Chapter 9 8051 Timer Programming in Assembly and C

Objective
Embedded Systems with Timer/Counter
(count up)(count down)

8051 2 Timer/Counter
Timer Counter Timer Counter
2

Sections
9.1 Programming 8051 timers 9.2 Counter programming 9.3 Programming timers 0 and 1 in 8051 C

Section 9.1 Programming 8051 Timers

Inside Architecture of 8051

External interrupts Interrupt Control On-chip ROM for program code
Timer/Counter

On-chip RAM

Timer 1 Timer 0

Counter Inputs

CPU
Serial Port

OSC

Bus Control

4 I/O Ports

P0 P1 P2 P3

TxD RxD

Address/Data Figure 1-2. Inside the 8051 Microcontroller Block Diagram

Timers /Counters
The 8051 has 2 timers/counters: timer/counter 0 and timer/counter 1. They can be used as 1. The timer is used as a time delay generator.
The clock source is the internal crystal frequency of the 8051.

2. An event counter.
External input from input pin to count the number of events on registers. These clock pulses cold represent the number of people passing through an entrance, or the number of wheel rotations, or any other event that can be converted to pulses.

Timer
8051 timers use 1/12 of XTAL frequency as the input of timers, regardless of machine cycle. Because the input of timer is a regular, fixedperiodic square wave, we can count the number of pulses and calculate the time delay.
XTAL oscillator

8051
12 Timer

P1
TH0

to LCD
7

Set Timer 0

TL0

Counter
Count the number of events External input from Tx input pin (x=0 or 1). We use Tx to denote T0 or T1.
External input from T0 input pin (P3.4) for Counter 0 External input from T1 input pin (P3.5) for Counter 1 8051
TH0

P1
TL0
Vcc

to LCD
8

a switch

T0

P3.4

Figure 4-1. 8051 Pin Diagram

PDIP/Cerdip
P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 RST (RXD)P3.0 (TXD)P3.1 (INT0)P3.2 (INT1)P3.3 (T0)P3.4 (T1)P3.5 (WR)P3.6 (RD)P3.7 XTAL2 XTAL1 GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 Vcc P0.0(AD0) P0.1(AD1) P0.2(AD2) P0.3(AD3) P0.4(AD4) P0.5(AD5) P0.6(AD6) P0.7(AD7) EA/VPP ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7(A15) P2.6(A14) P2.5(A13) P2.4(A12) P2.3(A11) P2.2(A10) P2.1(A9) P2.0(A8)

8051 (8031)

Figure 9-8: Timer/Counter 0

timer input XTAL oscillator

12
C/T = 0 TH0 TL0

T0 Pin Pin 3.4

counter input TR0

C/T = 1 1:start TF0

0:stop

Gate
INT0 Pin Pin 3.2 hardware control

1. monitor by JNB 2. interrupt

Sec 9.2

10

Figure 9-9: Timer/Counter 1

timer input XTAL oscillator 12 C/T = 0 TH1 TL1 T1 Pin Pin 3.5 counter input TR1 C/T = 1 1:start TF1

0:stop

Gate INT1 Pin Pin 3.3 hardware control

1. monitor by JNB 2. interrupt

11

Registers Used in Timer/Counter

TH0, TL0 (Timer 0 registers) TH1, TL1 (Timer 1 registers) TMOD (Timer mode register) TCON (Timer control register) You can see Appendix H (pages 607-611) for details. Since 8052 has 3 timers/counters, the formats of these control registers are different.
T2CON (Timer 2 control register), TH2 and TL2 used for 8052 only.
12

Basic Registers of the Timer

Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16 bits wide.
Each 16-bit timer can be accessed as two separate registers of low byte and high byte. Timer 0: TH0 & TL0
Timer 0 high byte, timer 0 low byte

Timer 1: TH1 & TL1

Timer 1 high byte, timer 1 low byte

These registers stores

the time delay as a timer the number of events as a counter

13

Timer Registers

TH0
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8

TL0
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Timer 0

TH1
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8

TL1
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Timer 1
14

TCON Register (1/2)

Timer control register: TCON
Upper nibble for timer/counter, lower nibble for interrupts

TR (run control bit)

TR0 for Timer/counter 0; TR1 for Timer/counter 1. TRx is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/off.
TRx=0: off (stop) TRx=1: on (start)

(MSB) TF1 TR1 Timer 1

TF0 TR0 Timer0

IE1

IT1 IE0 for Interrupt

(LSB) IT0
15

TCON Register (2/2)

TF (timer flag, control flag)
TF0 for timer/counter 0; TF1 for timer/counter 1. TFx is like a carry. Originally, TFx=0. When TH-TL roll over to 0000 from FFFFH, the TFx is set to 1.
TFx=0 : not reach TFx=1: reach If we enable interrupt, TFx=1 will trigger ISR.

