010 is expected to touch 750 MT per day. Keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management system capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system capable of handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the strategy to handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following: Integrated Solid Waste
Awareness Campaign
Solid Waste
Common Landfill facility
Strengthening of Institutions
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Integrated Solid Waste Management

Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its own best approach to dealing with its waste. However, all communities have the same alternatives.
The strategy identified by the region is the development of an integrated waste management system to identify the level or levels at which the highest values of individual and collective materials can be recovered. For this reason, the list starts with reduction using less and reusing more, thereby saving material production, resource
cost, and energy. At the bottom of
the list is ultimate disposal the final resting place for
Figure12.7: Hierarchy of integrated SWM
waste. Integrated solid waste management includes all the process shown in the diagram
Managing Municipal Solid Waste
Existing municipal solid waste management system needs to follow the following strategies for efficient management in the future. 1. Collection of waste. Increasing the coverage and efficiency of collection mechanism. Would help in better management and in reducing the formation of unhygienic and open dumpsites. Segregation of waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable Components are also required at source or at primary collection centers.
2. Treatment and disposal. On the basis of availability of land and financial resources with the service provider, either of the methods aerobic composting, anaerobic Digestion or sanitary land filling could be adopted for treatment and disposal of waste. However, since it appears that land filling would continue to be the most widely Adopted practice in India in the coming few years, in which case certain Improvements need to be done to ensure sanitary land filling and not mere dumping of Waste.
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Managing the industrial waste To ensure scientific management of hazardous waste generated in the country, the strategy should encompass all the aspects of waste management cycle starting from the generation of waste to its handling, segregation, transportation, treatment and disposal, in addition to a primary focus on waste
minimization/reduction. Efforts are required to quantify and characterize the volume of waste generated by industries and constantly upgrade this waste inventory so that appropriate management strategies could be incorporated in waste management plans.
In light of the newly amended hazardous waste rules introduced in India in January 2000,it is important to focus capacity building and training of the officials of the SPCB (State Pollution Control Boards) and critical industrial sectors generating hazardous waste. The focus of this learning exposure should be to address responsibilities related to handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste.
It is required to set up standards not only for disposal of waste on land but also for Cleanup of contaminated soils and groundwater. Issues like the willingness to pay of the participating industries, the type of ownership, financial mechanisms for such ventures and the extent of private sector participation need to be addressed/explored to ensure that they come into existence.
Awareness Campaign
Awareness Campaign shall be carried out in order to educate the general public about the disposal of solid waste at the right place. Awareness campaign shall also be carried out to show and illustrate the segregation of solid waste. Benefits about cleanliness and hygienic environment should be taught.
Common Landfill facility

Common landfill facility with adequate facility shall be made available to the entire Guwahati Metropolitan Area. This will help in disposal of solid waste at one land.
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Institutional and regulatory reforms

1. Strengthening urban local bodies to perform efficiently in managing the waste and Ensuring strict enforcement of the recently introduced municipal solid waste (Management and handling) rules.
2. It is also imperative to harness and integrate the role of three emerging actors in this Field the private sector, NGOs, and rag pickers into the overall institutional Framework. Schemes for Solid Waste Management Projects Cost (Rs crore)
Integrated Solid Waste Management Awareness campaign

Total
60 6
66
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Summary of Activities of an Integrated Waste Management
Establishment of facilities for effective management of hazardous waste, biomedical waste management and municipal solid waste management in compliance with the respective rules as promulgated under the aegis of the Environment (protection) Act 1986, with appropriate clearances from the State Pollution Control Board. Collection at source and Transportation of Hazardous Wastes from industries to the common facility. Collection and Transportation of source-segregated bio-medical wastes from health care establishments to the common facility. Collection and Transportation of municipal solid wastes from various collection points and from door-to-door collection in the municipal area of GMA. Treatment, Storage and Disposal of Hazardous wastes in accordance with Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 1989 and subsequent amendments thereof. Treatment and Disposal of Bio-Medical Wastes in accordance with Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 and subsequent amendments thereof. Recovery, Processing and Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes in accordance with the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 and amendments thereof. Comprehensive analysis of Wastes and determination of waste treatment, storage and disposal pathways. Training in Segregation of wastes and Occupational Safety. Organizing workshops and seminars to provide platform for identification and implementation of waste reuse/recycle/recovery options and thereby conservation of natural resources.
Overall effective solid waste management.
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PPP in Solid Waste Management

PPP in form of a Joint Venture Company can undertake waste management services to various Industries, health care establishments and residents both present and prospective including levying and collection of the service charges on User-Pay-Principle by the individual units, in a professional manner. Each user compensates for the cost of waste management.
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18.
Waterfront Development
18.1 Background
As a vital resource, water can shape the cultural characteristics of any community. Waterfront area, where land and water meet, constitutes the unique place and important area in the formation of many cities in the world. The growth of urban waterfront areas indicates the characteristics pertaining to the dynamic growth of those areas. In the last three decades, there have been profound changes of urban waterfronts in the world.
However, the tendency to copy the successful examples of water front development without the local community flavor may result in only concretization of the precious space, unsuitable to local conditions. The significant role of water in the cultural life of society should convey the local spirit in preserving the water resources and reflect the local identity. The growth of urban waterfront areas indicates the characteristic of dynamic growth of those areas. In the last three decades, there have been profound changes of urban waterfronts in the world.
18.2
Action Plan
To create an economically viable, state of art, waterfront green belt and plaza in Guwahati that will be a major recreational, cultural, historical and architectural landmark of Northeast India. The emphasis will be on the following
Emphasis on natural settings that blend with the surrounding greenery and waterfront River Cruise and introduction of modern ferry system between the South and the North Banks for transportation of passengers and vehicles Beautification of water bodies that dot the city area by developing jogging & walking tracks along the waterfronts and other
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environmentally feasible recreational activities, Creation of space for recreation activities through development of parks etc Provision for showcasing the traditions and culture of Northeast India Preservation and upgrade of sites of historical significance Provision of commercial and business hubs to ensure self-sustenance Creation of a landmark that will be the envy of India
18.3
Major action points Fortification of the river bank
The riverfront of Guwahati is currently in extreme state of neglect thereby not only increasing the pollution level on the river but is also depriving the citizens of enjoying a magnificent gift of nature. Under the Water Front Development programme, it is proposed to develop the river front stretch from the foothills of Kamakhya temple to near Raj Bhawan. For this, the banks of the river will need to be fortified through construction of embankments over a stretch of over 6 kms. Creation of such embankment will also provide additional benefits to the city in the following manner: Would prevent back flow of river water into the city during monsoon Will prevent encroachments on the banks Give a fillip to urban development within the city
Creation of basic infrastructure for showcasing NE culture

