A. 6.

KPACHOB
CEKPETbl
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1 9 9 1
55K 68.65
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PeueH3eHT KaH)l.H)l.aT BOeHHhiX HayK rroJIKOBHHK
10. K. BerpoB
Pe.uaKrop H. A. Cayrun
Kpacnos A. 6.
K78 CeKperhi neorpa3HMbiX araK.- M.: BoeHH3.UaT,
1991. - 272 c.
ISBN 5-203-00932-5
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1305040000-031
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068(02)-91
66K 68.65
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BoeHH3.n;aT, 103160, MocKBa, K-160.
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MOJKHO H3HTH II B OITbiTe rrpomJIOI'O, II B rrpaKTHKe Jiyq-
lliHX JieTqiiKOB, Ha .n.pyriie o60CHOB3HHO 0TBeT5IT BOeH-
Hbie TeOpeTIIKII. Ho CKOJibKO erue BOIIpOCOB, Ha KOTO-
pbre TIOKa HIIKTO He MO./KeT JI.3 Tb OTBeTa!
3HaqJIT, eCJill HII H3KOITJieHHbiif OITbiT, HH rrpOCTO
7
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pa3HMbiX aTaK Ha K3KOe-TO BpeMH OCT3IOTCH Hepac-
KpbiTbiMH. XorH qro B 3TOM y.rr.HBHTeJibHoro? TaKoe B
HCTopHH raKTHKH cJiyqaJIOCh He o.rr.Ha:>K)J.hi. Mbr npoii-
.rr.eM no crpaHHI.J.aM ee .rr.asHero H He.rr.asHero nponiJioro,
o6paiU3HCb K TeM C06biTHHM, KOTOpbie CT3JIH nepeJIOM-
HhiMH B pa3BHTHH T3KTHKH, ycKOpHH HJIH 33Me)J.JIHH ee,
a 3aTeM o6paTHMCH K cerO)J.HHlliHHM )J.HHM H TIOTibiTa-
eMCH 33fJIHHYTb B 6y.rr.ymee T3KTHKH.
UeJib KHHrH - no6y.rr.HTh qHTaTeJIH K pa3)J.YMhHM,
.rr.arb MarepHaJI )J.JIH pa3MhilliJieHHH. TI09TOMy qHrareJJh
He Bcer.rr.a H3H)J.eT B KHHre O)J.H03HaqHbie OI.J.eHKH, HHble
npo6JieMbl T3KTHKH B Hefl 3H3JIH3HpyiOTCH C pa3HhiX,
HHOr)J.a napa)J.OKC3JibHbiX TOqeK 3peHHH. l-f3yqeHHe H
ocMhiCJIUBaHue 3THX npo6JIeM TI03BOJIHT Y'BIH)J.e'Th H Jiyq-
llle TIOHHTb HOBH3HY HhiHelliHefi T3KTHKH, npeO)J.OJieTh
K3KHe-TO ycTaHOBHBlliHeCH )J.OfMbi, BeCTH TIOHCK HOBOfO
B TaKTHKe. I1Haqe fOBOpH, Mbl C B3MH - caMH TBOp-
Ubi T3KTHKH.
8
"'acmb nepeaA
IIICTPE6111TE11111.
B 50t0
9
fJiasa I
KAKUE 3A}].AlfH
PElliATb HCTPE6UTEJHIM?
.CTpe6HTeJib C03JJ:aH ,U.J15I 607!.
Ero ocHOBHoe npenHa3Haqe-
HHe - yHHqToMerme npoTHB-
HHKa B B03,n:yxe. Bo3.UYII1Hhre 6oH pa3BepHyJIHCh cpa3y
Me C II07IBJieHHeM Ha,U IIOJI7IMH cpaMeHHH nepBO!'i MH-
pOBOH BOHHhl caMOJieTOB, KOTOphre BeJIH pa3Be.UKy ll
HaHOCHJIH y.rr.apbr no soiicKaM. BHaqaJie B KaqecTBe
llCTpe6HTeJieH npHMeH5IJIHCb 6oJiee JiefKHe H CKOpOCT-
Hbie MalllHHhi, a 3aTeM 6hiJIH c03.LI.aHbi cneunaJihHhie
caMoJieThi c 6opTOBhiM ny.rreMeTHhiM soopyMeHHeM. TaK
HaqaJia CBOe cymecTBOBaHHe I1A.
flepe.rr. I1A 3a KOpOTKOe BpeM5I B03HllKJIO MHOMe-
CTBO 6oeBhlX 3a.rr.aq. 0Ha npHKphlBaJia BOHCKa ll saM-
Hhle 06beKThl ThlJia OT Harra,n:eHH5I HenpH5ITeJibCKHX ca-
MOJieTOB, o6ecneqHBaJia 6e30naCHOCTb H CB06o.uy .rr.eti:-
CTBHH CBOHM 6oM6ap.rr.nposmnKaM n pa3Be.rr.qnKaM. Oc-
HOBHhiMH 3a.rr.aqaMH COBeTCKOH I1A, KOTOpa5I BblpOCJia
H3 pa3p03HeHHbiX aBHaOTp7I.ll.OB uapCKOH apMHH, OCTa-
BaJIHCb, no cymeCTBy, 3a.LI.aqH, KOTOphle pellla.JIHCb B
nepBoii MHposoii BOti:He. O.rr.HaKo 0KT7I6pbcKa7I couHa-
JIHCTHqecKa.H peBOJIIOll.ll.H B.ll.OXHyJia HOByiO iKll3Hb B
CO,n:epMaHHe 3THX 3a.LI.aq H TaKTHKy HCTpe6HTeJiefi.
lJTO Me OCTaBHJill B HaCJie.LI.CTBO IIOTOMKaM nepBbie
KpacHwe soeHJieThi? B orHe rpaM,n:aHcKoii BOHHhi 6biJIO
pa3pa60TaHO H HalllJIO lllHpOKOe npHMeHeHHe MaCCH-
poBaHHe CHJI I1A Ha pelllaiOlll.HX HanpaBJieHH.HX ,ll.eHC'f-
BllH BOHCK, npll npHKpbiTllH BbiCOKOnO.LI.BHMHhiX ITO TO-
My BpeMeHH KaBaJiepniicKHX rpynnHpoBoK KpacHoti: Ap-
MHH, B KpllTHqecKHX CHTyai.I.H.HX Ha <!>pOHTaX. CeKpeThi
HeOTpa3HMhiX aTaK COBeTCKHX JieTqHKOB-HCTpe6HTeJieH
3aKJIIOqaJIHCb B yMeJIOM MaHeBpHpOBaHHll, HCIIOJib30Ba-
HHH ,U.TJ:5I MaCKHpOBKll COJIHUa, ,UbiMKH, MepTBbiX KO-
HYCOB o63opa H o6cTpeJia caMOJieTOB rrpoTHBHHKa, 6w-
CTporo H BHe3aiiHOfO c6JIHMeHH5I C HHMH H OTKpbiTII7I
orH.H. 0HH seJI11 pelllHTeJibHbre H aKTHBHbie 6oesbre
;J,eiicTBH7I, ycTpaHBa.rm 3aCa)J.bi Ha MaplllpyTax Ha.rreTa
10
Bpa>KeCKOH asHaU.HH H CMeJIO aTaKOBaJIH .u.aLKe npe-
BOCXO.ll.HI,Uero no l!HCJieHHOCTH Bpara.
flOCJie OKOHl!aHHH rpaLK.U.aHCKOH BOHHbi 3a.U.al!H H
TaKTHKa HA opMHposaJIHCh Ha ocHose pa3BHBai01II.HX-
cH B3rJIH.ll.OB Ha ee 6oesoe npHMeHeHHe. 0Ha CtiHTa-
Jiacb OCHOBHblM cpe.ll.CTBOM 6opb6bJ 3a rOCllO.ll.CTBO B
B03JI.yxe H HMeJia rJiaBHOH 3a,ll.aqeif OTpaLKaTb COBMeCT-
HO C 3eHHTHOH apTHJIJiepHeH HaJieThi aBHaU.HH, Hana.u.a-
IOlll.efi Ha HalllH soH:cKa. B He6e HcnaHHH H KHTaH,
Ha.u. p. XaJIXHH-fon H s soH:He c 6eJioHHHaMH
3a.U.ati, B03JiaraeMbiX Ha HA, nocTeneHHO paclllHPHJI-
cH. C TO'IKH 3peHH51 COBeprueHCTBOBaHH.SI TaKTHKH B03-
.ll.Yll1Hble 6oH xapaKTepH30BaJIHCb pa3BHTHeM orHesoro
H TaKTH'IeCKOfO B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBH51 B rpynax HCTpe6HTe-
JieH: pa3JIHl!HbiX THllOB. flepBbiMH 06bi'IHO BCTynaJIH B
60H: CKOpOCTHbie HCTpe6HTeJIH H -16 (pHC. 1) H BhiHYLK-
.U.aJIH spara K MaHespy, 3aTeM ero aTaKOBaJIH MaHeB-
peHHhre caMoJieTbi H-15 (pHc. 2).
TaKTHKa HA s 3THX 6o.Hx o6oraTHJiaCb pa3Hoo6-
pa3HbiMH npHeMaMH rpynnOBOfO 60H, HO MHOrHe BOll-
pOCbl er.ue LK.U.aJIH csoero perneHHH. CJIHlllKOM MaJio
6hiJIO npoBe.U.eHO B03.ll.YlllHbiX 60eB, K TOMy LKe OHH OT-
.THItiaJI HCb HeKOTOpbiM O.ll.H006pa3HeM H 06bil!HO pacna-
,ll.aJIHCb Ha 60H MaJibiX rpynn HJIH OT.U.eJihHbiX caMOJie-
TOB. IlpH TaKHX pa3p03HeHHhiX .u.eiicTBH.SIX 6biJIO Tpy.u.-
no ycHJIH.SI JieTtiHKOB JlJI.SI .a.ocTHLKeHH.SI
y cnex a. IlepecTasaJio ce6H onpaBJihiBaTb .u.eneHHe HCT-
pe6uTeJi eii Ha CKOpOCTHbie H M aHeBpeHHhie. fl.JI.SI 6051
C HOBbiMH CaMOJieTaMH BepO.SITHOfO npOTHBHHKa HyM-
HbJ' 6hiJIH CKOpOCTHhte, BbJCOKOMaHeBpeHHbJe, XOpOWO
soopy>KeHHbi e MarnHHhi. O.u.HaKo H3 onhiTa .nsyx JieT
] 1
aoAHhl B Eapone He ~ n H c.u.enaHw pa3yMHhle BhlBOAhl
H He 6hlna nepecMoTpeHa TBKTHKa HA.
TaKOBhl nHlllh HeKorophie cpparMeHTbi rrpe.J.bl CTopHH
TaKTHKH HA .u.o Haqana BenHKOA OreqecTBeHHOA aoA-
Hhl. Elll.e HHKTO He 3Han, KaKOBa 6y.LieT T8KTHKa rrpe.LI-
CTOHlll.eA BOAHhl, T8KTHK8, K KOTOpoA I10TOM o6paTHTCH
He O)I.HO I10KOneHHe nerqHKOB.
OcHOBHhiMH 3a.u.aqaMH HA B HaqaallleAcH aoAHe 6hi-
nH YHHqTO>KeHHe 8BH8U.HH rrpOTHBHHKa B B03.li.YlliHbiX
60HX 38 f0CI10.)1.CTBO B B03)1.yxe, rrpHKpbiTHe BOACK H
06"heKTOB Tbina, o6ecrreqeHHe 60eBbiX ,neACTBHli ,npy-
fHX po.u.oa aaHaU.HH, B03.LI.YUIHaH pa3ae.nKa H .u.eAcTBHH
ITO H83eMHbiM u.enHM. 3a K8>K.LI.OA H3 3THX 38)1.8q CTOH-
nH CBOH Opr8HH38U.HH H CBOH CI10C06bi 60eBbiX ,neACT-
BHA, CBOA KOMnneKC OpHrHHBnbHbJX TBKTHqeCKHX rrpH-
eMOB. C TeX I10p CMeHHnOCb MHOfO I10KOneHHH HCTpe-
6HTeneA, HO Bee OHH H I10HhlHe pell1810T 3TH 3a)l.aqH.
l13MeHHnacb nHUih TaKTHKa. He paccMaTpHBBH a crpo-
roM XpOHOnOrHqeCKOM nopHD.Ke 3TH H3MeHeHHH, rrpo-
cne)I.HM TOnbiW, KBK COBepllleHCTBOBanOCb co.n.ep:>Ka-
HHe 6oeBbiX 3a.Liaq HA B rrepenoMHhie MOMeHTbi pa3-
BHTHH TaKTHKH.
1. 8 60HX 38 fOCI10)1.CTBO B B03.lJ.YXe
fOCnO)I.CTBO B B03)1.yxe CTBnO He06XOli.I1!\10CTbiO C
HIOHbCKUM paccBeTOM COpOK rrepBOfO, KOr.na ropem1
HaKpbiTbie Bpa>KeCKHMH 60M68MH C8MOneTbl Ha H8UIHX
12
a3pO!I,pOMaX. 0HO, ITO;l06HO B03.ll.YXY, 6bi.'IO He06XO,lll-
MO BOii-cKa,\1, cpJIOTY H 3BH3UHH, liT06bi OCT3HOBHTb cpa-
WHCTCKHX 33XBaTliHKOB, C03.IT,aTb lllTypMOBHKaM H 60,\I-
6a p.rr,Hp0Blll)IK3M B031'110MHOCTb ,ll.JITI HaHeCeHIITI MOW.-
HbiX ynapos ITO spary.
B ITepBbiX Me 6oTix 3a rociTO.ll.CTBO a B03,LJ,yxe JieTliii-
KH-IICTpe6IIre.rm ITpOTIBIIJIH M3CCOBhiH repOH3M H 6ec-
ITpiiMepHOe MyMeCTBO. 0HH pellliiTeJibHO aTaKOBaJIH
Bpara H TOr,LJ,a, KOr,LJ,a OK33biB3JIHCb B MeHbllliiHCTBe,
CTpeMHJIIICb BbiMaTb 113 TeXHHKII BCe, liTO OHa MOrJia
naTb, ,a.o6IIThCTI IT06e,LJ,bi ueHoil co6cTBeHHOH )KH3HH. Ho
cpallliiCTCKIIe MecceplllMIITTbl HMeJIH MaKCHMaJibHYIO
cKopocTb 500-550 KMill, a HaiiiH H-15 II H-16 TOJibKO
360-460 KM/ll. HoBhiX caMOJieTOB 6hiJio eme MaJio.
Tio3TOMY Harnii HCTpe61ITeJIII, He paciToJiaraBrnHe ITpe-
HMymecTBOM B CKOpOCTH, a CJie)I.OBaTeJibHO, II B Bep-
THKaJibHOM MaHespe, seJIH B03.li.YlllHble 60H, MaHeBp1I-
py5I B ropH30HTaJibHOH ITJIOCKOCTH (Ha BIIpa)KaX).
,llyMaiO, He OTKpOIO HHKaKOfO ceKpeTa, eCJIH cKa-
My, liTO caMbiH MyMeCTBeHHbiH JieTllllK Ha ITJIOXOM ca-
MOJieTe CMOMeT O)I.OJieTb BpaMeCKOfO aca, llb5I Malllii-
Ha TeXHIIlleCKH COBeprneHHee, TOJibKO ITpH ycJIOBHH, liTO
TOT ITp03eBaeT aTaKy IIJIH ,LJ,OITYCTHT OU11I6KII B 6010.
0)lHHM repOH3MOM 60H He BbiHrpaeWb. 061I)I.HO H ITe-
qaJibHO BCITOMHHaTb, CKOJibKO HalllHX JieTllllKOB
CMeJibiX pe65IT ITOrii6JIO B rex 60.5IX, ITOTOMY liTO TeX-
HHKa 6hrJia ycrapesrneil.
OnHaKo ITPHliHHaMII Hey,LJ,all IIcrpe6HTeJiei1 6biJIH He
TOJibKO BOeHHO-TeXHHli0CKHe ITpeHMyW.eCTBa Bpara.
KaK HH ITapa)l.oKcaJibHO 3TO 3BYliHT, Ho O.lJ.HOH H3 ITpH-
liHH C03,.IT,aBrnerOC.5I ITOJIOMeHH.5I OKa3aJiaCb... CaMa TaK-
THKa. Kro BHHOBaT B TOM, liTO ITJIOTHhie 6oeBbie ITO-
PTI.li.KH HCTpe6HTeJieH, OCHOBHbiM H3 KOTOpbiX 6hiJI
KJIHH 3BeHa rpexcaMoJieTHoro cocrasa, o6HapyMHBa-
JIHCh sparoM C 60JibllliiX paCCT0.5IHIIH, a rJiaBHOe -
CKOBhiBaJIII .rr.ei1CTBH.5I JieTqJIKos? Kro BIIHOBaT, liTO a
T3KIIX 6oeBbiX ITOp.5I,LJ,KaX JieTliiiKII 6biJIII BbiHYM.IT.eHbl
.rr.ep:tKaTbC.5I 6JIIIMe .rr.pyr K ,LJ,pyry, y.LI.eJITITb MHOrO BHII-
MaHIITI COXpaHeHIIIO CBOero MeCTa, liTO BeJIO K CHIIMe-
HIIIO OCMOTpHTeJibHOCTII? 3TH He,LJ,OCTaTKII TaKTIIKII IIC-
II fliT JiepOBUbl ,ll;Jl.5I BHe3aiTHbiX a raK.
TiolleMy Me TaK ITPOIICXO,LJ,HJIO? CKa3biBaJiacb ciiJia
rpa,a.IIUIIA. B reqeHIIe MHOriiX Jier JieTliiiKOB YliiiJIII se-
.rr,eHIIIO 60TI Ha BIIpaMaX, ,n:ei.fcTBHTIM B He 3llleJIOHHpO-
ITO BWCOTe 6oeswx ITOPTI.li.Kax. BofiHa .LI.IIKTOBa-
13
Jia HeMe.LvieHHbie H KOpeHHhle H3MeHeHHH s TaKTHKe. B
cypOBbie cppOHTOBbie 6y.U.HH BHHMaTeJibHO H3yqaJIHCb
J.I.eiiCTBHH Bpara, HaKanJIHBaJICH 60eBOH OllhiT, rueJI Ha-
npH)KeHHbiH llOHCK 6oJiee 3cpcpeKTHBHbiX TaKTHqeCKHX
npHeMOB ..
PHc. 3. CaMOJier ... ocT-pe6HTMb 51K-l
He 6y.u.eM yrJiy6JIHThCH so see nepHneTHH cTaHos-
JieiHIH TaKTHKH s xo.u.e BOHHhi, a MhiCJieHHO nepeHeceMCH
OT 3THX llOJIHbiX .u.paM3TH3Ma c06hiTHH B ee 33Beprua-
l01UHH nepHOJJ..
PHc. 4. Ca.MoJJer-H<:Tpe6HTMb Jla-5
14
focnO.U.CTBO B B03.U.yxe, KOTOpoe 3aBOeBbiBaJIOCb
sHalla.rJ:e B OT.U.eJihHhiX paifoHax, 3aTeM B 60JihiiieM npo-
cTpaHCTBe, OKOHlJ:aTe.TJbHO CKJIOHHJIOCb B Haiiiy nOJih3Y
s s03.ll.YIIIHhiX 6oHx Ha Ky6amr, B 6HTBe non KypcKOM
(1943 r.) H B .n.aJibHeifiiieM npoliHO y.uep:amsaJIOch co-
BeTcKoif asHauHeiL Maccosoe nocTynJieHHe Ha cppOHT
HOBbiX HCTpe6riTeJieH - HKOBJieBbiX H JiaBOlJ:KHHbiX
(pHc. 3, 4) JIHIIIHJIO spara 6hiJibiX npeHMyiii.eCTB. Yrn-
JIH s npornJioe nJIOTHhie 6oeshie nopH.LI.KH TpexcaMOJieT-
PHc. 5. Eoesoii: no.pH,n;OK HC'I'peoaTeJieii: a npe.n;nu,n;e'HJHiH 6oH
HhiX 3BeHbeB. OcHOBHOII orHesoH: H TaKTHqecKoH: e.rr.H-
HHJLeif YTBepJUIJiach napa. EoesoH: nopH.ll.OK 6o.nee
~ y n b i X no.rr.pa3.LI.eJieHHH CTpOHJICH Ha OCHOBe nap H
06bJqHQ COCTOHJI H3 y.rr.apHOH rpynnbi H rpynnhl npH-
KpbiTHH HJIH CKOBbiBaiOmei1 rpynnbi (pHc. 5). B B03-
.LI.YIIIHOM 6010 y.rr.apHaH rpynna BbiTIOJIHHJia pOJib Me-
lla (noHcK H a TaKa), a rpynna npHKpbiTHH 6hiJia ee
Han,e:JK:HhiM III.HTOM. KaKoif 6hi MaJiofr HH 6hiJia rpyn-
na HCTpe6HTeJiei1:, oHa HeH3MeHHo npH.rr.ep:amsa.TJach
.ueJieHHH Ha III.HT H Meq. EcJIH JieTqHKH scTpeqaJin
6oM6apn,HpOBIII.HKOB, COTipOBO:tK)J.aeMbiX HCTpe6riTe.nH-
MH, rpynna npHKpbiTHH CTpeMHJiaCb CBH3aTh HX 60eM,
a eCJIH HX He 6hiJIO, aTaKOBaJia 60M6ap.n.npOBI..QHKOB
BMecTe c yn,apHofi rpynnofi. Y.rr.ap HaHOCHJin scer.rr.a Te
15
3BeHh51 H napbi, KOTOphie OKa3biBaJIHCh B BhlfO)J.HOM no-
JIO.IKeHHH.
TaKTHKa I1A noJiyqHJia .rr.aJihHefirnee pa3BHTHe H Ha-
H6oJiee HarJI.H)J.HO npO.HBHJiaCb B 3aKJII04HTeJihHOH,
5epJIHHCKOH onepaU.Hll. focnO)J.CTBO B B03)J.yxe 6biJIO
o6ecneqeHO aKTHBHhiMH )J.eHCTBH.HMH HCTpe6HTeJieH B
Tpex OCHOBHhiX 30HaX (pHC. 6). fpynnhi HCTpe6HTe-

30HO UCtn-
Hal
CIIOUHU /!QUCKIIHU


Pac. 6. 11cupe5HTeJJhHiaH 1aB1HmHH 8 6oph6e sa rocn()ACTso 8 803.D.yxe
(no OtiThiTY Be.pJlllflHOKJOii orrejp<al!iHIII)
JieH OXOTHHKOB, )J.eiiCTBOBaBWHe B nepBOH 30He,
BhiXO)'I.HJIH K cparnHCTCKHM a3po.rr.poMaM n yHH4TO.IKaJIH
B3JieTaromne caMoJieThi, HcKaJIH n YHH4TO.IKaJin s B03-
.rr.yxe He60Jihli1He rpynnhl, a npn BCTpeqe c KpynHhiMH
rpynrraMH nepe.rr.asaJIH no pa.rr.no cse.rr.eHH.H o HHX, nc-
noJih3Y.H KOTOphie B 6ofl: BCTynaJIH HCTpe6HTeJIH, HaXO-
)J..Hili.HeC.H s .rr.pyrnx 30Hax. MaccnposaHne cHJI, xoporna-'1
opraHH3aU.H51 ynpaBJieHH.H ll BhiCOKa.H 6oeBa.H aKTHB-
HOCTh JieTHOfO COCTaBa )J.aJIH CBOH pe3yJihTaThl: 6oJiee
nOJIOBHHhl 60eBhiX caMOJieTOB, BXO)J.HBllillX B COCTaB
)J.BYX HeMell.KHX B03)J.Yli1HhiX cpJIOTOB, npHKpbiBaBIIIHX
5epJIHH, 6hiJIO yHH4TO>KeHo s so3)J.YIIIHhix 6o.Hx. Pe3KO
nOBhiCHJiaCb pe3yJihTaTHBHOCTh Ka>K)J.OfO 6oeBOfO Bhi-
JieTa. TaK, KOJIHqecTBO caMoJieTO-BhiJieTos HCTpe6HTe-
Jiei1: Ha O)J.HH c6HThiH cparnHCTCKHH caMOJieT B 1945 r.
COKpaniJIOCh B Tpll pa3a no cpaBHeHHIO C 1943 r. 1:1
COCTaBHJIO B cpe)J.HeM 53 npOTHB 156 *.
* UAMO, cp. 112, orr. 158791, JI.. 1, JI. &5.
16
HA seJia 6oph6y sa rocnO)J.CTBo s B03JI.yxe sMeCTe
CO rnrypMOBOH H 60M6apJI.HpOBOqHOH asHai.I.HeH, KOTO-
pa.H HaHOCHJia MaccuposaHHhle yJI.apbr no caMOJieraM
Ha a3pO.li.pOMax, YHHIITO>KaJia CKJia)J.bl TOnJIHBa H 6oe-
npHnacos; no 06beKTaM aBHai.J.HOHHOH npOMbllllJieHHO-
CTH B rJiy60KOM TbiJiy spara )J.eHCTBOBaJia )J.aJibH.H.H
asHai.I.H.H. 0)J.HaKo rocno)J.CTBO s soa)J.yxe s Te rO)J.hl aa-
BOeBbiBaJioch npeuMymecrseHHO HCTpe6ureJI.HMH. HMeH-
HO B B03.li.YlllHbiX 60.HX spary HaHOCHJIC.H HaH60JiblllHH
ypoH, rH6JIH HJIH nona)J.aJIH B nJieH cpalllHCTCKHe JieT-
IIHKH. fJO.HBJieHHe .H)J.epHOro opy>KH.H BCKOpe nOCJie
'0KOHqaHH5I BOHHbl KOpeHHbiM o6pa30M H3MeHHJIO B3fJI5I-
)J.bl Ha cnoco6bi )J.OCTH>KeHH.H rocno)J.crsa s B03JI.yxe. C
TIOMOLI.J.biO paKeTIJ;O-.H)J.epHOfO opy>KH.H CTaJIO B03MO>KHbiM
B cqHTaHHbie MHHYTbl HaHeCTH yJI.ap orpOMHOH paspy-
lilHTeJihHOH CHJibl no CaMhiM yJI.aJieHHbiM a3pO.li.pOMaM.
B pe3yJibTaTe aBHai.LH.H nOHeCeT nOTepH, KOTOpbie MO-
ryT npHBeCTH K HeMe)J.JieHHOMy H pe3KOMy H3MeHeHHIO
COOTHOllleHH.H CHJI. B CB5I3H C 3THM MHOrHe 3apy6e>K-
Hble cneuHaJIHCTbl CIIHTaJIH, qro 6opb6a 3a rocnO)J.CTBO
B B03JI.yxe MO>KeT secTHCb 6e3 aKTHBHOro y q c r u ~ HA.
TaKHe B3rJI.H)J.hl cymecTBOBaJIH )J.OBOJihHO )J.OJiro, HO,
TIOCKOJiitKY HX npaKTHIIeCKOH nposepKH He npOH30lllJIO,
60pb6a 3a rocnO)J.CTBO B B03)J.yXe npO)J.OJI>KaJiaCb B MHO-
roqucJieHHbiX JIOKaJibHbiX BOHHax, KOTOpbie seJIHCb C
npuMeHeHHeM TOJibKO o6hiiiHoro opy>KHH. H a.n.ecb poJih
HA OKaaaJiacb cosceM He TaKoH:, KaKyiO eH: npeJI.cKa3hi-
BaJIH CKenTHKH. BonpeKH HX MHeHHIO B03.li.YlllHhle 60H
paasepHyJIHCb C HOBOH CHJIOH H B Ka>K)J.OH nOCJie)J.yiO-
lii,eH BOHHe npuo6peraJIH HOBbie qepTbl. ITOCMOTpHM,
KaK OT BOHHbl K BOHHe H3MeH.HJiacb TaKTHKa HCTpe6H-
TeJieH.
ITepshle sos.n.ylllHhle 6ou cocTO.HJIHCb s He6e KopeH
cnyCT.H CeMb JieT nocJie OKOHIIaHHH BTOpOH MHpOBOH
BOi'IHbl. TaM BCTpeTHJIHCb peaKTHBHhle HCTpe6HTeJIH
nepsoro noKoJieHH.H Muf-15 (pHc. 7) H F-86 CeH:6p
(pHC. 8), HMeBIUHe 60JiblllHe )J.03BYKOBble CKOpOCTH.
Bon 3TH OTJIHqaJIHCh 6oJiblllHM pasMaxoM no shrcore,
pe3KO B03pOClllHMH CKOpOCT.HMH caMOJieTOB H )J.eMOHCT-
pHpOBaJIH 3HaqHTeJibHhie H3MeHeHH5I B TaKTHKe 3a CTOJib
KOpOTKOe speM.H.
l1crpe6.ureJin KopeiicKoH: HapOJI.HOH apMn.u (KHA),
HCTIOJih3Y.H npeHMyLI.J.eCTBa CBOHX CaMOJieTOB Ha)J. Ce:ii-
6paMH B CKOpOnO)J.beMHOCTH, CTpeMHJIHCb seCTH 60H
C npHMeHeHHeM sepTHKaJibHbiX MaHeBpOB, aMepHKaH-
2 3aK. 56
17
PHc. 8. F-86 Ceii6p
CKHe .>Ke JieTtiHKH npe.IWOtiHTaJIH ropH30HTaJibHhle Ma-
HeBpbl H llbJTaJIHCb nepeBeCTH 60H C 60JiblliHX BbiCOT
Ha cpe.LI.HHe H MaJihle, r.LI.e npeRMyiii.ecrsa MHf-15 Ha.zt
Ce:H6pOM HeCK0.1hKO yMeHhlliHJia.Cb. 0.LI.HaKO HCTpC6H-
TeJIH KHA araKOBaJIH npoTHBHHKa csepxy, c Kpyroro
llHKHpOBaHHH, a 3aTeM, HCll0Jlb3YH CBOIO HCKJIIOl.IHTeJih-
HYIO CKOpOnO.LI.'beMHOCTb, pe3KO Ha6HpaJIH BhiCOTy H
yxo.LI.HJIH s cropoHy coJIHUa. Boesble nopH.LI.KH s rpyn-
nax cra-HOBHJI!HCb see 6oJiee paccpe.LI.OTOtieHHhiMH, HHa-
tie HeJib3H 6hiJio o6ecnetiHTb cso6o.LI.y MaHespa, napa-
Merphi Koroporo Ha peaKTHBHhiX caMOJierax pe3KO y se-
*.
npoXOJI.HT eiii.c .n.eCHTb JieT. BcnbiXHyJia BO:HHa BO
BbeTHaMe. I1crpe6HTeJIH MHf -17 H MHf -21 (puc. 9,
* CM.: C T 10 apT ,U>K. B03.ll.YIIIHaH MOIUb - peuHtJOtllaH cnna
a Kopee. M.: 1-h,'l. HHOCTp. JIHT., 1959. C. 67---68.
18
PH c. 9. CaMOJrer-Q1Cr:pe6HTMh MHf -17
PHc. 10. CaMOJieT-!HCT.pe6HTeJih MHf-21
2*
PH c. 11. TaK'1'lltlecKJHi1 Hcr:pe6HTe: rb F -4 <l>aHToM:.
19
1 0) BeJI.yT B03JI.YlllHhie 6ou c HCTpe6HTeJIHMH F -3 .:<l>aH-
TOM (pHC. 11) B ycJIOBHHX npeBOCXOJI.CTBa B B03JI.yxe
aMepHK3HCKOH aBHaii.HH, H 3TO HaJIO:IKHJIO OTneqaTOK
Ha HX TaKTHKy. l13-3a MaJioqHcJieHHOCTH HA, npoTHBO-
CTOHlll.eH: arpeccopy, 3JI.eCb He 6hiJIO KpynHhiX rpynno-
BhiX 6oes. TaKTHKa BheTHaMCKHX JieTqHKOB cTpOHJiacb
Ha 6hlCTphlX H BHe3anHhlX aTaKaX napaMH HaH60Jiee
YH3BHMhiX aMepHKaHCKHx caMoJieTOB. Bo3JI.YIIIHhie 6oH,_
KaK npaBHJIO, COCTOHJIH H3 OJI.HOH aTaKH, KOTOpaH Bhl-
nOJIHHJI3Cb no KOM3HJI.aM C Ha3eMHhlX nyHKTOB ynpaB-
JieHH5I Ha MaKCHMaJibHOH CKOpOCTH C HCnOJib30BaHHeM
ycJIOBHH ecTeCTBeHHOH MaCKHpOBKH. TaKHe aTaKH BHO-
CHJIH 33MelllaTeJibCTBO H pacTepHHHOCTb B JI.eHCTBHH
aMepHK3HCKHX JieTqHKOB. 0HH nbiTaJIHCb npOTHBOnOCTa-
BHTb ucTpe6HTeJIHM BHA pa3JIHqHhie TaKTHqecKHe rrpH-
eMbi, HO HHqero HOBOfO JI.JIH yKJIOHeHHH OT aTaK, KpO-
Me 3HeprHqHOf0 MaHeBpHpOBaHHH, npHJI.YM3HO He 6hiJIO.
flo-HHOMY npOTeKaJIH 60H 3a rocnOJI.CTBO B B03JI.yXe-
B apa6o-H3paHJibCKHx soH:Hax. Ilo cpasHeHHIO c npo-
lllJihiMH BOHHaMH OHH xapaKTepH30B3JIHCb lllHpOKHM
npHMeHeHHeM JIOJKHbiX MaHeBpOB H JI.eMOHCTpaTHBHbiX
JI.eHCTBHii, 6oJiee paccpeJI.OTOqeHHbiMH 60eBbiMH nopHJI.-
K3MH, ycHJieHHeM TaKTHqeCKOfO B3aHMOJI.eiiCTBHH Me:tK-
JI.y noJI.p a 3JI.eJI eHH51 MH HCTpe6 HTeJieH.
B B03JI.YlllHhiX 6oHx co CTOpOHhi arpeccopa yqacr-
BOBa.rm JierKHe MaHespeHHhie caMOJieTbi MHpaJK IIIC
H 6oJI ee TH:IKeJihie F -4 <I> aHTOM. Hx 6oeBhie rropHJI.-
KH, K3K H rrpe:IKJI.e, 6hiJIH paccpeJI.OTOqeHHbiMH H 3llle-
.TIOHHpOBaHHbiMH no BbiCOTe. 0JI.HaKO paCCT3HOBK3 CHJI
H3MeHHJiacb (pHc. 12). l1CTpe6HTeJIH Mupa:IK IIIC
COCT3BJIHJIH rpynny 3aBH3KH 60H, HJIH JI.eMOHCTp3THB-
HYIO rpyrrny. Ho BCH CJIOJKHOCTb 6biJia B TOM, qTo HHK-
TO He MOr CKa33Tb, JI.eMOHCTpaTHBH3H 3TO rpynna HJlli
ynapHaH. TaKTHKa HanoMHHaJia Hrpy B
KH, TOJibKO HCXOJI. y Hee 6hiJI JI.pyrofl:. ,lleMOHCTp3THB-
Ha51 rpyrrna nOJI.XOJI.HJia K paH:oHy 6oH Ha cpeJI.Hefi sw-
core, rJI.e 6hiCTpo o6Hapy:IKHBaJiacb Ha3eMHhiMH PJ1C
apa6os, Ha ee rrepexBaT nOJI.HHMaJIHCb HCTpe6Hre,'IH, a
yJI.apHaH rpynrra MaCKHpOB3JiaCb Ha Ma.riOH BbiCOTe.
KorJI.a apa6cKHe ucTpe6HTeJIH nhiTaJIHCb araKosarb ;re-
MOHcrparuBHYIO rpynrry, ra JIOJKHhiMH MaHesparvm co3-
JI.aBa.rra 6.rrarorrpHHTHhle ycJIOBHH JI.l!H BHe3aiTHOfi araKH
caoeii HeBHJI.HMOH JI.l!H PJIC yJI.apHofr rpynrre.
B soH: He B JlusaHe ( 1982 r.), KOrJI.a H3p3IIJ1bCKHe
BBC nono.rrHH.riHCb 6oJiee cosepllleHHbiMH ca:vro,rreraMR.
