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ldentificacin de Prdidas
en e| Proceso Productivo de |a Construccin
PLSUMLN
Cooo oso|taoo oo |a lovost|gac|oo |o}o~::o:Io oo ~ joo.cI:.:o~o o: jo)ocIo: oo .:.:o:o~
oo ::Io: :oc:~ VI:,. ~ I~.: oo ~ :o:oi~ Io~: .o::I.cI:o: .o::I.cc:: ::: jo:o~:,:
osto at|co|o ootoooo o||ooo| |os coocootos y ao||cac|ooos oo |a ooova |||oso||a oo
gost|oo oo |a coostocc|oo, ooo oooooo so ao||caoos oo |as oooosas coostoctoas,
|ooot|||caooo |as ooo|oas oo| oocoso ooooct|vo, cooo oooto oo oat|oa oo |a
bosooooa oo| oo,oao|ooto oo so oosooooo.
A8STPACT
/s a oso|t o| t|o| osoac| oo |oo.cI:.:I) ::jo.o:o:I :: a.:o::g jo}ocI: Io.g
Io~: .o::I.cI:o: j:o:oj). t|o osoac|os |otooo to sooao t|o coocoots aoo aoo||cat|oos
o| a oov coostoct|oo oaoagoooot o|||osoo|y aoo oxo|a|o |ov a oov ooooct|oo |ocos
cao bo osoo by bo||o|og coooao|os |ooot||y|og vasto |o t|o ooooct|oo oocoss, as a stat|og
oo|ot |o t|o soac| |o oo|ooaoco |ooovoooot.
PALA8PAS CLAvLS
loao Coostoct|oo / |oo|oas / |oooct|v|oao / |ocosos
KLY WOPDS
loao Coostoct|oo / \asto / |oooct|v|ty / |ocossos
LU|S PLPNANDO
8OTLPO 8OTLPO
Co|oob|a). /oo|tocto coos-
tocto. |sooc| a| | sta oo
goooc|a oo oooosas oo
logoo|o|a. Locooto t|oooo
cooo|oto oo| Looataoooto
oo logoo|o|a C|v||. Uo|vos|-
oao |/|l.
|botoo_oa||t.ooo.co
MAPTHA LUGLN|A
LvAPLZ v|LLA
Co|oob|a) logoo|oa looos-
t|a|. |sooc|a||sta oo s|stooas
oo |o|ooac|oo. Locooto oo
t|oooo cooo|oto oo| Looa-
taoooto oo logoo|o|a oo
S|stooas. Uo|vos|oao |/|l.
oa|vaoz_oa||t.ooo.co
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Luis ernando Botero Botero
Martha ugenia Alvarez \illa
66
|NTPODUCC|N
|a s|oo tao|c|ooa| ooo |a |ooost|a oo |a coostocc|oo
coosovo o|oc|o|os |oa|toaoos ooaoto ooc|o
t|oooo: |os oocosos oo o|soo y coostocc|oo ostao
|osotos oo oaao|goas ooy aa|gaoos oo |a co|toa
oo osta |ooost|a. Cooo cootasto a |as toooooc|as
tao|c|ooa|os oo o| oosao||o oo ooyoctos oo
coostocc|oo, sogoo ooovas co|ootos o|ootaoas a
oo,oa |a coocooc|oo oo |os oocosos ooooct|vos.
Cooo coosocoooc|a oo |a bosooooa oo oo oo,o-
ao|ooto oogos|vo oo |os oocosos coocoo|ootos
a |a |ooost|a oo |a coostocc|oo oosoo o| oooto oo
v|sta g|oba| oo| oosao||o oo ooyoctos, sogo |a
|||oso||a |ean Censtact|en, coyos ootooos ao||caoos
oo |a coostocc|oo boscao |a oot|o|zac|oo oo ocosos,
costos y t|oooos too|oooo cooo baso coocootoa| |a
too|a oo |a oooocc|oo |oao.
Io~: joo.cI:o: t|ooo sos o|gooos oo o| s|stooa oo
oooocc|oo oosao||aoo oo oyota oosooos oo |a
sogoooa gooa oooo|a|. |sto s|stooa oo oooocc|oo
osta o|ootaoo |oooaooota|oooto a o||o|oa ooo|oas
oo |os oocosos ooooct|vos, ootooo|ooooso cooo
ooo|oa oo goooa| tooo aooo||o ooo oo goooa va|o
a| oooocto ||oa|.
|ean censtact|en |a s|oo |oo|ooootaoa coo ox|to oo
a|gooos oa|sos oo| ooooo oosoo 1993. Cooos cooo
o| |ean Censtact|en |nst|tate, |ntenac|ena| Cea
/e |ean Censtact|en coo|ooaoos oo ooa oo oo
|ovost|gaooos y oo|os|ooa|os oo |a /oo|toctoa,
logoo|o|a y Coostocc|oo, o|aotoao ooo |a ooocac|oo,
oact|ca o |ovost|gac|oo oo ostos caooos oobo so
ooovaoa coo ooovos coocootos oaa osooooo a |os
oosa||os ooo o| ooovo oocaoo |ooooo.
