PSYCHROMETRICS

J.ILANGUMARAN

s c i r t e m o r h c y s P
The Psychrometric Chart

COMFORT We air condition buildings to provide a comfortable environment for the occupants
Relative Humidity:
A minimum RH of 35% is recommended to prevent dry eyes, nose and throat. A maximum RH of 70% is recommended to prevent surface condensation and mould etc. Electrostatic charges can be generated at RH less than 45%.

Temperature and Humidity:

24oC DB and 60% RH for summer and 21oC DB and 50% RH for winter is energy efficient.

Air Movement: The terminal velocity, at neck level, should be designed for approximately 0.2m/s. Air Freshness: For body odour dilution of 8l/s of fresh air per person should be introduced.
If smokers are present 16l/s of fresh air is required.

Air Cleanliness: Selection of an adequate filtration system is very important and some types
of air conditioning system permit better air cleansing than others.

Noise Levels: Careful selection of equipment and consideration of both external and internal
noise pollution is important. A certain level of noise is necessary to mask clarity of individual conversations etc.

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

-5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Dry Bulb Temperature oC

MOISTURE CONTENT (Specific Humidity) The weight of water in the air

21oC DB and 50% RH = 0.007857 kg/kg 0.007857kg/kg = 0.66% 1.186kg/m3 (air density)
0.015 0.02

0.01

0.005

Moisture Content kg/kg (Dry Air)

RELATIVE HUMIDITY
RH is actual vapour pressure compared to the vapour pressure at saturation for the same dry bulb temperature.
100% Relative Humidty (Saturation Curve) 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

COOLING & HEATING

COOLING HEATING

DEWPOINT Dewpoint is the temperature where moisture begins to condense.

Cool to dewpoint (from A to B) no change in moisture content. Further cooling (to C) water vapour condenses lowering the moisture content.

Saturation Curve
B COOL A Moisture Content 0.01kg/kg

Dewpoint
C

A B

OL O C

Moisture C Content 0.075kg/kg

10oC Dry Bulb

14oC Dry Bulb

22oC Dry Bulb

WET BULB TEMPERATURE

The sling psychrometer is used to determine the moisture content of the air.

Wet Bulb Thermometer

Handle

Dry Bulb Thermometer Wetted Cotton wick

If air is saturated none of the moisture on the wick will evaporate and the WB temperature will be the same as the DB. If the air is less than saturated moisture will evaporate from the wick cooling the WB thermometer. The difference between the WB and DB is called the WB depression.

WET BULB TEMPERATURE

On the saturation curve WB and DB temperatures are the same
o

25

at ur e m pe r W B Te
15 Saturation Curve 5 0 -5 10

C
20

15oC Dry Bulb

DENSITY (Specific Weight)

The inverse of density is the Specific Volume m3 /kg The volume increases with temperature increase. The density decreases with temperature increase.

1.32

1.3

1.28

1.26

1.24

1.22

1.2

1.18

1.16

1.14

1.12

Density kg/m3

TOTAL HEAT CONTENT (SPECIFIC ENTHALPY)

60 65 55

70

75

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55 50 45 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Total Heat Content kJ/kg

SPECIFIC ENTHALPY CORRECTION FACTOR DUE TO ALTITUDE

1.0

0.9 Specific Enthalpy Correction Factor 0.8

0.7

1000

2000

3000

Altitude Metres

PSYCHROMETRIC DATA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DB Temperature = 24oC WB Temperature = 17oC RH = 50% Moisture Content = 0.0093kg/kg Total Heat Content = 48kj/kg Dewpoint = 13oC 5 Saturated Moisture Content = 0.0188kg/kg

2 3 6 4

5 1

COOLING & HEATING

COOLING HEATING

COOLING CURVES
Due to Cooling Coil inefficiency the air loses moisture before it reaches the saturation curve. The cooling process of a Cooling coil follows the Cooling Curves.

HUMIDIFYING
To add moisture

DEHUMIDIFYING
To remove moisture

DEHUMIDIFYING

HUMIDIFYING

SENSIBLE HEAT:
A change in DB temperature. No change in moisture content.

LATENT HEAT:
A change In moisture content . No change in DB temperature.

