NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 688

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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Technical Publications

Yagi Antenna Design

Peter P. Viez bicke

Time and Frequency Division Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado 80302

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE,

Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

Edward 0 . Vetter, Under Secretary Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director Issued December 1976

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS TECHNICAL NOTE 688 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), T e c h N o t e 688, 27 pages ( D e c e m b e r 1976)

CODEN: NBTNAE

U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON 1976

For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U S Government Printing Office, Washington. D C 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No C13 4 6 688) Price 65 Cents (Add 25 percent additional for other than U S mailing)

FOREWORD

T h i s work was c a r r i e d out by the N a t i o n a l Bureau o f Standards a t antenna t e s t ranges l o c a t e d i n S t e r l i n g , V i r g i n i a , and a t T a b l e Mountain near Boulder, Colorado. These measurements were c a r r i e d out by t h e Antenna Research Section o f the Radio System D i v i s i o n , N a t i o n a l Bureau of Standards.

iii

CONTENTS

Page
1. 2. INTRODUCTION

. .

1
1

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT RESULTS

3.

1
2

3.1
3.2

E f f e c t o f R e f l e c t o r Spacing on Measured Gain

E f f e c t o f D i f f e r e n t Equal Length D i r e c t o r s and Spacing on Heasured Gain f o r D i f f e r e n t Yagi Lengths E f f e c t o f D i f f e r e n t Diameters and Lengths o f D i r e c t o r s on Heasured Gain E f f e c t o f t h e S i z e o f a Supporting Boom on t h e Optimum Length o f a P a r a s i t i c Element

3.3
3.4

6 6
6
6
16
21

3.5
3.6

E f f e c t o f Spacing and S t a c k i n g o f Yagi Antennas on R e a l i z a b l e Gain Measured R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f D i f f e r e n t Length Yagi Antennas

4.

D E S I G N I N G THE YAGI ANTENNA

CONCLUS IONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

5.
6. 7.

2.1
21

.
L I S T OF

TAGLES

and FIGURES

Table 1.

Optimized Lengths o f P a r a s i t i c Elements f o r Yagi Antennas o f S i x D i f f e r e n t Lengths

F i g u r e 1.

Gain i n dB o f a D i p o l e and R e f l e c t o r f o r D i f f e r e n t Spacings Between Elements Arrangement o f Three R e f l e c t i n g Elements Used With t h e 4.21 Yagi Photograph o f t h e T r i g o n a l R e f l e c t o r Experimental Set-Up Used With t h e 4.21 Yagi Gain o f a Yagi as a F u n c t i o n o f Length (Number of D i r e c t o r s ) f o r D i f f e r e n t Constant Spacings Between G i r e c t o r s o f Length Equal t o

F i g u r e 2. F i g u r e 3. F i g u r e 4.

3
4

0.3822,
F i g u r e 5.

Gain o f a Yagi as a F u n c t i o n o f Length (Number of D i r e c t o r s ) f o r D i f f e r e n t Constant Spacings Between D i r e c t o r s o f Length Equal t o 0.4111

F i g u r e 6.

Gain o f a Yagi as a Function o f Length (Number of D i r e c t o r s ) f o r D i f f e r e n t Constant Spacings Between D i r e c t o r s o f Length Equal t o . 0.4242,

Figure

7.

Comparison o f Gain o f D i f f e r e n t Length Yagis Showing t h e R e l a t i o n s h i p Between D i r e c t o r s Optimized I n Length t o Y i e l d Haximum Gain and D i r e c t o r s o f Optimum Uniform Length

8 8

F i g u r e 8.
i

Measured Gain Vs D i r e c t o r Length o f a 1.251 Yagi Antenna Using Three D i r e c t o r s o f D i f f e r e n t Length and Diameter Spaced 0.351

,
?

Figure

9.

Yagi Antenna Design Data Showing t h e R e l a t i o n s h i p Between Element Diameter t o Wavelength R a t l o and Element Length f o r D i f f e r e n t Antennas Graph Showing t h e E f f e c t o f a Supporting Boom on Length o f Elements

9
10

F i g u r e 10. F i g u r e 11.

.-

Gain o f an Array o f Yagis, Stacked One Above the Other and i n Broadside, as a Function o f Spaclng

11
11 12 12

f i g u r e 12.

Gain o f an Array o f Two Sets o f Stacked Yagis Spaced 1.61 as a f u n c t i o n o f H o r i z o n t a l Distance Between Them

F i g u r e 13. F i g u r e 14. F i g u r e 15. F i g u r e 16. F i g u r e 17. F i g u r e 18. F i g u r e 19.

i

R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a D i p o l e and R e f l e c t o r With 0.21 Spacing R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 3-Element, 0.41 Long Yagi

R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 5-Element, 0.81 Long Yagi R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 6-Element, 1.21 Long Yagi

.
.

13
13

R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 12-Element, 2.21 Long Yagi R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 17-Element, 3.21 Long Yagi R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a ls-Element, 4.21 Long Yagi

.
. .

14
14 15

F i g u r e 20.

Use o f Design Curves i n Determining Element Lengths of 0.8X Yagi Considered i n Example 1

18
20

F i g u r e 21.

