Lie-Poisson Symmetry Reduction after Regularisation of the 3-Body Problem

Diana Nguyen (SID: 312146957) January 24, 2014

Outline
1.1 Lie-Poisson Symmetry Reduction of the Kepler Problem after Regularisation with Quaternion

Apply KS transformation with: q =QQ 1 p= QP ||Q||2 where denotes quaternion multiplication. (Imposing the bilinear relation...) Finding the group G such that action G R4 projects to SO(3) R3 under KS transformation. We assume G is a topologically closed subgroup of GL(4, R) and so its elements can be written as eBt for some B M at(4 4, R). Since every element g of SO(3) can be written as g = eAt for some A Skew(3), we nd g = eBt G such that: eAt (Q Q ) = g q = ( g Q) ( g Q) = (eBt Q) (eBt Q) (1) As both SO(3) and G admit Lie Group structure, we can dierentiate (1) and solve for the Lie Algebra of G. Take A as general element of Skew(3) then we can nd the corresponding generator B of G using: A(Q Q ) = (B Q) Q + Q (B Q) The solution for

0 tz ty 0 tx A = tz ty tx 0 was found to be

B=

1 2

0 tz ty 2

tz ty 2 0 2 ( tx ) ty 2 ( tx ) 0 tz ty tz 0 1

where is an arbitrary parameter that generates elements in the kernel of the projection. Notice that B Skew(4), and so G is a 4 parameters subgroup of SO(4) corresponding to the isoclinic rotations in SO(4). One can also check that the map eBt eAt with A and B related as above gives a group homomorphism from G to SO(3) with the subgroup generated by the parameter sitting in the kernel. Since the canonical extension of the transformation q = eAt q is p = eAt p, we must check that our solution also projects correctly for the transformation of the momenta. Following the same recipe and using the fact that and B must satises: eBt Q
2

= ||Q||2 we nd that A

1 1 ((B Q) P + Q (B P) ) . 2 A( Q P ) = ||Q|| ||Q||2 Substituting previous solution for A and B , we found that the projection was working as it should! Taking G as our symmetry group, we can nd the generator/conserved quantity for each of the 4 parameters using standard techniques. (Find the Hamiltonian whose equations of motion is given by the transformations ...) In this case these generators are components of the angular momentum: Lx , Ly , Lz , L . Invariants: As G SO(4), any invariants under SO(4) are also invariants of G. Namely, we have Q, Q , P , P and Q, P . We also found that L is the only other quadratic invariant and it coincides with the bilinear relation imposed by KS transformation. The brackets of these 4 invariants are closed and linear(in invariants), so we can dene a new Poisson bracket. The Hamiltonian (given in KSquaternion) clearly can be written in terms of these invariants and we obtain 3 equations of motions (as the L commutes with everything). Note: should probably include the exploration of the space of quadratic invariants using combination of symmetric and anti-symmetric forms and how the blocks are the same! This will be useful for the 3-Body problem as all these forms carries over. The anti-symmetric form is : 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 M = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

1.2

Lie-Poisson Symmetry Reduction of the 3-Body Problem after Regularisation

We obtain a global regularisation from Heggie and perform similar KS transformation on variables... Now our symmetry group G is precisely the solution in the Kepler problem as every variable is transformed in the same way as before. Since G must act the same way on all 3 particles, the new conserved quantity is simply the sum of the corresponding angular 2

momenta of each particle. Denoted Lx =

3 i

Li x , Ly =

3 i

Li y , Lz =
3

3 i

Li y , L =

3 i

Li .

The individual Li are all also conserved quantities and are the 3 bilinear relations from KS. These Li together with the 3 components of qtot = symmetry qi generates our gauge
i

Invariants: Here we had a choice of whether or not to include the gauge symmetries into our symmetry group. Without these gauge we nd 36 quadratic invariants (forms a complete set?) which contains the obvious inner products and all antisymmetric products with form M as found before. Again their brackets are closed and linear. The regularised Hamiltonian can be written in terms of these 36 invariants. When including the L in our symmetry group, the number quadratic invariants reduces 9 (is actually not a complete sets as we can nd quartic invariants that are functionally independent of these 9) and the Hamiltonian can no longer be written in terms of invariants. Including the qtot reduces this to 9 (not the same as previous 9) and including both reduces the number of quadratic invariants to 3. Quartic detour: Since the 9 quadratic invariants found with the inclusion of Li in the group was not a complete basis, we looked into quartic invariants. Assuming the 36 we found before was a complete basis, then any invariants of the group G can be written as functions (polynomials) of those. So these additional quartic invariants must be functions of the 36 invariants. And indeed there were (a lot of) extra quartic invariants that commutes with the Li and would actually brings the dimension beyond 36... (not to mention their brackets are not linear)