Stress Transformation Mechanics of Solids

11/04/2013
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CIVIL ENGINEERING BUITEMS, QUETTA ARSHAD ALI (arshadalibuitems@gmail..com)
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Stress Transformation
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Analysis of Stress and Strain at a point due to
combined effect of axial force
STRESS ANALYSIS
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Stress Notation
x
y
z
Plane yz
Normal stress in x direction
shear stress in y direction
shear stress in z direction

1
st
Subscript direction normal to plane
2
nd
Subscript Direction of Stress
xx
o
xy
t
xz
t
xx
o
xy
t
xz
t
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Stress Notation
x
y
z
Plane yz
Normal stress in x direction
shear stress in y direction

1
st
2
nd
xx
o
xy
t
xz
t
xx
o
xy
t
xz
t
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Stress Notation
x
y
z
Plane xz
Shear stress in x direction
Normal stress in y direction

1
st
2
nd
yy
o
yx
t
yz
t
yy
o
yx
t
yz
t
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Stress Notation
x
y
z
Plane xy
Shear stress in x direction
shear stress y direction
Normal stress in z direction

1
st
2
nd
zz
o
zx
t
zy
t
x
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STRESS NOTATION
xx
o
xy
t
xz
t
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Stress Tensor or Stress matrix
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
o t t
t o t
t t o
(
(
(
(

1
st
Subscript Direction of Surface Normal
2
nd
Normal stress
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Plane Stress
State of stress in which two faces of the cubic element are
free of stress. For the illustrated example, the state of
stress is defined by

State of Stress
xy
, , and 0.
x y z zx zy
o o t o t t = = =
0
0
0 0 0
xx xy
yx yy
o t
t o
(
(
(
(

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Stress cube
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Stress cube
x
y
z
xy
t
yx
t
xx
o
yy
o
yx
t
xy
t
yy
o
xx
o
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Stress Wedge
u
x
y
z
yx
t
xy
t
yy
o
xx
o
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Resolving Area Vector
sin A u A
u
x
z
y
cos A u A
Resolving Areas into Components
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Resolving area vectors
sin A u A
u
x
z
y
cos A u A
Stress Components
xx
o
xy
t
yx
t
yy
o
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Converting Stresses into Forces
sin A u A
u
x
z
y
cos A u A
Area resolving
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
( ) cos
xy
A t u A
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
( ) sin
yy
A o u A
Forces Components
= Stress
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Stress Wedge
u
x
y
z
yx
t
xy
t
yy
o
xx
o
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x
y
z
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
( ) sin
yy
A o u A
( ) cos
xy
A t u A
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
Force Wedge
Force parallel
To wedge plane
Force normal
To wedge plane

u
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u
x
y
z
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
Force Wedge: Simplifying the force components
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u
x
y
z
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
Force Wedge: x components only
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u
x
y
z
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
u
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u
x
y
z
u
Forces Components along x'
Forces Component
along y'
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
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x
y
z
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
( ) sin
yy
A o u A
( ) cos
xy
A t u A
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
Force Wedge
Force parallel
To wedge plane
Force normal
To wedge plane

u
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x
y
z
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
u
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x
y
z
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
u
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x
y
z
u
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
u
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u
x
y
z
u
Forces Components along x'
Forces Component
along y'
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
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x
y
z
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
( ) sin
yy
A o u A
( ) cos
xy
A t u A
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
Force Wedge
Force parallel
To wedge plane
Force normal
To wedge plane

u
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x
y
z
( ) cos
xy
A t u A
u
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x
y
z
u
( ) cos
xy
A t u A
Forces Components along y'
Forces Component
along x'
90 u
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Stress Wedge
u
x
y
z
yx
t
xy
t
yy
o
xx
o
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x
y
z
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
( ) sin
yy
A o u A
( ) cos
xy
A t u A
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
Force Wedge
Force parallel
To wedge plane
Force normal
To wedge plane

u
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x
y
z
( ) sin
yy
A o u A
Force Wedge
u
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x
y
z
( ) sin
yy
A o u A
Force Wedge
u
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x
y
z
( ) sin
yy
A o u A
Force Wedge
u
90 u
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Axes Transformation
x
y
u
u
X Y
X u 90+u
y 90-u u
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Summary of Transformation from x , y to x' y'
cos cos
cos sin
( ) cos
xx
A o u A
To resolve axes along x' along y'
( ) sin
xy
A t u A
t
sin cos
t
sin sin
( ) cos
xy
A t u A
t
cos cos t
cos sin
sin cos
sin sin
( ) sin
yy
A o u A