Use o f Design Curves i n Determining Element Lengths o f 4.21 Yagi Considered i n Example 2

Y A G I ANTENNA DESIGN

Peter P. V i e z b i c k e T h i s r e p o r t presents data, using modeling techn ques, f o r t h e optimum design o f d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h Yagi antennas. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s presented i n g r a p h i c a l form t o f a c i l i t a t e the design o f p r a c t i c a l l e n g t h an ennas--from 0.ZX t o 4.2A long--for o p e r a t i o n i n t h e HF, VHF, and UHF frequency range. The e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n t antenna parameters on r e a l i z a b l e g a l n were a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d and t h e r e s u l t s a r e presented. F i n a l l y , supplemental d a t a a r e presented on t h e s t a c k i n g o f two o r more antennas t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l gain. Key words: Yagi. Antenna, d i r e c t o r , d r i v e n element, g a i n , r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n , r e f l e c t o r ,

1.

INTRODUCTION

The Yagi-Uda antenna 111, commonly known as t h e Yagi, was i n v e n t e d i n 1926 by D r . H. Yagi I t s c o n f i g u r a t i o n normally c o n s i s t s o f a number o f d i r e c t o r s and r e f l e c t o r s and S h i n t a r o Uda. t h a t enhance r a d i a t i o n i n one d i r e c t i o n when p r o p e r l y arranged on a s u p p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e . Since i t s discovery, a l a r g e number of r e p o r t s have appeared i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t i v e t o t h e a n a l y s i s , design, and use of the Yagi antenna [2, 3 , 4, 5 , 6 , 7, 8, 91. However, l i t t l e o r no data seem t o have been presented r e g a r d i n g how p a r a s i t i c element diameter, element l e n g t h , spacings between elements, s u p p o r t i n g booms o f d i f f e r e n t c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area, v a r i o u s r e f l e c t o r s , and o v e r a l l l e n g t h a f f e c t measured g a i n . T h i s r e p o r t presents t h e r e s u l t s of e x t e n s i v e measurements c a r r i e d o u t by t h e N a t i o n a l Bureau o f Standards t o determine these e f f e c t s and g i v e s g r a p h i c a l d a t a t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e I n addition., d e s i g n c r i t e r i o n design o f d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h antennnas t o y i e l d maximum gain. i s a l s o presented on stacking--one above t h e o t h e r and i n a columnar c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The g a i n i s g i v e n i n d e c i b e l s (de) r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e ( r e f e r e n c e antenna) a t t h e same h e i g h t above ground as t h e t e s t (Yagi) antenna. 2. METHOD O F MEASUREMENT

The measurements were c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e NBS antenna range when i t was l o c a t e d a t S t e r l i n g , V i r g i n i a , and a t Table Mountain, Colorado, a f t e r t h e antenna research group was r e l o c a t e d t o Colorado. A l l measurements were conducted a t a modeling frequency o f 400 MHz. The antenna under t e s t was used as a r e c e i v i n g antenna and was l o c a t e d approximately 320 meters from a t a r g e t t r a n s m i t t e r and antenna. The t r a n s m i t t i n g antenna was l o c a t e d a t a h e i g h t above ground so t h a t the r e c e i v i n g antennas were i l l u m i n a t e d a t g r a z i n g angles. The Yagi under t e s t was mounted 3X (wavelength) above ground and i t s g a i n was compared t o a r e f e r e n c e d i p o l e antenna l o c a t e d approximately 5X t o one s i d e and a t t h e same h e i g h t as t h e t e s t antenna. Each antenna was matched p r e c i s e l y t o 50 ohms and switched a l t e r n a t e l y t o an a t t e n u a t o r and associated r e c e i v i n g and d e t e c t i n g equipment l o c a t e d i n a nearby wooden b u i l d i n g . I n comparing t h e a t t e n u a t o r readings o f t h e two antennas t o produce a constant r e c e i v e r output l e v e l , l i n e losses t o each were measured and compensated f o r i n a r r i v i n g a t f i n a l values o f gain. The values o f g a i n were r e p r o d u c i b l e to w i t h i n 0.2 dB over t h e p e r i o d when measurements were being c a r r i e d o u t . The v a l u e s p r e s e n t e d a r e those measured i n a forward d i r e c t i o n compared to the maximum response of a d i p o l e a t t h e same h e i g h t above ground and a r e b e l i e v e d accurate t o w i t h i n 0.5 dB. i f r e f e r e n c e d t o an i s o t r o p i c source, t h e values must be increased by 2.16 dB.

3.

RESULTS

The r e s u l t s o f the measurements c a r r i e d o u t i n t h i s study a r e presented i n g r a p h i c a l form. They a r e intended t o p r o v i d e a simple means o f designing a Yagi antenna of p r a c t i c a l dimensions w i t h maximum gain f o r t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n under c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The purpose o f these t e s t s was t o determine the f o l l o w i n g :

a. b.

E f f e c t o f r e f l e c t o r spacing on t h e g a i n of a d i p o l e antenna E f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t equal l e n g t h d i r e c t o r s , t h e i r spacing and number on realizable gain E f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t diameters and l e n g t h s o f d i r e c t o r s on r e a l i z a b l e g a i n E f f e c t o f t h e s i z e o f a supporting boom on t h e o p t i m u m l e n g t h o f p a r a s i t i c e 1 ement s E f f e c t o f spacing and stacking o f antennas on g a i n Measured r a d i a t i o n patterns o f d i f f e r e n t Yagi c o n f i g u r a t i o n s

c. d.

e.

f.

