Chapter 4

Cell Membranes

Chapter 4

Phospholipid Review
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
Change from Polar group Triglyceride to Phospholipid

Glycerol

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure

Oligosaccharides Membrane Proteins

Chapter 4

Outer Surface

Cholesterol Cytoplasm

Chapter 4

Transport Processes
How stuff gets across cell membrane. Passive transport
Follows concentration gradient

Does not require energy

Facilitated transport
Follows concentration gradient
Requires gateway

Chapter 4

Diffusion
All molecules constantly vibrating

Those in gas and liquid move randomly

Mixtures tend to become uniform
Move from high concentration to low

Concentration gradient
Doesnt require energy

Chapter 4

Diffusion of Dye in Water

Dispersing

Random Dispersal

Time 0 Steep Concentration Gradient

Time 1 Reduced Concentration Gradient

Time 2 No Concentration Gradient

Chapter 4

Simple Diffusion
(extracellular fluid)
Some molecules diffuse freely across

(cytoplasm)

Chapter 4

Facilitated Diffusion: Carriers

(Outside Diffusion Channel Cell) Protein Molecule in Transit

Diffusion Gradient
Carrier protein has binding site for molecule

Molecule enters binding site

Carrier protein changes shape, transporting molecule across membrane

Carrier protein resumes original shape

(Inside Cell)

Chapter 4

Osmosis Diffusion of water across membrane Special case of diffusion

Ex: Pure water on one side; sugar solution on other Sugar molecules cant cross, but crowd pores Water crosses faster toward sugar

Net water movement toward sugar Water follows concentration gradient

Chapter 4

10

Osmotic Factors
Compare cells environment with cell. If environment is:
Hypotonic:
Hypo- means environment < cell Cell gains water Hyper- means environment > cell Cell loses water Iso- means environment = cell No change in cell volume

Hypertonic: Isotonic:

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11

Osmosis I

Free water molecule: can fit through pore

Bound water molecules clustered around sugar: cannot fit through pore

Chapter 4

12

Osmosis
Free water molecule: can fit through pore

Bound water molecules clustered around sugar: cannot fit through pore

Chapter 4

13

The Effects of Osmosis

Shriveled RBCs Normal RBCs

Swollen RBCs

Hypertonic Solution

Isotonic Solution

Hypotonic Solution

Net movement of water out of cells

Equal movement of water into and out of cells

Net movement of water into cells

Chapter 4

14

Active Transport
Requires energy

Ex: Sodium/Potassium pump

Energy from ATP One phosphate per fare

Pumped by flip/flop changes in a membrane protein

Chapter 4

15

Active Transport

Chapter 4

16

Active Transport Steps

Transported Molecule 1 Outside Cell 2 3 4

Energy Provider

Inside Cell

Spent Energy Provider

Chapter 4

17

Endo- & Exocytosis

This is like cell eating & pooping. Active processes for large groups of molecules.
Endocytosis - Engulfment Exocytosis - Expulsion

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18

Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
(extracellular fluid)

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis nutrients

3 1
receptors (extracellular fluid)

1
2
(cytoplasm)

vesicle containing extracellular fluid)

coated 2 pit forming (cytoplasm)

4 coated

vesicle

cell
food particle

pseudopod

particle enclosed in food vacuole

Phagocytosis

Receptormediated Endocytosis I
a
extracellular particles (extracellular fluid) bound to receptors plasma membrane protein coating (cytoplasm) coated pit 0.1 Micrometer

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19

Begins with a shallow pit in plasma membrane Pit is coated with protein

Pit deepens

Receptormediated Endocytosis II
c d

Chapter 4
coated vesicle

20

0.1 Micrometer

Pit deepens further and begins to pinch off

Eventually becomes a coated vesicle

Chapter 4

21

Exocytosis
(extracellular fluid) plasma membrane

Secreted Material

Vesicle
1

(cytoplasm)

Cell Communication Structures

Small intestine Plasma membrane (edge view) Protein filaments in cytoplasm Cells lining small intestine

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22

Plasma membrane (edge view) Tight junctions seal membranes of adjacent cells together

Protein strands holding cells together

desmosome

Cells lining Tight junctions bladder formed by strands of protein

Desmosome

Tight Junction

Cell Attachment Structures

Liver Plasma membrane (edge view)

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23

Plasma membrane (edge view) Cell wall (edge view) Root

Liver cells Root cells

Middle lamella (edge view)

Gap Junctions: pairs of channels connect insides of adjacent cells

desmosome

Plasmodesmata connect insides of adjacent cells

Gap Junctions

Plasmodesmata

Chapter 4

The End