1. LL NULvO LNPOQUL DL
LA GLST|N DL PPODUCC|N
APL|CADO A LA CONSTPUCC|N
(LLAN CONSTPUCT|ON)
la ba,a ooooct|v|oao, |os oso|taoos oo ca||oao, |as
oobos cooo|c|ooos oo taba,o y |os oob|ooas oo
sogo|oao |ooost|a|, |ao s|oo caacto|st|cas cooooos
a |a oayo|a oo |os ooyoctos oo coostocc|oo.
la |ooost|a||zac|oo y |os s|stooas |otogaoos oo
|o|ooac|oo |ao s|oo oosootaoos cooo ooa oo |as
so|oc|ooos a |os oob|ooas aoto|ooooto oosc|tos,
||ovaooo a a|gooos |ovost|gaooos a |a |ooo|ac|oo oo
s|stooas oo coostocc|oo aotooat|zaoa y a |a obot|ca
cooo ooo|o oaa oo,oa o| oosooooo oo |os
ooyoctos.
|o ooc|os aos, |a |ooost|a oaoo|actooa, |a s|oo
tooaoa cooo oooo|o oaa |a oa||zac|oo oo |ooo-
vac|ooos oo |a |ooost|a oo |a coostocc|oo. S|stooas
|otogaoos oo oooocc|oo y |a aotooat|zac|oo t|oooo
so o|goo oo otas |ooost|as y so ao||cac|oo so
oocooota ooy oosao||aoa s| so coooaa coo |a
coostocc|oo.
/ctoa|oooto, so |a oosao||aoo ota toooooc|a oo |a
oooocc|oo oaoo|actooa, coyo |ooacto oaoco
so oayo ooo o| oa||zaoo oo |a ao||cac|oo oo
ooovas tocoo|og|as. L|c|o oo|oooo, basaoo oo ooa
ooova |||oso||a oo oooocc|oo, ooooo|oaoa |ean
edact|en, oo|at|za oo |a |oootaoc|a oo |os o|oc|o|os
too|cos oo| oocoso oo oooocc|oo. S|o oobago,
so|o |asta o|oc|o|os oo |os aos 1990s, osta
ooova |||oso||a caotoo |a atooc|oo oo oo|os|ooa|os y
acaooo|cos oo o| ooooo, |ogaooo actoa|oooto
gaooos |ooactos oo |ooost|as cooo |a aotooot|z,
|a o|octoo|ca y o| oosao||o oo ooovos ooooctos.
Lo acoooo a |a ooova o|ootac|oo, o| oocoso oo
oooocc|oo os oo osooc|a o| ||o,o oo oato|a|os y oo
|o|ooac|oo |ac|a o| oooocto ||oa| ga||ca 1). |o osto
||o,o, |os oato|a|os soo oocosaoos, so |osoocc|ooao,
ostao oo osooa y so taosootao. los oocosos
ooosootao |as cenzes|enes oo |a oooocc|oo,
o|ootas ooo |osoocc|ooos, osooas y taosootos,
ooosootao |os j|aes oooto oo |a o|soa.
|ooooos ostab|oco ootoocos, oo acoooo a |oao
ooooct|oo, ooo o| oocoso ooooct|vo so coooooo
oo ?enzes|enes j j|aes, a o||oooc|a oo| s|stooa
tao|c|ooa| oo oooocc|oo ooooo so|o so coos|ooao
|as o|ooas.
67
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GPP|CA 1
los coaoos sooboaoos coosoooooo a act|v|oaoos ooo oo agogao va|o ooo|oas)
CL|LNTL
Transporte
PPOCLSO
A
Lsperas Transporte Transporte |nspecclon
PPOCLSO
8
Loooo|oaoos co:.o::o:o: a tooas |as act|v|oaoos oo taos|ooac|oo ooo coov|otoo |os oato|a|os y |a
|o|ooac|oo oo ooooctos ooosaooo oo |os oooo|o|ootos oo| c||ooto, oo |o taoto oo o| oocoso oo oooocc|oo
soo |as act|v|oaoos ooo agogao va|o.
Pd|das, oo o| coota|o, so coos|ooao a tooas |as act|v|oaoos ooo oo agogao va|o, ooo ooo coosoooo
t|oooo, ocosos y osoac|o, goooaooo costos oo o| oocoso oo oooocc|oo act|v|oaoos oo ||o,os).
Cooo ob,ot|vo oo |a ot|||zac|oo oo| ooovo oo|oooo oo oooocc|oo, so oocooota o| |aco oas o||c|ootos |as
act|v|oaoos oo taos|ooac|oo ooo agogao va|o, o|o|o|zaooo o o||o|oaooo |as act|v|oaoos ooo oo |o goooao
ooo|oas). Uoa coooaac|oo ooto o| s|stooa tao|c|ooa| oo oooocc|oo y |a ooova |||oso||a |oao ooooct|oo, so
oosc|bo a coot|ooac|oo,
TA8LA 1
Comparaclon entre |os dos esquemas de producclon
Produccin Tradiciona| Lean Production
la oooocc|oo osta cooooosta oo ooa
so|o oo act|v|oaoos oo coovos|oo ooo
agogao va|o
L||g|oo a| costo oo |as act|v|oaoos
locooooto oo |a o||c|ooc|a oo |as
coovos|ooos a tavos oo |a ot|||zac|oo
oo ooova tocoo|og|a
la oooocc|oo osta cooooosta oo ||o,os
oo agogao va|o) y coovos|ooos
agogao va|o)
L||g|oo a| t|oooo, costo y va|o oo |os
||o,os
|||o|oac|oo oo |as act|v|oaoos ooo oo
agogao va|o ooo|oas), |ocoooo-
taooo |a o||c|ooc|a oo |as act|v|oaoos ooo
|o goooao, a tavos oo| oo,oao|ooto
coot|ooo y |a |oo|ooootac|oo oo ooova
tocoo|og|a
CONCLPTO
CONTPOL DL
PPODUCC|N
ML[OPAM|LNTO
|o coostocc|oo, o| oo|oooo tao|c|ooa| oo oooocc|oo oaa |a ooo|c|oo oo| oosooooo oo |os ooyoctos, oo|at|za
oo |as va|ab|os oo costo y t|oooo. |oc|ootooooto y coo |a |oo|ooootac|oo oo s|stooas oo gost|oo oo |a ca||oao
osta va|ab|o taob|oo |a s|oo coos|ooaoa.