20
Puc. 12. Bo3.11.'YWHblH 6oA c npMMeHeHHeM Q1\BJreKaiOmero Ma-
Hespa
I- saBH3Ka 6oH: II- BHesanHaH aTaKa; I- rpynna aTaKyeMbiX
HCTpe6HTenel!; 2- rpynna 88BH3KH C5oH (AeMOHCTp8THBH8H); 3- YA8P-
H8H rpynna
F-15 H F-16 aMepHKaHcKoro npOH3BO.U.CTsa (pHc. 13,
14), TaKTHKa B03JlYlliHhiX 6oes nonyrmna .n.aJihHefnnee
p33BHTHe (pHC. 15) . TiepBbiMH 3T3KOB3JIH JierKHe HCT-
pe6HTeJIH F-16. Boopy)K.eHHhie paKeT3MH Manoil nanh-
HOCTH Cafr.U.BHH.LI.ep, OHH CKpbiTHO C M3JIOH BhiCOTbi
C6JIIDK3JIHCb C CHpHHCKHMH HCTpe6HTeJI5IMH C UX 33,ll -
HeH noJiyccpepbi. l1CTpe6HTeJIH F-15, pacnoJraraBlliHe
paKeT3MH cpe.nuefi .ll.3JlbHOCTH Cnappoy, H3HOCHJIH
y.n.ap c 6oJiblliHX y.naneum1 (25-30 KM). POJib .rr.eMOH-
cTpaTHBHhiX rpynn BMeCTO MHpa)f{eH BbiTIOJIH51.i1H
a ynpasJieHHe 6oeM (ueneyKa-
21
PHc. 14. HCTpOOHTeJib F-1 6
PH(l. 15. Bo3JJ.YlllHblR 6oli .HC11peWtTeJieH B J1HBaire (1982 r.)
J - CHpHikKHe HCTpe6HTeJIH; 2 - rpynna 33BSISKH <50S! (C3MOIIeTtil P-16); 3-
y.napHaH rpynna (caMoneTbl F-15); 4- caMoJieT E-2C XoxaA,.; 5- 6ecnn
JIOTHbJe caMOJieTbl; 6- caMoneT P.36
3aHHe, nepeH8UeJIHB8HHe, H8P8IlliH'B8HHe ycHJIHii) ocy-
mecTBJI.HJIOCb c B03.LI.YWHbiX KTI, pOJib KOTOpbiX Hrp8JIH
C8MOJieTbl .UPJIO H yrrp8aJieHH5I E-2C XOK8H (pHc.
16). B HHTepec8x HCTpe6HTeJiei:f nei:fcTBOB8JIH H C8MO-
JieTbi P35.
Cero.LI.H.H 6oH MHHyawHx JieT y2Ke He rroTp5IC8IOT H8-
we aoo6p82KeHHe.
N\Horoe H3MeHHJIOCb B p8CCT8HOBKe CHJI H B C8MOH
T8Knme HA. K8KOB8 2Ke pOJib B03.1l.YWHbiX 6oea a 6opb-
6e 38 rocno.n.cTao a B03.LI.yxe cero.n.HH H a 6y.LI.yw.eM? B
IIOHCK8X OTBeTOB H8 3TOT BOIIpOc IIOJieMH3HpyiOT Kpyrr-
Hble BOeH8q8JibHH'KH U CIIeU.H8JIHCTbl 38 p y6e2KOM, rry6-
JIHKYIOTC5l TPY.ll.bi aoeHHO-H8yqHbiX HHCTHTYTOB. HHKTO
He p ew8eTcH ocrrapHB8Tb aa2KHOCTb npo6JieMbi, HO ace
IlO.:I,llepKHB8.IOT ee CJIO.>KHOCTb II rrpOTliBOpeliHBOCTb.
22
Tu.r_aTeJibHO HCCJie.n.yH xo.n: B03.ll.YlliHbiX 6oeB B JIO-
KaJibHbiX BOfiHaX. H COIIOCTaBJIHH HX pe3y JlbTaTHBHOCTb-
C ynapaMH no a3ponpoMaM, HeKOTOpbie 3arra.n.Hhle crre-
UHaJIHCTbi IIpHXO.LI.HT K BbiBO.ll.Y 0 TOM, t.ITO B COBpeMeH-
HbiX ycJIOBHHX HaH60Jiee YH3BHMOH: aBHaUHH BCe-TaKK
Puc. 16. CaMOJieT .UPJIO IIi yn;paBJieHHH E-2C XoKaib
CTaHOBHTCH Ha 3eMJie. 06'b.HCH.HeTC.H 3TO TeM, t.ITO pe3-
KO yBeJIHt.IHJiaCb MOlll_b y.n.apHbiX CHJI, 06Jia.U.aiOlll,HX HO-
BbLMH CHCTeMaMH BbiCOKOTOt.IHOfO opy:>KHH, a COBpeMeH-
Hble caMOJieTbl HaXO.li.HTCH Ha orpaHHt.IeHHOH IIJIOlll,a.!l.K
a3ponpoMoB H He MoryT o6oH:THCh 6e3 BTITI c npoq-
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Hbi? Be.n.b 3aCTaTb aBHaUHIO Ha a3po.n.poMaX., KOTOpbie
HaXO.ll.HTCH B rJiy6HHe TeppHTOpHH npOTHBHHKa:, CTaJIO
TPY.ll.Hee. TioBhlllleHHe 6oeroTOBHOcTH aBHaUHOHHblx qa-
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HHe .LI.aJibHOCTH 06Hapy:>KeHH51 cpe.U.CTB B03.ll.YlliHOfO Ha-
na.n.eHH51, C .n.pyrOH, npHBeJIO K TOMy, qTQ BpeM.H IIOJI.'b
eMa OCHOBHbiX CHJI aBHaUHH C a3pO.li.p0MOB Terrepb CTa-
JIO MeHhllle, t.IeM BpeM.H noJieTa .n.o ueJieH ynapHbiX
rpynn Hana.n.aiOu.r_eH: aBHaURH nocJie HX o6Hapy}l(eHHH.
Tio3TOMY caMoJieTbi ycneBaiOT B3JieTeTb c a3po.u.poMOB:
H BbiHTH H3-IIO.li. y.n.apa paHbllle, qeM OH COCTOHTCH.
Tpy.n.Hee CTaHOBHTCH HaHOCHTb yu.r_ep6 aBHaUHH Ha
3eMJie, IIOCKOJlbKY CaMOJieTbl, KaK npaBHJIO, HaXOJI.HTCH
B .li.OBOJibHO Ha.LI.e:>KHbiX yKpbiTHHX, CJIO:>KHee npOpBaTb-
CH t ~ e p e 3eHHTHbiH paKeTHbiH 3aCJIOH TIBO.
23
K.aK Me opraHII30BaTb 6oph6y 3a rocno.n.cTBO B B03-
.n.yxe, qTo6b1 OHa npiiHecJia Haii60Jibiiiiiti: ycnex? Tio-
cJie.U.Hee CJIOBO eme He CKa3aHo, HO, BII)J.IIMO, IICXO,!I.H
II3 npOTIIBOpeqiiBOCTII npo6JieMbl, HeJib351 O)J.H03HaqHO
nO,li.XO,li.IITb K ee perneHIIIO: y.n.apbi no a3pO)J.pOMaM IIJIII
B03.U.YlliHbie 6oii? CJIIIlliKOM MHOro <PaKTopos BJIIIHeT
Ha OTBeT. TyT II 6a31IpOBaHIIe, II COCTaB, II B03MO:IKHO-
CTII aBIIall,IIII no ,li.OCTII.>KeHHIO BHe3anHOCTII, BbiXO.U.y
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MaM II B03.li.YlliHbiX 6oeB B pa3JIHqHbiX YCJIOBHHX H B
pa3Hble nepiiO)J.bl 6oeBbiX )J.eHCTBIIH MO.>KeT MeHHTbCH B
.u.osoJihHO rniipOKIIX npe.u.eJiax. Ho s3a1IMOCBH3b II s3a-
IIMoo6ycJIOBJieHHOCTb y.u.apOB II 6oeB B COBpeMeHHbiX
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ronpHHTHhle ycJIOBHH ,!I.JIH ,li.eHCTBIIH IICTpe61ITeJieft Ha.U.
Tepp1ITOp1IeH npOTIIBHIIKa H )J.OCTII:/KeHIIH npeBOCXO,li.CT-
Ba B CIIJiaX, a ycnelliHble B03.li.YlliHhie 60II OKa3biBaiOT
Henocpe)I.CTBeHHOe BJIIIHHIIe Ha pe3yJibTaTbl y.U.apOB nO
a3pO.U.pOMaM, nOCKOJihKY y.n.apHOH aBIIall,IIII npe.n.ocTaB-
JI51eTCH B03MO:IKHOCTb )I.eHCTBOBaTb B ycJIOBIIHX e>CJia6-
JieHHOrO npOTIIBO,li.eHCTBIIH npOTIIBHIIKa.
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rnnpHeTcH caMo ee noHHTIIe. K.poMe 6opb6bi c 6oesoA
aBIIauneft npOTIIBHIIKa B Hee BKJIIOqaiOTCH yHIIqTO:IKe-
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)J.JIH YHIIqTO:IKeHHH pa3JIIIqHhiX no TIIny II xapaKTepy
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MeHHTb B 6010 pa3Hhie TaKTIIqecKIIe npiieMbi. TI03TOMY
6opb6y C TaKIIMII ll,eJIHMII qaCTO OTHOCHT K CaMOCTOH-
TeJibHbiM 3a)I.aqaM I1A.
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24
KaJibHbiX soi'max. 3ry 3a.n.aqy oHa pernaer npH orpa-
2KeHHH BHe3anHOrO BTOp:IKeHH51. npOTHBHHKa, npHKpbi-
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crsa s B03JI.yxe co3.n.aer 6JiaronpHHTHbre ycJIOBH51. II HB-
JIHercH TeM CBOeo6pa3HbiM KJIIOl.IOM, KOTOpbiH OTKpbiB3-
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2. HcTpe6HTeJIH H npHKpblsaeMble soAcKa
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or pa3pbiBOB cHapHJI.OB II MIIH. K He6y THHYTCH qep-
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6biB3JIO II IIHat.Ie, OC06eHHO B Hat.IaJie BOHHbl, KOr)J.a H3-
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cra TOl.IHO Ha)J.e2KHO HJIH B006IUe OTCyTCTBOB3JIO. I1 3TO
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CTBY51. c Ha3eMHbiMH soH:cKaMH, cocpe.n.orot.IHBaJia csou
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HacrynJieHIIe spara.
nJI51. BblnOJIHeHH51. Ba2KHeHliieH 3a)J.al.IH npHKpbiTH51.
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HO He XBaTaJIO. He 6hiJIO Ha)J.e:IKHbiX cpe.ZJ.CTB CHCTeM yn-
paBJieHH51. H He06XO)J.HMOrO OnhiTa. 06IUeBOHCKOBbie KO-
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25
OOJihrne o6beKTOB H paBHOMepHo pacnpe,ZI.e.riHTb cHJibl
J1A no BCeMy <flpoHTY npHBO,ZI.HJIO K HX pacnbiJieHHIO, 33-
TPY.IT.H.HJIO MaccHposaHHe H MaHeBp.
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y,ZI.apbr no npHKphmaeMhiM so:HcKaM. XoT.H HenpHXOTJIH-
Bhie K 6a3HpoBaHHIO HcTpe6HTeJIH Tex JieT pacnoJiara-
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MOH .IIHHHH <fJpOHTa, OHH )J.aJieKO He Bcer,ZI.a ycneBaJIH C
BbiJieTOM. nJI.H CBOeBpeMeHHOrO nepeXB3T3 npOTHBHHKa
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B3Tb BOHCKa HYLKHO 6biJIO ,ll.JIHTeJibHO, a BpeM.H H3XO:lK-
)J.eHH.H JieTqHKOB B 30H3X COCT3BJI.HJIO 40-50 MHH. Tpe-
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)J.eJieHJibiM 30H3M, MOf CB.H3biB3Tb JieTqHKOB 60eM HJIH
npOCTO 06XO,ll.HTb 3TH 30Hbl.
l..JTO :iKe OCT3B3JIOCb KOMaH)J.HpaM, OTBeTCTBeHHbiM 33
npHKpbiTHe BOHCK? J1H60 nepeXBaT H3 nOJIO:lKeHH.H ,ZI.e-
.LKypcTBa Ha 3eMJie, He n03BOJI.HIOlUHH CBOeBpeMeHHO aTa-
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BeprneHCTBOB3Tb cpe,ZI.CTBa H CHCTeMy ynpaBJieHH.H.
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THMhre pe3yJihT3Tbi H n03BOJIHJI OTK333TbC.H OT Henpe-
pbiBHOfO .rr.eLKypcTBa B sos,ZI.yxe. Bso,ZI. HCTpe6HTeJie:H B
6ofi H3 nOJIOLKeHH.H )J.eLKypCTBa Ha 3eMJie CT3JI OCHOBHbiM
cnoco6oM 6oesbrx .rr.e:HcTBHH npH npHKpbiTHH so:HcK. Yn-
p3BJieHHe HCTpe6HTeJI.HMH OCyiUeCTBJI.HJIOCb C nOMOlUblO
PJ1C, KOTOpbre B 1943 r. 6biJIH BBe,ZI.eHhi B lllT3Tbi 803-
.U.YlllHbiX apMHH H saKperiJieHbi 33 HCTpe6HTeJibHbiMH
asnauHoHHbiMH KopnycaMH. B 1944 r. no .rr.aHHhiM PJ1C
6bJJIO npOH3Be,ZI.eHO 2102 H3Be,ZI.eHH.H HCTpe6HTeJieH Ha
Bos;:r,yrnHhre ueJIH H c6HTO 1262 caMoJieTa spara *.
KpoMe Toro, qTo6br ynpe,ZI.HTb npoTHBHHKa B ,ZI.eiicT-
BH.HX, HaH60Jiee nO,ZI.rOTOBJieHHbie JieTqHKH CT3JIH BbiXO-
,ll.HTb H3 ero TeppHTOpHIO B paHOHbi, r,ZI.e OTMeqaJIHCb nO-
.'IeTbi <ParnHCTCKHX caMoJieTOB. TaK no.HBHJIC.H, HJIH, Toq-
* CM.: T H M ox o B H q H. B. OrrepaTHBHoe ncKyccTBO CoBeT-
cKliX BBC B BeJinKoit OTe'leCTBeHHOH BOHHe. M.: BoeHH3.D:aT, 1976.
c. 283.
26
Hee, B03p0,UHJICH, er.u.e O,UHH H3BeCTHblll B pyCCKOll aBHa-
li.HH crroco6 6oeBhiX .uelicTBHii, rroJiyqnsiimli HassaHHe
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JIH rraHnKy. OT Harnnx JieTqHKOB Tpe6osaJIOCh BhiCOKoe
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JIH YCTOHqHBOCTb HX o6opOHhl, rJiy6HHa IIOCTpOeHHH 6oe-
27
BhiX nop.H.LI.KOB, nO.LI.BH.IKHOCTb H orHeBa.H MOIUb cpe.LI.CTB
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TOpbiM B03.LI.YIIIHbiH npOTHBHHK MOLKeT HaHOCHTb y.LI.apbi
B C3MbiX y.LI.aJieHHbiX paHOHaX C nOMOlUhiO JI.3JibH060H-
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.npocMarpHaaeMoro coapeMeHHhiMH Ha3eMHhiMH PJIC H
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npOIIIJIOM, 06CT3HOBKY II He06XO)J.HMOCTb yqera B03MO.IK-
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6oJiee Y.H3BHMhiMH, noBhiiiiaer aaLKHOCTh H cJIOLKHOCTh
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28
yrrpaBJIHeMbiMH 6oM6aMH, TO HX y)J.aJieHHe OT 06beKTOB
xapaKTepHayeTCH BeJIHqHHOH OTHOCa 6oM6 A, KOTOpbiH
rrpH rrpoqHx paBHbiX ycJIOBHHX aoapacTaeT no Mepe yae-
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no cyiii.eCTBy, TOJibKO KOHeqHbiMH py6eLKaMH yHHqTOLKe-
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3eMJie HJIH B B03)1.yXe.
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CTBaM H pelllHM TaKyiO 3a)J.aqy. Ilpe)J.ITOJIOLKHM, Bbl KO-
M3H)J.Hp. B aameM pacrropHLKeHHU HCTpe6HTeJIH Ha a3po-
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pyLKeHH51 ..u.ocTaToqHa ..U.JIH caoeapeMeHHoro rrepexaaTa.
BH.JI.HMO, pa3.JI.YMhiBaTb Heqero, H Bhi rrpHMeTe pellleHHe
29
Ha O,ll.HOBpeMeHHhiH HJIH nocJie,ll.OBaTeJihHbiH BBO,ll. HCTpe-
6HTeJieii B 6oii H3 nOJIO:tKeHH51 ,ll.e:tKypCTBa Ha 3eMJie Ha
3apaHee onpe.ueJieHHhiX py6e:tKax.
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COThi, TaKTHqecKHe yJIOBKH, cyMeJI COKpaTHTb ,ll.a.TJhHOCTh
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30
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Mep, Ha M3JihiX BhiCOTaX), IIO,LI.HHMeT qaCTh Cl:IJI B 30Hhl
31
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MoryT 6biTb pa3Hbie HeO:>KH)I.aHHOCTH (HeBhlfO)I.HOe COIJ
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JieH, Hey.n:atiHbie aTaKH CBOHX JieTtiHKOB), ll KOMaH)I.ll!:;r
HHKaK He 060HTHCb 6e3 pe3epsa, KOTOpbiH MO:>KeT a ~
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CKa, JieTtiHKH ll)I.YT )l.aJibllle K 3a)l.aHHbiM py6e:maM. QJ
3HaiOT, liTO rJiaBHoe ceiitiac He )l.onycTHTb yJI.apos npo-
THBHHKa )l.aJibH060HHbiM BbiCOKOTOtiHbiM opy:mHeM Pfl
npnKpbmaeMhiM o6oeKTaM. A BOT n ero nepBbie caMe
JieThi. HatinHaeTcH B03JI.YIIIHhi:fi 6oft ...
TipnKpbiTHe BoiicK npo)I.OJI:maeTcH. Bpa:mecKne caMo-
JieThi nO)I.XO)I.HT K 30HaM nopa:meHHH 3eHHTHbiX paKeT-
HbiX cpeJI.CTB TIBO. HcTpe6nTeJIHM npeJI.CTOHT BecTM
6oii B TecHoM B3aHMO)I.eiicTBHH c HHMH. KaK corJiaco
BaTh COBMecTHhie ycnJinH? KaK o6ecnetiHTb 6e3onar-
HOCTb ncTpe6nTeJieii B 30Hax nopa:meHHH 3PK? K 9TI ,
BonpocaM Mbi BepHeMCH B rJI. IV .
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60JiblllllMH rpynnaMH ll OT)I.eJibHbiMll CaMOJieTaMH. 3)I.eCh
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BOCCTaHaBJIHBaiOT 6oerOTOBHOCTb K nOBTOpHbiM BbiJie-
TaM, Ho B 9TO :me BpeMH BSJieTaiOT napa sa napoil
OXOTHHKH ll YXO)I.HT B TbiJI Bpara.
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cpbiBY BTop:meHHR npoTHBHHKa. Tipn 9TOM nepe)l. HA
BOSHHKaeT COBepllleHHO HOBOe npOTHBOpetiHe, BbiTeKaiO-
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C O)I.HOH CTOpOHbi, llCTpe6HTeJIH )I.OJIJKHbl nepexBaTbi-
BaTb BOS.LI:YIIIHOfO npOTHBHHKa Ha )l.aJibHHX nO)I.CTynax
K npHKpbiBaeMbiM 06oeKTaM, tiT06bi He )I.OnyCTHTb nyc-
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6e:mn BBO)I.a B 6oii orpaHHtieHhi rocy)l.apcTBeHHOH rpa-
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na)l.eHHH. Ho 9TO eme He Bee. TipnKpbiBaeMhle BOiicKa
32
B TetteHHe OIIpe,rr.eJieHHOfO BpeMeHH BhiHyJK,rr.eHbi nyJJ.yT
OTpa2KaTb HacTyrrJieHHe rrpoTHBHHKa, a 3aTeM rrepexo
,ll.HTb K KOHTpHacryrraTeJibHbiM ,rr.eHCTBH5lM. 3Haq!1T, Op
raHH3aUH5l rrpHKpbiTH51 H crroco6hi 6oeBhiX .rr.eficTBHH HA
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CTaHOBKH.
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TOphi? 0HH C OC060H OCTpOTOH CTaB51T KOMaH,rr.HpOB BCeX
cTerreHeii rrepe.rr. Heo6xo,rr.HMOCTbiO HMerb 3HaqrneJihHhie
CHJihl HCTpe6HTeJieH B HaHBhlCllieH 6oeBOH rOTOBHOCTH K
IIpHKpbiTHIO BOHCK, K BhliiOJIHeHHIO MaHeBpa IIO cppOHTy
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HaTOBCKOH KOHUeiiUHH 60pb6bi CO BTOphlMH 3llleJIOHaMH
(pe3epaaMH) , rrpHKpbiBaTb adiicKa HY2KHO Ha sc10 rJiy-
6HHY HX paCIIOJI02KeHH51.
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BpaJKeCKOrO 33pO,rr.poMa, r,rr.e 6a3HpyiOTC51 IOHKepcbi.
KoMaH.rr.Hp rrpe.rr.ynpe,rr.HJI: a3po.rr.poM CHJihHO rrpHKpbiT 3e-
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ceplliMHTTbl ... CKopo K a3po.rr.poMy rrpH6JIH3HJiach rpyn-
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33
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pa B03Bpai.IJ,aTbC5I ,LI.OMOH. f1pi1Ka3biBaiO HCTpe6HTeJI5IM
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KOTOpbie HYLK,LI.aJIHCb B rrpHKpbiTHH, caMH I10)1.XO,LI.HJIH K
33pO,LI.pOMy HCTpe6HTeJieH HJIH :IKe Te BCTpeqaJIH HX H3
33)1.3HHOM py6eLKe, a ITOTOM JieTeJIH BMeCTe, OTpaLKaH
aTaKH ITO 6oM6ap,LI.HpOBI.IJ,HKaM HCTpe6HTeJieH rrpOTHBHH-
Ka. B cao10 oqepe,LI.h 3KHrraLKH rrpHKpbmaeMhiX caMoJie-
TOB ITO pa,LI.HO, CHfH3JlbHbiMH paKeTaMH HJIH rryJieMeTHbi-
MH TpaccaMH OITOBei.IJ,aJIH HCTpe6HTeJieH 0 fiOHBJieHHH
Bpara H COBMeCTHO C HHMH BeJIH OrOHb ITO BpaLKeCKHM
caMOJieTaM H3 6opTOBOf0 opyLKHH.
f1pH I10)1.fOTOBKe K BbiJieTy Ha rrpHKpbiTHe 6oM6ap,LI.H-
pOBI.IJ,HKOB orrpe,LI.eJIHJIHCb py6eLKH HaqaJia H KOHIJ,a CO-
rrpOBOLK,LI.eHHH, rrocTpoeHne o6mero 6oeaoro rropH,LI.Ka, rro-
PH.LI.OK ,LI.eHCTBHH rrpH BCTpeqe C HCTpe6HTeJIHMH rrpOTHB-
HHKa. BMecTe c TeM .LI.JIH rroBhiiiieHHH Ha,LI.eLKHOCTH rrpH-
KpWTHH rrpH ITO,LI.XO,LI.e 6oM6ap,LI.HpOBI.IJ,HKOB K o6oeKT3M
y,LI.apOB, r,LI.e OHM qai.IJ,e BCero BCTpeqaJIH HHTeHCHBHOe
rrpOTHBO,LI.eHCTBHe HCTpe6HTeJieH rrpOTHBHHKa, rrpe,LI.yc-
MaTpHB3JICH 3a6JiaroapeMeHHWH BbiXO)I. K 3THM 06oeK-
TaM qacTH CHJI HaiiiHX HCTpe6HTeJieH, o6rOHHIOI.IJ,HX rrpH-
KpbiBaeMhie caMoJieTbi.
HapH.LI.Y c 6oM6ap.uHpoamnKaMH B Ha,LI.eLKHoii 3amn-
Te OT aTaK BpaLKeCKHX HCTpe6HTeJieH HYLK.LI.3JIHCb H
IIITYPMOBHKH, HaHOCHI.IJ,ne y.uapbr rro aoiicKaM rrpoTHBHH-
Ka. B3aHMO,LI.eiicTsyiOmHe qacTH Hepe,LI.KO pacrroJiaraJIHcb
Ha O.LI.HOM a3po.upoMe HJIH 6hiJIH coce,LI.HMH. 9To rrpe.uo-
cTaBJI5IJIO IIIHpOKHe B03MOLKHOCTH )I.JIH JIHqHbiX KOHTaK-
TOB rrpH YTOqHeHHH ,LI.eTaJieH B33HMO,LI.eHCTBHH.
* K o }!{ e Jl. y 6 H. BepHocrb OrttH3He. M.: BoeHH3}l,ar, 1975.
c. 202-204.
34
IlpH npHKpbiTHH WTypMOBHKOB HCTpe6HTeJIH o6blqHQ
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MOJieTaMH, npHB5I33HHOCTb HCTpe6HTeJiefi K HHM I1 060-
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HHKa, KOTOpbie BbiXO)J.HJIH B pafiOH IJ.eJiefi 33 10-
15 MHH )1.0 HaqaJia y)J.apa H 33BH3biB3JIH 6011 C HHMH
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35

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CKOpOCTeH ll rrapaMeTpOB MaHeBpa BCe Olii.YTHMee JI,aBaJI
o ce6e sHaTb rrpH cosMecTHOM rroJieTe. AHaJIH3IIpy.H
cppOHTOBhle 11pHMepbi (pHC. 18), MOJKHO BHJI,eTb, qTO TOrJI,a
HCTpe6HTe.TJ:H, Bbii10JIH5151 3HepmqHbiH MaHeBp, He Tep.H-
JIH 3pHTeJibHOH CB513ll C rrpHKpbiBaeMOH rpynnoA. 0HH
HMeJIH rrepeJI. HeH 60Jibll10e rrpeHMylll.eCTBO B CKOpOCTll,
MOrJIH CB060JI,HO rrepeXOJI,llTb C OJI,HOrO ee cpJiaHra Ha
JI.pyroii, cocpeJI.OToqHsaTh CHJihi Ha yrpoJKaeMoM Ha-
npasJieHHH.
C yMeHhilleHIIeM pa3HOCTH CKOpOCTeH H yseJIHqeHH-
eM rrapaMeTpos MaHespa rroJioJKeHHe H3MeHIIJIOCb. K TO-
MY JKe HaXOJI,llTbC.H Ha HHTepBaJiaX ll JI,HCTaHUH.HX yse-
peHHOrO BHsyaJibHoro Ha6JIIOJI.eHH.H sa o6ecrreqHsaeMhi-
MH caMOJieTaMII HCTpe6IITeJI.HM cTaJio TPYJI.Hee. Ilo3TOMY
OHH 6hiJIII BbiHYlKJI.eHbl 6o.TJ:biiie BHHMaHll}{ yJI.eJI.HTb 3pll-
TeJibHOMy KOHTaKTY C HHMII, qeM ITOIICKY B03JI.YIIIHOrO
rrpoTIIBHIIKa. Ho rJiaBHoe -- TaKa.H rrpHB.H3aHHOCTh JIII-
rnaJia JI eTqliKOB llHHUHa TIIB bl, B bi60p a 6JI a rorrpH.HTHOrO
MOMeHTa BCTYIIJieHH.H B 60H ll CB060JI,bl MaHeBpa.
,UeHCTBHTeJibHO, K3K qacOBOH He MO)KeT OCTaBIITb
CBOH ITOCT H yHTll B CTOpOHY OT oxpaH.HeMoro o6oeKTa,
* HbiOC YHK. 1961. 30 HOH6pH.
37
T3K H HCTpe6HTJlb COIIpOBOM)I.HH5I He )I.OJIMeH 6pOC3Tb
csoero Mecra s 6oesoM rrop5I,u.Ke. Ho ,u.aMe rrpocroii
p33BOpOT B3 ]80 IIpHBO)I.HJI K OTpWsy HCTpe6HTeJI5I OT
rpyrrrrhr. Jlerl!HKaM peKOMeH,u.osaJIOCb scryrraTb B 6oii
Jllllllb B CJiyqae OCTpOH He06XO)I.HMOCTH, BbiiiOJIH5ITb KO-
pOTKHe l\13HeBpbl, l!T06bi ycrreTb CHOB3 33H5ITb MCTO B
6oeso:vr rropr.11,Ke. KaKHe-JIH6o .n.eMoHcrpaTHBHhie ,u.efi-
CTBH5I, .'lOJKHbiC MaHCBpbi H ,u.pyrHe T3KTHl!eCKHe rrpHeMbi
HCKJIIOl!3JIHCb, IIO BCe 3TO He peiii3JIO IIp06JieMbi.
HeMHoro rro3,U.Hee B03MOMHOCTH Herrocpe,u.crseHHOro
corrposo/E,LI.eHim erue 6o.rree cy3HJIHCb. Ha 3TOT pa3 rrpH-
l!HHoii nsHJIOCb rrocryrrJieHHe Ha soopy:tKeHHe ncrpe6H-
re.rrefl rrporHBHHKa yrrpaBJI5IeMhiX paKer K.rracca B03-
li.YX - B03,U.YX. 3a HHMH CT05IJIH )I.3JibHOCTH rrycKa,
HaMHOfO rrpesbiUI3IOlli,He )I.3JlbHOCTb 3pHTeJibHOH CB5I3H
HCTpe6HTe.'leH C o6ecrrel!HB3eMbiMH C3MOJieTaMH. ,llJI5I CBO-
espeMeHHOfO 0Tp3MHli5I 3T3K rrpOTHBHHK3, npHMeH5IIO-
lll,CfO raKHc paKeTbi, HYMHO 6hrJio pacrroJiararb HCTpe6H-
TeJIH COI1pOBO:tK)I.HII5I BHe 3pHTeJibHOfO KOHT3KT3 C y,u.ap-
HbiMH rpyrrrraMH. IlmiB.TJeHHe Me scepaKypcHhiX paKer
IIOBJIKJIO 33 C060H He06XO)I.IIMOCTb 33lli,IITbl IIX CO BCeX
Herrocpe,u.crseHHOe conposo:tK,u.eHIIe rrpe-
spariiJIOCb B rrarpyJibHOe.
flepeXO)I. K rrarpyJibHOMy COIIpOBOM)I.HHIO HeCKO.'lhKO
paCIIIHpiiJI B03Mo:IKHOCTH HCTpe6IITe.TJeH, HO OCHOBHbie He-
ll:OCT3TKII (rrpiiB5I33HHOCTb K CBOeMy Mecry B 6oeBOM
rropH,u.Ke, crecHeHHocrh B MaHespe) ocraJIIICb. K roMy
Me )I.JI5I yrrpasJieHII5I 06IUIIM 60CBhiM ll0p5I.IJ.KOM, B KOTO-
pOM .IJ.IICT3HUIIH II HHTepB3Jlbi 3H3l!IITJlhHO rrpeBbiUI3JIH
)I.3JlhHOCTb BH3Y3JibHOH BH)I.IIMOCTII, norpe60B3JI3Cb IIO-
MOlli,b IIYHKTOB yrrpasJieHH5I C 3eMJIH, liTO CT3HOBHJIOCb
HeB03MOMHbiM H3.ll. reppHTOpHefi rrpOTIIBHIIK3. f103TOMY
Ha,u.eM.ll.hi Ha rrarpyJibHOe corrposoM,u.eHIIe oKa3aJIIICb M3-
.rroc6hrroqHbiMH, OCT3BIITh Me 6oM63p.LJ.HpOBlUHKII 6e3
CJie)I.OB3BlllHX BMeCTe C HHMH IICTpe6HTeJieH 6biJIO elli,e
XV Me.
- LJro Me 11,3.'lbllle? IlpeM.ne, l!eM orseTHTb, npocJie-
.LJ.HM, K3K MeHn.'THCb yc.TJOBH5I IIpHKpb!TII5I CHJI3MH HCTpe-
6IITeJieH IIO;'Lp33ll,eJieHHH H l!3CTeH y,u.apHOH 3BH3UHH.
HR ee soopyMeHHe HOBbie caMoJieTbi o6-
JianaJlH 60.1ce BbiCOKHMH T3KTHKO-TXHHl!eCKHMH .ll.3H-
HbTMH ITO CKOpOCTH II BhiCOTe IIOJIT3, .ll.OCT3TOl!HOH 3Hep-
fOBOOpyMeHHOCTbiO. 3TO II03BOJI1110 HM OCyiUeCTBJI5ITh
IIOJieT K UeJI5IM H3 BWCOKOH CKOpOCTH II MaHeBpHpOB3Tb
B 60JibllleM )J.H3ll330He BbiCOT. Me, IIpH"'
38
KpbiB3IOiuife 6oM6ap.rr.HpOBIUHKOB, rro-rrpe)I<HeMy 6hiJIH
crecneHhi B Manespe, oco6eHHo ec.TIH Hy)f<HO 6hrJio oT-
pa.JKaTh 3T3KH Bpa:tKeCKHX CaMOJieTOB, BOOpyiKCIIHbiX yrr-
paBmieMbiMH paKeTaMH, C 60JibWOH ,[LaJibHOCTH. Tio:no-
My HeKOTOpbie 3BHa:U.HOHHbie KOMaH,lLHpbi, ITOJiaraH, qTQ
OCHOBHOH 33IUHTOH OT HCTpe6HTeJiei1 rrpOTHBHHKa CTaHO-
B5ITC5I BbiCOKa5I CKOpOCTb, MaHeBpeHHOCTb H 60JibWOH
.[LUaiia30H BbiCOT rroJiera, sa.LLyMhiBaJIHCh: a HY)fi:HO JIH
B006IUe rrpHKpbiTHe y.LLapHOH aBHa:U.HI-1 CHJiaMH I1A?
Herpy.rr.Ho saMeTHTb, qro cropoHHHKH rro.LL06HbiX B3r"1R-
.LLOB Ha caMOM .n;eJie or.pn:u.a"111 He Heo6xo,lLHMocrb rrpn-
KpbiTHH y.rr.apHoli asnauHH, a JIHWb O.IT.HH H3 crroco6os
6oeBbiX .rr.ei1cTBHH Hcrpe6nreJiei1 - corrposo:tK.rr.eHHe.
Tpa.rr.HII.HOHHbiH crroco6 corrposo.JK.rr.eHHH Hcrpe6nre-
JIHMH caMOJieTOB T3KTHqecKOH II CTparernqeCKOH aBHa-
ll.HH y6e)J.HTeJibHO IIOKa3aJI CBOH CJia6bie CTOpOHbi eiUe
B BOHHe so BbernaMe. B aMepnKaHCKOH rreqarn coo6-
maJioch, qro 3TH caMoJieThi, Jieraaume c 6oJihWOH 6oM-
6osoi1 Harpy3KOH, He MOfJIH Bbi.LLep:tKaTb CKOpOCTb 60Jiee
890 KM/q H, HecMorpH Ha conposOM.LLeHne nx ncrpe6n-
reJIHMH Ha Mapwpyre n B paH:oHe u:eJieH:, 6biJIH oqeHh
Y,H3BHMhi or cesepoBhernaMcKHX ncrpe6nTeJiei1. TinKH-
PYH qepes 6oesbie rropH.LLKH HcTpe6nreJieH: corrpoao:tK.rr.e-
HHH Ha CBepX3BYKOBOH CKOpOCTH, OHH ysepeHHO c6HBaJIH
rrpHKpbiBaeMhie caMoJieThi. XoTH aMepHKaHcKne "'IeTqHKH
3HaJIH 06 3TOM T3KTHqecKOM IIpHeMe, HO eMy rpy)J.HO
6 biJIO qrQ-JIH60 rrpOTHBOIIOCT3BliTb *.
D03)J.Hee aMepHKaHU:bi rrepeWJIH K o6ecrreqeHHIO y.rr.ap-
HbiX CaMOJieTOB He TOJibKO COIIpOBO:tK,[LeHHeM, 1-IO II Bbi-
CbiJIKOll sacJIOHOB, .rr.eMypcTBOM rpyrrrr .[LaJihHero rrepe-
xsaTa Ha HarrpaBJieHH5IX B03MO./KH0f0 II05IBJieHH5I HCTpe-
6HTeJieH UPB, a raK:tKe 6JIOKHposanneM HX a3pO.LLpo-
MOB (pHc. 19). Bee rpyrrrrbi TaKrHqecKoro Ha3naqeHH5I
cJie.LLoBaJIH snaqaJie B o6meM 6oesoM rropH.LLKe, a sa-
TeM, orrepe.JKaH y.LLapHbie rpyrrrrhi, 3aHHMaJIH rroJio:tKeHHe,
IIOKa3aHHOe Ha pHCYHKe.
