Notes Hints Malaysian Studies Sufinah Dahari (7536) Chapter 1: The Early History 1.

Original people (native) of Malay Archipelago - concentrate on Pera ! Ta"pan #ort$ %l& Pera ('($ ))) years ago) - early stone age (Palaeolithic): Characteristics live* in caves "ain activity: collecting forest pro*&cts + h&nting starte* &sing stone tools tools ,ere si"ple + cr&*e Area 1. Ta"pan Est&ary$ Pera -. .iah Cave$ /ara,a '. Ting ay&$ /a0ah

- ing*o" (fa"o&s for ,hat$ locate*1) na"e the early ing*o": #&nan$ 2ang as& a (Patani)$ Ol* 3e*ah$ /rivi4aya (0efore Malacca at /&"atera fa"o&s for 5&**his" an* &se /ans rit)$ Ma4apahit (6ava Hin*&is" fro" 7n*ian Hin*&is") Kingdo #&nan$ 3a"p&chea Note - 1st cent&ry - infl&ence* 0y Ol* 3e*ah Hin*& 8eligion - 3g. /g. E"as ((th ! 1)th cent&ry) - Peng alan 5&4ang (1)th -19th cent&ry) - -n* cent&ry - i"portant tra*e centre - infl&ence* 0y Hin*&is" + 5&**is" - Merong Maha :angsa History - (th cent&ry - "onarchy syste" - strategic location + i"portant entrepot - infl&ence* 0y Hin*&is" + 5&**is" - ;th cent&ry - ,ell- no,n tra*e centre - strong relationship ,ith 7n*ia + China - centre of 5&**is" + /ans rit - o,ne* several vassal states - 1'th cent&ry - o,ne* several vassal states - tra*e centre - strong relationship ,ith China$ 7n*ia + Mi**le East

2ang as& a$ Patani

Ol* 3e*ah

/rivi4aya$ /&"atera

Ma4apahit$ 6a,a

- Hin*&is": #&nan + Ma4apahit - 5&**is": /rivi4aya - Hin*&is" + 5&**is": Ol* 3e*ah + 2ang as& a

-. Mo*ern era of penins&la Malaya fro" ol* s&ltanate Malacca (*evelop"ent has to 0e seen) - ,ho<s the fo&n*er ! Para"es,ara 19)' - ,hat type of govern"ent: 8&ler: hea* of state$ 7sla"ic religion + ar"y 7"portant officials: #inance Minister$ A*"iral$ Chief of =efence$ Chief of 5&rsar$ Har0o&r Master - 2a, of Malacca: Malacca co*e of la, + Malacca la, of the sea - ,hy people ca"e to Malacca (the role of Malacca) centre for "ariti"e tra*e + sprea* of 7sla" strategic location "i*,ay along tra*e ro&tes 0et,een 7n*ia + China - Chinese ca"e to Malacca 0y Cheng Ho$ fo&n*e* 0y Para"es,ara$ fa"o&s ,ith T&n Pera (great na"es) ,hat these people fa"o&s for1 '. #all of Malacca E"pire: ho, the role *ecline - internal factors (politically): T&n Pera *ie* lac an efficient lea*er replace* 0y T&n M&tahir (,ea lea*er) str&ggles for po,er /&ltan Mah"&* (,ea r&ler) *efa"ation + 0ri0ing ,ere rife high ta>es "erchants *ivert attention to other ports? :ea a*"inistration of T&n M&tahir Malays hostile to,ar*s 7n*ian M&sli"s T&n M&tahir + T&n Ali to 0e p&t to *eath 0y 0etrayal of 3it&l (Malay) + 8a4a Man*aliar (7n*ian native) Tepo (T&n Pera <s son) appointe* as Chief Minister Tepo too ol* "inisters for"e* *issenting gro&ps "is&n*erstan*ing + *isp&tes ca&se* segregation Alfonso *<Al0&@&er@&e attac e* 1(11 - e>ternal factors (Cape of Aoo* Hope): Cape of Aoo* Hope in /o&th Africa: easier to sail fro" :est to East 9. Colonial Era - re"e"0er *ate of colonist *&ration Colonist Port&g&ese =&tch 5ritish /ia"ese Duration 1(11-1B91 (1') years) 1B91-1C-9 (1C' years) 1C-9-1D9-? 1D9(-1D(; (1') years) 1C'1-1D)D (CC years)

6apanese - chronology of 5ritish colonisation Date 1D;B 1C1D 1C-9 1C-B 1C91 1C;9 1C;9 1C;C 1CCC 1CDB 1D)D 1D19 1D9( 1D9B 1D9C 1D(;

1D9--1D9( ('.( years)

!"ent Penang 7slan* fo&n*e* 0y #rancis 2ight /ingapore fo&n*e* 0y /ta"for* 8affles Anglo-=&tch treaty /traits /ettle"ent 6a"es 5roo e too over /ara,a 5ritish intervention in Pera : Pang or Agree"ent 5ritish intervention in /&ngei %4&ng 5r&nei /&ltan han*e* over /a0ah to 5ritish 5ritish intervention in Pahang #e*erate* Malay /tates 5ang o Agree"ent 6ohor accepte* 5ritish a*visor 5ritish Military A*"inistration (5MA) ,as esta0lishe* Malayan %nion #e*eration of Malaya 7n*epen*ence of Malaya