3.1

EFFECT OF REFLECTOR SPACING

ON MEASURED GAIN

These t e s t s as w e l l as a l l others were c a r r i e d out on a non-conducting p l e x i g l a s s With t h e e x c e p t i o n o f measurements s t a t e d i n s e c t i o n s 3 . 3 and 3.4, a l l p a r a s i t i c elements were c o n s t r u c t e d of 0.63 cm ( o n e - f o u r t h inch) diametcr The d r i v e n element used i n t h e Yagi as w e l l as i n t h e r e f e r e n c e d i p o l e aluminum tubing. was a half-wave f o l d e d d i p o l e matched t o 50 ohms u s i n g a double-stub tuner.

boom mounted 31 above ground.

The g a i n o f a d i p o l e and r e f l e c t o r combination for d i f f e r e n t spacings between t h e two elements i s shown i n f i g u r e 1 . Maximum measured g a i n was 2.6 dB and was r e a l i z e d a t a spacing of 0.21 behind the dipole. This r e f l e c t o r spacing was used i n a l l subsequent measurements. However, f o r the d i f f e r e n t Yagi c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t h e r e f l e c t o r l e n g t h was o p t i m i z e d t o y i e l d maximum gain. An a d d i t i o n a l 0.75 dB g a i n was r e a l i z e d u s i n g t h e r e f l e c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n shown i n f i g u r e 2. Although t h i s arrangement was used o n l y on t h e 4.21 long Yagi, comparable b e n e f i t s would be r e a l i z e d w i t h o t h e r antenna lengths. A photograph o f t h e experimental set-up f o r t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s shown i n f i g u r e 3 .
i

Various arrangements and spacings o f r e f l e c t o r elements were t e s t e d on t h e 4.21 Yagi u s i n g t h e d r i l l e d p l e x i g l a s s support as shown. The r e f l e c t i n g elements were arranged i n In a d d i t i o n , shapes o f p l a n e r e f l e c t i n g surfaces, parabolas and c o r n e r r e f l e c t o r s . d i f f e r e n t shaped s o l i d r e f l e c t i n g surfaces p l a c e d a t v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s behind t h e d r i v e n element were a l s o used. O f the combjnations t e s t e d , t h e one shown i n f i g u r e 2 y i e l d e d t h e l a r g e s t increase i n g a i n over t h a t of the s i n g l e r e f l e c t i n g element.

3.2

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT EQUAL LENGTH DIRECTORS AND

SPACiNG ON MEASURED GAIN FOR DIFFERENT YAGI LENGTHS

These measurements were conducted u s i n g t h e same non-conducting boom as mentioned i n t h e preceding s e c t i o n . The d r i v e n element c o n s i s t e d o f a x/2 f o l d e d d i p o l e ; t h e r e f l e c t o r was 0.4821 i n l e n g t h and spaced 0.21 behind t h e d r i v e n element. The diameter o f a l l elements was 0.00851 (0.25 inches = 0.63m). The g a i n o f t h e Yagi was measured as a f u n c t i o n of antenna l e n g t h (number o f d i r e c t o r s ) f o r d i f f e r e n t equal l e n g t h d i r e c t o r s and spacing between them. The d i r e c t o r l e n g t h s were v a r i e d from 0.304X t o 0.4231 and spacings f r o m 0.011 t o 0.401. The Yagi l e n g t h , measured from t h e d r i v e n element t o the l a s t d i r e c t o r , was v a r i e d from an o v e r a l l l e n g t h o f 0.2x to 10.2X. The r e f l e c t o r i n a l l cases was f i x e d . . Although many measurements were c a r r i e d o u t , o n l y those r e s u l t s and associated graphs a r e presented t h a t show t h e e f f e c t s o f these parameters on measured gain. F i g u r e s 4, 5, and 6 show the r e l a t i v e g a i n o f a Yagi as a f u n c t i o n o f l e n g t h f o r d i f f e r e n t spacings between d i r e c t o r elements u s i n g d i r e c t o r l e n g t h s o f 0.3821, 0.4111, and 0.424A. F i g u r e 4 shows t h a t f o r r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t d i r e c t o r s a t a spacing o f 0.3X, t h e g a i n o f t h e Yagi increased t o a maximum v a l u e o f 14.5 dB when the antenna l e n g t h was increased t o approximately 101. Note, however, t h a t as t h e spacing between elements was

*--

e -

5
e
W

:If
1

-T
DE

REFLECTOR

21

,
-05

,
20

+,
.25 30
.35A

.10

15

SPACING, S, OF REFLECTOR BEHIND DRIVEN ELEMENT FIG.