3HaiO, qro, aHaJIH3HpyH pHc. 19, HeKorophre qHrare-
JlH CKeiiTHqecKH yJihi6HyTC5I: MO:tKHO JIH cerO)LH5I HCIIOJib-
30BaTb OIIbiT BherHaMa, r.LLe arpeccop, pacrroJiaraH sna-
qnreJihHbiM rrpeBOCXO)lCTBOM Ha,n cesepOBbeTHaMCKHMH
BBC, MOr CTOJib me.npo pacxo.rr.osarb CH.Tibi CBOHX HCT-
pe6HTeJiei1? KaKoe Mecro OKa:tKercH 3a corrpoBoM.rr.enH-
* Op.nHaHc. 1976 . .N'2 11-12.
39
~ M rtycrh H naTpyJJhHhrM, ecJJli raKoto ttpeaocxo.n.crna
He OK3JKeTC51?
,UJJ51 OTBeT3 Ha 3TH BOllpOCbl o6paniMC51 K 6oJiee
no3,LI,HHM co6biTH51M. CnycT51 10 Jier B .rmsaHCKOM KOH-
<j>JIHKTe 1982 r. H3paHJihCKHe HCTpe6HTeJI.H F-15 H F-16
OTK333JIHCb OT COBMeCTHbiX llOJieTOB H K3KOrO-JIH60 KOH-
T3KT3 c y,ll.apHbiMH rpynnaMH. BMecro rpa,ll.Hll.HOHHoro,
_ ~
:-..._-.:-,.,.
- ::_.
t"HC. 19. 06ecrreqBHJHe .lLPYI'HX pOJI.OB aB'IfaiJ;HIH H<C1ipe6HTeJIHMIH (no
O'ilbl'fiY BOHHl>i BIQ BbeTHJaMe). npyrrrrhi TaK'J11fqOCKOro Hla3HiaqeHH5I:
J - Henocpe,!lCTBeHHOfO conpOBOlK,!leHIHI; 2- 3aCJIOHbl; 3- ,!laJibHero nepe-
XBaTa; 4- 6JIOKHpOBaHHH a3pO,!lpOMOB HCTpe6HTeJieA
CTOJib Hey)l.06HOrO ,li,JI51 HCTpe6HTeJiefi COllpOBOJK)l.eHH51
B33HMO,LJ,eHCTBHe C HHMH ocymecTBJI51JIOCb no BpeMeHH
H py6eJKaM B rpaHHu:ax paiioHa HaHeceHH51 y,ll.apa. Tie-
peA BhiXO)l.OM y,ll.apHbiX rpynn K u:eJI51M HCTpe6HTeJIH
Bhi)l.BHf3JIHCb Bnepe,ll. H o6pa30BbiB3.JIH MHOf05IpyCHbie
3aCJIOHhl. EhiJI eme O,LJ,HH MOMeHT, cnoco6crsyiOill.HH ra-
KHM )l.eikTBH51M. Becb 3TOT paiioH Haxo,LJ,HJIC5I no,LJ, pa-
)I.HOJIOKaU:HOHHhiM Ha6JIIO,LJ,eHHeM c B03,LJ,YIIIHoro KTI ( ca-
MOJiera E-2C XOKaH), KOTOpbiH KOHTpOJIHpOB3JI 803-
,LJ,YIIIHYIO 06CT3HOBKY H KOppeKTHpOB3JI ,lJ.eHCTBH51 y,ll.ap-
MbiX rpynn H HCTpe6HTeJieH npHKpbiTH51.
Cero)I.H51 Te npo6JieMhi, KOTOpbre peiiiaJIHCh npn npn-
KphiTHH yAapHhiX rpynn B JIOKaJibHhiX BOiiHax, yrnJIH
B HCTOpHIO, qacTHqHQ 336hiTbl H 33CJIOHeHhl HOBbiMH
npo6JieM:aMH. Onpe)I.eJI51IOlli.ee BJIH51HHe Ha Hx B03HHKHO-
BeHHe OK33b!B3IOT IIOBbillleHHe B03MOJKHOCTeH y)I.apHOH
3BH3U:HH, HO fJI3BHbiM o6p330M H3MeHHBlllHeC51 yCJWBH51
40
COeBblX .UeHCTBHM, o6yCJIOBJieHHbie Tpe6oaaHH5IMH 060
pOHHTeJibHOH .UOKTpHHbl. IlpH co6JIIO.UeHHII rrpiiHUHIIa
o6opOHHOH .UOCTaTQqHQCTII, rrpe.uycMaTpiiBaiOW:ero MIIHII-
MaJibHO He06XO.UHMOe KOJIHqecTBO BOeHHOH TeXHHKH H
JIIIqHQfO COCTaBa .UJI5I 0TpaMeHH5I B03MOMHOH arpec-
CIIH, HeCMOTp5I Ha BblCOKIIe ,TJeTHO-TaKTHqecKHe XapaK-
TepiiCTIIKII CaMOJieTOB, o6yqeHHOCTb II 6.UHTeJibHOCTb KO-
MaH.UHpOB II JieTqHKOB, paccqHTbiBaTb Ha rrpeBOCXO.UCTBO
B CIIJiax ne rrpHXO.UHTC5I. K TOMY Me npH naneceHIIII
OTBeTHO-BCTpeqHbiX IIJIH OTBeTHbiX y.uapOB aBHaUII5I
BCTpeTIIT IIpOTIIBO.UeHCTBIIe HeiiO.UaBJieHHOH HJIH CJ!a6o
IIO.UaBJieHHOH CIICTeMbi IlBQ rrpOTIIBHIIKa H ero HCTpe-
6HTeJieH.
KaKosa Me cero.UH5I po.TJb HA, KaKHMII cnoco6aMII
rrpii HbiHelliHeM ypoBHe II KaqecTBe aBHaUIIOHHOH TeXHII-
KII o6ecrreqHTb ycrremuoe rrpHKpbiTHe y.uapnoii aaHaUHII,
,neHCTBYIOW:eH MaCCHpOBaHHO B paccpe.uoToqeHHbiX 6oe-
BbiX IIOp5I.UKaX, IIpHMeH51IOW:eH .UaJibH060HHOe BbiCOKO-
TQqHoe opyMne, MOW:Hbre cpe.UCTBa P9E?
Bo3pacTaiOW:a5I orracnocTh .UJI5I y.uapnofi aaHaUHH co
CTOpOHbi IICTpe6IITeJieH rrpOTHBHIIKa, C O.UHOH CTOpOHbi,
H Bb!COKHe 6oeBb!e CBOHCTBa HCTpe6HTeJieH qeTaepTOfO
IIOKOJieHII5I - C .Upyroft, HeCOMHeHHO, IIOBbilliaiOT pOJib
HA, no Tpe6yiOT .uaJihHeiimero coseprnencTROBaHH5I cno-
co6os ee 6oeBbiX .ueiicTBHH. Bp5I..U JIH MOMHO cqHTaTh,
qTQ 3..UeCb BCe 5ICHO. Be..Ub IIOHCK HOBbiX nyTefi B KaKOH
6bl TO HII 6b!JIO ~ e p e ..Ue5ITeJibHOCTH Bcer.ua CBH3aH C
pemeniieM pH.na rrpo6JieM. B c ~ e p e rrpHKpb!TH5I y.uap-
noH: aBHaUHII CHJiaMII HCTpe6HTeJieH cero.UHH MOMHO
Bbi..UeJIIITh, no Kpafiueii Mepe, TPH nepaooqepe.n:HhiX rrpo-
6JieMhi:
- KaK llCKJIIQqiiTb 3JieMeHT 3aiia3.UbiBaHIIH, IIpH-
CYW:HH rrpHpo.ne o6opoHhi, n o6ecrreqnTh a.ueKBaTHYIO
roTOBHOCTb HA (KaK n y.napnoii asnaunH) K rrpHKpbi-
THIO B MHoroaapHaHTHbiX ycJIOBH5IX o6CTaHOBKH? Hero-
TOBHOCTh, Me.UJIIITeJibHOCTb B IIpHH5ITHH perueHHH IIJIH
IIO.U'beMe IICTpe6IITeJieH MOMeT npHBeCTH K yTpaTe 6oe-
CIIOC06HOCTII ew:e .UO HaqaJia OTBeTHOfO y.uapa;
- KaK o6ecrreqHTb 3JieKTpOHHyiO COBMeCTHMOCTb
6opTOBbiX pa..UH03JieKTpOHHbiX Cpe..UCTB IIpHKpb!BaeMbiX
CaMOJieTOB II pa.UIIOJIOKaUIIOHHbiX rrpnueJIOB HCTpe6IITe-
JieH? CJia6o ow:yTHMhre rroMexn rrpnueJiaM rrpn nprr-
KpbiTHH OT..UeJibHbiX He60JiblllllX rpyrrrr 6oM6ap.n:HpOBW:II-
KOB OKa3b!BaiOTC5I 3HaqiiTeJibHO CHJibHee B MaCCHpOBaH-
J{biX: y.napax aBIIaUIIII, KOr.na OHa .neHCTByeT KpyiiHbiMII
41
rpynnaMII, H MoryT cephe3HO ycJWIKHIITb B03,n:yumylb
06CT3HOBKY HCTpe6I-iTe.JI5IM rrpHKpblTIIH;
- K3K rrpHKpblTb C3MOJieTbl y,n:apHOH II B rrepByiO
oqepe,n:h ,n:a.1bHei1 asHall,HH, HaHOCHlll.ei-i: y,n:apbr no y,n:a-
.1eHHbiM 06beKT3M rJiy60KOrO TbiJia npOTIIBHIIKa?
0epB35I H3 cymecTB)'lOlllHX npo6JieM pernaeTC5I B 06-
llleM ITJI3He nOBbiWeHH5I 6oerOTOBHOCTII J1A K OTpa!Ke-
HHIO arpeCCHH, BTOpaH npe,n:CT3BJI5IeT C060H 06JiaCTb BO-
eHHO-HHIKeHepHblX peWeHIIH, TpeTbH 33CJI)'IKIIB3eT C3MO-
CT05ITeJibHOfO o6cy/K,n:eHIIH.
J13BCTHO, liTO ,LJ:O He,n:aBHerO BpeMeHII npiiKpblTIIe ca-
MO.TJ:eTOB ,LJ:3JlbHH 3BII3ll,HII 6biJIO B03MOMHO TOJlbKO npll
HX npOJieTe liepe3 npncppOHTOB)'lO nOJIOC)'. 0pHqHHa 3TO-
rO - cpaBHHTeJibHO He60.TJ:blllOH T3KTHlieCKIIH pa,n:IIyc
,n:eHCTBHH HCTpe6HTe.TieH. ,UaJiee 6oM6ap,n:HpOBUUfKll ,n:OJI-
MHbl 6b!.,'lll npeo,n:O,TJ:B3Tb OBQ npOTllBHHKa C3MOCT05I-
TeJibHO, rroJiaraHCb Ha 6opTOBhre cpe,n:cTBa P35 n o6o-
poHHTeJibHoe BOOpyMeHHe.
HLIHe C nocTynJieHHeM Ha BOOpyMeHHe J1A C3MOJie-
TOB Cy-27, KOTOpbl no npasy MOMHO H33B3Tb HCTpe-
6HTeJIHMH ,n:aJihHero ,n:eHCTBHH ( M3KCHM3JlbH35I ,n:aJib-
HOCTb ITO/leTa - 4000 KM), CHT)'3ll,H5I H3MHllJI3Cb. Oo-
HBHJIHCb noTeHUH3JlbHbie B03MOMHOCTH npHKpbiTllH 3BH3-
UHH Ha MapwpyTaX no.JieTa K II.e.JIHM ti:O py6eMeH nycKa
paKeT KJiacca B03,n:yx - nosepxHOCTh H Ha o6paT-
HbiX MapwpyTax. B 3HaqnTe.JihHOH Mepe noBbiCHJIHch
KOHCTp)'KTHBHO 33JIOMeHHble B pa3JIIIqHblX CllCTM3X C3-
MOJieTOB B03MOMHOCTII no o6sopy B03.ll.YlllHOrO npOCT-
paHCTB3, onpe,n:eJieHHIO B33HMHbiX KOOp,ll.IIH3T HCTpe6II-
Te.JieH II rrpHKpbiBaeMbiX caMOJieTOB Ha 60JiblllHX ,n:aJib-
HOCTHX, B03MO)KHOCTII KOM3H,ll.IIpOB no ynpaBJieHIIIO Be-
tJ:OMblMII B rpyrrnOBO:vl B03tJ:)'lllHOM 6010.
O.rr.HaKo noTeHunaJihHhie B03MOMHOCTII - eme He
pE'3JlbHOCTb. 4T06bi BOn.JIOTHTb HX B ,ll.eHCTBIITeJibHOCTb,
Tpe6yiOTCH pa3pa60TK3 H3IIBblfO,ll.HHlllHX peMHMOB ll
BapiiaHTOB IIOJieTa H3 pa3JI!IliHbiX BblCOT3X, a B ,ll.3Jlb-
HeHWeM ll OCBOeHHe ,ll.03anpaBKll HCTpe6HTJieH TOnJIH-
BOM B B03,n:yxe II, liTO He MeHee B3MHO, Bb!COK35I o6y-
lJeHHOCTb H H3TpeHHpOB3HHOCTb JieTliHKOB, HX yMeHHe
nOJIHOCTb!O HCnO.'lb30Ba Tb HOBbie B03MOR<HOCTH TXHIIKII.
Ho 3TO TOJibKO O.LI.HH acrreKT npo6JieMbl. EcTb H .rr.py-
r oi1:. YseJIHqcHHe ,n:aJibHOCTH II npo.rr.oJIMIITeJihHOCTH rro-
JieTa OK33LIB3CT HeraTHBHOe BJlll5IHHe Ha cpyHKUHOH3Jlb-
HOe COCTOHHHe ll pa60TOCnOc06HOCTb 3KHna!l{eH BCeX
42
C3MOJieTOB, O,UHOMeCTHbiX OCOOeHHO. flOKOpHTb rrpoct-
paHCTBO H apeMH cTaHOBHTCH ace TPYJI.Hee. JlHTepaTy-
pa Me, IIOCBHllleHH35I ,U3HHhiM BOIIpOcaM, IIOKa CKpOMHO
o6xo,nHT 3TOT acrreKT. Ho MOMHO JIH He yqHThiB3Th Ta-
KHe OTPHUaTeJIIYHhie cpaKTOphi, KaK rHIIOAHH3MHH, JI.JIH-
TeJihHoe rrpe6hiB3Hl:le B JieTHOM OOMYHJI.HpOB3HHH H CIIeU-
CHapHMeHHH B BhiHyM,neHHOH pa6oqeif II03e, HeB03MOM-
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43
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44
,tJ.oJnKeH yiJecth pemeHile t<O
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6y.u.ro, Hana.u.a51 nepBbiM, arpeccop He cyMeer BhiBe-
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pe6HTeJI51MH, C03)I.3Tb 6pemH B CnJIOlliHOM p3JI.HOJIOK3Ul:I-
OHHOM noJie o6opOH5110IUeHC51 CTOpOHbi. TI03TOMy, ecJIH
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BO MHOfOM npOTHBOpeqHBbie H erue He ycT051Bli1HeC51
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45
4. B soJ,ll,ymnoif pa3se,ll,J<e
flapa HCTpe6nTeJiei1 5IK-7 B3JieTeJia Ha pa3se,nKy cpa
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H3JI 06 O,ll,HOM H3 BbiJieTOB Ha pa3Be;J.Ky TplliK,ll,bl fepofi
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46
HOH HaXO)lKOli, qTO 0 HeH fOBOpiiJIII B lliTa6e UeJiyiO
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3anHbiH y.uap no HallliiM BOHCKaM *.
HeMaJio anH30JlOB cJiyqaJIOCb II B nocJie-
.uyiOrune rO)lbi BOHHbi. l1CTpe6nTeJIII-pa3ae.u.qiiKH 163-ro
raap.ueiicKoro nan a 5eJiopyccKoti HaCTynaTeJibHOH one-
paurm o6HapyLKHJIII I HIOJIH 1944 r. y nepenpaBbi qe-
pe3 p. 5epe3HHY B pati:OHe llieBepHbiqll OKOJIO 600-
700 aBTOMalllHH, 6oJiee 800 nO,li.BO,li. H )lO 20 000 fllTJie-
pOBUeB. 3TOT BbiJieT nOBJieK 3a co6ofi BaLKHeHllllle no-
CJie,li.CTBIIH. Haacer.ua B naMHTH OCTaHyTC51. yLKaCHbie
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rO KaK no ,li.3HHbiM pa3Be,li.qHKOB OHH nO)lBeprJIHCb MOIU-
1-!0MY aanaunoHHOMY y.uapy **.
UnHaMHqHo, a nopoti n Henpe.u.cKa3yeMo npo.u.omKa-
JIOCb pa3BHTHe TaKTIIKII B03JlYlllHOH pa3Be,li.KII B nocJie-
BOeHHbie rO.U.bi. Ee ycJIOBH51. n B03MO:tKHOCTH 6hrCTpo Me-
_H51.JIHCb, HO TaKTHqecKHe npHeMbi HCTpe6HTeJieH BCer,li.a
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npeo.u.oJieHHe cTpeMnTeJibHO HapacTaawero c noHBJieHH-
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CTBIIH fiBQ npOTIIBHHKa.
BcKpbiTHe MaJiopa3MepHbiX, K TOMy LKe 3aMacKnpo-
BaHHbiX, 06beKTOB npe)lCTaBJIHJIO ,li.JI51. IICTpe6HTeJiefi OC0-
6yiO CJIO:tKHOCTb. B OTJJJ1qHe OT cneunaJIII3HpoaaHHbiX
caMOJieTOB-pa3Be,li.qHKOB OHH He HMe.rm Ha 60pTy pa3HO-
o6pa3HOH pa3Be,li.biBaTeJibHOH annapaTypbi II n03TOMy He
MOrJIII o6HapyLKIIBaTb o6beKTbi no nx HK-H3JiyqeHIIIO,
pa60Te pa)lH03JieKTpOHHbiX cpe,li.CTB II .upyrHM nO,li.06HO-
ro po.ua .u.eMaCKHpyiOIUIIM npn3HaKaM. OcHOBHbiM cnoco-
6oM B03JlYWHOH pa3Be,li.KH, KaK ll B fO)lbi BOHHbi, )lJIH
IICTpe6HTeJieH OCTaBaJIOCb BH3yaJibHOe Ha6JIIO,li.eHHe. Ho
c nepexo.u.oM HA OT noplllHeBbiX K peaKTHBHhiM caMoJie-
TaM BpeMH B03MOLKHOfO Ha6JIIO)leHII51. 33 06beKT3MII,
CC06eHHO Ha M3JlbiX BbiCOTaX, pe3KO COKpaTIIJIOCb, yxy)l-
WIIJI3Cb II MaHeBpeHHOCTb HCTpe6HTeJieH. 3a BpeMH Bbi-
nOJIHeHH51. pa3BOpOTOB, rOpOK, HMeBlllllX Tenepb 3HaqH-
* n 0 K p bl ill K H H A. H. He6o BOHHbl. M.: BoeHH3)l.aT, 1966.
c. 1&8.
** UAMO, <P- 319, orr. 4798, )1.. 186, JI. 18; orr. 4800, )1.. 71,
Jl. 184.
47
TeJibHO 66JiblllHe IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHbie pa3Mepb1, pa3<Be)l.-
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OT CBOHX BOHCK OHH yiKe He Ha6JIIO)l.3JIHCb PJIC rryHKTOB
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BpeMH Ha6JIIO)l,eHHH yBe.rmqnBaJiocb, HO, ecJIH IIOJIHOCTbiO
BCKpbiTb 06beKT H npHBH3aTb ero K KapTe He y.n.a-
B3JIOCb, Ha6JIIO)l.eHHe Ha BOCXO.lJ,HW.eii
48
cmrpaJIH (pn:c. 20, 6). TaKoH: MaHesp HBJIHJICH O.ll.HOspe-
MeHHO H npOTHB03eHHTHbiM.
TiepeH:)l.eM K )l.HIO cero.uHHWHeMy. l1ccJie.ll.y5l onbiT
JIOKaJihHhiX soH:H, 3ana)l.Hhre soeHHhre cneun:a.rrn:cTbi cqn:-
TaiOT, lJTO )l.OCTHlJb BHe3anHOCTH B03.LlYWHbiM pa3Be)l.lJH-
K3M npn: noJieTe B CnJIOWHOM pa)l.HOJIOK3UHOHHOM noJie
npOTHBHHKa nOlJTH HeB03MO:iKHO, n03TOMy OHH npHWJIH
K BbiBO.ll.Y 0 He06XO)l.HMOCTH M3KCHM3JibHOrO npHBJieqe-
HH51 K B03)l.yWHOH pa3Be)l.Ke HCTpe6HTeJieH, CIIOC06HbiX
6oJiee ycnernHo, qeM .ll.pyrn:e caMoJieTbi, )l.eH:cTBOBaTh s
CJIO:>KHOH 6oesoH: o6cTaHOBKe. Ha n:cTpe6HTeJiefl-pa3Be.ll.-
qHKOB, IIO HX MHeHHIO, MOryT 6hiTb B03JIO:>KeHbl )l.06bi-
B3HHe )l.3HHhlX 0 IIpOTHBHHKe Ha nOJie 605!, B T3KTHlJe-
CKOH rJiy6HHe B HHTepecax cyxonyTHbiX BOliCK, a T3KJKe
.ll.Opa3Be)l.Ka ueJieH: nepe.ll. HaHeceHn:eM y.ll.apos n: Hase)l.e-
HHe Y.ll.3pHbiX rpynn 3BH3UHH Ha o6Hapy:>KeHHbie HMH
06beKTbl. TipH 3TOM peKOMeH)l.yeTC51 IIOpyqaTb HCTpe-
6HTeJIHM )l.06hlB3HHe pa3Be)l.hlB3TeJibHhlX )l.3HHhlX B TeX
CJiyqaHX, KOr)l.a He Tpe6yeTC51 BbiCOKOH TOlJHOCTH HHcpOp-
M3UHH HJIH eCJIH Hy:>KHO rrposepHTb COMHHTeJibHbie )l.3H-
Hbie, yTOlJHHTh cse)l.eHHH o6 o6beKTax, o6Hapy:>KeHHbiX
.ll.pyrHMH BH)l.3MH J)"33Be)l.KH *.
KaKosa :>Ke cerO.ll.HH TaKTHKa HcTpe6n:TeJieii-pa3Be.ll.-
qn:Kos? 0HH )l.eHCTBYIOT, K3K npaBHJIO, B COCT3Be nap.
OcHosHhlM crroco6oM pa3Be.ll.KH ocTaeTCH Tpa.ll.HUHOHHoe
BH3yaJibHOe Ha6JIIO)l.eHHe. 0)l.H3KO C ycJIO:>KHeHHeM yc-
JIOBHH H 06beKTOB pa3Be)l.KH H3MeTHJI3Cb TeH)l.eHUHH )l.O-
noJIHeHHH 3T0f0 CIIOC06a H .ll.pyrn:MH: B03.ll.YWHbiM cpo-
TOrpacpn:posaHHeM H C nOMOlllbiO pa)l.H03JieKTpOHHbiX
Cpe)l.CTB. ,llJIH 3TOrO Ha HCTpe6HTeJIHX MOryT YCT3H3B-
JIHB3TbC51 rro)l.secHhle KOHTeH:Hepbi c cpoTo-, HK- n: orr-
THK0-3JieKTpOHHOH arrnapaTypofi, COCT3B KOTOpOH onpe-
)l.eJIHeTC51 nepe)l. BbiJieTOM B COOTBeTCTBHH C CO)l.ep:>Ka-
Hl:leM 33)l.3lJH, ITOCT3BJieHHOH Ha p33Be)l.Ky.
QqeBH)l.HO, lJTO KOMnJieKCHOe IIpHMeHeHHe CIIOC060B
B03.ll.YWHOH p33Be)l.KH paCllll:lpHeT B03MO:iKHOCTH HCTpe-
6HTeJieH no ee BbiiiOJIHeHl:IIO, n03BOJI5leT l:IM pernaTb 6o-
Jiee CJIO:iKHbie H 06beMHbie 33)l.3lJH, HO nOHCK 06beKTOB
OTHIO)l.b He CT3HOBl:ITC5l MeHee CJIO:iKHhlM. ,llocTaTOlJHO
COOPY.ll.HTb H3)l. 06beKTOM HaBeC, nOCT3BliTb )l.b!MOBYIO
33Becy HJil:l IIpOCTO 33:>KelJb pH)l.OM KOCTep -- H 06beKT
CTaHeT HeBH)l.HMbiM )l.JI51 cpoTO- H HK-arrnapaTypbl. no-
liCK 33M3CKHpOB3HHbiX 06beKTOB U03TOMy Tpe6yeT eme
CHrHJI. 1984. N!! 1
~ 56
49
COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHX T3KTHqecKHX IIpHeMOB H coqeTaHHH
nx c rrpneMaMH rrpeo,no.TieHHH ITBO rrpoTHBHHKa. Pa3-
Be,nqHKH BhlHYJK.U.eHbi IIOCTOHHHO MeHHTb Kypc, BbJIIOJI-
HHTb MaHeBpbi ,!I.JI51 yxo.u.a OT HCTpe6HTeJieH, cphiBa Ha-
Be,li.eHH51 paKeT, H BCe 3TO He ,!J.OJIIKHO MelllaTb Ha6JIIO-
,neHHIO 3a
TaKTnqecKHX rrpneMOB B03.U.yrnHofr pa3Be.U.KH rrpe.u.o-
cTaToqHo, O,li.HaKO 06IUHMH HX qepTaMH 51BJIHIOTC51 3Hep-
rHqHOe MaHeBpHpOB3HHe B ropH30HTaJibHOH H BepTH
K8JibHOH IIJIOCKOCTHX, BWXO)l; K 06beKTaM C rrpe,!I.eJibHO
M8JibiX BbiCOT H HeOIKH,li.8HHbiX ,!J.JI51 IIpOTHBHHKa Ha-
rrpaBJieHHH, ncrroJI&30BaHne c.TJ:a6&rx CTopoH ero ITBO.
Ho 3TO 3HaqnT, qTo HCTpe6nTeJin-pa3Be.u.qHKH ,li.OJIIKHhi
,li.eTaJibHO H3yqaTb o6cTaHOBKy, B KOTOpOH HM rrpe,!I.CTOHT
,li.eHCTBOBaTh, yMeTh XOpOlllO OpHeHTHpOBaThC51 Ha MeCT-
HOCTH, 3HaTb ,li.eMaCKHpyiOIUHe IIpH3HaKH p83JIHqHbiX
06beKTOB, r.u.e OHH paCIIOJIOIKeHbl, HX COCTOHHHe H xa-
paKTep cpyHKUHOHHpOBaHH51.
3TH Tpe60B3HH51 K HCTpe6HTeJI51M-pa3Be,li.qHKaM
rrpe,!I.b51B.TJ:51JIHCb H B IIpOlllJIOM, HO cerO,li.HH rrepe,n HHMH,
K8K H rrepe,ll, .U.pyrHMH B03.U.YlllHbiMH pa3Be,li.qHKaMH, BeTa-
lOT H .npyrne, 6oJiee BhiCOKHe Tpe6oaaHIIH. 3To H rro-
HHTHO. CJIHlllKOM CJIOIKHOH H MHOroo6pa3HOH CT8HOBHT-
C51 rrpo6JieMa o6ecrreqeHH5I IIOJIHOH H ,!J.OCTOBepHOH HH-
QJOpMauHeH BOliCK H 3Bli3U:HH, pe3KO B03paCTaeT KO-
JIHqecTBO o6beKTOB, a rrpocMaTpHBaTh nx HYIKHO c 6o.TJ:b:..
rneif qacTOTOH.
He CTOHT paCCMaTpHBaTh BCe Tpe60BaHH5I, KacalO-
IUIIeCH B03.li.YlllHOH pa3Be,!I.KH B I.I,eJIOM, II03BOJIIO ce6e OC-
TaHOBHTbCH JIHlllb Ha O,!J.HOM, B81KHeHllleM H3 HHX, -
CBOeBpeMeHHOCTII pa3Be,!I.KH. nalKe C8Mhle IIOJIHWe H ,li.O-
CTOBepHbie ,li.3HHbie HeJib35I liCIIOJib30B8Th, ecJIII OHH ,li.O-
CT8BJieHbi C OII03,li.8HHeM. 06Hapy1KeHHbie pa3Be,nqHKaMH
paKeTHhie KOMIIJieKChl IIpOTHBHHKa MOryT IIpOH3BeCTH
rrycK paKeT, ero caMOJieThi MoryT B3JieTeTb c a3po.u.po-
MOB paHhllle, qeM ITO HHM 6y.U.yT HaHeCeHbl y.u.apbi. na
H .U.pyrne 06beKTW 33 BpeMH C MOMeHTa o6Hapy1KeHH5I
,!J.O HaHeCeHHH y,napOB ITO HIIM MOryT CMeHIITb MeCTO-
IIOJIOIKeHHe, HX rrpH,neTCH ,li.O.TJ:fO IICK3Tb y.u.apHbiM rpyrr-
rraM, OII03HaBaTh, CTpOHTb ,li.OIIOJIHHTeJihHhlfi MaHeBp ,!J.JIH
y.u.apa, a 3TO llpHBe)l;eT K yTepe BHe3aiiHOCTH H Bbi-
TeKalOIUHM OTCIO)l;a HeraTHBHhiM IIOC.TJ:e)l;CTBHHM.
HecoMHeHHO, B03,nyrnHaH pa3Be,nKa - 3a,naqa crre-
unnqecKaH, Tpe6yiOIUaH crreuHaJibHOH IIO,li.rDTOBKH JieT-
HOrO COCTaBa, H l303JI8raeTCH OHa rJiaBHbiM o6pa30M H(t
50
liernTaTHhre, 3apaHee o6yqeHHbre no.npa3.n.eJieHliH nctpe
6HTeJiei1. O.rr.HaKo He JIHlliHHM 6y.rr.eT II seeM JieTqHKaM
nOCTOHHHO TpeHHpOBaThCH B Be)J.eHHH nonyTHOH B03.ll.Ylll-
HOH pa3se.rr.KH.
BbiCOKaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb JIOMHTCH Ha HCTpe6HTeJieH
npH se.rr.eHHH pa3Be)J.KH. KoMaH.rr.Hphi, ee opraHH3YIOIUHe,
M.ll.YT OT JieTqHKOB 6hiCTpOTbi )J.eHCTBIIH KaK npii )J.06bl-
BaHHH, TaK H npii )J.OCTaBKe )J.aHHhiX. Ha HX OCHOBe
npHHHMaiOTCH perneHHH, H.lJ.YT B 6ofi BOHCKa, nO)J.HHMaeT-
CH 3BHai.l,HH C a3pO.II.pOMOB. lJeM )J.HHaMHqHee, Hanp.H-
MeHHee 06CTaHOBKa, MOlUHee cpe,u.CTBa nopaMeHH.H, qeM
60Jibllle ymep6a OHII MOfyT HaHeCTH Bpary, TeM Bhillie
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb pa3Be)I.qiiKOB 3a HeCOCT051BlliiieC51 IIJIH
HaHeceHHhie no JIOMHhiM ueJI.HM y,u.aphi.
JlJI.H COKpaiUeHH51 CpOKOB BbiiTOJIHeHH.H pa3Be)J.KH IICT-
pe6HTeJIH )J,eMyp.HT Ha a3po,u.poMaX B nOCTO.HHHOH rOTOB-
HOCTH K BhiJieTy, a B HaH60Jiee Hanp.HMeHHhie nepHO)I.bl
6oeBhiX .rr.eHCTBllli MOryT OCylUeCTBJI.HTh ,u.eMypCTBO B 803-
.rr.yxe Ho II 3THX MeponpH.HTHH MOMeT OKa3aTh-
C51 He)J.OCTaTOqHO. C )J.aJibHeHliiHM yMeCTOqeHIIeM Tpe-
60BaHH51 CBOeBpeMeHHOCTII pa3Be)J.KH peqh H)I.eT yMe
0 COBMeiUeHHH ee C y,u.apaMH no 06HapyMeHHhiM 06'beK-
3TO 3HaqHT, qTO HCTpe6HTeJIH-pa3Be)I.qHKH )J.OJI)K-
Hbl yMeTh TOqHo H 6e3 npoMaxa nopaMaTh Ha3eMHhie
ueJIH.
5. Pa3BeJJ.KY sentJaeT oronb
3a.rr.aHHe 6biJIO cpOlJHhiM: 3CKa)J.pHJihe HCTpe6HTeJieH
5IK-7 no )J.3HHhiM B03)I.YliiHOH pa3Be)I.KH HaHeCTH y,u.ap
no KOJIOHHe asTOMaliiHH c nexoToii rHTJieposues. Ko-
JIOHHa 60Jihlii351, He MeHee 120 e)J.HHHI.l,. 06HapyMeHHa51
pa3Be)I.lJHKaMH K3KHX-HH6y.II.h 15-20 MHHYT H333.ll., QHa
6biCTpo yxo.rr.IIJia Ha 3ana.rr., K TOMY Me soKpyr 6biJI Jiec
:,II <f>arnncThi MorJIH 3aMacKnposaThC.H. Me.rr.JIHTh 6hiJIO
HeJib351, H BOT 3CK3)J.pHJih51 yMe B noJieTe. Ee 60eBOH
nop.H.II.OK COfJI3CHO perneHHIO KOM3H.II.Hpa COCTOIIT H3
y.rr.apHoii: rpynnhi H rpynnhr npHKphiTHH. CMeHHH o.rr.Ha
.rr.pyryiO, OHH 6y)J.yT nonepeMeHHO aTaKOBaTb I.l,eJib H
ocymecTBJIHTb B33HMHOe npiiKpbiTHe OT HCTpe6HTeJieH
spara. Be,u.ymHii ysn.rr.eJI ueJih H3.II.aJieKa - )I.JIHHHYIO
uenoqKy asToMarnnH Ha Y3Koii: ,u.opore. KpyTofi pa3BO-
poT -- ll JieTqHKH ycTpeMHJIHCh B aTaKy no rOJIOBHOH
qacTH KOJIOHHhl. OroHh! BcnhiXHBaiOT, qa.rr.HT .lJ.hiMOM ne-
pe.rr.mre aBTOMaliiHHhi, 6hiCTpo scrryxaeT orpoMHaH
4*
51
<<npoe>Ka Ha t i o p o r ~ tte ttMeK>uieli oobe3,ll.os, a CM . ..ntt
HOJJ,XOJJ,5IT Bee HOBbie H HOBbie MaWHHbi. YJI.apHyiO rpyrr-
rry cMeHHeT rpyrrrra rrpHKpbiTHH ...
3TOT .3Ill130)l. IIpOH30We.1 12 HIOJI5I 1944 r. B 5eJIO-
pyCCKOH HacryrrareJibHOH orrepauHH *. K .3TOMy BpeMe-
HH coBeTCKHe BBC y:tKe npoqHo 3aBoeBaJIH rocrro)l.CTBO
B B03JJ,yxe, aKTHBHOCTb fHTJiepOBCKOH aBHaUHH CHH3H-
JiaCb, H HCTpe6HTeJieH qame CTaJIH IIpHBJieKaTb )l.JI5I. Ha-
HeceHH5I. yJI.apOB ITO CKOIIJieHH5IM :tKHBOH CHJibi H TeXHH-
KH IIpOTHBHHKa.
