Application of A Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System: Final Report

American Public Power Association Demonstration of Energy-Efficient Developments (DEED)
Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System
Final Report
Prepared by:
City of Anaheim Public Utilities Department 201 S. Anaheim Blvd., Suite 801 Anaheim, CA 92805
July 2005
ABSTRACT The City of Anaheim Public Utilities Department conducted a research and demonstration test of a small-scale Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system at a City fire station in 2004-05. TES systems have previously targeted installations in larger commercial buildings that have a significant cooling load. Small-scale TES represents a breakthrough in technology, manufacturing and packaging that targets the smaller 5 to 10-ton air conditioning systems that are prevalent in small commercial facilities in Anaheim. The demonstration was successfully deployed and ran for nine months. Data was collected to evaluate the impacts to the facility and to the utility. Anaheim has recommended that other member agencies in the Southern California Public Power Authority (SCPPA) conduct trials to gather more field experience in different applications, and to jointly develop customer offerings such as time-ofuse (TOU) rates and incentives to help offset initial costs of the system.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT......................................................................................... I TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................... II LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................V 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 INTRODUCTION....................................................................... 1 Background ............................................................................. 1 Project Objectives ................................................................... 1 TES Theory of Operation ........................................................ 2 Utility Perspective ................................................................... 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY.................................................... 4 TES System Description......................................................... 4 Site Description ....................................................................... 8
Site Characteristics...........................................................................8 Facility Energy Profile ....................................................................10 Site Requirements...........................................................................12 System Design ................................................................................13
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4
2.3
Project Implementation ........................................................ 15

Approval Process............................................................................15 Construction....................................................................................17
2.3.1 2.3.2
3.0 3.1
RESULTS ............................................................................... 23 Unit Data Analysis................................................................. 23