- Anglo-=&tch treaty 1C-9: ,hat for1 =&tch han*e* over Malacca to the 5ritish in e>change for 5encoolen (5ang ah&l&)$ agree* to era*icate pirate activities res&lt in *ivision of Malay Archipelago into - *ifferent geo-political areas - states of straits settle"ent: Penang islan*$ Malacca$ /ingapore - states of fe*erate* Malay: Pera $ /elangor$ ../e"0ilan$ Pahang - fro" 5ang o agree"ent 1D)D &nfe*erate* Malays states: 3e*ah$ Perlis$ Terenggan&$ 3elantan Ter"s: - ol* ing*o": s&ltan sons of the soil - sovereignty *a&lat - rescent *erha a - n&santara ,hole of region (6avanese): enco"passes Malay 3ing*o" Chapter -: /tr&ggle of in*epen*ence 1. #ail&re of Malayan %nion - ,hat govern"ent is intro*&ce* 0y 5ritish: Malayan %nion - ,hy the govern"ent is oppose*: the granting of citiEenship to non-Malays erosion of Malay r&lers< po,er + sovereignty Mac Michael<s treat in getting the r&lers to sign agree"ent - ho, the govern"ent faile*: strong opposition fro" Malays no strong s&pport fro" non-Malays ,rong ti"ing

 opposition fro" for"er 5ritish a*"inistrators in Malaya - ,hat replace the oppose* govern"ent: #e*eration of Malaya - ,hy Malayan is oppose*: AMC6A (All-Malaya Co&ncil of 6oint Action): ,or ing co""ittee *i* not incl&*e any non-Malay P%TE8A (P&sat Tenaga 8a yat) ! ra*ical Malay party: ,ant Malaya as rep&0lic AMC6A-P%TE8A front: for" People<s Constit&tion + la&nche* hartal (close shop stri e) -. .egotiation for 7n*epen*ence - city co&ncil election (Aeorgeto,n 1D(1$ 32 1D(-) *e"an* to 5ritish general election 1D(( negotiation of in*epen*ence constit&tion - na"es of association (MCA$ %M.O Alliance? PA/ ! 7sla"ic Party of Malaya? Parti .egara ! .ational Party? Parti 5&r&h ! 2a0o&r Party? Parti Progresif 8a yat ! People<s Progressive Party): f&nction1 - na"e the co""&nity ,here T&n A0* 8ah"an an* Aangs go to 2on*on (#e0 1D(B): o 9 Malay 8&lers representative =at& Pangli"a Aantang$ =ato< Ah"a* 3a"il$ A0*&l AEiE Ma4i* + =ato< Moh* /eth o The Alliance representatives T&n & A0* 8ah"an$ =r. 7s"ail A0*&l 8ah"an$ =ato< A0*&l 8aEa H&ssein + Colonel H./ 2ee o 5ritish representative in Malaya - 2or* 2enno> 5oy* ,ho1: /ecretary of 5ritish Colonial Territories chaire* the negotiation fro" 1C 6an ! C #e0$ the *ay the 2an*on Agree"ent ,as signe* - 5ritish pro"ise* to grant in*epen*ence on con*ition that a co""ission 0e for"e* to o&tline an* *ra, &p Malaya<s ne, Constit&tion 9. Constit&tion of the #e*eration of Malaya - ,hen constit&tion is *re, 1D(B - 8ei* Co""ision: 2or* 8ei* (5ritain)$ /ir 7vor 6ennings (5ritain)$ /ir :illia" Mc ell (A&stralia)$ 5. Mali (7n*ia) + 6&*ge A0*&l Ha"i* (Pa istan) - ,hat f&n*a"ental principles of Malayan Constit&tion1: o Fg =ipert&an Agong as the hea* of Malaya ,hile the r&lers are hea*s of respective states o The Malays are recognise* as the Gsons of the soil< + special rights are @&arantee* in Constit&tion (Article 1(') o Malay lang&age is national lang&age: English ho,ever can still 0e &se* in 2egislative Co&ncil for 1) years perio* after in*epen*ence (Article 1(-) o Person 0orn in Malaya on or after 7n*epen*ence is a&to"atically a Malayan citiEen (Article 19-'1) o 7sla" is official religion of #e*eration of Malaya$ 0&t free*o" of ,orship is g&arantee* for non-M&sli"