x
y
x'
y'
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Collecting all terms of forces in x axis to write the equilibrium equation
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
2 2
'
2 2
'
2 2
'
0
cos cos cos sin
sin sin sin cos
0 cos cos sin sin sin cos
cos cos sin sin sin cos
cos 2 cos sin sin
x
x x xx xy
yy xy
x x x xy yy xy
x x xx xy yy xy
x x xx xy yy
F
A A A
A A
o o u u t u u
o u u t u u
o o u t u u o u t u u
o o u o u u o u t u u
o o u t u u o
'
'
'
'
'
=
= A A A
A A
=
= + + +
= + +
u
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2 2
2
2
using trignometric identies
sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 cos sin
1 cos 2
cos
2
1 cos 2
sin
2
we can simplyfy the equation
u u u
u u u
u
u
u
u
=
=
+
=
=
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( )
2 2
2 2
'
'
cos 2 cos sin sin
cos 2cos sin sin
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
sin 2
2 2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
sin 2
2 2
x x xy y
x x xy y
x x xx xy yy
x x xx yy xy
o o u o u u o u
o o u o u u o u
u u
o o t u o
u u
o o o t u
'
'
'
'
= + +
= + +
+
= + +
+
= + +
Eq A
2
2
sin 2 2sin cos
1 cos 2
cos
2
1 cos 2
sin
2
u u u
u
u
u
u
=
+
=
=
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C
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A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0
cos sin cos cos
sin cos sin sin
sin cos cos sin
y
x y xx xy
yy xy
x y xx yy xy
F
A A A
A A
t o u u t u u
o u u t u u
t o o u u t u u
'
' '
' '
=
= A + A A
A + A
= +
sin 2 cos 2
2
x y
x y xy
o o
t u t u
' '

= +
Eq B
similarly we can resolve all the terms of forces in y directions and resolving into y
axis and then collecting all of them with equilibrium equation to get
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

'
as we have already done
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
sin 2
2 2
x x xx yy xy
u u
o o o t u
'
+
= + +
( )
( )
( )
' '
1 cos 2 90 1 cos 2
1 sin 2 90 1 si
1 cos 2 1 sin 2
sin 2
2 2
n 2
sin 2 90 sin 2
y y xx yy xy
u u
u u
u
u
o o
u
u
o t u
+ + =
+ + =
+ =

= +
In order to find the stress transformation on y axis we will replace u with u + 90

and using the following trigonometric identities
11/04/2013
21
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

' '
' '
' '
' '
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
sin 2
2 2
cos 2
cos 2
sin 2
2 2 2
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
2
cos 2
cos 2
sin 2
2 2 2 2
xx yy xx yy
y y xx yy xy
yy yy
xx xx
y y xy
yy yy
xx xx
y
y y
y xy
xy
u u
o o o t u
o o u
o o u
o t u
o o o o
o u
o o u
o o u
t
o t u
u
+
=
+
= +
= + +
= + +
Eq C
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

'
'
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
sin 2 cos 2
2
adding equation A and B
xx yy xx yy
x x xy
xx yy xx yy
y y xy
xx yy
x y xy
x x y y xx yy
o o o o
o u t u
o o o o
o u t u
o o
t u t u
o o o o
' '
'
' '
' ' '
+
= + +
+
=
= +
+ = +
The sum of the normal stresses in plane are independent of any
transformation angle
Eq A
Eq B
Eq C
11/04/2013
22
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R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

50 MPa
-10 MPa
'
70 30
40
x x y y
o o
' ' '
+ =
=
50 10
40
xx yy
o o + =
=
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

cos 2 sin 2
2 2
sin 2 cos 2
2
squaring both equations and adding them
xx yy xx yy
x x xy
xx xy
x y xy
o o o o
o u t u
o o
t u t u
' '
' '
+
= +
= +
( )
2
2
2 2
2
= cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2
2 2
xx yy
x x x y
xx yy xx xy
xy xy
o o
o o
o o o o
u o u u o u
' ' ' '
+ | |
+
|
\ .
( (
+ + +
( (

Eq A
Eq C
11/04/2013
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S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

( )
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
= cos 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 sin 2
2 2
sin 2 cos 2 2 sin 2 cos 2
2 2

2 2
xx yy xx yy
xy xy
xx yy xx yy
xy xy
xx yy xx yy
x x x y xy
and finally
o o o o
u t u ut u
o o o o
u t u ut u
o o o o
o t t
' ' ' '
| |
+ +
|
\ .
| |
+ +
|
\ .
+ | | | |
+ = +
| |
\ . \ .
2
Radius of Circle
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
The general equation for circle with centre A,B and radius R is
2
2
0
, 0
2
xx yy
xy
xx yy
xx yy
X A Y B R
R
A
B
C
o o
t
o o
o o
+ =
| |
= +
|
\ .
+
=
=
+ | |
=
|
\ .
( )
2 2
2
2
2 2
xx yy xx yy
x x x y xy
o o o o
o t t
' ' ' '
+ | | | |
+ = +
| |
\ . \ .
11/04/2013
24
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T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