(MSB) TF1 TR1 Timer 1

TF0 TR0 Timer0

IE1

IT1 IE0 for Interrupt

(LSB) IT0
16

Table 9-2: Equivalent Instructions for the Timer Control Register

For timer 0 SETB TR0 CLR TR0 = = SETB TCON.4 CLR TCON.4

SETB TF0 CLR TF0

For timer 1 SETB TR1 CLR TR1 SETB TF1 CLR TF1

= =
= = = =

SETB TCON.5 CLR TCON.5

SETB TCON.6 CLR TCON.6 SETB TCON.7 CLR TCON.7

TCON: Timer/Counter Control Register

TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
17

TMOD Register
Timer mode register: TMOD
MOV TMOD,#21H An 8-bit register Set the usage mode for two timers
Set lower 4 bits for Timer 0 Set upper 4 bits for Timer 1 (Set to 0000 if not used) (Set to 0000 if not used)

Not bit-addressable

(MSB) GATE C/T M1 Timer 1

M0 GATE C/T M1 Timer 0

(LSB) M0
18

Figure 9-3. TMOD Register

GATE Gating control when set. Timer/counter is enabled only while the INTx pin is high and the TRx control pin is set. When cleared, the timer is enabled whenever the TRx control bit is set. C/T Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation (input from internal system clock). Set for counter operation (input from Tx input pin). M1 Mode bit 1 M0 Mode bit 0
(MSB) GATE C/T M1 Timer 1 M0 GATE C/T M1 Timer 0 (LSB) M0
19

C/T (Clock/Timer)
This bit is used to decide whether the timer is used as a delay generator or an event counter. C/T = 0 : timer C/T = 1 : counter

20

Gate
Every timer has a mean of starting and stopping.
GATE=0
Internal control The start and stop of the timer are controlled by software. Set/clear the TR0 (or TR1) for start/stop timer.

GATE=1
External control The hardware way of starting and stopping the timer by software and an external source. Timer/counter is enabled only while the INT0 (or INT1) pin has an 1 to 0 transition and the TR0 (or TR1) control pin is set. INT0: P3.2, pin 12; INT1: P3.3, pin 13.
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M1, M0
M0 and M1 select the timer mode for timers 0 & 1.
M1 M0 Mode 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 Operating Mode 13-bit timer mode 8-bit THx + 5-bit TLx (x= 0 or 1) 16-bit timer mode 8-bit THx + 8-bit TLx (x= 0 or 1) 8-bit auto reload 8-bit auto reload timer/counter; THx holds a value which is to be reloaded into TLx each time it overflows. Split timer mode

22

1 1

Example 9-1
Indicate which mode and which timer are selected for each of the following. (a) MOV TMOD,#01H (b) MOV TMOD,#20H (c) MOV TMOD,#12H (LSB) Solution: (MSB)
GATE C/T M1 Timer 1 M0 GATE C/T M1 Timer 0 M0

timer 1

timer 0

(a) TMOD = 00000001, mode 1 of timer 0 is selected. (b) TMOD = 00100000, mode 2 of timer 1 is selected. (c) TMOD = 00010010 mode 2 of timer 0, and mode 1 of timer 1 are selected.

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Example 9-2
Find the timers clock frequency and its period for various 8051based systems, with the following crystal frequencies. (a) 12 MHz (b) 16 MHz (c) 11.0592 MHz
Solution: XTAL oscillator

12

(a) 1/12 12 MHz = 1 MHz and T = 1/1 MHz = 1 s (b) 1/12 16 MHz = 1.333 MHz and T = 1/1.333 MHz = 0.75 s (c) 1/12 11.0592 MHz = 921.6 KHz; T = 1/921.6 KHz = 1.085 s

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Example 9-3
Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode 2, use 8051 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to start and stop the timer.
(MSB) (LSB) C/T M1 Timer 1 M0 GATE C/T M1 Timer 0 M0

Solution:

GATE

TMOD= 0000 0010 Timer 1 is not used. Timer 0, mode 2, C/T = 0 to use XTAL clock source (timer) gate = 0 to use internal (software) start and stop method.
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Timer Mode 1
In following, we all use timer 0 as an example. 16-bit timer (TH0 and TL0) TH0-TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0 is set to 1. And the 8051 stops to increment TH0-TL0 when TR0 is cleared. The timer works with the internal system clock. In other words, the timer counts up every 12 clocks from XTAL. When the timer (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised. Programmer should check TF0 and stop the timer 0.