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3.2 3.3 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Facility Data Analysis ........................................................... 25 Comfort and Availability ....................................................... 27 FUTURE PLANS AND APPLICABILITY................................ 27 SCHEDULE ............................................................................ 29 BUDGET ................................................................................. 30 CONCLUSIONS...................................................................... 31
APPENDIX A. ICE BEAR PRODUCT BRIEF.................................... 1
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Demand Profile of a Facility Before (top) and After (bottom) Implementation of TES ..................................................................................2 Figure 2. Ice Bear 50 TES System (courtesy of Ice Energy, LLC).....................4 Figure 3. Ice Bear Unit (right) and Standard Condensing Unit (left)......................5 Figure 4. Anaheim Fire Station .............................................................................8 Figure 5. Fire Station Site Layout..........................................................................9 Figure 6. Mechanical Equipment Well with Existing Air Conditioning Units ........10 Figure 7. Fire Station Daily Usage and Load Factor (by billing period) ...............11 Figure 8. Facility Energy Profile for Peak Day (Sept. 5, 2004) ............................11 Figure 9. Fire Station Walkway Area (front view from street)..............................12 Figure 10. Fire Station Walkway Area (rear view)...............................................13 Figure 11. TES System Block Diagram...............................................................14 Figure 12. TES Installation Diagram ...................................................................15 Figure 13. Anaheim Approval Process Flow Chart .............................................16 Figure 14. Site Clearing ......................................................................................18 Figure 15. Placement of TES and Condensing Unit onto Concrete Pad.............18 Figure 16. Installation of New Evaporator Coil....................................................19 Figure 17. Refrigerant Lines on Facility Rooftop .................................................19 Figure 18. Refrigerant Lines Along Wall, and Condenser Electric Disconnect....20 Figure 19. Aluminum Tape Wrapped Around Refrigerant Line Insulation ...........21 Figure 20. Ice Forming on Coils Inside Ice Bear Unit..........................................21 Figure 21. Two-Stage Thermostat ......................................................................22 Figure 22. Completed Installation .......................................................................22 Figure 23. Demand Profile Prior to Ice Bear Installation (Roof Top Unit)............23 Figure 24. Demand Profile After Ice Bear Installation .........................................24 Figure 25. Combined Demand Profile (Ice Bear and Existing Air Conditioner) ...25 Figure 26. Energy Shifted versus Ambient Temperature ..... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 27. Facility Billing Meter Before and After TES Installation ...................26
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Ice Bear 50 Product Data ....................................................................5 Table 2. Daily Energy Totals...............................................................................25 Table 3. Facility Billing Summary Comparison....................................................26 Table 4. Project Schedule...................................................................................29
1.0 1.1
INTRODUCTION Background
The City of Anaheim is located in Orange County, in Southern California. Anaheim Public Utilities (Anaheim) is responsible for providing electric and water services for the local community. Anaheim began to serve its municipal customers in 1895, serving a customer base of 145 incandescent bulbs and 22 arc lamps. Anaheim has grown to a population of over 335,000 and a service territory of 48.2 square miles. Anaheim presently serves over 109,000 electric meters (85% residential, 14% commercial and industrial, 1% other) and over 61,000 water meters (87% residential, 10% commercial and industrial, 3% other). Anaheim sells in excess of three million megawatt-hours (MWh) per year with a historic system peak demand of 578 megawatts (MW). Anaheims resource portfolio has ownership in generating resources throughout the Western United States that include coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydro and wind power. Anaheim owns and operates its own 48 MW combustion turbine plant within the City boundaries for peaking capacity. Anaheim has adopted a Renewable Portfolio Standard, and will subsequently take power from geothermal and landfill gas in addition to wind resources. Local solar generating resources are also promoted, including photovoltaic systems on top of roofs of residential and commercial customer facilities, as well as at municipal facilities.
1.2
Project Objectives
When evaluating small-scale thermal energy storage (TES) as a potential customer application, Anaheim considered the following project objectives: 1. To reduce the utilitys overall system peak demand Anaheim prides itself in offering high quality services to its customers at low costs. In order to continue to serve the customer base without increasing rates, Anaheim must plan a power resource strategy that mitigates higher cost power. TES represents one way to encourage small commercial customers to contribute towards peak demand reduction that ultimately helps the utility gain efficiencies in power purchases by pushing peak demand into offpeak hours. 2. To develop TES as a product offering for small commercial customer class In recent years, Anaheim has made a concerted effort to tailor programs and offerings for small commercial customers that includes an energy efficiency program that offers turnkey energy audit and efficiency measures installation. TES installed on refrigerant-based, package heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems along with a
Anaheim Public Utilities
time-dependent rate option is a potential program offering that helps the utility, and helps customers lower their energy bills. 3. To gain first-hand experience with the design, permitting, installation, and operation of a small-scale TES system. In preparation for future installations of such system, this demonstration project serves to familiarize City staff with the requirements for small-scale TES. The TES system and the existing HVAC system were instrumented to collect data and compare performance metrics. Also, the system is installed at a City facility, and an assessment from a users perspective will help in evaluating comfort.
1.3
TES Theory of Operation
