Seminar Report on Regenerative Braking System

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INTRODUCTION

B r a ke : A br a k e i s a m a c h i n e e l e m e n t a n d i t s p r i n c i p l e o b j e c t i s t o a b s o r b e n e r gy d u r i n g d e c e l e r a t i o n . I n v e h i c l e br a k e s a r e

u s e d t o a b s o r b k i n e t i c e n e r gy w h e r e a s i n h o i s t s o r e l e v a t o r s br a k e s ar e also used to absorb p ot e n t i a l e n e r gy . By

connecting the moving member to stationary frame, normally br a k e c o n v e r t s k i n e t i c e n e r gy t o h e a t e n e r g y . This causes

wastage of energy and also wearing of frictional lining ma t e r i a l .

R e g e n e r a t i v e B r a ki n g S y st e m: Regenerative Braking ystem is the way of slowing

v e h i c l e by u s i n g t h e mo t o r s a s b r a k e s . I n s t e a d o f t h e s u r p l u s e n e r gy o f t h e v e h i c l e b e i n g w a s t e d a s u n w a n t e d h e a t , t h e mo t o r s a c t a s g e n e r a t or s a n d r e t ur n s o me o f i t t o t h e o v e r h e a d wires as electricity. T h e v e h i c l e i s pr i ma r i l y p o w e r e d f r o m t h e e l e c t r i c a l e n e r gy g e n e r a t e d f r o m t h e g e n e r a t o r , w h i c h b u r n s g a s o l i n e . T h i s e n e r g y i s s t o r e d i n a l a r g e b a t t e r y , a n d u s e d by a n
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e l e c t r i c mo t o r t h a t p r o v i d e s m o t i v e f o r c e t o t h e w h e e l s .

The

r e g e n er a t i v e b a r k i n g t a k i n g p l a c e o n t h e v e h i c l e i s a w a y t o o b t a i n m o r e e f f i c i e n c y ! i n s t e a d o f c o n v e r t i n g k i n e t i c e n e r gy t o t h e r ma l e n e r g y t hr o u g h f r i c t i o n a l br a k i n g , t h e v e h i c l e c a n c o n v e r t a g o o d f r a c t i o n o f i t s k i n e t i c e n e r g y b a c k i nt o c h a r g e i n t h e b a t t e r y , u s i n g t h e s a me pr i n c i p l e a s a n a l t e r n a t o r . T h e r e f o r e , i f y ou dr i v e l o n g d i s t a n c e w i t h o u t b r a k i n g , y o u" l l b e p o w e r i n g t h e v e h i c l e e n t i r e l y f r o m g a s o l i n e . r e g e n er a t i v e br a k i n g Regenerative Braking y s t e m c o m e s i n t o i t s o w n w h e n y ou " r e The

dr i v i n g i n t h e c i t y , a n d s p e n d i n g a g o o d d e a l o f y ou r t i me br a k i n g . # o u w i l l s t i l l u s e mo r e f u e l i n t h e c i t y f o r e a c h m i l e y o u dr i v e t h a n o n t h e h i g h w ay , t h o u g h . $ T h e r mo d y n a mi c s t e l l s u s t h a t a l l i n e f f i c i e n c y c o me s f r o m h e a t g e n e r a t i o n . % o r i n s t a n c e , w h e n y ou b r a k e , t h e b r a k e p e d a l s h e a t u p a n d a & u a n t i t y o f h e a t , o r e n e r gy , i s l o s t t o t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d . engine produces heat in the same way. ' e a t e n e r g y , a l s o , h a s h i g h e r e n t r o py t h a n , s a y , e l e c t r i c , me a n i n g t h a t i t i s l e s s o r d e r e d .( %riction in the

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Definition: B r a k i n g m e t h o d i n w h i c h t h e me c h a n i c a l e n e r gy f r o m t h e load is converted into electric energy and regenerated back into the line is known as Regenerative Braking. T h e ) o t o r o p er a t e s a s g e n e r a t or .

R e g e n e r a t i v e B r a ki n g F o r H y b r i d

e ! i " # e:

I n mo s t e l e c t r i c a n d hy b r i d e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s o n t h e r o a d t o d ay , t h i s i s a c c o mp l i s h e d by o p e r a t i n g t h e t r a c t i o n m o t o r a s a g e n e r a t o r , pr o v i d i n g b r a k i n g t or & u e t o t h e w h e e l s a n d r e c h ar g i n g t h e t r a c t i o n b a t t er i e s . T h e e n e r g y pr o v i d e d by

r e g e n er a t i v e br a k i n g c a n t h e n b e u s e d f o r pr o p u l s i o n or t o power vehicle accessories.

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N$C$SSIT% OF TH$ S%ST$&

T h e r e g e n e r a t i v e br a k i n g s y s t e m d e l i v er s a n u mb e r o f significant advantages over a car that only has friction brakes. I n l o w* s p e e d , s t o p * a n d * g o t r a f f i c w h er e l i t t l e d e c e l e r a t i o n i s r e & ui r e d ! t h e r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g sy s t e m c a n p r o v i d e t h e ma j o r i t y o f t h e t o t a l b r a k i n g f o r c e . T h i s v a s t l y i mp r o v e s f u e l e c o n o my with a vehicle, and further enhances the