TOTAL HEAT (ENTHALPY):

Sensible Heat + Latent Heat

TOTAL HEAT

To He tal at

TOTAL COOLING

ta l o T at He

Latent Heat

Sensible Heat

Humidification Evaporative Cooling Heating & Humidification

Sensible Cooling

Sensible Heating

Cooling & Dehumidification Dehumidification

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

THE COMFORT ZONE

Summer

Winter

Tech

Brian Fossey

Roof Solar & Conduction Sensible Gain to Ceiling Void

PERIMETER ZONE

Occupants Gain Sensible & Latent CIRCULATION ZONE Miscellaneous Equipment Sensible Gain

Ceiling SensibleGain To Room Floor Sensible Gain To Room

Light SensibleGain To Room INTERIOR ZONE

Floor Conduction Sensible Gain Wall Solar & Conduction Sensible Gain to Ceiling Void Glass Solar &Conduction Sensible Gain to Room Infiltration Gain - Sensible & Latent to Room

PERIMETER ZONE

CIRCULATION ZONE

INTERIOR ZONE

Wall Solar & Conduction Sensible Gain to Room

ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR = SENSIBLE HEAT SENSIBLE HEAT + LATENT HEAT = SENSIBLE HEAT TOTAL HEAT

SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (ESHF, GSHF, RSHF) LINES

1.) Calculate SHF. 2.) Plot line through SHF ratio and plotting point. 3.) Plot line parallel to item 2.) through point of room condition.

Room Condition

SHF

SHF Plotting Point

Room Condition

Heat gain from fan

Condition of air leaving cooling coil

Condition of air B entering cooling coil

RSHF - Room Sensible Heat Factor Room Sensible and Latent Heat Gains from Walls, windows, infiltration, people, lights and miscellaneous equipment

Tech FAN COIL UNITS

Brian Fossey

A Outside Air Louvre Filter Heating Coil B Cooling Coil Humidifier C Supply Fan D

AIR HANDLING UNIT SUPPLYING 100% OUTSIDE AIR

D A B C

Outside Air Summer and A Entering Cooling Coil Condition Supply Air D Condition

Fan Gain

Leaving Cooling Coil Condition

AIR HANDLING UNIT SUPPLYING 100% OUTSIDE AIR

SUMMER
Tech
Brian Fossey

WINTER
D A B C

AIR HANDLING UNIT SUPPLYING 100% OUTSIDE AIR

Supply Air Condition C
Sp ra

A Outside Air Winter and Entering Heating Coil Condition

Fan Gain Steam Humidifier

yH um

idi f

ier

Preheater for Steam Humidifier

B B

Preheater for Spray Humidifier

AIR HANDLING UNIT WITH RECIRCULATED AIR

Outside Air Louvre Outside Air Damper

Heating Coil

Cooling Coil

Humidifier

Supply Supply Air Air Fan G F Return Air B Return Air Fan Air Conditioned Room

Outside Air

Filter

E Recirculated Air

Disharge Air
Discharge Louvre Discharge Damper

Saturation Curve

Room B Condition RSHF

Maximum 60% RH

Saturation Curve B

Return Air Fan Gain Recirculated Air Condition C

SUMMER COOLING
Saturation Curve B Return Air Fan Gain Recirculated Air Condition C

A C

Outside Air Condition Summer A

SUMMER COOLING
Saturation Curve B Return Air Fan Gain Recirculated Air Condition C Outside Air and Recirculated Air Mixture Condition D % Outside Air (minimum outside air) % Recirculated Air A D C Outside Air Condition Summer A

SUMMER COOLING
Saturation Curve B C Outside Air and Recirculated Air Mixture Condition D A

Cooling Coil

D C

SUMMER COOLING
Saturation Curve Apparatus Dewpoint (ADP) Cooling Coil Leaving Cooling Coil Condition E B C Outside Air and Recirculated Air Mixture Condition D A

Bypass Factor normally 10% of total coil

D C

Saturation Curve Supply Air Fan Gain

SUMMER COOLING
Supply Air Condition G B C D

Cooling Coil

D C

E G B

WINTER
Saturation Curve Supply Air Fan Gain Supply Air Condition G

Minimum 40% RH

Outside Air and D Recirculated Air Mixture Condition

E % Outside Air (minimum outside air)

% Recirculated Air A A D C E G B

WINTER - SPRAY HUMIDIFIER

Saturation Curve Supply Air Fan Gain F Spray Humidifier D Wet bulb Line More than minimum D outside air is required A F A
In this situation a Preheater is not required for daytime operation but would be needed for morning warm-up.