In general, TES is not a new technology or concept. The operating principle for air conditioning application is to store a cooling medium during off-peak hours, for utilization in space conditioning during on-peak hours. The cooling medium may be chilled water, ice, or eutectic salts. This is a regenerative cycle, and several different technologies have been developed. Traditionally, TES has been applied to larger HVAC system due, in part, to the capital-intensive nature of an installation. Target applications have been those that had a substantial enough air conditioning load and corresponding electric bills to offer a reasonable payback. By operating the system to create and store the cooling medium during off-peak hours, the majority of the energy consumption is removed from the facilitys peak demand. For the facility to take advantage of this technology, a time-dependent electric rate is required to provide economic benefit to the customer. Such a rate would incentive lowering on-peak demand to off-peak hours. Figure 1 shows the general impact to a small commercial facilitys load profile.
6 kW Peak
Baseline
Demand
Ice System
4.5 kW Peak
Midnight
Noon
Midnight
Figure 1. Demand Profile of a Facility Before (top) and After (bottom) Implementation of TES
The customer receives several benefits for pushing demand to off-peak hours: 1. The customers comfort level is not compromised, since the same amount of cooling is delivered when needed during the warmest periods of the day. 2. The HVAC system operates during off-peak hours, when temperatures are generally lower and the system operates more efficiently 3. The HVAC system does not have to be sized for the super-peak periods when demand is at its highest due to operation of TES, and may therefore allow for downsizing of the HVAC system. 4. The customer may take advantage of lower off-peak rates.
1.4
Utility Perspective
Many utilities offer time-of-use (TOU) rates that encourage customers to shift peak demand. Typically, TOU rates are structured with an on-peak rate that is substantially higher than the standard rate, and an off-peak rate that is lower than the standard rate, which works to provide financial incentives to customers who are able to transfer load to off-peak hours. For utilities that have substantial air conditioning loads that contribute to system peak demand, TOU rates helps to flatten the system load profile. This can be utilized to shape forecasts for power purchases that reduce the higher cost of onpeak resources, and helps increase off-peak demand. Thus, TES effectively assists utilities in managing their power resource without significantly impacting overall revenue. This is an important consideration when customers consider cogeneration or other energy efficiency alternatives. In instances where addition of transmission or distribution capacity may be difficult, TES offers a possible solution that helps to delay required upgrades or additions. The effective result also has an environmental benefit, as dependency on peaking plants, which may have higher air emissions, is reduced. In a study sponsored by the California Energy Commission, which evaluated TES impacts towards air emissions, the study concluded that TES could result in saving 1.6 tons of NOx per day in the [South Coast Air Quality Management District] SCAQMD. These NOx savings are equivalent to the savings from substituting almost 100,000 electric vehicles for gasoline vehicles.1
Source Energy and Environmental Impacts of Thermal Energy Storage, California Energy Commission, Report P500-95-005, February 1996.
2.0 2.1
PROJECT METHODOLOGY TES System Description
The project methodology was to gain first-hand experience with small-scale TES by designing and installing a system in a retrofit application. The TES system selected for use in Anaheims demonstration is the Ice Bear 50 unit manufactured by Ice Energy, LLC. The Ice Bear is a refrigerant-based, internal melt, ice-on-coil, TES device that provides approximately 45 ton-hours of cooling capacity. It is capable of reducing as much as 10 kW (typical) of peak demand and shifting approximately 50 kilowatt-hours (kWh) to off peak hours. By making ice during the evening, the unit uses only 300 watts for recirculating pumps, along with the existing circulation fans to deliver cooling to the facility. This regenerative cycle repeats daily, and no additional water needs to be added in the fully contained package of approximately 6 x 5 x 5 (see Figures 2 and 3).
Figure 2. Ice Bear 50 TES System (courtesy of Ice Energy, LLC)
A condensing unit is included as part of the package to provide the cooling necessary to freeze the water stored inside the Ice Bear. It is a standard, off-theshelf unit. In certain applications, the existing HVAC may be able to supply the required cooling for the TES system. In Anaheims application, a separate condenser was required for comparative data collection, and also because cooling was required throughout the day and evening.
Figure 3. Ice Bear Unit (right) and Standard Condensing Unit (left)
Ice Energys Ice Bear 50 product complements the refrigerant-based market. The Ice Bear is an internal melt, ice-on-coil, thermal energy storage system that specifically targets package air conditioning that is ubiquitous throughout commercial and residential facilities in the United States. The components are low-cost, off-the-shelf commodities in a form factor that is easy to install, operate and maintain.2 The product brief is included as Appendix A. The following table summarizes the units specifications.
Table 1. Ice Bear 50 Product Data Cooling Performance Nominal Tonnage Total Cooling Capacity Latent Heat Capacity Maximum Cooling Load Peak Power Energy Performance Energy to build ice(1) 48 kWh / day 5 tons 45 ton Hrs 42 ton Hrs 10 tons 0.5 kW 17.5 kW 540 kBtu / day 504 kBtu / day 120 kBtu / hr
Ice Energy website, www.ice-energy.com.
Energy to discharge ice
4 kWh / day 10.4 Physical Properties
EER (Btuh / Watts )
Refrigerant Charge (HCFC-22) Dimensions (W x L x H) Energy Storage Module Total Assembly Shipping Weight Energy Storage Module Condensing Unit & Piping Frame Total Weight Filled Energy Storage Module Condensing Unit & Piping Frame Total Water Volume Electrical Requirements 6125 lbs 300 lbs 420lbs 6845 lbs 85.3 cu ft 800 lbs 300 lbs 420lbs 1520 lbs
31 lbs.
73x73x63 inches 129x80x63 inches
185x185x160 cm 320x203x160 cm
363 kg 136 kg 191 kg 689 kg
2778 kg 136 kg 191 kg 3105 kg 638 gal.
20 amp single phase circuit Condensing Unit
Nominal Tonnage Approved Models Trane 2TTB0060A
5 tons
American Standard 2A7B0060A
Evaporator Coil Recommendations Tonnage Tube Diameter (in) As required at 50o F evaporator temperature 3/8 in. (or smaller)
2.2
Site Description
An initial set of site surveys were conducted at several locations in the City of Anaheim and the most suitable location was found to be an Anaheim Fire Station. Site surveys evaluated compatibility of the existing package air conditioning system, energy and thermal profile, available space, proximity to electric service and existing ducts, accessibility, and security/vandalism risk. Figure 4 shows the fire station facility selected for the demonstration.
Figure 4. Anaheim Fire Station
2.2.1 Site Characteristics The fire station facility features two large bays for parking of fire engines. The space conditioned areas include a dormitory, dispatch center, offices, kitchen/dining area, and lounge. See Figure 5 for the layout of the site.
FLOW
Lounge/ Kitchen Areas
Area 2: Dormitory, Offices, Dispatch Center
T1 Mechanical Equipment Well AC 1 AC 2 T2
FLOW
Outdoor Patio
Existing 5-Ton Package Units
Refrigerant Lines (rooftop) Truck Bays