Chapter ': #or"ation of Malaysia - for"e* on 1DB' 0y Malaysia Agree"ent - 2ee 3&an Fe, (/ingapore) left Malaysia 1DB( - MAPH727.=O ,hat1: Malaysia-Philippines-7n*onesia - ,ho oppose* Malaysia i*ea1: o PA/ clai"e* Malays ,o&l* lose o&t if Malaysia ,as esta0lishe*$ prefer MAPH727.=O i*ea o Philippines Presi*ent Macapagal clai"e* /a0ah as #ilipino territory$ for"ation of Malaysia ,ill co"plicate his effort to clai" /a0ah$ Macapagal 0ro e off *iplo"atic ties 0et,een Philippines + Malaysia o 7n*onesia Presi*ent /& arno la&nche* confrontation policy against Malaya on 1DB' 0eca&se 32 ignore* 7n*onesia in Malaya<s plans to set &p a ne, co&ntry. /& arno clai"e* Malaysia to 0e political str&ct&re that ignore 7n*onesia<s interest + ,ea en the spirit of Malay Archipelago. Historian vie,: Malaysia a0orte* /& arno<s sche"e to for" greater 7n*onesian e"pire$ confrontation is a tactic to *ivert people<s attention a,ay fro" vario&s internal pro0le"s afflicting 7n*onesia - Co00ol* co""ission 1DB-: s&rvey opinions of people of /a0ah + /ara,a s&rvey confir"e* "ore than ;)H of people in t,o co&ntries ,ere in favo&r Chapter 9: /yste" of Aovern"ent + .ational A*"inistrative /tr&ct&re 1. Po,ers in Malaysia o E>ec&tive ! po,er to govern: Fg =ipert&an Agong (Article 'D) o 2egislative ! po,er to *ra, &p$ a"en* + pass la,: Fg. =ipert&an Agong$ Parlia"ent Ho&se of 8epresentative + Ho&se of /enate o 6&*iciary ! po,er *efen* 4&stice: Co&rt$ *efen* s&pre"acy of Constit&tion + 0alance other - po,ers -. Po,er of Fg =ipert&an Agong (Article -)$ I-J) o appoint Pri"e Minister (PM) o not to consent *issol&tion of Parlia"ent o re@&est for a "eeting of 8&ler<s Co&ncil - ing PM ca0inet "e"0er - if ,ant to hol* an election as the ing$ ing *eci*e - ,hy ing "&st *issolve parlia"ent1 for election '. #&nction of Fg =ipert&an Agong - appoint "e"0ers of Ho&se of 8epresentatives (0y acting on a*vice of PM: Article 9)$ I1J) - s&pre"e hea* of #e*eration<s Ar"e* #orces (Article 9)) 9. Co&ncil of 8&lers (Ma4lis 8a4a-ra4a): Article 'C$ I1J - "e"0ers: D r&lersKstates L Fg =ipert&a .egeri of Malacca$ Penang$ /a0ah + /ara,a (Aovernor)

- general f&nctions are a0o&t interest of Malay 8&lers + religion$ an* a*"inistrative affairs of co&ntry - #&nction (Article 'C$ I-J): o election of Fg. =ipert&an Agong + =ep&ty Fg. =ipert&an Agong o approvesK*isapproves any act$ practice or religio&s cere"ony that involves #e*eration as a ,hole o approvesK*isapproves any la, + gives a*vice on ,hatever appoint"ent$ that &n*er Constit&tion$ re@&ires the approval of$ or cons&ltations ,ith the Co&ncil of 8&lers o appoint "e"0ers of /pecial Co&rt (Article 1C-$ I1J) o grants par*on$ postpones or co""&tes sentences (Article 9-$ I1-J) o *eli0erate "atters pertaining to national policy (s&ch as a"en*"ents to the i""igration policy) an* all other "atters - appoint"ent of Fg. =ipert&an Agong: governor has no voting right + cannot 0e a can*i*ate (. Ca0inet - ca0inet (Article 9'): "inister ,ithK,itho&t portfolio - pri"ary role: *eter"ine govern"ent<s policies + iss&e *irectives for the i"ple"entation 0y the govern"ent a*"inistrative "achinery at fe*eral + state levels - acting as an a*visory to Fg. =ipert&an Agong B. 2egislative 5o*y (Parlia"ent) - po,er to "a e la, (call Act in fe*eral level$ Ena "en or Or*inan in state level) - e>ercise of legislative po,ers 0y Parlia"ent (Article BB) o to inect la,? the po,er of inect la, shall follo,s proce*&re (Article BB$ I1J): i) Minister + officers of "inistry fra"e 0ill ,ith a*vice fro" Attorney Aeneral<s Office ii) Minister ,ill get Ca0inet to pass 0ill policy e>plaining in *etail the i"portance of presenting in Parlia"ent iii) After 0eing agree* 0y Ca0inet$ ,ithK,itho&t a"en*"ent the 0ill is printe* + presente* to Parlia"ent iv) 5ill is presente* to Ho&se of 8epresentativesK/enate involve ' rea*ings: 1st rea*ing ! Minister rea* 0ill -n* rea*ing ! principle of 0ill are *e0ate 'r* rea*ing ! if agree* 0y -K' "a4ority of Ho&se$ 0ill are *isc&sse* at level of Ho&se Co""ittee v) 5ill approve* 0y 0oth Ho&ses is presente* to Fg. =ipert&an Agong for approval vi) 5efore it is accepte* + applie*$ the 0ill$ approve* 0y Fg. =ipert&an Agong$ ,ill have to 0e sta"pe* ,ith 8oyal /eal o E>ceptions ,here0y 0ill can still 0e t&rn into la, even tho&gh not pass 0y either Ho&ses (Article BC) ,here a MO.EF5722 pass 0y Parlia"ent passe* to Ho&se of /enate$ after 1 "onth$ /enate *i* not agreeK*o nothing$ the 0ill can 0e han*over 0y Parlia"ent ,itho&t agree"ent of /enate to Fg. =ipert&an Agong o E>eptions ,here0y any 0ill still is t&rn into la, even tho&gh not get consent fro" Fg. =ipert&an Agong (Article BB$ I9J) 7f 0ill not assente* 0y ') *ays$