TaKTHqecKHe rrpHeMbi HCTpe6HTeJieH BO MHOrOM 6hl-
.TJ:H cXOJI.Hbi c rrpHeMaMH WTYPMOBHKOB HJI-2. JleTqHKH
CTpeMHJIHCb aTaKOBaTb Bpara BHe3aiiHO CO CTOpOHbl
COJIHUa HJIH C MaJibiX BbiCOT, IJT06bi cpaWHCTbl He ycneJIH
pa36e:tKaTbC5I. ITO o6oqHHaM )l.Opor H OTKpbiTb OfOHb, 3a-
paHee pacnpeJI.eJIHJIH Me:tKJI.Y co6oif ueJIH B o6beKTe y.rr.a-
pa. HaH6o.TJ:ee yJI.o6HbiMH 6hiJIH aTaKH c 6oesoro pa3BO-
poTa (KpbiJIO H <fJI03eJI5I:tK CaMOJieTa He 3aKpbiBaiOT
ueJib). flOBTOpHbie aTaKH BbiiiOJIH5I.JIHCb C )I,OIIOJIHHTeJib-
HbiM MaHeBpOM, KOTOpbiH orrpe)l.eJI5I.JIC5I B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT xapaKTepa rrpOTHBO)l.eHCTBHSI UeJIH (OTBeTHbiH OrOHb,
paccpeJJ,OTOqeHHe HJIH MaCKHpOBKa).
EcTecTBeHHo, qTo speMH HaKJia)l.biBaeT csoif oTrreqa-
TOK Ha BhiiiOJIHerme )l.aHHOH 6oesoif 3a.rr.aqH HA. Bo-
rrepBbiX, HHbiMH CTaJIH CKOpOCTHbie H MaHeBpeHHbie xa-
paKTepHCTHKH CaMOJieTOB, MOll.I,Hee BOOpy:tKeHHe, yBeJIH-
qHJIHCb )l.aJibHOCTb H TOqHocTb rropa:tKeHH5I. ueJieif. Bo-
BTOpbiX, ycHJIHJiaCb flBQ 06beKTOB, HO )l.JI5I. rrpHMeHeHH5I
HeKOTOpbiX CHCTeM opy:tKH5I HCTpe6HTeJI5I.M Hy:tKHO IIOCJie
rrycKa paKeT eme KaKoe-To speMH rrpoJI.OJI:tKaTb rroJieT
B CTOpOHy ueJIH, a 3TO yseJIHqHBaeT Y5I.3BHMOCTb HX OT
3eHHTHoro paKeTHOro orHH. B-TpeTbHX, H3MeHHJIHCb ca-
MH Ha3eMHbie ueJIH. Hx ceifqac oqeHb MHoro, rrpnqeM
TaKHX, KaKHX He 3HaJia BeJIHKaH 0TeqeCTBeHHa5I. soH:-
Ha. IlycKOBbie ycTaHOBKH paKeT, rro3HUHH PJIC, 3YP,
peaKTHBHbiX CHCTeM 3aJIIIOBOrO OfH5I., BepTOJieTbl Ha IIJIO-
ll.l,a)l.KaX - Bee 3TO MaJiopa3MepHbie, 3aMaCKHpOBaHHhie,
6biCTpO H3MeH5IIOll.I,He CBOe MeCTOIIOJIO:tKeHHe ueJIH, 06-
Hapy:tKHTb, OII03HaTb H rropa3HTb KOTOpbie He TaK-TO
JierKo. Ho ueJIH 3TH cJia6o6poHHposaHHbie, rropa:tKaeMhre
opy:tKHeM HCTpe6HTe.TJ:eH.
3TH TPH o6cTOHTeJibCTBa He MoryT He oKa3biBaTb
BJIHHHHH Ha pa3BHTHe TaKTHKH HA. 0JI.HaKo, Kdl.K H B
* UAMO, cp. 319, orr. 4 798, .rr.. 186, n. 19-20.
52
npolllJIOM, HcrpeoHremt .neH:crayiOT no Ha3eivti-ibtM tteJHIM
He B yruep6 BbiiTOJIHeHHIO OCHOBHbiX 6oeBbiX 3a,LJ,alJ, HHa-
qe 3TO npOTHBOpeqHJIO 6bl OCHOBHOMy npe,II,H33HalJeHHIO
HA. EcJIH npH se,neHHH B03,nywuoli pa3Be,LJ,KH nerqHKH
,nOJIMHbi cosMeruarb ee c HaHecenHeM y.napos no o6ua-
pyMeHHbiM B ,LJ,BHMeHHH KOJIOHHaM BOHCK H 60eBOH TeX-
HHKH npOTHBHHKa, TO npH o6ecneqeHHH ,npyrHX pO,II,OB
3BH3UHH B03MO)KHbiMH ueJI51MH CT3HOB51TC51 cpe,II,CTBa
f180, eCJIH B B03,nyxe HeT HCTpe6HTeJieH npOTHBHHKa.
Tipw 3TOM 3a,naqw JierqHKOB oqeHh orpaHHqeHw: He no-
pa3HTh, a 33LI;epMaTb Ha MeCTe, CKOB3Tb MaHeBp HJIH
npOCTO ,neMaCKHpOB3Tb npOTHBHHKa, no,naBHTb Ha KOpOT-
KOe speM51 cpe.ncrsa TIBO, qro6br co3,naTb 6naronpH51T-
Hhie ycJIOBH51 ,LJ,JI51 noc.rre,nyiOlll.HX aBH3UHOHHbiX HJIH pa-
KeTHbiX y,napos. Ho so scex cHryauH51X neTqHKH ,noJIM-
Hbi COXpaH51Tb nOCT051HHyiO fOTOBHOCTb K Be,LJ,eHHIO B03-
,nywuoro 6o51.
O,nuaKo, paccyM,na51 TOJihKO o nonyTHhiX y.napax no
Ha3eMHbiM LI.eJI51M, He nOHHMaeM Jill Mbl BOnpoc CJIHlll-
KOM Y3KO? Be,nh cospeMeHHhiM HcTpe6HTeJI51M no.n CHJIY
H C3MOCT051TeJibHhle ,neHCTBH51 no a3po,npoMaM npOTHB-
HHKa. 0HH MOryr yqacTBOB3Tb B 3BH3LI.HOHHOH no,n,nepM-
Ke BOHCK, ,LJ,OnOJIH5151 y,napbl HCTpe6HTeJieH-60M6ap,nHpOB-
IUHKOB H 6oeBhiX BepTOJieTOB.
KparKo uanoMHHB o cero,a.H51WHHX ycJIOBH51X ,neficT-
BHH HCTpe6n:TeJieH no Ha3eMHbiM ueJI51M, o6paTHMC51 K
KOMaH,II,Hpy, npHHHMaiOIUeMy pellleHHe HMeHHO Ha T3KOH
caMOCT051TeJihHhiH y.nap. TyT ecrh Ha,n qeM ga,nyMaTbC51.
QqesH,nHo, liTO KOMaH,nHp, y51CH5151 nonyqeHHYIO ga,naqy,
npHMeT BO BHHMaHHe Tpe6yeMhie CpOKH ee BbiiTOJIHe-
HH51, OLI.eHHT xapaKTepHCTHKH LI.eJieH, y,naJieHHe HX H nOJI-
HOTy HMeiOUI.eiiC51 0 HHX HH<lJOpMaLI.HH. YqreT OH H OMH-
,naeMoe npOTl'IBO,LJ,eHCTBHe f180 npOTHBHHKa, B03MOMHO-
CTH CBOHX CaMOJieTOB, ypoBeHb no,nrOTOBKH JieTHOrO CO-
CTaBa H, KOHeqHO, peJihe<lJ MeCTHOCTH, HaJIHqHe xapaK-
TepHbiX OpHeHTHpOB, noro,ny.
8 nOHCKe OnTHM3JibHOfO pellleHH51 Ha y,nap nepe,n
KOMaH,nHpOM BCTaHyT CJie,nyiOIUHe Y3JIOBbie BonpOChi:
KaK pauwouaJihHO pacnpe,neJIHTb cHJihi HCTpe6HTeneH: no
H33HaqeHHbiM HJIH H36paHHbiM UeJI51M H BpeMeHH ,nefi-
CTBHH, KaKOH 6oeBOH nop51,II,OK nocTpOHTb, KaK araKO-
BaTb LI.eJIH? f1onpo6yeM BMeCTe C KOMaH,II,HpOM OTBeTHTb
Ha 3T:H sorrpochi. OrosopHMC51, o.nuaKo, qro, ue 3Ha51 rex
BbiBO,LJ,OB, KOTOpbie KOMaH,II,Hp C,LJ,eJiaJI npH Y51CHeHHH 3a-
53
.tt.attH ti KOHKpeTHOH o6cTaHOBKH, OTBeTbl He MO
ryT 6hiTb O)l.H03HaqHbiMH.
KaK LKe pacnpe)l.eJIHTh cHJihi HcTpe6HTeJieii )l.JI51 Bhi-
noJIHeHH51 3a)l.a qH? Tipe)l.JIOLKHM KOMaH)l.Hpy TPH pa3-
HbiX aapHaHTa. OH MOLKeT, HanpHMep, MaccHpoaaTb ycH-
nyTeM HaHeceHH51 O)l.HoapeMeHHoro y)l.apa no 3apa-
Hee 3a)l.aHHOMY o6beKTY a Ha3HaqeHHoe apeM51. EcJIH
PHc. 21. &oetBOH rropH)J.OK HCTpe6tHTeJI1ei'I, )J.eiioeTIBYJOilliHX rro Ha3eM-
HIOH IJ,e.nm. flpyrrrrhr TaK11H'IetCKoro Ha3HaqelJ!H5!:
I - rro.D.aBJieHHH cpeJJ.CTB ITBO; 2 - JJ.opa3Be.D.KH u;eJIH; 3- yJJ.apHaH; 4-
npHKpbiTHH OT aTaK HCTpe6HTeJieii IIpOTHB!IlHKa
o6cTaHOBKa noTpe6yeT )l.JIHTeJibHOfO B03)l.eHCTBH51 no O)l.-
HOMy ll TOMY LKe 06beKTy HJIH CHJI HCTpe6HTeJieii He TaK
1\moro, KoMaH)l.Hp, BH)l.HMO, nocqHTaeT 6oJiee ueJiecoo6-
pa3HhiM )l.eHCTBOB3Tb OT)l.eJibHbiMH 3BeHb51Mll H napaMH.
B CJIOLKHOH, He51CHOH o6cTaHOBKe OH CKOpee Bcero pe-
IIIHT BbiiTOJIH51Tb 3a)l.aqy, )l.eHCTBY51 orpaHHqeHHbiMH Cll-
JiaMH HCTpe6HTeJieH.
Pa3yMeeTc51, MoryT 6hiTh H )l.pyme aapHaHThi. B co-
OTBeTCTBHH C HHMH KOMaH)l.Hp pacnpe)l.eJI51eT HCTpe6H-
TeJieH no rpynnaM TaKTHqecKoro Ha3HaqeHH51, T. e. ne-
pexo)l.HT K perneHHIO BToporo Y3JIOBoro aonpoca - on-
pe)l.eJieHHIO 6oeaoro nop51)l.Ka. KoM aH)l.Hpy npH)l.eTc51 ne-
pe6paTb pa3JIHqHbie aapHaHThi ero nocTpoeHH51. EcJIH
npHKpbiT o6beKT y)l.apa CHJibHOH TIBO H B B03)l.yxe )l.e-
LKyp51T HCTpe6HTeJIH npOTHBHHKa, eCJIH CJIOLKHO OTbiCK3Tb
li On03H3Tb 06beKT Ha MeCTHOCTll, nOTpe6yeTC51 C03)l.3-
B3Tb rpynnhi TaKTHqecKoro Ha3HaqeHH51, noKa3aHHhie
Ha pHc. 21. Ho npoaHaJIH3Hpyli:Te TaKoe pacnpe)l.eJieHHe
CHJI: cocTaB rpynn o6ecneqeHH51 B 1,5 pa3a npeBbiiiiaeT
cocTaB y)l.apHoli: rpynnbr! Ue.rrecoo6pa3HO Jill TaKoe co-
OTHOrneHHe? BoT noqeMy )l.JI51 3KOHOMHH CllJI KOM3H)l.Hpbi
CTpeM51TC51 no B03MOLKHOCTH COBMelll3Tb cpyHKU:llH rpynn.
K npHMepy, Ha rpynny no,naaJieHH51 cpe)l.CTB TIBO MOryT
B03JiaraTbC51 <jJyHKU:HH )l.Opa3Be)l.KH UeJIH, a rpynna npH-
54
KpbiTH.H OT aTaK HCTpe6HTe.rieH npOTHBHHKa MOMeT Me-
H.HTbC.H MecTaMH c yAapHoii rpynnoii nocne HaHeceHH.H
e10 yAapa, KaK 3TO H 6bino B npHBeAeHHOM npHMepe.
l1 TpeTm'i ysnosoii sonpoc: KaK aTaKoBaTb uenb?
IlpoHssecTH aTaKy c XOAY c npeAenhHO Manoii BbiCOTbi 1
nH60 BbiiiOliHHTb npeABapHTel!bHO BepTHKal!bHbiH Ma-
HeBp 2 (pHC. 22)? IlpHMeH.H.H nepBbiH TaKTHtieCKHH npH-
Puc. 22. A1'aJKia Hc11pe6HTeJI5IMH rna3eMHoii ue.mn:
I - c xo,n:y c npe,n:eJibHo MaJioll BbiCOThi; 2- c npe,n:BapHTeJibHbiM BbinOJI
HeHHeM BepTHK3JibHOf0 M3HeBpa
eM, neTtiHKH MoryT npocTo He ycneTh o6HapyMHTb o6n-
eKT, npHI.I.e.riHTbC.H Ha 60l!bll10H CKOpOCTH, H aTaKa OKa-
:>KeTC.H 6esycnell1Hoii. BTopoii TaKTHtiecKHii npHeM cHH-
:>KaeT BHesanHOCTb aTaKH - BpeM.H, 3aTpaqHBaeMOe neT-
liHKaMH Ha BbiiiOnHeHHe MaHeBpa, )I.OCTaTOl!HO npOTHB-
HHKy )I.ll.H 06CTpena HX 3eHHTHbiMH paKeTHbiMH cpeACT-
BaMH. KaKHM :>Ke o6pa30M paspelllHTb 3TO npoTHBope-
IIHe?
TonbKO He :>K,ZJ.HTe, KaK H B OTBeTaX Ha npe,ZI.biAYIIJ.He
BOnpOCbl, fOTOBbiX peKOMeHAai..LHH. 3ayqeHHbie peuenTbl
He ro,ZI..HTC.H Ha see TaKTHtiecKHe cHTyauHH. HaAo yMeTb
npHHHMaTb CaMOCTO.HTel!bHbie H rpaMOTHbie pellleHH.H.
BoT OAHH H3 B03MOMHbiX BapHaHTOB: ecnH 3BeHO Ha-
HOCHT yAap no HaseMHoii uenH H nepsa.H napa nocne ee
06Hapy:1KeHH51 He MO:IKeT aTaKOBaTb C XOAy, OHa nepe-
.z:r.aeT no paAHO ueneyKasaHHe BTopoii nape, a caMa Bhl-
nonH.HeT sepTHKanbHbiH MaHesp H nocne.z:r.yiDIIJ.yiO aTaKy
55
C ITHKHpOBaHHH, KaK 3TO ITOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 22. 8TopaH
ITapa ITpOH3BO.UHT He06XO.UHMbiH .U.OBOpOT Ha ueJih H
aTaKyeT ee c xo.uy, o.n.HospeMeHHO ITO.UaBJIHH cpe.ucTBa
f180. Mo)KeT CJlOMHTbCH H .upyraH CHTyaUHH: ITepBaH
napa ITOCJie o6HapyMeHHH ueJIH ciToco6Ha aTaKoBaTb ee
C XO.Uy. Tor)].a BTOpaH ITapa MOMeT JIH6o Bb!IIOJlHHTb
BepTHK3JlbHbiH MaHeBp, qT06bi ITOJiyqrne yBH.U.eTb UeJih,
JIH6o TaKMe aTaKoBaTh ee c xo.u.y. Bee oiTpe.ueJIHIOT oco-
6eHHOCTH paciTOJIOMeHHH 06beKTa, cpe.U.CTBa f180 ITpO-
THBHHKa H ypOBeHb BaWeH ITO.lJ..fOTOBKH.
4TO Me CJie.u.yeT H3 HaWHX paccyM.U.eHHH? neHCTBHH
no H33eMHhiM ueJIHM - 6oeBaH 33.U.aq3 HA, Tpe6yiO-
lll3H .upymx ciToco6os 6oeBhiX .u.eiicTBHH, 6oeBhiX ITOpH.U.-
KOB, TaKTHqeCKHX ITpHeMOB, a CJie.U.OBaTeJibHO, H Tll.l3-
TeJlhHOH ITO.ll.fOTOBKH JieTqHKOB-HCTpe6HTeJieH K ee Bbi-
IIOJIHeHHIO B coqeTaHHH C o6yqeHHeM B03.ll.YWHbiM 60HM,
33HHM310ll.lHM rJiaBHOe MeCTO B .U.eHTeJibHOCTH JieTqJIKOB-
HCTpe6UTeJieH. MbiCJlb 3T3 He HOB351, H3BeCTH351 H 33 py-
6eMOM. TaK, HaiTpuMep, pyKOBO.ll.HTeJIH BBC CiliA ITJia-
nupyiOT .ll.JIH HCTpe6HTeJieH .U.OITOJIHHTeJibHYIO TeopeTH-
qecKyiO H JieTHYIO ITO.ll.fOTOBKY K HaHeceHHIO y.u.apOB ITO
H33eMHhiM ueJIHM. K3M.lJ..hiH JieTqHK HCTpe6uTeJIH F-15
BbiiiOJIHHeT B TeqeHHe ITOJiyro.u.a 18 ITOJieTOB .ll.JIH 0Tp3-
60TKH H3BbiKOB CTpeJib6bi ITO MHWeHHM H3 3eMJie, a IIO-
CJie BblllOJIHeHHH CTpeJih6 ITpe.u.ycM3TpHB3eTCH ITpOBe.u.e-
HHe B03.UYWHbiX 6oeB *.
* * *
MHoroe H3MeHHJIOCh B TaKTHKe HA eo BpeMeHH OKOH-
qaHHH 0TeqecTBeHHOH BOHHbl, HO OCTaJIHCb HeH3MeHHbl
MH, CT3JIH KJiaCcHqecKHMH H ITOJiyqHJIH .U.aJibHeHrnee p33-
BHTHe Bee ee OCHOBHble 6oeBbie 3a.U.3qll, flOHBHJIHCb H
HOBble, HaiTpHMep yHHqTOMeHHe B03.ll.YWHbiX .u.ecaHTOB,
HapyrneHHe B03.lJ..YWHbiX ITepeB030K ITpOTHBHHKa, 6oph6a
C p3Hee He cyllleCTBOB3BWHMH ueJIHMH ( C3MOJieTaMH
llPJIO, PYK u .up.). TaKTHKa HA rrpH Bb!ITOJIHeHHH
3THX 33.U.aq HMeeT CBOH OC06eHHOCTH.
Pa3BHTHe TaKTHKH HA IT.PH BhiiTOJIH0HHH 6oeshlx 33-
.n.aq IIpOHCXO.lJ.HT O.lJ..HOBpeMeHHO C COBeprueHCTBOB3HHeM
3BH3UHOHHOH TeXHHKH. 06 3TOM H ITOH.U.eT .11.3Jlhllie peqb,
* ABH3RWH YliK. 1984. N2 12.
t'Jiaoa It
8 J1A611PI1HTAX
83AI1MOCB.si3EA
TAKT111(11 11 TEXHI1 1(11
a3BHTHe TaKTHKH H TeXHHKH
B
n ssanMOCBH3H. Kaqe
CTBeHHblH CKaqoK B TeXHMKe Bbi3biBaeT K )KH3HH HOBbie
TaKTHqecKHe npHeMbi, a pa3BHTHe TaKTHKH, B CBOIO oqe-
HOBbie opy)KH.H. MHoroonbiTHhiH
npoqnTas 3TH cTpoKn, no)KMeT KTO
He sHaer 3Toro H3'BecrHoro TeapeTnqecKoro
3TO TaK, HO B B3aHMO-
CB.H3eH, H Mhl TaM <PaKTOB, YBhl, npOTH-
BOpeqaiii.HX 3TOMy
1. c:TaKTHKC HYlKHO - TCXHHKa He MOlKCT,
TexHnKa MOlKeT - TaKTHKe He HY*HO
PaKeTbt UAU nyutKu?
B HpKoii Heoa ooii, BH-
.AeH cepeopHCTblX KpbWbeB, nepe-
CTYK aanau.noHHbiX nyllleK. Boii peaKTHBHbre ncT-
nepaoro HMeiOmne noKa
nyllleqHoe soopy)KeHne. Ho npocTpaHcTBeHHbre pasMepbr
paHOHa OOH HOBblX y)Ke He Te CKOpO-
CTH HX Ha 350-400 KM/q OOJibllie, qeM noplllHeBblX ca-
a eTa poe opy)KHe He secTH oroHb
c Tio3TOMY ooHU,hi,
KaK 11 so speMH 0TeqecTBeHHoii sotiHbi, no
npe)KHeMy cTpeMHTCH c
200--300 M. B HHTeHCHBHoro Ma
HeBpHpOBaHHH B Bee Ta )Ke 3H3KO-
Ma.H Ho HeoTpasHMbiX aTaK y)Ke He

TaKTHKa csoH TpeoosaHHH TexHnKe, 11
3TO K paKeT
- KoHeqHo, nepsbre paKeTbi He
n.ocTaToqHo B 6o10, HO oqeHb
ll,eHHbiM KaqeCTBOM- CllOCOOHOCTbiO nopa)K3Tb npOTHB-
57
HHKa Ha 6oJihlllHX y.!l.aJieHit51X. KaK )Ke )I,aJibWe pa313f.t
BaJIHCb C06b!TH51?
YnpaBJI51eMbie paKeTbl CTaJIH OCHOBHb!M BH.!!.OM opy-
)KII51 HcTpe6HTeJieli. ApeHa B03.!1.YIIIHoro 6o51 cpa3y Me
pacwHpHJiach. CTOHJIO npoTHBHHKY BhiihH s mo6yiO Toq-.
Ky 06JiaCTH B03M02KHb!X nycKOB paKeT Ha )I,aJibHOCTb no-
pa2KeHII51 ueJIII, He,Ll,OC51raeMyiO ,Ll,JI51 nyweK, KaK oH 6hiJI
6JIH30K K no6e)I,e ,Ll,aMe npii nycKe O.!I.HOH paKeThl. H
TOr)I,a MHOrOJieTH5151, He 3HaBWa51 conepHIIKOB MOHOnO-
JIH51 nyweK 6hiJia pa3pyi.UeHa, a srvrecTe c Hefi pyxHyJia
BC51 TaKTIIKa HCTpe6HTeJiefi, OCHOBaHHa51 Ha nyi.UeqHQM
OrHe. PaKeTbi nOJIHOCTbiO BbiTeCHIIJIH nyiiiKII, KOTOpbie
K KOHUY 50-x ro,Ll,OB 6hiJIII CH51Thi c soopyMeHH51. HcTpe-
6HTeJIH CTaJIH qiiCTbiMII paKeTOHOCUaMH.
0)I,HaKO BCKOpe npiiWJIOCb rOpbKO nOMaJieTb 06 3TOM.
Bbi51CHIIJIOCh, qTo paKeTbi, C03,Ll,aHHhie .!I.JI51 nopaMeHH51
UeJiefi C 60JiblliOH )I,aJihHOCTII II IIMeiOW:He orpaHIIqeHII51
no MIIHIIMaJibHbiM )I,aJibHOCT51M H paKypcy nyCKa, no ne-
perpy3KaM II BbiCOTe npiiMeHeHII51, He MOfJIII 3aMeHIITb
nyweK s 6JIHMHeM 6oiO. C HaqaJIOM MaHespa paKeThi
WJIH MHMO. HanpiiMep, s TeqeHHe nepsoro ro)I,a BOHHhi
so BbeTHaMe II3 KaM,Ll,biX II Bhmyw:eHHhrx aMepiiKaH-
CKHMII IICTpe6IITeJI51MH paKeT CaHH)I,BIIH,Ll,ep TOJibKO
O,Ll,Ha nona)I,aJia s ueJih *. f1ocJie Hey,Ll,aqHoro nycKa pa-
KeT JieTqiiKII c6JIH2KaJIIICb C ueJ151MII, HO nopa3IITb IIX
6hiJIO HeqeM, )!,a II KOJIHqeCTBO paKeT Ha 6opTy He npe-
BbilllaJIO .!I.Byx - qeTbipex. A MHOMecTBO ew:e HenOH51T-
HhiX OTKa30B, KOTOpbie, HeCMOTp51 Ha QTqa51HHbie nOnhiT-
KII JieTqHKOB BbiiTOJIHIITb nycK paKeT, npHBO,Ll,IIJIII K Cpbl-
sy aTaK. HeHa,Ll,eMHOCTh opy)KII51 JIIII.UaJia IIX ysepeHHO-
CTII B 60IO - He06XO,Ll,IIMOrO ycJIOBII51 no6e)I,hl. f103)I,Hee
K 3TIIM He)I,OCTaTKaM )I,06aBIIJIOCb BJIH51HIIe Ha paKeThl
pa,Ll,H03JieKTpOHHbiX noMeX.
HTaK, o6HapylliiiJIOCb, qTo paKeTbi - ,Ll,aJieKo He
II)I,eaJihHoe opyMIIe, oco6eHHO )I,JI51 nopallieHH51 MaHeBpii-
pyiOw:ero npOTIIBHIIKa Ha MaJIOH )I,a.TJbHOCTII. f1ocJie II3-
pacXO,Ll,OBaHII51 orpaHIIqeHHOro 3anaca paKeT IICTpe6II-
TeJih cTaHOBHJIC51 cpaKTIIqecKH 6e3opylliHbiM. Ho II nyw-
KII He 06Jia)I,aJIII Bb!COKOH 3cpeKTIIBHOCTbiO. ,llHaJieKTII-
lJeCKOrO e)I,HHCTBa B pa3BHTHH TeXHIIKH II TaKTIIKII He
noJiytJaJIOCh. B Jia6IIpiiHTe IIX B3aHMOCB513eli B03HIIK na-
pa,Ll,OKc, KOTOpb!H ~ O l l i O copMyJIHposaTh TaK: Ta'KTH-
Ke HYlliHO - TeXHIIKa He MOllieT.
* HHTepaBHa. 1974. N2 12.
58
l.JTO 6biJIO ,ll.eJiaTb? flpiilllJIOCb OIHITb ycTaHaBJIIIBaTh
Ha IIcTpe6IITeJI51X Te JKe rrylllKII. HecMoTp51 Ha rrpiicy-
IUIIe IIM MaJibie ,ll.aJibHOCTII II ysKIIe ceKTOpa CTpeJib6hl,
OHII BHOBb IIpO,ll.eMOHCTpiipOBaJIII 60Jibllliie, qeM y pa-
KeT, rrpOCTOTy KOHCTpyKUIIII, Ha,ll.eJKHOCTb, He IIMeJIH or-
paHIIqeHIIft ITO MIIHIIMaJihHOH ,ll.aJibHOCTII CTpeJih6bl II K
ToMy JKe Me.rr.JieHHee ycTapesaJIII. CospeMeHHhie IICTpe-
6IITeJIII .ll.O CIIX IIOp IIMeiOT rryrneqHoe BOOpyJKeHIIe II,
BII,ll.IIMO, OHO OCTaHeTC51 Ha rrepcrreKTIIBHbiX CaMOJieTaX.
0.rr.HaKO BTOpoe pOJK,ll.eHIIe rryrneK OTHIO,ll.b He IIpii-
BeJIO K CHIIJKeHIIIO pOJIII paKeT. CerO,ll.H51 IICTpe6HTeJIII
MOryT 3arrycKaTb IIX C 60JibllliiX H MaJibiX ,ll.aJibHOCTeft,
no.rr. JII06hiMII paKypcaMII. PaKeThi IIMeiOT sHaqiiTeJihHO
60Jibllliie pa3Mepb1 30H rrycKa, BbiCOKIIe MaHeBpeHHble H
3Hepro6aJIJIIICTIIqecKIIe xapaKTepiiCTIIKII, a 3TO II03BO-
JI51eT JieTqiiKaM yHIIqToJKaTh sos.rr.yrnHhie ueJIII, JieT51IUHe
C rrpeBbillleHHeM Ha HeCKOJibKO KIIJIOMeTpOB Bblllie OTHO-
CHTeJibHO IICTpe6IITeJiefi. L(JIH IIOpaJKeHIIH BH3yaJibHO BH--
,ll.IIMhiX ueJiefi cyiUeCTB"JIOT paKeTbl MaJIOft ,ll.aJibHOCTII, o6e-
cneqiiBaiOIUIIe HeOJKII,ll.aHHbie ,ll.JIH IIpOTIIBHIIKa aTaKII II3
CaMbiX pa3H006pa3HbiX IIOJIOJKeHIIli. f10CT051HHO pacTeT
IIOMeX03aiUIIIUeHHOCTb paKeT.
Ho Tor.rr.a saqeM JKe nyrnK,II? A BOT saqeM: paKeThl,
KaK II JII06a51 .rr.pyraH CIICTeMa opyJKIIH, IIMeiOT CBOII
orpaHIIqeHIIH II COBMeCTHOe IIpiiMeHeHIIe IIX C rryrnKa-
MII .rr.aeT B03MOJKHOCTb IICTpe6IITeJIHM aTaKOBaTb rrpo-
TIIBHIIKa B YCJIOBII51X, KOr,ll.a paKeThl He,ll.OCTaTOqHO 3cp-
QJeKTIIBHbi. MoJKHO yKJIOHIIThCH .rr.aJKe II oT scepaKypc-
HhiX paKeT, eCJIII CBOeBpeMeHHO BbiiiOJIHIITb COOTBeTCT-
BYIOIUIIH MaHesp, II He TOJihKO yKJIOHIIThCH, Ho II soiiTII
IIpii 3TOM B 06JiaCTII CTpeJih6bi CBOero rryrneqHOfO BO-
opyJKeHHH. flylliKII OCTaiOTC51 Hey513BIIMbiMII II OT pa,ll.II0-
3JieKTpOHHbiX IIOMeX.
CoseprneHCTBOBaHIIe paKeT sacTaBJI51eT KOHCTPYKTO-
poB HcKaTh rryTII II .IT.JI51 yJiyqrneHII51 rryrneqHoro soopy-
JKeHHH IIcTpe6IITeJieA. KaKIIX TOJihKO o6pasuos asHaUII-
OHHhiX rryrneK He paspa6aTbiBaeT IIHJKeHepHa51 MbiCJib!
MHorocTBOJihHbie II o.rr.nocTBOJihHhie peBOJihBepHoro TII-
rra, 20-MIIJIJIHMeTpOBhie II 6oJiee KpyrrHhiX KaJIII6pos
rryrnKII. TaKTIIKa Tpe6yeT rrOBhiCIITh rrJIOTHOCTh orH51 -
II pacTeT CKOpOCTpeJibHOCTb rryrneK, yBeJIIIqiiTb ,ll.aJib-
HOCTb CTpeJih6bi - 60Jibllie CTaHOBIITC51 HaqaJibHaH CKO-
pOCTb CHap51,ll.OB, IIOBbiCIITb TOqHOCTb IIOIIa,ll.aHII51 B
ueJih - KoHcTpyiipyiOTCH cHap51.ll.hi, yrrpaBJI51eMhie Ha
TpaeKTOpHII, C HeKOHTaKTHbiMII B3pbiBaTeJIHMH, HOBble
59
UpHUeJibHO-BbJqHCJIHTeJibHhie ycTpOHCTBa, CHCTeMbi HH.ZI.JI-
KaUHH Ha JIOOOBOM CTeKJie cpoHap51 KaOHHbi, CHCTeMbl C
HCnOJib30B3HHeM rOJIOrpacpnqecKHX JIHH3 H IKHJI.KHX
KpHcTa.ruros - see JI.JI51 Taro, qTo6bi y.n.osJieTBOpHTb
Tpe60BaHH51 T3KTHKH.
KaK BHJI.HM, B KoHue KOHUOB napa.n.oKc TaKTHKe
HyJKHO - TexHHKa He MOJKeT ncqepnaJI ce651. O.n.HaKo
B JI30HpHHTe B3aHMOCB513eH MOJKHO H30JIIOJI.3Tb H npo-
THBOnOJIOJKHbie napaJI.OKCbl TeXHHKa MOJKeT - T3KTH-
Ke He HY:tKHo.
3Tu 1W8apHble C80UCT8a CKOpOCTU
HaqaJio peaKTHBHOH 3pH 3HaMeHOBaJIOCh cKaqKoo6-
pa3HbiM pOCTOM CKOpOCTH nOJieTa caMOJieTOB, KOTOpaH
no cpaBHeHIHO CO CKOpOCTbiO nopiiiHeBbiX caMOJieTOB
cpa3y LKe yseJinqn.rracb Ha 350-400 KM/q. OrpaHnqeH-
Hbie B03MOJKHOCTH JieTqHKOB no nOIICKY H nopa:tKeHHIO
UeJieH Ha TaKIIX CKOpOCTHX JI.OnOJIHIIJIII paJI.HOJIOKaUHOH-
Hbie npnue.rrbi II ynpaBJI51eMbie paKeThl. PaMKH 6o51 sa-
xsaTHJIII OOJiaCTb CBepX3BYKOBbiX CKOpOCTeH, BTOprJIIICb
B cTpaTocepy. B ynpaBJieHne 6oeM 6hiJIII BKJIIOqeHH
KOMaHJI.Hhie nyHKTbi c Ha3eMHbiMH PJ1C. Eecrrpeue.n.eHT-
HhiH B3.TJeT KOHCTpyKTOpCKOH MbiCJIII, 6JieCT51III.ee perne-
HIIe, Ka3aJiocb Obi, HenpiicTynHhiX npo6JieM B TaKTIIKe
HA! HcnOJib3VH 6oJihlliYID cKopocTh no.rreTa, IICTpe6II-
TeJIII MOrJIII 6biCTpee 3aH51Tb BbirOJI.HYID no3HUHIO JI.JIH
OOH II 3aHBHTb 0 CBOeM nOHBJieHHH COKpylliaiOIII.HM pa-
KeTHbiM yJI.apOM C OO.TJblliOH JI.aJibHOCTH paHbllie, qeM
IIpOTHBHIIK npe.n.npiiMeT OOOpOHHTeJibHbiH MaHeBp H BO-
OOIII.e ysHJI.HT aTaKyiDIII.IIX.
K KoHuy 50-x roJJ;oB, no B3rJI51JI.aM MHornx soeHHbiX
TeopeTIIKOB, JioriiKa B03JI.yrnHoro 6oH BhirJIHJI.eJia cJieJI.y-
IOIII.HM o6pa30M: H3BeJJ;eHHe HCTpeOHTeJIH C 3eMJIH, COJIII-
:tKeHIIe era C ueJiblO no npHMOJIHHeHHOH TpaeKTOpHH,
eJI.HHCTBeHHaH MOJIHIIeHOCH35l aTaKa H nyCK paKeT npii
noJieTe Ha BbiCOKOH CKOpOCTH no np51MOH. l.JTOObi no6e-
JJ.HTb npoTHBHHKa, Ha.n.o Obi.TJO paHhWe ysn.n.eTh era n yc-
neTb nycTHTh paKeThi. flo3TOMY ycrrex 6oH onpeneJIHJI-
C51 B OCHOBHOM COCTH33HIIeM CTOpOH B naJibHOCTH OOHa-
pyJKeHHH Ha3eMHbiX II 6opTOBbiX PJ1C. EJIHJKHIIH MaHeB-
peHHbiH 6oii B KJiaccnqecKoii cxeMe rrepexBaTa He npe-
.zrycMaTpHBaJic51, OOJiee TOfO JieTqHKaM peKOMeHJIOB3JIOCb
II36eraTb pa3BopoTa, TaK KaK OHII npnBOJI.HJIH K OhiCT-
poR JlOTepe CKOpOCTH.