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Mode 1 Programming

XTAL oscillator

12
C/T = 0

like MC for 89C51

TH
Start timer

TL

TF

TR

TF goes high when FFFF 0

overflow flag
27

Steps of Mode 1 (1/3)

1. Chose mode 1 timer 0
MOV TMOD,#01H

2. Set the original value to TH0 and TL0.

MOV TH0,#0FFH MOV TL0,#0FCH

3. You had better to clear the flag to monitor: TF0=0.

CLR TF0

4. Start the timer.

SETB TR0
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Steps of Mode 1 (2/3)

5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TH0TL0.
TH0-TL0= FFFCH,FFFDH,FFFEH,FFFFH,0000H
TR0=1 Start timer

TH0

TL0

TR0=0 Stop timer

FFFC
TF0=0

FFFD
TF0=0
TF0

FFFE TF0=0

FFFF
TF0=0

0000
TF0=1
29

Roll over

Monitor TF01 until TF0=1

Steps of Mode 1 (3/3)

6. When TH0-TL0 rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, the 8051 set TF0=1.
TH0-TL0= FFFEH, FFFFH, 0000H (Now TF0=1)

7. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see if it is raised.

AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN

8. Clear TR0 to stop the process.

CLR TR0

9. Clear the TF flag for the next round.

CLR TF0
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Initial Count Values

The initial count value = FFFC. The number of counts = FFFFH-FFFCH+1 = 4
we add one to 3 because of the extra clock needed when it rolls over from FFFF to 0 and raises the TF flag.

The delay = 4 MCs for 89C51 If MC=1.085 s, then the delay = 4.34 s Figure 9-4 show a formula for delay calculations using mode 1 of the timer for a crystal frequency of XTAL=11.0592 MHz. Examples 9-4 to 9-9 show how to calculations the delay generated by timer.

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Figure 9-4. Timer Delay Calculation for XTAL = 11.0592 MHz

(a) in hex (FFFF YYXX + 1) 1.085 s where YYXX are TH, TL initial values respectively. Notice that values YYXX are in hex. (b) in decimal Convert YYXX values of the TH, TL register to decimal to get a NNNNN decimal number, then (65536 NNNNN) 1.085 s
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Find Timer Values

Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz . How to find the inter values needed for the TH, TL?
Divide the desired time delay by 1.085 s. 20ms 1.085 s = 18433 Perform 65536 n, where n is the decimal value we got in Step 1. 65536-18433=47103=B7FFH Convert the result of Step 2 to hex, where yyxx is the initial hex value to be loaded into the timers registers. Set TH = yy and TL = xx. TH=B7H, TL=FFH Example 9-10

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Example 9-4 (1/4)

In the following program, we are creating a square wave of 50% duty cycle (with equal portions high and low) on the P1.5 bit. Timer 0 is used to generate the time delay. Analyze the program. ;each loop is a half clock MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode 1(16-bit) HERE: MOV TL0,#0F2H ;Timer value = FFF2H MOV TH0,#0FFH P1.5 CPL P1.5 ACALL DELAY 50% 50% SJMP HERE whole clock
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Example 9-4 (2/4)

;generate delay using timer 0 DELAY: SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0 AGAIN:JNB TF0,AGAIN CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0 CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag RET

FFF2
TF0 = 0

FFF3
TF0 = 0

FFF4
TF0 = 0

FFFF
TF0 = 0

0000
TF0 = 1
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Example 9-4 (3/4)

Solution: In the above program notice the following steps. 1. TMOD = 0000 0001 is loaded. 2. FFF2H is loaded into TH0 TL0. 3. P1.5 is toggled for the high and low portions of the pulse. 4. The DELAY subroutine using the timer is called. 5. In the DELAY subroutine, timer 0 is started by the SETB TR0 instruction. 6. Timer 0 counts up with the passing of each clock, which is provided by the crystal oscillator. As the timer counts up, it goes through the states of FFF3, FFF4, FFF5, FFF6, FFF7, FFF8, FFF9, FFFA, FFFB, FFFC, FFFFD, FFFE, FFFFH. One more clock rolls it to 0, raising the timer flag (TF0 = 1). At that point, the JNB instruction falls through.

36

Example 9-4 (4/4)

7. Timer 0 is stopped by the instruction CLR TR0. The DELAY subroutine ends, and the process is repeated. 8. Remember to clear TF0 by the instruction CLR TF0. Notice that to repeat the process, we must reload the TL and TH registers, and start the timer again (in the main program).

37

Example 9-5
In Example 9-4, calculate the amount of time delay in the DELAY subroutine generated by the timer. Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. Solution:
The timer works with the internal system clock. frequency of internal system clock = 11.0592/12 = 921.6 KHz machine cycle = 1 /921.6 KHz = 1.085 s (microsecond) The number of counts = FFFFH FFF2H +1 = 14 (decimal). The delay = number of counts 1.085 s = 14 1.085 s = 15.19 s for half the clock. For the entire period of a clock, it is T = 2 15.19 s = 30.38 s as the time delay generated by the timer.
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Example 9-6 (1/2)

In Example 9-5, calculate the accurate frequency of the square wave generated on pin P1.5. Solution: In the time delay calculation of Example 9-5, we did not include the overhead due to instructions in the loop. To get a more accurate timing, we need to add clock cycles from Table A-1 in Appendix A, as shown below.
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Example 9-6 (2/2)

HERE: MOV TL0,#0F2H MOV TH0,#0FFH CPL P1.5 ACALL DELAY SJMP HERE ;----------delay using timer 0 DELAY: SETB TR0 AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN CLR TR0 CLR TF0 RET Total 2 2 1 2 2

1 14 1 1 2 0 28
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T = 2 28 1.085 s = 60.76 s, and F = 16458.196 Hz.