a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o f v e h i c l e s u s i n g r e g e n er a t i v e br a k i n g f o r c i t y dr i v i n g . A t h i g h er s p e e d s , t o o , r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g h a s b e e n s h o w n t o c o n t r i b u t e t o i mp r o v e d f u e l e c o n o my + by a s m u c h as ,-.. / o n s i d e r a h e a vy l o a d e d t r u c k h a v i n g v e r y f e w s t o p s o n t h e r o a d . I t i s o p er a t e d n e a r m a 0 i mu m e n g i n e e f f i c i e n c y . T h e 1 -. o f t h e e n e r gy p r o d u c e d i s u t i l i 2 e d t o o v e r c o me t h e r o l l i n g a n d a e r o d y n a mi c r o a d f o r c e s . a p p l y i n g br a k e i s a b o u t , . . c o n s u m p t i o n i s 3. . 4 o w c o n s i d e r a v e h i c l e , w h i c h i s o p e r a t e d i n t h e ma i n city where traffic is a major problem here one has to apply br a k e f r e & u e n t l y . % or s u c h v e h i c l e s t h e w a s t a g e o f e n e r g y by
Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 4 GPTC Muttom

T h e e n e r gy w a s t e d i n

A l s o i t s br a k e s p e c i f i c f u e l

Seminar Report on Regenerative Braking System

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a p p l i c a t i o n o f br a k e i s a b o u t 5 - . t o 5 3. .

And also it is

i n e f f i c i e n t a s i t s b r a k e s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u mp t i o n i s h i g h .

Rake 53. Road 1-.

9ther =1.

Road ,5.

Brake ,.

other ?.

'6A7# 89A:6: TR;/<

/IT# B;

,.= >raphical representation of energy usage between two vehicles.

S o me o f t ! e a d v a n t a g e s of r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a ki n g " o n v e n t i o n a # b r a ki n g a r e a s f o # # o' s : $ n e r gy C o n s e r v a t i o n :

over

T h e f l y w h e e l a b s o r b s e n e r g y w h e n br a k i n g v i a a c l u t c h sy s t e m s l o w i n g t h e c a r d o w n a n d s p e e d i n g u p t h e w h e e l . To

accelerate, another clutch system connects the flywheel to the dr i v e t r a i n , s p e e d i n g u p t h e c a r a n d s l o w i n g d o w n t h e

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flywheel. 6nergy is therefore conserved rather than wasted as heat and light which is what n or ma l l y happens in the

c o n t e mp o r a r y s h o e @ d i s c sy s t e m. (ear Red)"tion: A n e l e c t r i c dr i v e t r a i n a l s o a l l o w s f o r r e g e n e r a t i v e br e a k i n g w h i c h i n cr e a s e s 6 f f i c i e n c y a n d r e d u c e s w e a r o n t h e v e h i c l e br a k e s . I n r e g e n e r a t i v e r a k i n g , w h e n t h e mo t o r i s n o t r e c e i v i n g p o w e r f r o m t h e b a t t e r y p a c k , i t r e s i s t s t h e t ur n i n g o f t h e w h e e l s , c a p t u r i n g s o m e o f t h e e n e r gy o f m o t i o n a s i f i t w e r e a g e n e r a t o r a n d r e t u r n i n g t h a t e n e r gy t o t h e b a t t e r y p a c k . I n me c h a n i c a l b r a k e s ! l e s s e n i n g w e a r a n d e 0 t e n d i n g b r a k e l i f e i s n o t p o s s i b l e . T h i s r e d u c e s t h e u s e o f u s e t h e br a k e .

F ) e # C o n s ) m* t i o n : T h e f u e l c o n s u mp t i o n o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l v e h i c l e s a n d r e g e n er a t i v e br a k i n g s y s t e m v e h i c l e s w a s e v a l u a t e d o v e r a c o u r s e o f v a r i o u s f i 0 e d ur b a n dr i v i n g s c h e d u l e s . The results

a r e c o mp a r e d a s s h o w n i n f i g u r e . R e p r e s e n t i n g t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t s a y i n g t o i t s o w n e r , i t h a s b e e n p r o v e d t h e r e g e n er a t i v e br a k i n g i s v e r y f u e l * e f f i c i e n t .

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B r a ki n g i s n o t t o t a # # o s s : /onventional brakes apply friction to convert a vehicle"s k i n e t i c e n e r g y i n t o h e a t . I n e n e r gy t er ms , t h e r e f o r e , br a k i n g i s a t o t a l l o s s A o n c e h e a t i s g e n e r a t e d , i t i s v er y d i f f i c u l t t o reuse. T h e r e g e n e r a t i v e br a k i n g s y s t e m , h o w e v e r , s l o w s a

vehicle down in a different way.

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R$+$N$R,TI $ BR,-IN+ S%ST$& . A regenerative brake is an apparatus, a device or system which allows a vehicle to recapture and store part of the kinetic energy that would otherwise be BlostB to heat when braking.

T!e I&, o*erating *rin"i*#e

'ondaBs pat ent ed I )A concept i s &ui t e si mpl e * use an effi ci ent 9t t o engi ne suppl e ment ed by an el ectr i c mot or when

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addi t i onal power i s needed. Al so r efer r ed t o as a Bhy br i dB sy st e m because i t uses t wo power sour ces, t he I )A concept

al l ows t he /i vi c 'y br i d to use a s mal l er gasol i ne engi ne wi t hout any si gni fi cant l oss i n per for man ce. Thi s sy st e m i s especi al l y effe ct i ve due t o t he fact t hat accel er at i on r e&uir es a si gni fi cant l y hi gher power t han needed for cr ui si ng on a l evel r oad $ wher e vehi cl es spend most of t heir t i me( . An engi ne mor e power ful t han needed has t o wor k under l ow load most of t he t i me, condi t i on wher e i t s effi ci ency i s l ower t han under hi gh l oads, t hus wor seni ng t he vehi cl eBs fuel economy .. The el ect r i c mot or * gener at or posi t i oned bet ween the

engi ne and t r ansmi s si on assi st s t he engi ne when accel er at i ng and r ecover s ener gy t o st or e i n bat t er i es when br aki ng or decel er at i ng $ r egener at i ve br aki ng( , al l owi ng it t o oper at e i ndependent ly wi t hout t he need for a gr i d power suppl y . Chen the /i vi c 'ybr i d i s coast i ng or i t s br akes ar e appl i ed, i t s el ect r i c mot or becomes a gener at or , conver t i ng