North Eastern region has a rich cultural heritage, which has gained prominence in the recent times. The development of the riverfront would also include components through which the varied culture of North East will be depicted.
Provision of basic amenities

The riverfront to be frequented by visitors will also require substantial provision of basic amenities through creation of basic infrastructure. This would range from construction of public conveniences to maintaining gardens.
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Relocation of existing facilities/offices

The riverfront is currently dotted with numerous Government offices and residential buildings. Under the programme envisaged, these will have to be relocated to other areas, while some heritage buildings will have to be maintained.
Modernisation/consolidation of existing Ferry jetties

The riverfront also contains a number of ferry ghats, which is used by commuters for traveling to the other side of the river. Under the programme, it is proposed to consolidate such ghats and modernize them in such a way so as to maintain the beauty of the riverfront and at the same time providing access to the general public of the city to the riverfront.
Creation of basic infrastructure for water sports facilities

The Brahmaputra River can be developed into a significant recreation zone by providing facilities for water sports. For this, it is proposed to create the basic infrastructure to facilitate such activities on the riverfront. Schemes For Water Front Development Particulars Fortification of river bank Creation of basic infrastructure for showcasing NE culture Provision of basic amenities Relocation of existing facilities/maintaining heritage buildings Creation of basic infrastructure for recreation facilities Relocation/consolidation of ferry ghats Total 200cr 10 Cr 10 Cr 10 Cr 20 Cr Amount 120 Cr 30 Cr
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19.
Urban Renewal Programme

19.1 Vision
The programme is aimed at creating an integrated development of urban infrastructure with special emphasis on providing basic services to the poor.
19.2
Background
Urban renewal is a combination of the process of rehabilitation, conservation and redevelopment. It is the nature and stage of decay that determines the strategy to be adopted: rehabilitation, conservation or redevelopment or a combination of them. It strives to provide its citizens a better place to live in and attract visitors to the city. However, be it rehabilitation, redevelopment, conservation or a combination of one or two or all of them, a comprehensive urban renewal exercise involves technological interventions, planning and partnership / networking between various agencies and authorities. Urban renewal implies both investment in new physical infrastructure and policy reform to ensure new ways of governing our cities.
19.3
Major Action Points

19.3.1 Construction of Industrial Parks
To solve the problems regarding congestion of industries in busy areas of the cities, there is an urgent need to develop a industrial park in the city. An industrial park is a community of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a common property. Member businesses seek enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance through collaboration in managing
environmental and resource issues. By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of individual benefits each company would realize by only optimizing its individual performance.
The goal of an industrial park is to improve the economic performance of the participating companies while minimizing their environmental impacts.
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Components of this approach include green design of park infrastructure and plants (new or retrofitted); cleaner production, pollution prevention; energy efficiency; and inter-company partnering. It also seeks benefits for neighboring communities to assure that the net impact of its development is positive.
In an industrial park 55-60% of the total area is used for the purpose of construction industrial plants, 13-15% of the area is used for internal roads (40% of it includes metallic roads and footpaths and 60% includes various utility corridors like sewerage line, telecom cable, power cable, storm water drainage etc.), 10% is used for green space like space for plantation, water bodies, open space etc and rest of the areas for common infrastructure like electric substation, sewerage treatment plant, pollution treatment plant, telephone exchange etc.. So an industrial park provides common infrastructure for all industries in the park. This helps in reducing environmental pollution in a very cost effective manner.
19.3.2 Shifting Wholesale Markets outside the City

Currently the wholesale markets are spread over the cities causing congestion in the roads inside the cities. So it will be better to relocate all the wholesale markets outside the cities at the logistic hubs. It will ensure that all the wholesale activities (loading, unloading, storage and sale) take place at the logistic hub outside the city only.
For that purpose the logistic hub will also include a wholesale trade and storage center. This center will have modern storage facilities for different types of products like building materials, auto components, food grains etc. All the inter city trucks will unload products at the logistic hub and small trucks will be used to move those products inside the city.
This will help in decongesting the city areas and reducing pressure on the intra city roads. Again the condition of the roads along the existing market area can be improved reducing the number of accidents in the city.
19.3.4 City Beautification Measures