0y Fg. =ipert&an Agong$ the 0ill ,ill a&to"atically 0eco"e la, as if it has passe* 0y 0oth Ho&ses ("&st passe* 0y 0oth Ho&ses) o Article BB$ I-J: /&04ect to Article B;$ a 0ill can 0e originate* 0y either Ho&se o Article B;: A 0ill or a"en*"ent of provision increase$ *ecrease any ta>$ a0olishing ta>$ etc (MO.EF5722) ,hich can only 0y originate* 0y Ho&se of 8epresentative o Article BB$ I'J: :hen a 0ill has 0een passe* 0y a Ho&se in ,hich it originate*$ it shall 0e passe* to the other Ho&se + get the consent of Fg. =ipert&an Agong after 0eing passe* 0y the other Ho&se s&04ect to Article B; ;. 6&*iciary - f&nction of co&rt o po,er to interpret Constit&tion o po,er to interpret 2a, o po,er to proclai"K*eclare a ,ritten #e*eral or /tate la, invali* o po,er to *eclare a govern"ent action as invali* in the eyes of the la, - t,o-tier syste" (7MPO8TA.T): s&perior hear appeal cases + *eal *eath penalty case s&0or*inate li"ite* po,er + cannot hear appeal case Su#erior Court Federal Court: - consist Chief 6&stice of #e*eral Co&rt$ Chief 6&stice of High Co&rt$ 9 4&*ges + no. of a**itional 4&*ges - *eci*es on vali*ity of la,s "a*e in Parlia"ent or /tate level - *eci*es on *isp&tes 0et,een #e*eral + /tate govern"ent - *eci*es on *isp&tes 0et,een - states - a*vises Fg. =ipert&an Agong on Constit&tion High Court: - hea*e* 0y Chief 6&*ge of High Co&rt - has 4&ris*iction to hear cases ,hich carry *eath penalty - has 4&ris*iction to hear civil cases? "atri"onial cases$ 0an r&ptcy + co"pany cases$ g&ar*ianship of *isa0le* Su$ordinate Court Session Court (District Court at Sabah/Sarawak) - hea*e* 0y sessions co&rt 4&*ge - highest s&0or*inate co&rt - hear all cri"inal offences other than e>cept ,ith *eath p&nish"ent - can i"pose 4ail sentence$ fine + ,hipping 0efitting the offence co""itte* as per"itte* 0y the la, - hear civil cases ,here a"o&nt *isp&te* M 8M-()$))) - hear civil cases on lan*lor* + tenant Magistrate Court - hea*e* 0y "agistrate - hear light cri"inal + civil cases ,here the "a>i"&" i"prison"ent M 1) years or are p&nisha0le 0y fine M 8M -($))) - hear clai"s for repay"ent of *e0ts in the "onetary for" - can i"pose caning for S#ecial Court Juvenile Court (Court for Children) - hea*e* 0y /ession Co&rt 4&*ge - hear offences co""ite* 0y 4&venile M 1C years of age - offen*ers cannot 0e sentence 0&t sent to reha0ilitation centers s&ch Henry A&rney /chool &ntil -1

S ariah Court - hea*e* 0y religio&s hea* appointe* 0y 8&lerK/&ltan - e>a"ine cases of offences against 7sla"ic religio&s la, involving M&sli"s only - a*"inister + han*le 7sla"ic la,s

persons

cri"inal cases !enghulu Court - hea*e* 0y Pengh&l&K Hea* of M& i" in Pengh&l& hall - e>a"ine light cri"inal ,here fine M 8M -( - e>a"ine civil cases ,here fine M 8M () District Court (#ative Court) - hea*e* 0y =istrict Officer - e>ists in /a0ahK/ara,a - has a&thority to *eci*e a re-trial

"ndustrial Court - 4&*ges + settle e"ployere"ployee + tra*e &nion *isp&tes

- if appeal case: hear at Magistrate Co&rt to 0ring to High Co&rt - Article ;9$ IDJ: Po,ers in co&ntry *ivi*e* into #e*eral (fe*eral list) + /tate (state list) + 6oint list - #e*eral: =efence$ citiEenship + foreign policies - /tate: 8eligion$ lent "atters$ forest tree + protecte* ani"als Chapter (: Parlia"entary =e"ocracy in Malaysia 1. Types of election - general election for ,hole co&ntry - 0y-election to constit&tes the choosing of representative 0y p&0lic citiEen: representative seat is vacant 0y post strippe* off or *eath -. Noter + Con*itions - Article 11D$ I1J: Malaysian on reaching the age of -1 on the @&alifying *ate + resi*es in an election *ivision on the @&alifying *ate or if not resi*ing is consi*ere* as a0sentee voter. - ' categories of a0sentee voters: o A Malaysian citiEen ,ho is ,or ing in #e*eration Ar"e* #orces or Co""on,ealth co&ntries$ ,ho$ ,ith his ,ife lives in a resi*ence provi*e* 0y Ar"e* #orces a&thority on the *ate of application to register as a voter in the electoral *istrict (the *istrict he registere*) o A Malaysian citiEen living overseas ,ith his ,ife 0&t ,or ing ,ith #e*eral or /tate govern"ent or local or se"i-govern"ent a&thority$ ,ho has applie* to register hi"self as a voter in the electoral constit&ency o A Malaysian citiEen (+ ,ife) ,ho is st&*ying a0roa*$ ,ho applies to register hi"self as a voter in electoral constit&ency - 2ost the right to vote: On the @&alifying *ate he is hel* as a person ,ho *oes not have a f&lly so&n* "in* or is carrying o&t a 4ail sentence A person is fo&n* g&ilty + is i"pose* the *eath sentence or 4ail e>cee*ing 1- "onths in any Co""on,ealth co&ntry '. =&ration as People<s 8epresentative + Me"0er of /tate 2egislative Asse"0ly