( )
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
min
2 2
substituting 0
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
xx yy xx yy
x x x y xy
x y
xx yy xx yy
x x xy
xx yy xx yy
x x xy
xx yy xx yy
x x xy
xx yy xx
o o o o
o t t
t
o o o o
o t
o o o o
o t
o o o o
o t
o o o
o
' ' ' '
' '
' '
' '
' '
+ | | | |
+ = +
| |
\ . \ .
=
+ | | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
+ | |
= +
|
\ .
+ | |
= +
|
\ .
+
=
2
2
2
2
max
2
2 2
yy
xy
xx yy xx yy
xy
o
t
o o o o
o t
| |
+
|
\ .
+ | |
= + +
|
\ .
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Principal Stress
11/04/2013
25
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R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Principal Stresses
Principal stresses occur on the principal planes of stress
with zero shearing stresses .since we have already
proved this relationship
sin 2 cos 2
2
0 sin 2 cos 2
2
sin 2 cos 2
2
sin 2 2

cos 2
2
tan 2
xx yy
x y xy
xx yy
p xy p
xx yy
p xy p
p xy
p xx yy
xy
p
xx yy
o o
t u t u
o o
u t u
o o
u t u
u t
u o o
t
u
o o
' '

= +
= +
=
=

S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Summary of Stress Transformation
' '
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
sin 2 cos 2
2
xx yy xx yy
x x xy
xx yy xx yy
y y xy
xx xy
x y xy
o o o o
o u t u
o o o o
o u t u
o o
t u t u
' '
' '
+
= + +
+
=
= +
' '
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
sin 2 cos 2
2
xx yy xx yy
x x xy
xx yy xx yy
y y xy
xx xy
x y xy
c c c c
c u t u
c c c c
c u u
c c
u u
' '
' '
+
= + +
+
=
= +
11/04/2013
26
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

2
y x
avg
o o
o
+
=
2
2
2 , 1
2
/
2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
( ) 2 /
2 tan
y x
xy
P
o o
t
u
=
( )
xy
y x
S
t
o o
u
2 /
2 tan

=
2
2
max
2
xy
y x
plane in
t
o o
t +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Max principal stress
Max shear stress
Summary
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum
normal stress at the point. These stresses are shown on the
principal stress element.
When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.
The state of stress at the point can also be represented in
terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case an
average normal stress will also act on the element. This is
called the maximum in-plane shear stress element.
The maximum in-plane shear stress element is oriented 45
degrees from the principal stress element.
11/04/2013
27
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R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Sample Problem
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

The state of the stress is shown in the following
diagram
Find
Principal stresses
Principal Planes
Maximum Shearing stress
Max Shear Planes
Corresponding Normal stress

Sample Problem
40 MPa
10 MPa
50 MPa
11/04/2013
28
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Principal Stresses

Sample Problem
50 MPa
10 MPa
40 MPa
( ) ( )
2
2
max,min
2 2
max
min
50
10
40
2 2
20 30 40
70MPa
30MPa
xx
yy
xy
x y x y
xy
o
o
t
o o o o
o t
o
o
=
=
=
+ | |
= +
|
\ .
= +
=
=
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Principal Planes

Sample Problem
( )
( )
50
10
40
2
tan 2
2 40
1.333
50 10
2 53.1 , 233.1
26.6 , 116.6
xx
yy
xy
xy
p
x y
p
p
o
o
t
t
u
o o
u
u
=
=
=
=
+
= =

=
=
11/04/2013
29
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Principal Plane
Sample Problem
26.6
p
u =
x
y
' x
' y
26.6
p
u =
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Principal Plane
Sample Problem
116.6
p
u =
x
y
' x
' y
116.6
p
u =
11/04/2013
30
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Max shear stress
( ) ( )
2
2
max
2 2
max
2
30 40
50MPa
45
26.6 45
18.4
116.6 45
71.6
x y
xy
s p
s
s
s
o o
t t
t
u u
u
u
u
| |
= +
|
\ .
= +
=
=
=
=
=
=
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Corresponding Normal Stress
Sample Problem
2
50 10

2
20MPa
x y
ave
o o
o o
o
+
' = =
=
' =
11/04/2013
31
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Max Shear Plane
Sample Problem
x
y
' x
' y
18.4
s
u =
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Max shear Plane
Sample Problem
71.6
s
u =
x
y
' x
' y
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32
Problem
11/04/2013
33
Problem
11/04/2013
34
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Mohar Circle
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Mohr's circle, named after Otto Mohr, is a two-dimensional
graphical representation of the state of stress at a point
Mohr German Civil Engineer
Year 1835-1918
Mechanics, Theory of Structure,
Strength of Material

