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TRNG I HC S PHM H NI
KHOA TON TIN

*********

Chuyn
QUI NP TON HC

Gio vin hng dn: ng nh Hanh
Sinh vin thc hin: Nguyn Ngc Th
Lp: HK53Ton

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Chuyn : Qui np ton hc

Nguyn Ngc Th - Lp HK53 Ton.

2
H NI,THNG 11-2006

NI DUNG CHNH

1. Phng php gii
2. Cc dng ton in hnh
3. V d minh ho
4. Li gii chi tit
5. Ch
6. Bnh lun phn tch
7. Bi tp

www.vntoanhoc.com


3

Li m u

Trong khun kh gii hn ca mt chuyn nhm bin son chng ti xin khng
a ra cc khi nim nh ngha,mnh , nh l v cc tnh cht c trong SGH ph
thng m ch a ra cc dng ton km theo phng php gii , tip l cc v d minh
ha cng li gii chi tit. Kt thc v d l nhng ch cn thit nhm tng cht lng s
phm cho chuyn . Sau mi dng ton chng ti c a ra mt lot cc bi tp ngh
cc bn tham kho v th sc.
Khi cn dng n kin thc no chng ti s vn trnh by li trc khi s dng trong
bi gii ca mnh. Mc d tham kho mt lng rt ln cc ti liu hin nay cng vi
s n lc ca bn thn nhng do trnh hiu bit c hn nn chc chn khng trnh khi
thiu st rt mong c s gp ca thy gio ng nh Hanh v tp th lp K 53H. Xin
chn thnh cm n.
Mt ln na nhm bin son chng ti xin by t lng cm n ti thy gio ng
nh Hanh c v, ng vin, gi , trong qu trnh chng ti thc hin chuyn ny,
chuyn sm c hon thnh. Xin chn thnh cm n Thy.
Chng ti cng xin chn thnh cm n bn Phm Tr My cung cp cho chng ti
nhiu ti liu hay v qu trong qu trnh thc hin chuyn .
Th gp ca cc bn xin gi v a ch email : tnngocthu@gmail.com

Ngi thc hin

Nguyn Ngc Th.



4

QUI NP

Phng php qui np thc s c hiu lc vi lp cc bi ton chng minh mt mnh ph
thuc vo s t nhin n N.

Phng php gii

chng minh mt mnh Q(n) ng vi mi n p , ta thc hin 2 bc theo th t:
Bc 1 : Kim tra mnh l ng vi n p =
Bc 2 : Gi s mnh ng vi n k p = , ta phi chng minh rng mnh ng
vi 1 n k = + .

Cc dng ton minh ho.
Dng 1 :
Dng phng php qui np chng minh mt ng thc .

VD1 : Chng minh rng : vi mi s t nhin n2 ,ta c :
a
n
b
n
= (a b)(a
n 1
+ a
n 2
.b + +a.b
n -2
+b
n 1
) (1)

Ta chng minh ng thc (1) bng phng php qui np.

Gii
Khi n=2 th VT(1) = a
2
b
2
, VP(1) = (a b)(a+ b)= a
2
b
2
.

Vy ng thc (1) ng vi n=2.

Gi s (1) ng vi mi n = k 2 , tc l :

a
k
b
k
= (a b )(a
k-1
+ a
k-2
.b + + a.b
k-2
+ b
k-1
)
Ta CM (1) cng ng vi n=k + 1 , tc l :


5

a
k+1
b
k+1
= (a-b)(a
k
+ a
k-1
.b ++ a.b
k-1
+ b
k
)

Tht vy : p dng gi thit qui np , ta c :

a
k+1
- b
k+1
= a
k+1
a
k
.b+a
k
.b b
k+1

= a
k
(a-b) + b(a
k
-b
k
)

= a
k
(a-b) +b(a-b)(a
k-1
+ a
k-2
.b + + a.b
k-2
+ b
k-1
)

= (a-b) [a
k
+ b(a
k-1
+a
k-2
.b ++a.b
k-2
+b
k-1
) ]

= (a-b)(a
k
+a
k-1
.b ++a.b
k-1
+b
k
)

Vy (1) ng vi mi s t nhin n2.

Bnh lun : Trong li gii trn ta dng k thut thm bt s hng bc chng minh (1) ng vi
n = k+1 ,lm nh vy ta s dng c gi thit qui np ca bi ton.
y l mt k thut hay c hiu lc mnh m trong vic n gin ho li gii, c p dng rng
ri trong qu trnh gii nhiu dng ton khc nhau ng vi nhiu chuyn khc nhau ca ton
ph thng . V d sau cho thy r iu ny.

(TTS_khi A2002cu
1
)

Cho phng trnh : 0 1 2 1 log log
2
3
2
3
= + + m x x (2) ( m l tham s )
1. Gii phng trnh (2) khi m = 2
2. Tm m phng trnh (2) c t nht mt nghim thuc on | |
3
3 ; 1 .