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for war d mo me nt u m $ki net i c e n e r g y ( i n t o e l e c t r i c a l e n e r gy , instead of wasting it as heat during conventional braking. 6nergy is stored in a battery pack located behind the rear seat in the trunk. If the state of charge of the batteries is low, the mo t o r * g e n e r a t or w i l l a l s o r e c h ar g e t h e m w h i l e t h e / i v i c 'y b r i d i s c r u i s i n g .

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$/$&$NTS OF TH$ S%ST$&

There are three basic element re&uired which are necessary f o r t h e w o r k i n g o f r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g sy s t e m, t h e s e ar e A 0 . $ n e r gy S t o r a g e U n i t 1 $S U 2 : T h e 6 ; p e r f o r m s t w o p r i ma r y f u n c t i o n s = . T 9 r e c o v e r D s t o r e b r a k i n g e n e r gy , . T 9 a b s o r b e 0 c e s s e n g i n e e n e r gy d u r i n g l i g h t l o a d o p e r a t i o n T h e s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a f o r a n e f f e c t i v e e n e r gy storage includes =. 'igh specific energy storage density , . ' i g h e n e r gy t r a n s f e r r a t e E. ma l l s p a c e r e & u i r e m e n t

T h e e n er g y r e c a p t u r e d b y r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g mi g h t b e s t o r e d i n o n e o f t hr e e d e v i c e s A a n e l e c t r o c h e mi c a l b a t t e r y , a flywheel, in a regenerative fuel cell.

Regen and Batteries:

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C i t h t h i s s y s t e m , t h e e l e c t r i c m o t o r o f a c a r b e c o me s a g e n e r a t or w h e n t h e b r a k e p e d a l i s a p p l i e d . T h e k i n e t i c e n e r gy o f t h e c ar i s u s e d t o g e n e r a t e e l e c t r i c i t y t h a t i s t h e n u s e d t o r e c h ar g e t h e b a t t er i e s . C i t h t h i s s y s t e m , t r a d i t i o n a l f r i c t i o n br a k e s m u s t a l s o b e u s e d t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e c a r s l o w s d o w n a s mu c h a s n e c e s s a r y . T h u s , n o t a l l o f t h e k i n e t i c e n e r gy o f t h e c a r c a n b e h a r n e s s e d f o r t h e b a t t er i e s b e c a u s e s o me o f i t i s FlostF to waste heat. o me e n e r gy i s a l s o l o s t t o r e s i s t a n c e a s

t h e e n e r gy t r a v e l s f r o m t h e w h e e l a n d a 0 l e , t h r o u g h t h e dr i v e t r a i n a n d e l e c t r i c m o t o r , a n d i n t o t h e b a t t er y . %o r e0ample, the Toyota Grius can only recapture about E-. of t h e v e h i c l e s k i n e t i c e n e r gy . The 'onda Insight is another vehicle in addition to the G r i u s t h a t i s o n t h e ma r k e t a n d c ur r e n t l y u s e s r e g e n e r a t i v e br a k i n g . I n t h e I n s i g h t t h e r e a r e t w o d e c e l e r a t i o n mo d e s A Chen the throttle is engaged, but the brake pedal is not, the vehicle slows down gradually, and the battery receives a partial charge.

Chen the brake pedal is depressed, the battery receives a h i g h er c h a r g e , w h i c h s l o w s t h e v e h i c l e d o w n f a s t e r . T h e

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f u r t h e r t h e br a k e p e d a l i s d e p r e s s e d , t h e mo r e t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l f r i c t i o n b r a k e s ar e e mp l o y e d . In the Insight, the motor@generator produces A/, which is converted into :/, which is then used to charge the Battery )odule. The Insight, as well as all other regenerative

sy s t e ms , m u s t h a v e a n e l e c t r i c c o n t r o l l er t h a t r e g u l a t e s h o w mu c h c h a r g e t h e b a t t e r y r e c e i v e s a n d h o w mu c h t h e f r i c t i o n br a k e s a r e u s e d . Regen and F#y'!ee#s: I n t h i s sy s t e m, t h e t r a n s l a t i o n a l e n e r gy o f t h e v e h i c l e i s t r a n s f e r r e d i nt o r ot a t i o n a l e n e r gy i n t h e f l y w h e e l , w h i c h s t o r e s t h e e n er g y u n t i l i t i s n e e d e d t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e v e h i c l e . T h e b e n e f i t o f u s i n g f l y w h e e l t e c h n o l o gy i s t h a t m o r e o f t h e f o r w a r d i n e r t i a l e n e r g y o f t h e c a r c a n b e c a p t ur e d t h a n i n b a t t e r i e s , b e c a u s e t h e f l y w h e e l c a n b e e n g a g e d e v e n d ur i n g r el a t i v e l y s h o r t i nt e r v a l s o f b r a k i n g a n d a c c e l e r a t i o n . I n t h e c a s e o f b a t t e r i e s , t h ey a r e n o t a b l e t o a c c e p t c h ar g e a t t h e s e r a pi d i n t e r v a l s , a n d t h u s m o r e e n e r gy i s l o s t t o f r i c t i o n . Another advantage of flywheel t e c h n o l o gy is that the

a d d i t i o n a l p o w e r s u p p l i e d by t h e f l y w h e e l d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n
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s u b s t a n t i a l l y s u p p l e me n t s t h e p o w e r o u t p u t o f t h e s m a l l engine that hybrid vehicles are e&uipped with.