FLOW FLOW
Truck Apron
Parking Driveway
Electrical Room
Generator
Storage
Planted Area Bushes Ice Bear Unit
ICE
Condensing Unit
Gate
Figure 5. Fire Station Site Layout
The space conditioning is served by two 5-ton package unit. One unit serves the kitchen and lounge areas, and the second unit serves the dormitory, offices and dispatch areas. The latter air conditioning system was the test case for the TES installation. The two systems are independent of each other, as they are controlled by separate thermostats. The air conditioning units (see Figure 6) are located on the rooftop, in a mechanical equipment well. The ducting is directly below the units. 9
Figure 6. Mechanical Equipment Well with Existing Air Conditioning Units
2.2.2 Facility Energy Profile The Fire Station is occupied 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, unless the crew is dispatched. In the past 12 months, the facility used 93,327 kilowatt-hours (kWh), or an average of 259 kWh per day (based on 362 billing days). The peak demand for the facility during this period was 25.9 kilowatts (kW). The facilitys load factor is a good indicator of the level of usage spread over the number of available hours at peak demand. The average load factor was 52.5%, with a maximum load factor in a given billing period of 64.9%. The facilitys usage profile in terms of daily energy usage and load factor is shown in Figure 7.
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Fire Station Energy Profile

350 Daily Energy (kWh/day) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Nov-04 Jun-04 Oct-04 Jan-05 Jul-04 May-05 Dec-04 Feb-05 Aug-04 Sep-04 Mar-05 Apr-05 70% 60% Load Factor 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Daily Energy
Load Factor
Figure 7. Fire Station Daily Usage and Load Factor (by billing period)
The facility uses more energy during the summer months due to high air conditioning usage, and less during the winter months. Other loads in the facility include lighting, an air compressor, computers and communications equipment, kitchen appliances, and various plug loads. The peak demand of 25.9 kW occurred on September 5, 2004. As Figure 8 shows, the peak was reached during the late afternoon.
Fire Station Peak Day Profile (Sept. 5, 2004)
30 25 Demand (kW) 20 15 10 5 0 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Figure 8. Facility Energy Profile for Peak Day (Sept. 5, 2004)
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2.2.3 Site Requirements The site required some preparation to install a housekeeping concrete pad extension, clearing of some bushes, and repositioning of a small iron gate. The Ice Bear was located on a walkway along the side of the facility. The unit was located to allow appropriate walkway and equipment clearances as required by the building code. The gate allows personnel access from the street. Should equipment replacement be required, the walkway leads to the open truck apron area in the back of the facility. Figures 9 and 10 show the walkway area prior to construction.
Figure 9. Fire Station Walkway Area (front view from street)
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Figure 10. Fire Station Walkway Area (rear view)
Because the facility is utilized throughout the day and cooling is required at night, the existing rooftop air conditioning was to stay in place and operational during nighttime hours. Sequencing of the cooling schedule was to use the Ice Bear during the day (between 11AM and 8PM), and then to switch over to the existing air conditioner at night, when the Ice Bear was recharging and making ice. Another reason for the location of the Ice Bear was due to a request by the Citys Public Works Facilities Maintenance group who maintains all buildings. For purposes of easy access and to minimize potential for roof leaks, the unit was installed on the ground. During evaluation, both the Ice Bear and the existing air conditioning unit were equipped with datalogging equipment to monitor performance. The facility has a load profile meter in place of a conventional utility meter to allow energy usage to be captured in 15-minute intervals. The meter uses a paging module to report data back to the utility on a nightly basis, allowing next days data to be viewed and analyzed. The data gathered by the monitoring equipment was used to evaluate the Ice Bear operation and energy performance. 2.2.4 System Design The Ice Bear system design inserts a new evaporator coil inside the existing ductwork. As Figure 11 shows in block diagram form, the Ice Bear utilizes a separate condensing unit to form ice. Refrigerant lines loop to the new evaporator coil. This allowed the existing ducts and fan to operate as normal, with no alterations made to the existing system, except where the new
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evaporator coil was installed. The green colored blocks represent the additional equipment installed for this project. This design allowed the existing unit to continue to operate during the evening hours when the Ice Bear was making ice. Also, since the Ice Bear was a beta system, it allowed for maximum flexibility in the event that extended maintenance was potentially required. To prevent possible air conditioning interruptions to the facility, the design allowed for switching back to the existing system without inconveniencing the occupants. To ensure proper control of both units the thermostat was scheduled for two time periods: on-peak, in which the Ice Bear would operate, and off-peak, in which the existing system would operate. Figure 12 shows the configuration of the installation.
Existing HVAC System
Existing Packaged Air Conditioning Unit
Air Distribution (Ducts)
HVAC System Including TES
Existing Packaged Air Conditioning Unit
Evaporator Coil (New)
Air Distribution (Ducts)
Ice Bear Thermal Energy Storage
Condenser Unit
Figure 11. TES System Block Diagram
14
Existing Roof Top Unit
Refrigerant Lines
Evaporator Coil
Ice Bear Unit Condensing Unit

