.

, III

VIII
5. ...
, .
, , , , 2. ...
()

.
, , 17.
(Isaac Newton, 1643 1727). 18.
, 1797. .
. 1813.

.
( > 0 n0 ...)
(Bernard Bolzano, 1781 1848)
: Der binomische Lehrsatz, 1816. 1870.
(Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstra, 1815 1897).

27.
a : N R,
N, R.
a1, a2, a3, , an, (an).
, . -
, a a + , . (a , a + ),
.
(an) -
(an).
A , (an),
> 0 n0
(n > n0) (|an A| < ).
: an A, n ,
A lim an
n

: (an) n .

7.

219

. , III

( ) , .
, .

27.1.
27.1.1.
() ,
, :
|x | < .

. (
) ( , + ) 2.
, - = 2 = 2/3.
27.1.2.

.
, an = 1/n 0,01.
27.1.3.
(an), ,
.
: , ,
(
, ).
, .
, ,
. .
,
.
27.1.4.
(an) , a
.
,
. , ,
. , -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, ...
, 1, () .
27.1.5.

7.

220

. , III
,
.
: , (an) a b,
,
1
, , | a b | .
2
b ,
. , ,
.
.
. ,
> 0, n0,
( n > n0) , . |a an| < .
27.1.6.
(an) ()
n0 n > n0 |a an| < .
lim an a .
n

,
. , n0
. , n0
, n0(), : n0 ,
: n0 .
, :
(a R)( > 0)(n0 N)(n > n0 |a an| < ).
, (an) :
, n0
() .
. ( )

,
. () ,
, .
27.1.7.
(an) ,
(|an|) , |a|.

7.

221

. , III
: > 0 n0 n > n0 |a an| < .
|a| |an| |a an| |an| |a| |an a| = |a an|
| a | | an | | a an | ,
||a| |an|| < , . |an| |a|.
, .
, () : +1, -1, +1, -1, ... .
. (),
, , , ... . .
27.1.8.
1. , , , ,

, 1.

n
1

0, n , .
n 1 n 1
( ) n >
1
1
1

.
1
n 1 1
1
: n- , 1 1

n
n
1 lim
1 .
n n 1
n 1

2. 1, , , ..., , .
: 0

1 1
n >
n n

. , ,

. 0, .
1
lim 0 .
n n
3. : , , , , , , , , .

1
k
, a2 k
. ,
k 1
k 1
, 0 1. ,
.
: (an) a2 k 1

4. ; 0,9; ; 0,99; ; 0,999; ; 0,9999; .

7.

222

. , III

1
k
1
= 1
, a2 k 1 k .
k 1
k 1
10
3
, . 10 ,
.
1
10 3 , k +1 > 103, . k > 999, n = 2k 1 >

k 1
1997. ,
. ,
, .
: a2 k 1

5. 1; 0,9; 2; 0,99; 3; 0,999; 4; 0,9999; 5; .

1
. 8. ,
10 k
10-4 . . = 10-3 ,
, 1 ( ) ,
.
: a2 k 1 k , a2 k 1

27.1.9.
1. :
2n 1 2
;
) lim
n 3n 1
3

(1) n
0;
) lim
n 2n 1

n2
0;
n n 3 1

) lim

) lim 3n ;

) lim (1 n) ;

n2

.
) lim 1
n
n

2. an

n
2n
cos
- .
2n 1
3

3. ((-1)nn2) - +.
4. lim n a 1 , a > 1.
n

5. (an) (bn) c . (can), (anbn), (an +

bn) .
6. lim an a , (an a) .
n

27.2.
27.2.1.
( ) (an) |an| M,
.

7.

223

. , III

, (M R)(n N)(|an| M), :

M n an
.
(1.) . ,
, .
27.2.2.
(an) [m, M] ,
:
m an M,
. , . m
, M .
27.2.3.
.
- , (. 28.3.10.).
, (1.) (2.) . ,
(1.) (2.) , [-M, M]. ,
(2.) = max{|m|, |M|}, - m M , . |an| ,
(1.).
m m1 < m, m1 .
, M M1 > M, M1 .
, () ()
() .
(an), ,
, (. greatest lower bound) inf an.
(an), ,
, (. least upper bound)
sup an.
(an)
lim inf an, lim an . ,
lim sup an,
lim an . :

inf an lim an lim an sup an .