G A I N I N dB OF A DIPOLE AND REFLECTOR FOR

DIFFERENT SPACINGS BETWEEN ELEMENTS

0 LR3

OIRECTORS-

0
LR3 DRIVEN

0.271

ELEHE NT
REFLECTOR LENGTHS

L R 1 = LR2 = 0 . 4 5 5 1 LR3 = 0 . 4 7 3 1 FREQ = 4 0 0 MHz

0
[ L E N G T H S NOT CORRECTED FOR BOOM OR SUPPORT T H I C K N E S S ]

LR2

FIG. 2

ARRANGEMENT OF THREE REFLECTING ELEMENTS USED W I T H THE

4.2X

YAGI

FIG. 3

PHOTOGRAPH OF THE TRIGONAL REFLECTOR EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED WITH THE 4 . 2 X YAGI

!
14

0.3X SPACING
0.4X

SPACING

12
w

>

3 I J m
L L I i

La ax u
c

.*9

0.2X SPACING

on

0.06X S P A C I N G

z
Y-

o.1ox SPACING

.-->
-w

40

9a

FIG. 4

GAlN OF A YAGI AS A FUNCTION OF LENGTH (NUMBER OF DIRECTORS) FOR DIFFERENT CONSTANT SPACINGS BETWEEN DIRECTORS OF LENGTH EQUAL TO 0.3821

12
Y

>

10

.3X SPACING

8
on
IW

w- w
+-I

6
4

0 . 4 a SPACING
0.1X SPACIN

40

u-

2a

C L O

4 ' L 7

,,/GAIN

O F D I P O L E AND R E F L E C T O R

2R

I
0 . 3 0 ~SPACING

'

'1 \. \0.4X SPACING

I
.

0.35A S P A C I N G
1

II

1 ADD 0 . 2 ~ FOR R E F L

7 0

10

LENGTH O F ANTENNA I N U A V E L E N G T H S

FIG. 6 GAIN O F A YAGI A S A FUNCTION O F LENGTH (NUMBER OF DIRECTORS) FOR DIFFERENT CONSTANT SPACINGS BETWEEN DIRECTORS OF LENGTH EQUAL TO 0.4241

decreased, an o s c i l l a t o r y wave p a t t e r n r e s u l t e d wherein t h e max shorter Yagi l e n g t h and v a r i e d between a maximum and minimum va was changed. As the l e n g t h o f the d i r e c t o r s was increased, the p a t t e r n were a l s o enhanced together w i t h a r e d u c t i o n i n g a i n as

m u m g a i n occurred a t a ue as t h e l e n g t h o f t h e Yagi v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e wave shown i n f i g u r e s 5 and 6 .

The curves presented i n f i g u r e 7 show a comparison o f r e a l zed g a i n vs Yagi l e n g t h up t o 4.21 for antennas u s i n g d i r e c t o r s o f equal l e n g t h and those optimized i n l e n g t h . For t h e optimized l e n g t h c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t h e g a i n increased from 0.5 dB f o r t h e 2.2A antenna t o T a b l e 1 g i v e s d e t a i l s o f antenna parameters f o r t h e approximately 1.5 dB f o r t h e 4.2X Yagi.

1
3.3
EFFECT O F DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND LENGTHS OF DIRECTORS ON MEASURED G A I N

This e f f e c t was determined by measuring t h e g a i n o f d i f f e r e n t Yagi c o n f i g u r a t i o n s for Curves showing the r e s u l t s o f measurements d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t o r l e n g t h s o f v a r i o u s diameters. c a r r i e d o u t on t h e 1.251 l o n g Yagi a r e g i v e n i n f i g u r e 8. A s expected, t h e maximum g a i n f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t combinations remained unchanged. The l a r g e r diameter elements y i e l d e d maximum gain a t s h o r t e r lengths w h i l e t h e s m a l l e r d i a m e t e r elements y i e l d e d maximum g a i n a t c o r r e spondingly g r e a t e r lengths. Results o f a s e r i e s of measurements, n o t i n g these e f f e c t s , were c a r r i e d o u t on t h e d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h Yagis and, t o g e t h e r w i t h r e s u l t s presented i n Table 1 , a set o f design curves was produced and i s p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 9 . These d a t a p r o v i d e t h e basic design c r i t e r i o n o f the Yagi antenna and a r e v a l i d over a l a r g e frequency range p r o v i d e d t h e selected element diameter t o wavelength r a t i o d/X f a l l s w i t h i n the l i m i t s shown.

3.4
I

EFFECT OF THE S I Z E O F A SUPPORTING BOOM ON

THE OPTIMUM LENGTH OF A P A R A S I T I C ELEMENT
i

Round and square s u p p o r t i n g booms of d i f f e r e n t cross-sect-ion area were employed i n Yagi antennas o f d i f f e r e n t lengths t o determine what e f f e c t t h e boom diameter had on t h e The round and square booms y i e l d e d s i m i l a r optimum l e n g t h o f the p a r a s i t i c elements. r e s u l t s . The e f f e c t o f a round s u p p o r t i n g boom on t h e l e n g t h o f a p a r a s i t i c element i s represented by t h e curve i n f i g u r e IO. T h i s experimental response can be used i n a p p l y i n g the boom c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e f i n a l Yagi design.

! !
1

3.5

EFFECT OF SPACING AND STACKING OF Y A G I ANTENNAS ON REALIZABLE G A I N

!