Bnh thng nu khng dng k thut thm bt th nhiu hc sinh s lm nh sau :
iu kin 0 > x , t
2
3
log 0 t x = , khi pt (2) vn l dng v t ,tt nhin vic gii (2) khng
c g kh khn sau mt hi lu s cho ta p n . Tuy nhin nu ta thm 2 ng



6
thi bt i 2 vo v tri ca phng trnh (2) th li mt ng cp khc . Khi phng trnh (2)
tr thnh :
0 2 2 1 log 1 log
2
3
2
3
= + + + m x x
iu kin 0 > x . t 1 1 log
2
3
+ = x t ta c : 0 2 2
2
= + m t t (3) . R rng (3) l phng
trnh bc 2 i vi bin t, vic gii (3) n gin v nhanh hn nhiu so vi gii phng trnh m
cch t u tin mang li . Cng phi ni thm rng vn c hc sinh may mn thy trong phng
trnh c s gp mt ca cn thc lp tc t t bng cn thc v dn ti pt(3) nh trn. Nhng
ch l may mn ngoi l m mt s t bi ton mang li trong phi k n bi ton trn.
Qua phn tch v d trn ta thy li ch v s hiu qu m k thut thm bt em li cho chng
ta trong vic gii ton ph thng l rt ln.
Ta s gp li k tht ny trong li gii v d (5) ngay sau y v mt s v d khc na c mt trong
chuyn ny .Xin mi cc bn cng theo di .
VD2: CMR : Mi s t nhin n
1 , ta c :
( )
( )( )
6
1 2 1
1 ... 3 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
+ +
= + + + + +
n n n
n n
(2)

Gii

Khi n = 1 : VT(2) = VP(2) = 1, nn (2) ng.

Gi s (2) ng vi n = k1 , tc l :

( )
2
2 2 2 2
( 1)(2 1)
1 2 3 ... 1
6
k k k
k k
+ +
+ + + + + =

Ta phi chng minh (2) cng ng vi n = k +1 , tc l :

( ) | | ( )
6
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
1 1 1 ... 3 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
+ + +
= + + + + + + +
k k k
k k

Tht vy : 1
2
+2
2
+3
2
++(k-1)
2
+ k
2
+(k+1)
2

= ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 ... 1 1 k k k
(
+ + + + + + +



7

6
) 1 2 )( 1 ( + +
=
k k k
+ (k+1)
2
=( )
2
2 7 6
1
6
k k
k
( + +
+
(

6
) 3 2 )( 2 )( 1 ( + + +
=
k k k
.
Vy (1) ng vi mi s t nhin n 1.
Ch : li gii trn khng c g c bit ngoi k nng nhm s hng tinh t thnh lp
s xut hin ca gi thit qui np bc n = k+1 dn n gii quyt bi ton.

VD3 Tm s hng tng qut ca dy s sau :

n n
u u u 2 , 3
1 1
= =
+
,
( ) 1 n

Gii
Ta c :
0
1
1
2 1
2
3 2
1
3 3.2
2. 2.3 6 3.2
2. 2.6 12 3.2
.........................................
3.2
n
n
u
u u
u u
u

= =
= = = =
= = = =
=

Ta s chng minh
1
3.2
n
n
u

= (3) bng qui np .
Khi n = 1 ta c
1
3 u =
( )

dogt
(3) ng .
Gi s (3) ng vi n = k,
( ) 1 k
tc l :
1
3.2
k
k
u

=
Ta phi chng minh (3) ng vi n = k+1 , tc l :
1
3.2
k
k
u
+
=
Tht vy :
1
1
2. 3.2.2 3.2
k k
k k
u u

+
= = =
Vy (3) ng vi n = k+1 nn cng ng vi mi 1 n .

Ch : Sau v d ba ta rt ra phng php gii chung cho dng ton tm s hng tng qut
ca mt dy s gm hai bc :



8
Bc 1 : Tm vi s hng u ca dy
Bc 2 : D on s hng tng qut, ri chng minh bng qui np.

VD4: Tnh o hm cp n ca hm s sau :
x
y
+
=
1
1

Gii

Ta c :
2
,
) 1 (
1
x
y
+
=
,
3
, ,
) 1 (
2 . 1
x
y
+
=
,
4
, , ,
) 1 (
3 . 2 . 1
x
y
+
=
,,
) (n
y

By gi ta tm
) (n
y
bng quy np nh sau :
Gi s
( )
( )
( )
1
1
! 1
+
+
=
k
k
k
x
k
y
Ta c :
( ) | |
1 ) 1 (
1
) 1 ( 2
,
) ( ) 1 (
) 1 (
)! 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
. ! 1
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
=
(
+
+ +
= =
k
k
k
k
k k k
x
k
x
x k
k y y

Vy
1
) 1 (
! ). 1 (
+
+
=
n
n
x
n
y

Ch : Phng php gii chung cho dng ton ny c th phn lm hai bc nh sau :
Bc 1 : Tnh o hm cp mt , hai,ba,,cho ti khi d on c o hm cp n.
Bc 2: Chng minh o hm cp n ng bng qui np ton hc .

VD5 : ( thi hc k 1, i s tuyn tnh - lp K53GH_2003)
CMR : Nu s phc z tha mn :

cos 2
1
cos 2
1
= + = +
n
n
z
z
z
z
(5)

Gii

Vi n=1,
z
z
VT + =
1
) 5 (
, VP(5)=
cos 2
theo gi thit (5) ng .
Gi s (5) ng vi n=k , tc l :
1
2cos
k
k
z k
z
+ =


9
Ta phi chng minh (5) cng ng vi n=k+1, tc l : ( )
1
1
1
2cos 1
k
k
z k
z

+
+
+ = +

Tht vy :
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
k k k
k k k
z z z z
z z z z
+
+
| || | | |
+ = + + +
| | |
\ \ \

( ) . 1 cos 2 cos 2 . cos 2 = k k

| | ( )
1
. 4 cos( 1) cos( 1) 2cos 1
2
k k k = + +
=2cos(k+1)

Vy (5) ng vi n = k +1,nn (5) ng vi 1 n .