60
B yroLI.y 6hiTOBaBWHM rorLI.a KOHU.eiii.LH.HM H rpe6o-
BaHHHM T3KTHKH K TeXHHKe aBHaU.HOHHbie KOHerpyKTOpbl
BeLI.yi.I..J.HX erpaH MHpa rrpH pa3pa6orKe rreperreKTHBHbiX
HeTpe6HTeJieH 6biJIH IIOfliOI.I..J.eHbl rrpo6JieMOii Ll,OeTHMe-
HH.H 60JibWHX eKOpOeTeH. EeJIH Herpe6HTeJIH K HaqaJiy
50-x rO,li,OB HMeJIH CKOpOCTb, eOOTBeTeTBYIOI.I..J.YIO qHeJiy
M=O,B-0,9, ro B 60-e rOLI.bi oHa yMe LI.OerHraJia
M=2,2 H 6oJiee. ITo6eLI.HbiH poer eKopoern He oeraHaB-
JIHBaJIH HH TeXHHl!eCKHe rpy,li,HOeTH, HH eOJIH,li,Hbie 3KOHO-
MHqeeKHe 3arparbr, HO ryr o6o3HaqHJiach eme OLI.Ha rrpo-
6JieMa, HMeBWa.H CaMbie cepbe3Hble IIOCJie,li,CTBH.H: eTOJib
60JibWHe CKOpOCTH He MOfJIH 6biTb HCIIOJib30BaHbl HCTpe-
6HTeJI.HMH B B03Ll.YWHbiX 60.HX.
3LI.ecb 6hiJIO qeMy YLI.HBJI.HTbe.H: rroqeMy M:e see ncr-
pe6nreJIH BO BpeM.H BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbi Ll,OBOJibHO
qacTO IIpH6eraJIH K MaKeHMaJibHbiM CKOpOeT.HM, a HX
rrpeeMHHKH He Moryr peaJIH3oBaTb 3TH cKopocrH? Orser
Ha 3TOT BOIIpOC IIOTpe6oBaJI cepbe3HOrO OeMb!CJIHBaHH.H
o6oeKTHBHbiX rrpou.eccos pa3BHTH.H raKTHKH. EeJIH soeH-
Hhie TeOpeTHKH MOfJIH KaK-TO rrporH03HpOB3Tb rrpespaT-
HOCT,Yf B03LI.YWHOrO 6o.H Ha Ll,03.BYKOBbiX eKopoeT.HX, TO a6-
cyp,li,HOCTb B03HHKWeH CHTY3U.HH CT3BHJI3 HX B TYIIHK.
Eme OLI.HH rrapaLI.oKc? A )J.eJio 6biJIO B roM, qro BbieoKHe
CBepX3BYKOBble eKOpOCTH IIOJieTa cyM:aJIH 06JiaeTb B03-
MOM:HbiX araK, HCKJIIOqaJIH MaHeBpHpOBaHHe Ha KOpOT-
KHX )J.HCTaHI..I,H.HX. ,Ua H caM IIOJieT HCTpe6HTeJI.H Ha rre-
pexBaT, KOTOpbiH 6biJI rroqTH rrporpaMMHbiM, rrpe,li.IIOJia
raJI IIp.HMOJIHHeHHOe )J.BHMeHHe B03)J.YWHOH U.eJIH H He
OTJIHqaJic.H 6oJihWHM pa3Hoo6pa3HeM sapHaHTOB. BbiXO)J.
8 TOqKy 06HapyM:eHH.H U.eJIH CTpOHJIC.H Ha THIIOBbiX, yMe
OTpa6oraHHbiX MaHeBpax. Ho 3aJioMeHHYIO 3apaHee rrpo-
rpaMMY o6MaHyrh ropa3)J.O Jierqe rrocJie roro, KaK ee
HeCKOJibKO pa3 HCIIOJib30B3JIH.
,UeH:crsnreJihHOCTb rro)J.TBepM,li.aJia cKa3aHHoe. Bo3-
)J.YWHhie 6oH HeTpe6HreJieH B JIOKaJibHbiX BOHHaX o6biqHo
BKJIIOqaJIH He O)J.Hy, a HeCKOJibKO araK H MaHeBpbi Me:tK-
JI..Y araKaMH. B raKnx 6o.Hx cKopocrh caMa no ce6e
MaJIO qro 3HaqHJI3. 0Ha HMeJia 3HaqeHHe TOJibKO COB-
MeCTHO C ycTaHOBHBWeHC.H rreperpy3KOH, T. e. crroco6-
HOCTbiO MaHeBpHpOB3Tb. JleTqHKH CTpeMHJIHCb K3K MOM:-
HO 6hiCTpee p33BepHyTbC.H JI..JI.H BbiXOJI..a B 06JI3CTb B03-
MOM:HbiX araK, HO paLI.HYCbl H BpeMSI pa3BOpOTOB HCTpe-
6HTeJiefi H3CTOJibKO yBeJIHqHB3JIHeb, qro OHH BbiXO,li,HJIH
33 rrpeJI..eJibl 3pHTeJibHOH CB.H3H e IIpOTHBHHKOM li He MOr-
JIH npoJI..OJIM:aTb 6ofi. ITo3roMy HM rrpeLI.HaMepeHHo rrpH-
61
XOAHnOCb AeftcTBOB8Tb nHllib B AH8ll830He
CKOpOCTeft.
A Terrep& cHoaa crrpocnM ce6.H: rAe :tKe 3Aec& ArraneK-
TrrqecKoe eAHHCTBO B pa3BHTHH TaKTHKH H TXHHKH?
TipOHCXOAHnO HeqTQ HeAOITyCTHMOe - TeXHHKa MO-
:tKeT - TaKTrrKe He HY:tKHO. CKopocT& rrnn MaHeapeH-
HOCT&? I(aKoft xapaKTepHCTHKe OTA8Tb rrpeArrOqTeHrre,
ecnn rrx TPYAHO pa3AenHTb Me:tKAY co6oft, ecnn OHH
HerrocpeACTBeHHO CB.H38Hbl H B33HM006ycnOBneHbi?
B ITOHCK3X rrprreMneMbiX OTBeTOB Ha 3TH BODpOCbl
aoeHH&re crreurranncTbi Bo MHorrrx CTpaHax rrpnrnJirr K
BbiBOAy, qTQ An5I BeAeHH.H B03AYWHbiX 6oea Hy:tKHbl HCT-
pe6rrTenn c JieTHbiMH xapaKTeprrcTHKaMrr, o6ecrreqHsa-
IOll.lJIMH BbiCOKHe yrJIOBbie CKOpOCTH H ycKopeHH.H, MH-
HHMaJibHbie paAHYCbi pa3BOpOTOB H XOpOlllYIO yrrpaBn.He-
MOCTb B lllnpoKoM AHarra3oHe BbiCOT. MaKcHMaJI&Ha.H: :tKe
CKOpOCTb, ITO HX MHeHHIO, AOn:tKHa COOTBeTCTBOB8Tb ql'\C-
ny M=2-2,5 *. BbiXOA H3 3Toro rrapaAoKca He 3a-
cTaBrrn ce6.H: AOJiro :tKAaTh. TeHAeHUH.H Herrpep&IBHOro
'pacTa CKOpOCTH COXpaH.H:nacb AO KOHU3 60-X rOAOB. 3a
rrocneAHrre :tKe 20 neT cKopocTb nCTpe6rrTeneft cymecT-
BeHHO He yBeJIHqHn8Cb, BrrpoqeM H He yMeHblllHJI8Cb.
3Ta TeHAeHUH5I Ha YAHBJieHrre CTa6rrnbHa K orpaHnqe-
HHIO CKOpOCTH.
BbiXOAHT, qTo H3BecTHhiA AeBH3 asrraunn J1eTaTb
Bbiiiie, A8Jibllle Il 6biCTpee BCeX HY:tKAaeTC5I AJI.H HCTpe-
6rrTe.rreft B yToqHeHnrr. JieTaTb 6hrcTpee acex HY:tKHO He
scerAa. DpaBAa, oT6pocHTb rrpe:tKHHft no3yHr Mbi He MO-
:tKeM, HO AOITOnHeHHe K HeMy HarrpaiiiHB8eTCH: neT8Tb
6hiCTpee acex nHlllb AO HaqaJia 6oH. DoJio:tKeHne He Me-
HHeTcH n ceroAH.H. JieTqHKH ncTpe6nTeJieft F -15 ceTyiDT,
qTo rrpn o6Hapy:tKeHHH ueneft Aa:tKe Ha 6oJI&IIIoft AaJib-
HOCTH (75 KM) H rrprr llOJieTe C MaKCHM8JlbHOft CKOpO-
CTbiO HM He XBaTaeT BpeMeHH Ha 38XB8T, COllpOBO:tKAe-
HHe H rrpHUeJIHB8HHe, qTQ rrpHBO.LT.HT K CpbiBY aTaK.
UAU MHOZOI{eAeaoii ucrpe6ureAb?
BbiCOKHe TaKTHKO-TexHnqecKrre Tpe6osaHH5I K caMo-
neTaM H HX BOopy:tKeHHIO, ccpopMyJIHpOBaHHbie DpH pa3-
peiiieHHH rrepBbiX ABYX rrapaAOKCOB, rrprraenn K TpeTb-
eMy, ITOCT3BHB BOeHHbiX H KOHCTpyKTOpOB rre-
* <I>mor peBbiO. 1970. VII,
62
P,eA .nivreM:M:oH:: o.rr.Houe.Jiesoi1 H.JIH MHoroue.Jiesofr Hctpe.
6IITe.Jib?
BHaqa.Jie xapaKrepHofi qeproR B caMo.JierocrpoeHHH
6br.Jio co3.rr.aHrre o.rr.HoueJieBhiX rrcrpe6IIreJieH:, crreuiiaJib-
Ho rrprrcrroco6JieHHbiX .IT.JI.H se.n.eHrr.H B03.LI.Yll1Horo 6o.H (B
HHOCTpaHHOH rreqarrr IIX H33biB3JIH IICTpeOIITeJI.HMH 33-
BOeBaHII.H rrpesocxo.rr.crsa B B03.IT.yxe). OcHOBHhre rpe-
6osaHH51 K HHM: 00Jlbll135I T51rOBOOpy:1KeHHOCTb, rrpeBbl-
ll13lOlii35I IlOJieTHbiH Bee; M3JI351 y.rr.eJibH35I Harpy3K3 Ha
KpbiJio; BhiCOKa.H rrpoqHocrh KoHcrpyKUIIH, paccqHraHHa.H
Ha 6oJibllliie rreperpy3KII; xopolllHe pa3rOHHhre xapaKre-
pHcTHKH II CKOpOilO.IT.neMHOCTh; rrpiiUeJI II opy:IKIIe .IT.JISJ
.n.aJihHero II 6JIII:IKHero 6o.H, Il03BOJI.HIOIIIIIe o6Hapy:IKII-
B3Tb H 3T3KOB3Tb U;eJIII, JieT.HIIIIIe Bblllle, HII:IKe II B CTO-
poHe Ha cpoHe rroMex *.
nJI.H pa3pa60TKH O.IT.HOU;eJieBblX C3MOJieTOB ObiJIII rrpii-
BJieqeHbi KOJIOCC3JlbHbie cpe.IT.CTBa, 33Tpa4eHbl MHOriie ro-
.ll.bl, II raKIIe IIcrpe6IIreJIII (F-15 II F-16) 6biJIII rrocrpoe-
Hhi B ClllA B HaqaJie 70-x ro.rr.os. B .n.aJihHeH:llleM rrepe.rr.
HHMII IlOCT3BIIJIII .IT.Be paBH03HaqHbie 33.LI.34II, C TeM qrO-
Obi IIcrroJih3osarb ,n.JI.H .rr.eH:crBIIH rro Ha3eMHhiM ueJI.HM,
11 H33B3JIII MHOrOU;eJieBbiMII. 0.IT.H3KO BCKOpe Bbi.HCHII-
JIOCb, qro B OTJIHqiie OT rrpe:IKHIIX IlOKOJieHIIH T3KIIe .IT.O-
porOCTO.HIIIHe MallliiHbi .IT.JI.H 3Toro MaJiorrpiiro.rr.Hhi.
flapa.IT.OKC3JlbHOCTb CJIO:IKIIBlllerOC.H IlOJIO:IKeHIIH 33-
KJII043JI3Cb B TOM, qro Y3KOCileU;II3JIII3IIpOB3HHble IICT-
pe6IITeJIII JIIIllliiJIIICh B03MO:IKHOCTII, KaK 3TO 6biJIO B MII-
HYBlllHx soH:Hax, OhiCrpo rrepeKJIIOqarbC.H c o.rr.HoH: 3a.rr.aqii
Ha ,ll,pyryiO, HapaiiiiiB3Tb ycHJIH.H y.rr.apHOH 3BIIai.I;IIII rrpii
TIO,ll,,li.ep:IKKe BOHCK, rrr6Koro rrpiiMeHeHII.H B KpiiTIIqecKIIX
CHryauiiHX o6mesoH:cKoBoro 6o.H. He Ha rrocJie.rr.HeM Me-
ere CTOSIJIH II 3'KOHOMHqecKHe OU;eHKII **.flo 3TOH Ilpii-
qrrHe B crpaHax 3arra.n.Hoi1: Esporrhr, He pacrroJiaraBllliiX
.li.OCT3TOqHbiMII cpe.IT.CTB3MII .IT.JI.H IlOCTpOHKII ClleUII3JIII3II-
pOB3HHbiX IICTpeOIITeJieH, C03.IT.3B3JIIICb TOJibKO MHOrO-
U;e.JieBhie, rrpe.rr.Ha3HaqeHHhie .IT.JI.H pellleHII.H o6eiix 3a.rr.aq.
B 3TOH CBH3II B caMoJierocrpoeHIIII pa3BepHyJiach
6oph6a .rr.syx rrporiiBope4IIBhiX reH.rr.eHUIIH. O.rr.Ha H3 HIIX
rro-rrpe:IKHeMy HarrpaBJieHa Ha pa3pa6orKy IICrpe6IIre-
JieH: ,ll.JI.H B03.IT.YlllHOrO 005!, .rr.pyra.H - Ha C03.LI.3Hlle MHO-
roueJieBhiX, IIMeiOIIIIIX KaqecTBa II IICTpe6rrreJI51, II OOM-
* 3HJl. MapHH. 1976. N!! 29.
** 0JI.HOU.eJieBOH HCTpe6HTeJib f-15C CTOHT 30 MJIH. JI.OJIJI., a MHO-
T'OUeJieBOH F-15E Ha 2,5 MJIH. JI.OJIJI. 6oJihiiie (I1HTepaBHa 3p JieTTep.
1986. 22 JI.eKa6pH).
63
lJapJI.npoiHII.ltKa, n unypMoBiiKa. MHeHJtH cneunaJincroa
pa3.LI.eJIHJIHCb. 0)l.HH npOHBJIHIOT lKHBeihilHH HHTepec K
MHOrOII.eJieBbiM CaMOJieTaM, .rr.pyrHe HpOHH3HpyiOT no no-
BOJI.Y 6e3yJI.ep1KHOfi cpaHT33HH nepBbiX.
- KoHeqHo, MOJKHO aecTH 6oH: H Ha MHoroueJieBbiX
C3MOJieTaX, - fOBOpHT CTOpOHHHKH qHCTbiX HCTpe6H-
TeJieH, - HO Be.LI.b 06be.LI.HHeHHe B O.LI.HOM caMOJieTe Ta-
KHX npOTHBOpeqHBbiX XapaKTepHCTHK, K3K nOBbiiiieHH3H
MaHeBpeHHOCTb H cnoco6HOCTb HeCTH COJIH.LI.HYIO 6oeay10
Harpy3Ky, yMeCTHTb CJIOlKHOe ll rpOM03.LI.KOe o6opyJI.OBa-
HHe, HeH36e:tKHO Be.LI.eT K yseJIHqeHHIO noJieTHOro Beca
CaMOJieTa. BoT, HanpHMep, TOT JKe O.LI.HOl(eJieBOH RCTpe-
6HTeJih F-15 nocJie nepeo6opy,rr.oaaHHH ero B MHororr.e-
JieaoH: CaMOJieT CTaJI BeCHTb 34 T BMeCTO 20, a HCTpe-
6HT,e.Tib F-16 - 22 T BMecTo 16 *. Pa3ae 6y.rr.eT 3TO
cnoco6CTBOB3Tb 3HeprHqHbiM MaHeapaM B B03.LI.YIIIHOM
6o10? A y,rr.apbi no Ha3eMHhiM rr.eJIHM? Be,rr.h B soH:He so
BbeTHaMe JieTqHKH MHororr.eJieBhiX caMoJieTOB F-4 <l>aH-
TOM, He HMeH )I.OCTaTOqHOH npocpeCCHOHaJihHOH no,rr.rO-
TOBKH, no cpaBHeHHIO C HCTpe6HTeJIHMH-60M6ap,rr.HpOB-
lli.HK3MH HeCJIH H H3MHOfO 60JihliiHe nOT>epH **.
CTopoHHHKOB MHororr.eJieBbiX caMoJieTos npeJihiii.aiOT
yHHBepcaJibHOCTb HX npHMeHeHHH (caMOJieT O)I.HH H TOT
JKe, )I.OnOJIHHIOTCH Jilllllb 6opTOBOe o6opy,rr.oBaHHe, BO-
opylKHe H nporpaMMbi, 3aJIOJKeHHhie B naMHTb 6opTOBOH
38M), a TaKJKe yHH<pHKall.HH TeXHHqecKoro o6cJiylKHBa-
HHH H peMOHTa. EcJIH JKe HMeTh YHHBepcaJihHhre Maiiin-
Hhi He npe.LI.CTaBHTCH B03MOlKHbiM, TO, no KpafiHeH Mepe,
HCTpe6HTeJIH B03.LI.YliiHOfO 605! )I.OJIJKHbi npe,rr.cTaBJIHTb
C060H XOpoiiiyiO OCHOBY .LI.JIH MOJI.H<fJHK3ll.Hll HX B MHOfO-
ll.eJieBbie caMoJieThi.
Pa3Hhre MHeHHH, pa3Hhie noJI.XO.LI.hi. KaKaH H3 TeH-
,rr.eHuHH: noJiyqHT 6oJihiiiee pa3BHTHe, noKaJKeT 6y.rr.ymee,
a nOKa Hac HHTepecyiOT npHqHHbl napa.LI.OKCOB, B03HH-
KaiOIII.HX B Jia6HpH-HTaX B33HMOCBH3eH TaKTHKH H TeX-
HHKH.
KAaa6wL{e npoeKTOB
DoJiaraTh, qTo B3aHMOCBH3H TaKTHKH H TeXHHKH co-
CTOHT CITJIOlllb H3 napa.LI.OKCOB H npOTHBOpel!HH, 6hiJIO
6hr, KOHeqHo, 3a6JiyJK.rr.eHHeM, HO ace JKe ... TexHHKa .rr.aeT
64
* I1HTepH3IUHJI JI.ecpeHc peBbiO. 1983. N2 2.
** 3p ope M3f33HH. 1972. N2 8.
iicTpethiTeJIHM paKerhi, a HCTpe6Hre.mr rpeoyiOr
HHe rryWKH, TeXHHKa rrpe.ll.Jiaraer 66JibWYIO CKOpOCTb,
Hcrpe6HTeJIH OT KOHUCIIUHH 0.1I.HOpa30BOR
paKeTHOR 3T3KH H OCT3H3BJIHB3IOTC51 rrepe.ll. Bbi60pOM
O.ll.HOUeJJeBoro HJIH MHoroue.rreBoro caMoJieTa. B 3TOM
JJa6upuHre Bcer.ll.a qro-ro Herrpe.ll.CKa3yeMo, HHKOr.ll.a
rBep.ll.O He 3Haewb, qro 6y.ll.er 3aBrpa. Co cropoHhi 3TO
K3:1KeTC51 qyrb Jill He 33f3.1I.KOII. l1 B TO :>Ke BpeM51 -
51pKHe He06biqHble H3XO,!J.KH, KOTOpblM cy:>K.ll.eHO .1I.BHf3Tb
T3KTHKY BIIepe)J.!
l1CTOpH51 3BH3UHH 3HaeT HeMaJIO H .ll.PYrHX rrpHMe-
pOB, K0f.ll.3 ocylll.eCTBJieHHe 3aMaHqHBbiX, Ha rrepBbiH
B3rJIH.LI., rrpoeKTOB oKaHqHBa.noch uey.ll.aqefi. KaKHx TOJib-
Ko IIpOeKTOB He K3KHX
rrporH030B He crpoHJJHI He MO:>KeT 6biTb, qTo6bi OHH He
3H3JIH CBOero .ll.e.TJa. Ha OCHOB3HHH CT3THCTHqecKHX .1I.3H
HblX rryTeM MO.ll.eJIHpOB3HH51, 3KCTpaiiOJI51UHH, 3KCIIepT
HbiX OUeHOK rrpe.ll.CK33blB3JIOCb Ha )leC51TKH JieT COCT051-
HHC caMoJJerHoro rrapKa, orrpe.ll.eJIHJJHcb HOBbie BH.LJ.bi
aBHaUHOHHoro opy:>KHH. ToJJhKO rrowJJo JIH 3To BrrpoK?
flo JIOfHKe pa3paOOTqHKOB, OHH )J.OJI)KHbi 6biJIH .ll.OOHTb-
C51 KOJIOCC3JibHblX ycrreXOB. 0.1I.H3KO BepHeMC51 K IIpOeK-
TaM 10-15-JJerueil .ll.3BHOCTH H qro :>Ke Mbi YBH)J.HM?
IlpuwJJa HJIH OJIH3HTC51 rropa rrpHH51TH51 ua Boopy:>KeHHe
HOBblX o6pa3UOB, a HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX T3K H He ObiJIH
C03.LJ.aHbi. Bor HecKOJibKO rrpHMepoB Hec6biBlllHXC51 rrpo-
eKTOB.
B uaqa.rre 70-x ro.n.os obiJJa rrpeKpameua pa3pa6orKa,
K333JIOCb 6bi, rrepcrreKTHBHbiX BH.ll.OB opy:>KH51 .LI.JI51 crpa-
TerHqecKHX OOM6ap.ll.Hp0Blll.HKOB: 6aJIJIHCTHqecKHX paKeT
CKaHOOJIT, o6opoHHTe .. 1bHbiX paKeT BnM, a TaK:>Ke
lllHpOKO peKJiaMHpyeMbiX B rrpecce JIO:lli:HblX ueJieH
CK3.LJ.. HeCKOJibKO II03.1I.Hee T3K351 :>Ke cy)J.hOa IIOCTHr-
Jia .LJ.HCTaHUHOHHO IIHJIOTHpyeMbie JieTaTeJibHble arrrrapa
Tbl pa3JJHqHoro Ha3HaqeHH51 H HeKOTOpbie o6pa3Ubl pa3
BC.ll.biBaTeJibHbiX Y.ll.3pHbiX KOMIIJieKTOB ( COTaC).
Bee 3TH o6pa3Ubl T3K H OCT3JIHCb IIpOeKT3MH, XOT51
6biJIH rrpoJLyMaHbl, rrpocqHT3Hbi, BbiqepqeHbi Ha oyMare,
a MHOrHe .ll.a:>Ke BOIIJIOlll.eHbl B MeTa.TJJie. 0.1I.HaKO, XOT51
HH:>KeHepbi, yqacTBOB3BWHe B peaJIH33UHH 3THX rrpoeK
TOB, rrpoHBHJIH OOJibWOe yrropcTBO, rrporHBorrocraBJI5151
uey.ll.aqaM rexuHqecKyiO H3o6peraTeJJbHOCTb, .ll.O cepHii-
uoro rrpoH3BO.ll.CTBa .ll.eJJo He .ll.OWJIO. HoBbie o6pa3Uh1
YMHpaJJH, ue ycrreB p0.1I.HTbC51. 3Ta, ua rrepBbiH B3rJIH.ll.,
HeJJorHqHaH pa3a ua caMOM .ll.eJJe oqeHb roquo oTpa-
5 3aK. 56
65
}kaet JiorliKy pa3BHTHH O)J.ltOH H3 B:ia:HMoAeftctayiOlii.MX
CTopoH. CTOHT JIM y.rr.HBJIHTbCH? Kor.rr.a MOJiqHT
TeXHHKa coqmmeT HOBble rrapa.rr.oKCbi.
Ho onmoaJIHCb He TOJibKO KOHcTpyKTOpbi. obiJIO Obi
HerrpaBHJibHO IIOJiaraTb, OY.IT.TO IIO)J.OOHbiX rrapa)J.OKCOB
6wJio .rr.orrymeHo soeHHhiMH TeopeTHKaMH s o6JiacTH TaK
THKH. CTOHT BCIIOMHHTb XOTH Obi cepbe3Hble rrpocqeThi
HX s orrpe.rr.eJieHHH poJIH HA c rroHsJieHHeM 3YP H H.rr.ep-
Horo opyLKHH HJIH oTpHuaHHH MaHespeHHhiX rpyrrrroBhiX
6oes, o qeM yLKe rosopHJIOCb Bbillle.
C HpOHHeti: BCriOMHHaeTCH rrpe.rr.cKa3aHHe
.rr.asHOCTH. He MO:lKeT 6biTb H peqH o B03.IT.Yll1HbiX 6oHx
B OT)J.a.TieHHOM oy.rr.ymeM, - KaTeropHqeCKH Beiii.aJI BOeH-
HbiH MypHaJI HATO PesbiO MHJIHTep LKeHepaJib. -
flo cylll.eCTBy, yLKe ycTapeJia KOHUeriUHH B03)J.YlllHOrO
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MecTHbie HJIH pa3p03HeHHbie YCHJIHH TaKTHKH H TeXHHKH
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3Ta capKaCTHqecKaH lllYTKa He)J.aJieKa OT peaJibHOCTH H
* Pes&IO MHJmTep meHepaJih. 1964. <l>espan&,
66
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B03HHKaiOT 9TH Herrpell,CKa3yeMbie ITOBOpOTbl B pa3BHTHH
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5* 67
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BJlHHHHe Ha TaKTHKy HecpasiieHHO 60J1bllle, qeM 33:-.teHa
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68
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70
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BCe CJIOMHee H HeyJIOBHMee 3TH
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71
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72
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78
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** l1HTepaBHa. 1985. N!! 6.
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* <l>JiafiT. 1988 . .N'2 4118.
6*
83
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* l1HTepH3lllHJI 11.ecpeHC peBbiO. 1987. N'!! 5.
** l1rnepaBHa. 1984 . .N2 9; 3p cpopc. 1985. N2 4.
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B060.LI.HT JieTIIHKa OT He06XO.LI.HMOeTH BHITOJIH.HTb 3TH
cpyHKUHH H 6y.z:r.yT erroeo6eTBOB3Tb HaHBblfO.U.HeHWeMy
MaHeBpHpOB3HHIO B B03)1.YWHOM 6010.
0.LI.HHM H3 OeHOBHHX Tpa.rr:.HUHOHHWX HarrpaBJieHHH B
pa3BHTHH PJIC .LI.JI.H Herpe6HTeJieH HOBOrO IIOKOJieHH.H ITO-
rrpe.IKHeMy oeTaeTe.H ..a.a.nLHei'Iwee yseJIHIIeHHe .rr:.aJibHO
erH o6Hapy.!KeHHH B03.LI.YWHhrx ue.rrei'I, B rrepsy10 oqepe.rr:.h
CO CHH:tKeHHOH 9QTI. 9TO H IIOH.HTHO: rrepBbiM YBli.LI.eJI
rrpoTHBHHKa - .rr:.o6HJie.H rro6e,LI.bl. KoHeTpyKTOpbi eTpe-
M.HTe.H yeHJIHTb MOll.LHOeTb H3JiyiieHH.H PJIC, HerrOJib3Y.H
HapH.LI.Y C HMITYJibeHbiM HMIIYJibeHO,LI.OITJiepoBeKHH pe-
:IKHM e KOrepeHTHOH o6pa60TKOH eHrHaJIOB H BHeOKOH
qaeToroi'I rrosTopeHH.H HMITYJibeos. Bee 3TH rryTH yseJIH-
IIeHH.H ,LI.aJihHoerH .rr:.ei'IeTBII.H PJIC H3BeeTHbi e )l.aBHHX
BpeMeH, HO eerO,LI.H.H B HHX 06Hapy:tKHB310Te.H HOBWe I10-
TeHUH3JibHbie B03MO:tKHOeTH.
CsoespeMeHHO o6Hapy:tKHTb ueJib oiieHb sa:tKHo, HO
3TO He Bee. KTo H3 JieTIIrl:KOB He 3HaeT, CKOJibKO .rr:.paro-
ueHHoro speMeHH rrpHxo.rr:.Hre.H Tep.HTh, Kor.rr:.a, o6Hapy-
:tKHB UeJib, He 3HaeWb ee rrpHH3)1.Jie:tKHOeTH H xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH! Be)l.b Ha 3KpaHax PJIC eospeYieHHhiX Herpe6H-
re.rrei'I orMeTKH scex JierareJibHhiX arrrrapaTOB o.rr:.HHaKOBhi,
o rHrre II eoerase ueJIH MOJKHO cy.rr:.Hrh JIHWb rrpii-
6JIH}KeHHO ITO .LI.3JibHOeTH ITO.HBJieHH.H OTMeTKH Ha 3Kpa-
He. CymeerByJOULHe .IKe eiieTeMbi orro3HaBaHH.H esoi'I -
* <l>JJaii:T. 19S9. N2 4150.
8S
tiy)fwih onpe.rr.eJHIIOT JIHlllh rtpHHaJ.I.Jie)KHOCTb uemt, .ti.a )ot
TO He,nOCT3T04HO Ha.LJ.eMHO. Ha HHX He.TJ:b351. noJiaraTbC5I
npH 3KTHBHOH pa,llH03JiernpOHHOH 60pb6e CTOpOH. I1e-
3TOMy HCTpe6HTeJIH OK33biB310TC51. CKOB3HHblMH B CBOHX
,ll.eHCTBH51.X H ,ll;OJIMHbl B03,!I.epMHB3TbC51. OT se)J.eHH5I OfH5I
Ha .LJ.3JibHOCT51.X, 6e30naCHbiX )l;JI51. HHX C3MHX H HaH60Jiee
Y.LI.06HbiX .LJ.JIH nopa:IKeHHH nporHBHHKa.
I1TaK, JieT4HK OT4eTJITIBO Ha6JIIO,ll.aeT OTMeTKH B03-
,nyli1HbiX II.eJieH 33 .rr.o6py10 COTHIO KHJIOMeTpOB, HO HH
npHH5ITb pellleHH5I, HH OT
1
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KHMH 6bi ,naJibH060HHbi'.1H paKeTaMH HH pacnoJiaraJI.
4ro6bi He )J.OnycTHTb nopa:m:eHH5I CBOHX caMOJieTOB,
HY:IKHO c6JIHMaThC51. c npoTHBHHKOM .LJ.JI5I BH3yaJibHOro
ero on03HasaHH5I no sHeWHHM npH3HaKaM. Ho qcM MOW:-
Hee H ,li.3JibH060HHee CT3HOBHTC51. opy:IKHe, qeM CKOpO-
Te4HCC 06CT3HOBK3 B 60lO, TCM OCTpee HC06XO.LJ.HMOCTb
B nOJIHOH H,li.CHTH<f>HK3UHH B03.LJ.Yli1HbiX ueJie:fi.
CsoespeMeHHoe on03HasaHHe B03.LJ.YWHbiX ueJieii 6hl-
JIO cepbe3HOH np06JieMOH .LJ.JI51. scex nOKOJieHHH HCTpe6H-
TC.TJ:CH. O.rr.HaKo H cero.rr.HH nepcneKTHsa perneHHH 3TOH
npo6JICMbi, no MHCHHIO 3ana.LJ.HbiX cneii.H3JIHCTOB, ern:e
or.rr.a.TICHHee, qeM Kor.rr.a-JIH6o. IloHCKH Ha.rr.eMHbiX
cpe.rr.CTs orr03HasaHHH se.rr.yrc5I s BBC MHorHx crpaH.
l13biCKHB3IOTC5I pa3JIH4Hbie MCTO.LJ.bl H yCTpOHCTBa .LJ.JI5I
OIIpC,li.CJICHH5I THIIa UeJieH, Bbi.LJ.eJieHH5I OT.LJ.CJibHbiX C3MO-
JieTOB B IIJIOTHbiX 6oeBbiX nop5I.LJ.K3X, Bbl5IBJICHH51. HX Me-
CTOIIOJIO:IKCHH5I B rpyrrrrax . .Il.JI5I aHaJIH3a rrpH3HaKOB II.C-
JieH B CiliA C03,UaiOTC5I crreunaJibHbie yCTpoiicrsa cKo-
pocTHOH o6pa60TKH CHrHaJIOB PJIC, CHCTeMbi Ha OCHOBe
rrporpaMMHpyeMhiX rrpoueccopos, s rraM5ITb KoropbiX 3a-
KJia.rr.bmaerc5I BCCb KOMITJieKC H3JiyqeHH5I pa.rr.H03JieK-
TpOHHOf0 o6opyAOB3HH51. C3MOJieTOB sep05ITHOfO IIpOTHB
HHKa. O.rr.HospeMeHHO c 3THM pa3pa6aTbiBaercH arrrrapa-
rypa Bbl5IBJieHH5I CIIeUHcpu4eCKOH .LJ.JI5I K3M,li.Of0 THIIa ca-
MO.TJ:eTa MO.LLYJIHUHH OTpa )KeHHbiX CHrHaJIOB, Bbl3biBaeMOH
spameHHeM JiorraroK KOMrrpeccopa .rr.snrare.'15I. AHrJIH:fi-
CKHe CIICUH3JIHCTbi 60JibJ1C Ha,ll.eiOTC5I Ha OIITH4eCKHC
yCTpoiiCTBa, Haso.rr.HMbie Ha B03.LJ.YWHhie ueJIH c rro-
MOLUbiO PJIC c rrocJie)J.yiOW:HM rrpeo6pa3osaHHeM onrH-
qecKoro H306pa:1KeHH5I B TeJieBH3HOHHOe *.
I1 BCC )KC, HeCMOTp5I ila 3TH HOBWeCTBa, MHOfOOIIbiT-
HbiC 3KCIIepTbi He)J.OBepqHBO KaqaiOT f0JIOB3MH. 0HH C4H-
T3IOT, 4TO O,ll;HHM H3 OCHOBHbiX H HaH60.TJ:ee Ha,ll.eMHbiX
* <l>naih. 1986. N2 4011.
86
cnoco6oB Oll03H3B3HIUI B03LLYWHbiX ll,eJieH II B 6yLI.ylll.eM
OCTaHeTCH HenpepbiBHOe Ha6JIIOLI.eHHe 3a IIX LI.eHCTBIIHMII,
HaqiiH351. CO B3,1Jera, JIH60 C TOH qacTII B03Jl.YWH0f0 npo-
crpaHCTBa, fLI.e Her CBOIIX CaMOJieTOB ( HenpHMOe Oll0-
3HaBaHIIe rocyLI.a pCTBeHHOH npiiH3LI.JieJKHOCTII). l1Hb!MII
CJIOB3MII, coqeraHIIIO )l.3JinHero paLI.IIOJIOKall,HOHHOfO 06-
Hapy1KeHH51. c ono3HasaHHeM ueJieH: npe.n.peKaercH saJK-
Hei1rna51 po.lJb *. Ho pa3se 3TO peweHIIe npo6JieMhi?
TaKOBbl OCHOBHbie xapaKrepHbie qepTbl HOBOfO llOKO-
JieHIIH caMoJieros-IIcrpe6nreJiei1:. O.n.HaKo ecrb eme OLI.Ha,
HBCTBeHHO 0603HaqiiBW351.C51. TeHLI.eHll,HH, 6e3 yqera KOTO-
pOH OUeHKa COCT051.HH51 6y.n.ymero C3MOJieTHOfO napKa
HA 6biJia 6bi HenOJIHOH. neJIO B TOM, qro nocrpoH:Ka
npHHUHIIHaJibHO HOBbiX TIIIIOB IICrpe6IITeJieH rpe6yer
60Jibli1HX 3KOHOMIItieCKHX 33Tpar H )l.JIIITeJibHOfO apeMe-
HH, H 3TO npii HaJIHqiiii MHOfOqHCJieHHOfO napKa yJKe
C03)1.3HHbiX CaMOJieTOB. 0LI.H3KO 3aMeqeHO, qro y HbiHelli-
HIIX THIIOB renepb crapeeT He CTOJibKO KOHCrpyKUH51,
CKOJibKO )l.BHraTeJIII, BOOpylKeHHe II o6opyLI.OB3HIIe. Ec-
TeCTBeHHO, qro YCIIJIHH 3BII3ll,IIOHHbiX KOHCTpyKTOpOB Ha-
pH.LI.Y C pa3pa60TKOH HOBniX npOeKTOB HanpaBJieHbi H Ha
MOLI.epHII33ll,HIO paHee np<iHHTbiX H H3XOJl.51.Ili.IIXC51. B Ce-
piiHHOM npOII3BO)l.CTBe MalliiiH.