A number of city beautification measures need to be taken to ensure that the city looks clean and beautiful. The city beautification measures may include
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plantation along the footpath or median of roads, building parks, beautification of water bodies, developing and implementing maintenance norms for buildings along the important roads of the cities etc. Another important measure could be water front development and beautification to tap the growing tourist attraction and also to bring out the beautiful riverfronts to the world citizens. Schemes For Urban Renewal Development Particulars Wholesale Market Shifting, City Beautification etc Total Amount 70cr 70cr
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20.
Reform Program
20.1 Background and Reform Goals
The thrust of the JNNURM is to ensure improvement in urban governance and service delivery so that ULBs become financially sound and sustainable for undertaking new programmes. It is also envisaged that, with the charter of reforms that are followed by the State governments and ULBs, a stage will be set for PPPs.
The agenda of reforms is given in the section below. The National Steering Group (NSG) may add additional reforms to identified reforms. A Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) between States/ULBs/Parastatal agencies and the Government of India, a prerequisite for accessing the Central assistance, would spell out specific milestones to be achieved for each item of reform. All mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission period.
All mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission period.
20.2
Reform Agenda
1. Mandatory Reforms at the Level of ULBs, and Parastatal Agencies a. Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of accounting in ULBs and parastatal agencies.
b. Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT applications, such GIS and MIS for various services provided by ULBs and parastatal agencies.
c.
Reform of property tax with GIS. It becomes a major source of revenue for ULBs an arrangement for its effective implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at least 85 per cent within next seven years.
d. Levy
of
reasonable
user
charges
by
ULBs
and
Parastatals with the objective that the full cost of O&M or recurring cost is collected within the next seven years. However, cities and towns in the North East and other
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special category States may recover only 50 percent of O&M charges initially. These cities and towns should graduate to full O&M cost recovery in a phased manner.
e. Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic services to the urban poor.
f.
Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation. Delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security is ensured.
2.
Optional Reforms (common to States, ULBs and Parastatal Agencies) a. Revision of byelaws to streamline the approval process for construction of buildings, development of site etc.
b. Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of land from agricultural to non-agricultural purposes.
c.
Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.
d. Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects (both public and private agencies) for EWS and LIG category with a system of cross subsidisation.
e. Introduction of computerised process of registration of land and property.
f.
Revision of byelaws to make rainwater harvesting mandatory in all buildings and adoption of water conservation measures.
g. Byelaws for reuse of recycled water.
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h. Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment costs by adopting the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS), not filling posts falling vacant due to retirement etc., and achieving specified milestones in this regard. i. j. Structural reforms. Encouraging PPP.
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Optional Reforms Adopted by The State Government of Assam

S. No. Reforms Revision of bye-laws to streamline the approval process for construction of buildings, development of site etc. Current Status/Plan First year
2.
Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes
First year
3 4
Introduction of Property Title Certification System in GMC/GMDA Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects (both public and private agencies) for EWS and LIG category with a system of cross subsidisation.
First Year
Third year
5 6
Introduction of computerised process of registration of land and property Revision of byelaws to make rainwater harvesting mandatory in all buildings and adoption of water conservation measures.
Third year
First Year
7 8
Byelaws for reuse of recycled water Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment costs by adopting the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS), not filling posts falling vacant due to retirement etc., and achieving specified milestones in this regard.
First Year Already laws have been enacted for not filling up of posts falling vacant due to retirement.
9 7
Structural reforms. Encouraging PPP.
Second Year First Year
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Mandatory Reforms Adopted by State Government, Assam

Sr. No. Reforms Current Status/Plan First year
Implementation of decentralisation measures as envisaged in 74th constitutional Amendment Act. The State should ensure meaningful association and engagement of ULBs in planning the function of parastatal agencies as well as the delivery of services to the citizens.
2 3 4 5
Repeal of ULCRA Reform of Rent Control Laws balancing the interests of landlords and tenants. Rationalisation of Stamp Duty to bring it down to no more than 5 per cent within next seven years. Enactment of the Public Disclosure Law to ensure preparation of medium-term fiscal plan of ULBs and parastatal agencies and release of quarterly performance information to all stakeholders.
First Year Third year
Third year
Regarding enactment of Public Disclosure Law, GOI is requested to draft a Model law in that regard which the
state government will adopt.
Enactment of the Community Participation Law to institutionalise citizens participation and introduce the concept of the Area Sabha in urban areas.
Assigning or associating elected ULBs with city planning function. Over a period of seven years, transferring all special agencies that deliver civic services in urban areas to ULBs and creating accountability platforms for all urban civic service providers in transition.
Concept of ward Committee already exist, model law for introducing the concept of Area Sabha, as envisaged in the NURM guidelines may be drafted by GOI for adoption by the State Government. Third year
138
Mandatory Reforms adopted by GMDA

S. No. Reforms Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of accounting Current Status/Plan Second year
1 2
Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT applications, such GIS and MIS for various services provided by GMC
Third year
Reform of property tax with GIS. It becomes a major source of revenue for ULBs and arrangements for its effective implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at least 85 per cent within next seven years.
Not applicable
Levy of reasonable user charges by GMC with the objective that the full cost of O&M or recurring cost is collected within the next seven years.
Not Applicable
Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic services to the urban poor.
Not applicable
Not applicable
139
Optional Reforms Adopted by Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA)

S. No. Reforms Revision of bye-laws to streamline the approval process for construction of buildings, development of site etc. Current Status/Plan First Year
2.
First year
3 4
Not Applicable
Third year
5 6
Third year
First Year
7 8
First Year Already laws have been enacted for not filling up of posts falling vacant due to retirement.
9 7
Second Year First Year
140
Mandatory Reforms adopted by Guwahati Municipal Corporation

