How Man Affects the Weather: Guided Viewing Worksheet 1: What is the difference between regional climate and

microclimate? Regional climate describes the general climatic conditions of the locality that plants and animals inhabit, but it does not describe the actual climate. A microclimate is the climate of a small area that is different from the area around it. 2: Why is vegetation important in climate? Because plants respond to their minor variations in climate mainly by growing in favorable sites. 3: What are impervious surfaces? How can impervious surface affect local climates? A hard surface area that either prevents or retards the entry of water into the soil mantle as under natural conditions prior to development or a hard surface area that causes water to run off the surface in greater quantities or at an increased rate of flow from the flow present under natural conditions prior to development. They affect local climates by impede the natural infiltration of urban runoff. 4: What is an urban environment? An urban environment is the environment of a city, usually characterized by many buildings in a limited amount of space, with a high per capital per square mile. 5: What is a suburban environment? Suburban areas are those on the outskirts of cities, but have the same environment of urban. 6: What is a rural environment? These are areas with large amounts of land with significantly lower populations than urban or suburban areas. 7: What is an urban heat island? Explain.

As urban area developed, surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry. These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape. 8: Why do we care about urban heat islands? What do they do to urban environments? Because heat islands can affect communities by increasing summertime peak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related illness and mortality, and water quality. 9: What can be done about the urban heat island effect? We can increase tree and vegetative cover, creating green, using cool or green pavementsinstalling cool or reflective roofs. 10: What are green roofs and what are their advantages? A green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and soil, or a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. Their advantages are economic advantages, air quality, water quality, heat dissipation. 11: What is a cool pavement? They make from materials that chosen to reduce pavement temperature by increasing pavement reflectivity or controlling temperature by other means through choice of materials and engineering design. 12: What is a pervious pavement? What is the advantage? Pervious pavements can be made of concrete, asphalt, open-celled stones, and gravel that are mixed in a manner that creates an open cell structure allowing water and air to pass through. They advantages are vegetation is watered, reducing the need for irrigation, ground water is recharged, water resources are preserved, stormwater runoff is reduced, stormwater runoff quality is improved.

FRQ A: Describe how the temperature of urban areas like Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Chicago differs from that of surrounding rural areas. Temperatures in urban areas tend to be higher than those in rural areas. This temperature difference is called the urban heat island effect and is typically larger during the night-time hours.

B: Identify and describe TWO differences between urban and surrounding rural areas that contribute to the temperature differences between them. More people inhabit urban areas higher human population requires more housing, air conditioning, demanding for fossil fuels, more diseases. Higher CO2, climate change, more pollution. There is more asphalt, concrete and buildings in urban areas and fewer trees and vegetation fewer trees and vegetation reduce the natural cooling cycle, buildings block radiation, increasing temperature and CO2. Fewer food resources for animals and insects. C: Urban areas typically have levels of air pollution that are significantly higher than those found in surrounding rural areas. Identify a characteristic of the urban microclimate that lead to higher levels of air pollution and describe how that characteristic contributes to this increase Increased combustion from many machines increased the temperature, create more CO2 (greenhouse gases), air pollution Less vegetation taking away the main food of animals, less filtering the air and water, decrease the photosynthesis process, CO2 will increase rapidly D: Identify and describe TWO actions that local governments in urban areas could take to reduce air pollution.

Reduce the number of motor vehicles - driving motor vehicles release CO2 and dirty gases to the environment. Black smoke that released from motor vehicles cause of dead insects and small plants Improve fuel efficiency and reduce fossil fuel use - burning fossil fuel release a lot of CO2 to the air, changing the climate, create thick layer of CO2 in the atmosphere, killing the living organisms, decrease the amount of O2.