/|gooos aotoos coos|ooao o| oosooooo, oosoo ooa v|s|oo oas aoo||a. Cg|osby, |a|o y |ovo|| oo o| ||bo
Foo.cI:.:I) ::jo.o:o:I :: .o::I.cI:o: !F,. |ovo|ocao coato o|ooootos, ooooct|v|oao, sogo|oao, t|oooo
y ca||oao.
68
Uoa oo||o|c|oo oas aoo||a ooo |oc|oyo s|oto o|ooootos
oo |os coa|os so ooboo oo|oca tooos |os os|oozos
oaa oo,oa o| oosooooo oo |os ooyoctos oo
coostocc|oo, |oo ooooosta oo oto aoto, S|o|
1985). los o|ooootos |oc|o|oos oo osto oooo|o soo:
1) o|oct| v| oao, 2) o|| c| ooc| a, 3) ca| | oao, +)
ooooct|v|oao, 5) |ooovac|oo, 6) ootab|||oao, )
ca||oao oo v|oa |aboa| oo |os ooo|oaoos.
lao| Kos|o|a 1992), acaooo|co ||o|aooos y o|oooo
oo o| ooooo oo o| oosao||o oo |os coocootos
too|cos oo |a ao||cac|oo oo |oao ooooct|oo oo |a
coostocc|oo, |a soa|aoo |a oocos|oao oo ooovas
ooo|c|ooos oo oosooooo oo |os ooyoctos oo
coostocc|oo, ooto o||as ooo|c|oo oo ooo|oas, va|o,
t|oooo oo c|c|o y va|ab|||oao.
So coos|ooao d|das, tooo |o ooo soa o|st|oto oo
|os ocosos o|o|oos abso|otos oo oato|a|os,
oaoo|oas y oaoo oo oba oocosa|os oaa agoga
va|o a| oooocto /|acoo 2002). |,ooo|os oo
ooo|oas oo |os oocosos oo |a coostocc|oo soo |as
osooas ocas|ooaoas oo |a|ta oo |ostocc|oo, oo
oato|a|os, |oto|oooc|as, otc.: taosootos |oooco-
sa|os oo oato|a|os, ooo|oos y oboos, oo oa|a
o|st|boc|oo oo |os ocosos o aosooc|a oo o|ao|||-
cac|oo: t|oooo oc|oso oo act|tooos oo| taba,aoo:
ooocosos oo act|v|oaoos oa| o,ocotaoas o oaaoas
oo otas coao|||as oo taba,o, ooto otas.
2. |DLNT|P|CAC|N DL LAS PLPD|DAS
COMO HLPPAM|LNTA DL
ML[OPAM|LNTO LN PPOYLCTOS DL
CONSTPUCC|N
la ooo|c|oo oo| oosooooo actoa| oo| s|stooa
oo oooocc|oo, so coov|oto oo oooto oo oat|oa
oo |a |oo|ooootac|oo oo coa|oo|o s|stooa oo oo,o-
ao|ooto. la |ooot|||cac|oo oo ooo|oas, a tavos oo
sooc|||as toco|cas, cooo ooostoo oo taba,o,
oocoostas oo ooooas y catas oo ba|aoco oo
coao|||as, |ao s|oo ot|||zaoas cooo ooo|oa |oo|octa
oo |a ooooct|v|oao, ya ooo so asooo ooo a| |ooot|||ca
|as catogo|as y caosas oo |as ooo|oas oo |a coostoc-
c|oo y oooc||as, so |ocoooota |a ooooct|v|oao.
/|acoo 1993).
la |oao|oota oo ooostoo oo taba,o, coos|sto oo
ooooosas obsovac|ooos cotas oo |a |abo oo |os
oooa|os oo so s|t|o oo taba,o y catogo|za oo tos
gooos o|oc|oa|os o| taba,o oa||zaoo oo |os oboos.
So ooo|oo oo o|o|oo oo 38+ obsovac|ooos oaa
so coos|ooaoas ostao|st|caoooto va||oas coo oo
oagoo oo oo oo| 5' y ooa coo||ab|||oao oo| 95'.
L|c|as catogo|as soo |as s|go|ootos:
Trabajo productlvo (TP), oo||o|oo cooo o|
t| oooo ooo| oaoo oo o| taba,aoo oo | a
oooocc|oo oo a|gooa oo|oao oo coostocc|oo.
|,ooo|o oo taba,o ooooct|vo os |a co|ocac|oo oo
|a aoaooa oo o|oozo y o| vac|aoo oo| coocoto
oo a|goo o|ooooto ostoctoa|, |a ooga oo |ao|||os
oo ooos, otc.