As shown i n f i g u r e 1 1 , a d d i t i o n a l g a i n i s r e a l i z e d when antennas a r e stacked one above t h e o t h e r or i n broadside. N o t o n l y i s g a i n increased b u t t h e beamwidth i s reduced appreciably depending upon t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n employed. F i g u r e 11 (A) shows the e f f e c t s o f s t a c k i n g two antennas, one above t h e o t h e r . These responses show s i m i l a r mutual e f f e c t s between t w o seven-element Yagis and between two f i f t e e n - e l e m e n t Yagis. A t c l o s e spacing, approximately O.Bh, the g a i n was reduced due t o h i g h mutual impedance e f f e c t s b u t increased t o a maximum o f 2.5 dB as t h e spacing was increased t o approximately 1.61. S i m i l a r e f f e c t s were measured w i t h the combination shown i n f i g u r e 1 1 (B). Maximum g a i n i n t h i s case was r e a l i z e d w i t h the two antennas spaced a t approximately 2.01.
A combination o f t h e above two c o n f i g u r a t i o n s u s i n g spacings as shown y i e l d e d an a d d i t i o n a l 2.5 dB g a i n and a corresponding r e d u c t i o n i n beamwidth. For example, f o u r 0.8; Yagi antennas, a p p r o p r i a t e l y stacked, spaced and f e d i n phase y i e l d e d a g a i n o f 14.2 dB r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e l o c a t e d a t t h e same h e i g h t above ground. I n c o n t r a s t , a combination o f four 4.2). Yagi antennas y i e l d e d a g a i n o f 19.6 dB r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e , as shown b y the graph i n f i g u r e 12.

3.6

MEASURED R A D I A T I O N PATTERNS OF DIFFERENT LENGTH Y A G I ANTENNAS

R a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n s measured i n t h e E ( h o r i z o n t a l - s o l i d curves) and H ( v e r t ical-dashed curves) planes f o r d i f f e r e n t Yagi designs a r e presented i n f i g u r e s 13 through 19. The

TABLE 1 .

OPTIMIZED LENGTHS OF P A R A S I T I C ELEMENTS

FOR YAGI ANTENNAS OF S I X DIFFERENT LENGTHS

G A I N RELATIVE TO HALF-WAVE DIPOLE I N d B DESIGN CURVE (SEE F I G . 9)

7.1

9.2

10.2

12.25

13.4

14.2

(A)

(B)

(c)

(6)

(D)

ELEMENT DIAMETER = 0.0085

f = 400 MHz
REFLECTOR SPACED 0.21 BEHIND DRIVEN ELEHENT

n
w

U 3
LL

>

14-

DIRECTOR LENGTHS OPTIMIZED FOR ElAXlMUM GAIN ( S E E T A B L E 1 )

13-

a
0

t
W

11

N = NUMBER OF D I R E C T O R S S = S P A C I N G BETWEEN D I R E C T O R S ( R E F L E C T O R SPACED 0.21 ON A L L ANTENNAS)

p
7

I=1 S.0.2A

,
1 .o

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

OVERALL LENGTH, FIG.

I N WAVELENGTHS, OF DIFFERENT YAG IS

COMPARISON OF G A I N OF DIFFERENT LENGTH Y A G I S SHOWING THE R E L A T I O N S H I P BETWEEN DIRECTORS O P T I M I Z E D I N LENGTH TO Y I E L D MAXIMUM G A I N AND DIRECTORS OF OPTIMUM UNIFORM LENGTH

w
1

0
b

0.32 Un

I
FIG.

1 in.
I

0.16 un

0.08 cm DIAMETER
J 14

2.5.5 cn

10

11

12

13

LENGTH OF DIRECTORS I N INCHES

MEASURED G A I N VS DIRECTOR LENGTH OF A 1 . 2 5 1 Y A G I ANTENNA U S I N G THREE DIRECTORS OF DIFFERENT LENGTH AND DIAMETER SPACED 0.351

1- --I-Ln

a
W

I W

x
U
8w

z W x
W Z W

Wv)

A U

r
W Z

UI-

ZU
WIW

0 na
c 1

I -

mr
U W

U mu-

I -

on
w

L w

I
C s
W W

I - I--

u o 2 Y
W

2 =I

U IZ
3
0 W I - ZI-

W i 3

I-W I

=
W

2ZW

O E
I

I -

W W

v)d

U
c (

n
I-

z
W W

aI

I-J
Z W

U>
d

S H 1 9 N 3 1 3 A V M N I S l N 3 W 3 1 3 30 H 1 9 N 3 1

v )

5
II
W

W J

LL
0

I I -

z
W

c3

0 0

z
x

z
a .

z
P 3

v)

a
LL 0
V
W

i -

LL
W

t-

z -

c3

z
Q
c3

v)

I P

i
0
c

LL

0
pr)

In
N

0
( u

u )
F

0 c

m
0 0

SlN3W313 3IlISWWd A0 H13N31 W n W l U O N I 3SW3t13NI

10

3-

t-5

TI

QIPI-

5
22

320 - 7 E L E M E N T Y A G I ANTENNAS -+ 15 E L E M E N T Y A G I ANTENNAS

1I

FIG.

11

G A I N OF AN ARRAY OF YAGIS, STACKED ONE ABOVE THE OTHER AND I N BROADSIDE, AS A FUNCTION OF SPACING

20

( L

19

r 1

4 . 2 X LONG 1 5 ELEMENT YAGI

18

17

d
S P A C I N G S = 1.6X AND H E I G H T h = 2.0X CONST

h = 2L

-0

f 0
F I G . 12

1 .o

2.0

3.0

HORIZONTAL SPACING, H I N WAVELENGTHS, BETWEEN STACKED Y A G I S

G A I N OF AN ARRAY OF TWO SETS OF STACKED Y A G I S SPACED 1 . 6 1 AS A FUNCTION OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM

11

.. .