Figure 12. TES Installation Diagram
2.3
Project Implementation
2.3.1 Approval Process Due to the Ice Bear unit being a new technology, other departments involved with the approval process had to be educated on the system, its effects on the building and existing equipment, whether or not there were any hazardous materials used, and aesthetics. In order to familiarize Anaheims Building and Planning Divisions with the technology, Ice Energys architect helped to explain the system and provide appropriate documentation. Figure 13 shows a flowchart of the approval process for this project.
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START
City Council approval of agreement with Ice Energy
Submit plans to Planning Division
Submit plans and specification for Building Division approval Provide additional equipment information Plans Accepted?
Prepare Site and Install TES System
Commission TES System and Receive Inspection Approval
COLLECT DATA
Figure 13. Anaheim Approval Process Flow Chart
For the Building Division, a set of plans included the site layout, product brief, specifications, and photos from the site. In the discussion, the matter of whether or not the Ice Bear impinges on the existing air conditioning system was brought 16
up. The response was that the Ice Bear system does not cut into any existing refrigerant lines or alter the existing air conditioning system except to add an evaporator coil. The evaporator coil causes a marginal drop in static pressure, as has been thoroughly tested in laboratory and other field trials. However, since most of the pressure drop on an evaporator coil occurs from a wet coil condition and the Ice Bear is the only wet coil, the effects are minimal. As an analogy, Ice Energy equated the pressure drop as similar to before and after conditions of filter cleaning. In addition, the air flow is a parameter that is tested as part of the installation procedure.3 One additional question came up regarding the impact on the existing warranty for the air conditioning system as a result of the Ice Bear installation. In the case of the unit at the fire station, the units had exceeded the standard industry warranty of one year, as the unit was approximately ten years in age. In future installations, Ice Energys intention is to honor any warranty term that may be existing on a system. As a result of the information exchange, and because there were no significant construction requirements, formal plan check with engineering design and calculations were not required for the project; plans were approved over-thecounter. 2.3.2 Construction Construction began on September 9, 2004. A contractor extended the housekeeping concrete pad and relocated a gate to make room for the Ice Bear and the condensing unit. Upon completion of the pad, Ice Energy delivered both units on September 13. Electricity was supplied to both units, and Ice Energy ran the refrigerant line sets up to and across the buildings rooftop. Installation of the Ice Bear involved brazing four copper lines, filling the tank with 500 gallons of tap water, and setting the timer for the controller. Installation was completed in one week from the time of delivery of the units, after which the building inspectors were called to approve the installation. The inspector required several modifications such as upgraded insulation on the refrigerant line sets, sealing wall penetrations, protecting thermostat wiring in conduit, and re-positioning the condensing unit to provide the necessary clearance to the electrical disconnect switch. These corrections were made, and the unit was approved on September 22. Figures 14 through 22 show the construction progress.
Correspondence from Ice Energy, LLC, dated July 16, 2004
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Figure 14. Site Clearing
Figure 15. Placement of TES and Condensing Unit onto Concrete Pad
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Figure 16. Installation of New Evaporator Coil
Figure 17. Refrigerant Lines on Facility Rooftop
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Figure 18. Refrigerant Lines Along Wall, and Condenser Electric Disconnect
20
Figure 19. Aluminum Tape Wrapped Around Refrigerant Line Insulation
Figure 20. Ice Forming on Coils Inside Ice Bear Unit
21
Figure 21. Two-Stage Thermostat
Figure 22. Completed Installation
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3.0 3.1 Unit Data Analysis
Results
Results indicate that the Ice Bear TES system was effective in reducing peak demand. Figures 23 and 24 show the demand reduction by measuring demand before and after the TES installation. Figure 23 shows that the peak demand reached 7 kW in the late afternoon, which is consistent with the characteristics of the facility energy profile shown in Figure 8. In addition, the duty cycle of the compressor is apparent from the graph. During the warmest parts of the day, the compressor is cycling consistently and frequently in order to meet the cooling load.
Before Ice Bear, Hot Day (110 Roof Top)