3. Contin)o)s#y

ar i a b # e T r a n s mi s s i o n 1 C T2 :

T h e e n e r gy s t o r a g e u n i t r e & u i r e s a t r a n s mi s s i o n t h a t c a n h a n d l e t o r & u e a n d s p e e d d e ma n d s i n a s t e e p l e s ma n n e r a n d s m o o t h l y c o n t r o l e n e r gy f l o w t o a n d f r o m t h e v e h i c l e w h e e l s . % or t h e f l y w h e e l t h e c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r i a b l e t r a n s mi s s i o n a n d vehicle because flywheel rotational speed increases when v e h i c l e s p e e d d e c r e a s e s a n d vi c e v e r s a . %lywheel can work well with either me c h a n i c a l or

hy dr o s t a t i c c o n t i n u o u s l y v ar i a b l e t r a n s m i s s i o n .

4 . C o n t r o # S y st e m: A n H 9 4 * 9 % % I e n g i n e c o n t r o l sy s t e m i s u s e d . That

me a n s t h a t t h e e n g i n e i s H 9 4 I u n t i l t h e e n e r gy s t o r a g e u n i t has been reached the desired charge capacity and then is d e c o u p l e d a n d s t o p p e d u n t i l t h e e n e r gy s t o r a g e u n i t c h a r g e f a l l b e l o w i t s mi n i mu m r e & u i r e m e n t .

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D$SCRI5TION 6 O5$R,TION

H o' r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a ki n g sy s t e m ' or ks 7 R e g e n e r a t i v e $ or :y n a mi c B r a k i n g ( o c c u r s w h e n t h e v e h i c l e i s i n mo t i o n , s u c h a s c o a s t i n g , t r a v e l i n g d o w n h i l l o r br a k i n g . And the accelerator pedal is not being depressed.

: ur i n g H R e g e n t , I t h e mo t o r b e c o m e s a g e n e r a t o r a n d s e n d s e n e r gy b a c k t o t h e b a t t e r i e s . It is e0plained as follows, because the wheels of a decelerating vehicle are still moving forward, they can be ma d e t o t ur n t h e e l e c t r i c mo t o r , w h i c h t h e n f e e d s e n e r gy t o the batteries for storage. T h e sy s t e m b e c o m e s , i n e f f e c t , a

g e n e r a t or , w h i c h pr o v i d e s b r a k i n g f o r c e w h i l e i t c o n v e r t s t h e v e h i c l e " s k i n e t i c e n e r g y i n t o a r e u s a b l e f o r m* e l e c t r i c a l e n e r gy . Chen the accelerator pedal is released, the absence of pr e s s u r e t r i g g er s a r e s p o n s e f r o m t h e 6 n e r gy $ 6 ;( . torage ;nit

R e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g b e g i n s , a n d t h e b a t t er i e s a r e r e*

c h a r g e d by t h e mo t o r , w h i c h i s t u r n e d by t h e w h e e l s . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e f r i c t i o n br a k e s a r e n o t e n g a g e d . I f mo r e v i g or o u s

d e c e l e r a t i o n i s r e & u i r e d , a n d t h e b r a k e p e d a l i s d e pr e s s e d , t h i s
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Seminar Report on Regenerative Braking System

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engages both sets of brakes.

' o w e v e r , t o ma 0 i mi 2 e e n er g y

efficiency, it is advantageous to apply the regenerative brake a s s u c h a s p o s s i b l e + i t t h er e f o r e t e n d s t o d o m o r e o f i t s t o t a l w or k i n t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e b r a k i n g m o t i o n . There are two deceleration modesA = . % o o t o f f t hr o t t l e b u t n o t o n b r a k e p e d a l + i n t h i s mo d e , the charge@assist gauge will show partial charge, and the v e h i c l e w i l l s l o w d o w n gr a d u a l l y . , . % o o t o n br a k e p e d a l * I n t h i s m o d e , a h i g h e r a mo u n t o f r e g e n er a t i o n w i l l b e a l l o w e d , a n d t h e v e h i c l e w i l l s l o w mo r e r a p i d l y . : ur i n g l i g ht b r a k e p e d a l a p p l i c a t i o n , o n l y t h e I ) A mo t o r @ @ g e n e r a t o r i s s l o w i n g t h e c a r . Cith

heavier brake pedal application, the conventional friction br a k e s also come into p l ay . Chen decelerating,

r e g e n er a t i o n w i l l c o n t i n u e u 1 n t i l e n g i n e s p e e d f a l l s t o a b o u t = - - - r p m. shift into neutral. A t t h i s p o i n t , t h e dr i v e r w i l l t y p i c a l l y

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$8,&5/$

)ercury 'ybrid )ariner 0 . & e r " ) ry & a r i n e r H y b r i d

Groduction Gull aheadA Groduction begins a year ahead of schedule

>r o w i n g t h e ) e r c u r y B r a n d A 4 e w mo d e l s a n d g o a l s :istinctive :esignA )ariner features clean lines, careful craftsmanship