7.

224

. , III
, .
, .
, , .
, , . ,
. , ,
, .
27.2.4.
.
: |a an| < n > n0, |an| = |an a + a| |an a| + |a| < + |a|,
an0+1, an0+2, an0+3, . a1, a2, a3, , an0
, .
27.2.5.
,
.
: , ,
,
.
(3.) . ,
, .
, ,
, , 2, , 3, , 4,
, .
27.2.6.

.
,
(),
.
27.2.7.
an ( )
( ) n0, n > n0
r |an+r an| < .
( > 0)(n0 N)(r N)(n > n0 |an+r an| < ).
.

7.

225

. , III
27.2.8.
an ,
n0 m > n0 n > n0
|am an| < .
, ,
.
:
( > 0)(n0 N)(m,n N)(m > n n > n0 |am an| < ).
(7.) (8.)
,
(27.1.6.), .
: , (7.) (8.) .
(8.) (7.). , m > n
. m = n |am an| < .
m < n m n, |am an| = |an am|.
m > n, . m = n + r, r ,
(7.).
, (27.1.6.).
, , , m > n, n > n0,
|am an| = |(a an) (a am)| |a an| + |a am| < 2.
= /2, n0
m > n0 n > n0 |am an| < , .
. (8.).
. , m = n1 = n0 + 1 n > n1 |an1 an| < ,
. an1 an1.
, an1+1, an1+2, an1+3, , a1, a2, , an1
( ), a1, a2, .
, .
, .
a b.
1
| a b | . ,
3
, , .
. . , |c a| < .
, d b, |b d| < . 3 = |b a| =
= |(b d) + (d c)| + (c a)|
|b d| + |d c| + |c a| <

7.

226

. , III
< + |d c| + =
= 2 + |d c|,

(*)
|d c| > ,
. c d .
(8.) , , = .
n0 m n
|am an| < = .
Oa . n0
. , Oa
n0. , am Oa m > n0. , Ob
b . m .
, Ob n > m. an .

(**)
|am an| >
. ,
(*), m > n0 n > m n > n0.
, .
(27.2.8.) .
27.2.9.
a1, a2, a3, (), ,

a1 a2 a3 ,

an an+1, n = 1, 2, 3, .
a1, a2, a3, (), ,

a1 a2 a3 ,

an an+1, n = 1, 2, 3, .
(), (), .
, ,
, .
an < an+1, an > an+1, (n N).
27.2.10.
, .
: , , ,
. .
, , ,

7.

227

. , III
.
. , .
27.2.11.
.
: . .
. ,
,
, , .
. ,
, . .
, , .
. .
.
27.2.12.
.
27.2.13.
() ()
.
,
.

27.3.
(an) , ,
pn = a an an = a + pn.
(an) ,
, (cn) ca.
,
lim (can) = c lim an.
, an = a + pn can = ca + cpn, (pn) .
(cpn) , can ca.
.
27.3.1.
, ,
, .
( lim an a lim bn b ) lim (an bn ) a b .
n

7.

228

. , III

: , an = a + pn bn = b
+ qn. an bn = a b + (pn qn), () .
, an bn a b, . lim (an bn ) a b .
n

(an) (bn) (),

1
. , an n bn = n. 0, , , ,
n
... , .
an + bn = .
, (27.2.1),
, () .
27.3.2.
an a bn b, (an) (bn) , an + ibn a + ib
.
: bn b ibn ib, bn b ibn ib .
, |ibn ib| = |i||bn b| = |bn b|. ,
|an + ibn (a + ib)| = |an a + i(bn b)| =

(an a) 2 (bn b) 2 .