Az imu tha 1 ngl e , degrees

POLE AND REFLECTOR WITH 0.2x SPACING

aJ m

c n

-0

aJ

E 0

t u

1-_---I

!
I A -

\ ' ,

m
U
01
C 0

..
-

c ; :

l n
P
# I

W
QI.

D
N
-87

__

. .

0 z
-i -

Azimuthal Angle, degrees

F I G . 16
RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 6-ELEMENT.

1 . 2 1 LONG YAGI

13

13
I -

0,

Azimuthal Angle, degrees

FIG. 1 7
R A D I A T I O N PATTERNS OF A 12-ELEMENT,

2.21 LONG YAGI

TI al

Azimuthal Angle, degrees

F I G . 18 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 17-ELEHENT.

3.2x LONG YAGI

14

. .

. .

.. .

-~ -

- ---T---------

e
'

..

_ I I -

-a

FIG. 19

RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 15-ELEMENT,

4.21 LONG YAGI

15

element) are presented i n f i g u r e 13. The 3-dB E and H plane beanwidths measured 66' and 1 1 l 0 respecdively. The beanwidth of t h e 3-element 0.4X antenna, as shown i n f i g u r e 14, measured 57 and 72' i n t h e E and H planes r e s p e c t i v e l y . The E p l a n e , f r o n t - t o - s i d e r a t i o i s i n the order o f 24 dB, w h i l e t h e r a d i a t i o n to t h e r e a r was o n l y 8 dB down from t h a t i n the forward d i r e c t i o n . The r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n o f the 5-element 0.81 Yagi presented i n f i g u r e I 5 i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a 3 dB beamwidth o f 48' and 56' i n t h e E and H planes r e s p e c t i v e l y . The E plane, f r o n t - t o - s i d e r a t i o remained comparable t o t h e 3:element antenna; however, t h e f r o n t - t o back r a t i o was improved c o n s i d e r a b l y and measured 15 dB. I n r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f 6, 12, 17 and 15-element Yagis as shown i n f i g u r e s 16 through 19, t h e beamwidths became p r o g r e s s i v e l y smaller as was expected w i t h increased gain.

4.

DESIGNING THE YAGI ANTENNA

To f a c i l i t a t e t h e design o f an antenna o f p r a c t i c a l dimensions and y e t r e a l i z e maximum gain, r e f e r t o the curves shown i n f i g u r e 9. These d a t a were developed from r e s u l t s o f model measurements c a r r i e d o u t a t 400 HHz u s i n g elements o f d i f f e r e n t diameters. Only those curves a r e presented which w i l l enable t h e user t o design t h e 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2 and 4.2h long Yagis t h a t y i e l d gains o f 7.1, 9.2, 10.2, 12.3, 13.4 and 14.2 dB respect i v e l y over t h a t o f a d i p o l e mounted a t t h e same h e i g h t above ground. I n designing a Yagi antenna, the f o l l o w i n g b a s i c i n f o r m a t t o n i s r e q u i r e d and, o f course, w i l l depend upon i n d i v i d u a l requirements. 1. 2. Frequency o f o p e r a t i o n , f (wavelength, h ) Antenna g a i n required, G (dB) Diameter o f p a r a s i t i c elements ( d i r e c t o r s - r e f l e c t o r s ) Diameter o f s u p p o r t i n g boom used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , D/x used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , d/A

3.
i

4.

Careful c o n s i d e r a t i o n should a l s o be g i v e n t o s e l e c t i o n o f t h e diameter o f the T h i s i s important s i n c e elements and boom a t t h e wavelength o r frequency o f o p e r a t i o n . smaller diameter and l i g h t e r m a t e r i a l s can be used a t t h e h i g h e r frequencies i n c o n t r a s t t o l a r g e r and heavier m a t e r i a l s needed f o r support a t t h e lower frequencies. Note a l s o t h a t the selected element diameter-to-wavelength r a t i o s used i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e chosen antenna must f a l l w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s shown.
I f maximum g a i n i s t o be r e a l i z e d u s i n g t h e d a t a presented, i t i s e s s e n t i a l to follow very c l o s e l y t h e procedure described here. In a d d i t i o n , t h e element l e n g t h s should be measured and c u t t o a t o l e r a n c e o f about 0.0031 w i t h respect t o t h e c a l c u l a t e d values. TO a i d the user i n the design o f t h i s antenna and t o f a m i l i a r i z e him i n use of t h e design data, two s p e c i f i c examples a r e presented. The f i r s t considers t h e d e s i g n o f a 5-element, 0.81 Yagi; t h e second example presents a step-by-step procedure for t h e design o f a 15element, 4.21 Yagi. I n t h e f i r s t example, consider t h e design o f a 0 . 8 ~Yagi antenna t o operate a t a frequency o f 50.1 MHz i n the amateur r a d i o band and y i e l d a g a i n o f 9.2 dB r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e . The elements s h a l l be c o n s t r u c t e d of 2.54 cm (1 in.) diameter aluminum t u b i n g w i t h t h e boom o f 5.08 cm (2 in.) diameter aluminum t u b i n g .
GIVEN:

Frequency 50.1 HHz, Element Diameter, d d/h Boom diameter

X = 597 cm. (235 in.)