Supply Air Condition G

D C

G B

WINTER - SPRAY HUMIDIFIER

Saturation Curve Supply Air Fan Gain F Spray Humidifier D Preheat Wet bulb Line A A Preheater required when low temperature or high % outside air D E F G C B E

Supply Air Condition G

WINTER - STEAM HUMIDIFIER

Saturation Curve Supply Air Fan Gain F Steam Humidifier D

Supply Air Condition G

More than minimum D outside air is required A

In this situation a Preheater is not required for daytime operation but would be needed for morning warm-up.

D C

F G B

AIR HANDLING UNIT WITH RECIRCULATED AIR Outside Air Condition Summer 32oC DB, 19oC WB.
Supply Air Fan Gain
RSHF

Room Condition

Return Air Fan Gain

%R etur n Ai

Leaving Cooling Coil Condition

ting RSHF plot line

Outside Air Condition Summer

Supply Air Condition

Entering Cooling Coil Condition

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

AIR HANDLING UNIT WITH RECIRCULATED AIR Outside Air Summer 28oC DB, 19oC WB.
Supply Air Fan Gain Room Condition Outside Air Condition Summer

RSHF

Leaving Cooling Coil Condition

Return Air Fan Gain

ti RSHF plot line

ng

Supply Air Condition

Entering Cooling Coil Condition

Tech

Brian Fossey

PSYCHROMETRIC TERMS AND FORMULEA ROOM CONDITIONS

RSH RLH RTH RSHF = Room Sensible Heat (watts) = Room Latent Heat (watts) = Room Total Heat (watts) = RSH + RLH = Room Sensible Heat Factor = RSH/RTH

OUTSIDE AIR CONDITIONS

Outside Air Volume m3/s = Number of occupants X 0.008 to 0.01m3/s OATH = Outside Air Total Heat - kW = OA volume m3/s X (OA enthalpy kj/kg - Room enthalpy kj/kg) X OA density kg/m3 OASH = Outside Air Sensible Heat - kW = OA volume m3/s X specific heat 1.02kj/kg oC X (OADB oC - Room DB oC) X density kg/m3 OALH = Outside Air Latent Heat - kW = OATH - OASH

TOTAL CONDITIONS
TSH = Total Sensible Heat = RSH + OASH + *Air conditioning system gains * Includes supply air and return air fan gains, duct leakage sensible losses, return air gains from lights. = Total Latent Heat = RLH + OALH + supply air duct leakage latent losses. = Grand Total Heat = TSH + TLH = TSH/GTH

TLH GTH GSHF

EFFECTIVE CONDITIONS
ERSH = Effective Room Sensible Heat = RSH + (BF* X OASH) + **Air conditioning system gains * BF = Cooling coil bypass factor (approximately 0.1) ** Includes supply air and return air fan gains, duct leakage sensible losses, return air gains from lights. ERLH = Effective Room Latent Heat = RLH + (BF* X OALH) + **Air conditioning system gains * BF = Cooling coil bypass factor (approximately 0.1) ** Includes supply air and return air fan gains, duct leakage latent losses, return air gains from lights. = Effective Room Total Heat = ERSH + ERLH = Effective Sensible Heat Factor = ERSH / ERTH

ERTH

ESHF

AIR VOLUME CALCULATIONS

Dehumidified Supply Air Volume m3/s = ERSH / Specific Heat 1.02 kj/kgoC X (RoomoC DB - ADPoC DB) X Density kg/m3

Psychrometric Calculation Example

Roof Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain to Ceiling Void

PERIMETER ZONE

Occupants Gain Sensible & Latent CIRCULATION ZONE Miscellaneous Equipment Sensible Gain

Ceiling SensibleGain To Room Floor Sensible Gain To Room

Light SensibleGain To Room INTERIOR ZONE

Floor Transmission Sensible Gain Wall Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain to Ceiling Void Glass Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain to Room Infiltration Gain - Sensible & Latent to Room