(an a)2 (an a)2 + (bn b)2

|an a| = (an a) 2 (an a) 2 (bn b) 2 = |an a + i(bn b)|,

an a , an a + i(bn b) .
bn b.
27.3.3.
, .
( lim an a lim bn b ) lim (an bn ) ab .
n

: .
anbn = (a + pn)(b + qn) = ab + apn + bqn + pnqn.
ab , pn qn .
anbn ab, .
27.3.4.
(bn)
b , (1/bn) . (1/bn) ,
1/b.

7.

229

. , III
: b , ,
bn, . |bn| ,
|1/bn| , . (1/bn) .
1 1
1 1
0,
= (b bn )
b bn
bn b
() . ,
1
1
, .
.
bn
b

27.3.5.
(an) (bn)
b ,
(an/bn) (a/b).
, ,
.

an
1
a n . ,
bn
bn
a
1
a
1
a
, a , . . n ,
b
b
bn
b
b
lim a n
a
lim n n .
n b
lim bn
n
:

,
, , .
(an/bn) ,
. .
,
. . an = n, bn = n2 ,
an/bn = n/ n2 = 1/n . , ( )
, . ,
, , .
27.3.6.
, :
n2 n 1
1. an
;
2n 2 1
2. an n 2 5n 6 n ;

7.

230

. , III

1 2
n
3. an 2 ... n .
3 3
3
1 1
1 2
n2 n 1
(n 2 n 1) / n 2
n n = 1 ,
: 1. lim an = lim
= lim
= lim
2
2
2
n 2n 1
n ( 2n 1) / n
n
n
1
2
2 2
n
1/n 1/n2 .

n 2 5n 6 n
2
2

2. lim n 5n 6 n = lim n 5n 6 n
=
n
n
n 2 5n 6 n

6
5
2
2
5
(5n 6) / n
(n 5n 6) n
n
= lim
= lim
= ,
lim
2
2
n
n
n
2
5 6
n 5n 6 n
n 5n 6 n / n
1 2 1
n n
1
1
0 2 0 .
n
n
1
2
n 1 2
n
1
3. a n a n = 2 2 ... n1 2 ... n =
3
3 3 3
3
3 3
1 1 2 2 3
n 1 n n
2 2 2 2 ... n n n1
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
3
n
2
1 n
1 1
an 2 ... n n1 = S n n1 . Sn,
3
3
3 3
3 3
2
1
1
1 n
1
, . S n 1 n . , an 1 n n1 ,
3
2 3
2 3 3
3
n
1
n 3
3
1
, lim an = lim 1 n
= .
an 1 n
n
n
n 4
n
4 3 23
3 23 4

27.3.7.
1. :
3n 2 2n 1
) lim
;
n 2n 2 3n 4

5n 3 n 1
) lim 3
.
n 2n 5n 3

2. :
) an 3 n 1 3 n ;
) an 3 (n 1) 2 3 (n 1) 2 .
3. :
1

2n 1
) lim n
;
n 2 1

) lim

7.

2 n 1
1
n

2 1

231

. , III
4. :
1 2 ... n
) lim
;
n
n2

2
n 1
1
) lim 2
2
... 2 .
n n 1
n 1
n 1

5. :
1 1
(1) n1
) lim 1
... n1 ;
n
7
7 49

1 5 52 ... 5n1
.
n
1 25n

) lim

6. :
1
1 1

) lim 1 1 ... 1 2 ;
n
4 9
n

1
1
1
.
) lim

...
n 1 2
23
n(n 1)

27.4.
(24.1.15. 4.)
(1 h) n 1 nh , hR, h > -1, nN
. ,
1.
.
27.4.1.
h
0 h > -1, . 1 h + 1 > 0, > 1.

(1 + h) > 1 + h.
27.4.2.
n

1
en 1 .
n

: (27.4.1.) h
1

n 1

n 1
n

> 1

n 1
1
,
,
k 1
n

1 n 1
1

= 1 .
n 1 n
n

n
1

n 1

n 1

1
> 1 ,
n

en1 en ,
.
27.4.3.