Ch : khng bnh lun thm v li gii trn . Tht bt ng khi y li l thi hc k
cp i hc . iu ny chng t qui np khng phi mt vn ngui lnh trong cc k thi. Do
vic nm vng phng php gii l iu tht cn thit vi mi ngi hc v lm ton.
Bnh lun chung cho dng mt : Qua nm v d trn ta thy bi ton chng minh ng thc bng
cch dng phng php qui np ton hc ch kh khn v phc tp phn cui bc 2 , tc l
chng minh ng thc ng vi n=k+1.Khi t ng thc cn chng minh ng vi n=k+1,ta bin
i kho lo,(dng k thut thm bt ,hoc tch s hng ), s dng c gi thit ng thc
ng vi n=k,tip tc thc hin tnh ton mt s bc na ta s c pcm.
Cn nhm mnh rng vi dng ton mt ta thng bin i theo con ng ny ! Tuy nhin y
khng phi l cch bin i duy nht,ta c th bin i trc tip t gi thit ng thc ng vi n
= k (gi thit qui np ca bi ton) , suy ra ng thc ng vi
n = k+1. minh ho cho cch lm ny ta cng nhau i xt v d sau y :
CMR mi n thuc N* ta c :
n n
n n
3 . 4
3 2
4
3
3
...
3
2
3
1
2
+
= + + + (BL)

Gii
Vi n = 1 , th (BL) :
1 3 5
3 4 12
= ng.
Gi s (BL) ng vi n = k, tc l :
2
1 2 3 2 3
...
3 3 3 4 4.3
k k
k k +
+ + + = (BL.1)
Ta phi
chng minh (BL) ng vi n = k+1, tc l :


10

( ) ( )
1 1 2
3 . 4
3 1 2
4
3
3
1
3
...
3
2
3
1
+ +
+ +
=
+
+ + + +
k k k
k k k
(BL.2)

Tht vy : Cng vo hai v ca (BL.1) mt lng l :
1
1
3
k
k
+
+
, ta s c (BL.2)
Vy (BL) ng vi n = k+1, nn cng ng vi mi n thuc N* .
K thut bin i ny s mt ln na c th hin v d (8) trong dng hai qui np ton hc. Xin mi cc
bn cng theo di.

Bi tp ngh.

Bi 1: CMR : Mi n
*
N
, ta c : 1+3+5++(2n-1) = n
2
Bi 2

: CMR:
*
N n ,

ta c
:

( ) 1
1 2 3 ...
2
n n
n
+
+ + + + =
Bi 3 : CMR : Mi
*
n N ,ta c :
( )
4
1
... 2 1
2
3 3 3
+
= + + +
n n
n
Bi 4 : CMR : Mi a >0, a 1,
1 2
, ,..., 0 >
n
x x x ,ta c h thc sau:
( )
1 2 1 2
... ... log log log log = + + +
n n
x x x x x x
a a a a

Bi 5: CMR: Mi s t nhin n
1, vi mi cp s (a,b),ta c cng thc sau y, gi l cng thc

khai trin nh thc niutn.

n
0 n 1 n-1 1 2 n-2 2 k n-k k n n
= + + +...+ +...+ (a+b)
C a C a b C a b C a b C b
n n n n n

Bi 6: CMR :
( )
2
1
3 3 3 3
1 2 3 ...
2
n n
n
s
n
( +
= + + + + =
(

Bi 7: CMR: Vi mi s t nhin n1,ta c ng thc :

2
) 1 (
... 3 2 1
+
= + + + +
n n
n

Bi 8: CMR : Mi n thuc N ta c : ( )
( ) n
n
n 2 1
2 1
2
1
1 ...
25
4
1
9
4
1
1
4
1
2
+
=
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
\
|

Bi 9: Tnh o hm cp n ca cc hm s sau :
a)
) 1 ln( x y + =
b)
( )
1
1
y
x x
=

c)
ax y sin =
( ) a const = d)
2
sin y x =


11
Bi 10: Tm tng s
) 1 (
1
...
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1
+
+ + + =
n n
sn

Bi 11: Tm s hng tng qut ca cc dy s sau :
a)
1 1
1
3, 2 .
2
n n
u u u
+
= = +
b)
1 1
, .
n n
u a u a b u
+
= = +
Cc bi tp ngh chng ti a ra c la chn cn thn, k lng, phn no c tnh
cht nh hng phn loi theo cc loi ton cha trong dng mt .

Dng 2: Dng phng php qui np chng minh mt bt ng thc.