S. No. Reforms Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of accounting Current Status/Plan GMC has initiated the process of identifying consultants for the purpose. Will be completed in the third year
Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT applications, such GIS and MIS for various services provided by GMC
Fourth year
Reform of property tax with GIS. It becomes a major source of revenue for ULBs and arrangements for its effective implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at least 85 per cent within next seven years.
Third year
Levy of reasonable user charges by GMC with the objective that the full cost of O&M or recurring cost is collected within the next seven years.
Third year
Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic services to the urban poor.
First year
First year
141
Optional Reforms Adopted by the Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC)

S. No. Reforms Revision of bye-laws to streamline the approval process for construction of buildings, development of site etc. Current Status/Plan First year
2.
First year
3 4
First Year
Third year
5 6
Third year
First year
7 8
First year Already laws have been enacted for not filling up of posts falling vacant due to retirement.
9 7
Second Year First year
142
21. City Investment Plan

21.1 Background
The city investment plan for Guwahati Metropolitan Area has been formed, keeping in mind the following assumptions: For Projects relating to Slum Development, the project cost is proposed to be Funded in the following manner:
Central Government will be providing 90% of the project cost as grants. The balance of the project cost will be funded by ULBs own source PPP basis, issue of bonds & other Innovative funding
It is also pertinent to note that Guwahati Development Department has in principle agreed to support ULB through financial assistance and appropriate structure.
21.2
Sustainability & Financial Options
It is recognized that the JN NURM Mission is an important stepping stone to make the Urban Local Bodies self- sufficient and financially independent. It is also important to ensure that the assets being created are adequately maintained and adequate resources are allocated for the same.
In order to ensure the above, the following steps are being taken: Strengthening of Financial State of ULBs
As mentioned earlier, comprehensive steps are being taken to identify opportunities to strengthen the financial health of the Urban Local Bodies. A range of short term and medium term interventions are being taken up with the objective of generating adequate resources within the ULBs so as to suitably operate and maintain the projects. The measure includes levy of surcharge on holding used for commercial purposes, conduct provisional assessment, enforcing collection drives and gradually increase tariffs so as to ensure user charges are adequate to recover at the least operation and maintenance costs of
143
individual projects. This is particularly relevant for water projects where present collection is far below the cost. Public Private Partnership Projects
The region recognizes the importance of PPP not only as funding mechanism but also an important tool to bring in efficiencies as well as ensure proper operation and maintenance of the assets being created herein. This was also agreed upon as a priority during the consultative process as well as by the State Level Steering Committee during finalization of the CDP. A spectrum of PPP options ranging from agreeing frameworks (such as community contracts) to full privatization has been thought about. The following partnership options are generally used as PPP options:
Service Contracts Build Operate Transfer (BOT) Concessions Joint Venture Community Based Provisions
However the choice of option in a given situation will depend on factors such as degree of control desired by the ULBs, legal framework for Private Investment, regulatory mechanism and potential of attracting financial resources form both the public and private sectors.
For example Service contract option of PPP has been considered for improving solid waste management practices. PPP options in sectors such as Water supply, Sewerage and drainage has been generally found difficult because of large investment requirement; long gestation period and poor cost recovery; However with the JNURM funding and proper structuring PPP is possible.
One of the major goals of JNURM is to encourage PPP participation and also to make the ULBs self-sufficient. Also the ULBs may with the help of
JNURM fund look to restructure its balance sheet.
144
ULBs Fund Raising: Presently it is difficult for the ULBs to raise resources independently, In view of the following steps are required to be taken in a phase wise manner which is expected to strengthen there financial structure.
Phase I: Balance Sheet Restructuring: Balance sheet restructuring will involve activities, which will aim to enhance the financial strength of the ULBs in the Guwahati Metropolitan Area. Revaluation of Assets- in municipalities what happens is that usually the assets are not revalued for long time; they are recorded in the books of accounts at the price in which it was purchased or brought. So if the assets can be revalued at a realistic price, this can have a sound impact on the balance sheet of the ULBs. o Leveraging Idle Assets- The ULBs need to identify idle assets that they can leverage out to private players and earn sufficient revenues. Even the unutilized assets of DSP and railways they can use for commercial purposes and earn sufficient revenues. o Escrowable Receivables- Structured Financing against Escrowing of receivables can also be a good procedure to attract private players, since if the receivables are escrowed, the private players can be convinced to invest. Phase II:
Once the above-mentioned activities are implemented, the financial strength of the Balance sheets of the ULBs in the Guwahati Metropolitan Area will be enhanced.
145
After the strengthening of the Balance sheet the following activities can be resorted to. Balance Sheet Funding- if the above mentioned factors can be properly implemented, the balance sheet of ULBs will become stronger which will help the ULBs to raise funds by means of its balance sheet position. Stock & Bond issues: Only the larger municipalities raise loans in this way. A municipality must be creditworthy to conclude deals of this nature successfully. On completion of the restructuring, balance sheets can be strong enough to raise resources. Phase III: User Group Fund- ULBs can raise funds from the common user group, by showing them what benefits they will derive if the project is done, here the benefits can be expressed in monetary terms with the help of cost benefit analysis. Creation of infrastructure fund
It is recognized that the above measures shall take some time for development and implementation. In the meantime in order to ensure that the assets are properly operated and maintained, a fund shall be created. The fund shall be taken as a part of project cost.
The above principles shall be taken into account while preparing individual project proposals and shall be reflected in the respective DPRs.
146
Keeping in mind the above factors financing pattern for every sector has been provided below: Sources of Finance S.No Mode of Financing Source Amount (Rs. Crores) 3200.00 2880.00 320.00 % Of Total Investment 100% 90% 10%
1 2
Identified Investments Grants JNNURM Loan / ULBs Open Market/ FIs/State Govt
The City plans to give the highest priority to provision of Water Services to its citizens, followed by provision of service to urban poor, provision of drainage and sewerage. The following is the summary of the sectors identified for implementation. While the individual projects will be prioritized according the urgency of the requirements, the following also generally reflects the sector prioritization.