Example 9-7 (1/2)

Find the delay generated by timer 0 in the following code, using both of the methods of Figure 9-4. Do not include the overhead due to instructions. CLR P2.3 MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode 1(16-bit) HERE: MOV TL0,#3EH ;Timer value=B83EH MOV TH0,#0B8H SETB P2.3 SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0 AGAIN:JNB TF0,AGAIN CLR TR0 P2.3 CLR TF0 CLR P2.3

41

Example 9-7 (2/2)

Solution: (a) or (b) is OK. (a) (FFFF B83E + 1) = 47C2H = 18370 in decimal and 18370 1.085 s = 19.93145 ms. (b) Since TH-TL = B83EH = 47166 (in decimal ) we have 65536 47166 = 18370. This means that the timer counts from B83EH to FFFF. This plus rolling over to 0 goes through a total of 18370 clock cycles, where each clock is 1.085 s in duration. Therefore, we have 18370 1.085 s = 19.93145 ms as the width of the pulse.
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Example 9-8 (1/2)

Modify TL and TH in Example 9-7 to get the largest time delay possible. Find the delay in ms. In your calculation, exclude the overhead due to the instructions in the loop. Solution:

TH0=TL0=0 means that the timer will count from 0000 to FFFF, and then roll over to raise the TF0 flag. As a result, it goes through a total of 65536 states. Therefore, we have delay = (65536 0) 1.085 s = 71.1065 ms.

43

Example 9-8 (2/2)

CLR MOV HERE: MOV MOV SETB SETB AGAIN: JNB CLR CLR CLR P2.3 TMOD,#01 TL0,#0 TH0,#0 P2.3 TR0 TF0,AGAIN TR0 TF0 P2.3 ;clear P2.3 ;Timer 0,mode1(16-bit) ;TL0=0, the low byte ;TH0=0, the high byte ;SET high P2.3 ;start timer 0 ;monitor timer Flag 0 ;stop timer 0 ;clear timer 0 flag

44

Example 9-9 (1/2)

The following program generates a square wave on pin P1.5 continuously using timer 1 for a time delay. Find the frequency of the square wave if XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. In your calculation do not include the overhead due to instructions in the loop. MOV AGAIN:MOV MOV SETB BACK: JNB CLR CPL CLR SJMP TMOD,#10H TL1,#34H TH1,#76H TR1 TF1,BACK TR1 P1.5 TF1 AGAIN ;timer 1, mode 1 ;timer value=3476H ;start

;stop ;next half clock ;clear timer flag 1 ;reload timer1

45

Example 9-9 (2/2)

Solution: In mode 1, the program must reload the TH1, TL1 register every timer if we want to have a continuous wave. FFFFH 7634H + 1 = 89CCH = 35276 clock count Half period = 35276 1.085 s = 38.274 ms Whole period = 2 38.274 ms = 76.548 ms Frequency = 1/ 76.548 ms = 13.064 Hz. Also notice that the high portion and low portion of the square wave are equal. In the above calculation, the overhead due to all the instructions in the loop is not included.

46

Example 9-10 (1/2)

Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. What value do we need to load into the timers registers if we want to have a time delay of 5 ms (milliseconds)? Show the program for timer 0 to create a pulse width of 5 ms on P2.3. Solution: XTAL = 11.0592 MHz MC = 1.085 s. 5 ms / 1.085 s = 4608 MCs. To achieve that we need to load into TL0 and TH0 the value 65536 4608 = 60928 = EE00H. Therefore, we have TH0 = EE and TL0 = 00.

47

Example 9-10 (2/2)

CLR MOV HERE: MOV MOV SETB SETB AGAIN: JNB CLR CLR CLR P2.3 TMOD,#01 TL0,#0 TH0,#0EEH P2.3 TR0 TF0,AGAIN TR0 TF0 P2.3

;Timer 0,mode 1

;SET high P2.3 ;start ;stop

5ms

P2.3
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Example 9-11 (1/2)

Assuming that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a square wave of 2 kHz frequency on pin P1.5. Solution: This is similar to Example 9-10, except that we must toggle the bit to generate the square wave. Look at the following steps. (a) The period of square wave = 1 / frequency = 1 / 2 kHz = 500 s. (b) The half period = 500 s /2 = 250 s. (c) 250 s / 1.085 s = 230 65536 230 = 65360 = FF1AH. (d) TL1 = 1AH and TH1 = FFH
49

Example 9-11 (2/2)