Trabajo contrlbutlvo (TC), os o| t|oooo ooo
ooo|oa o| taba,aoo oa||zaooo |aboos oo aooyo
necesa|as oaa ooo so o,ocotoo |as act|v|oaoos
ooooct|vas, cooo ||oo|oza oo sooo||c|os y
ooco|aoos, ooo|c|ooos oov|as y oo |osoocc|oo,
taosootos oo oato|a|os, aoaoo oo o|ata|ooas
y aooao|os oaa taba,o oo a|toa y sogo|oao
|ooost|a|, otc.
Trabajo no contrlbutlvo (TNC), so oo||oo cooo
coa|oo|o ota act|v|oao oa||zaoa oo |os oboos
y ooo oo so c|as|||ca oo |as aoto|oos catogo|as,
oo |o taoto so coos|ooao ooo|oas. |,ooo|os oo
osta catogo|a soo |os t|oooos ooo|caoos a
osooas, t|oooo oc|oso, ooocosos, ooscaosos,
otc.
Cooo o|oc|o|o oo oo,oao|ooto oo| oosooooo oo
ooyoctos oo coostocc|oo y ooa voz catogo|zaoo o|
t|oooo ooo|oaoo o |ooot|||caoas |as caosas oo
ocoooc|a oo ooo|oas, so oooooo bosca |a o||c|ooc|a
oo| taba,o ooooct|vo, o|o|o|zaooo o| t|oooo
oost|oaoo a| taba,o coot|bot|vo y o||o|oaooo o|
t|oooo oo coot|bot|vo ooo|oas). |sta toco|ca
oosoota oo|t|o|os voota,as oo so sooc|||oz, t|ooo
va||oac|oo ostao|st|ca, ooo|to ooo| |a va|ab|||oao oo
|as o||oootos act|v|oaoos ooaoto |a oba y ooo|to
ootocta oootoo|oaoos oo oo,oao|ooto oo |os
ooyoctos oo coostocc|oo, s|toac|oo oo ov|oooto
ot|||zaooo |os s|stooas tao|c|ooa|os oo cooto| oo |a
oooocc|oo.
69
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3. LXPLP|LNC|AS DL |DLNT|P|CAC|N DL PLPD|DAS LN LA CONSTPUCC|N
3.1 La Lxperlencla Cbl|ena
l|ooaoo oo o| gooo oo|os|ooa| oo| oooataoooto oo logoo|o|a C|v|| y Cost|oo oo |a Coostocc|oo
oo |a |oot|||c|a Uo|vos|oao Cato||ca oo C|||o, ooaoto 5 aos so oa||zaoo ooo|c|ooos oo oas oo +0 ooyoctos
oo coostocc|oo o||c|oas, |oto|os, v|v|oooa), oo oo tota| aoox|oaoo a 30.000 o
2
coosto|oos, oooostaooo
ooo |a |ooot|||cac|oo oo ooo|oas os ooa |oao|oota o|oct|va oaa goooa oo,oao|ooto oo |a coostocc|oo.
las |ovost|gac|ooos oa||zaoas ooo|t|ooo obtooo |os s|go|ootos oso|taoos:
GPP|CA 2
Dlstrlbuclon genera| de categorlas de trabajo. Lxperlencla Cbl|ena
GPP|CA 3
Dlstrlbuclon de| tlempo no contrlbutlvo. Lxperlencla Cbl|ena
120
100
80
60
+0
20
0
D|STP|8UC|N DL TPA8A[O NO CONTP|8UT|vO
P
P
L
C
U
L
N
C
|
A
Lspera Oclo vlajes Descansos Necesldades Peprocesos
|lslo|oglcas
36
63
87
95
97.4
99
LSTUD|O DL PLPD|DAS
La Lxperlencla Cbl|ena
|o coot|bot|vo
25'
|oooct|vo +'
Coot|bot|vo
28'
70
120
100
80
60
+0
20
0
D|STP|8UC|N DL TPA8A[O CONTP|8UT|vO
P
P
L
C
U
L
N
C
|
A
Transportes |nstrucclones Otros Medlclon Llmpleza
49
64
76.5
89
100
Lo acoooo a |os oso|taoos aoto|oos oo |os
ooyoctos aoa||zaoos oo C|||o, so cooc|oyo ooo o|
53' oo| t|oooo |aboaoo os ooo|caoo a act|v|oaoos
oo ooooct|vas. las caosas ooo o|g|oao |as ooo|oas
|oooo |ooot|||caoas y cooo ooa oo |as cooc|os|ooos
oo osto ostoo|o so oosoota ooo |a |a|ta o |oaoocoaoa
o|aooac|oo soo ooa oo |oootos o|oc|oa|os oo
|oooooct|v|oaoos oo |os ooyoctos oo coostocc|oo.
|o coosocoooc|a, os|oozos oaa |oc|o| |as act|v|oaoos
oo o|aooac|oo cooo so ooo|ooo oo |a |abo o|a|a
oo oo|os| ooa| os oo caboza oo| oosao| | o oo
ooyoctos oo coostocc|oo ooboo so o|octoaoos, s|
so oosoa oo,oa |a ooooct|v|oao y coooot|t|v|oao oo
osta |ooost|a.
3.2 La Lxperlencla en Co|ombla
|| /oa oo coostocc|oo oo| oooataoooto oo
logoo|o|a C|v|| oo |a Uo|vos|oao |/|l coo,oota-
oooto coo oo |oootaoto gooo oo coostoctoos oo
|a c|ooao oo |ooo|||o |a ||ooaoo o| ooyocto oo
oo,oao|ooto oo |a ooooct|v|oao oo |a coostocc|oo.
la o|ooa |aso oo |a |ovost|gac|oo, coos|stooto oo |a
|ooot|||cac|oo oo ooo|oas so oa||za oo 3 o||oootos
ooyoctos oo v|v|oooa, oaa oo tota| aoox|oaoo oo
12.000 o
2.