7.

232

. , III
n

1
en 1 .
n

: , .
2
h = 1, 1 ,
n
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
4 n = 2 n = 2 1 2 n = (1 1) n > 1 1 1 = 1 .
2
n
2
n
n
n

1
4 1 en ,
n
. 4 en.

, .
27.4.4.
n

1
en 1 . .
n

= 2, 71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352...

. , , (Charles Hermite, 1822
1901) (1873) , .
.
27.4.5.
, 0 < a < b :
b

1 1
1 1 .
b a

: h

1
b
, . > 1,
b
a

b > a > 0,
b

1 b
1
1 a
1 1 1 ,
b a
a
b
.

27.4.6.
2n 2
lim
.
n 2 n 1

: 2n 1 3 :
7.

233

. , III
3
2n 1 3

= lim 1
lim

=
n
n
2n 1
2n 1
1
3
2n 1
3t 1 3 1

0, t
n
= t ,
t 2n 1
3
2
2 2
n

3
1 t 2 1 2
lim 1 1 e 2 .
n
t t

27.4.7.
1. :
3n

) lim 1 .
n
3n

1
) lim 1 ;
n
n

2. :
n

2n

1
) lim 1 .
n
n

2
) lim 1 ;
n
n

3. :
n2

n2 1
.
) lim 2
n n 1

n2
) lim
;
n n 1

4. :
3n 2
) lim
;
n 3n 1

2n 1
) lim
.
n 2n 3

3n

2n

5. , :
2n 1 2n
n
sin
) an
;
) an n (1) ;
2n 1
3
n
1
n

n
) an n(2 (1) ) ;
) an 1 (1) n cos
.
4
n

27.5.
an (n = 0, 1, 2, ) ( ) .

a
n 0

, a0 a1 a2 ... ,

() . n-
n- .

7.

234

. , III
n

() S n ak
k 0

() S, , .
, , .
Rn

k n 1

n- .

27.5.1.
1. 1/3 = 0,3 + 0,03 + 0,003 + 0,0003 + ... .
2. 1
,
, ,
, .

,
1= + + +

+ ... .

3.

1
1
1
1

... =
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 + + + + + ... = 2.
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
1

4. , , . ,
1 1 1 1
1 ... .
2 3 4 5
, 2, 4, 8, ...
1
2
1 1
1 1
>
3 4
4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>
5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8

, .
, ,
. ,
, . .

7.

235

. , III

, a, q R:

aq

= a aq aq 2 ... aq n ...

k 0

|q| < 1,
a
.
S
1 q

n
1 q n1
a
k
S n aq = a

, n .
1 q
1 q
k 0
x > 0 ,
n
nx > y.

() , .
27.5.2.
c
(1)

c x < c + 1.

, 10(x c) d1

(2)

d1 10(x c) < d1 + 1,
d
d 1
c 1 xc 1
.
10
10

0 d1 9. , d1 > 9 (. d1 10). (2)

d
10
x c 1 c c 1,
10
10
(1). , d1 < 0 (. d1 -1)
(2)
d 1
1 1
xc 1
c
c,
10
10
(1). d1 ,
0, 1, ..., 9.
d

, 10 2 x c 1 d2
10

7.

236

. , III
d

d 2 10 2 x c 1 d 2 1 , .
10

d
d
d d 1
c 1 22 x c 1 2 2 ,
10 10
10 10
0 d2 9, .

, c, d1, d2, , dn, 0 dk

9,
d
d 1
d
d
c 1 ... nn x c 1 ... n n .
10
10
10
10
(an) (bn),
.

d n1
0 an1 an (an) .
10 n1
c + 1 lim an . , bn1 bn =
an1 an

d n1 1 d n d n 1 d n1 9

0 d n1 9 (bn) .
=
10 n1 10 n
10 n
10 n1
c, lim bn .
n

1
0 , lim an lim bn . n N
n
n
n
n 10 n
an x bn , lim an x lim bn , . x lim an .