MOV AGAIN:MOV MOV SETB BACK: JNB CLR CPL CLR SJMP TMOD,#10H TL1,#1AH TH1,#0FFH TR1 TF1,BACK TR1 P1.5 TF1 AGAIN ;timer 1, mode 1 ;timer value = FF1AH
;start ;stop

;clear timer flag 1

50

Example 9-12 (1/2)

Assuming XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a square wave of 50 Hz frequency on pin P2.3. Solution: Look at the following steps. (a) The period of the square wave = 1 / 50 Hz = 20 ms. (b) The high or low portion of the square wave = 10 ms. (c) 10 ms / 1.085 s = 9216 65536 9216 = 56320 in decimal = DC00H in hex. (d) TL1 = 00H and TH1 = DCH.
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Example 9-12 (2/2)

MOV AGAIN: MOV MOV SETB BACK: JNB CLR CPL CLR SJMP TMOD,#10H TL1,#00 TH1,#0DCH TR1 TF1,BACK TR1 P2.3 TF1 AGAIN ;timer 1, mode 1 ;Timer value = DC00H ;start ;stop ;clear timer flag 1 ;reload timer since ;mode 1 is not ;auto-reload
52

Example 9-13
Examine the following program and find the time delay in seconds. Exclude the overhead due to the instructions in the loop. MOV TMOD,#10H MOV R3,#200 AGAIN: MOV TL1,#08 MOV TH1,#01 SETB TR1 BACK: JNB TF1,BACK CLR TR1 CLR TF1 DJNZ R3,AGAIN Solution: TH1-TL1 = 0108H = 264 in decimal 65536 264 = 65272. One of the timer delay = 65272 1.085 s = 70.820 ms Total delay = 200 70.820 ms = 14.164024 seconds

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Timer Mode 0
Mode 0 is used to compatible with MSC-48 Mode 0 is exactly like mode 1 except that it is a 13bit timer instead of 16-bit. The counter can hold values between 0000 to 1FFF
213-1= 2000H-1=1FFFH

When the timer reaches its maximum of 1FFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.
TH0
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5

TL0
D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
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Timer 0

Timer Mode 3
For Timer/Counter 0
As a Timer:
TH0 and TL0 can be 8-bit timers.

As a Counter:
TL0 can be an 8-bit counter.

For Timer/Counter 1
Not available

55

Timer Mode 2
8-bit timer
TL0 is incremented (or roll over) continuously when TR0=1.

Auto-reloading
TH0 is loaded into TL0 automatically when TL0=00H. TH0 is not changed. You need to clear TF0 after TL0 rolls over.

In the following example, we want to generate a delay with 200 MCs on timer 0. See Examples 9-14 to 9-16
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Mode 2 programming

XTAL oscillator

12
C/T = 0

TL
reload

TF

overflow flag

TR

TH

TF goes high when FF 0

57

Steps of Mode 2 (1/3)

1. Chose mode 2 timer 0
MOV TMOD,#02H

2. Set the original value to TH0.

MOV TH0,#FCH

3. Clear the flag to TF0=0.

CLR TF0

4. Start the timer.

SETB TR0
Note that the instruction SETB TR0 dose not load TH0 to TL0. So TL0 still is 00H.
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Steps of Mode 2 (2/3)

5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TL0.
TL0= ..., FCH,FDH,FEH,FFH,FCH
TR0=1 Start timer TH0=FCH TL0=FCH TF0=10 Clear TF0

auto reload

00 TF0 = 0

01

...

FE

FF
roll over 00H

FC

FD

TF0 = 0

TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0

TF0 = 1 TF0 = 1 TF0 =0

roll over 00H

TH0=FCH TL0=00H

FE
TF0 = 0

FF

FC TF0 = 1

FD TF0 = 1
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TF0 = 0

auto reload: TL=-FCH immediately

Steps of Mode 2 (3/3)

6. When TL0 rolls over from FFH to 00, the 8051 set TF0=1. Also, TL0 is reloaded automatically with the 00H value kept by the TH0.
TL0= FCH, FDH, FEH, FFH, FCH(Now TF0=1) The 8051 auto reload TL0=TH0=FCH. Go to Step 6 (i.e., TL0 is incrementing continuously).

Note that we must clear TF0 when TL0 rolls over. Thus, we can monitor TF0 in next process. Clear TR0 to stop the process.
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Example 9-14 (1/2)

Assuming that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, find (a) the frequency of the square wave generated on pin P1.0 in the following program (b) the smallest frequency achievable in this program, and the TH value to do that. MOV TMOD,#20H ;Timer 1,mode 2 MOV TH1,#5 ;not load TH1 again SETB TR1 ;start (no stop TR1=0) BACK:JNB TF1,BACK CPL P1.0 CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1 SJMP BACK ;mode 2 is auto-reload

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Example 9-14 (2/2)