VD1: Chng minh bt ng thc Bec-nu-li(Bernoulli). Nu h >0 , vi mi s t
nhin n2

nh h
n
+ > + 1 ) 1 (

(1) ,

Gii
Nu n =2, ta c : (1+h)
2
= 1+2h+h
2
> 1+2h (v h
2
> 0) .Vy (1) ng .
Gi s (1) ng n n = k , tc l :( 1+h)
k
> 1+kh (2).
Ta phi chng minh (1) cng ng n n =k+1 ,tc l : (1+h)
k+1
> 1+(k+1)h.
Tht vy : (1+h)
k+1
=(1+h)(1+h)
k
( 2) do
(1+h)(1+kh) =1+h+kh+kh
2

= 1+h(1+k)+kh
2
> 1+h(1+k).(v kh
2
>0)
Vy (1) ng vi mi s t nhin n 2.
Ch : Php chng minh trn gi thit h khng ph thuc n . Trong trng hp h ph thuc
n , ngi ta chng minh rng bt ng thc bec_nu_li vn ng (dng cng thc nh thc niutn ) .
VD2 : ( 101 cu 4a_BTTS)
Chng minh rng nu x >0 th vi mi s t nhin n ta u c :
!
...
2!
x
x 1
2
n
x
e
n
x
+ + + + >
(2)
Gii
Xt hm s . ( )
2
1 ...
2! !
n
x
n
x x
x e x
n
f
| |
= + + + +
|
\
Ta phi
chng minh : ( ) 0, : 0
n
x n N x
f
> > (2.1)
Tht vy , ta c : ( ) , 0 0
n
n
f
=


12
Xt ( ) ( )
1
1
x
x e x
f
= +
Ta c ( ) ( )
,
1
1 0, 0 ,
x
x e x
f
= > > ( ) x
f
1
tng vi mi x >0 ( ) ( )
1 1
0 x
f f
>

Vy cng thc (2.1) ng vi n=1.

Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n=k. Ta c:
( )
2
0, 1 ... 0
2! !
k
x
k
x x
x x e x
k
f
| |
> = + + + + >
|
\
(2.2)
Ta phi chng minh :

( )
( )
2 1
1
0, 1 ... 0
2! ! 1 !
k k
x
k
x x x
x x e x
k k
f
+
+
| |
> = + + + + + >
|
|
+
\

Tht vy , ta c :
( )
( )
( )
1
,
1
1
2 .
1 ...
2! ! 1 !
k
k
x
k
k x
x k x
x e
k k
f

+
| | +
= + + + +
|
|
+
\

( ) ( )
1
,
1
1 ...
1 !
+
| |
= + + + + =
|
\
k k
x
k k
x x
x e x x
k k
f f

Theo (2.2) c
( ) ( ) ( ) x x x
f f f
k k k 1
,
1
0 0
+ +
> >
tng vi
( ) ( ) 0 0 0
1 1
= > >
+ +
f f
k k
x x

Vy bt ng thc ng vi n=k+1 nn cng ng vi mi s t nhin n .

Ch : Nhn vo bt (2) ta thy c hai v u l cc hm s ca bin x . Nu ta chuyn
ton b v phi ca bt (2) sang v tri v t bng ( ) x
f
n
bi ton tr thnh Cmr :
( ) 0 , , 0 > > x N n x
f
n
. Khi dng qui np x l bi ton kt hp vi ng dng ca o
hm v tnh n iu ca hm s l v cng hp l.R rng im mu cht,bc t ph a n
hng gii p cho bi ton l thao tc chuyn v .

VD3 (131CU4a_BTTS) :
Cho hm s f xc nh vi mi x v tho mn iu kin :
f(x+y) f(x).f(y) vi mi x,y (3)
CMR : Vi mi s thc x v mi s t nhin n ta c :

( )
n
n
x
f x f
2
2
(
\
|
(3.1)



13
Gii
Trong BT f(x+y) f(x).f(y) thay x v y bng
2
x
, ta c:

( ) ( )
2
2 2
.
2 2 2
(
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
x
f x f
x
f
x
f
x x
f

Vy bt ng thc
( )
n
n
x
f x f
2
2
(
\
|
ng vi n=1
Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n =k , ( ) 1 k . Ta c
( )
k
k
x
f x f
2
2
(
\
|

Ta chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n = k+1, tc l :
( )
1
2
1
2
+
+ (
\
|
k
k
x
f x f

Tht vy ta c :

2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
( | | | | | |
= +
( | | |
+ + +
(
\ \ \
(
( ( | | | |
(

( ( | |
( +
( ( \ \
(

+
( ( | | | |

( ( | |
+
( ( \ \
x x x x
f f f
k k k k
k
k
x x
f f
k k
k k
x x
f f
k k

Do tnh cht bc cu ta c c :
( )
1
2
1
2
+
+ (
\
|
k
k
x
f x f

Bt ng thc ng vi n = k+1 nn cng ng vi mi s t nhin n.

Ch : y ta gp dng ton chng minh BT (a) ng khi BT (b) xy ra .Ni cch
khc BT (a) ch xy ra khi c BT (b). Hng gii ginh cho dng ny l xut pht t BT (b)
chng minh BT (a) ng .
Thc cht ca bi ton trong VD3 l chng minh (3.1) ng vi mi s thc x,mi s t nhin n khi
hm f tha mn (3).Do dng qui np chng minh (3.1) ng c tin hnh trn cc iu
kin rng buc ca hm f v s dng tnh cht bc cu.
VD4 :
*
N n
,ta c :

sin . sin n n
(4)


14
Vi n =1 , (4) sin1. 1. sin VT = = (4) VP = nn (4) ng .
Gi s (4) ng vi n = k( ) 1 k , tc l : sin sin k k Ta phi chng minh (4) ng vi n =
k+1,tc l :
( ) sin 1 ) 1 sin( + + k k

Tht vy, ta c
( )
( )
sin 1 sin cos cos sin sin . cos cos . sin sin sin sin sin
1 . sin
k k k k k k k
k

+ = + + + +
+

Vy (4) ng vi n = k+1 , nn (4) cng ng vi mi s nguyn dng n .