- &ntil that *ate Parlia"ent is *issolve* 0y Fg. =ipert&an Agong or /tate 2egislative Asse"0ly is *issolve* 0y /&ltanK8&ler or Fg. =ipert&a .egeri - vol&ntarily ,ith*ra, 0y ,riting officially to Fg. =ipert&a of Ho&se of 8epresentative - a0sent fro" "eetings for si> "onth ,itho&t prior approval fro" the Ho&se concerne* (Article (-) 9. =&ration in Office of /enator - li"ite* to ' years - resign fro" post 0y ,riting officially to Fg. =ipert&a of /enate Chapter B: /&pre"acy of Constit&tion - contains 1( sections$ 1C' cla&sesKarticles + 1( sche*&les - "ain feat&res o Malaysia is a fe*eration o Malaysia is a constit&tional "onarchy o Malaysia is a co&ntry that practises parlia"entary *e"ocracy o 8eligio&s free*o" ,ith 7sla" as the official religion of Malaysia o /&pre"acy of Constit&tion + r&le of la, o =octrine of separation of po,er o Nali*ity + transparency of 6&*iciary o .ational lang&age$ special rights of Malays + the native tri0es of /a0ah + /ara,a Chapter ;: 7"portant Provisions in Malaysia Constit&tion 1. 2ang&age (Article 1(-) - Malay lang&age as national lang&age -. 8eligion (Part 7$ Chapter ') - 7sla" is official religion of #e*eration? 0&t other religions are allo,e* to 0e practise* in peace + har"ony in any part of the #e*eration (Article 1) - 7n states that have a r&lerKs&ltan as hea* of state$ the s&ltanKr&ler is the hea* of 7sla" in the state concerne* (Article -) - #or states ,itho&t a s&ltanKr&ler (/a0ah$ /ara,a $ Malacca + Penang 7slan*) + the #e*eral Territories (32$ 2a0&an$ P&tra4aya)$ the hea* of 7sla" is Fg. =ipert&an Agong (Article ') '. CitiEenship (Part 77) - special rights of citiEen o right to vote in election o right to ta e active part in politics o right to fill a post that is e>cl&sively for citiEens only o free to o,n lan*e* property + to 0e consi*ere* for special ter"s relating to property *evelop"ent o right to receive no. of 0enefits + facilities in the co&ntry o free*o" of "ove"ent thro&gho&t the co&ntry (Article D)

o right not to 0e e>ile* - ,ay of ac@&iring citiEenship (7MPO8TA.TOO): Jus Soli (laws of birth $lace) - a&to"atic citiEenship for people 0orn in Malaysia 0et,een '1st A&g&st 1D(; ! Octo0er 1DB- if 0orn after 1DB- (either or): "otherKfather is citiEen at ti"e of 0irth at ti"e of 0irth$ "otherKfather resi*ing in co&ntry at ti"e of 0irth$ not a citiEen of any co&ntry Marriage - right to a foreign ,o"an "arrie* to Malaysian citiEen - con*itions ("&st): if h&s0an* citiEen in Octo0er 1DB,ith "arriage still 0in*ing live* in #e*eration for - years 0efore application$ has intention to contin&e living in fe*eration + is of goo* con*&ct Jus Sanguinis (laws of blood descent) - relies on citiEenship stat&s of father - is citiEen if father is a citiEen - if chil* is 0orn o&tsi*e (either or): father 0orn in Malaysia father hol*s post in P&0lic /ervice at #e*eralK/tate level 0irth ,as registere* at Malaysian Cons&lateKMalaysian govern"ent ,ithin 1 year after 0irth #aturali%ation (&rticle '() - to resi*ents not 0orn in Malaysia to 0e Malaysian citiEen - con*itions ("&st): age* -1 + a0ove live in #e*eration at least 1) o&t of 1- years fro" + &p to *ate of application have intention to live per"anently of goo* con*&ct s&fficient no,le*ge of Malay lang&age

- applicant re@&ire* to ta e oath of allegiance to the #e*eration + a0le to spea Malay lang&age Chapter C: Ethnic co"position of Malaysian pop&lation - re"e"0er "ain inha0itants of Malaysia: Malay Chinese P 5an4ar P 5oyan P 5&gis P 6a,a P 3a"par P 3erinci P Men*aling P Minang a0a& P 8a,a %eninsular Malaysia (ndian (ndigenous P Malayali P P&n4a0i P Ceylonese P Ta"il P Teleg& (a$origines) P .egrito P /enoi P Melay& Asli Sa$ah Sara&a'

Hokkien P Ch&anChe, P Chin-Che, P Eng-H&a P Eng-Choon P Ho -Che, )wantung

P 5a4a& P =&s&n P M&r&t P 5isaya P 3a*ay&n P Org. /g. P Org. 2a&t P 5r&nei

P 5i*ay&h P 5isaya P 70an P 3ayan P 3e*ayan P 3ela0it P 3enyah P Melana& P Malays