GPP|CA 4
Dlstrlbuclon de| tlempo contrlbutlvo. Lxperlencla Cbl|ena
los oso|taoos oo |a oba / caso |ooo|||o), oa||zaoo
oo ooa oooosa ||oo oo |a coostocc|oo oo
Co|oob|a, so oosootao a coot|ooac|oo:
GPP|CA 5
Dlstrlbuclon genera| de categorlas de trabajo.
Caso Mede||ln
LSTUD|O DL PLPD|DAS
Caso Mede||ln
|o coot|bot|vo
2'
|oooct|vo 3'
Coot|bot|vo 36'
S|o||a a| oso|taoo ao,aoo oo o| ostoo|o oa||zaoo
oo C|||o, oo gao oocoota,o oo| t|oooo 63') so
ot|||za oo act|v|oaoos oo ooooct|vas, |o coa| so
coov|oto oo oo oto y ooa gao oootoo|oao oo
oo,oao|ooto oo o| oosooooo oo| socto oo |a
coostocc|oo oo Co|oob|a.
71
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looot|||caoas |as ooo|oas Ca||cas 6 y ), |a caosa oo oayo |ocoooc|a oo ocoooc|a oo |as o|soas +9'), so
goooa oo osooas oo o| oocoso coostoct|vo, |o coa| a|ota a coostoctoos sobo |a oocos|oao oo ooa oo,o
o|ao|||cac|oo oaa |a o|soos|c|oo y |oca||zac|oo oo ocosos, ot|||zac|oo y o|soos|c|oo oo coao|||as oo taba,o,
ooto otas.
GPP|CA 6
Dlstrlbuclon de| tlempo no contrlbutlvo. Caso Mede||ln
GPP|CA 7
Dlstrlbuclon de| tlempo contrlbutlvo. Caso Mede||ln
120
100
80
60
+0
20
0
D|STP|8UC|N DL TPA8A[O CONTP|8UT|vO
P
P
L
C
U
L
N
C
|
A
Transportes Preparaclon vlajes |nstltuclon Medlclon Llmpleza
49
64
76.5
89
100
120
100
80
60
+0
20
0
D|STP|8UC|N DL TPA8A[O NO CONTP|8UT|vO
P
P
L
C
U
L
N
C
|
A
Lspera Oclo Descansos vlajes Peprocesos Necesldades
|lslo|oglcas
49
70
84
95
98
100
72
3.3 Ana|lsls de |as Prdldas de |a Obra
oo|oooo oo cooota |as o||oootos act|v|oaoos oo
coostocc|oo y |os o||c|os ooo |as oa||zao, so
o|octoaoo o||oootos t|oos oo ooo|c|ooos:
|| ooooo|o oo |os oocoota,os oo t|oooo
ooooct|vo, coot|bot|vo y oo coot|bot|vo, ova|oa-
oos oo caoa sooaoa |oo|oas sooaoa|os) ooo
ooo|to ova|oa |a va|ac|oo oo caoa sooaoa, coo
o| ||o oo ootoo|oa s| o| oocoso osta oo,oaooo
o oo, aoooas oo |aco oos|b|o o|ac|ooa ta|
va|ac|oo coo ovootos oosootaoos coo aoto|o|oao
o s|oo|taooaoooto.
|| ooooo|o oo |os oocoota,os oo |os o|soos
t|oooos ooo|oos oosoo o| |o|c|o |asta o| oooto oo
coto oo caoa sooaoa |oo|oas acooo|aoas). /|
ga||ca ta| |o|ooac|oo, |a oooo|ooto oo caoa cova
|oo|ca |a vo|oc|oao oo caob|o oo |as ooo|oas oo|
oocoso. |o caoa oooto oo coto |a baso oaa
ca|co|a o| oocoota,o os oayo oo |a ooo|oa oo
ooo taoscooo |as sooaoas, oo ta| |ooa ooo oo
caob|o |avoab|o oo o|c|as oooo|ootos os caoa voz
oas s|go|||cat|vo, oo oooooo ooo soa.
/o|c|ooa|oooto, ostas ooo|c|ooos so oa||zaoo a
va|os o|vo|os:
ooa |a oba: tooas |as act|v|oaoos, tooos |os o||c|os
|o o||c|os: o||c|a| y ayooaoto
|o act|v|oaoos. So aoa||zaoo tos act|v|oaoos:
Co|ocac|oo oo o|oozo, \ac|aoo oo coocoto y
Co|ocac|oo oo |ooa|otas, ooto tooas |as oa||zaoas
oo |a oba.
lo aoto|o, coo o| ||o oo oocoota coa|os act|v|oaoos
o o||c|os so coost|toyoo oo |actoos a |os ooo so oobo
tooo oo cooota oaa |oo|oooota oo,oas oo o|
oocoso, soa oo |os o|aoos oo caoac|tac|oo, cooo|-
c|ooos oo cootatos coo oovooooos, caob|os oo |a
oogaoac|oo, oo,oa oo |as coooo|cac|ooos, ootoga
oo |osooos, cooto|os oo |a oba otc., cooo taob|oo
ostab|oco oo||t|cas oo oaotoo|o|ooto oo |os o|vo|os
oo boooa ca||oao, coosogo|oos.