Ch : Ta thy (4) c cha hm lng gic nn vic chng minh (4) ng bng qui np
c thc hin trn cc tnh cht ca hm lng gic ,c th y ta dng cng cng i vi
hm sin , tnh cht hm sin , cos, nhn gi tr trong on | | 1 , 1 v bt ng thc b a b a + + .

VD5 : Chng minh rng dy s sau l gim v b chn .

1 1
1
2,
2
+
+
= =
n
n
u
u u vi ( ) 1 n
Gii
Chng minh dy s l gim . Ta dng qui np.
Ta phi chng minh :

( )
*
1
,
n n
u u n N
+
< (5)
Khi n = 1 th
1
2 1
1 2 1 3
2
2 2 2
u
u u
+ +
= = = < = (5) ng.
Gi s (5) ng vi n = k , ( ) 1 k , tc l :
1 k k
u u
+
< (5.1)
Ta phi chng minh :
2 1 k k
u u
+ +
<
Ta c :
( 5.1)
1
2 1
1 1
2 2
do
k k
k k
u u
u u
+
+ +
+ +
= =
<

Vy (5) ng vi n = k+1 nn cng ng vi mi n thuc N
*
.
Chng minh dy cho l b chn di. Ta dng qui np chng minh :

( )
*
1, u n N
n
> (6)
Khi n=1 , 2 1
1
u = > nn (6) ng.
Gi s (6) ng vi n = k , ( ) 1 k ngha l 1 u
k
> (6.1)


15
Ta phi chng minh :
1
1
k
u
+
>
Ta c : 1
2
1 1
2
1
1
=
+
>
+
=
+
k
k
u
u . Vy
1
1
k
u
+
> .Dy s cho b chn di bi 1.

Ch : Khi gp dng ton chng minh dy s n iu v b chn ta thc hin nh sau :
bc 1 : Dng qui np chng minh dy s l n iu
bc 2 : D on s M trong trng hp dy b chn trn bi M v S m trong
trng hp ngc li.Sau dng qui np chng minh dy b chn bi trn bi M
hoc b chn di bi m trong trng hp ngc li .
VD 6:
Chng minh rng : 2 , ,
1
1 > < |
\
|
+ n N n n
n
n
(6)
Gii
Khi n =3 bt (6) tr thnh 3
27
64
3
1
1
3
< = |
\
|
+ (ng)
Gi s bt (6) ng vi n =k ngha l : k
k
k
< |
\
|
+
1
1
Ta chng minh bt (6) ng vi 1 + = k n , tc l : 1
1
1
1 + < |
\
|
+
+ k
k

Ta c :
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
) ( ) 2 (
1
+ = |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
+ |
\
|
+
+ = |
\
|
+
+
< <
+
k
k
k
k k k k k
gtqn
k k k

Vy bt(6) ng vi n= k+1 nn n cng ng vi mi n.

Ch : li gii trn ta dng phng php lm tri nh gi ca bt bc n =k
+1,ti v tr du bt (2).C th ni y l phng php ch cng, mang tnh c th trong chng
minh bt .Hc sinh cn nm vng v lm tt phng php ny v s hiu qu m n mang li, cng
lu rng khng nn nh gi bt qu lng , hoc qu cht . Sau y l mt v d minh ho na
ginh cho phng php nh gi lm tri.

VD 7: Cho x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
l cc s dng. Chng minh rng :
4 , 2 ...
3
1 1 2
1
2 4 1 3
2
2
1

+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

n
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
n
n
n n
n
n
(7)
Gii


16
Vi n = 4 , bt c dng :
2 2
3 1
4 2
4 2
3 1
3 1
4
2 4
3
1 3
2
4 2
1
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
ng.

Gi s bt(7) ng vi n = k . Tc l : ( ) 4 , 2 ...
1 1 2
1
1 3
2
2
1

+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+

k
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
k
k
k k
k
k
(7.2)
Ta chng minh bt(7) ng vi n = k+1.
Do vai tr bnh ng gi cc x
i
( i = 1,2,,k+1), nn khng gim tnh tng qut ca bi ton ta c
th gi s x
k+1
= min{ x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
} , tc l : 0, ,
1 1 1 1
x x x x x
k k k k
>
+ + +
Do vy ta c :
1 1 2 1 2
1
2 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
... ...
s
k k k
k
k k k k k k
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+
+
+ +
= + + + + > + + +
+ + + + + + +
(7.1)
Do: 0 ; ;
1
1
1 1 1 1 2
1
1 2
1
>
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ + k
k
k
k
k k
k
k k
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
(7.3)
T (7.1),(7.2),(7.3) suy ra
1
2
sk+
> . Vy bt ng vi 1 n k = + nn cng ng vi mi n .
l pcm.