, lim (bn an ) lim

x c

d1 d 2
d
2 ... = c kk .
10 10
k 1 10

, .
. c , . c = [x], dn
( 0 9) n- . ,
x = c, d1 d2 dn .
, r 0 1 (0 < r < 1)

r 0, d1d 2 d 3 ... ,
d k {0,1,...,9} k = 1, 2, 3, . ,
(p) (q) p < q,

p

q
. dn n > k 0,
r < 1. r

7.

237

. , III
r . = 0,2500...
0,25.

p
.
q
,
1 q 1. , q 1
, q k
. ,
.
r

, , .
(. )
. ,
.
, :
= 0,16(6)... , = 0,142857(142857)... , = 0,1250(0) ,

= 0,09(09)

, ,
. , ( 0 1)

r 0, a1a2 ...amb1b2 ...bn b1b2 ...bn ... ,

b1b2 ...bn . B 0, b1b2 ...bn
b b ...b
B 1 2 n n . ,
10
B
1
1

r 0, a1a2 ...am n 1 n 2 n ... .

10 10 10

1
q n ,
10
n
1
10
.
n
1
10 1
1 n
10

a a ...a
a a ...a
b b ...b
10 n B
r 1 2m m m n
= 1 2 m m m1 2 n n ,
10
10 (10 1)
10
10 (10 1)
.
, r = 0,42323 , m = 1, n = 2, a1 = 4, b1 = 2, b2 = 3
4 23 419
4
23

=
.
r
2
10 10(10 1) 10 990 990

7.

238

. , III
27.5.3.

) 0,12(12)... ;
) 0,123(123)... ;

) 3,409(09)... .

: ) B = 0,1212... . 100, 100B =

12 4
. ) =
12,1212 , . 100B = 12 + B. 99B = 12, . B
99 33
0,123123... 1000. 1000x = 123,123123 , . 1000 = 123 + ,
41
123
b
x
=
. ) x a , a = 3,4 b = 0,0909... .
333
999
10
1
100 100b = 9 + b, . 99b = 9, b . ,
11
34 11 1
375
75
1

x 3,4
=
=
=
.
22
110 10 11 110 110
.
27.5.4.
.
,
, . : ) ; ) ;
.

3a
, n N.
2 n1
1
3a 3a
S 3a 2 ... = 3a
= 6,
1
2 2
1
2
a2 3
q = . ) n- Pn n
=
4
2
a2 3
3
a
=
, n N.
n1
4n
2 4
: ) n- On

a2 3 a2 3 a2 3
a2 3
a2 3 1
=
,

2 3 ... =
1
4
3
4
4
4
1
4
, 1.

27.5.5.
1. n, :
2 1 3
2
3
) , , , ... ;
)
, 1,
, ... .
3 2 8
3
2

7.

239

. , III

...
a , .
2. Tn a aa ... aa

3. :
2
2
2
) 2 +
+
+ ... + n 1 + ... ;
25
5
5

) 3

(1) n1 3
3
3
+
+ ... +
+ ... .
2
4
2 n1

4. :
1
1
1
3
3 3
1) 1 +
+
+ + ... = 3
+
+ ... ;
2
4
8
2
4 8
2
4
8
1 1 1

2) 1 +
+
+
+ ... = 21
... .
27
9
3
3 9 27

5. 4, .
6. 6, 8.
7. :
) 0,78(78)... ;
) 0,36(36)... ;

) 1,023(23)... ;

) 0,5245(45)... .

8. lim 2 2... 2 .
n
n

9. .
. , .
. ) ; ) ; .
10. .
, , . .
?

28.
,
, . (xR) x2 0.
2 + 1 = 0
. , (R)
, .
i = , (C)
, , .

7.

240

. , III
an x n an1 x n1 ... a1 x a0 0 ,

an, an-1, , a1, a0 , .