G o w er G l a y A % u l l * hy br i d g a s o l i n e a n d e l e c t r i c p o w e r t r a i n :y n a mi c / h a s s i s A 4 i mb l e h a n d l i n g a n d a s mo o t h , & u i e t ride

:istinguished

afetyA %ull array of safety features

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>r e e n ) i s s i o n A % or d ) o t o r / o mp a n y B s s t r a t e gy f o r sustainability in vehicles

T h e ) e r c u r y ) a r i n e r 'y br i d o f f e r s a u n i & u e l y s a t i s f y i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c h o i c e f o r a n e v e r * i n cr e a s i n g s e g m e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e e n v i r o n me n t . I t B s a s t y l i s h , upscale sport*utility vehicle with n i mb l e handling and

i mp r e s s i v e p e r f o r ma n c e , a s w e l l a s a mp l e c a r g o a n d t o w i n g c a p a c i t y . I n a d d i t i o n , i t B s a n e n v i r o n me n t a l l y c o n s c i o u s ;7

w i t h r e ma r k a b l e f u e l e c o n o my + a n e s t i m a t e d E E m i l e s p er g a l l o n $ mp g ( c i t y , , ? mp g h i g h w ay + a n d i s e 0 p e c t e d t o m e e t t h e c l e a n e s t e mi s s i o n s r a t i n g a c h i e v a b l e by a f o s s i l * f u e l vehicle $/aliforniaBs Advanced Technology G ar t i a l J er o

6 mi s s i o n s 7 e h i c l e s t a n d a r d ( . 6ngineers placed the additional hybrid powertrain

c o mp o n e n t s l o w a n d t o t h e r e a r , t o l o w e r t h e c e n t e r o f gr a v i t y a n d i mp r o v e t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l ) a r i n e r B s f r o n t * r e a r w e i g h t distribution. T h e r a c k * a n d * p i n i o n s t e e r i n g i s e l e c t r i c a l l y a s s i s t e d , r a t h er than using the traditional hy d r a u l i c steering p u mp for

consistent steering efforts and control whether the gasoline

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e n g i n e i s s t o p p e d o r r u n n i n g . R e g e n e r a t i v e br a k i n g u s e s t h e t r a c t i o n mo t o r t o a s s i s t t h e f o u r * w h e e l di s c br a k e s i n s l o w i n g )ariner 'ybrid while simultaneously generating electricity for charging the battery.

R e g e n e r a t i v e b r a ki n g of T o y ot a 5 r i ) s : T oy o t a r e a l i 2 e d t h a t o n e w ay t o a c h i e v e l o n g er v e h i c l e

range was to conserve and reuse some of the energy that a v e h i c l e n or ma l l y l o s e s a s h e a t c a u s e d by b r a k i n g f r i c t i o n . This idea led engineers to apply the principles of regenerative br a k i n g . In all Toyota vehicles that feature the regenerative br a k i n g s y s t e m, t h e r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k e i s o n l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a part of the deceleration necessary to stop the vehicle. In an 6 7 , t h i s f r a c t i o n i s d e t er mi n e d by t h e v e h i c l e " s s p e e d w h e n br a k i n g i s i n i t i a t e d . T h e r e ma i n i n g b r a k i n g f o r c e i s pr o v i d e d by t h e v e h i c l e " s f r i c t i o n br a k e s . T o ma 0 i mi 2 e f u e l e c o n o my ,

o f c o u r s e , t h e r e g e n e r a t i v e br a k i n g s y s t e m i s ma d e t o d o a s mu c h o f t h e br a k i n g w o r k a s p o s s i b l e .

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C o m* o n e n t U s e d i n T oy o t a 5 r i ) s f o r R e g e n e r a t i v e B r a ki n g S y st e m: B r a ke 5 e d a # : I t i s u s e d t o a p p l y b r a k i n g f o r c e by t h e dr i v e r . Hydra)#i" Booster Unit: I t i s c o mp o s e d o f t h e ma s t e r c y l i n d er a n d t h e r e g u l a t or , r e s p o n d s i n t w o s t e p s . %i r s t i t s i g n a l s e l e c t r o n i c a l l y t o t h e br a k e 6 / ; t h a t b r a k i n g f o r c e h a s b e e n d e ma n d e d . 4e0t, the

ma s t e r c y l i n d e r e 0 e r t s h y d r a u l i c p r e s s u r e o n t h e p e d a l s t r o k e s i m u l a t o r , a n d t h e r e g u l a t or f e e d s hy dr a u l i c f l u i d t o t h e hy dr a u l i c pr e s s u r e c o n t r o l u n i t . B r a ke $ C U : T h e br a k e 6 / ; s e n s e s t h e b r a k i n g d e ma n d a n d s e n d s a f r a c t i o n o f t h i s d e ma n d t o t h e T ' 6 / ; f o r r e g e n e r a t i v e br a k i n g . I t a l s o c a l c u l a t e s t h e f o r c e n e c e s s a r y t o f u l f i l l r e ma i n i n g br a k i n g d e m a n d a n d i n s t r u c t t h e h y dr a u l i c pr e s s u r e c o n t r o l u n i t t o p a s s o n a c o r r e s p o n d i n g a mo u n t o f h y dr a u l i c f l u i d

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5 e d a # S t r o ke S i m) # a t o r : I t a b s o r b s a n a mo u n t o f hy d r a u l i c pr e s s u r e f r o m m a s t e r cy l i n d e r t h a t c or r e s p o n d s t o t h e a mo u n t o f b r a k i n g f o r c e a p p l i e d by t h e r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g sy s t e m. As hydraulic pressure is fed back to the pedal, the pedal, t h e p e d a l s t r o k e s i mu l a t o r f e e d s b a c k t o t h e m a s t e r c y l i n d e r .