147
21.3
Sector Wise Utilisation
Sl No 1
Sector
Water
Project Details
1. Upgradation of existing plants 2. Source augmentation 3. New Treatment Plants 4. Transmission & Distribution 5. O & M Fund 6. Capacity Building 7. Water Harvesting 8. Study for alternate sources 1. Community halls 2. Health Care & Education 3. Slum relocation and rehabilitation 4. Slum Development Programmes 5. Operation & Maintenance 1. Integrated Drainage System 2. Storm water Drainage System 1. Integrated Sanitation & Sewerage System 2. Awareness Campaign 1. Integrated Solid Waste Management System 2. Awareness Campaign 1. Integrated Traffic Management System 2. Road Improvement 3. New RoBs / Strengthening of existing RoBs 4. Logistic Hubs
Cost (Rs Crore) 30 20 300 650 60 10 5 2 10 40 30 20 10 200 200 301 5 60 6 200 319 100 50 400 110 1077
Basic Services to Urban Poor
Drainage & Storm Water Drainage Sanitation & Sewerage Solid waste
306
66
Transportation
148
Capacity Building (ULBs)
5. Parking Facilities 6. Intra City Bus Terminus 7. New Alignment parallel to GNB Road 8. Ropeway 9. Project Development of MRTS 1. Capacity Building & Clearing of past legacies to strengthen the ULBs 1. Restoration, Preservation & Beautification of Deepar Beel 2. Restoration, Preservation & Beautification of Silsako Beel 3. Restoration, Preservation & Beautification of Borsola Beel 4. Restoration, Preservation & Beautification of Dighali Pukhuri 5. Restoration, Preservation & Beautification of Silpukhuri 1. Wholesale Market Shifting 1. River Bank Fortification 2. Creation of Basic Infrastructure for showcasing NE Culture 3. Provision of Basic Amenities 4. Relocation of existing buildings/maintaining heritage buildings 5. Creation of basic infrastructure for
60 32 40 30 10 841
30
30
Environment (Water Bodies/Wet Lands
50
20
15
10
5 70 120 30 10 20
100 70
9 10
Urban Renewal Water Front Development
149
recreation facilities 6. Relocation/consolidation of ferry ghats
10 10 200 3200
Grand Total
Cost for MRTS has not been included in the above but is estimated at approximately Rs 3000 Crore. The cost of MRTS shall be finalized during the study to be conducted.
150
21.4
Financial Operating Plan
Background
The Financial Operating Plan is essentially a multi year forecast of the Urban Local Body in the area. In order to assess the sustainability of the project and quantify the impact of the reform process, an attempt has been made to develop a Financial Plan based on the information available, analysis of the trend and the commitments received from the State Government. The Financial Plan charts out the revenue income and expenditure so as to ensure that the cash flows are sustainable.
Fund Requirement
The overall Fund Requirement is proposed to be spent over a period of three years and the Region is taking full efforts to expedite the project development. In line with JNNURM Guidelines for the North Eastern region, the Projects are proposed to be funded as per the following table: Projection- Funding Pattern Mode of Financing Identified Investments Grants Loan / ULBs Source Amount (Rs. Crs) 3200.00 2880.00 320.00 % Of Total Investment 100% 90% 10%
JNNURM Open Market/ FIs
Fund Phasing
The phasing of the expenditure is proposed to be done over a period of three years in the following phases:
Year 1 Phasing (Rs Crs) 1280
Year 2 960
Year 3 960
Key Assumptions:
The projections have been based on the past trends and has been suitably escalated based on inflation and past trends as follows:
151
Property Tax: The projections have been drawn based on the present collection which is proposed to be enhanced to 85% by the end of the Mission Period
Urban Immovable Tax and Taxes on Animals and Non Mechanized Vehicles have been projected to be increased by 6% and 2% respectively. Similar escalation rates have been applied to other income heads.
The ULB has been accessing grants for funding Plan and Non-Plan Expenditures. The same is essentially need based and is for approved expenditure heads.
The average O&M Expenditures for new projects has been assumed at 3% of the project cost.
The Operation and Maintenance expenditure of the Corporation shall show a sharp increase from 2009-10 with the implementation of the JNNURM Projects. The Corporation shall take strong measures for collection of the User Charges as described above and which shall be further spelt out in the Memorandum of Agreement proposed to be entered with the Government of India in due course. However complete cost recovery considering the present abysmal rate of recovery can be achieved only over a length of time and therefore there is a requirement of availability of funds in the interim period.
An Operation and Maintenance Fund is thus proposed to be created for funding the deficit of O&M Recoveries so as to ensure that the assets created under the Mission is maintained and operated as per best practices. The Fund will be operational by 2009-10 when the projects shall be operational.
The Cost Recovery of the Water, Sewage and Drainage schemes have been computed under the following targets for cost recoveries which are accepted by the State Government:
Year % Recovery
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
15%
20%
30%
45%
60%
75%
In order to leverage JNNURM Funding to attract Private Sector Resources and Efficiencies, projects for creation of Logistic Hubs, Parking Terminals, Bus Terminals etc shall be operated under PPP and shall bring in 100% cost recovery.
152
On the basis of the above assumptions, a detailed Financial Operating Plan has been prepared till year 2012-2013.
Financial Operating Plan Revenue Income (Rs lacs)
Revenue Income
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Own Sources
Property Tax Urban Immovable Tax Taxes on Animal & Non mechanised vehicles Discretionary Taxes us 144 (2) Taxes( u/s 144 (1)(d) Taxes in 144 (1)(b) & u/s 180 Tax on Factories/Workshop Application Receipts Others Total (A) Own Sources- Non Taxes Realisation of Fees under special acts/rules Rent on Market & Slaughter House 55 116 40 172 60 186 66 205 73 225 80 248 88 272 97 300 106 330 908 84 31 48 27 422 8 55 128 1711 1124 99 38 50 78 492 6 60 25 1972 1210 116 39 60 65 513 12 70 26 2111 1331 123 40 66 67 528 12 72 28 2267 1573 130 41 73 69 544 13 74 29 2546 1694 138 41 80 71 561 13 76 30 2705 1815 146 42 88 73 577 14 79 32 2866 1936 155 43 97 75 595 14 81 34 3030 2057 165 44 106 78 613 14 84 35 3195
Total (B) State Transfer & Grants Assigned Taxes under Sec 184 State Grant Duty on Transfer of Property Deficit Funding (incl for new projects) Total ( C) Water & Sewarage Account Sale of Water O&M Recovery for new projects
171
212
246
271
298
327
360
396
436
702 1143 267 2112 2112 26 26
702 2627 300 3629 3629 85 85
1100 2965 400 4465 4465 114 114
1166 2200 412 3778 3778 125 125
1236 2000 424 3660 3660 138 138
1310 2000 437 3747 5000 8747
1389 2000 450 3839 4200 8039
1472 2000 464 3936 3300 7236
1560 2000 478 4038 2500 6538
1605 1605 198
2407 2407 208
3209 3209 218
4012 4012 229
Solid Waste Charges Other User Charges (Logistic Hub/Parking/Terminals etcs) Total (D) Total (A+B+C+D)
26 4020
85 5898
114 6936
125 6441
138 6641
910 2713 14492
956 3570 14836
1003 4431 15092
1053 5294 15463
153
Revenue Expenses (Rs lacs)
Revenue Expenses Establishment Expenditure Salaries, Wages etc. Other Administrative Expenses Material Purchase Repairs & Maintenance Other Development Expenses Purchase of Assets Construction & Development Works TOTAL Additional O&M for new Projects
4019 5897 6884 6396
2606 686 38 51 151 124 363 4019
3559 828 47 37 182 81 1164 5897
4105 1049 65 108 200 157 1200 6884
4000 600 66 110 200 160 1260 6396
3900 612 68 112 204 163 1260 6319 0