Ch : Th d trn cng cho thy r nt sc mnh ca phng php nh gi lm tri
trong chng minh bt .Bc ngot a n hng gii quyt cho li gii bi ton l thao tc nh
gi , c lng , gi tr ca x
k+1
= minx
i
,{ i= 1,2,n} bc n = k+1.
VD 8 : Chng minh rng : 1 n , ta c
( )
1 2
1
2 . 6 . 4 . 2
1 2 ... 5 . 3 . 1
+
<
k
n
n
(8)
Khi n = 1 , th (1) tr thnh :
3
1
2
1
< ng.
Gi s (8) ng vii n = k ,ngha l :
( )
1 2
1
2 ... 6 . 4 . 2
1 2 ... 5 . 3 . 1
+
<
k
n
k
(8.1)
Ta phi chng minh (8) ng vi n = k+1, tc l :
( )( )
( )
3 2
1
2 2 2 .... 6 . 4 . 2
1 2 1 2 ... 5 . 3 . 1
+
<
+
+
k
k k
k k

Tht vy , ta c :
( )
3 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
+
+
<
+
+
k
k
k
k
(8.2) ( bt (8.2) lun ng v sau khi bnh phng hai v ,
quy ng , chuyn v ta thu c bt tng ng : 0 1 > ,ng )

Ly (8.1) nhn (8.2) v theo v ta\c :
( )( )
( )
3 2
1
3 2
1 2
.
1 2
1
2 2 2 ... 6 . 4 . 2
2 2 1 2 ... 5 . 3 . 1
+
=
+
+
+
<
+
+
k k
k
k
k k
k k
ng
Theo nguyn l qui np ta kt lun (8) ng 1 n .


17
.
Ch : v d (8) minh chng li mt ln na cho k thut s dng trc tip gi thit qui np ca
bi ton (gi thit bt ng vi n =k ) thc hin bin i suy ra bt ng vi n = k+1.
li gii ca v d (8) v v d (BL) ca dng mt cho chng ta thy khng phi khi no cng bin
i t t, bt ng vi n = k+1, dng c gi thit qui np dn n kt thc bi ton m i khi
ta bin i trc tip t gi thit qui np ca bi ton.
i vi bi ton qui np linh hot trong qu trnh gii ta nn nh c hai cch lm trn.
Vn ni thm rng hai vd(8) v vd(BL) hon ton c th gii bng cch bin i t t, bt ng vi n
= k +1.
Bnh lun chung cho dng 2 : Qua tm v d trn ta thy cc bi ton ca dng hai phong
ph , a dng hn nhiu so vi dng mt , kh cng tng ln . Do vic nm vng cch gii
i khi cha gii quyt bi ton.R rng mu cht ca bi ton vn l k thut bin i bt
ng thc ng vi n=k+1 s dng c gi thit bt ng thc ng vi n = k,hoc bin i
trc tip t bt ng thc ng vi n= k (y gi l gi thit qui np) suy ra bt ng thc
ng vi n = k+1 .Khi vic i n iu phi chng minh l khng c g kh khn.
Bi tp ngh .
Bi 1 Cho
( )
0
4 1 n
< <

Chng minh rng : tgn ntg >
Bi 2 Chng minh rng : vi a >0 th
1 4 1
...
2
a
a a a
+ +
+ + + <
Bi 3 Chng minh rng : ( ) ( )
1
1 , 3
n
n
n n
n
+
> +
Bi 4 Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n ta c :

1 2
1
...
3
1
2
1
1 )
1
.... 3 2 1 )
+ + + +
+
+ + + +
n
n
b
n
n
n n a

c)
2 1 2
1
...
3
1
2
1
1
2
n
>
+ + + +

Bi 5 Chng minh bt ng thc :
( )( )( ) ( )
1
2 2
3
2
2
2 2
2 .
3
1
2 1 ... 2 1 2 1 2 1
+
< + + + +
n n

Bi 6 Chng minh vi mi s nguyn dng n , ta c :


18

( ) ( ) ! 2 ! 2 )
1 2
1
2
1 2
....
6
5
4
3
.
2
1
)
2
n n b
n
n
n
a
n
<
+
<

Bi 7 Chng minh rng mi : N n
n
n
< + + + ,
4
3
3
...
3
2
3
1
2

Bi 8 Chng minh rng dy s
n
u xc nh bi :

n n
u u u + = =
+
2 , 2
1 1
,
*
N n
l tng v b chn trn .
Bi 9 CMR ( )
n n
n n 1
1
+ =
+
vi n 3
Bi 10 Chng minh mi s t nhin n khc 0 ta lun c : 3
1
2 < |
\
|
n
n

Bi 11 CMR vi mi s t nhin n ln hn 5 ta c :
n n
n
n
n
|
\
|
> > |
\
|
3
!
2

Bi 12 CMR :
( )
( )
*
,
1
4
!
! 2
N n
n
n
n
n
+

Bi 13 Cho n s dng nghim ng iu kin
. 1 ... .
2 1
=
n
a a a CMR : (*) ...
2 1
n a a a
n
+ + +
Du =xy ra khi no ?
Bi 14 Chng minh mi s t nhin n >1, ta c :
( ) 1 cos cos 1
1
n n
n n

+ >
+

Bi 15 Cho n l s t nhin v ( ) 0 1
2
n

< + <
CMR : ( )( ) tg tgn
n n
. cos 1 cos 1 < +
Bi 16
14
13
2
1
...
2
1
1
1
: . 1 , > + +
+ +
>
n n n
CMR n N n
Qua hai dng u ca qui np ton hc ta c cm gic mc hay v kh ca bi ton
tng dn.Do c th ca n ,hai dng ny c hc tng i su ph thng.Dng ba
ca bi ton ,cng l dng cui cng chng ti s trnh by trong chuyn ny c hc
s qua bc ph thng v hc cao hn nm th hai ca trng hsp... Cng v l do
m dng ba c chng ti a vo sau cng . Xin mi cc bn chuyn sang dng ba ca
qui np ton hc .