PERIMETER ZONE

CIRCULATION ZONE

INTERIOR ZONE

Wall Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain to Room

BUILDING COOLING LOADS ASSOCIATED WITH AIR HANDLING UNIT No 1

Load peaks at 9am July when outside air condition is 21oC DB, 19oC WB

ROOM COOLING LOADS

SENSIBLE HEAT GAINS RSH 1. Conduction Heat Gains: walls, roof, ceiling, floor. 2. Solar Heat Gainswindows, Walls,Roof. 3. Heat gains from lighting load to space. 4. Miscellaneous equipment: computers, printers etc. 5. Occupants Total= 329.45kW Infiltration Gain= -5.079kW Total Space Gains= 325kW LATENT HEAT GAINS RLH 3. Occupants= 31.9kW 4. Infiltration= 11.64kW Total = 44kW

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

SYSTEM SENSIBLE HEAT GAINS SSH 5. Supply air fan and motor. = 28.59kW 6. Supply air duct gain. = 23.53kW 7. Supply air duct leakage to areas other than the air conditioned space. = 0 8. Heat gain from lights to the return air plenum via the ceiling void. = 27kW Minimum Outside Air Volume =4.84m3/s Heat gain from minimum outside air OASH. To be calculated using Psychrometric data. Return air fan and motor. = 10kW = 89kW

9.

10. Total

SYSTEM LATENT HEAT GAINS SLH 10. Cooling required to offset supply air duct leakage to areas other than the air conditioned space. =0 11. Heat gain from minimum outside air OALH. To be calculated using Psychrometric data.

SYSTEM DESIGN CONDITIONS

Outside Air Summer Outside Air Winter

= 21oC DB, 19oC WB = - 4oC DB, 50% RH

Room Summer Room Winter

= 23oC DB, 60% RH = 21oC DB, 50% RH = 10oC DB

Night set back room temperature winter

SYSTEM DESIGN CONDITIONS

B

20

21oC
pe ra tu re
o

Outside Air DB, 19oC WB

A
C

Te m W B

15

Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

MINIMUM OUTSIDE AIR

Minimum Outside Air = 4.84m3/s Outside Air Total Heat (OATH) = OA air volume X (OA enthalpy - Room enthalpy) X OA density
The data in blue italics can be derived from the Psychrometric chart or from tables

= OA m3/s X (OA kj/kg - Room kj/kg) X OA kg/m3 = 4.84 X (54 - 50) X 1.19 = 23kW

Outside Air Sensible Heat (OASH) = OA air volume X specific heat X density X (OADB oC - Room DB oC) = OA m3/s X kj/kg oC X kg/m3 X (OADB oC - Room DB oC) = 4.84 X 1.02 X 1.16 X (21 - 23) = -11kW Outside Air Latent Heat (OALH) = OATH - OASH = 23 - -11

= 34kW

EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH) = RSH + (Bypass factor BF X OASH) + SSH
BF assume cooling coil is 10% efficient = 0.1

= 325 + (0.1 X -11) + 89 = 413kW Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH) = RLH + (Bypass factor BF X OALH) + SLH = 44 + (0.1 X 34) + 0 = 47kW Effective Room Total Heat (ERTH) = ERSH + ERLH = 413 + 47 = 460kW Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor = ERSH/ERTH = 413/460 = 0.9

SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (ESHF, GSHF, RSHF) LINES

1.) Calculate SHF. 2.) Plot line through SHF ratio and plotting point. 3.) Plot line parallel to item 2.) through point of room condition.

Room Condition

SHF

SHF Plotting Point

EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR ERSHF

20

21oC
o

Outside Air DB, 19oC WB

A
pe ra tu re Te m C

15

B
ESHF = 0.9 Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

APPARATUS DEWPOINT ADP

The ADP is at the point where the ESHF intersects the Saturation Curve.