6319
3500 624 69 114 208 167 210 4892 9600

14492
3570 637 70 116 212 170 221 4996 9792

14788
3641 649 72 119 216 173 232 5103 9988

15091
3714 662 73 121 221 177 243 5212 10188

15399
Surplus /(Deficit)
53
45
322
48
64
154
ANNEXURE I The Consultative Process

Under the City Development Plan for the city of Guwahati, it was imperative to align the objectives, strategies, programmes and projects with that of the overall vision for the city. The vision itself is a statement with respect to what the city wishes to achieve within a given time frame with clear expectations. In order to arrive at the overall vision for the city of Guwahati, a series of stakeholders workshops were organized in which prominent citizens of the city, officials of the State involved in the sphere of urban development, elected representatives to the Municipal Corporation, the State Assembly and the Parliament from the city, NGOs involved in the development sphere and the media had participated. The details of the participants and their views expressed at these workshops are given below:
Workshop 1:
Date: 3 March 2006 9.30 A.M to 12.30 P.M. Administrative Staff College, Khanapara, and Guwahati
rd
Time:
Venue:
Participants:
Prominent citizens, planners, State Government officials, and members of the Nine Member Committee sep up by the Guwahati High Court to act as a watchdog for the development works in the city Discussion on the JNNURM Process and its implications for Guwahati Developing a vision for the city The workshop started with a presentation on the JN NURM process and the broad agenda for discussion. The representatives were critical of the way the development process had taken place in the city in the past and were of the opinion that the development agenda need to be futuristic based with specific milestones. Some of the specific suggestions of the participants are as under:
Agenda:
Outcome:
155
The vision should encompass development of the city with a futuristic point of view;
The vision should clearly bring about the uniqueness of the city vis-vis other cities of the North East and how it can be developed into a hub;
Supply of potable water for all the citizens of the city within a realistic time frame;
A comprehensive drainage system linking all existing channels;
Urgent measures for checking artificial flooding of the city through specific measures;
Improvement in the transportation system within the city and removing encroachments from the roads;
Development of the North Guwahati areas;
Beautification of the city;
Preservation of wetlands and;
Waterfront development;
156
Workshop 2:
Date: 3 March 2006 2.30 P.M to 5.30 P.M. Administrative Staff College, Khanapara, Guwahati
rd
Time:
Venue:
Participants:
Elected representatives to the Guwahati Municipal Corporation, Members of the State Legislative Assembly from the city, representative of NGOs working for upliftment of the living environment in the city and officials of Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA). Discussion on the JN NURM process and its implications for Guwahati Developing a vision for the city The workshop began with a detailed presentation on the JN NURM process, the guidelines and the need for a consultative process in the evolution of a common strategy for the development of Guwahati. The participants were of the opinion that the implementation process should involve all the stakeholders under the mission. Many participants pointed out the specific problem areas plaguing the city for long and suggested certain measure for mitigating such problems. These are: Requirement of new water treatment plants preferably by setting smaller treatment plants at different parts of the city A comprehensive drainage system covering every nook and corner of the city and linking the system with the existing natural channels in order to stop artificial flooding of the city during monsoons.
Agenda:
Outcome:
Improved transportation systems

