How Green is That Product?

An Introduction to Life Cycle Environmental Assessment Homework #1

Goal: In this assignment, youll do the following: practice working with the International System of Units (SI), which well use extensively in this course; assemble flow data into the basic unit process inventory format that well use in our plastic bag and bottled soda LCA models; and read and interpret a life-cycle energy analysis of bottled water to better understand the lifecycle systems perspective.

Instructions: All questions below should be solved offline. Enter your answers to each question in the answer boxes that have been provided, and be sure to follow any guidance for the required format(s) of each answer. When you complete the assignment, return to the course page on the Coursera website. Click on the Homework Assignment button. Then, click on the link to Homework #1, which will allow you to enter your answers from each answer box below into a web form for automated grading. Grading: This assignment is worth 100 points. The point values of each answer are listed below. Numerical answers whose values are within +/- 5% of the correct values will be marked as correct.

Question 1: Working with SI units (8 points for each correct answer) Tables 1a through 1d contain data on quantities of energy, mass, volume, and length, respectively, in different US customary and SI units. In each table, convert the quantities in the first column into the SI units specified in the second column. Next, compute the sum of all quantities in the second column. Finally, enter the sum into the answer box in each table (note: answer boxes are shaded in gray). Use the conversion factors provided below to perform all conversions. Conversions of common units Mass 1 pound = 454 grams 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds 1 kg = 1,000 grams = 1,000,000 milligrams

Energy 1 British thermal unit = 1,055 joules 1 therm = 100,000 British thermal units 1 kilowatt-hour = 3,600,000 joules 1 gigajoule = 1,000 megajoules 1 megajoule = 1,000,000 joules Length 1 yard = 3 feet 1 foot = 0.3 meters 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 foot = 12 inches

Volume 1 liter = 1,000 milliliters 1 pint = 16 fluid ounces 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints 1 fluid ounce = 0.03 liters

Table 1a: Energy unit conversions Original quantity Enter equivalent quantity in joules (J) 18.5 British thermal units (Btu) 0.05 therms 0.2 megajoules (MJ) 45 kilowatt-hours (kWh) 0.008 gigajoules (GJ) Answer 1a (total joules)

Table 1b: Mass unit conversions Original quantity Enter equivalent quantity in grams (g) 5 ounces (oz) 1.25 pounds (lb) 0.55 kilograms (kg) 0.02 short tons 88,500 milligrams (mg) Answer 1b (total grams)

Table 1c: Volume unit conversions Original quantity Enter equivalent quantity in liters (l) 1,450 milliliters (ml) 13 pints 2.5 quarts 10 gallons (gal) 155 fluid ounces (fl oz) Answer 1c (total liters)

Table 1d: Length unit conversions Original quantity Enter equivalent quantity in meters (m) 550 inches (in) 7 yards 16 feet (ft) 140 centimeters (cm) Answer 1d (total meters)

Question 2: Constructing a simple unit process inventory (2 points for each correct answer) Table 2a contains flow data for the unit process inventory associated with producing 1 kilogram (kg) of widgets (a fictitious product). The flow data in Table 2a appear in random order. Your job is to organize these flow data into the structured unit process inventory format weve discussed in the lectures this week. Youll do so by entering all flow data in Table 2a into the appropriate rows in Table 2b. Additionally, in each section of Table 2b, list your flow names in alphabetical order. The shaded answer box in each row of Table 2b should contain the value of the flow listed in that row. One example answer has been provided. Table 2a: Unit process inventory for producing 1 kg of widgets Flow name Category Subcategory Widgets Product Carbon dioxide Air/elementary Low population Water Resource/elementary Natural gas Product Methane Air/elementary Low population Electricity Product Sulfur dioxide Air/elementary Low population Particulate matter Air/elementary Low population Diesel fuel Product Solid waste Soil/elementary Chlorine Water/elementary Surface Dissolved solids Water/elementary Surface Coal Product Nylon resin Product

Value 1,000 400 5 75 15 4 68 2 15 100 3 50 12 1,100

Units g g l MJ g kWh g g MJ g g g MJ g

Table 2b: Structured unit process inventory for producing 1 kg of widgets Inputs from Flow name Category Subcategory Value nature Inputs from Flow name Category Subcategory Value the technosphere

Units Units

Answer number 2b.1 2b.2 2b.3 2b.4 2b.5 2b.6

Outputs to nature

Flow name Category Carbon dioxide Air/elementary

Subcategory Low population

Value 400

Units g

2b.7 2b.8 2b.9 2b.10 2b.11 2b.12 2b.13 2b.14

Outputs to Flow name the technosphere

Category

Subcategory

Value

Units

Question 3: Interpreting published life-cycle data (8 points for each correct answer) To answer these questions, youll need to first download and read the following open-access journal article by clicking on the link: Gleick, P.H., and H.S. Cooley (2009). Energy implications of bottled water. Environmental Research Letters, Volume 4, Issue 1. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/1/014009/ Question 3a: Which statement below is CORRECT? 1. This study considers all life-cycle stages and environmental impacts associated with bottled water 2. This study considers all life-cycle stages but only one environmental impact (energy use) associated with bottled water 3. This study considers some, but not all, life-cycle stages and all environmental impacts associated with bottled water 4. This study considers some, but not all, life-cycle stages and only one environmental impact (energy use) associated with bottled water

Answer 3a (enter the number of the correct answer here):

Question 3b: In the answer box below, enter the total manufacturing energy required to make PET and form it into a typical 1 liter PET bottle weighing 38 grams. Answer 3b (use units of MJ)

Question 3c: Which statement below BEST DESCRIBES the total transportation energy requirement for bottled water? 1. The total transportation energy requirement depends mostly on the mode of transportation 2. The total transportation energy requirement depends on both the distance from the bottling plant to the market and the mode of transportation 3. The total transportation energy requirement depends mostly on the distance from the bottling plant to the market 4. The total transportation energy requirement is negligible

Answer 3c (enter the number of the correct answer here):

Question 3d: Select the TWO life cycle processes that contribute most to the energy implications of bottled water. Enter both numbers in the answer box below using a space between the two numbers; do not use a comma (for example: X Y). (Note that online, youll simply select two checkboxes!) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Manufacture of the PET plastic bottle Treatment at bottling plant Fill, label, and seal bottle Transportation Cooling

Answer 3d (enter two numbers separated by a space):

Question 3e: Which statement below BEST SUMMARIZES the authors conclusions about the energy requirements of bottled water? 1. Producing bottled water requires 1,120 to 2,040 times the energy required for producing tap water 2. Producing bottled water requires 2,000 times the energy required for producing tap water 3. Producing bottled water requires more energy than producing tap water 4. Producing bottled water requires a lot of energy Answer 3e (enter the number of the correct answer here):