ADP = 14.2oC DB and WB

APPARATUS DEWPOINT ADP

B

20

21oC
o

Outside Air DB, 19oC WB

A
pe ra tu re Te m C

15

B
ESHF = 0.9 ADP = 14.2oC DB and WB Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR Total Sensible Heat (TSH) = RSH + OASH + SSH = 325 + (-11) + 89 = 403kW Total Latent Heat (TLH) = RLH + OALH + SLH = 44 + 33 + 0 = 77kW Grand Total Heat (GTH) = TSH + TLH = 403 + 77 = 480kW Grand Sensible Heat Factor

= TSH/GTH = 403/480 = 0.84

GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR GSHF

B
20

21oC
o

Outside Air DB, 19oC WB

A
pe ra tu re Te m B C

15

GSHF = 0.84 ESHF = 0.9 B o ADP = 14.2 C DB and WB Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

SUPPLY AIR VOLUME Supply Air Volume m3/s = ERSH/Specific Heat X (Room oC DB - ADP oC DB) X Supply Air Density* = 413kW/ 1.02kj/kgoC X (23 - 14.2) x 1.215kg/m3

Supply Air Volume =

38 m3/s

RETURN AIR SYSTEM GAINS Return Air System Heat Gain = (Return Air Fan + Lighting gain to return air) = 10+27 = 37kW Temperature rise due to return air system gain = (Return air System gain) - divided by Specific heat X Supply Air Volume X (1 - % pressurisation air remaining in the building)* X Density of room air = 37kW/ 1.02kj/kgoC X 38m3/s X (1- 0.1) X 1.19kg/m3 = 0.9oC Recirculated Air = 23 + 0.9 = 24oC * Assume that 10% of the total air remains in the space to pressurise the building to offset some of the effects of infiltration and for makeup air to toilet exhaust.

D C

F G B

RETURN AIR SYSTEM GAIN

20

21oC
o

Outside Air DB, 19oC WB

A
pe ra tu re Te m B C

15

GSHF = 0.84 ESHF = 0.9 B o ADP = 14.2 C DB and WB

Recirculated Air Condition C Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

D C

F G B

MIXED AIR CONDITION

20

21oC
o

Outside Air DB, 19oC WB

A
pe ra tu re Te m C

15

Mixed Air Condition D GSHF = 0.84 ESHF = 0.9 B o ADP = 14.2 C DB and WB Recirculated Air Condition Room 23oC DB, 60% RH C

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

PERCENTAGE OUTSIDE AIR The percentage of Minimum Outside Air to Supply Air Volume = Minimum Outside Air Volume / Supply air Volume = 4.84m3/s divided by 38m3/s 4.84/38 = 12.74%

Check the location of the mixed air condition

D C

F G B

MIXED AIR CONDITION CHECK

20

21oC
C
o

Outside Air DB, 19oC WB

A
Mixed Air Condition GSHF = 0.84 ESHF = 0.9 ADP = 14.2oC DB and WB

0% 1 0 .2 6 % 87

Te m

pe ra tu re

10

15

12.74% Recirculated Air Condition

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

BYPASS FACTOR BF

Due to the cooling coil inefficiency assume that the air bypassing the coil is 10% of the total air

D C

F G B

BYPASS FACTOR BF

20

pe ra tu re

Outside Air 21oC DB, 19oC WB

A D
Recirculated Air Condition Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

10% of length of GSHF

Te m

BF Bypass Factor

Mixed Air Condition

15

GSHF = 0.84 ESHF = 0.9

ADP = 14.2oC DB and WB

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature

oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

COOLING COIL

D F

Entering Cooling Coil condition = 23.8oC DB, 18.2oC WB Leaving Cooling Coil condition = 15.5oC DB, 14.8oC WB

ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR RSHF Room Sensible Heat RSH = 325kW Room Latent Heat RLH = 44kW Room Total Heat RTH = 325 + 44 = 369kW Room Sensible Heat Factor = 325/369 = 0.88

RSHF = 0.88

D C

F G B

ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR RSHF

20

BF Bypass Factor 10% of length of GSHF

Te m

pe ra tu re

15

Mixed Air Condition ESHF = 0.9 GSHF = 0.88 RSHF = 0.88 B ADP = 14.2oC DB and WB

Outside Air A 21oC DB, 19oC WB

D
Recirculated Air Condition Room 23oC DB, 60% RH C

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

Tech

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

SUPPLY AIR SYSTEM GAINS SYSTEM SENSIBLE HEAT GAINS SSH Supply air fan and motor. Supply air duct heat gain. Cooling required to offset supply air duct leakage to areas other than the air conditioned space. SSH = 28.59 + 23.53 = 52kW Temperature rise due to SUPPLY air system gain = Supply air System gain divided by Density of supply air X Specific heat X Supply Air Volume = 52kW 1.215kg/m3 X 1.02kj/kgoC X 38m3/s = 1.1oC Final Supply Air condition = 15.5 + 1.1 = 16.6oC DB