Check on the massive deforestation of the hillocks surrounding the city
Widening & Strengthening of the citys internal roads Beautification of the city Preservation of the wetlands Reforms in the corporation
The sector wise strategy, vision and gap were also discussed and common areas identified.
157
Workshop 3:
Date: 30 March 2006
th
Time:
9.30 A.M to 1.00 P.M. Conference hall of the New Secretariat, Dispur, Guwahati
Venue:
Participants:
Secretary,
Guwahati
Development
Department,
Commissioner,
Guwahati
Municipal Corporation, Chief Executive Officer, GMDA, Town Planners of GMDA and GMC, and other officials of GMDA and GMC. Discussion on the Draft CDP Finalisation of Project Schemes A detailed consultative workshop on the Draft CDP was held at Guwahati to think through the process adopted while preparing the CDP and the schemes to be co-opted in the CDP. Overall Vision, Perspective, plans and Strategies were discussed. The aspiration of the people as reflected in the earlier workshops and individual discussion were taken into account. Each scheme as identified and mentioned in the CDP was debated upon and rationality was explained. The workshop identified the Strategies and Action Plans to be adopted for fulfilling the Vision.
Agenda:
Outcome:
In addition to the above workshops, individual discussions were also held with key citizens, agencies, representative of industries, different Government Department and the people at large. The points raised in the various platforms were duly incorporated in the CDP.
158
Workshop 4:
Date: Time: Venue: Participants: 19 May 2006 11 A.M to 1.00 P.M. Conference hall of the Administrative Staff College, Khanapara, Guwahati Eminent Citizens, Members of Nine-Member Committee, Representatives of NGOs, Chambers of Commerce and Media and other Stakeholders, Elected representative to the Guwahati Municipal Corporation, Secretary, Guwahati Development Department, Commissioner, Guwahati Municipal Corporation, Chief Executive Officer, GMDA, Director of Guwahati Town & Country Planning, Town Planners and Engineers of GMDA & GMC, and other officials of GMDA and GMC. Agenda: Discussion and Adoption of City Development Plan, Guwahati. The Final Draft of City Development Plan was presented and discussed in detail. Individual Schemes & Projects were discussed, suggestions were initiated from the participants and detailed Strategies and Action Plan were adopted for incorporation of the Final City Development Plan.
th
Outcome:
159
Workshop 5:
Date: Time: Venue: Participants: 30 May 2006 6.00 PM to 8.00 P.M. Secretariat Building, Dispur Honourable Chief Minister, Government of Assam Honourable Minister, Guwahati Development Department, Govt of Assam Honourable Minister, Urban Development, Government of Assam Chief Secretary, Government of Assam, Additional Chief Secretary, Industry Additional Chief Secretary, Revenue Principal Secretary, Planning & Development Commission to the Chief Minister Commissioner, Finance Secretary, Guwahati development Department, Secretary, Urban Development Commissioner, Guwahati Municipal Corporation Chief Executive Officer, GMDA Other Government officials Adoption of City Development Plan, Guwahati. The Final City Development Plan was presented; various schemes and action plans were discussed in detail. The City Development Plan was thereafter adopted and recommended for approval of Ministry of Urban Development.
th
Agenda: Outcome:
160
Annexure 2 Areas Covered by the Institutions (Except GMC & GMDA): AUWSSB Mainly in East Guwahati along R G Baruah Road Primarily in East Guwahati along R G Baruah Road In East Guwahati along R G Baruah road PHE Primarily Government Buildings and installations Planning & Design and Construction (All over Guwahati) Planning & Design and construction Supervision (All Over Guwahati) NA PWD NA NA FCD T&CP NA
Water Supply
Sewerage
NA
Mostly flood NA prone areas
Drainage
NA
Flood Prone Low Lying Areas
NA
Storm Water Drainage Solid Waste Disposal Municipal Roads (Including Flyover) Street Lighting
East Guwahati along R G Baruah Road NA NA NA NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Planning & Design (All over Guwahati) NA NA
Construction NA across Guwahati All roads owned by PWD across Guwahati NA NA
NA
NA
NA
Town Planning
NA
NA
NA
Planning & Design of areas not covered by GMC & GMDA
Note:
GMCs jurisdiction covers a total of 60 municipal wards across an area of 216 Sq Km, while GMDAs jurisdiction covers areas not covered by GMDA out of total area of 264 Sq Km.
161
Annexure 3 Analysis of Report of Air Samples collected in Guwahati Area Kachari (Commercial) Amingaon (Industrial) Ganeshguri (Commercial) Tokobari (Industrial) Fancybazar (Commercial) Silpukhuri (Residential) Chandmari (Residential) SO2 (Mg/m3) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NO2 (Mg/m3) 11.00 7.00 12.60 18.00 25.90 9.00 9.50 SPM (Mg/m3) 381.00 98.00 668.00 798.00 567.00 286.00 240.00
Source : White Paper on Pollution in Guwahati with Action Points, prepared by PCBA and SRDC
Standards
SPM NO2 SO2 3 3 Residential Area: 200 mg/m Below 80 mg/m Below Detectable Limit Commercial and Industrial Area: 3 500 mg/m Source: White Paper on Pollution in Guwahati with Action Points, prepared by PCBA and SRDC Analysis of Ambient air quality of certain selected stations in Guwahati Area Station SO2(Mg/m3) Pre Monsoon Dispur Khanpara Noonmati Adabari Dharapur Airport Amingaon (I) Beltola Ulubari Fatasil Ambari Digheswari Temple 34 31 6 13 30 10 5 6 8 36 BDL Monsoon 12 6 22 9 26 12 6 21 9 32 BDL NO2(Mg/m3) Pre Monsoon 57 56 32 20 13 19 18 16 17 29 10 SPM(Mg/m3) Monso on 154 54 59 223 120 81 58 151 82 60 42
Monsoo Pre n Monsoon 19 15 18 16 65 28 15 22 23 44 12 317 167 259 441 552 914 113 238 290 232 47
Source: White Paper on Pollution in Guwahati with Action Points, prepared by PCBA and SRDC
- Residential, - Commercial, (I) Industrial
162
Annexure 4
Details on Receipt & Expenditure of GMC (2002-2004) Receipts
(A)
RECEIPTS THROUGH COLLECTION BY GMC (IN LAKHS)
SL No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Head Property Tax Trade License Fee Market Slow Moving Vehicle Fine & Penalties Water Tax Check Gate & Parking Others Total
2001-02 608.32 247.96 77.52 11.36 25.17 24.11 1102.69 63.06 2160.19
2002-03 684.33 268.80 95.27 13.36 32.57 32.22 1232.40 323.41 2682.36
2003-04 1110.54 529.44 119.50 36.93 45.01 46.79 55.61 167.81 2111.63
(B)
OTHER GRANTS-IN-AID RECEIVED FROM GOVT. UNDER REVENUE NONPLAN (IN LAKHS)
SL No 1 2 3 Total
(C)
Head Share of Entertainment Tax Motor Vehicle Tax Surcharge on Stamp Duty
2001-02 591.70 50.00 641.70
2002-03 570.00 570.00
2003-04 518.00 202.00 175.00 895.00
OTHER DEVELOPMENT GRANT RECEIVED FROM GOVT (IN LAKHS)
SL No 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Head Special Grant For F.D.R. Grant Under N.S.D.P. (Slum) Grant for Purchase of Equipments for Silt Clearance Grant For Kamakhya Water Supply Scheme Grant Under 11th Finance Commission
2001-02 57.27 57.27
2002-03 35.84 39.96 164.84 300.00 540.64
2003-04 41.58 19.75 61.33
163
Expenditure (A) REVENUE EXPENDITURE OF GMC (IN LAKHS)
SL No 1 2 3 4 5
Particular of Expenditure Salaries T.A. Other Administrative Expenditure Material Purchase Repairs & Maintenance Total
2001-02 1935.75 1.52 426.18 36.76 90.37 2490.58
2002-03 1950.76 1.11 636.93 24.52 84.23 2697.55
2003-04 2101.97 1.37 752.23 49.18 63.14 2967.89
(B)
EXPENDITURE OTHER THAN REVENUE EXPENDITURE (IN LAKHS)
SL No 1 2 3 Total
Particular of Expenditure Other Development Expenditure Loans & Advances Assets
2001-02 160.51 13.00 31.58 205.09
2002-03 233.56 157.98 391.54
2003-04 432.76 45.30 478.06
164