28.1.
II ,
i 1 ,
,
z = x + iy, x, y R,
. C.
C ,
C = {(x, y) | x, y R}.
,
. , z = x + iy
Re(z) = x, Im(z) = y,
.
,

. C (+) ()
:
(x, y) + (u, v) = (x + u, y + v),
(x, y)(u, v) = (xu yv, xv + yu).
:
(x + iy) + (u + iv) = (x + u) + i(y + v),
(x + iy)(u + iv) = (xu yv) + i(xv + yu).
(C, +) :
i.
z + w = w + z,
ii. z + (w + t) = (z + w) + t,
iii. z + (0, 0) = z.
(0, 0) (iii)
0. z = (x, y) .
w = (u, v) z + w = 0, . ( z)
. ,
(x, y) + (u, v) = (0, 0), .
(x + u, y + v) = (0, 0).
,
x + u = 0, y + v = 0, .
u = -x, v = -y.
(x, y)
(-x, -y) , . 0.

7.

241

. , III
z z. z + (-w) z w,
.
, (C, ), C = C\(0,0),
(iv vi), (vii):
iv.
zw = wz,
v. z(wt) = (zw)t,
vi.
z(1, 0) = z,
vii.
z(w + t) = zw + zt.
z = (x, y) (0, 0)
( ) z-1 = (u, v),
(x, y)(u, v) = (1, 0), .
(xu yv, xv + yu) = (1, 0).

xu yv = 1, xv + yu = 0,
u v.
x, y , . x2 + y2 0. 0.
( ) , ,
x2u xyv = x, xyv + y2u = 0,

(x2 + y2)u = x.
,
x
.
u 2
x y2

xy
,
xv yu 2
x y2
( 0)
y
.
v 2
x y2
0 0,
. , x2 + y2 0 z = (x, y)

x
y
.
, 2
z-1 = 2
2
x y 2
x y
z z-1,

1
. zw-1,
z

1
z
1
zw-1, z , , .
w
w
w

7.

242

. , III
(C, +) , (C, ) ,
(vii). (C,+,) ;
.
z = (x, y) = (x, -y). ,
z = x + iy = x iy
.
z z ( x iy ) ( x iy ) =
= x( x iy ) iy ( x iy )
= x 2 ixy iyx i 2 y 2
= x2 y2 .
| z | z z x 2 y 2 z = x + iy.
:
I.
z R0+, = z;
1
1
Re( z ) ( z z ) , Im( z ) ( z z ) ;
II.
2i
2
III.
z w z w, z w z w ;
z z
IV.
z w z w , (w 0);
w w
V. z R z = .
28.1.1.
1. z1 = (2, -3) z2 = (-1, 2). :
) z1 + z2,
b) -z2,
c) z1 z2,
d) z1z2,
e) z2-1,

f) z1z2-1.

2. :
a) i,

c) sin t icos t (t R),

b) 3 2,5i,

d) (3+2i)(2-3i),

e)

1 2i
.
2i

3. :
a ib ac bd
bc ad
2
i 2
a)
, c 2 d 2 0 ;
2
c id c d
c d2
3

1 i 3
1;
b)

1 i
c)
1
1 i
4

4. :
a) z2 (2 + i)z + i = 0;
b) 2(1 + i)z2 4(2 i)z 5 3i = 0;
c) (2 + i)z2 - (5 i)z + 2 2i = 0.
7.

243

. , III

5. :
a) Re(z) |z|;
b) z1 z 2 z1 z 2 2 | z1 | | z 2 | ;
c) | z1 z 2 || z1 | | z 2 | ;
d) | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 | ;
e) | z1 z 2 ... z n || z1 | | z 2 | ... | z n | , n N.
6. z

1
1 :
z
b) z 1000

a) z3,

1
z

1000

28.2.
C z = (x, y).

, z
Re(z) = x,
Im(z) = y.

.
= (x, y)
z
.
| z | x 2 y 2
z , . r = |Oz|,
( ).
Oz .
xOz :
y
x
cos , sin , .
r
r
x r sin , y r cos .
, z = (x, y) :
z = x + iy, z = rcos + irsin .
. = xOz
arg( z ) .