P 6ohor-8ia&

P 3anton P Teoche, P Ha a P Haila"

P M&r&t P Penan P P&nan

- Malayan of 7n*onesian origin Co 6avanese unity )ac'ground - fro" 6a,a 7slan* - concentrate in 6ohor (M&ar$ Pontian$ 5at& Pahat)$ /elangor (3lang$ 3. /elangor$ 3. 2angat)$ Pera (Hilir Pera $ 3rian$ Parit 5&ntar) - fro" 5an4ar"asin$ 3ali"antan - concentrate in Pera (3erian$ Parit 5&ntar)$ /elangor (/a0a 5erna") + 6ohor (5at& Pahat) - fro" /&la,esi 7slan* - 0&siness gro&p - concentrate in 6ohor (5en&t$ 3& &p$ 8engit)$ /elangor (2angat Nalley) - fro" 5oyan 7slan* - "igrate* to /ingapore$ 7poh$ 32$ 65$ Penang 7slan* - e>perts in horse-rearing - fro" /&"atera - concentrate in .. /e"0ilan + Malacca - no,n for A*at Perpatih - involves in 0&siness + agric&lt&re

5an4ar 5&gis

5oyanese Minang a0a&

- 0ase* on 1DD( pop&lation *istri0&tion: 5&"ip&tera Q 11.D( "il$ Chinese Q (.-D "il$ 7n*ian Q 1.( "il. - 1DD($ "ost pop&late* states: /elangor$ 6ohor + /a0ah L 2a0&an - *o"ination to sectors + ethnic gro&ps 1DD( Malay P agric&lt&re P "ining P electricity$ gas$ ,ater P transportation$ co""&nication P finance$ ins&rance$ property Chinese P tra*ing$ hotel + resta&rant P constr&ction (ndian P other services

- *o"ination to occ&pation + ethnic gro&p 1DD( Malay P professional + technical P teacher + n&rse P clerical ,or er Chinese P a*"inistration + "anage"ent

- *o"ination in professions 1DD($ "ore Chinese + 7n*ians than 5&"ip&teras

Malay P *octor P veterinarian P s&rveyor

Chinese P acco&ntant P architect P *entist P engineer P la,yer

- average ho&sehol* inco"e in 1DD( Malay 8M 1$B)) Chinese 8M -$CD( (ndian 8M -$1('

Chapter D: %nity + .ational 7ntegration 1. Process to get integration (7MPO8TA.TOO): - &nity: process of &niting gro&ps ,ith *ifferent 0ac gro&n*s into one entity - integration: &nity 0o&n* 0y co""on nor"s$ val&es + interest 2o, integration /egregation - no integration - split of ethnics - occ&rs 0y la, (*e 4&re): aparthei* at /o&th Africa - occ&rs not 0ase on la, (*e facto) Acco"o*ation - ethnic a,are of each other<s nor"s + val&e - safeg&ar* o,n living c&lt&re - live har"ony + respect - e>a"ple: /,itEerlan* (consist Aer"ans$ #rench + 7talians) Acc&lt&ration - no,n as c&lt&ral assi"ilation - "inority accept "a4ority<s nor"s$ val&es + c&lt&re - 0orro,Kaccept c&lt&ral ele"ents ,itho&t changing the original c&lt&ral ele"ents High integration Assi"ilation A"algation - no,n as - c&lt&reKrace str&ct&ral "i>es for" assi"ilation types of ne, - entry to c&lt&re + race *o"inant - intersociety thro&gh "arriage frien*ship + close connection

-. O0stacles to .ational 7ntegration - Pre4&*ice: attit&*e to,ar*s other gro&ps 0ase* on co""on generaliEation (stereotype) - 8acis" (co""&nalis"): attit&*e of favo&ring one<s o,n ethnich co""&nity - Ethnocentris": 0elief that one<s o,n c&lt&re is s&perior to that of other '. Efforts - political - econo"ic - social + c&lt&ral 9. 5asis of racial &nity in Malaysia - sharing political po,er - *e"ocratic govern"ent - so&n* econo"ic gro,th

- c&lt&ral co"pro"ise Chapter 1): 8& &n .egara: The national i*eology 1. 1' May 1DBD: - ,hat the ca&se: "is&n*erstan*ing in 3g. 5ar&$ 32 ,hen =AP ,on election s&pporters of opposition political party too enth&siastic in cele0ration of party<s victory actions 0eyon* confines of la, + social ethics 0ehavio&r annoye* the s&pporters of governing coalition opposition pre*o"inantly Chinese$ governing p&rely Malay party confrontation + local @&arrel flare* into a - ,hat the effect: racial clash 0et,een Chinese + Malay .ational Operation Co&ncilK.OC (MAAE8A.) too over co&ntry /pecial Peace + =evelop"ent 0o*ies for"e* 8& &n .egara ,as for"e* - ,hat in* of govern"ent intro*&ce* to *eal ,ith chaotic co&ntry: MAAE8A. - f&nction of the govern"ent: for"&late nor"ative g&i*ance + set of val&es for &nity -. Principle of 8& &n .egara (re"e"0er the or*er) - 0elief in Ao* - loyalty to 3ing + Co&ntry - &phol*ing Constit&tion - r&le of la, - *ecor&" + "orality Chapter 11: =evelop"ent Plan + Nision 1. O&tline Perspective Plan 1 (OPP1) Q .e, Econo"ic Policy (.EP) - intro*&ce* after 1' May 1DBD - perio* of -) years (1D;1 ! 1DD)) - 9 years Malaysia plans (MP- ! MP() - to 0ring 0ac once "ore racial integration thro&gh national econo"ic *evelop"ent -. O&tline Perspective Plan - (OPP-) Q .ational =evelop"ent Policy (.=P) - to create a fairer + "ore &nite* Malaysian society - perio* 1) years (1DD1 ! -)))) - 1st phase to achieve Nision -)-) - to 0ring 0alance* *evelop"ent (generates rapi* socio-econo"ic gro,th 0y inco"e *istri0&tion) '. O&tline Perspective Plan ' (OPP') Q .ational Nision Policy (.NP) - perio* of 1) years (-))1 ! -)1)) - -n* phase to achieve Nision -)-)