19
Dng 3 : Dng qui np ton hc chng minh mt biu thc dng U
n
chia
ht cho mt s t nhin .

VD1: Chng minh rng n n n a N n
n
5 3 ,
2 3 *
+ + = chia ht cho 3 . (1)
Gii
Vi n = 1 ta c : 3 9 1 . 5 1 . 3 13
2
1
= + + = a ng .
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k , ( ) 1 k , tc l : 3 5 3
2 3
k k k a
k
+ + =
Ta phi chng minh (1) ng vi n = k+1, ngha l : ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 1 5 1 3 1
2 3
1
+ + + + + =
+
k k k a
k

Tht vy : 5 5 3 6 3 1 3 3
2 2 3
1
+ + + + + + + + =
+
k k k k k k a
k

3 9 9 3 5 3
3
2
3
2 3
4 3 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 4 2 1

+ + + + + = k k k k k
Vy (1) ng vi n = k+1, nn cng ng vi mi
*
N n

Ch : Ta bit rng mt tng chia ht cho mt s khi tng s hng ca tng chia ht cho s
. Nhn thy
1 + k
a l mt tng cc n thc ca k , Vy chng minh a
k+1
chia ht cho 3 ta phi
thc trin a
k+1
, sau tin hnh thc hin sp xp li cc s hng , kt hp vi gi thit qui np ,
vit li a
k+1
di dng tng cc s hng chia ht cho 3.

VD2:Chng minh rng 2 n , ta c : a
n
= ( )( ) ( )
n
n n n n 2 ... 2 1 + + + (2)
Gii
Khi n = 2 , ta c : a
2
= ( )( )
2
2 2 2 1 2 + + ng

Gi s (2) ng vi n =k , ( ) 2 k , tc l : a
k
= ( )( ) ( )
k
k k k k 2 ... 2 1 + + +
Ta phi chng minh (2) ng vi n = k+1, ngha l :
a
k+1
= ( )( ) ( )
1
2 1 1 ... 2 1 1 1
+
+ + + + + + +
k
k k k k

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( ) 2 1 ... 3 2 2 ... 3 2 + + + + + + + = + + + + = k k k k k k k k k k k k
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 2 3 ... . 2. 1 2
2
2
k
k k k k k k k
k
+
( = + + + + + +

M
1 4 2 4 3 1 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 3
M
M

Vy (2) ng vi n = k+1 ,nn (2) ng vi 2 n .



20
Ch : Li gii v d hai khng c g mi l , ta thc hin k thut vit li a
k+1
, thnh lp
s xut hin gi thit qui np , d dng suy ra pcm.

VD3: Chng minh rng : a
n
= 1 , 676 27 26 3
3 3

+
n n
n
(3)
Gii
Vi n = 1 , ta c :a
1
= 676 676 27 1 . 26 3
3 1 . 3
=
+
nn (3) ng.
Gi s (3) ng vi n = k , 1 k tc l : a
k
= 676 27 26 3
3 3

+
k
k
(3.1)
Ta phi chng minh (3) ng vi n = k+1, tc l : a
k+1
=
( )
( ) 676 27 1 . 26 3
3 1 3
+
+ +
k
k

Tht vy :a
k+1
= ( )
4 3 4 2 1
4 4 3 4 4 2 1

676
) 1 . 3 ( 676
3 3 3 ) 1 ( 3
676 676 27 26 3 . 27 27 ) 1 ( 26 3 + + = +
+ + +
k k k
do
k k
Vy (3) ng vi n =
k+1 , nn (3) ng vi mi . 1 n
Ch : v d ny vic vit li a
k+1
khng ch n thun l s thc trin sp xp li cc s
hng , r rng y k thut thm bt li pht huy tc dng, vic a 27 ra ngoi lm tha s
chung, vi mc ch thnh lp c gtqn lm d ra mt lng so vi lng ban u , cn
bng bi ton ta thm vo mt lng 676k+676 . Lm nh vy ta s dng c gtqn tin n kt
thc li gii.
V d bn di y l mt minh hc na cho li gii loi bi tp ny.
VD4: Chng minh rng: 38 2 . 3 2 . 5 : 1
1 2 1 1 1 2
+ +
+
n n n n
n (4)
Vi n = 1 , ta c : 38 38 2 . 9 4 . 5 2 . 3 2 . 5
1 1 . 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 2
= + = +
+ +
nn (4) ng
Gi s (4) ng vi n = k, ( ) 1 k tc l : 38 2 . 3 2 . 5
1 2 1 1 1 2
+ +
+
k k k k
(4.1)
Ta phi chng minh (4) ng vi n = k+1, tc l :
38 2 . 3 2 . 5
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
+ + + + + +
+
k k k k

Tht vy :
( ) 38 2 . 3 . 38 2 . 3 2 . 5 . 50
2 3 . 12 2 . 5 . 50 2 . 4 . 3 . 3 2 . 2 . 5 . 25 2 . 3 2 . 5
38
1 2 1
) 1 . 4 ( 38
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
43 4 2 1
4 4 4 3 4 4 4 2 1

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ =
+ = + = +
k k
do
k k k k
k k k k k k k k k k k k

Vy (4) ng vi n = k+1 , nn cng ng vi
*
N n .