T H S 1 T oy o t a H y b r i d S y st e m2 $ C U : I t i n d u c e s r e g e n e r a t i v e br a k i n g , a n d r e t u r n s a s i g n a l t h a t i n d i c a t e s br a k i n g f o r c e o u t p u t b a c k t o t h e b r a k e 6 / ; . H y d r a ) # i " 5 r e s s ) r e C on t r o # U n i t : I t p a s s e s o n a c o r r e s p o n d i n g a mo u n t o f hy d r a u l i c f l u i d t o a four way cylinder.

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R$SU/T Regenerative braking technology is one more positive s t e p f o r w a r d i n T o y ot a " s & u e s t t o r e a l i 2 e t h e u l t i ma t e e c o c a r . By w o r k i n g i n c o n c e r t w i t h pr e v i o u s l y d e v e l o p e d e l e c t r i c mo t o r t e c h n o l o g i e s , i t s a p p l i c a t i o n h e l p s T oy o t a " s e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s a n d hy br i d v e h i c l e s $ i n c l u d i n g t h e r e c e n t l y r el e a s e d pr i u s ( t o a c h i e v e e 0 t e n d e d r a n g e s a n d t o b e f r i e n d l i e r t o t h e e n v i r o n me n t t h a n e v er b e f o r e . A t t h e s a m e t i me , t h i s n e w

t e c h n o l o gy r e ma i n s u n o b t r u s i v e l y i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d ! d r i v er s b e n e f i t f r o m r e g e n er a t i v e br a k i n g w h i l e e n j o y i n g t h e s a m e f i r m br a k i n g f e e l f o u n d i n c o n v e n t i o n a l l y e & u i p p e d v e h i c l e s .
Cheel + A Rotating :evice + B hafts + /.:. >earbo0 +6 /lutch + > pring * '

Cheel Rotating :evice.

hafts.

>earbo0

/lutch

pring

K.= Regenerative braking system using 4itinol pring

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hydraulic

regenerative

braking

system

improves the fuel economy of %ordBs %*E3Tonka ,3*E3. during stop*and*go driving. The system provides power during initial acceleration when demand peaks.

T h e '8 A s y s t e m c o n s i s t s o f a r e v e r s i b l e hy dr a u l i c p u mp @ mo t o r f r o m 6 a t o n B s %l u i d G o w e r > r o u p $ 6 d e n Gr a i r i e , )4( coupled to the drive shaft through a clutch and two accumulators. As the driver steps on the br a k e , the

p u mp @ mo t o r f o r c e s h y d r a u l i c f l u i d o u t o f a l o w * pr e s s u r e a c c u m u l a t o r a n d i n t o a h i g h* p r e s s u r e a c c u m u l a t o r , i n c r e a s i n g t h e pr e s s u r e o f n i t r o g e n g a s s t o r e d t h e r e t o 3 , - - - p s i .

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: ur i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n , t h e ' 8 A s y s t e m s w i t c h e s f r o m t h e p u mp m o d e t o t h e mo t o r mo d e , t h e n i t r o g e n g a s f o r c e s t h e hy dr a u l i c f l u i d b a c k i n t o t h e l o w * p r e s s u r e a c c u mu l a t o r , a n d t h e p u mp @ m o t o r a p p l i e s t o r & u e t o t h e d r i v e s h a f t t hr o u g h t h e c l u t c h . I f & u i c k a c c e l e r a t i o n i s r e & u i r e d , t h e %* E 3 - B s d i e s e l e n g i n e w o r k s w i t h t h e ' 8 A sy s t e m

T h e h y d r a u l i c l a u n c h a s s i s t s y s t e m i n t h e %* E 3 - T o n k a f u n c t i o n s a s a s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e o f e n er g y d u r i n g p e a k p o w e r d e m a n d . I t c o n s i s t s o f a l o w* p r e s s u r e a c c u m u l a t o r i n b l u e , a n d a high*pressure accumulator in red. The system captures e n e r gy n or ma l l y d i s s i p a t e d a s h e a t d u r i n g br e a k i n g , s t o r e s i t , a n d u s e s i t l a t e r d ur i n g p e r i o d s o f p e a k p o w e r d e ma n d .