Solution: (a) First notice that target address of SJMP. In mode 2 we do not need to reload TH since it is auto-reload. Half period = (FFH 05 +1) 1.085 s = 272.33 s Total period = 2 272.33 s = 544.67 s Frequency = 1.83597 kHz. (b) To get the smallest frequency, we need the largest period and that is achieved when TH1 = 00. Total period = 2 256 1.085 s = 555.52 s Frequency = 1.8kHz.
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Example 9-15
Find the frequency of a square wave generated on pin P1.0. Solution: MOV TMOD,#2H ;Timer 0,mode 2 MOV TH0,#0 AGAIN:MOV R5,#250 ;count 250 times ACALL DELAY CPL P1.0 SJMP AGAIN DELAY:SETB TR0 ;start BACK: JNB TF0,BACK CLR TR0 ;stop CLR TF0 ;clear TF DJNZ R5,DELAY ;timer 2: auto-reload RET T = 2 (250 256 1.085 s) = 138.88 ms, and frequency = 72 Hz.
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Assemblers and Negative Values

Since the timer is 8-bit in mode 2, we can let the assembler calculate the value for TH. For example (AT89C51), if we want to generate a time delay with 200 MCs, then we can use
MOV TH1,#38H

or
MOV TH1,#-200

Way 1: 256-200 = 56 = 38H Way 2: -200 = -C8H 2s complement of 200 = 100H C8H = 38 H
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Example 9-16
Assuming that we are programming the timers for mode 2, find the value (in hex) loaded into TH for each of the following cases. (a) MOV TH1,#-200 (b) MOV TH0,#-60 (c) MOV TH1,#-3 (d) MOV TH1,#-12 (e) MOV TH0,#-48 Solution: Some 8051 assemblers provide this way. -200 = -C8H 2s complement of 200 = 100H C8H = 38 H Decimal -200 = - C8H - 60 = - 3CH - 3 - 12 - 48 2s complement (TH value) 38H C4H FDH F4H D0H

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Example 9-17 (1/2)

Find (a) the frequency of the square wave generated in the following code, and (b) the duty cycle of this wave. Solution: MOV TH0,#-150 uses 150 clocks. The DELAY subroutine = 150 1.085 s = 162 s. The high portion of the pulse is twice that of the low portion (66% duty cycle). The total period = high portion + low portion = 325.5 s + 162.25 s = 488.25 s Frequency = 2.048 kHz.
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Example 9-17 (2/2)

MOV TMOD,#2H MOV TH0,#-150 AGAIN:SETB P1.3 ACALL DELAY ACALL DELAY CLR P1.3 ACALL DEALY SJMP AGAIN
DELAY:SETB BACK: JNB CLR CLR RET TR0 TF0,BACK TR0 TF0

;Timer 0,mode 2 ;Count=150 high period

low period

;start

;stop ;clear TF
67

Section 9.2 Counter Programming

68

Counter (1/2)
These timers can also be used as counters counting events happening outside the 8051 by setting C/T=1. The counter counts up as pulses are fed from
T0: timer 0 input (Pin 14, P3.4) T1: timer 1 input (Pin 15, P3.5) 8051
Counter 0
TH0

P1 to LCD
69

TL0
Vcc

a switch

T0

P3.4

Counter (2/2)
When the timer is used as a counter, it is a pulse outside of the 8051 that increments
TH0 & TL0 for counter 0. TH1 & TL1 for counter 1.

8051
Counter 1
TH1

P1 to LCD
70

TL1
Vcc

a switch

T1

P3.5

Table 9-1: Port 3 Pins Used For Timers 0 and 1

Pin Port Pin Function Description

14 15 (MSB) GATE

P3.4 P3.5

T0 T1

Timer/Counter 0 external input Timer/Counter 1 external input (LSB)

C/T=1 M1 Timer 1

M0

GATE

C/T=1 M1 Timer 0

M0

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Counter Mode 1
16-bit counter (TH0 and TL0) TH0-TL0 is incremented when TR0 is set to 1 and an external pulse (in T0) occurs. When the counter (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised. Programmers should monitor TF0 continuously and stop the counter 0. Programmers can set the initial value of TH0-TL0 and let TF0 as an indicator to show a special condition. (ex: 100 people have come).
72

Figure 9-5. (a) Counter 0 with External Input (Mode 1)

Timer 0 external input Pin 3.4 C/T = 1 TR0

overflow flag TH0 TL0 TF0

TF0 goes high when FFFF 0

73

Figure 9-5. (b) Counter 1 with External Input (Mode 1)

Timer 1 external input Pin 3.5 C/T = 1 TR1

overflow flag TH1 TL1 TF1

TF1 goes high when FFFF 0

74

Counter Mode 2
8-bit counter.
TL0 is incremented if TR0=1 and external pulse occurs.

Auto-reloading
TH0 is loaded into TL0 when TF0=1. It allows only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded into TH0. You need to clear TF0 after TL0 rolls over.