7.

244

. , III
, = arg(z)
z. , ,
+ 2k, k,

cos cos( 2k ) sin sin( 2k ) , k = 0, 1, , .

arg(z) ,
2 , .
360. , |0| = 0, 0 .
28.2.1.

k 2k. ,
z1 = z2 |z1| = |z2| (kZ) arg(z1) arg(z2) = 2k.
: z1 r1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) z 2 r2 (cos 2 cos 2 ) . r1 = r2 (.
), k Z 1 = 2 + 2k, . arg(1) = arg(2
+ 2k) z1 = z2.
, r1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )
r1 cos 1 r2 cos 2 , r1 sin 1 r2 sin 2 .

r12 r22 ,
, r12 > 0
r1 r2 .
,
cos 1 cos 2 , sin 1 sin 2 ,
k 1 = 2 + 2k, . 1 2 = 2k,
.
28.2.2.
:
a) |z| < 1;

b) 1 < |z| < 2;

c)

arg z

: .

7.

245

. , III
28.2.3.
z12 r12 (cos 12 i sin 12 )
z = r1r2 [cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )] .
: z12
z z1 z 2 r1r2 (cos 1 i sin 2 )(cos 2 i sin 2 ) =
= r1r2 [(cos1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 ) i(sin 1 cos 2 cos 1 sin 2 )] =
= r1r2 [cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )] .
, .
r12 12 r1r2 1 + 2.
, n N r
rn n.
(), ,
.
28.2.3.
z r (cos i sin ) , z n r n [cos(n ) i sin(n )] , n N.
, (28.2.3.)
.
28.2.4.
z r (cos i sin ) ,

2k
2k

z n r cos
i sin
, n N.
n
n

, z = 1 n = 6. 6-
.
k = 1, 2, , 6,
k .

1
3
i
1.
2
2

,
.
,

, .
28.2.5.
z12 r12 (cos 12 i sin 12 )
r1
[cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )] .
r2

7.

246

. , III

28.2.6.
1. :
(1 i) 3 2 i 3 i
a)

;
(3 2i) 2 i 3 i
8

i10 1
b) 15 .
i 1
2. z1 = 3 4i, z2 = -2 + 3i, z3 = 4 + 3i
:
a) z1 + z2;
b) z2 z3;
c) 3z1 + 2z3;
d) 5z2 4z1.
3. :
c)

a) |z| 2; b) |z| 1 Re(z) 0;

arg( z )

4. :
) ;
b) ;

d) |arg(z)| < 1 Im(z) > -0,5.

c) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y = 0.

5. z1 2 cos i sin z 2 3 cos i sin .

3
3
4
4

:
b) z1 : z2;
c) z1 + z2;
d) z1 z2.
a) z1 z2;
6. :
a) z = sin t + i(1 cos t);
b) z = 1 + itg t , -/2 < t < /2.
7. (n N, t R):
2
2

a) 1 cos
i sin
;
3
3

7
b) 1 cos t i sin t ;
n

1 i 3 1 i 3

.
c)

2
2

8. :
n

1 i tg t 1 i tg nt

.
1 i tg t 1 i tg nt

7.

247

. , III

28.3.
z1 =
x1 + iy1 z2 = x2 + iy2 : d ( z1 , z 2 ) | z1 z 2 | ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2 .
C R2
. C R2 . 1
z0 r D(z0, r). z
|z z0| < r. .
28.3.1.
z0 C z0.
28.3.2.
:
z0 ,
, z0.
, .
: z0 (38.3.1.).
D(z1, r) z0. ,
z0 |z z1| = r z2.
2
2
| Re( z z 0 ) |
d ( z 0 , z 2 ) D(z1, r),
d ( z 0 , z 2 ) , | Im( z z 0 ) |
2
2
, .
, z0 (28.3.2.).
z0.
z0 . D(z0, r) ,
, . z0 .
( R2) .
.
28.3.3.
z0 = (x0, y0)
Rx x0,
Ry , y0.
: z0 = (x0, y0). ,

: , ,
, 1972.