RTU 7.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0.000 12:00:00 AM
4:48:00 AM
9:36:00 AM
2:24:00 PM
7:12:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
Figure 23. Demand Profile Prior to Ice Bear Installation (Roof Top Unit)
In comparison, Figure 24 shows the demand profile after the installation of the Ice Bear. Note that the demand during the peak hours has dropped significantly from 7 kW to 0.3 kW. This equates to about 95% demand reduction for a similar weather day. The Ice Bear condensing unit (green line) creates ice during off-
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peak hours. Note that the demand required for the condensing unit is lower (approximately 3.5 kW), and the unit does not continuously cycle on and off.
Figure 24. Demand Profile After Ice Bear Installation
In order to determine the difference in energy between the Ice Bear and existing air conditioning system, calculations were performed to estimate the energy usage and duty cycles as if the existing air conditioning system were still running. The estimated energy consumption profile was developed by using run time data from the Ice Bear and correlating projected energy to temperature data. Figure 25 shows dotted lines that represent the estimated air conditioning profile over a 24-hour period (from 9AM to 9AM) for October 14, 2004 on a day in which the maximum ambient temperature was 87oF. In terms of energy savings, data in Table 2 shows that the energy is not reduced by a significant amount. The energy savings over a 2 week span was 22 kWh (or 4.2%) against a 528 kWh baseline. The energy efficiency is a result of the compressor operating more efficiently at night in a more uniform manner than the constant starting and stopping during the day that the traditional system. From a utility standpoint, the energy neutral aspect is a positive feature of the technology, since it builds up off-peak load, and helps to level out the utilitys system peak profile.
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Combined Demand Profile (October 14, 2004)

6 5 Demand (kW) 4 AC - Actual 3 2 1 0 9:00 1:00 3:00 5:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 7:00 AC - Projected Ice Bear
Figure 25. Combined Demand Profile (Ice Bear and Existing Air Conditioner)
Table 2. Daily Energy Totals Maximum Ambient Temperature (F) 84 87 78 72 77 83 79 87 77 66 69 70 66 Minimum Ambient Temperature (F) 56 57 59 53 59 63 58 61 61 58 63 62 62
Day 10/7/2004 10/8/2004 10/9/2004 10/10/2004 10/11/2004 10/12/2004 10/13/2004 10/14/2004 10/15/2004 10/16/2004 10/17/2004 10/18/2004 10/19/2004
Energy Before Ice Bear (kWh) 62.2 58.5 47.2 31.2 50.1 50.0 38.9 52.8 35.7 22.0 31.7 25.1 22.5
Energy After Ice Bear (kWh) 56.7 57.6 43.3 34.4 45.8 47.8 41.4 52.1 38.8 20.7 28.3 24.3 14.5
Difference (kWh) 5.5 0.9 3.9 -3.2 4.3 2.3 -2.4 0.7 -3.1 1.4 3.4 0.8 8.0
3.2
Facility Data Analysis
At the facility level, the results of the TES system can also be seen graphically. Figure 26 shows two sample days of billing meter data. Facility data is shown for September 5, 2004 before the Ice Bear was installed, and September 23, after 25
the Ice Bear was installed. The differential in demand is generally 7 kW, from 20 kW down to 13 kW, which corresponds to the TES equipment differential.
Comparison of Facility Energy Consumption