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6 i g h t y p er c e n t o f t h e i n i t i a l k i n e t i c e n e r gy i s r e t ur n e d t o t h e v e h i c l e . F T h e sy s t e m s t o r e s a p p r o 0 i m a t e l y E 1 - k L o f e n e r gy , F s a y s B r a d B o h l m a n n , a m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r a n d b u s i n e s s d e v e l o p m e n t c o or d i n a t o r i n A d v a n c e d T e c h n o l o g y a t 6 a t o n B s % l u i d G o w er > r o u p . F C i t h t h a t m u c h e n e r g y , w e c a n a c c e l e r a t e a = - , - - -* l b v e h i c l e f r o m a d e a d s t o p t o b e t w e e n , 3 a n d E - mi l e s p e r h o u r w i t h n o a s s i s t a n c e f r o m t h e v e h i c l e B s c o mb u s t i o n e n g i n e . F F % or d t h i n k s t h a t b o t h e l e c t r i c a n d hy dr a u l i c r e g e n e r a t i v e sy s t e ms h a v e a f u t u r e , F s a y s L o h n B r e v i c k , a %o r d me c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r w or k i n g o n t h e ' 8 A s y s t e m . F B u t f o r h e a vy v e h i c l e s l i k e o u r = - , - - - * l b % * E 3 - t r u c k s , hy d r a u l i c s a r e b e t t e r a t c a p t u r i n g l o s t e n e r gy t h a n e l e c t r i c s y s t e m s . F 6atonBs Bohlmann e0plains that the real advantage of hy dr a u l i c s i s i n i t s p o w e r d e n s i t y . F ' y dr a u l i c s i s c a p a b l e o f transferring energy very &uickly,F says Bohlmann. FThe rate o f e n e r gy t r a n s f e r i s i n a hy br i d e l e c t r i c s y s t e m o f a s i mi l a r s i 2 e i s mu c h l o w e r . F
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B o h l m a n n a d d s t h a t t h e s p e c i f i c v o c a t i o n or dr i v i n g cy c l e o f t h e v e h i c l e d e t e r mi n e s w h e t h e r a h y b r i d h y d r a u l i c or hy br i d e l e c t r i c s y s t e m i s b e s t s u i t e d f o r t h e v e h i c l e . F T h i n k o f hy dr a u l i c s a s a s p r i n t e r , pr o v i d i n g f a s t b u r s t s o f p o w e r , F h e says. FAn electric hybrid is more like a marathon runner.F F T h e c h a l l e n g e n o w i s t o m a k e u s e o f t h e r e g e n er a t i v e br a k i n g system seamless to the c u s t o me r , F says % or d B s

B r e v i c k . F C e s t i l l h a v e r o o m f o r i mp r o v e me n t s a n d f e e l t h e '8 A s y s t e m h a s a l o t o f p o t e n t i a l . F As for the future, % or d , Agency 6aton, and the ;. . jointly

6 n v i r o n me n t a l

Grotection

$6GA(

are

conducting research on hydraulic hybrid vehicles, including i n t er n a l c o mb u s t i o n e n g i n e s t h a t w o u l d pr o d u c e hy dr a u l i c pr e s s u r e t o d r i v e t h e v e h i c l e . 6 a t o n s i g n e d b o t h a t e c h n o l o g y l i c e n s e a gr e e me n t a n d a c o o p e r a t i v e r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p me n t a g r e e me n t with the 6GA for t h e d e v e l o p me n t of future

g e n e r a t i o n sy s t e ms .

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Inertia9 For"e and &ass 6 v e r y t h i n g h a s i n er t i a ! i f i t h a s a m a s s , i t h a s i n e r t i a . A hy br i d r e c l a i m s e n e r gy t h r o u g h t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s o f p hy s i c s . : o y o u r e me mb e r a n y h i g h s c h o o l o r c o l l e g e p h y s i c sM # o u a p p l y a f o r c e t o mo v e a n o b j e c t . T h e e & u a t i o n f o r t h i s i s A % N ma H % I b e i n g t h e f o r c e , H mI b e i n g t h e m a s s a n d HaI being the acceleration T h e f a s t e r y o u w a n t a n o b j e c t t o a c c e l e r a t e , t h e mo r e f o r c e y ou h a v e t o a p p l y . 8 e t " s j u s t l o o k a t t h e e l e c t r i c mo t o r f o r n o w . 6 n e r gy from the battery $Catts( is applied to the coil windings in the mo t o r . T h e s e w i n d i n g s t h e n p r o d u c e a m a g n e t i c f o r c e o n t h e r o t o r o f t h e mo t o r , w h i c h p r o d u c e s t or & u e o n t h e o u t p u t s h a f t . This tor&ue is then applied to the wheels of the car via a coupling of gears and shafts. Chen the wheel turns, it applies a f o r c e t o t h e gr o u n d , w h i c h d u e t o f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e w h e e l and the ground causes the vehicle to move along the surface.
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T h i s i s l i k e i f y o u w e r e i n a b o a t a t a d o c k , a n d y ou gr a b b e d t h e d o c k a n d p u s h e d w i t h y ou r a r m. T h e f o r c e y o u ar e generating is moving the boat relative to the location of the d o c k . T h e mo r e f o r c e y o u a p p l y , t h e f a s t y o u g e t t h e b o a t t o mo v e . F r i " t i o n i n H y b ri d s T h e r e i s f r i c t i o n e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e hy b r i d s y s t e m. T h e r e i s e l e c t r i c a l f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e a t o ms a n d e l e c t r o n s m o v i n g i n t h e w i r e s b e t w e e n t h e b a t t er y a n d t h e mo t o r a n d t h r o u g h t h e mo t o r i t s e l f . T h e r e i s m a g n e t i c f r i c t i o n i n t h e me t a l l a mi n a t i o n s t h a t m a k e u p t h e ma g n e t i c c i r c u i t o f t h e m o t o r , a s w e l l a s i n t h e ma g n e t s a g a i n o n t h e a t o mi c l e v e l . T h e n , t h e r e i s me c h a n i c a l f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n e v e r y mo v i n g p a r t , s u c h a s t h e b e a r i n g s , s e a l s , g e a r s , c h a i n s a n d s o o n . T h e by * pr o d u c t o f f r i c t i o n i s h e a t . T a k e y o ur h a n d s r u b t h e m t o g e t h e r a n d y ou r p a l m s g e t w a r m. T h e f a s t e r y ou d o i t , t h e f a s t e r t h ey h e a t u p . A l s o , t h e h a r d e r t h ey a r e p r e s s e d t o g e t h e r , t h e f a s t e r t h ey w i l l h e a t . % r i c t i o n i s e n e r gy l o s t t o h e a t . C h e n a l l o f t h e s e l o s s e s a r e a d d e d u p , t h a t i s w h a t d e t er mi n e s t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e vehicle.