- to 0ring 0alance* *evelop"ent (agric&lt&ral sector$ s"all to "e*i&" in*&stries to in*&stries 0ase* on high technology + infor"ation technology) 9. Nision -)-) - not a concrete policy - sloganK"otto to e"po,er citiEens to transfor" Malaysia into a *evelope* nation - consist D challenges of Nision -)-) Ter"s: - esprit *e corps: pri*e + loyalty to &nite "e"0ers of gro&p - 3-econo"y: econo"ic gro,th 0ase* on no,le*ge Chapter 1-: Malaysia<s Main Policies 1. P&rpose - to f&lfil socio-econo"ic nee*s (econo"ic gro,th$ inco"e *istri0&tion + ,elfare) -. Econo"y 5ase*- Policy - .ational Agric&lt&re Policy (.AP) ,hy1 relative rapi* overall econo"ic gro,th effect to transfor" agric&lt&ral sector to 0e "ore "o*ern$ co""ercialise* + s&staina0le to increase co&ntry<s e>port co""o*ities - .ational 7ncorporation Policy 4oint vent&re 0et,een private + p&0lic sectors to create close$ "eaningf&l$ effective cooperation 0et,een p&0lic + private sector to i"prove national earnings - .ational Privasation Policy s&pport .ational 7ncorporation Policy transfor" govern"ent sector f&nctions + activities to private sector to raise pro*&ctivity @&ality + a*"inistrative efficiency - .ational =evelop"ent Policy (fro" Chapter 11) .EP .=P .NP - .ational 7n*&strialiEation Policy to intensify in*&strial gro,th thro&gh "an&fact&ring to opti"ise the &se of co&ntry<s nat&ral reso&rces to &pgra*e local research + *evelop"ent of local technology involve Malaysian 7n*&strial Policy /t&*y (M7P/): to assesKa"en* e>isting in*&strial policies + to revie, invest"ent incentives + e>port pro"otion policies involve 7n*&strial Master Plan (7MP): to for"&late general in*&strial *evelop"ent o04ectives + strategies for s"all sectors ,ith potential '. /ocially-5ase* Policies

- .ational 7ntegration Policy - .ational C&lt&ral Policy - Policy of Applying 7sla"ic Nal&es in A*"inistration - .ational :o"en<s Policy 9. .ational E*&cation Policy - replace* colonial e*&cation syste": to elevate the spirit of Malaysians after 7n*epen*ence - 0orn fro" T&n 8aEa 8eport 1D(B - E*&cation Or*inance 1D(; - revie,e* in 1DB) 8ah"an Tali0 8eport 1DB) 1DB1 E*&cation Act - e"phasis to help .=P to eli"inate poverty + restr&ct&re society - progra""e: 35/8$ 35/M (. E*&cational 8efor"s - i"prove e*&cational syste"<s con*itions + @&ality - create an &p*ate* syste" of e*&cation that is &niversal stan*ar* - progra""e: "o*ernisation$ "anpo,er *evelop"ent /cience + technology progra""e B. /"art /chool - to pro*&ce yo&ng *yna"ic Malaysians in line ,ith ,orl* e*&cation *evelop"ent 0&t a*apte* to nor"s + val&es of Malaysian ,ay of life - progra""e: s"art - learning$ c&rric&l&"$ assess"ent$ teaching$ "anage"ent Chapter 1': Malaysia<s Policy on 8egional + :orl* Affairs 1. Malaysia + 8egional 8elations - A/A 1DB1(/o&th Asia Organisation): Philippines + Malaysia faile* - MAPH727.=O 1DB' faile*: Malaysia$ Philippines$ 7n*onesia - A/EA. 1DB;: set &p 0eca&se fail&re of A/A + MAPH727.=O to 0&il* &p strength of regional &nity progra""e (7MPO8TA.TOO): P APEC (Asia-Pacific Econo"ic Cooperation) P EAEC (A/EA. Econo"ic Ministers< Conference) P 3&ala 2&"p&r =eclaration 1D;1 proclai" ROP#A. (Rone of Peace$ #ree*o" + .e&trality) - 5ang o =eclaration 1DB; A/EA. (Association of Asian .ations): re"e"0er the f&ll na"e - re"e"0er 1) "e"0ers of A/EA.: 7n*onesia$ Thailan*$ /ingapore$ Philippines$ Malaysia$ 5r&nei$ Ca"0o*ia$ Nietna"$ Myan"ar (5&r"a) + 2aos - contri0&tes to,ar*s econo"ic$ social + political *evelop"ent - e>a"ple of case solve* 0y A/EA. soli*arity policy: Malaysia-Thai (1D;;): "ariti"e Eone 0et,een so&th Thailan* + state of 3elantan Malaysia-7n*onesia: area in /o&th China /ea + eastern /a0ah