D C

F G B

SUPPLY AIR HEAT GAIN

20

BF Bypass Factor 10% of length of GSHF

Te m

pe ra tu re

15

Coil Leaving Condition Mixed Air Condition ESHF = 0.9 GSHF = 0.88 RSHF = 0.89

Outside Air A 21oC DB, 19oC WB

Mixed Air Condition (Coil Entering Condition)

ADP = 14.2oC DB and WB

Recirculated Air Condition Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

Supply Air Condition G

10

10

15

20 Dry Bulb Temperature oC

25

30

YORK Production System Brian Fossey 03/99 All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.

SUMMARY - AIR HANDLING UNIT SUMMER CONDITIONS FANS Supply Fan Air Volume = 38m3/s Return Air Fan Air Volume = 38 X 0.9* = 34.2m3/s * 10% air remains in the air conditioned space to offset toilet exhaust and for pressurisation against infiltration. Supply Air condition = 16.6oC DB, 15.2oC WB COOLING COIL Entering Cooling Coil condition = 23.8oC DB, 18.2oC WB Leaving Cooling Coil condition = 15.5oC DB, 14.8oC WB

WINTER MIXED AIR CONDITION Outside Air DB oC = - 4 Recirculated Air DB oC = 21 + 1(Return Air Gain) = 22 Minimum Outside Air = 12.74% 0.1274 X - 4 0.8726 X 22 Mixed Air DB oC = -0.51 = 19.2 = 18.69

D C

F G B

STEAM HUMIDIFIER
20

Increase Moisture Content by 0.0025kg/kg

tu ra e mp e T re
oC

15

Room Winter B 21oC DB, 50% RH RSHF = 0.89 Recirculated Air Condition C Mixed Air Condition with minimum Outside Air

10

Steam 5 Humidifier

Increased Outside Air Volume D 0 -5 Outside Air Winter -5 0 5 10 15

oC

20

25

Dry Bulb Temperature

D C

F G B

SPRAY HUMIDIFIER
20

Increase Moisture Content by 0.0015kg/kg

tu ra e mp e T re
oC

15

Room Winter B 21oC DB, 50% RH RSHF = 0.89 Recirculated Air Condition C Mixed Air Condition with minimum Outside Air

10

5 0 -5 Outside Air Winter -5 0 5

Spray Humidifier

D
Increased Outside Air Volume D

10

15
oC

20

25

Dry Bulb Temperature

HUMIDIFIER SIZING STEAM HUMIDIFIER Increase moisture content by 0.0025kg/kg Density = 1.24 kg/m3 Steam Volume = 38m3/s X 3600 (m3/hour) X 0.0025kg/kg X 1.24kg/m3 = 424kg/Hour SPRAY HUMIDIFIER Increase moisture content by 0.0015kg/kg Density = 1.24 kg/m3

D C

F G B

STEAM HUMIDIFIER WITH PREHEAT

20

Increase Moisture Content by 0.0025kg/kg

tu ra e mp e T re
oC

15

Room Winter B 21oC DB, 50% RH RSHF = 0.89 Recirculated Air Condition C

10

F D

D Mixed Air Condition

Steam 5 Humidifier

with high percentage 0 Outside Air of minimum Preheater Outside Air Winter

-5

-5

10

15
oC

20

25

Dry Bulb Temperature

D C

F G B

SPRAY HUMIDIFIER WITH PREHEAT

20

Increase Moisture Content by 0.0015kg/kg

tu ra e mp e T re
oC

15

Room Winter B 21oC DB, 50% RH RSHF = 0.89 Recirculated Air Condition C

10

5 0 -5 Outside Air Winter -5 0 5

Spray Humidifier Preheater Mixed Air Condition with high percentage of D minimum Outside Air 10 15
oC

20

25

Dry Bulb Temperature

D C

REHEAT
20

Increase Moisture Content by 0.0015kg/kg

tu ra e mp e T re
oC

15

Room Winter B 21oC DB, 50% RH RSHF = 0.89 Recirculated Air Condition C

10

G
Reheater

5 0 -5 Outside Air Winter -5 0 5

Spray Humidifier

Preheater Mixed Air Condition with minimum Outside Air D

10

15
oC

20

25

Dry Bulb Temperature