3ra reH.n.eHUII51, KaK ctiiiTaiOT 3apy6eJKHbre cneuHa-
JIIICTbi, IIMeeT llOJIHOe npaBO Ha Cylll.eCTBOBai-IHe II B 6y-
.LI.ylll.eM. 0Ha no3BOJIHer npH MeHbWIIX 3arparax o6ecne-
qiiTb npHpocr 6oeBbiX B03MOJKHOcreii IIcrpe6IIreJieii. YJKe
B reqeHIIe MHOriix JieT HenpepbiBHO yJiyqrnaiOrCH xapaK-
Te'pHCTHKII He6e3bi3BeCTHbiX aMepHK3'HC'KilfX IICTpe6riTe-
JieH F -15 H F -16, npiiH51TbiX Ha soopyJKeHIIe a 1972 II
1976 rr. Ha IIX MOLLIIqmKaUHII ycraHaBJIIIBaiOTC51 HOBbie
JI.BIIrareJIII, 6oJiee coseprneHHbre PJIC, paKeTbi, cpe.n.crsa
P35, HaBHrauHOHHoe o6e>py.n.osaHHe. AKTIIBHO peaJIII3y-
ercH nporpaMMa Mo.n.epHII33UHII caMoJieros F -4F II
TopHa.n.o B <I>Pf. Ha HHX npe.n.noJiaraercH qacriiqHo
3aMeHHTb 6oprosoe pa.n.no3JieKrpoHHoe o6opy.n.osaHIIe II
soopylKIITb IIX paKeraMII AMRAAM II HARM**. 3anaLL-
Hbie 3Kcneprb1 3THM THrraM IIcrpe6IIreJieii
60Jibli1YIO )l.OJirOBeqHOCTb II He COMHeB3IOTC51, qro OHII
yaepeHHO soii.n.yr B cocraa caMOJieTHoro napKa K KOHUY
seKa.
* .n.ecpeHc peBbiO. 1986. N2 8.
** l1HTepH3IIIHJI .n.e<J>eHc peBblO. 1986. N2 8; ynK.
l987. N'l 6. .
87
4. lioii Be.ll.yT HCTpe6HTeJIH Hoooro noKoJieHHSJ
Dpo6.1C::VIhi TL1KTHKH B03J.)'WHoro 6o5I Ha rroporc
JI,BYXTb!C5I4l!OfO BpeMCI-IHcJrU py6C)!\a npHBJICKaiOT Hallie
BHHMaHHe 11114)'Tb HC MeHbWC, 4eM pa3pa60TK3 IICTpC6li-
TeJieH oqepenHoro rroKoJieHmL DonbiTKII JieT4IIKOB cecrh
B HOBbiH IIJIII CaMOJICT CO crapb!M
TaKTH4CCKIINI 6araJKOM He rrpiiHCCYT ycrrexa, ITOTO:Vty 4TO
liM He YJI.3CTC5I TIOJIHOCTb!O peaJIII30BaTb Bb!COKHe 60CBbiC
B03MOJKHOCTII HOBOH TCXHHKII.
CeroJI,H5I ocHOBbi 6oH rro;'J,BepraiOTCSJ
KpiiTH4ecKoMy aHa.TIH3Y u rrepcowrpy. 3arraJI,Hbie cne-
LUiaJIIICTbi ITO,U4CpKIIBa JOT, lJTO ll,JI5I HCTpC6HTeJieH C 6o-
.1eC BbiCOKIIMH JieTHO-TC1KTl!4CCKIIl\!II xapaKTCpiiCTHKClMH,
\10ll]Hbl :VI BOOp)'iKCH IH'M II B LJCOKOa BTOM a TII3HpOB3 If H b!\1!1
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CTHJKHMble B03MO/I\HOCTH H ITOJI,<liOlUW\11! paJJ.yJKHbie Ha-
..'l,CJKJI,bl, TCM He MCHCC OCT3llYTC5I B CHJie OCHOBHbie rrpa-
Bli.Tia B03lJ.YUIHoro 6nH, Bbrpa6oraHHbie H 33Kperr.,1eHHbie
B MI-myBnmx BOHHax. Do3TOMY 3apy6eJKHhie 3Kcneprhr
opiieHTHpyiDTC5I Ha 6ol-!, COlJCTaiOllll-!e B H3BeCTHOI1 CTe-
rreHI-1 KaK HOBbie, TaK J-1 CT3pbie 3JICMeHThl.
11cxoJI,5I l-13 3roro B 3apy6e)KHOH rreqarH rosopHTC5I,
lJTO paHOHbi B031l.YlliHbiX 6oeB MoryT HMeTb 60Jibllii-!e
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3aMbic.,TJy rroD.pa3;r.e-1eHH5I. O,TJ.HaKo 6o.1ee cosepmeHHbie
caMOJICTbi H CHCTeMbl HX BOopyJKeHI-I5I ITOBJieKyT 3a C0-
6oH H 60Jiee pemHTeJibHbiC uem-I, H Bb!COK)'IO 3KTHBHOCTb
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lliHe CBOJO 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb, He OTOMp)'T, a 6yJI,yT rrepe-
pOJKD.aTbC5I B HOBbie, BbJTeKaiOll]HC H3 B03MQ)KHOCTeH
TeXHHKH, KOTOph!M rrpeli.CTOl--!T eme paclll!Ip5ITbC'5I H yr-
.'Iy6J1JfTbC5I.
KaKHe JKe csoticrBa caMOJ1eToB Jie)Kar B ocHosc ra-
KHX TaKTH4eCKHX rrpHeMOB? B rrepByiO oqepellb BHCOKa5I
Hl.fOBOOpyJKeHHOCTb H B03MQ)IHIOCTb yrrpaB.1eHH5I 33p0-
11.HHaMII4eCKHMH CHJI3MH.
BbrcoKa5I HCTpe61-ne.1eti HOBoro
ITOKO.'IeHH5I H3K.131I.biB3C'T CBOH OC06eHHOCTH Ha B03,1\'lii-
Hbifi 60H, H3MeH5I5I pO.'Ib rrpeHMyLUeCTB3 B BbiCOTe Jia,TJ,
rrpoTHBHHKOM H xapaKrep MaHeBpOB. B rrpolliJIOM npe-
WvtymecrBo B Bhicore pemaJio MHoroe. CHHJKa5ICb .U,JHJ
88
6oH, sa cqer 3fora
CKOpOCTb, MOfJIH 6biCTpO )l.OrHaTb rrpOTHBHHKa, 3aHHTb
BblfO)l.HOe IlOJIOMeHHe H 11pOH3Becni BHC3311HYIO araKy.
Haxo)l.HCh HHMe rrporHBHtfKa, OHH 3TOH
B03MOMHOCTH. 3HeprHH C3MOJieTOB He Bbi-
IlOJIHHTb raKHe MaHeBpbi. Terreph Me 6Jiaro,ll.apH Hx or-
poMHoti THfOBOopyMeHHOCTH H3XO)l.HCb H HHMe
11pOTHBHHKa, MOryr ocymecTBJIHTb pe3KHH Ha6op BbiCO-
Tbl, pasorHaTb CKOpOCTb He TOJibKO Ha CHHMeHHH, rrpo-
H3BO)l.l:ITb H ,ll.pyrHe MaHeBpbl 6e3 Ha-
6opa BhiCOThi. BosMO:tl\HOCTh Me .rr.ocrurHyrh BHesarrHo-
crH o6parHo rrporropuuoHaJihHOH BhiCore. Kro Jie-
THT Bhiiiie, roro BH)l.HO Ha 3KpaHe PJIC, roMy
rpy,li.Hee o6HapyMHTh ueJih Ha q>oHe
BosMOMHOCTH yrrpasJieHHH a3pO,li.HHaMnqecKHMH cH-
JiaMH, B cso10 oqepe)l.h, CKaMyrcH Ha xapaKrepe MaHeB-
puposaHHH B BOS)l.YIIIHOM 6010. BupaMH MaJloro pa,li.Hy-
ca, 6oeshre passoporhi, KOChle H ,ll.pyrHe rro,ZJ.o6-
Hbie HM rpa,li.HUHOHHbie MaHeBpbl - COCT3BHbie qacrl:l
TaKTHqecKHX rrpHeMOB Terrepb Moryr 6hiTb )l.OilOJIHeHhl
rrpHHUHilHaJibHO HOBbiMH, yrrOMHHYTbiMH paHee MaHeB-
paMH: 11JIOCI{1HMH passoporaMH (6es KpeHa), llO)l.beMOM
H CHHMeHHeM 6es HSMeHeiBH yr.TJOB TaHraMa.
HyMHO, rroJIOMHM, s ,ZJ.HHaMHKe 6oH 6brcrpo H roqHo
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KaK rrocryrrHTh JierquKy? nblcrphrti )l.OBopor Ha ueJih
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reM soccraHOBJieHHe rrpeMHero rroJioMeHHH. TaKHe 6oe-
Bhre MaHeBpbi IlOSBOJIHT He TOJlhKO yrrpOCTHTb npHUeJIH-
BaHHe H yseJIHqHrh sony rropaMeHHH HanpasJieHHoro
Bnepe,ll. opyMHH, HO H MOryT BBeCTH B sa6JiyM)l.eHHe
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BOe opyMHe. l1crpe6ureJIH, pacrroJiaraiOmue paKeraMH c
pa3HOH )l.3JlbHOCTb!O )l.eHCTBHH, CMoryr BeCTH 60H Ha
cpe,li.HHX H M3Jl.'.:>IX )l.HCTaHUHHX, rropaMaTb rrpo-
THBHHKa, Manespupy10mero c 60JibiiiHMH neperpy3KaMH,
c JII06oro narrpasJieHHH. KJiaccuqecKaH cxeMa, coqeraiO-
Il..J,a5I MaHeBp H OfOHb CO CTpeMJieHHeM SaHTH ,ll.pyr ,ll.py-
ry B XBOCT H ,l.O MHHHMaJibHOH )l.aJibHOCTH, B
raKHX ycJIOBHHX rep5Ier csoe rrpesaJIHpyromee sHaqe-
nHe, araKH Me Ha scrpel!HhiX Kypcax, o6ecrreqHsaiOmHe
na.'IbHOCTh rrycKa paKer, nao6opor, cra-
HOB5ITCH 6oJiee rrpe,ll.rroqnneJibHbiMH. TaKHe araKH KaK
89
oy.utb coseeM He.n.aBHO ObiJIH HeBblllOJIHHMbl. HH O,ll,Mli
caMbiH eMe.1biH B03.LLYWHbiH 6oeu He yene-1 6hr
npH.IJ,eJIHTbe5I H rropa3HTb UeJib, He llMeH B eBOeM paene-
p5I:1KeHHH .n.aJibHo6oiiHhiX paKeT. Tenepb .IKe e6JIH:IKeHHe
MO./KeT BbiiiOJIH5ITbe5I ITO rpaeKTOpH5IM, OJIH3KHM K I1p5I-
MOH. Bo3.UYWHbiH 6oii eraHOBHTeH BeepaKypeHbiM.
flo rrpHqHHe 3apy6e.tKHbie BOeHHbre eneuHaJIH-
crhr He 6e3 oeHoBaHH5I eqHraiOr, qro Ha xapaKrep 6y.n.y-
IUHX 6oeB OOJibWee BJIH5Iilcle 6y.n.yr OK33blB3Tb B03MO.IK-
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H IIOJ13f3IOT, qro IIpH H3JI<HHH y K3./K)I.Of0 IIerpeOIITeJI5I
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0 He06XO)J.HMOeTH IIMeTb )I.eMOHCTpaTIIBHYIO rpyrrrry re-
rrepb BhieKa3biBaiOTeH 6o.nhlliHe eoMHeHH5I. CqHraerc5I,
qro IICTpe6HTeJIH HOBOfO IIOKOJieHH5I C MOIUHbiM BOOpy-
2KeHI-IeM He MOryr II03BOJIHTb ce6e TaKyiO pOCKOillb.
EereerBeHHO, qro rroMHMO rpynrroBoro 6o5I coxpaHHTe5I
II .li.Y3JibHbie eHryaUIIH, HO OHH MOryT HMeTb Meero JIHillb
B eJI02KHbiX MereoyeJIOBHHX, a raK.IKe B xo.ue rpyrrnosoro
005!.
PaecMarpHBa5I TIIIIOBbie BapHaHTbi 6oeBbiX rropH.UKOB
rro.z:r:pa3)I.eJieHHH, 3aiia)J.Hble 3KeiiepTbi npiiXO)J.5IT K BbiBO-
.Uy, qro )J.JI5I rro.rmoro HeiiOJib30B3HII5I B03M02KHOeTeH
eBoero opy.tKH5I H o6eerreqeHH5I cBo6o.n:hr MaHespa Herpe-
6HreJIII rrepe.n: 6oeM .uo.rr2KHhi see .uaJibllle OTO.UBHrarbC5I
.upyr or .upyra, a HX 6oeBhie rrop5I)J.KH - Bee 6oJihllle
* OpocHH.QHHrc. 1984. 51Hsapb.
90
paccpe,a:oToqHBaTbCH. Cocras :>Ke caMoJieToB, CBO,ll)1MbiX
B e,a:rmyiO rpyrrrry, Mo:>KeT yMeHbWaTbCH. Op11 3TOM Tpa-
11.11UI10HHhie <!JYHKUIUI BeUylU11X 11 Be.LI.OMbiX Tpe6yiOT cy-
lUCTBeHHOf0 yToqHeHH5! ,a:a:>Ke B caMhiX Ma.lbiX rroD.pa3-
.LI.eJieHI15IX - rrapax 11crpe611TeJiefl: *.
EcJIH ae.LI.yiU11H aTaKyeT ueJih, a Be.LI.OMbiH TOJibKO
CJie.LI.I1T 3a B03.1l.YWHOH 11 I1p11KpbiBaeT CBO-
ero BeD.ymero, oH qacTo B03BpamaeTc5! Ha a3pO.LI.POM c
He113paCX01I.OBaHHbiM 6oeKOMI1JIKTOM. J1CTpe611TeJI5IM HO-
BOrO I10KOJieH1151 TOJK:e HYJKHO .LI.eJII1TbC51 Ha Be.LI.yiUI1X 11
Be.LI.OMbiX, HO qT06bi paUI10HaJibHO I1p11MeH51Tb BCIO MOIUb
CBOero opy:>KI15!, 11M BblfOD.Hee CJie.LI.OBaTb B pa30MKHYTOM
60eBOM I10p5I.LI.K, 6JII13KOM: K <!JpOHTy, H 060HM HaXO-
.li.HTbC5! B roTOBHOCTH K aTaKe. ATaKoBaTh )Ke ueJih 6y-
.n.eT TOT, KTO HaXO.LI.HTC5! B 60Jiee BblfO)l.HOM ITOJIO:>KeHHH.
OH cTaHOBHTC5! aTaKyiOlll!1M, a BTopofi JieTqHK rrpiiKpbi-
BaiOIU11M. flp11Kpb1BaiOIUHH HCTpe611TJib 3aTeM Hapa-
IUIIBaeT yciiJIHH aTaKyiOmero.
OpocJie,a:IIM .lJ.IIHaMIIKy TIIrrosoro B03.1I.YlliHOro 6oH, B
KOTOpOM 3apy6e:>K:Hble B02HHbie CITeUIIaJIIICTbl I1blT3IOTC5!
HafiTII HOBbie, HeOp.lJ.IIHapclbJe peWeHH51. flo HX MHeHHIO,
6ofi UeJieC006pa3HO HaqHT-IaTb C M3KCHMaJibHblX .LI.aJibHO-
CTH aKTHBHbiMH rpyrriTOBbiMH aTaKaMH, C TeM qT06bi
cpa3y :>Ke pacceHTb 6oeBJH I10pHD.OK rrpOTHBHHKa H CB-
CTH Ha HeT ero qHcJieHHOe rrpeBOCXO.LI.CTBO. 0.LI.H3KO H
I1pOTIIBHHK, pacrrOJiara5! npHMepHO O.LI.IIHaKOBbiM ITO ITO-
pa:>KaiOIUHM B03MOJKHOCTHM opy2KHM, TO:>Ke 6y.LI.eT CTpe-
MHTbC5! K aHaJIOfHl!HblM aTaKaM. flo3TOMy HaqaJibHOe
TaKTHqecKoe npesocxO.LI.CTao ocTaHeTcH 3a TOH rpyrrrrofl:
HJII1 TeM JieTq11KOM, KOTOpbie cyMeiOT rrepBb!M11 06Hapy-
)KHTb I1pOTIIBHI1Ka, paHbllle OUeHHT o6cTaHOBKy, I1p11MYT
peweHI1e 11 cMoryT 6bicTpee rrepeHT11 B aTaKy.
KaKI1e Me TaKTI1qecKHe np11eMbi ueJiecoo6pa3Hhi B
rrepBOH aTaKe, KOTOpaH 13b!COKO UeHI1JiaCb 11 rrpe:>K.LI.e, a
C pOCTOM MOIU11 opy:>K:I151 11CTpe611TeJiefi 11 MaJIOfi 3<lJ-
<f>eKT11BHOCTbiO ITOBTOpHbiX aTaK I1p11o6peTaeT pewaiO-
IUee 3H3l!eHI1e? 0.LI.H11M II3 TaKI1X, XOT51 11 113BeCTHbiX, HO
HeCKOJlbKO B11.11.0113MeHeHHbiX .11..1151 HOBbiX 11CTpe611TeJiefi
I1p11eMOB MOJK:eT 6biTb c6JII1:>KeHI1e C UeJibiO Ha Bb!COTe,
MeHhllieH, lleM OlKI1JJ:aeMaH BblCOTa UeJII1, C ITOCJie.LI.yiO-
IUefi sHe3arrHofl: aTaKofi cnepe.LI.II CHI13y. Tor,a:a rrpoTI1B-
HHK OKaJK:eTCH B xy.z:r.WeM ITOJIO:>KeHIIH, TaK K3K .LI.aJib-
* 3p cpopc. 1986. N2 4.
91
HOCTb o6Hapy1KeHHH ero PJ1C 6y,neT MeHbWe Ha cpoHe
3e:viJ1li H OH JIHWHTCH B03MO.IKHOCTH nepBOH aTaKH.
I1 BCe :tKe HaH60JibWYIMH B03MO.IKHOCT5IMH ,nJ15I B.He-
33TIHOH 3TaKH 6y,nyT pacnOJiaraTb MaJI03aMeTHbie HCT-
pe6HTeJIH CO 3HaqHTeJibHO CHH.IKeHHbiMH 30TI H HHTeH-
CHBHOCTbiO I1K-H3JiyqeHH5I. ,llaJibHOCTb 06Hapy1KeHH5I Ta-
KHX HcTpe6HTeJieti 6opTOBbiMH PJ1C caMo.rreTOB npoTH-
BOCTOHIII.eti CTOpOHbi, TIO CBe,neHHHM 3apy6e.IKHOH neqa-
TH, CHH3HTC5I ,no 20-25 KM, a ,naJibHOCTb, 3aXBaTa -
.no 15 KM. CooTBeTCTBeHHo yMeHblliaTCH H .rr.aJibHOCTH
PHc. 30. MaJI03aMeTHble Hcrp,eoHTeJIIH, Boopy:a<eHHbre
:paK,eTa,MH Tlarra AMRAAM:
1 - MaJio3aMeTHbie HCTpe6HTeJIH; 2- oohiqHbie caMoJieThi; 3- paKeTbl B
aBTOHOMHOM pelKHMe; 4- J].3J'IhHOCTb 33XB3Ta
3aXBaTa ueJieH paKeTaMH C 3KTHBHbiMH rOJIOBKaMH ca-
MOHaBe,neHHH, He no.rryqaiQIII.HMH ycTOHqHBbiX CHrHaJIOB
oT MaJio3aMeTHbiX caMoJieToB *. Oo3TOMY JieTqHKH nep-
BbiMH 06Hapy:tKaT npOTHBHHKa, CMOryT CKpbiTHO C6JIII-
3HTbC5I C HHM H nepBbiMH Me 3T3KOB3Tb ero (pHC. 30).
3,neCb B03HHKaeT O.ll.HO HHTepeCHOe 06CT05ITeJibCTBO.
EcJIH npoTHBo6opcTBYIOIII.aH cTopoHa 6y,neT pacnoJia-
raTb T3KHMH .IKe M3JI033MeTHbiMH HCTpe6HTeJI5IMH, 60H
HeBH,nliMOK, K3K CqHTa PJT 3apy6eJKHble BOeHHbie CTie-
UH3JIHCTbi, npHo6peTeT COBepWeHHO HHOH xapaKTep H TIO-
Tpe6yeT ,npyrHX T3KTHqecKIIX npHeMOB. TipH 3TOM aTa-
KH B nepe,nHIOIO TIOJiyccpcpy 6y,nyT Kpati:He 33Tpy,nHeHbi
H3-3a MaJioti .rr.aJILHOCTII o6uapy:tKeHHH ue.rreii H Ha nep-
BbiH TIJ13H Bblr'TYTIHT BCC qepTbi npe.IKHero 6JIH.IKHero
* ABII3fflliH YlfK. 1988. 11.
92
6051, K0f}l3 y HCTpe6HTeJici1 ewe He 6biJIO pa,llHOJIOK3UH-
OHHbiX IIpHIJ,eJIOB H paKeT C 60JiblliOH ,Zl.3J1bHOCTbiO }leH-
CTBHH. B03BpaweHHe K crapoMy? 0TqacTH }la!
TaKrHqecKHe npHeMbi npH 3aBH3Ke 6oH JlOJI:tKHbi
o6ecneqHTb HCTpe6HTeJI51M He TOJ'1bKO 06Hapy:>KeHHe IIpO-
THBHHKa nepBbiMH, HO H nopallieHHe M3KCHM3JibHOrO .KO-
JIHqecTBa ue-1ei1. 3}leCb Ha nepBbiH n.naH BbiCTynaiOT Ho-
Bbie, He Tpe6yiOW.He IIO}lCBeTKH caMOJieTOB npOTHBHHKa
paKeTbi C 3KTHBHbiMH CHCTeMaMH C3MOH3Be}leHH5l, IIYCK
KOTOpbiX C K3lli}l0f0 HCTpe6HTeJI5l B03MOllieH noqTH O,U-
HOBpeMeHHO no HeCKOJibKtiM ueJIHM (AMRAAM). flep-
B35l aTaKa M3JI03aMeTHWX HCTpe6HTeJieH C npHMeHeHH-
eM T3KHX paKeT, 06JI3)1.310lli.HX CBOHCTBOM BbiCTpeJIHJI
H 3a6biJI, cpa3y llie npHo6peTaer HOBbie qepTbi. Ee sa-
MbiCeJI MOllieT 6biTb CJieD.yiOW.HM: JieTqHKH, 06HapylliHB
ueJib HJIH rpynny ueJiei1, HaqHHaiOT cKpbiTHoe c6JIHllie-
HHe c Hei1. KoMaHJI.Hp rpynnbr pacnpen.eJIHeT OTJI.eJibHbie
CaMOJieTbl npOTHBHHKa MelliJI.Y Be)I.OMbiMH, qTo6bi H36e-
iK3Tb MHOrOKpaTHOrO nopallieHH5l HX (HaH60Jiee B3lli-
HYIO ueJib peKoMeHJI.yercH Bbi6HpaTb caMoMy KoMaH-
JI.Hpy).
0JI.HO Heo6xoJI.HMOe orcTymreHHe. qT06br 6e30WH-
6oqHo pacnpeJI.eJIHTb ueJIH, KOM3HJI.Hpy HylliHO TQqHQ
3H3Tb KOJIHqecTBO H MeCTO CaMOJieTOB npOTHBHHKa B
rpynne. Kor)l.a KOMaHJI.HP He BHJI.HT ee BHsyaJibHO, JI.a
ew.e B YCJIOBHHX CJIOlliHOH nOMeXOBOH o6cTaHOBKH, C)l.e-
JI3Tb 3TO HeJierKO. fi03T01VIy, IIOKa HCTpe6HTeJIH He HMe-
IOT Ha)l.elliHbiX ycTpOHCTB )I.JI5l pacn03H3B3HHH ueJieH,
OHH HYlliJI.310TCH B )I.OnOJIHHTeJibHOH HHcpopM3UHH, KOTO-
paH MOllieT 6biTb HM nepe)l.aHa C Ha3eMHOfO HJIH B03-
JI.YlliHOfO KTI.
TiocJie pacnpeJI.e.rreHHH ueJieH MelliJI.Y JieTqHKaMH Kalli-
JI.biH pacnpeJI.eJIHeT HMeiOUlHecH Ha 6opTy paKeTbi Melli-
JI.Y H33HaqeHHbiMH C3MOJieTaMH. ,UaJibWe OCTaeTCH Bbi-
nOJIHHTb HeMHoroe: npOH3BeCTH nycK H 336biTb paKe-
Tbl, a saTeM BbiiiOJIHHTb MaHeBp YKJIOHeHHH, qTo6w He
nonacTb noJI. OTBeTHbiH orOHb. ATaKa npeJI.eJibHO ynpo-
w.aeTCH. ,Ua.TJee KOM3HJI.Hp opraHH3yeT nOBTOpHyiO aTa-
KY no yueJieBWHM OT nepsoi1 aTaKH ueJIHM HJIH JieTqH-
KH npHCTynaiOT K nOHCKY n.pyrHX UeJieH *.
O.nnaKo sosn.yrnHbiH 6oii BpH.n JIH 6yJI.eT HOCHTb xa-
paKTep 06MeHa paKeTHbi\1H y,napaMH TOJibKO C )]:3JibHHX
paCCTOHHHH. flpOTHBHHK MO)},.eT no.rryqHTb CBOeBpe;..reH-
* npocHH.ll:HHrc. 1984. 51HBapb; 3p <Pope. 1985. N!! 4.
93
HYIO HHqJOpMaii.HIO, H T0f}l.3 OH e,n:eJiaeT Bee ,LJ:JIH fOrD,
qT06bi e03,LJ:3Tb MOI.IJ.HOe pa,ll.H03JieKTpOHHOe rrpOTHBO-
,n:eiieTBHe, OeJieiiHTb JieTqHKOB, llOMelllaTb HM B IIpH-
MeHeHHH orrpe,ll.eJieHHOfO THIIa paKeT H eopBaTb y.ll.ap C
npe,ll.eJihHoii ,ll.aJihHOCTH. HeJih3H He,ll.ooueHHBaTb ero
B03MOLKHOeTH, oeo6eHHO CO CTOpOHbl M3JI03aMeTHbiX
HCTpe6HTeJieH ITO ,LJ:OeTHLKeHHIO BHe33IIHOeTH, K0f,ll.3 OHH
OKaLKyTeH Ha 6JIH3KOM paeCTOHHHH, HCKJIIOqaiOI.IJ.eM IIpH-
MeHeHHe paKeT 6oJiblllOH ,ll.aJibHOCTH. He eJie,n:yeT sa6w-
saTh 0 CJIOLKHOeTH IIpH60pHOf0 Oll03H3B3HHH UeJieH.
,Ua H C3MH JieTqHKH IIJIOXO npHUeJIHTbCH JIH60
,n:orryeTHTb ,n:pyrrre OlllH6KH, II03TOMy aTaKH e 60JiblllHX
,ll.aJihHOCTeH oKaLKyTcH 6esyenelllHbiMH. A ecJIH B 6oiO
Hspacxo,n:osaH seeh sanae ,ll.3JihHo6oiiHhiX paKeT? Bo
Beex 3THX CJiyqaHX B03Ll:YlllHbiH t'5oii, HaqaBlllHHeH K3K
,ll.3JibHHH, 33TeM B 6JIHLKHHH.
oJIHLKHHH B03.ll.YlllHbiH 6oii rrrpaJI pelllaiOI.IJ.yiO poJib
B JIOKaJibHhiX BOHHax 70-x H 80-x ro,ll.OB. TaK, B apa6o-
HspaHJiheKOH BOHHe 1973 r. H3p3HJibeKHe JieTqHKH II3
o6mero qrreJia yHrrqroLKeHHbiX HMH 450 apa6eKHX eaMo-
Jieros 310 c6IIJIH B 6JIIILKHHX 60HX *. Jii XOTH, ITO MHe-
HHIO HeKOTOpbiX 33I13,LJ:HbiX 3KCnepTOB, T3KHM 60HM He
OCTaeTeH Mecra B 6y)l.yi.IJ.eM (Herpe6HTeJIHM BblfO,ll.Hee
BepHyTbeH Ha 33pO.ll.pOM H IIOIIOJIHHTb 3anae paKeT, qeM
IIpO,LJ:OJILK3Tb e6JIHLKeHHe e UeJIHMH), eaMH 6JIHLKHHe 60H
yrropHO HfHOpHpyiOT HeiiPHH3HeHHOe OTHOllleHHe K HIIM
H HOBeHlllHe KOHUeiiUHH. DOJiee TOfO, B rrporpaMMY llO,ll.-
fOTOBKH JieTqHKOB raKrrrqeeKoti: asrrauiirr HA TO He,n:as-
Ho BBe,ll.eHo yKa3aHHe o sasepllleHHH KaLK,n:oro rpeHIIpo-
soqHoro rroJiera Ha B03.ll.YlllHbiH 6oii 3HeprHqHbiM Ma-
HesprrposaHHeM IIpHMeHIITeJibHO K yeJIOBHHM 6JIHLKHero
6oH **.
fJiaBHbiMH OTJIHqHTeJibHbiMH rrpH3H3K3MH 6JIHLKHero
t'50H, KOTOpbiH eoxpaHHT B OeHOBHOM npeLKHHH o6JIHK,
OY.ll.YT sprrreJibHaH eBH3b MeLK.ll.Y eaMoJieraMH, Be.ll.VI.IJ.H-
MH 6oii, H rrpRMeHeHrre opyLKHH MaJIOH ,ll.aJibHOCTH. BMe-
ere C reM HeH36eLKHO IIpOHBJieHHe HOBbiX qepr: y6bieT-
peHHe ,ll.HH3MHKH 6051, eoKpameHHe BpeMeHH MeLK.ll.Y
araKaMH, yseJIHqeHHe BepOHTHOeTH IIOpaLKeHIIH eaMO-
JieTOB rrporiiso6opCTBYIOIUHX eropoH. Ha MallliiHax e
BbieOKHMH THfOBOOpy:tKeHHOeTbiO H pa3rOHHbiMH XapaK-
repHCTHK3MH, IIMeH B CBOeM paenopHLKeHHH paKeTbl e
94
* I1HTepH3lllHJI JJ.ecpeHC peBhiO. 1985. J\1'2 8.
** TipOCHHJI.HHrc. 1984. 5JHBapb.
atnOHOMHbiM HaBe)J.ei-tHeM t:lOtJie tiycKa, JteTttifKH MoryT
6blCTpee 3aBepW3Tb aTa.VJI, BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTb IIOTep.sm-
HYIO CKOpOCTb, ,U.OrOHHTb BhlXO)l.HI..U.ero H3-I10.L{ y,u.apa
rrpOTHBHHKa. 3TH HOBble qepTbl He TOJlbKO paClliHpHIOT
B03MOMHOCTH HCTpe6HTeJICH, HO H ,U.eJiaiOT 6ou 6oJiee
orraCHbiM )l.JIH Bcex era yqacTHHKOB. CTaJio HaMHoro
Jierqe rropa3HTh ueJih, o.n:HaKo TPY.II.Hee H 3ai..U.HI..U.aThCH.
Dpu 3TOM B03pacTaeT peaJibHaH orracHOCTb cTOJIKHOBe-
HHH, OC06eHHO rrpH aTaKaX !10)1. 60JiblliHMH paKypcaMH.
8 COOTBeTCTBHH C H3ivieHHBlliHMHCH ycJIOBHHMH B03-
.II.YlliHOrO 60H OT JieTqHKOB I10Tpe6yeTCH rrpHMeHeHHe
HOBbiX TaKTHqeCKHX rrpHeMOB, coqeTaiOI..U.HX pe3KHe Ma-
HeBpbl He60JiblliOH IIpO.II.OJIMHTeJibHOCTH C )I.OCTHMeHHeM
BhiCOKoro ycKopeHHH. TaKHe npueMhi, ocHoBaHHhre Ha
yrrpaBJieHHH a3pO)l.HH3MrlqeCKHMH CHJiaMH, C03,II.aiOT
H3H60Jiee 6JiarorrpHHTHhle ycJIOBHH ,II.JIH TQqHQH CTpeJih-
6bi H3 rryllleK, rrycKa paKeT. Ho, HecMoTpH Ha caMbre
XHTpoyMHhie MaHeBpbi, ,U.aMe XOpOlliO IIO,II.rOTOBJICHHble
JieTqHKH MoryT rrpourpaTh 6oii c caMoro era HaqaJia,
CCJIH He 6y.n.yT coqeTaTb 3TH MaHeBpbi C pa,u.H03JieK-
TpOHHbiM IIO)l.aBJieHHeM 60pTOBbiX IIpHI..J,eJIOB H rOJIOBOK
caMoHaBe,u.eHHH paKeT rrpoTHBHHKa. AJibTepHaTHBbl pa-
.U.H03JieKTpOHHOH 6opb6e yMe HeT. BKJIIOqeHHe rrepe,u.aT-
quKoB aKTHBHbiX IIOMeX, c6paCbiBaHHe ,LI.HIIOJibHbiX OTpa-
MaTeJieH H OTCTpeJI l1K-JioByllleK )I.JIH CpbiB3 H3Be,u.e-
HHH paKeT H YBO)I.3 HX B JlOMHblX HarrpaBJieHHHX - 3TH
,U.eHCTBHH JieTqHKOB CaMbiM cyi..U.eCTBeHHbiM o6pa30M ,LI.O-
IIOJIHHT KapTHHy 60H HCTpe6HTeJieH 3aBTpawHero ,LI.HH.
* * *
TaKTHKa HA HMeeT .n.eJio co c.rroMHOH 6oeBoi1 Tex-
HHKOH, rrpuqeM C Ka)K,LI.biM HOBbiM THIIOM caMOJieTa H
opyMHH efi IIpHXO,LI.HTCH H3biCKHBaTb HOBbie TaKTHqe-
CKHe IIpHeMbi, qacTO HeiiOXOMHe, a HHOr,na H B006I..U.e
He HMeiOI..U.Re aHaJioroB B rrpaKTHKe rrpowJioro. Bnpo-
qeM, ecJIH 6hr JieTqHKa 6y.n:ymero HcTpe6HTeJIH rroca-
)l.HTb B Ka6HHy, cKaMeM, caMo.rreTa MHf-23, He 3HaiO,
KaK 6h1 OH crrpaBHJICH c :-IHM. KoMrrhiOTepa, K KoTopoMy
OH rrpHBbiK, HeT, )I.HCIIJieH C TQqHQH HHcpOpMai..J,HeH Q
T3KTHqeCKOH o6cTaHOBKe TOMe, MaHeBp bl, OCHOBaHHbie
Ha BbiCOKOH THrOBOOpyMeHHOCTH H yrrpaBJieHHH a3pG-
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BHHX JieTqHK IIpOCTO He CMJr 6h1 BeCTH 60H.
95
HexHTpoe Bpo.u.e tSbt corrocTaBJieHHe, a rrmuy .ii.Jifi
pa3MbiWJieHHif )l,aeT. Be.J,b ecJIH snyMaTbCH, TO KaK
KpacHopeqHBO 3;leCb rrpOHBJIHH B3aHMOCBH3eif TaKTH-
KH H ycTapeBWH TeXHHKH. f103TOMy, CJIH Mbi IIOIIp0-
6yeM 3armiHyTh B XXI cToJieTHe, TO cTaHeM CBH,ll,eTe-
JIHMH, a B03MOMHO, H yqacTI-IHKaMH HOBbiX IIpOTHBOpe-
qHif MeM,ll,y TaKTHKOH H TXHHKOH. LfT06bi pa3pWHTb
3TH rrpOTHBOpeqHH H npespaTHTb B peaJibHOCTb BhlCOKH
IIOTHUHaJibHbi B03:'vl:OMHOCTH HCTpe6HTJieif HOBOrO
IIOKOJIHHH, HYMHO 6y.LJ.eT peWaTb H ,ll,p.yrHe HeiipOCThl
rrpo6JieMbi, O.LI.Ha H3 KOTOpbiX - B03;lYWHbiii rrpOTHB-
HHK C ero TaKTHKOH.
rJiaBa Ill
B OCTPOM
OPOTMBOiiOPCTBE
C
ABHAU.HEA
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K3K ITOHBHJIHCh OHM
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s KopeE' .\L 1-'h.J:. HHonp. ,TJHT., 1959. C. 151.