= 2.54 cm. (1 i n . ) = 0.0042 = 5.1 cm. ( 2 i n . )
= 0.0085 = 0.21 = 119 cm.
2

,D

D/X
Element spacing Overall l e n g t h

(47 i n . )

0.81 = 478 cm. (188 i n . )

16

STEP 1:

Plot the lengths of the parasitic elements obtained from Table 1 for 0.81 long
Yagi on the corresponding curve In figure 9.

For clarlty, these curves are

reproduced in figure 20.

Establish points LD = L , L , LR and determine 1 O3 D2

the parasitic element lengths for d/X = 0.0085. Thus LD = Lo3 = 0.4281

1
L

D2

0.4241

LR = 0.4821

STEP 2:

For our design, where the element diameter to wavelength ratio d/X
mark

0.0042,

plot and establish this point on the director curve and indicate by a check

(4. This is

the uncompensated director length of D1 = D = 0.442X.

STEP 3:

For the same d/1 ratio, determine the uncompensated length of the reflector LR 0.4851.
With a pair of dividers, measure the distance along the curve between the initial points 0 , = D to D2 determined i n Step 1 . Transpose this distance from the

STEP

4:

point established in Step 2 downward along the curve and determine the uncompensated length of director L O2
= 0.4381.

From the foregoing, the uncompensated parasitic element lengths for the 50.1 MHz
Yagi are:

= 0.438X

D2
LR = 0.4851
To these values, a correction must be added to compensate for the boom diameter.

STEP

5:

Refer to figure 1 0 .

For a boom diameter-to-wavelength ratio O/X = 0.0085,

determine the fractional increase in wavelength by which each of the para-

From the chart this length = 0.0051. Thus, for this design the exact lengths of the parasitic elements should be
sitic elements must be increased. measured and cut to the following lengths.
= L = 0.4421

+ 0.0051 = 0.4471 = 267 cm.

O3
L

= 0.4381 + 0.0051 = 0.4431 =

264.5 cm.

O2
= 0.4851 + 0.005X = 0.490X = 293 cm. LR The driven element is designed so that the Yagi can work either into a 50 or 200 ohm load impedance. For a 50 ohm impedance, a folded dipole and a quarterwave balun can be employed. Precise matching to 50 ohms can be accomplished by using a double-stub tuner connected into the feed line.

17

SHlSN313AVM N I SlN3W313 30 H 1 9 N 3 1
18

I f the antenna i s designed w i t h a 200 ohm balanced i n p u t impedance, then the d r i v e n element should be designed t o p r o v i d e an impedance step-up r a t i o o f 12. For t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n , a X/2 b a l u n s e c t i o n and stubs can be used t o p r o v i d e proper impedance t r a n s f o r m a t i o n and matching. OtHer matching methods can a l s o be employed such as Gamma o r T match [ l o , 1 1 , 121.

As a second example, c o n s i d e r the design o f a 4.2h long Yagi t o p r o v i d e a g a i n o f 14.2 d8 r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e t o o p e r a t e on 827 HHz i n t h e c e n t e r o f TV Channel 73. For the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s antenna l e t us s e l e c t and use a 1/2-inch diameter boom w i t h 3/16-inch diameter elements u s i n g t h i n w a l l brass tubing.
GIVEN:
Frequency 827

HHz, A

Element diameter, d d/X

--

36.34 cm. 0.48 cm.

(14.3

in.)

= 0.013

Boom diameter, D

= 1.27 cm. (1/2 i n . ) = 0.035

= 0.3081 = 11.2 cm.

D/X
Element spacing Overall length STEP 1:

4.2A = 152 cm.

P l o t t h e l e n g t h s o f p a r a s i t i c elements from Table 1 for t h e 4.21 l o n g Yagi on t h e corresponding curve i n f i g u r e 9. and presented i n f i g u r e 21. For c l a r i t y , t h e s e curves a r e reproduced E s t a b l i s h p o i n t s LD = L 0 2 * L ~ 3 * * L ~ l and l o c a t e 1

t h e p a r a s i t i c element lengths on t h e c u r v e as i n t h e p r e v i o u s example f o r the d/A = 0.0085 case. STEP 2: F o r our p a r t i c u l a r design, however, where t h e element d i a m e t e r t o wavelength r a t i o d/X = 0.013, p l o t and e s t a b l i s h t h i s p o i n t on t h e 4 . Z - long Yagi curve

and i n d i c a t e t h i s s t a r t i n g p o i n t w i t h a check d i r e c t o r l e n g t h of D1 = D2 = 0.4141. STEP 3:

(4.

T h i s i s t h e uncompensated

F o r t h e same d/X r a t i o , determine t h e uncompensated l e n g t h o f t h e r e f l e c t o r ,

LR =
STEP 4:

0.473X;

from curve D, f i g u r e 21.