VD5: Chng minh rng : 1 n , ta c : 24 10 21 14 3
2 3 4
n n n n + (5)
Gii
Vi n = 1 ta c : 24 0 10 21 14 3 = + , nn (5) ng .
Gi s (5) ng vi n = k, 1 k , ngha l : 24 10 21 14 3
2 3 4
k k k k + (5.1)


21
Ta phi chng minh (5) ng vi n = k+1 , ngha
l : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 24 1 10 1 21 1 14 1 3
2 3 4
+ + + + + k k k k
Tht vy :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) 24 1 1 . 12 10 _ 21 14 3 1 10 1 2 21
1 3 3 14 1 4 6 4 3 1 10 1 21 1 14 1 3
24 ) 1 . 5 ( 24
2 3 4 2
2 2 3 4 2 3 4
4 4 3 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 2 1

+ + = + + + +
+ + + + + + + = + + + + +
k k k k k k k k k k
k k k k k k k k k k k
do

Vy (5) ng vi n = k+1 , nn cng ng vi 1 n .

Ch : V d 5 v v d 1 thuc cng mt dng .Do cch gii ginh cho v d 5 xem ch v
d 1.

Bnh lun chung cho dng 3: Qua nm v d ginh cho dng ba ta thy mu cht gii tt
cc bi tp ca dng ba l k nng vit li a
n
ng vi n = k+1,thnh tng cc s hng hoc tch ca cc tha
s chia ht cho s t nhin cn chng minh . Tt nhin trong qu trnh vit li nh vy, ta vn lu ti vic
s dng gi thit qui np ca bi ton.C th ni k thut vit li ca mt bi ton ni ring v vit li
mt biu thc ton hc ni chung , dng c gi thit ca bi ton , c bit c hiu qu, trong gii ton
ph thng. Xin a ra mt s v d in hnh cho k thut ny.
V d 1 (TTS_khiA2003cu
1
)
Gii h phng trnh
3
1 1
2 1
x y
x y
y x
= +

iu kin 0 xy . H cho c vit li di dng :
( )
3
2 1
x y
x y
xy
y x

=
= +

Nh k thut vit li , ta xc nh c hng gii cho h trn l xut pht t phng trnh th nht
ca h .

V d 2 (HCSNN_khi A2000)
Cho h phng trnh :
( )
2
1
x xy y m
xy x y m
+ + = +
+ = +

1. Gii h cho khi m=-3.


22
2. Xc nh m h c nghim duy nht.
H cho c vit li di dng :
( )
2
1
x y xy m
xy x y m
+ + = +
+ = +

Nh vit li h nh vy m ta c th t x+y= S, xy = P , iu kin S
2
-4P 0 , khi vic gii h
pt trn khng c g c khn.
Ni chung y l k thut c bn trong gii ton , hc sinh nn rn luyn k thut ny c th p
dng trong qu trnh gii tt c cc dng ca ton hc s cp.

Bi tp ngh.

Bi 1: CMR 225 1 15 16 :
*
n N n
n

Bi 2: CMR , 13 1 6
n
n
n N
u
= M
Bi 3: CMR

2 1 2
,12 11 133
n n
n N
+ +
+ M

Bi 4: CMR 64 36 32 3 . 4 :
2 2
+
+
n N n
n

Bi 5: CMR n n N n 2 :
3
+ chia ht cho 3
Bi 6: CMR ( )( ) ( ) 1 2 ... 2 n n n + + chia ht cho ( ) 1.3.5... 2 1 , n n N .

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23

Ti liu tham kho

1. Don Minh Cng : Gii thiu thi tuyn sinh i hc 2000-2001,NXBGD.
2. H Vn Chng : Tuyn tp 700 bi ton bt ng thc,NXB.Tr1998
3. Phan c Chnh V Dng Thy _o Tam L Thng Nht : Cc bi ging
luyn thi mn ton ,tp hai NXBGD
4. ng nh Hanh :Tp bi tp quan h chia ht ginh cho K53GH.
5. Trn Vn K : 460 bi ton bt ng thc,NXB.Tr TPHCM.
6. Ng Thc Lanh- V Tun- Ng Xun Sn : i s v gii tch 11, Nh xut bn
gio dc1998
7. V i Mau :Phng php gii ton bt ng thc,NXB.Tr2000
8. Nguyn Vn Mu :Mt s bi ton chn lc v dy s ,NXNGD
9. Trn Phng : Phng php mi gii thi tuyn sinh mn ton, NXBGD.
10. Nguyn Tin Quang :Bi tp s hc, NXBGD.
11. B thi tuyn sinh i hc, Nh xut bn gio dc 2001..
12. Tuyn tp 30 nm tp ch ton hc v tui tr, Nh xut bn gio dc.
13. Hai cun sch gio khoa chnh l hp nht nm 2000 l i s v gii tch 11,
gii tch 12 ca Nh xut bn gio dc .
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Chuyende QuinapToanHoc BDHSG

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TRNG I HC S PHM H NI

KHOA TON TIN

1, vi mi cp s (a,b),ta c cng thc sau y, gi l cng thc

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