102
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* X a ii T x y. CesepHbiH BbeTHaM npoTHB BBC CI.UA. XaHoH:,
1968. c. 16.
103
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* ABH3HIIIH YHK. 1985. N!! I.
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106
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107
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06Hapy)KeHHe B03)J.Yll1Hb!X UeJieH H HaBe.LI.eHHe HCTpe6H-
TeJieH Ha .LI.aJibHOCTHX .ll.O 600 KM Ha 60JiblliHX H ,UO
400 KM Ha MaJibiX BbiCOTax. OpH 3TOM B03MO)KHO o6-
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JIHCb nOTpe6Ha51 .D.3JibHOCTb 06Hapy)KeHH51 3BHaUHH H
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ee HaJieTOB, o6ecneqHBaJIOCb ynpaBJICHHe HMH npH BBO-
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JIHCb B03M0)KHOCTH 3BHaUHH no .ll.OCTH)KCHHIO CKpbiTHO-
CTH H sHe3aDHOCTH .LI.eflcnmi1. KpoMe roro, caMoJieTHbre
pa,n.HOJIOKaUHOHHbie CHCTeMbl CTaHOBHJIHCb C3MH no ce-
6e 6oJiee )KHByqHMH. Ha3eMHbiC PJlC HMCIOT DOCTOHH-
3p cpopc M3f33HH. 1984 . .N'!! 6.
108
Iihre Koop.ntmarbr, KOTopr:.re 3apaHee MoryT 6hiTh ortpe-
.rr.eJieHhr aauauueii .rr.a)Ke a Tex cJiyqaSix, Kor.rr.a. OHH He
pa6oTaiOT. Eoproabre )Ke PJJC 6brJiu no,UBH)J{Hhi, MOrJIH
BblHTH H3 TIOJI51 3peHH51 rponiBHHK3, npeKp3THB pa6oTy
H H3MeHHB CBOe MeCTOTI0;10)KCHHC.
CucreMbi ,UPJIOY, o6ecnequaaiOmue o6Hapy)KeHue
ue.neii Ha cpoHe 3eMJIH, KaK 6y,nro 6br c,neJiaJiu HeueJie-
coo6pa3HbiM TIO,UXO,LL 3BH3UHH K 06beKT3M y,napa H3
1
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no3BOJISIIomui1 3KHTia)KaM yKJIOHHTbCSI or o6Hapy)KeHH51
PJIC. Be,nb ace ocraJibHbre npueMbi Tpe6oaaJIH npe.rr.-
aapuTeJibHoro no.rr.aaJieHHH cpe.ucra TIBO B noJioce npo-
JieTa. Ka3aJIOCb, nepe,n aauauueii rrocTaBJieH Heo.rr.oJin-
MblH 6apbep. JleHHKH-HCTpe6HTeJIH B3,1I,OXHYJIH C 06Jier-
qeHHeM: HaTHCK aauauuu 6y.rr.eT Ha,Ue)KHO OTpa)KeH. Ho
pa.rr.ocTh 6hiJia AauauuSI 6brCTpo OT-
pearHpoaaJia Ha oqepe.rr.uoe HOBllleCTBO, Halll.TJHCh .rr.py-
rue nyTu ,Ll,JISI pellleHH51 3a,naq,
O,nHHM H3 raKux nyTeii 6brJio ucrroJib30BaHue aaua-
nueii Tex Me C3MOJieTOB ,UPJIQY B CBOHX HHTepecax.
flepBbie IIOIIbiTKH B 3TOM H311p3BJiemm rrpe,nrrpFHHMa-
JIHCb eme so BbeTHaMe npu HaJreTax aMepnKa'HCK'HX
cTpaTeruqecKHX 6oM6ap,nupoamHKOB Ha ropo.rr.a XaHOH
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CKOJihKO orrepeMa51 HX BO BpeMeHH, K 06beKT3M y,napa
BbiXO,Ll,HJIH caMoJieTbi EC-121K YopHHHr cTap u E-2A
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BeJIH H36JIIO,Ll,eHHe 33 o6CT3HOBKOH, rrpe,nyn-
peM,na,rm 3KHI13JKH 0 ITOll.XO,Ll,e BbeTH3MCKHX HCTpe6HTe-
JieH H BW,n3B3JIU UeJieyK333HHe CBOUM HCTpe6HTeJI51M
F -4 <l>aHTOM. Ilo3,1J,Hee, B 1982 r., caMoJieThi ,UPJIOY,
Terrepb yMe E-2C XoKa!'i, rroJiyquJiu 6oJiee II1HpoKoe
npuMeHeHue B arpeccuu I-bpaHJI51 B JiuaaHe *.
,llpyrHM IIyTeM, 51BCTBeHHO o603HaqUBlliHMC51 C apa-
60-H3p3HJibCKOH BOHHbi 1973 r., 6hr.TJo pe3Koe ycuJieHue
pa,nH03JieKTpOHHOH 6opb6br (P3E). TaKTHKa aauauuu
B 6opb6e C I1A OTJIUqaJIJCb MHOroo6pa3HeM rrpHMeHSie-
MbiX cpe,ncTB P3E. IlyHKTaM yrrpaBJieHH51 u 6opTOBbiM
rrpuueJiaM HCTpe6HTeJieH CT3BHJIHCb KOM6HHHpOB3HHbie
IIOMeXH ( 3KTHBHbie lllyMuBbie, OTBeTHO-HMTIYJibCHbie H
I13CCHBHbie) K3K CIIeUH3.1bHblMH IIOCT3HOBliJ,HK3MH 110-
MeX, T3K H 60eBbiMH C3MOJieT3MII. flpOTHB paKeT C pa-
,Ll,HOJIOK3UHOHHbiMH H TefVIOBbiMH f0.'10BK3MH C3MOH3Be-
* 3p <Pope. 1986. N2 4.
l(W
.n.eHHSI ,U.HII,JJibHbre oTpa)KaTe.rm H HK-Jlo-
BYWKH.
Eme 6o.1hWHH pa3Max P3fi IT01YqHJIa B J1HBaHe,
r.n.e nspaHJihCKaSI aBH3LI.HSI ocymecTBJISIJia mac-
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33TeM ITO,n HX ITpHKpblTHC:-.1 H3HOCHJI3 YJI.3pbi ITO IT03H-
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paBJieHH51 HA H HcTpe6rneJI.HM B B03,nyxe, H TOJibKO ITO-
TOM B 3TOT paHOH BXO,nH.JIH y.n.apHbie rpyiTITbi. Bee 3TO
ITpHBO)I.HJIO ITOqTH K ITOJIHOMY HapyrneHHIO yiTp3BJieHH51
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6e3 cylll.eCTBeHHbiX ITOTepb *.
B cpaBHHTeJibHO He6oJibWOM H KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM
BOeHHOM KOHcpJIIiKTe ClllA. H J1HBHH B M3pTe - 3ITpeJie
1986 r. C06biTHSI p33BHB3JIHCb 3H3JIOrHqHO, HO T3KTHK3
3BH3ll.HH CTpOHJ13Cb H3 6oJiee COBeprneHHOH TeXHHqe-
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3BH3LI.HH ITpOBO,nHJI3Cb Tlll.3TeJibH351 pa3Be)I.K3 CHCTeMbl
TIBO J1HBHH c ITOMOlll.biO pasBeJI.biBaTeJibHbiX ciTyTHH-
KOB, caMOJieTOB ,UPJIQY, CT3BHJIHCb 3KTHBHbie H IT3C-
CHBHbie ITOMeXH 60Jibill:JH HHTeHCHBHOCTH H33eMHbiM
PJIC, ro.iioBKaM caMoHaBeJI.eHH.H H pa.n.HoB3pbiBaTeJI.HM
paKeT. Ha cMeHy ITPOTHaopa.n.HoJioKaLI.HOHHbiM paKeTaM
illpafiK ITpHWJIH HOBbie CKOpOCTHble (.ll.O 3,5 M) paKe-
Tbl X a p M , OCHa lll.eHHbie ll1HpOKO,nH3IT330HH biMH f0JIOB-
K3MH ca MOH3Be,neHH51, 3diiOMHH3BWHMH HaiTpaBJieHHe
Ha PJIC rrocJie BbiKJIIOqeHH.H HsJiyqeHH.H. ,UaJibHOCTb ITY-
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pa.n.noJioKaLI.HOHHbie C3MOJieTbl, HJIH CHCTeMa YaHJI.ll.
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HaH60Jiee OIT3CHble H3 HHX H BbljJ.3B3JIH LI.eJieyK333HHe
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.rracb YCT3HOBK3 K3CCeTHbiX 6oM6, ITpOTHBOpa,nHOJIOKa-
ll.HOHHbiX paKeT, H HaMeTHJIHCb HOBbie 3JieMeHTbi B T3K-
THKe 3KHIT3.1KeH. I1pOTHBOpa,nHOJIOK3UHOHHble C3MOJieTbl
.llOJI)I\Hbl 6biJIH ITepBbiMII ITpHCTYII3Tb K ITO,naBJieHHIO
TIBQ 6e3 axo)I.a B soHhi rropa.IKeHH.H 3PK, o6eciTeqH-
BaTb COBMeCTHO C 60eBbiMH C3MO.TieT3MH ITpOJieT K
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.ll.Opbi ,U.Jlfl npOHHKHOBeHHH K HaMeqeHHbiM ueJISIM. IlycK
* 3p <flopc. 1982. J\1! 7; MIIJHITepH TeXHOJJO,J.)KH. 1984. N2 7.
110
rrpOTHBOp3.JJ.HOJIOK3U:HOHHblX paKeT JieTqHKH, B CBOIO
oqepe.JJ.b, MacKrrposaJIH noMexaMH, rr HM qacro y)l.aBa-
JIOCb nocrHrHyTh BHe3anHocrH. Bee 3TO cHH)KaJio )KHBY-
qecTh OBQ H He II03BOJI71JIO err 6biCTpO BOCCT3HOBJ!Tb
6oerOTOBHOCTb.
K.a3aJIOCb, l:lTQ c r r c r e ~ e nBO 60Jibllle He YCT071Tb
nepe.JJ. HecoKpylllHMhiM HaTHCKOM aBHaurrrr. Ho HY)KHO
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MbiX TYTIHKOBbiX CHTY3U:HM. nocTH)KeHHH 3BH3UHH B o6-
JI3CTH P35 pe3KO o6ocrpHJIH nporrrso6opcrso raKTHK
H npH.JJ.aJirr HOBbiH HMIIYJihc pa3BHTHIO cpe.JJ.CTB P35
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JKeHHH DBO HHhie paJI.H03JieKrpoHHbie crrcreMbi c 6oJiee
BbiCOKHM 3HeprerrrqecKHM rroreH.n;HaJioM, aHreHHbl PJIC
B BH,LI.e <Pa3HpOB3HHbiX pellleTOK, 6oJiee Ha)leJKH.ble
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pa60TKH CHrHaJIOB Ha OCHOBe CBepXCKOpOCTHbiX HHTe-
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pyiOIUHe MeporrpiUtTHH. Cpe.rr.crsa JJ,JIH rrocraHOBKH no-
Mex IIOSIBHJIHCb y caMHX HCTpe6HTeJierr. bbJ.llli pa3pa6o-
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T3KHe cpe,LI.CTBa, K3K IIpOTHBOpa,LI.HOJIOKaUHOHHble OTpa-
)KaTeJIH H rrepe)J.aTqHKH, H3JiyqaiOIUHe CHrHaJibi lllyMO-
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1K3HWee BpeM.H MaJI03cpcpeKTHBHbiMH.
A 3BH3UHH? neikTBHTeJibHO, OHa y)Ke c rpy.noM
crrpaBJIHJiaCb c rro.naBJiearreM scex cpe.ncrs TIBO. Hx
KOJirrqecrso )l.OCTHraJio acrpoHoMrrqecKorr n:rrcppbi. PJIC
pa3JIHqHhiX .rr.rrarra30HOB, liMIIYJibCHbie, HMIIYJibCHO-.JJ.O-
IIJieposcKHe c pa3JIHqHhiMH crroco6aMH 33IUHTbi or rro-
Mex, OHH HaiiOJIHHJIH 3QJtip MHJIJIHOHaMH HMIIy.TJbCOB B
CeKyH.ny, H HYfl\:HO 6biJIO OT6Hp3Tb II IIO,LI.aBJI.HTb Te li3
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111
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ep, 0603HatiaJIC5I HOBbiH spar - KpbiJiaTbiC paKeTbi.
CKa.JKeM cpa3y: HCTOpHH OITHTb IIOBTOpHJI3Cb, .9TH pa
KeTbi - opy.JKne y.JKe 3HaKoMoe. Hx ITpoTOTIIIIhi 6biJIH
H3BeCTHbl eme BO BpeMH BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbl ( caMO-
JieTbi-CHapH.LI.bl <PAY -1) H co3.u.asaJIHCh B CiliA B no-
cJiesoeHHbie rO.LI.hi ( PeryJiyc, CHapK, Melie>>), Ho
HHTepec K HHM yiTaJI C nOHBJieHHeM Me./KKOHTHHeHTaJih-
HbiX 6a.riJIIICTHtieCKHX Pa3pa6oTKa KphiJiaThiX pa-
KeT B0306HOBHJI3Cb CITYCTH. MHOrO JieT, JIHlllb B cepe.LI.H-
He 70-X rO.LI.OB, K0f.LI.3 pa3BHTHe HayKH H TeXHHKII
IT03BOJIHJIO C03)1.3Tb He60JibiiiHe ra3oTyp6HHHbie )I.BHraTe-
.lJH, o6eCITetiiiBaiOIUIIe HH3KHi'I y)l.eJihHhiH pacXO.ll TOITJIH-
Ba, CHH3HTb pa3Mepbl, Macey paKeT II ITOBbiCHTh TOti-
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JIHCh KO.TJIItieCTBO TIIITOB paKeT, .LI.aJih
HOCTh IIX ITOJieTa, ITOBhlillaJiaCb TOtiHOCTh ITOIT3.LI.3HII5I..
Y.JKe B 1978 r. s CiliA 6hi.TJII ITposeneHhi ITepBbie .9Kc-
ITepiiMeHTaJihHHe ITYCKH C ITO)l.BO)l.HhlX JIO)l.OK TaKTIItie-
CKHX paKeT TOMaraaK ITO Ha3eMHhiM U:eJIH.M
(TLAM-C), B 1979 r. - c Ha3eMHhiX ycTaHOBOK
(GLCM) , a B 1980 r. IIOHBHJIHCh Ha CBeT CTpaTerHtie-
CKIIe KpbiJI3Thie paKeTbi, 3aiTyCKaeMbie C C3MOJieTOB
(ALCM). OcHameHHhie cHcTeMaMH
HaBe.LI.eHIIH, o6eciTetiiiBaiOlllHMH ITOJieT K U:eJIHM Ha ITpe-
.LI.eJibHO M3JibiX BbiCOTaX, II CHapH..!KeHHble H.LI.epHbiMH
HJIH 06bitiHbiMII 6oeBbiMII ti3CT5IMH, 15:PhiJI3Thie paKeThl
MOrJIII ,llOCTIIf3Th 06beKTOB, y.LI.aJieHHhiX OT HeCKOJibKIIX
COT )1.0 HeCKOJihKHX TbiCHti KHJIOMeTpOB *.
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c HA BCTYITIIJIII 6eciTIIJIOTHbie JieTaTeJihHhie aiTrrapaThi
(5JIA). Uo3BYKOBhie H CBepX3BYKOBbie MaCCOH OT 90
Kr .LI.O 4,5 T, OHII rrpe.u.Ha3HatiaJIIICh ,llJIH :ae.LI.eHIIH pa3-
Be,llKH, pa.LI.H03JieKTpOHHQfO ITO,ll3BJieHII5I, HaHeceHIIH.
ynapos ITO cpeACTBaM TIBO, KoppeKTIIposaHHH orHH ap-
TIIJIJiepiiH. HeBhiCOKaH cT.JHMOCTh 5J1A IT03BOJIHJia rrpii-
MeHHTh IIX B M3CCOBbiX \13CIIITa6ax, a He60Jibiiiiie ra6a-
pHTbi .u.eJiaJIII TaK.JKe M3JIOYH3BIIMhiMH OT cpeJI.CTB TIBO.
TaKIIe csolicTBa KphrJiaTbiX paKeT H 5J1A cHoBa ITO-
cTaBHJIH IICTpe6HTeJIII II BCIO TIBO B TH.JKeJioe ITO.TJO.JKe-
HIIe. Be.u.h OTpa.JKaiOmaH 3cpcpeKTHBHaH ITOBepxHOCTh y
.9TIIX B03.llYliiHhiX UeJiei'I H3CTOJihKO MaJia, liTO Ha 3Kpa-
H3X Ha3eMHhiX PJIC II 6opTOBhiX ITpHU:eJIOB OHH BhlfJIH-
liHTepaBH8. 1981. .N9 }2,
11%
,.QHT e,nsa 33MeTHb!MH TO MepuaiOLUHMH, TO npona,naiO-
LUHMH, TO CJIHBaiOLUHMHCH C MeCTHHK3MH, TO TepH!O"'
lllHMHCH B noMeXaX TOqKaMH.
YIMeHHO Ha 3TH csof!cTsa 5J1A onHpaJiaCb TaKTHKa
H3p3HJibCKOH aBH3UHH !3 apa60-H3p3HJibCKOH BOHHe
1973 f. H B BOOpy.>KeHWJM KOHq)JJHKTe B J1HB3He B
PHc. 32. c6HThiH so BhenmMe
1982 r. C nOMOLUblO 5JlA BHaqa.TJe BbiHBJIH.llHCb MeCTO-
nOJIO.>KeHHe H napaMeTpbi pa6oTbi cpe.ncTs DBO apa6-
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THpyeMbiMH caMOJieTaMH. DpH 3TOM EJIA HCnOJib30Ba-
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JieH H s KaqecTse .1IO.>KHbiX ueJieH: ,nJIH nposouHposaHHH
3PK H 3A K OTKpblTHIO OfHH *.
Depsbie EJIA c6HsaJIHCb HcTpe6HTeJIHMH eme so
BbeTHaMe (pHc. 32), Ho noJiyqeHHbiH on biT noKa3biBaJI,
qTO ,.QJIH 60pb6bl C T3KH:-i:H KaqecTBeHHO HHbiMH M3JIO-
p33MepHbiMH UeJIHMH Tpe60B3JIHCb ,npyrOH no,nxo,n, ,npy-
r He cpe,nCTBa ,.QJIH HX 06Hapy.>KeHHH H pacn03H383HH51,
opy.>KHe, o6Jia,naiOmee oqeHb MaJibiM speMeHeM peaKUHH,
llOBbiWeHHOH TOqHQCTblO H CKOpOCTpeJibHOCTblO. 11
HA TO' c cpHqrrHH HeiiWH3. 1985. Asrycr.
8 3aK. 56
113
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3. C KeM BeCTH 6ou cerOAHH
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119
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B 3TH 30Hbi, a B CJiyqae ITOITa.LJ.aHHH B HHX H36e:tKaTb
popa:tKeHH.H paKeTaMH H CHapH,naMH. 0.LJ.H3KO ITpH
ITOJIHeHHH ITpOTHB03CHHTHOfO MaHeBpa 3KHIT3:ti\H CTaJIKH-
BaiOTC.H c HOBOii CHTyaiJ,Heii. B ciT.'IOWHbiX 30Hax paKeT-
Ho-apTH.'IJiepHHCKOro OfHH 3H3HHe 3KHITa:tKaMH MeCTOITO-
JlO:tKeHH.H OrHeBbiX KOMITJleKCOB Ha MeCTHOCTH TepHeT
PH c. 33. no BbiCOTe .!I.JIH yK.1.0HeH\HH OT B03.II.eikTBHH nBO:
I- 30H3 o63opa PJlC ca.\10JI2T3 JlPJlO; 2 -- 30Hbl nopal!{eHIHI 3PK
CBOe 3HaqeHHe, a TaM, r,ne CITJlOWHbiX 3011 He HMeeTCH,
BbiCOKOITO.LI.BH:tKHbie KOMITJJeKCbi, CITOC06Hhle BeCTH OfOHb
C KOpOTKHX OCTaHOBOK H Ha xo,ny, o6eCIJ,CH5IT CaMyiO
CBOeBpeMeHHYlO HHcpOpMaiJ,HIO 0 HX KOOp.LJ.HHaTaX H o6-
XO):LHhie MaHeBpbl, CITJl3HHpOBaHHbie 33paHee. 003TOMY
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KeTHo-apTHJIJJepHiiCKHX cpe,n:CTB, TaK H ITponiB HCTpe6H-
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)J.HaiT330H BbiCOT MaHeBpa B o6meM C.1yqae MO:ti\:eT
H3MeHHTbC5I OT rrpe,neJlbHO M3JlWX ):LO ITpe,neJibHO 60Jlh-
WHX, HO MaHeBp ITO BhiCOTe C ITOCJle,nyiOUlHM ITepeXO.LI.OM
Ha Ma.nyiO (pHc. 33), KaKHM oH 6hiJl ,no He,nasHero spe-
MeHH, y:tKe He IT03BOJ1HeT aBHaUHH ,[LOCTHqb BHe3aiTHOCTH,
TaK KaK OHa He BbiXO,[LHT H3 30H 0630pa PJIC caMOJleTOB
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12Q
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o6xo.LI.HMOCTh B ,LI.a.'!hHeHWeM CHH)KeHHH BhiCOTbi ITOJie-
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Ho ITpH 3TOM TPYJI.HO cy.LI.HTh, qTo cTaHeT oiTacHee ,LI.JISI
3KHITa)KeH, JieTHW:HX C OOJiblllOH CKOpOCThiO: ITOpa)KeHHe
cpe,LI.cTBaMH TIBO HJIH CTOJIKHOBeHHe K seMJieH:. Be.LI.h c
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6aHHe peJibecpa CTaHOBHTCH HeB03MO)KHbiM, ,LI.a H caM
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phi. KpoMe Toro, ITPH ITOJieTe Ha ITpe,LI.eJihHO MaJioi% Bhi-
coTe TPYJI.HO, TOqHee, HesosMO)KHO secTH ITOHCK ITO.LI.-
BH)KHhiX 3aMaCKHpOBaHHbiX OObeKTOB, ITpHMeHHTb yiT-
paBJIHeMbie OOMObl H ,LI.pyroe BhiCOKOTOqHoe opyJKHe.
KaK JKe ITOcTyiTaJOT 3KHITa)KH B TaKHX cHTyau.nstx? OHM
BhiHY)KJI.eHbl BhiXO,LI.HTb Ha cpe,LI.HHe BhiCOThl, HO TaKOH
,LI.a)Ke KpaTKOBpeMeHHhiH MaHeBp ITpHBO,LI.HT K ITOTepe
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BhiCOTe sa py6e)KOM ITpe,LI.ITpHHHMaJOTCH ITOIThiTKH pa3
pa6oTaTh 6oJiee cosepweHHbre PJIC o6sopa HHJKHeH:
ITOJiyccpepbi, IT03BOJIHIOW:He 3KHITaJKaM KOppeKTHpOB3Tb
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rrpOH3BO,LI.HTh ITYCK paKeT ITO HHM, He MeHHH BbiCOTbi.
0,LI.HaKO paspa60TKa TaKHX CTaHU.HH eme oqeHh ,LI.aJieKa
oT sasepweHHH. EoJiee pau.noHaJihHhiM cqHTaeTcH coqe-
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BO,LI.eHCTBHeM cpe.LI.CTBaM TIBO caMHMH 3KHITa)KaMH c rro-
MOW:hJO 6opTOBhiX KOMITJieKCOB P3E, o6eciTeqHBaJOW:HX
rro,LI.aBJieHHe o6beKTOB TIBO B ITO.rroce ITpoJieTa. 0JI.HaKo
CJIO)KHbie ycJIOBHH ITOJieTa Ha ITpe,LI.eJihHO MaJIOH BbiCOTe
Bhl3hiBaJOT, ITO MHeHHIO sapy6e)KHbiX BOeHHbiX CITeU.Ha-
JIHCTOB, ocTpyiO Heo6xo,LI.HMOCTh HciTOJibsosaHHH n .LI.PY-
rHx BhiCOT.
EOJihlllHe BbiCOTbl ,LI.JIH aBHaUHH Hey,LI.OOHhi, C HHX
HeJih3fl OOHapy)KHTb H HaHeCTH y,LI.apbi ITO MaJIOpasMep--
HbiM n ITOJI.BH)KHhiM u.eJIHM. TeM He MeHee ITOJieT Ha 3THX
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qH c HA soeHHhre pyKoBOJI.HTeJIH BBC saiTaJI.HhiX cTpaH
121
CttHTaiOT UeJiecoo6pa3HbiM. 3,LI.eCb BCJie,LI.cTBHe 3H21fH
TeJibHbiX pa3Mepoa MepTBbiX sopoHOK PJJC B03HHKa-
IOT pa3pb1Bbl :S C03)l.2HHOM pa)l.HOJIOKaUHOHHOM IIOJie,
qTO iaTpy)l.HHT HaBe)J.eHHe HCTpe6HTeJieH, KpOMe TOrO,
yMeHhlliaeTCH IIJIOTHOCTb 3eHHTHOf0 paKeTHOfO OfHH
(pHC. 33). I13 pucyHKa Bll.II.HO, qTO, XOTH 3Klli13LKH Ha
JII06oii BbiCOTe BXO.II.HT B 30Hbi rropaLKeHHH 3 PK, Ha
60JiblliOH BbiCOTe, r.rr.e KOJIHqeCTBO ll pa3Mepbl 3THX 30H
yMeHblll310TCH, a CKOpOCTb IIOJieTa B03p3CT3eT, 3Klma-
LKH 6biCTpee rrepeceK310T IIX II rrpOXO,LI.HT Bblllle 30H 110-
paLKeHIIH M3JIOBbiCOTHbiX KOMIIJieKCOB.
O.rr.HaKo He see 3apy6eLKHhie soeHHbie crreuHaJIHCTbl
cy.rr.HT CTO.'lb KaTeropHqHo o B03MOLKHOCTHX yKJIOHeHIIH
3KHrraLKeii OT B03.rr.eH:cTBHH cospeMeHHoii TIBO. He B
3TOM Jill rrpiiqHHa Taro, qTo rrpopbiB o6opoHbi, a He ee
rrpeO,LI.OJieHHe cqiiTaeTCH peiiiaiOlli,HM B 6oeBbiX .rr.eHCTBH-
HX asuauuu? A MOLKeT 6hiTb, .rr.ocTaToqHo 3QJQJeKTHBHbiX
sapiiaHTOB eme He Haii.rr.eHo?
flpOHHKHOBeHHe K 06beKT3M y.rr.apa Ha rrpiiHUHIIe
ciiJibi IIJIH yKJIOHeHrre oT B03.LI.eiicTBHH TIBO? Ka3aJIOCb
6bi, CTpaHHbiH BOIIpOC. I1 TO ll .rr.pyroe - HeOTbeMJie-
Mble qepTbi TaKTHKH Harra.rr.aiOmeH: asuauurr. Ho KaKaH
II3 3THX qepT 33HMeT rJiaBeHCTByiOlli,yiO pOJib B 6y.rr.y-
meM? flo.rr. H3TIICKOM K3K0f0 IIpOTHBHHKa MoryT OKa-
33TbC51 HCTpe6HTeJIH?
He LKJI.HTe KOMMeHTapues, HX He 6y.rr.eT. A BbiBOJI.bl
C)J.eJiaHTe C3MH. Bbi CMOLKeTe HX rrposepHTb, B3fJIHHYB
Ha )J.3JibHeHIIIee pa3BHTHe T3KTHKH 3Bll3J..LHII, 0 KOTOpOA:
rroH:.u.eT pa3rosop.
4. B3rJIH,ll, 8 o y n y ~ e e
BoeHHbie crreuHaJIHCTbi 3a py6eLKoM cTpeMHTCH rrpe.u.-
cKa3aTh IIYTII .II.3JibHeHIIIero pa3BHTII51 T3KTIIKH 3BII2
J..Lllll B rrpOTHB060pCTBe C I1A. B CBOHX rrporH03aX OHH
yqHTbiB310T HayqHO-TeXHHqeCKHH rrporpecc, rrpOHCXO.II.H
I.IJ,IIH B 3BH3UHII, II pa3JIHqHbie BOeHHO-TeXHHqeCKHe HO-
BIIHKII, KOTOpbie K HaqaJiy XXI cToJieTHH MoryT rrocTy-
IIIITb H3 ee BOOpyLKeHHe. I1 IIOHHTHbiMH CT3HOBHTC51 Te
YCIIJIHH, KOTOpbie rrpe.rr.rrpiiHHM310TC51 BO MHOfiiX CTpaHaX
MHpa ITO pa3pa60TKe HOBbiX T3KTIIqecKHX rrpiieMOB ll pe-
KOMeHJI.3J..LHH 3KHrraLKaM caMo.JreToB 6y.rr.ymero. B qeM HX
11pHHJ..LIIIIll3JibH3H HOBII3Ha?
Bee oLKrr.u.aeMhie cpe.u.cTBa B03ll.YIIIHoro Harra)I.eHHH
C TOqKH 3peHHH T3KTHKH MOryT 6biTb IIOJI.p33JI.eJieHbl Ha
122
,n:ae 6ovlhll1He rpynnhi. O,n:Ha H3 HHX - caMOJieTbi - HO-
crrreJIH HOBbiX THnOB BbiCOKOTOtiHOrO Jl:3JlbH060riHOrO
opy)KHH MC>,n:yJibHOH K0HCTpyKI..J)1H ,llJIH nopa.tKeHHH pa3-
JIHt:IHblX UeJieH 6e3 BXO,Qa B 30Hbl rropa.tKeHHH Ha3eMHbiX
cpe,n:cra TIBO rr ,n:a:>Ke aoo6me He nepeceKaiOIUHe JIH-
HHIO cppoHra nporrraocroHrueil cropoHhi. K 3TOH rpynne
CJie,n:yeT T3K./Ke OTHeCTH C3MOJieTbi-pa3Be,QqHKH C anna-
parypofi pa,n:HOTeXHHt:IeCKOH pa3Be,QKH, B03.D:Yll1Hble 3Jie-
MeHTbl PYK., caMo.rrerhr ,UPJIOY. Bee OHH pernaiOr o6ec-
net:IHBaiOrurre 3a,QatiH, ,n:eHCTByiOT Ha 60.!JblllOM y,n:a.rreHHH
H t:I3CTO B006IUe 33 rpaHHU3MH Halllero pa,n:HOJIOK3UHOH-
HOro nOJIH, a T3K./Ke MoryT OKa3biBaTb pa,n:H03JieKTpOH-
HOe npOTHBO,QeHCTBHe H IIpHKpbiB3TbCH cpe,n:CTB3MH
TIBO.
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HeBpeHHbie caMOJieThl C MaJIOH 30TI H 60.l'JbliiOH THrO-
BOOpy.tKeHHOCTbiO, HMeiOIUHe KOMnJieKCHhie cpe,n:CTBa
P3E H o6opoHnTeJihHoe aoopy.tKeHne. B cocraa 3TOH
rpyniibl BXO,QHT H KpbiJI3Thie paKeThi, H oJIA pa3JIHt:I-
HhiX KJI3CCOB H H33Hat:IeHHH. Bee OHH npe,n:Ha3Hat:IeHbl
,n:JIH ,n:eilcrarril Ha,n: repprrroprreil, npHKphmaeMoil TIBO.
TipH pa3pa60TKe TaKTHKH Ka.IK,QOH H3 3THX ,n:ayx
rpynn pyKoBo,n:HTeJin BBC gana,n:HbiX crpaH npeaaJIH-
pyiOruee 3Hat:IeHHe nprr,n:aiOT caMoJieraM-HOCHTeJIHM nep-
aoil rpynnbl, Il'p!HMeHHIOIUHM BbiCOKOTOtiHOe opy.tKHe. 11M
oHH npe,n:peKaiOT 6oJihllloe 6y,n:ymee.
Ha 3KHna.tKH caMoJieTOB-HOCHTeJieil ao3JiaraercH
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eKroa, a raK.IKe yqacrrre a npophiBe TIBO: y,n:apbr no
n03HUHHM 3PK, a3po,n:poMaM HCTpe6HTeJieH, t:IT06bl npo-
JIO.IK1HTb nyrh K ueJIHM aropoil rpynne.
3KHna.IKaM, ,n:eHCTBYIOlUHM BHe 30H 3PK. H Ha npe-
,n:eJibHOH ,QOCHraeMOCTH HCTpe6HTeJieH, eCTeCTBeHHO, He
norpe6yercH nporHB03eHHTHhiX MaHeapoa. Hx raKTHKa
6y,lleT CBO,QHTbCH K pa3JIHtiHOrO po,n:a npOTHBOHCTpe6H-
TeJibHbiM M3HeBpaM, KOTOJ:>bie npe,n:ycMaTpHBaeTCH Bbl-
nOJIHHTb no HHcpopMaUHH caMoJieroa ,UPJIOY. O,n:HaKo
3TH CaMO.'IeTbi, HrpaiOIUHe 83./KHeHillyiO pO.Hb B yrrpaBJie-
HHH 3BH3UHeH, C3MH HBJIHIOTCH nepBOOtiepe,n:HbiMH 06b-
eKT3MH ,n:eilcTBHH rrcrpe6rrre.rreil. K.oHetiHO, oHH Hecyr
,n:e:>KypcTBO B 30H3X nopa.IKeHHH 3PK, npHKpbiB3IOTCH
HCTpe6rrre.'IHMH, o6opy,n:osaHhi anrraparypoil P3E H
Moryr o6Hapy.tKrraarb rrcrpe6ure.rreil nponmo6opcrsyiO-
meil CTOpOHbl 33,QOJirO ,no TOrO, K3K re 1IpH6JIH35'1TCH
K lfRM. TeM He MeHee 3KHna:>KH 3THX caMOJieroa ceryiOr
123
Ka CJIOMHOCTb H HeHa.IJ.eMHOCTb B33HMO.IJ.eHCTBHH C npH-
KpbiBaiOIUHMH cpe.IJ.CTBaMH.
3ana.IJ.HbiX cneuHaJIHCTOB 6ecnOKOHT BOnpoc: KaK 3a-
lllHTHTb 60JibWHe MaJIOMaHeBpeHHble caMO.TieTI:>l ,UPJIQY
OT aTaK HCTpe6HTeJieH, KaKHMH MOryT 6biTh TaKTHqe-
CKHe npHeMhi 3KHnaMeH:? CneuHamrcTbi Ha3hiBaiOT HX
BnOJIHe onpe.rr.eJieHHO (pnc. 34). B3r JIHHHTe Ha 3TOT
PHc. TaKTTI4ecK'He rrpneMh! 3K'HITa}!(eif caMoJierroB ,UPJIOY
I1ipH yr,po3e aTa,K ,HC11pe6urreJiei'!:
I- ,n:e3opHeHrau,IHI na3eMHbiX PJIC, ocyw;ecrBJIHIOW:HX HaBe,n:eHHe HCT-
pe!SHTeJietl; 2- Cpb!B araK HCTpe6HTeJiefi; 3 -- MaHeBp CO CHH>KCHIICM
B fJIYOb CBOefi rpaeKTOpHII
pncyHoK. HenpaB.rr.a Jill, yrJiy6.TIHHCb Ha TeppiiTOpiiiO
npOTHBHHKa B nOHCKaX caMOJieTa ,UPJIQY, BaM eCTb
Ha.rr. qeM 3a.IJ.yMaThcH? TionacTh BnpocaK TYT nporue npo-
cToro.