7.

248

. , III
z0,
. Rx
R
z0,
. Rx x0
R. Ry
y0 R.
, Rx x0,
Ry y0. Rx
Ix x0, Ry Iy
y0. A Rx R y , A I x I y ,
z0 = (x0, y0) z0 .
28.3.4.

.
, .
28.3.5.

.
28.3.6.
za za
.
, ,
. .
, ;
, .
B, B .
B .
28.3.7.
F
.
: F za
.
, za. F.
za F.
F.

7.

249

. , III
F F. za
F. za F za
F. F ,
F .
z A
.
.

.

. ,
: {(1 + i)n}, {(1 + i)/n}, {[1 (-1)n]n}.
{zn} zn
, . |zn| M n N.
zn .
, ,
1 i |1 i |
2

2 , n N.
n
n
n
,
| (1 i) n || 1 i |n ( 2 ) n .

2 1 , ( 2 ) n , n . .

28.3.8.
{zn = xn + iyn}
{xn} {yn} .
: : |Re zn| |zn|, |Im zn| |zn|, |zn| |Re zn| + |Im zn|.
{zn}
.
.
. , i {i/n}
. . {(1 + i)/n}
, {(1 + i)n} ,
{[1 (-1)n]n} : 0, 2, 1 + i, 1 i.
28.3.9.
z {zn = xn + iyn}, Re(z)
{xn}, Im(z) {yn}. .

7.

250

. , III
: z {zn}.
z z kn {zn}. z
, 28.3.3, Re(z) Re( z kn ) , Re(z)
{Re(zn) = xn}.
.
: {n[1 + (-1)n] + in[1 + (-1)n-1]}.
0, n .
0.
, 0 , 0
1 .
- (27.2.3.) .
28.3.10.
.
: {zn} .
zn. ,

.
. ,
K1,
.

.

.
K2.
{Km}.

z mn {zn}.
. , ,
. ,

. z = x + iy
{zn}. Kn,
, zn. Kn
{zn}, x + iy
{zn}.
28.3.11.

.

7.

251

. , III

,
.
28.3.12.
1. ?
1 n 1 i n n
n 1
n
2 n
{i },
i
,
,
, {n (i 1)}.
n
1 i 1 i 2n 1
2. {zn} ,
n

pjzj

n
n

j 1

1
, p j 0 , n z j .
i z j , n

j 1
n j 1 p j
j 1

3. 1?
28.3.13.
{zn} z z
. z ,
lim z n z .
n

, {1 + i/n} 1.
, |z 1| < r.
n |1 + i/n 1| = |i/n| r, n 1/r.
,
.
.
. {1 + in} 0 , 0 .
|z| 1, 0, n = 4k,
.
(13.) .
28.3.14.
{zn} z > 0 n0,
, |z zn| < n > n0.
13 14. {zn}
13. ,
{zn}, . |z
zn| < n = n0.
7.

252

. , III

, 14. z
. 14,
{zn},
.
28.3.15.
.
,
.
. {zn} z, r,
z, . r
,
, .
. .
z z. d(z, z) = p.
z z r < p/2. .
z, ,
. z ,
z .
.
{zn}
. z.
. ,
z (. 28.3.10.). 3. z {zn}.
28.3.16.
1. 28.3.12.1. ?
2. {zn} z, {|zn|} |z|.
.
3. lim |zn| = 0 lim zn = 0.
4. : {zn} z {Re zn}
Re z {Im zn} Im z.
5. , .

7.

253

. , III

VIII ............................................................................................................. 219

27. ...................................................................................................... 219
27.1. .............................................................................................. 220
27.2. ............................................................................................... 223
27.3. ......................................................................................................... 228
27.4. ............................................................................................................. 232
27.5. ......................................................................................... 234
28. ........................................................................................... 240
28.1. .................................................................................. 241
28.2. ........................................................................................ 244
28.3. .................................................................................................... 248

7.

254