With t h e use o f a p a i r of d i v i d e r s , e s t a b l i s h and measure t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e p o i n t s D1 = D2 t o D

3'

Transpose t h i s d i s t a n c e from t h e i n i t i a l

(4

mark downward along the d i r e c t o r c u r v e and determine LD

= 0.4091.

3
Measure t h e d i s t a n c e from D1 = D2 t o D4. initlal Transpose t h i s d i s t a n c e from Similarly, LD = 0.385X, 6 L
=

(4 p o i n t

and determine l e n g t h o f D4 = 0.3951.

d e t e r m i n e remaining d i r e c t o r lengths.

= 0.3911,

LD5

DJ

0.381X, L
'8
STEP 5: Again,

to

LD
13

= 0.3771.

To these values a c o r r e c t i o n must be added t o compensate f o r boom diameter.

r e f e r t o f i g u r e 10. For a boom diameter-to-wavelength r a t i o D/X =

0.035,
0.0261. Thus,

determine the f r a c t i o n a l amount by which each element must be From the curve, d e t e r m i n e t h i s l e n g t h =

increased t o compensate f o r boom.

t o r e a l i z e maximum g a i n from t h i s antenna, measure and c u t t h e

p a r a s i t i c elements t o the f o l l o w i n g l e n g t h s :

19

SH13N313AVM N I S l N 3 W 3 1 3 30 H19N31
20

= L

= 0.414X

+ 0.026X

= 0.440X = 16.0 cm.

O 2 L

= 0.4091 + 0.0261 = 0.4351 = 15.8 cm.

D3
= 0.3951 + 0.026X = 0.4211 = 15.3 cm. L D4
L
I

= 0.391h + 0.0261 = 0.4171 = 15.1 cm.

= 0.3851 + 0.0261 = 0.4111 = 14.9 cm. = 0.3811 + 0.0261 = 0.407X = 14.8 cm.
-

D5
L

D6
L

DJ
L

= , 0.3771 + 0.026X = 0.4031 = 14.6 cm.

'8

LD13

LR = 0.4731 + 0.0261 = 0.4991 = 18.1 cm. The d r i v e n element can be o f a v a r i e t y o f designs and w i l l depend upon i n d i v i d u a l requirements.
I t i s u s u a l l y measured and c u t t o o n e - h a l f

wavelength l e s s a s h o r t e n i n g f a c t o r t o compensate f o r e n d - e f f e c t s and matched t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c impedance o f t h e feed l i n e .

I

5.

CONCLUSIONS

The d a t a presented i n t h i s r e p o r t p r o v i d e t h e necessary i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e d e s i g n o f Yagi antennas r a n g i n g i n l e n g t h from 0.21 t o 4.2X. These d a t a a l l o w t h e user t o design antennas t o y i e l d maximum g a i n f o r seven d i f f e r e n t design c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . In addition, s t a c k i n g o f antennas, s i d e by s i d e and one above the o t h e r - - a l l fed i n phase--provides an a d d i t i o n a l g a i n up t o 5.2 dB over t h a t of t h e s i n g l e a r r a y .

6.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The a u t h o r wishes t o extend s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o W i l l i a m Gorboczieski f o r h i s a s s i s t Also, ance i n t h e f a b r i c a t i o n of t e s t set-ups and i n c a r r y i n g out of t h e measurements. s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n and thanks t o A l v i n Wilson f o r p r o v i d i n g t h e r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n s .

7.
[l] S h i n t a r o , U., and Yasuto, H., Ltd., Senda, Japan, 1954).

REFERENCES

Yagi-Uda Antennas (Sasoki P r i n t i n g and P u b l i s h i n g Co.,

[ 2 ] M a i l l o u x , R. J . , The long Yagi-Uda a r r a y , pp. 128-137 (Mar. 1966).

IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop.,

AP-14,

[ 3 ] Barbano, N.,

Log p e r i o d i c Yagi-Uda a r r a y , IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop., pp. 235-238 (Mar. 1966). Analysis Y Yagi-Uda t y p e antennas, pp. 24-31 (Jan. 1969).

AP-14,

[ 4 ] T h i e l e , G. A.,

I E E E , Trans. Antennas and Prop. AP-17,

[SI

Emerson, J., Arranging Yagi antennas f o r p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s , Broadcast Engineering, No. pp. 32-40 (May 1971).

5,

[6] Shen, L., D i r e c t i v i t y and bandwidth of single-band and double band Yagi a r r a y s , I E E E ,
Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-20, pp. 178-180 (Nov. 1972).

21

[7] Cheng, 0.
[8] Chen, C. 191
!

K . , and Chen, C. A., Optimum element spacings for Yagi-Uda arrays, I E E E , Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-21, pp. 615-623 (Sept. 1973).

A . , and Cheng, 0 . K., Optimum element lengths for Yagi-Uda arrays, IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-23, pp. 8-15 (Jan. 1975).
Nose, K . , Crossed Yagi antennas for circular polarizatlon, QST, pp. 21-24 (Jan. 1973).

[lo] Healey,

0. J., 1 1 1 , An examination o f the G

m Match, QST, pp. 11-15 (Apr. 1969).

[ l l ] Nose, K . , Adjustment o f Gamma-matched parasitic beams, QST, pp. 44-46 (Mar. 1958).
[I21 The Radio Amateur's Handbook, Fifty Second Ed. (AH Radio Relay League, 1976).
i

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