City Development Plan - Guwahati

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City Development Plan - Guwahati

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Chapter 1 : Need & background of City Development Plan

Chapter 2 : Introduction to the Region

Chapter 4 : Economic Base

Chapter 5 : Profile of Urban Local Bodies

Chapter 6 : Situation Appraisal

Chapter 8 : Vision & Perspective

Chapter 9 : Land Use and Availability

Chapter 14 : Drainage & Storm Water Drainage

Chapter 15 : Sanitation & Sewerage

Chapter 16 : Basic Services to the Urban Poor

Chapter 17 : Solid Waste Management

Chapter 18 : Waterfront Development

Chapter 19 : Urban Renewal Programme

Chapter 20 : Reform Program

Chapter 21 : City Investment Plan

1. Need & background of City Development Plan

collateral development of its

adjoining hinterland mostly through trickling down

Objectives & Goals

Specifically, the CDP aims at achieving the following objectives:

The prime strategic goals are

Planned development leading to dispersed urbanisation and reduction of congestion;

Improving Inter and Intra regional accessibility;

Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme

Evolvement of CDP through a Consultative Process

2. Introduction to the Region

covers a jurisdiction of 264 sq km and comprises of

Guwahati Municipal Corporation North Town Area,

Map 1: Map of Guwahati

Climate of the Region

Source: Regional Meteorological Centre Guwahati 1951 -1980

Soil Profile of the Region

with varying altitudes of 49.5 m to 55.5 m

above mean sea level (MSL).

development of the area. Major region portion however of the forms

apart of the GMC area

GMC PWD/GMDA/GMC PWD/GMDA/GMC GMDA & T& CP

country. The city acts as to the the

Fig 1: Population breakup of the GMDA from 1921 to 2001

Source: Various Issues of Census of India

Table 4: Growth of population in Guwahati: 1921 to 2001

Decadal Growth (%)

1981* 1991 2001

Source: Guwahati Master Plan

Fig 2: Decadal Growth

Population density Of Guwahati

Table 6: Population Trend and Projections

Fig 3: Population Trend & Projections

203821 2031 GMDA

1991 2001 Population in GMCA

2011 2021 GMDA excluding GMCA

Employment Family movement Others

Education Natural Calamities

Source: Various issues of the Census of India

Age Mix and Sex Ratio

Composition of Population -2001

Fem ale 44% M ale: 56%

Source: Various issues of the Census of India

Source: Census of India

26,865 10,197 3,912

Fig 8: Literacy Rates

Source: Various issues of the Census of India

Work force Variance