la ova|oac|oo oo |as ooo|oas oa||zaoa oo |a oba so
|o|c|o o| 20 oo |oboo oo 2002 y o| o|oo oooto
oo coto so ||zo c|oco sooaoas oosooos, a oat| oo|
coa| so oa||zo o| sogo|o|ooto, sooaoa tas sooaoa,
ooaoto s|oto oo|ooos.
la Gra|lca 8A: Prdldas acumu|adas ooosta o|
ooooo|o oo |os oocoota,os oo t|oooos ooooct|vos,
coot|bot|vos y oo coot|bot|vos oo tooa |a oba tooas
|as act|v|oaoos, tooos |os o||c|os) oosoo so |o|c|o |asta
o| oooto oo caoa coto. /| aoa||za |a so|o oo|
oocoota,o ooooct|vo, os oocosa|o ooc|sa o|
|ocooooto s|go|||cat|vo obtoo|oo ooto |os oootos oo
coto oo |a sooaoa 2 y |a sooaoa 6, tayoooo cooo
obv|a coosocoooc|a oo caob|o oo o| soot|oo oo |as
oooo|ootos oo |os t|oooos coot|bot|vo y oo
coot|bot|vo, caob|os ooo soo oosoab|os a |a |oz oo
|a too|a loao Coostoct|oo y ooo oo o|oc|o|o soo
sat|s|acto|os, oaoo ooo o| ostoo|o oo |oo |otov|o|ooto,
oas a||a oo |aco |as ooo|c|ooos y oa o| |o|ooo a
| os coostoctoos, s| o ooc| sa | os |actoos
ootoo|oaotos oo |os oso|taoos.
|o |a Gra|lca 88: Prdldas semana|es so aooc|a o|
cooootao|ooto sooaoa tas sooaoa oo |a oba. |o
|a tocoa sooaoa oo sogo|o|ooto, so obsova o| gao
|ocooooto ooo tovo o| t|oooo ooooct|vo ooo
co|oc|oo coo |a |oc|a oo ootoga oo| o|oo |o|ooo
oaoo a |a coostoctoa.
|aa coooco ooo |actoos oo||ooo |os oso|taoos oo
|ooa oogat|va o oo, so aoa||zaoo |os o||c|os y |as
act|v|oaoos.
la Gra|lca 9. Lstudlo de Prdldas por O|lclos,
ooo|to cooc|o| ooo o| t|oo oo o||c|o os oo |acto
|oootaoto oo o| oooooto oo coaot|||ca |as ooo|oas,
ya ooo so cooootao|ooto os ooy o||oooto. |o |as
ga||cas oo |oo|oas /cooo|aoas, |os o||c|a|os t|oooo
va|oos coya toooooc|a so acoca a| |ooa| y ooostao
covas oo aoooo|za,o oos|t|vas. |o ocoo |goa| coo
|os ayooaotos, oo|ooos oaot|oooo a |o |ago oo|
t|oooo va|oos cocaoos a |os |o|c|a|os.
73
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PPODUCT|vO CONTP|8UT|vO NO CONTP|8UT|vO
GPP|CA 8
Lstudlo de prdldas en toda |a obra
GPP|CA 8A
Prdldas Acumu|adas
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
4O
35
3O
25
GPP|CA 88
Prdldas Semana|es
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
las ga||cas oo |oo|oas Sooaoa|os ooostao taob|oo
oo |a sooaoa tos oo ooooto oo |os t|oooos
ooooct|vos taoto oaa |os o||c|a|os cooo oaa |os
ayooaotos, cooo so obsovo oo |a ga||ca oo tooa |a
oba. / o||oooc|a oo |os o||c|a|os, |os ayooaotos oo
oaot|oooo |a toooooc|a oo oo,oao|ooto coot|ooo.
c|o ooo ooooo oco| osto |o oato ooooo
oxo||caso oo a|ta otac|oo oo ayooaotos, o oo |a |a|ta
oo osooc|a||zac|oo oo sos act|v|oaoos cooo s| ocoo
coo |os o||c|a|os, oo ooa oa|a oogaoac|oo, oa|as
coooo|cac|ooos, otaso oo |a ootoga oo |oa-
o|ootas o |osooos, ooca oxoo|ooc|a oo| ayooaoto,
o|vo|os ba,os oo cooooo|so oo oato oo ostos, otc.
|| oso|taoo oo| aoa||s|s oo |as oos|b|os caosas oaca
ooa oootoo|oao ooo so t|ooo oo oo,oa, oax|oo
coaooo o| ooooo oo ayooaotos os oayo a| ooooo
oo o||c|a|os y |a o||c|ooc|a ooto o||os os ootoaoooto
oooooo|ooto.
la oos|b|o ox|stooc|a oo |actoos o||oootos a| ocoso
|ooaoo y a |os o||c|os ooo oosooooao, |aco ooco-
sa|o c|as|||ca |as ooo|oas obtoo|oas oo act|v|oaoos.
|o o| aoa||s|s oo| Caso |ooo|||o so tov|ooo oo cooota
|as tos act|v|oaoos oas ooosootat|vas oo osto ootooo
oo coostocc|oo.
|aa caoa act|v|oao so obtov|ooo |as |oo|oas
/cooo|aoas y |as |oo|oas sooaoa|os, cooo ooooo
obsovaso oo |a Gra|lca 1O.