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F r i " t i o n a # / o s s e s i n C o n v e nt i o n a # C a r s A s t a n d a r d c a r g e n e r a t e s t or & u e t o m o v e t h e w h e e l s t o dr i v e t h e v e h i c l e d o w n t h e r o a d . : ur i n g t h i s t i me , i t i s g e n e r a t i n g f r i c t i o n a n d l o s s e s . C h e n y ou a p p l y s t a n d a r d br a k e s , i t i s j u s t a n o t h e r f r i c t i o n d e v i c e t h a t h a s s p e c i a l l y designed material to handle the heat from friction, which is a p p l i e d t o t h e d r u ms a n d r o t or s t h a t s t o p t h e w h e e l f r o m t ur n i n g . T h e f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e w h e e l a n d t h e g r o u n d s t o p s the vehicle. This standard vehicle has frictional losses to mo v e t h e v e h i c l e O a n d u s e s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l b e h i n d f r i c t i o n a l losses to stop the vehicle. o it"s a lose*lose situation.

T r a n s f e r r i n g T o r : ) e B a " k t o t ! e & ot o r T h i s i n er t i a i s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l pr o p e r t y o f p hy s i c s t h a t i s u s e d t o r e c l a i m e n e r gy f r o m t h e v e h i c l e . I n s t e a d o f u s i n g = - -. o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n br a k e s o f t h e v e h i c l e , w h i c h a r e t h e f r i c t i o n b r a k e s , w e n o w l e t t h e l i n k a g e s b a c k t o t h e mo t o r s u c h a s t h e dr i v e s h a f t s , c h a i n s , a n d g e a r s t r a n s f e r t h e t or & u e from the wheels back into the motor shaft. 9ne of the uni&ue t h i n g s a b o u t m o s t e l e c t r i c mo t o r s i s t h a t e l e c t r i c a l e n e r gy c a n
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b e t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r gy a n d a l s o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r gy c a n b e t r a n s f e r r e d b a c k i n t o e l e c t r i c a l e n e r gy . I n b o t h cases, this can be done very efficiently. T h u s , t h r o u g h t h e t e c h n o l o gy o f t h e m o t o r a n d mo t o r c o n t r o l l e r , t h e f o r c e a t t h e w h e e l s b e c o m e s t or & u e o n t h e e l e c t r i c m o t o r s h a f t . T h e m a g n e t s o n t h e s h a f t o f t h e mo t o r $ c a l l e d t h e r o t o r O t h e mo v i n g p a r t o f t h e m o t o r ( m o v e p a s t t h e e l e c t r i c c o i l s o n t h e s t a t o r $ t h e s t a t i o n a r y p a r t o f t h e mo t o r ( p a s s i n g t h e ma g n e t i c f i e l d s o f t h e m a g n e t s t h r o u g h t h e c o i l s pr o d u c i n g electricity. This electricity b e c o me s electrical

e n e r gy , w h i c h i s p u mp e d b a c k t o t h e b a t t e r y . T h i s , i n t u r n , c h a r g e s t h e h y br i d b a t t er y p a c k . T h i s i s w h e r e t h e c o mm e n t H r e g e n e r a t i o n I or H r e c l a i mi n g e n e r g y I c o me s f r o m. That is the basics of how regeneration works. 'ow much e n e r gy y o u c a n r e c l a i m d e p e n d s o n a l o t o f f a c t o r s . T h e r e a r e different regeneration theories and designs, which fall into two groupsA one being called parallel regen and the other called series regen, which are different from the parallel and series hy br i d s . These regen groups strictly are design

t o p o l o g i e s f o r b r a k i n g s y s t e m s . I t a l s o ma t t e r s h o w m a n y w h e e l s y o u ar e u s i n g t o r e c l a i m e n e r gy . ) o s t v e h i c l e s t o d a t e
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a r e f r o n t w h e e l d r i v e s o y ou c a n o n l y r e c l a i m e n e r gy f r o m t h e front wheels. The back wheels still waste energy to standard f r i c t i o n b r a k e s u n l e s s t h ey ar e s o me h o w c o n n e c t e d b a c k t o t h e e l e c t r i c m o t o r . T h e o t h e r f a c t o r i s b a t t er y s t a t e o f c h a r g e a n d h o w h a r d c a n y o u d r i v e t h a t e n e r gy b a c k i n t o t h e b a t t e r y .

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CONC/USION

Theoretical

investigations

of

regenerative

braking

sy s t e m s h o w a b o u t , 3. s a v i n g i n f u e l c o n s u mp t i o n . T h e l o w e r o p e r a t i n g a n d e n v i r o n me n t c o s t s o f a v e h i c l e with regenerative br a k i n g system should ma k e it mo r e

attractive than a conventional one. The traditional cost of the sy s t e m c o u l d b e r e c o v e r e d i n t h e f e w y e a r s o n l y . T h e e 0 h a u s t e mi s s i o n o f v e h i c l e u s i n g t h e r e g e n e r a t i v e br a k i n g concept would be mu c h less than e&uivalent

c o n v e n t i o n a l v e h i c l e s a s l e s s f u e l a r e u s e d f o r c o n s u mp t i o n . These sy s t e ms are particularly suitable in developing

c o u n t r i e s s u c h a s I n d i a w h e r e b u s e s a r e t h e p r e f e r r e d me a n s of transportation within the cities.

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BIB/IO+R,5H%

=( + e n e r a # & o t o r s ( e b s i t e 1 ' ' ' .g m. " o m 2 .

32 ' ' ' .s a e . o r g 42 ' ' ' . go o g # e . " o m

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