(Before and After TES) 30 25 Demand (kW) 20 15 10 5 0 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 7 kW differential
9/5/2004
9/23/2004
Figure 26. Facility Billing Meter Before and After TES Installation
In reviewing data over the course of several months, the facility meter shows in Table 3 that the there was a slight energy efficiency improvement. There was also a slight decrease in the peak demand for the given months. This data reinforces the unit data analysis in Section 3.1, which showed significant demand reduction during on-peak hours and the slight energy efficiency improvement. Because the facility is equipped with two separate air conditioning units, the overall demand reduction would have been greater if both units were retrofitted with TES systems. As Table 3 shows, over the 4 month period, there was a total bill savings of $97.88, or $24.47 per month.
Table 3. Facility Billing Summary Comparison Energy (kWh) 28,920 27,905 1,015 Daily Energy (kWh/day) 243.0 234.5 Peak Demand (kW) 23.6 20.8 2.8
Feb-May 2004 (Before) 2005 (After) Savings
Days 119 119
Actual Bill $2,795.64 $2,697.76 $97.88
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3.3
Comfort and Availability
The Ice Bear has operated since September 2004 with no major issues in terms of operation and maintenance. The only significant change that occurred during the course of the project was the fact that two thermostats were requested by Anaheims Facility Maintenance group. The reason was to keep the existing system and the Ice Bear separately controlled in the event that the TES system would be decommissioned in the future. The thermostats were each programmed with schedules to allow the Ice Bear to operate during the day and the existing system to operate at night. Since Fire Department staff occupies the facility at night, there is still a cooling load during off-peak hours. Operation of the thermostats caused some confusion and in some cases both units were operating at the same time. To alleviate this, one thermostat was removed completely, and the programming was scheduled to take advantage of the twostage configuration. Throughout the demonstration period, Ice Energys staff periodically checked on the system to ensure that the unit was operating properly. Other than the thermostat issue, the TES system performed very reliably. During the consolidation of the two thermostats, there were several complaints from the Fire Department staff concerning building temperatures. This was alleviated by tuning the system and removal of the second thermostat. As a result of these actions, the comfort level improved significantly. Ice Energy currently has a technician located in Southern California to address any future issues.
4.0
Future Plans and Applicability
The TES system continues to operate at the fire station. Anaheim will continue to monitor the system and evaluate operation and maintenance for a full summer. Several site visits have been conducted for interested parties including other utilities. As a result of Anaheims project, the Southern California Public Power Authority (SCPPA), of which Anaheim is a member, has initiated a demonstration program with other area municipal utilities. Up to 10 Ice Bear units will be installed at various locations to further evaluate the technology. Of interest will be the results which may vary due to the different facilities, cooling loads, and regional weather patterns. For example, units installed in the dry desert climate with higher temperature differentials are expected to have higher efficiency gains than moderate, coastal climates. These anticipated operation levels will be quantified for member agencies through data collection and evaluation. An additional outcome of the SCPPA program will be to further investigate funding sources, rates and incentives that may help accelerate the adoption of small-scale TES in Southern California.
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The applicability of small-scale TES technology suits utilities with high on-peak demand that is comprised of high air conditioning usage. Utilities have typically met load growth with some method of generation and transmission planning. Additionally, most utilities have a level of energy efficiency programs to help customers lower their bills and lower overall consumption. Other methods of mitigating peak demand include demand response programs, time-dependent rates, and distributed generation incentives (e.g. photovoltaics and in some cases, co-generation) are promoted to varying levels by utilities. TES is a small part of this mix at present; however, with the inclusion of time dependent valuation in the 2005 revision of Californias Title 24 Building Code, shifting peak load is encouraged. The California Energy Commission (CEC) adopted the 2005 changes to the Building Energy Efficiency Standards, for a number of reasons, including the objective: To emphasize energy efficiency measures that save energy at peak periods and seasons, improve the quality of installation of energy efficiency measures, incorporate recent publicly funded building science research, and collaborate with California utilities to incorporate results of appropriate market incentives programs for specific technologies.4 The CEC recognized that energy use during peak demand is valued differently than energy during off-peak hours. As a result, the CEC has developed Time Dependent Valuation (TDV). Beginning with the 2005 Standards, the currency for assessing building performance is time dependent valued (TDV) energy. TDV energy replaces source energy, which has been the currency since the CEC first adopted standards in 1978. TDV, as the name implies, values energy differently depending on the time it is used. This means that electricity saved on a hot summer afternoon will be worth more in the compliance process than the same amount of electricity saved on a winter morning. The value assigned to energy savings through TDV more closely reflects the market for electricity, gas, propane and other energy sources and provides incentives for measures, such as thermal storage or daylighting that are more effective during peak periods.5 Anaheim is also evaluating the possibility of including residential-scale TES from Ice Energy to be included as a portion of a new housing development. Discussions are ongoing with the home builder to determine the level of interest. Part of a demonstration project will focus on the Title 24 calculations for homes with and without TES.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2005standards/index.html, California Energy Commission website. 5 2005 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, Nonresidential Compliance Manual, California Energy Commission, CEC-400-2005-006-CMF, p.7.2-3.
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5.0
Schedule
The project was completed on schedule. All construction was completed in the month of September 2004. Anaheim will continue to monitor the system to capture additional summer data in 2005.
Table 4. Project Schedule
Task 1. City Council approval of agreement with Ice Energy for delivery of TES unit Prepare site installation drawings Obtain approval and construction permits from Building Division Prepare site, including demolition, pour concrete pad, and install electrical conduits Deliver TES unit Complete installation, including installing refrigerant lines, evaporative coil, and thermostats Conduct system commissioning Perform preliminary evaluation of unit performance Operate and maintain system
Status Completed
Completion Dates Jun-04
2. 3.
Completed Completed
Aug-04 Sep-04
4.
Completed
Sep-04
5. 6.
Completed Completed
Sep-04 Sep-04
7. 8.
Completed Completed
Oct-04 Oct-04
9.
Completed Completed
Jun-05 Jul-05
10. Final report
29
6.0
Budget
The project was completed within the allotted project budget. Of note, because the pre-production unit operated exceptionally well, it was decided that an upgrade to the production unit was not necessary, as all the major components are the same. Rather, an extended warranty was provided to cover the preproduction as if it were a new installation. Item 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Description Ice Energy (Monetary) Pre-Production Unit Production Unit Datalogging equipment Ice Energy (In Kind) Project Management [80 hours @ $100/hr] Construction Management [20 hours @ $100/hr] Design and Engineering [20 hours @ $150/hr] Data Analysis and Reporting [60 hours @ $150/hr] Anaheim (Monetary) Installation & commissioning Building permit fees Load profile meter and installation Anaheim (In Kind) Project Management [120 hours @ $50/hr] Contract Administration [40 hours @ $50/hr] Misc Staff Labor (setting up meter profile for Internet accessibility, other Department labor) [40 hours @ $50/hr] TOTALS Budget Expended to Date $10,000 $3,000 $8,000 $2,000 $3,000 $9,000 DEED Grant
$10,000 $10,000 $3,000 $8,000 $2,000 $3,000 $9,000
3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3
$10,000 $500 $1,000
$10,000 $166 $1,000
($10,000)
$6,000 $2,000 $2,000
$6,000 $2,000 $2,000
$66,500
$56,166
($10,000)
30
7.0
Conclusions
The Ice Bear TES system was successful in shifting on-peak demand to off-peak hours. It was retrofitted into an existing building and provided the cooling load without sacrificing comfort for the occupants. The fact that the technology is now available in a small form factor and is recognized in Californias new building code demonstrates that TES can be widely deployed to package air conditioner throughout the United States. Utilities may benefit from this technology by using TES to shape system load profile. Anaheim will continue to investigate the technology through its demonstration at the fire station and by monitoring the additional deployments by other municipalities. Based on those results, Anaheim may provide up-front incentives to help reduce the capital costs in addition to promoting time-of-use rates which helps provide a return on investment to customers.
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Appendix A. Ice Bear Product Brief