74
GPP|CA 9
Lstudlo de prdldas por o|lclos
OP|C|ALLS
GPP|CA 9A
Prdldas Acumu|adas
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
GPP|CA 98
Prdldas Semana|es
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
5O
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
15
GPP|CA 9C
Prdldas Acumu|adas
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
GPP|CA 9D
Prdldas Semana|es
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
AYUDANTLS
5O
4O
35
3O
25
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
15
PPODUCT|vO CONTP|8UT|vO NO CONTP|8UT|vO
75
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GPP|CA 1O
Lstudlo de prdldas por actlvldades
COLOCAC|N DL PLPULPZO
GPP|CA 1OA
Acumu|adas
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
GPP|CA 1O8
Semana|es
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SLMANA DL COPTL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SLMANA DL COPTL
GPP|CA 1OC
Acumu|adas
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
GPP|CA 1OD
Semana|es
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
vAC|ADO DL CONCPLTO
55
5O
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
15
1O
5
6O
55
5O
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
15
1O
5O
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
15
55
5O
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
15
1O
5
PPODUCT|vO CONTP|8UT|vO NO CONTP|8UT|vO
76
GPP|CA 1OL
Acumu|adas
P
O
P
C
L
N
T
A
[
L

T
|
L
M
P
O
GPP|CA 1OP
Semana|es
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SLMANA DL COPTL
COLOCAC|N DL POPMALLTA
55
5O
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
15
1O
5
45
4O
35
3O
25
2O
15
1O
las ga||cas aoto|oos oos|b|||tao coooaa |as
act|v|oaoos, oo ta| |ooa ooo so oocooota oo
cooootao|ooto ooy o||oooto ooto o||as. /| aoa||za
|as ooo|oas acooo|aoas oo |as tos act|v|oaoos os
|otoosaoto oota:
1. ||ogooa act|v|oao t|ooo cooootao|ooto acoo-
tab|o, ba,o |a too|a loao Coostoct|oo, ya ooo |as
so|os oo |os t|oooos coot|bot|vo y oo coot|-
bot|vo, soooao |a oo| ooooct|vo.
2. |o Co|ocac|oo oo o|oozo, |as so|os soo ooy
ostab|os a|ooooo oo sos va|oos |o|c|a|os, ooo|oa
ooc|so ooo oo |ay oo,oao|ooto a tavos oo|
t|oooo.
3. |o \ac|aoo oo coocoto so t|ooo |a coob|oac|oo
oo |os oocoota,os oo t|oooos oooos acootab|o,
ooos |a so|o oo |os t|oooos oo coot|bot|vos
oosoota ooy a|tos, |a oayo|a oo| t|oooo, aooo-
taooo a ooa oocos|oao ogooto oo atoooo osto
oocoso, ootoo|oaooo |as caosas ooo oao |oga a
ostos oocoota,os oo ooo|oas tao a|tos.
+. Co|ocac|oo oo |ooa|ota t|ooo oo oatoo s|o||a
a |a Co|ocac|oo oo o|oozo aooooo oosoota
ooa |ovo toooooc|a oo o| aooooto oo| t|oooo
ooooct|vo ooto |as sooaoas tos y so|s.
|o coaoto a |as ga||cas oo |as ooo|oas sooaoa|os, o||as
ov|oooc|ao oo caob|o s|go|||cat|vo a oat| oo |a sooaoa
tos. Laoo ooo ta|os caob|os soo cooooos a |as tos
act|v|oaoos, os oobab|o ooo so ooba a oo ost|oo|o
oxtooo a o||as. la oosootac|oo oo| |o|ooo oo
ova|oac|oo a |a coostoctoa, oot|vo ooa act|too
oos|t|va |ac|a o| oo,oao|ooto.
|s |oootaoto aoooas, aoa||za |as ooo|oas c|as|||caoas
oo o||c|os oo caoa act|v|oao, a oat| oo o||a so ooooo
ocoooco y coo||oa |o ooo ya so |ab|a o|aotoaoo
oo |a Ca||ca 9: |a gao o||oooc|a oo |a o||c|ooc|a oo
|os o||c|a|os y oo |os ayooaotos. a| va|ac|oo so vo
a|octaoa oo |ooa oogat|va oo o| ooo|o|ooto oo|
ayooaoto, soa oo |os ootooos oo taba,o, soa oo |a
caot|oao oo ayooaotos |ooto a oo o||c|a|, ooo ob||ga|a
a oa||za oo cooto| oas cocaoo oo| oocoso, soa
oo |a oatoa|oza o|soa oo| taba,o oo| ayooaoto oo
coyo caso, os |oootaoto ooo||o| oaa o| ayooaoto
|os coocootos oo t|oooo ooooct|vo, coot|bot|vo y
oo coot|bot|vo.
77
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|sto aoa||s|s |ac|||to ostab|oco ooo oo a|gooa ooo|oa,
|as ooooos ooo|oas |as oa o| oocoso oo Co|ocac|oo
oo o|oozo, sogo|oas oo Co|ocac|oo oo |ooa|otas,
aobas oo| o||c|a|. `, ooo oo taoto ooo o| o||c|a| oo|
\ac|aoo oo coocoto t|ooo |os oocoota,os oas a|tos
oo t|oooo ooooct|vo, sos) ayooaotos) t|oooo as|
o|soo o| oayo oocoota,o oo t|oooos oo coot|-
bot|vos, |o ooo |o||oyo oo |a ova|oac|oo oogat|va oo |a
act|v|oao, v|sta oo |a ga||ca aoto|o.