TaKTIIKa 6oeBhiX caMoJieTOB BTopoH: rpynnhi, KOTophie
6y.rr.yT CJie.IJ.OB3Tb K 06beKT3M y.rr.apOB no KOpii.IJ.OpaM,
npopy6.rreHHbiM B ciicTeMe TIBO paKeTaMII caMoJieTOB-
HOCIITeJieH: nepBOll rpynnhl, no MHeHIIIO 3apy6eMHbiX BO-
eHHhlX cneuiiaJIIICTOB, 6y.rr.eT OCHOBblB3TbCH fJI3BHblM o6-
pa30M Ha yK.TIOHeHIIII OT B03.IJ.eHCTBHH COXpaHIIBWIIXCH
cpe.rr.cTB TIBO. HeT, pa3yMeeTcH, OHII He npeHe6peraiOT
nOTepHMH OT OrHeBOrO nopaMeHH51 3THX cpe.IJ.CTB, HO
6o.'1hWe ynoBaiOT Ha caMo.rreTbi, o6Jia.rr.aiOIUIIe oqeHh Ma-
JihiMII 30fl II CJI36blll![ 11K-H3JlyqeHIIeM! T3K
124
Mbie CaMOJieThl-npH3paKH HJIH CaMOJieTbi-HeBHJI.HMKH
(pHC. 35).
113 pHCyHKa BH.ll.HO, liTO 3TH CaMOJieTbi no BHelliHeMy
BH.ll.y, HeCMOTpH Ha pa3JIHtiHOe npe.u.Ha3HatieHHe, 06Jia-
)l.aiOT 061UHMH qepTaMH: He HMeiOT 60JibWHX nJIOCKHX
llOBepXHOCTeH, pa3pbiBOB B 06IIIHBKe, BepTHKaJibHbiX py-
JieH, a cTpaTernqecKHH 6oM6ap.u.upoamHK B.-2, BbinOJI-
HeHHbiH no CXeMe JieTaiOmee KpbiJIO, COBCeM JIHIIIeH
PHc. 35. CaMOJieTbl-HeBHJJ;HMKlH
xsocToaoro onepeHHH. ,UsuraTeJIH H aoopy.>KeHHe ynpH-
TaHbi B XOpOIIIO 3aJIH3aHHbiH>> <f>I03eJIH>K, B03.ll.YX03a-
6opHHKH )l.JIH CHH)KeHHH J1K-3aMeTHOCTH pacnOJIO>KeHbi
csepxy.
l.JTO 3a CTpaHHble H3MeHeHH51 Mbl Ha6JIIO)l.aeM B KOH-
CTpyKUHHX 6oeBbiX caMoJieToB? Tenepb notiTH ace OHH,
pa3pa6aTblaaeMbre HJIH HaMetieHHbie K pa3pa6oTKe B
pa3BHTbiX KanHTaJIHCTHtieCKHX CTpaHaX, CTp051TC51 C npH-
MeHeHHeM TeXHHtieCKHX peiiieHHH, HanpaBJieHHbiX Ha
yMeHbl!IeHHe HX 3aMeTHOCTH, nJiaHHpyeTCH MaCCOBOe fiO-
CTynJieHHe HeBH)l.HMOK Ha BOOpy)KeHHe aBHaUHH. TIO-
tieMy >Ke o6bitiHbie caMoJieTbi ycTynaiOT MecTo MaJiosa-
MeTHbrM? Tenepb o6 3THX .ll.HBHbiX MawuHax garosopHJIH
BO BeCb rOJIOC, H JierKO o6oHCHHTb notieMy: nOHBHJiaCb
Ka3aBIIIa51C51 paHee He)l.OCHraeMOH B03MO>KHOCTb CKpbiT"'
125
HhiX ,u,eifCTBHH 3KllnallieH Ha,U, reppHTOplleH npOTHBOCTOH-
llleH cropoHhi.
MHorHe BOeHHble cneuHaJIHCThi npe,u,peKaiOr HesH-
JlHMKaM 6oJihllioe 6y,u,ymee. O,u,HaKo repMHH HeBHJI.HM-
KH - BCero .,'!Hllib Meracpopa. <f>aKTHqeCKH COBCeM He-
BH,U,HMbiMH, KaK 33,1J,yMaHO, OHH, KOHeqHO, He CTaHyT, XO-
T5I H OCTaHyTCR TaKHMH CaMOJieTaMH, KOTOpble TPYJI.HO
o6HapylliHTh. Do3TOMY socroprH HX noqHrareJieif He-
CKOJihKO npeyseJIHqeHhi. Ho ecJIH 6biTb JIOrHtiHhiM H no-
cJie,u,osareJihHhiM, TO BCe 3TO OTHIO,U,b He BbifJI51,1J,HT Y"!J..-
pyqaiOIUHM ,1J,JI5I 3KHnallieH 3THX caMOJieTOB. JilpOHH5I TYT
HeyMecrHa. HoBbie 6oeshre csoifcrsa HeBHJI.HMOK o6ec-
neqHBaiOr npocrop ,1J,JI51 Bbipa60TKH H npHHUHnHaJihHO
HOBhrx raKTHqecKHX npHeMOB. Yllie He MaHesp no Kypcy
H CKOpOCTH, He yMeJibiH Bbl60p ycJIOBHH IIOfO,U,bi H He
no,u,asJieHHe cpe,ncrs DBO, ,u,oJirHe ro,u,hr nposo3rJialliaB-
ll1HecH B tiHCJie fJiaBHbiX OCHOB TaKTHtieCKHX npHeMOB,
a cosceM ,u,pyrne cJiaraeMhre onpe,u,eJIHIOT xapaKrep ,u,eif-
crsHif 3THX caMOJieTOB.
TaKTHKa 3KHnallieif HeBHJI.HMOK npe,u,craBJIHercH
,U,OCTaTOtiHO pa3H006pa3HOH. 0HH MOryr ,U,eHCTBOB3Tb ca-
MOCTOHTeJibHO O,U,HHOtiHO HJIH He60Jibll1HMH rpynnaMH H
B TeCHOM B3aHMO,U,eHCTBHH C 3KHnalliaMH caMOJieTOB ,u,py-
fHX THnOB.
DpH caMocroHreJihHhiX ,u,eii:crsHHX HeBHJI.HMOK s
OCHOBe HX TaKTHqecKHX npHeMOB JielliHT cnoco6HOCTb
npOHHK3Tb K 06beKTaM y,u,apOB He 3aMetieHHbiMH pa,U,HO-
JIOK3UHOHHbiMH H HK-cpe,u,craaMH DBO. O,u,HaKo, no-
cKOJihKY nOJIHOCTblO ycrpaHHTb ,U,eMaCKHpyiOIUHe npH-
3H3KH CaMOJieTOB HeJih351, qro6bi OCT3TbC51 He06Hapy-
1KeHHbiMH, 3KHII31KH ,U,OJilKHbi BCe BpeM5I COXpaHHTb IIO
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06HapyMeHII5l C3MOJieTOB 6hiJIH C03,li.3Hbl B H3llleH CTpa-
He B 1934 r. *. H liTO Me? CnycTH ueJibiX ceMb JieT
PJIC, H TO JIHWb wecTb OIIhiTHbiX o6pa3UOB nma PYC-2,
HMeJIHCb TOJibKO B BOHCKax TIBO cTpaHhi **. KaK TYT
He BCIIOMHHTb, liTO HaWa 6y.ll.yW.a5l COI03HHU3 AHrJIHH
eiiJ,e B 1940 r. cyMeJia C03,li.3Tb CTpOHHyiO CHCTeMy 0110-
BeiiJ,eHHH TIBO (Ha 6a3e 38 PJIC) H, cpaMaHCb O.li.HH
Ha O,li.HH C HeMeUKHMll JIID<f>TBacp<f>e, BbiHrpaJia 6HTBY ***.
HaiiaBlllaHcH BOHHa cpa3y :tKe rroKa3aJia B03poclllyiD
poJih TIBO II HecoaepweHcTBo B3aHMo,ll.eHcTBHH ee cHJI
H cpe,li.CTB. XoTH B ueJioM oHH rrpe,ll.cTaBJIHJIH co6oir aHy-
IIHITeJibHYID CIIJiy, KJI3CCIIIIeCKOH CXeMbi, 0Tpa60T3HHOH
,li.O H3IIaJia BOHHbi H npe,ll.yCM3TpHB8IOIIJ,eH IIOCJie,li.OBa-
TeJibHbiH H opraHII30BaHHbiH BBO.ll. s 6ol1 cpe,li.CTB TIBO,
He IIOJiyiiaJIOCb.
KoHeiiHO, Ha opraHH3aUHH H ocyw.ecTBleHIIH B33-
HMO,ll.eHcTBHH C3MbiM He6JiarOIIjJH5ITHbiM o6pa30M CK3-
33JIHCb yc.TJ:OBHH H3II3JI3 BOIIHbi. 0 HHX yMe rOBOpHJIOCb
B rrpe,ll.bi.li.YIUHX fJI3B3X, HO 6biJIH 3,ll.eCh H ,ll.jJ)!fiie IljJHIIH-
Hbi. B3aiiMo,neHCTBYIDIU3H c HA soiicKosaq TIBO He 6bi-
na noJIHOCThiO yKoMnJieKTOBaHa apTHJIJiepiiHCKHMII opy-
* CM.: JI o 6 a HoB 1\\. NL Pa3BHTHe coBeTCKoii pa,TJ,HO.'lOKaiJ;H-
OHHOii TeXHHKII. ,\\.: BoeHrn,'J,aT, 1982. C. 21.
** CM.: Boflcr\a npoTl!BOB03,1.)'lllHOH o6opoHbi c1 paHbi B Be.1H-
Koir 0TetfeCTBeHHo!"! BoiiHe. T. I. M.: BoeHH3)J,aT, 1954. C. 67.
*** TaM )!(e. C. 42.
132
,ZUUIMH, He xsaTa.lo 6oerrpHnacos, He 6LIJ1H 3aseprneHhi
MeporrpiHITIUI no opMHposamno, soopyllieHHIO H pa3-
sepTLIBaHHIO nonpa3,ll.eJieHHH H qacreH: 3A. CHJibi H
cpencTBa ITBO cTpaHLr, HeMHorolJHCJieHHbre, He HMeiD-
IJUie ennHoro Ko.MaHnosaHHH, rpynmrposaJIHCL Ha o6o-
poHe OT.UeJibHb!X KpyiiHblX nyHKTOB B yrpO)KaeMb!X paH-
OHaX. TaKaSI o6opOH3, HOCHJia HpKO Bblpa:>KCHHblH oqa-
fOBbiH xapaKTep, He HMeJia .UOCTaTOllHOH rJiy6HHbl H
6biJia He B COCTOSIHHH 0Tp3lli3Tb l\13CCHpOB3HHble HaJie-
Tbl 6oM6apnHpOBIJUIKOB, conposollinaswnec5I K TOMY llie
aKTHBHbiM rronasJieHHeM ITBO.
KaK llie opraHH30BLIBaJiocb B TaKHX yc.roBH5IX s3a-
nMoneH:cTBHe HA c 3A? ll.HeM HHHUHaTHBa s BLr6opc
ueJieH: o6LrllHO npenocTaBJIHJiacb ncTpe6HTeJI5IM. Oun
3T3KOB3JIH IIpOTHBHHKa Ha 60Jibll1HX BbiCOTaX, rne OfOHb
3A 6biJI MeHee 3cpcpeKTHBeH, a T3Kllie H Ha .UPYriiX Bbi-
COTaX. 3eHHTllHKH CJie.UH.'IH 33 6051 H, KOr,rr.a
JieTllHKH BXO.UJJ.TIH B HX 30Hbl Ori-!51, BeJIH He:vryiD CTpeJib-
6y, T. e. COIIpOBOlli.U3JIH ueJIH, Ha6JIIO.U37I 33 HHMH lJC-
pe3 CBOH rrpnueJibl. I1Horna 3efUITllHKH H C3MH IIOMOra-
JIH HCTpe6HTeJISIM UeJieyK333HHeM nyTe:\1 nOCT3HOBKH
perrepOB cneuHaJibHb!MH CH3p51.U3MH, C03}1,3IDIUHMH o6-
JiaqKa useTHOro .ULIMa. OroHb OTKpb!BaJicH ro,1LKO nocJie
BbiXO.Ua JieTlJHKOB H3 6051.
HolJLIO HCTpe6HTeJIH orpa)KaJIH Hav'ICTLI 6o;o.IGap;ur-
pOBIUHKOB B 30H3X, KOTOpbie opraHH30BbiB3.1HCb B CBe-
TOBbiX IIpOllieKTOpHbiX nOJISIX, HJIH BCJIH BH3)'3JibHbiH no-
liCK caMOJieTOB Ha cpoHe JIYHbT, CBeTJIOH CTOpOHbi ropH-
30HTa II no n.rraMeHH H3 BbiXJIOnHbiX naTpy6KOB :viOTOjJOB.
ITpn aTaKax rrpoTHBHHKa s 30Hax rropa:>KeHHSI 3A .'leT-
lJHKH IIO.U3B3JIH YCJIOBHLie CHrH3JILI Hny B 3T3K)'
UBeTHbiMH paKCT3MH, HO 3TH CHfH3Jibl nJIOXO pa3.'1HlJ3-
JIIICb C 3eMJIII, CHJibHO CB51.3b!B3JIH 3CHHTlJIIKOB II qaCTO
npiiBO.UHJIH K o6crpeJiy CBOHX C3MOJICTOB JIII6o K TOMy,
lJTO 3A soo6rue npeKparuaJia oroHh.
3A Monra secTn orOHb TOJILKO no ue"151.rvr. ocserueH-
HhiM npO)KCKTOpaMH, Hmi l\13Jl034JcpeKTIIBHYIO 3arpanH-
TCJibHyiO cTpeJIL6y. OnHaKo H npollieKTOpbr, H:vtcH Ma-
JiyiO naJibHOCTh ocsemeHHH ue.rrefr (7-8 H rro.1yqa51.
OlJCHh HCTOllHhie D,3HHhie OT 3B\'KO\'JI3B.'IHB3TC.1CN, OKCl-
3hiB3JIIICb .U3J'ICKO He JryqmH:\11 0HII ,'1,0.1 ro H
6ecueJibHO WapHJIH no ne6y B nOIICK3X Bj)<PKC'CKIIX ca-
MOJieTOB H MOr JIH o6ecneqiiTb )l,CHCTBIIH J1A II 3.\ .1TTJT!h
B 6e306JiaqHyiO norony H TO.'IbKO B He60J'IbUIO;o.! p::diolle.
Bee 3TH HeyB5I3KH II npoTHBopeqnH HBHO He yKJia-
133
,UbiB3JIHCb HH B K3KHe paMKH TeOpliii B33HMO,UeHCTBHH,
paspa6oTaHHOH HaKaHyHe BOMHbl.
4T06bi H3MTII BblXO,U H3 KpHTHlJeCKOfO llOJIO}KeHHH, B
KOTOpOM OK333JIHCb B33HMO,UeMCTBYIOIUHe CHJibl H cpe,U-
tTB3, llOTpe6oBaJIHCb HCKJIIOlJHTC.TJ:bHble ycHJIHH BOCHHO-
ro pyKOBOJJ.CTBa, npoMhiWJieHHOCTH. scero JIH4HOro co-
CTaBa, HO npe}K,LLe BCero pe3KOC ll0Bb!WHHe 6oeBblX
B03MO}KHOCTei1 3A. BcKope noJio:tKCHHe cTaJio 3aMeTHO
MeHHTbCH K JIY4WeMy.
B soi1cKoBoi1 TIBO HalJaJIH opMHposaTbCH cHJibHbie
3eHHTHbre apTHJIJiepHMCKHe rpynnhr. K KOHUY 1942 r.
OHH y}Ke MOrJIH o6ecne4HTb M3CCHpOB3HHe CHJI H cpe,LLCTB
3A H C03,LL3B3JIH 30Hbi llJIOTHOrO MHOrOCJIOMHOro OrHH
Ha,LL OCHOBHbiMH rpynnHpOBK3MH BOMCK. 5JiarO,LL3p5I C0-
3,U3HHIO KpynHwx apTHJIJiepHMCKHX rpynnHpoBOK aoJ:icKa
no.TJylJH.rm Ha,LLe}KHb!M 30HTHK H3,U fOJIOBOH, H llOTepH
awHcTcKoJ:i asHaUHH pesKo B03pocJIH. B nepBbiH ro.u
BOMHbi 3A B cpe.uHeM YHH4TO}KaJia OKOJio 300 caMOJie-
TOB Bpara B MCHU, a BO BTOpOM llOJIOBHH 1942 r. -
6o.rree 400 *.
B .ua.TJbHeJ:iweM seHHTHoe npHKpbiTHe cTaHoBHJIOCb
Bee 6oJiee MOlllHbiM. ,llm1 npHKpbiTHH BOUCK, ,LLeHCTBylO-
lllHX Ha f.TI3BHbTX HanpaBJIHHHX, OHH ycHJIHBaJIHCb BCe
60JibWHM KOJIH4CTBOM 3HHTHbiX apTHJIJiepHHCKHX 43-
CTeM H coe.uHHeHHH. HanpHMep, B 5IccKo-KHwHHeBcKofi
onepaUHH TOJibKO O,LLHa 6-H T3HKOB3H apMHH HMeJia 3-
HHTHYJO apTHJI.nepm':fcKyiO rpyrrny B COCTaBe 3eHHTHOH
,LLHBH3HH H Tpex OT,UeJibHHX seHHTHhlX
apTHJIJiepHMCKHX IIOJIKOB **.
flo Mepe YCHJIHHH B03M0}KHOCTeH 3eHHTHbiX cpe,UCTB
HCTpe6HTeJIH H343JIH B33HMO,UeHCTBOB3Tb C HHMH nyTeM
pas,neJieHH5l pauoHoB 6oH, T. e. nepexsaTbiBaTb npoTHB-
HHKa Ha IIO,UCTynax K rrpHKpbiB3Mb!M BOHCKaM, COrJI3-
COBblB35I CBOH ,UeHCTBHH C 3eHHT4HK3MH, H Te CBOHM or-
HeM OTCK3JIH HCTpe6HTCJIH Bpara OT HaWHX C3MOJITOB
B KpHTIIlJeCKHe MOMHTbl B031lYWHOrO 60H. JlJIH KOOp-
,UHH3UH!l COB:VteCTHb!X ,LLeHCTBHH 0 Bb!JIT3X HCTpe6HTeJieH
coo6ma.rrocb Ha KTI seHHTHhiX qaCTei1 H Ty,na BbiCbiJia-
JIHCb 3BH3 Hl!OHHbl npe,LLCT3BIITeJIH.
B BoiirKax TIBO CTpaHbi TaK}Ke 6biJIH rrposeneHbi
cepbe3HbiC opraHH3aUHOHHbie rrpeo6pasoaaHHH. Omr cso-
.UHJIHCb K KO.TJH4eCTBeHHOMY YCHJieHHJO CH.TJ H cpe,UCTB,
* UAMO, q>. 36, orr. 12552, .n.. I 0, J1. 67-69.
** BoeHHO-HCTopHqecKHH JKypHaJI. 1962. N2 I.
134
tb3.UaHHio oGwlipHhrx 30II TIBO, rrepe.noshre pyoe)l{H
KOTOpbiX OTCTOHJIH Ha 200-250 KM OT fJI3BHbiX 06beK-
TOB rrpHKpbiTHH. 3oHa ,neHCTBHH 3A OXBaTbiBala 803-
JI.YWHOe rrpOCTpaHCTBO Ha,n 060pOHHeMbiMH 06beKraMH
H Ha 6JIH)KHHX IlO,nCTyrrax K HHM. l1A K3K HaH60Jiee
,naJibH060HHOe cpe,nCTBO BBO,nHJIOCb B 6oii Ha ,naJibHHX
no,nCTyrrax n cocpe,noroqnsaJia ycnJIHH Ha Han6oJiee
OllaCHbiX HarrpaBJieHHHX, HO IlpH He06XO,nHMOCTH .ll,eHCT-
BOBaJia B 30He 3A. fJiaBHOe me COCTOHJIO B TOM, qro
J1A HaqaJia ycrreWHO rrpHMeHHTbCH B HHTepecax rrpH-
KpblTHH He O,nHOfO, a HeCKOJibKHX 06beKTOB. ,UJIH o60-
p0Hbl aamHei1wnx o6beKTOB TbiJia cocpe,noroqnsaJIHCb
KpyrrHhie rpyrrrrnposKH cHJI H cpe,ncra TIBO.
TaK, rrpn o6opoHe MocKBbi TOJibKO H3 cocraaa 1-ro
Koprryca TIBO n orreparHBHO rro_nqnHeHHoro eMy 6 naK a
OTpameHHH M3CCHpOB3HHbiX HaJieTOB <lJaWHCTCKOH aBHa-
I.I,HH yqacTBOB3JI'H 600-700 HCTpe6Hre.nefl, 600-800 3e-
HHTHbiX opy,nnii cpe,nHero H 170--350 opy.nni1 MaJioro
K3JIH6pa, 170-650 KpyrrHOKaJIH6epHbiX 3eHHTHbiX rryJie-
MeTOB H 700-760 3eHHTHbiX rrpomeKropoa *. KpyrrHbiM
cKaqKoM B pa3BHTHH DBO 6biJio rrpHHHTHe Ha aoopy-
meHHe PJIC, BhmycKaeMbiX rrpoMbiWJieHHOCTbiO a rro.n-
BHmHOM (Pe,nyT>>) H CTai.I,HOHapHOM (f1erMaTHT) sa-
pHaHTaX, qHCJIO KOTOpbiX K KOHI.I,Y 1943 r. JI.OCTHraJIO
200 **. EcJIH paHbWe TIBO MOrJia o6HapymHBaTb H rro-
pamarb JIHlllb an,nHMbie rJia30M caMoJierhi, a 3a o6Jia-
KaMH H HOqbiQ HX Bbi_nasaJI WyM MOTOpOB, TO rerrepb
HH 06JiaqHOCTb, HH TeMHOTa He rrpellHTCTBOBaJIH 6opb-
6e C HHMH. HecMOTpH Ha CBOe TeXHHqecKOe HecosepweH-
CTBO, ,name rrepBbie o6pa3Ubi PJIC rro3BOJIHJIH cpa3y :tKe
B 8-10 pa3 yseJIHqHTb _naJibHOCTb 06Hapy:tKeHHH caMO-
JieTOB, orrpe_neJIHTb rrpaKTHqecKH MfHOBeHHO HX KOOp,nH-
HaTW H 3HaTb 0 B03,nyWHOH o6craHOBKe B .ll,OCT3TOqHO
o6wnpHbiX paiioHax.
Ha 6a3e PJIC 6biJIH opraHH30BaHbi TIJIOTHhre pa,nno-
JIOKai.I,HOHHhie IlOJIH H IlYHKTbl HaBe,neHHH HCTpe6HTeJieH.
KoJinqecrao Hase,neHHH no ,naHHbiM PJJC B reqeHHe
1942 r. B03pocJio c 17 .no 46 rrpoueHroB ***. Terrepb. 11A
orpamaJia H3JieTbl aBHai.I,HH COBMeCTHO C ,npyrHMH, raK-
:ii<:e IlOJiyqHBlllHMH pe3KHH KaqecrBeHHbli'I CKaqoK Ha3eM-
HbiMH cpe,ncrs:aMII DBO: 3A, HMeswei'i P.riC opy,nHHHOH
"' UAMO, cp. 72, orr. 12274, .11.. 59, JI. 1; .11.. 7, .1]. 18; .11.. 49, JI. 45.
** TaM )!{e, cp 81, orr. 12204, .11.. 453, JI. 4.
**"' TaM :tKe, orr. 94592, .n.. 29, JI. 55.
135
H3BO,LI.KH, H pa.li,HOITpOMeKTOpaMH ( CBeTOBbiMH ripo.>keK-
TOpa \IH, cos\1eLUeHHbiMH c PJJC), ocseulaiOLUHMH caMo-
bl 6c3 rrpe.li,BJj)HTeJibHO!O ITOHCK3 - C Bbi-
C1 pen a>->.
H YCJIOBH51 .li,JI51 B33HMO)J,eliCTBH5I I1A H
3A. Oiio .li.BYMH crroco6aMH: pacrrpe.ll,e-
.lCHHe\1 ycHJIHH ITO 30H3M 6oeBbiX ,neHCTBHH H COBMeCT-
HbiM yHnqroMeHIIeM caMo.1eros spara B 30Hax 3eHHT-
twro orHH. Tipn 3TOM ITpe,niToqreHHe or.nasanoch ITep-
Bmry, 6o.rrt:e rrpocroMy ciToco6y, Kor.na J.1A H 3A ,nei1cr-
sosaJIH He MeUiaJI .npyr ,npyry. flpH B33HMO)J,eHCTBHH Me
B o,.l.HOI1 30He rrpnopnrer ITO-ITpeMHeMy or.nasancH ncr-
peorne.rHJlVI.
K KOHUY BOHHbi cosercKaH f1B9, ITpOrHHYBUiaHCJI
Ha :-,worHe COTHH KHJIOMeTpOB, H3CbiLUeHH35I CeTbiO a3p0-
li.PO:VIOB, ITOCTOB Ha6JII0,!1.eHH5I H HaBe.LJ,eHH5I I1A, IT03H-
UHlf 3A, CTaJia eme 6onee MOLUHOH H HeO.li,OJIHMOH )J,JIH
Bpara. Ee CHJibl H cpe,ncTBa 3UieJIOHHpOB3JIHCb Bee H3
60.1bUIYIO rny6HH.Y OT 060pOH5IeMbiX 06beKTOB, ITpOH30-
LUJia )J,3J1bHCHUI35I KOHUeHTpaUHH 3A Ha HaH60JJee BaM-
IlblX H3 mix. HA, B3aHMo.ueiicrsy5I c 3A no 30HaM 6oe-
Bhrx .LJ,eHCTBHH, yciTeUIHO ITpHKpbiBa.rra 06beKThi Ha OCB0-
6ox<neHHOH or spara reppnropnn. 5naro,nap5I csoei1 Ma-
HespeHHOCTH H H3CTYIT3TCJibHOMy xapaKrepy )J,CHCTBHH
oHa ocrasa.nacb ocHOBHOH y.uapHOH cnnoii TIBO B re-
qeHIIe BCCH BOHHLI BO B33HMO.LJ,eHCTBHII C 3A.
0.li,H3KO B33HMO)J,eHCTBHe HQqbJO elll,e OCT3BJI5IJIO Me-
.TJ3Tb Jiyqmero. Y HeMLI.eB yMe BOSCIO 3KCITJJY3THpOBa-
JIIICb HOqHbie HCTpe6HTeJJH - Jl:BYXMOTOpHhie C3MOJJeTbi
Me-110 c 6oproshiMH PJJC H ycnneHHbiM ITyUiel!HhiM
Boopyn<CHHeM (ronhKO B cncreMe TIBO Eep.rmHa K
1944 r. HX KOJIHqeCTBO )J,OCTHfJJO rpeX 3CK3)J,p *), a Ha-
lllll .riCTtHIKH B33IIMO)J,eHCTBOB3.TJH C 3A TOJihKO B CBeTO-
rrpoMeKTOpHWX ITOJI5IX HJIH HCK3JIH Bpara ITO ITJJa-
MeHH BblXJIOITHLIX ITarpy6KOB.
A reiTepb, c.uenaB Mhic.rreHHo cKaqoK so speMeHH Ha
K3KIIX-HH6)'.ll.b ITOJITOpa .UeCHTKa JJeT, rrepeHeCeMC5I CHO-
Ba Ha Kfl TIBO.
2. 06perenuH u rrorepu
... Me.rr..;reHHO mesemn pemerqarbiMH aMypHhiMH aH-
TeHHaMH MOLUHhie PJJC, rrpocMarpnBa5I B03,nynmoe ITpo-
*F. Reuter. Funkmef3 Opladen, 1971., s. 122.
136
CTpaHCTBO, B rOTOBHOCTH K IT)'CKy 33CTbiiiH Ha IT03H-
UHSIX cepe6pHCThie CTpe.rihl 3YP, H3fOTOBH.riHCb K B3.rieTy
y cepoii 6eTOHKH peaKTHBHhie sceiToro,ZI.Hbie HCTpe6liTe-
.rrn. TaKHX cpe,ZI.CTB DBO cTpaHbi He 3Ha.rra BemrKaH
0TeqecTBeHHa5l soiiHa.
B cyxoiTyTHbiX BOHCKaX CTBO.rlbHaH 3A ITOCTeneHHO
ycTyna.rra MeCTO 3eHHTHbiM paKeTHb!M cpe;.I.CTB3M. 06.rra-
,ZI.a5l HHbiMH, qeM 3A, B03MOMHOCT51MH ITO ,ZI.3.rlhH060fiHO-
CTH H IIOpaiKeHHIO ue.rrefi B 60.ribllleM Jl.ll3IT330He Bb!COT
11 CKOpOCTeH ITO.rieTa, OHH MOLTJH yHHqTOJK3Tb B03,ZI.YIII
HOrO ITpOTHBHHKa He TOilbKO Ha,ZI. ITpHKpbiBaeMb!MH BOH-
CKaMH, HO H Ha 6.riHMHHX ITO,ZI.CTyiTaX K HH\L Pa3BeT-
B.rieHHa5l ceTh no,ZI.BH:>KHbiX PJ1C o6eciTeqHBaJra Henpe-
pbiBHoe C.rieMeHHe 33 B03,ZI.YIIIHOH o6CT3HOBKOH Ha,ZI. 6o.lh-
lliHMH TeppHTOpHHMH.
CncTeMhi DBO cTpaHhi H BOHCK cTpoH.rrHcb KaK e,ZI.H-
Hoe Ue.riOe Ha OCHOBe CMeiiiaHHbiX rpyiTmrpOBOK 3eHHT-
HWX paKeTHWX H e H H T H ~ X apTH.ri.riepHHCKHX qaCTeH H
ITO,ZI.pa3,ZI.e.rreHHH, KOTOpbre 3a6.rrarospeMeHHo pacnpe,ZI.e-
.riH.riHCh )I)I51 ITpHKpbiTH5l 06beKTOB, HMeJIH CTa6H.ribHhiH
xapaKTep, n rpyiTITHpOBKH HA. 0Ha KaK HaH6o.rree M a-
HespeHHoe cpe,ZI.cTBO DBO He 3aKpeiT.rrH.rrach 3a OT,ZI.e.rih-
HhiMH 06beKTaMH, a ,ZI.O.riMHa 6bi.ri3 .rr.ei1CTBOB3Tb B rpa-
HHUaX BCero 060pOHHeMOrO paHOHa H M3CCHpOB3Tb ycH-
.riH51 Ha peiiiaiOI.li,HX HaiTpaB.rieHHHX.
Bech 3TOT 6oraTbiH apceHa.rr HOBbiX cpe.rr.cTB DBO If
ITpHHUHIIbi HX IIOCTpOeHH5l B coqeTaHHH C CllCTeMaMH YIT-
paB.rieHHH, o6eciTeqHBaiOI.li,HMH KOOpJI.HH3UHIO ycH.riHH 833-
HMOJI.eHCTBYIOlllllX CH.ri, HX OITOBellleHHe H ue.rreyKa3aHHe,
KopeHHhiM o6pa3oM ycnmw MorymecTso o6opoHhi, co-
3.1la.ri B03MOMHOCTb ITpHKpbiTH5l UeJib!X paHOHOB H Ha-
ITpaB.rieHHH. B3aHMO,ZI.eiicTBYIOlllHM cH.rraM H cpe.rr.cTBaM
DBO CTa.rrn ITO IT.rreqy TaKHe 3a.rr.aqn, o KOTophlx paHh-
IIIe He rrpnxo.rr.n.rroch H MeqTaTh. BITpoqeM He 6y,ZI.e=>1
CTpOHTh H.ri.rll03HH.
Ka3a.rroch 6br, no 3.rr.pasoM pa3Mhiiii.rreHHH, 3cpcpeK-
THBHOCTh COBMeCTHWX .II.eHCTBHH HCTpe6HTe.rreif H 3eHHT-
HbiX paKeTHh!X cpeLI,CTB .ll.O.riJKHa B03pacTH XOTH 6hi ITpO-
IIOpUHOHa.rihHO nx 6oesoi1 MOI.li,H. O.rr.HaKo 3TOro He ITpo-
H30lll.riO. TaKoe, Ha ITepBhiH B3r.riH.ll.. 6ecciTopHoe ITpe..ri.-
rro.rroMeHne 6hwo oum6oqHhiM. Bo3HHKUIHH cpeHoMeH
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137
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138
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3H3KOB, craJio oqeHb eJ1oxmo JI.JIH paeqeTOB 3PK. A
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139
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6hT.1H BhiHY)J<.IJ,eHhl .IJ,eHCTBOB3Tb B O,li;HOH 30He C HHMH,
TO HX Ofl!CM c6HB3.IJHCb CBOH CaMOJ!eTbi, K3K 3TO HMe-
.TIO MecTo B apa6o-H3paHJihCKOH BOHHe 1973 r. "'.
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* l1HrepHsWHJI JJ.ecpeHc peBhJO. 1974. N2 3.
140
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ro OK333JI0Cb HeMaJIO e)I.HHOMbiWJieHHHKOB, CliHT3BWHX,
liTO 3PK crroco6Hbi pell,IHTb rrpaKTHlieCKII see rrpo6Jie-
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KaKoir-To Mepe cHII3HJiaCb. B qacTHOCTH, KaK coo6maJia
* AHT113pKpaqJT Ji.)KOpH3J1. 1949. M II.
** HHTepH3WHJI p_ecpeHc peBhiO. 1973. ;N'Q 12.
*** <l>opc a p ~ pauce3. 1964. ,N'g 18.
141
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* 3p cpope. 1972. N2 11.
142
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143
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pa3JIHqHbiX ycJIOBHHX o6cTaHOBKH. O.rr.HaKo ciTop HII B
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e:H DBQ H 3eHHTHbiMH pa'KeTHbiMH
B HacTo.Hruee speMH so scex CTpaHax HATO cepb-
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144
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MH, HK- n Jia3epHhiMH npnueJiaMH. B ro Me BpeM.H
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COKOH OrHeBOH IIpOH3BO)I.HTeJibHOCTbiO, OHH
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TbiM HCTpe6HTeJI.HM TIBO: o6ecrreqeHHe nepexsara Ha-
rra)I.aiOmeii asnauHH Ha 6oJiee yAaJieHHhiX py6eMax, no-
BhiWeHHe B03MOMHOCTeH 06HapyMeHH51 MaJiopa3MepHbiX
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Hocreii HA Bo3pacryr pOJih H Mecro ee rrpH opraHH-
3aUHH TIBO. 3ro craHOBHTCH TeM 6oJiee oqeBH)I.HhiM
B CBeTe BhlCKa3WBaHHH HeKOTOpOH tiaCTH 3aiia)I.HWX 3K-
cnepTOB, KOTOpbie IIbiTaiOTCH 3afJIHHYTb B 6yAylll.ee o6o-
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eme HeKOTOpOe BpeM.H, HO K KOHUY CTOJieTH.H OHH yMe
He CMOryT 06ecneqHTb OTpaMeHHe HaJieTOB aBHaUllll C
11HTepasHa. 1985 . .N'!! 11; 1986 . .N'!! 12.
u, a4tc. 56
li5
yBeJIHqeHIIeM IIX nJIOTHOCTII II YHWITO:tKeHIIe BbiCOKOCKO-
pOCTHbiX paKeT, MaHeBpHpyiOUlHX C 60JibWHMH rreperpy3-
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6hi o6ecrreqHTb 6oJiee JI.eTaJibHoe oro6pa:tKeHHe o6CTa-
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H BpeM.H, KOfJI.a OHO MO:tKeT rrpHMeHHTbCH 6e3 orpaHH-
qemiH, HO rrpo6JieMa ocraerc.H HeperneHHOH.
Me:tKJI.y reM 33113JI.Hbie BOeHHble 3KCrrepTbl OTMeqaiOT,
liTO rrpouecchr 6opb6bi ncrpe6HreJiei1 H 3PK c B03JI.yrn-
HbiM IIpOTHBHHKOM CT3HOBHTCH BCC 60v'ICC IIOXO:ti\HMH.
TaK, ue.1u o6Hapy:tKHBaiOrc.H PJIC rryHKTOB ynpas.1eHHH
* l1HTepasua. 1984. N!! 2; ABH3HWH yHK. 1986. ~ 7,
146
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* AJJhreMafme uJBeAuapnwe MH.rmrepuaihmpHt1>T. 197:3. N!! 2;
TpynrreHnpaKcHc. 1975. N2 2.
156
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244
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246
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* TpyrrneH.ll.HCT. 1982. N2 1.
247
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* MIIJIHTepn peBhiO. 1985. N2 7.
248
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