See Figure 9.6, 9.7 for logic view See Examples 9-18, 9-19

75

Figure 9.6: Counter 0 with External Input (Mode 2)

overflow flag Timer 0 external input Pin 3.4 TL0
reload

TF0

TR0

TH0 TF0 goes high when FF 0

C/T = 1

76

Figure 9.7: Counter 1 with External Input (Mode 2)

overflow flag Timer 1 external input Pin 3.5 C/T = 1 TL1
reload

TF1

TR1

TH1

TF1 goes high when FF 0

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Example 9-18 (1/2)

Assuming that clock pulses are fed into pin T1, write a program for counter 1 in mode 2 to count the pulses and display the state of the TL1 count on P2. Solution:

We use timer 1 as an event counter where it counts up as clock pulses are fed into pin3.5. 8051
P2 P3.5 to LEDs

P2 is connected to 8 LEDs and input T1 to pulse.

T1
78

Example 9-18 (2/2)

MOV TMOD,#01100000B ;mode 2, counter 1 MOV TH1,#0 SETB P3.5 ;make T1 input port AGAIN:SETB TR1 ;start BACK: MOV A,TL1 MOV P2,A ;display in P2 JNB TF1,BACK ;overflow CLR TR1 ;stop CLR TF1 ;make TF=0 SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it Notice in the above program the role of the instruction SETB P3.5. Since ports are set up for output when the 8051 is powered 79 up , we must make P3.5 an input port by making it high.

Example 9-19 (1/3)

Assume that a 1-Hz frequency pulse is connected to input pin 3.4. Write a program to display counter 0 on an LCD. Set the initial value of TH0 to -60. Solution: Note that on the first round, it starts from 0 and counts 256 events, since on RESET, TL0=0. To solve this problem, load TH0 with -60 at the beginning of the program. 8051 P1 P3.4 1 Hz clock to LCD
R4 R3 R2
80

T0

Example 9-19 (2/3)

ACALL LCD_SET_UP ;initialize the LCD MOV TMOD,#00000110B ;Counter 0,mode2 MOV TH0,#C4H ;C4H=-60 SETB P3.4 ;make T0 as input AGAIN:SETB TR0 ;starts the counter BACK: MOV A,TL0 ; every 60 events ACALL CONV ;convert in R2,R3,R4 JNB TF0,BACK ;loop if TF0=0 CLR TR0 ;stop CLR TF0 SJMP AGAIN

81

Example 9-19 (3/3)

;converting 8-bit binary to ASCII
CONV: MOV DIV MOV MOV DIV ORL MOV MOV ORL MOV MOV ORL MOV RET B,#10 AB R2,B B,#10 AB A,#30H R4,A A,B A,#30H R3,A A,R2 A,#30H R2,A ;divide by 10 ;save low digit ;divide by 10 once more ;make it ASCII

R4

R3

R2

;ACALL LCD_DISPLAY here

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A Digital Clock
Example 9-19 shows a simple digital clock.
If we feed an external square wave of 60 Hz frequency into the timer/counter, we can generate the second, the minute, and the hour out of this input frequency and display the result on an LCD.

You might think that the use of the instruction JNB TF0,target to monitor the raising of the TF0 flag is a waste of the microcontrollers time.
The solution is the use of interrupt. See Chapter 11.
In using interrupts we can do other things with the 8051.

When the TF flag is raised, interrupt service routine starts.

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GATE=1 in TMOD
All discuss so far has assumed that GATE=0.
The timer is stared with instructions SETB TR0 and SETB TR1 for timers 0 and 1, respectively.

If GATE=1, we can use hardware to control the start and stop of the timers.
SETB TR0 and SETB TR1 for timers 0 and 1 are necessary. INT0 (P3.2, pin 12) starts and stops timer 0 INT1 (P3.3, pin 13) starts and stops timer 1 This allows us to start or stop the timer externally at any time via a simple switch.
84

Example for GATE=1

The 8051 is used in a product to sound an alarm every second using timer 0. Timer 0 is turned on by the software method of using the SETB TR0 instruction and is beyond the control of the user of that product. The timer is turned ON/OFF by the 1 to 0 transition on INT0 (P3.2) when TR0 =1 (hardware control). However, a switch connected to pin P3.2 can be used to turn on and off the timer, thereby shutting down the alarm.
85

Section 9.3 Programming Timers 0 and 1 in 8051 C

86

8051 Timers in C
In 8051 C we can access the timer registers TH, TL, and TMOD directly using the reg51.h header file.
See Example 9-20

Timers 0 and 1 delay using mode 1

See Example 9-22 and Example 9-25

Timers 0 and 1 delay using mode 2

See Examples 9-23 and 9-24 Look by yourself

87

Example 9-20 (1/2)

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously with some time delay. Use Timer 0, 16-bit mode. Solution: #include <reg51.h> void T0Delay(void); void main(void) { while(1) { //repeat forever P1=0x55; T0Delay(); //time delay P1=0xAA; T0Delay(); }}