CONCLUS|ONLS
loo|oooota ox|tosaoooto o| ooovo oo|oooo oo
gost|oo oo |a oooocc|oo oo |a |ooost|a oo |a
coostocc|oo, ooo|oo oo caob|o co|toa| a tooo
o|vo| oo |as oooosas, ooo ooo|ta ostab|oco
ooovos s|stooas oo ooo|c|oo ot|||zaooo |oa-
o|ootas ostao|st|cas bas|cas y |a ao||cac|oo oo ooovas
toco|cas oo o|ao|||cac|oo y cooto| oo| oocoso
ooooct|vo. |aa ooo o||o soa oos|b|o so ooo|oo
caoac|ta a |os oo|os|ooa|os oocagaoos oo |a
o|aooac|oo, o,ococ|oo y cooto| oo |os ooyoctos
oo |as ooovas ostatog|as oo gost|oo, coo o| ||o oo
ooo so coov|otao oo |ac|||taooos oo |a ao||cac|oo
oo |os ooovos coocootos. || oo|oooo tao|c|ooa|,
oo oooocc|oo a o||oooc|a oo osto, oo ooo|to
|ooot|||ca o| coaot|||ca |as ooo|oas, oosooo|c|aooo
oootoo|oaoos oo oo,oao|ooto oo o| oosooooo
oo |os ooyoctos oo coostocc|oo.
a| cooo oooo voso oo |a oba aoa||zaoa Caso
|ooo|||o) |as ooo|c|ooos oa||zaoas, goooaoo
act|tooos oos|t|vas y oo cooooo|so oo taba,a-
ooos y oo|os|ooa|os |ac|a o| oo,oao|ooto. ||
ooovo osooooa oo gost|oo oobo coovot|so oo
ostatog|a oooosa|a| oo |a bosooooa oo|
|ocooooto oo |a ooooct|v|oao, |a coooot|t|v|oao
y o| oo,oao|ooto oo| oosooooo oo| socto oo
|a coostocc|oo.
So ooo|oo aoooas aoo||a o| oaco ooosta|
oa||zaooo ooo|c|ooos oo ooovos ooyoctos y
act|v|oaoos oo coostocc|oo, coo o| ||o oo oo||o|
|oo|caooos g|oba|os oo oosooooo a o|vo| oac|ooa|,
ooo ooo|tao ostab|oco coooaac|ooos ooto |as
oooosas oo| socto y o| oso|taoo oac|ooa| coo
ostaooaos oo c|aso oooo|a|.
la |ooot|||cac|oo oo ooo|oas so coost|toyo oo |a
ao||cac|oo oo ooo oo |os o|oc|o|os bas|cos oo |a
ooova |||oso||a |oao coostoct|oo coostocc|oo s|o
ooo|oas). |s|oozos tooo|ootos a |a ao||cac|oo oo
|os oooas o|oc|o|os ooboo so oa||zaoos oo |as
oooosas oo| socto, oaa |otoooc| oao|at|oaoooto
o| ooovo oo|oooo oo gost|oo oo |a coostocc|oo,
ovo|oc|ooaooo oosoo o| s|stooa tao|c|ooa| oo
oooocc|oo oo o| ooo o|oc|oa|oooto so cooto|ao
o|azos y costos |ac|a ooa v|s|oo oas g|oba| ooo
|otooozca ooovas ooo|oas oo| oosooooo.
NOTA DL LOS AUTOPLS
los aotoos agaoocoo a |os ostoo|aotos C|aoo|a |a|a
Saoc|oz, C|oa |ao|a \|||a|obos, oao |ab|o Cso|oa y
Ca|os /ogosto |ao|oz, oo |a Uo|vos|oao |/|l, oo
so va||osa oat|c|oac|oo oo o| ooyocto. lgoa|oooto a
|as oooosas coostoctoas ooo ooo|t|ooo so
oa||zac|oo oo sos ooyoctos y a |a Coooa|a oo
Cooooto /gos, oo o| aooyo ocoooo|co.
8|8L|OGPAP|A
/|acoo, l, Caoooo |. 1999). /oo|o|stac|oo oo
ooyoctos c|v||os. Saot|ago oo C|||o: |o|c|ooos
Uo|vos|oao Cato||ca oo C|||o. 322 o.
/|acoo, l |o|to. 199). loao coostoct|oo.
|ottooao: 3a||ooa oob||s|os. +9 o.
|ovo||, C. 1999). \|at |s |oao coostoct|oo.
|tto://vvv.co.bo|o|oy.ooo/toooo|o|o/lClC-
/|L|/|ovo||.oo| 26 o|y 1999).
Kos|o|a, l. 1992). jj:c~I:o: o Io :o. joo.cI:o:
j:o:oj) Io co::I.cI:o:. oc::c~ ojoI No 72.
Cooto |o | otogatoo |ac| | | ty oog| ooo| og.
78
Looatooot o| c|v|| oog|ooo|og. Stao|oo
Uo|vos|ty. 5 o.
Cg|osby, C, |a|o, | y |ovo||, C. 1989).
|oooct|v|ty |ooovoooot |o coostoct|oo. |ov
`o|: |c Cav |||| |ob||s||og Coooaoy. 588 o.
oos. C, lsatto, | y |otoo|, |. 1999). |ot|oo |o
vasto cooto| |o t|o bo||o|og |ooosty. |tto://
vvv.co.bo|o|oy.ooo/toooo|o|o/lClC-/|L|/
|oooso8lsatto8||ota.oo| 26 o|y 1999).