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American Public Power Association Demonstration of Energy-Efficient Developments (DEED)

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4

Project Implementation ........................................................ 15

RESULTS ............................................................................... 23 Unit Data Analysis................................................................. 23

3.2 3.3 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

APPENDIX A. ICE BEAR PRODUCT BRIEF.................................... 1

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

TES Theory of Operation

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

PROJECT METHODOLOGY TES System Description

Figure 2. Ice Bear 50 TES System (courtesy of Ice Energy, LLC)

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Ice Energy website, www.ice-energy.com.

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Energy to discharge ice

4 kWh / day 10.4 Physical Properties

EER (Btuh / Watts )

73x73x63 inches 129x80x63 inches

363 kg 136 kg 191 kg 689 kg

2778 kg 136 kg 191 kg 3105 kg 638 gal.

20 amp single phase circuit Condensing Unit

Nominal Tonnage Approved Models Trane 2TTB0060A

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

American Standard 2A7B0060A

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Figure 4. Anaheim Fire Station

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Lounge/ Kitchen Areas

Area 2: Dormitory, Offices, Dispatch Center

T1 Mechanical Equipment Well AC 1 AC 2 T2

Existing 5-Ton Package Units

Refrigerant Lines (rooftop) Truck Bays

Planted Area Bushes Ice Bear Unit

Figure 5. Fire Station Site Layout

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Figure 6. Mechanical Equipment Well with Existing Air Conditioning Units

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Fire Station Energy Profile

Figure 8. Facility Energy Profile for Peak Day (Sept. 5, 2004)

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Figure 9. Fire Station Walkway Area (front view from street)

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Figure 10. Fire Station Walkway Area (rear view)

Application of a Small-Scale Thermal Energy Storage System

Anaheim Public Utilities

Existing Packaged Air Conditioning Unit

Air Distribution (Ducts)

HVAC System Including TES

Existing Packaged Air Conditioning Unit