88

Example 9-20 (2/2)

Assume XTML=11.0592MHz for the AT89C51 FFFFH-3500H+1=CB00H=51968 1.085s 51968 56.384ms void T0Delay() { TMOD=0x01; //Timer 0, Mode 1 TL0=0x00; TH0=0x35; //initial value TR0=1; //turn on T0 while (TF0==0); //text TF to roll over TR0=0; //turn off T0 TF0=0; } //clear TF0

89

Example 9-25 (1/3)

A switch is connected to P1.7. Write an 8051 C program to monitor SW and create the following frequencies on P1.5. SW=0: 500 Hz; SW=1: 750 Hz. Using Timer 0, mode 1. Assume XTML=11.0592MHz for the AT89C51

Solution: #include <reg51.h> sbit mybit=P1^5; sbit SW=P1^7; void T0Delay(void);

90

Example 9-25 (2/3)

void main(void) { SW=1; //make P1.7 an input pin while(1) { //repeat forever mybit=~mybit; //toggle if (SW==0) T0Delay(0); //500Hz time delay else T0Delay(1); //750Hz time delay }}
91

Example 9-25 (3/3)

void T0Delay(unsigned char c) { TMOD=0x01; //Timer 0, Mode 1 if (c==0) { TL0=0x67; TH0=0xFC }; // FFFFH-FC67H+1=921, about 999.285s, 500 Hz else { TL0=0x9A; TH0=0xFD }; // FFFFH-FD9AH+1=614, about 666.19s, 750 Hz TR0=1; while (TF==0); TR0=0; TF0=0; }

92

Time Delay with Different Chips

Although the numbers of clocks per machine cycle are vary with different versions, the frequency for the timer is always 1/12 the frequency of the crystal.
To maintain compatibility with the original 8051

The same codes put on AT89C51 and DS89C420 will generate different time delay.
The factors of C compiler and MC of others instructions

The C compiler is a factor in the delay size since various 8051 C compilers generate different hex code sizes. So, we still have approximate delay only.
See Examples 9-21
93

Example 9-21 (1/3)

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits P1.5 continuously every 50 ms. Use Timer 0, mode 1 for (a) AT89C51 and (b) DS89C420. Solution: #include <reg51.h> void T0Delay(void); sbit mybit=P1^5; void main(void) { while(1) { //repeat forever mybit=~mybit; T0Delay(); }}

94

Example 9-21 (2/3)

(a) Assume XTML=11.0592MHz for the AT89C51 FFFFH-4BFDH+1=B403H=46083 1.085s 46083 50ms void T0Delay() { TMOD=0x01; //Timer 0, Mode 1 TL0=0xFD; TH0=0x4B; //initial value TR0=1; //turn on T0 while (TF0==0); //BACK: JNZ TF0,BACK TR0=0; //turn off T0 TF0=0; } //clear TF0

95

Example 9-21 (3/3)

(b) Assume XTML=11.0592MHz for the DS89C4x0 FFFFH-4BFDH+1=B403H=46083 1.085s 46083 50ms void T0Delay() { TMOD=0x01; //Timer 0, Mode 1 TL0=0xFD; TH0=0x4B; //initial value TR0=1; //turn on T0 while (TF0==0); //BACK: JNZ TF0,BACK TR0=0; //turn off T0 TF0=0; } //clear TF0

96

8051 Counters in C
External pulses to T0 (P3.4) and T1 (P3.5). See Examples 9-26 to 9-29.

97

Example 9-26 (1/2)

Assume that a 1-Hz external clock is being fed into T1 (P3.5). Write a C program for counter 1 in mode 2 to count up and display the state of the TL1 count on P1. Start the count at 0H. Solution: P1 is connected to 8 LEDs. T1 is connected to 1Hz external clock. 1Hz
TH1

P1
TL1

LEDs

P3.5

T1
98

Example 9-26 (2/2)

#include <reg51.h> sbit T1=P3^5; void main(void) { T1=1; //make T1 an input pin TMOD=0x60; //counter 1, mode 2 TH1=0; //reload value while(1) { //repeat forever do {TR1=1; P1=TL1;} while (TF1==0); TR1=0; TF1=0; //clear flags }}
99

You are able to

List the timers of the 8051 and their associated registers Describe the various modes of the 8051 timers Program the 8051 timers in Assembly and C to generate time delays Program the 8051 counters in Assembly and C as event counters

100

DigitMap Descriptor
A dialing plan
a digit map (11x|080xxxxxx|03xxxxxxx|002x.)

A start timer, to start A short timer, when more digits are needed A long timer, to differentiate different routing
Timers are applied by default values.
off-hook
5 7 2 1 0 4 3

start timer dial tone

short timer

long timer

101

CSMA/CD
1. frame 2. frame frame frame 3. 51.2 sframe collisionJamming Signal 4. r 51.2 s 1
102

timeout

103