Mohr Circle
11/04/2013
35
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Draw the Mohr Circle for the given state of stress

50
10
40
40
xx
yy
xy
yx
o
o
t
t
=
=
=
=
40 MPa
10 MPa
50 MPa
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Step 1
Draw X axis as o axis normal stress
Draw Y axis as t axis Shear Stress

Construction of Mohr Circle
11/04/2013
36
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T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

axis o
axis t
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Step 2
Draw equal scale for o and t axis
11/04/2013
37
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

axis o
axis t
O
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Step 3
Plot Point X at
,
xx xy
o t
50
10
40
40
xx
yy
xy
yx
o
o
t
t
=
=
=
=
11/04/2013
38
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

axis o
axis t
,
xx xy
o t
X
O
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Step 4
Plot Point Y at
,
yy xy
o t
50
10
40
40
xx
yy
xy
yx
o
o
t
t
=
=
=
=
11/04/2013
39
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

axis o
axis t
,
xx xy
o t
X
,
yy xy
o t
Y
O
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Step 5
Draw centre point at

And calculate the value of R

50 10
20
2 2
xx yy
C
o o +

= = =
2
2
2 2
50 10
40 50
2 2
xx yy
xy
R
o o
t
| | + | |
= + = + =
| |
\ .
\ .
50
10
40
40
xx
yy
xy
yx
o
o
t
t
=
=
=
=
11/04/2013
40
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

axis o
axis t
,
xx xy
o t
X
,
yy xy
o t
Y
O
2
xx yy
C
o o +
=
C
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Step 6
On o axis plot value of principal stresses
Plot C+R which shows o
1
Plot C-R which shows o
2
11/04/2013
41
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

axis o
axis t
,
xx xy
o t
X
,
yy xy
o t
Y
O
C A
B
1
o
2
o
min t
max t
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Step 7
Draw two angles u1 and u2 for principal
directions
11/04/2013
42
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

axis o
axis t
,
xx xy
o t
X
,
yy xy
o t
Y
O
C A
B
1
o
2
o
u
1
u
2
=u
1
+t

S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Step 8
On t axis
Plot +R which shows maximum shear stress
Plot -R which shows minimum shear stress
11/04/2013
43
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

axis o
axis t
,
xx xy
o t
X
,
yy xy
o t
Y
O
C A
B
1
o
2
o
min t
max t
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Common Type of Strain Gauges
11/04/2013
44
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T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Stress cannot be measured directly from a
structure
But Strain can be measured
Since it depends on displacement
One Technique is strain gages
The electrical resistance in the wires change
when they are elongated

STRAIN GAUGE ANALYSIS
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Any three gages used together at one location on a
stressed object is called a strain rosette.
Strain Rosette
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
xx yy xx yy xy
a a a
xx yy xx yy xy
b b b
xx yy xx yy xy
c c c
c c c c
c u u
c c c c
c u u
c c c c
c u u
+
= + +
+
= + +
+
= + +
,
,
,
a a
b b
c c
c u
c u
c u
11/04/2013
45
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T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Any three gages used together at one location on a
stressed object is called a strain rosette.
Strain Rosette
Strain Rosette - 60
a = 0 , or b = 60, or c = 120
Strain Rosette - 45
a = 0 , or b = 60, or c = 120
2 2 2
3
2 2
3
xx a
b c a
yy
b c
xy
c c
c c c
c
c c
=
+
=
=
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Problem
11/04/2013
46
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

' '
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
sin 2 cos 2
2
xx yy xx yy
x x xy
xx yy xx yy
y y xy
xx xy
x y xy
c c c c
c u t u
c c c c
o u u
c c
t u u
' '
' '
+
= + +
+
=
= +
Recall equation
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

11/04/2013
47
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Recall equation (4)
6
1 2
667 10 c c
=
11/04/2013
48
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

O
F

M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L

C
H
A
P
T
E
R

2
:

T
R
E
S
S

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Thanks

Note:
If you feel any difficulty in understanding the lectures or if you could not get
the soft copy of the lecture you can email me. I will try my best to answer.

Your suggestions are always welcome to improve the lecture presentations

Personal: arshadalibuitems@yahoo.com
Official: arshadali@buitems.com.pk

Stress Transformation Mechanics of Solids

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Stress Transformation Mechanics of Solids

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11/04/2013

Normal stress in x direction

shear stress in y direction

shear stress in z direction

Normal stress in x direction

shear stress in y direction

shear stress in z direction

Shear stress in x direction

Normal stress in y direction

shear stress in z direction

Shear stress in x direction

shear stress y direction

Normal stress in z direction

In order to find the stress transformation on y axis we will replace u with u + 90

CIVIL ENGINEERING BUITEMS, QUETTA ARSHAD ALI (arshadalibuitems@gmail..com)

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