Malaysia-7n*onesia Me"oran*&" of %n*erstan*ing 1D;': Malaysia give .at&na + Ana"0as islan*s to 7n*onesia /ingapore clai" on 5at& P&tih 7slan* (/ingapore ,in) Nietna" clai" on /pratley 7slan* -. Malaysia + :orl* Affairs - Co""on,ealth Organisation: organisation of for"er$ in*epen*ent 5ritish colonies 9D "e"0ers ,ith for"er 5ritish protectorates: A&stralia$ .e, Realan*$ Cana*a$ 7n*ia + /ri 2an a - /o&th-/o&th cooperation: strengthening ties a"ong "e"0ers of .AM (.on-Aligne* Move"entKMove"ent of .on-aligne* Co&ntries) 1st ti"e in Asia Africa Conference in 5an*oeng 1D((: proclai"e* the i"portance of econo"ic *evelop"ent + cooperation a"ong "e"0er co&ntries co"prehensive fra"e,or of co""on agree"ent: Aro&p ;; Conference Caracas$ Nen&Eela 1DC1 /o&th Co""ision (@&estion can co"e o&t to choose ,hich one is not /o&th Co""ision "e"0er): TanEania$ 7n*ia$ Egypt$ 5raEil$ MoEa"0i@&e$ /ri 2an a$ :est /a"oa$ Argentina$ %r&g&ay$ Ri"0a0,e$ 6a"aica$ Philippines$ Me>ico$ .igeria$ 7vory Coast$ F&goslavia$ Nen&E&ela$ China$ A&yana$ C&0a$ Pa istan$ /enegal$ 7n*onesia$ Algeria$ Malaysia - O7C (Organisation of 7sla"ic Co&ntries) 1D;1 no,n as 7sla"ic Co""on,ealthK7sla"ic /ecretariat 9' co&ntries "a*e at Conference of 7sla"ic #oreign Ministers in 6e**ah (1D;)) - %nite* .ations Organisation (%.): 0ase for forging international lin ages ,ith "e"0er co&ntries in econo"ic$ social + political *evelop"ent - %.E/CO (%nite* .ations E*&cational$ /cientific + C&lt&ral Organisation): re"e"0er the f&ll na"e set &p in Paris$ 1D9B ,ith B1 "e"0ers to*ay fro" -C "e"0ers initially foc&se* on continent of Africa + 2atin A"erica (0eca&se of 0ac ,ar*ness + poverty) - i"portant o04ectives *(C P forge closer &nity + cooperation a"ong "e"0er econo"ically$ socially + c&lt&rally + in fiel* of science P fir" &p cooperative efforts to protect hono&r$ in*epen*ence + national rights P solve pro0le"s *isp&te involving 7sla"ic nations P eli"inate any oppression + colonialis" to 0ring &niversal peace +N!SC* P *evelop no,le*ge partic&larly science P have close cooperation to eli"inate illiteracy P i"prove level of cooperation in e*&cation + c&lt&re to create ,orl* &nity + ,elfare

- i"portant progra""e for all policy (7MPO8TA.TOO)

%olicy Co""on,ealth Organisation

%rogra e P Colo"0o Plan (@&estion can co"e o&t to choose ,hich strategy is &n*er Colo"0o Plan)

Strategy Colo"0o plan i"ple"entation: P s&pply training + research e>perts P prepare places of training in &niversities for those that nee* the" P prepare e@&ip"ent for research + help P finance physical *evelop"ent pro4ects P ai* in health$ agric&lt&re + "ar eting P opposition against aparthei* P "a e Antarctica an agen*a for %nite* .ations Organisation

/o&th-/o&th Cooperation

O7C #ighting =r&g A0&se 7nternationally %.E/CO

P Aro&p 1( (A-1() + Malaysia as pioneer in progra""es for invest"ent *ata e>change$ + /o&th/o&th Tra*e + Technology P 7nternational 7sla"ic %niversity of Malaya P 7nternational Conference on =r&g A0&se + 7llegal Traffic ing in Nienna$ A&stria - 1DC;

P s&pport 7sla"ic =evelop"ent 5an activities (7=5) + set &p 7=5 in Malaysia in 1DD(

P foc&s on *evelop"ent in Africa

Chapter 19: =evelop"ent + Environ"ent 1. Manage"ent of .at&ral 8eso&rces Protection + Conservation (7MPO8TA.TOO) ,esource #rogra e *ater P "anage"ent + control of ,ater catch"ent areas + river ,ater P g&i*elines on ,ater &tiliEation Forest P increase in forest reserve P reforestation pro4ects + esta0lishing forest estate P .ational #orestry Act 1DC9 P Malaysian Peer /yste" + /election P replanting forest trees P "anage"ent syste" Strategy P control of *evelop"ent of highlan* areas$ ,ater catch"ent areas + ,ater s&pply P i"prove effectiveness of enforcing reforestation P protect forest + 0iological *iversity especially involving logging P "etho* of logging that re*&ces negative effects to environ"ent P provision of log s&pply P i"prove forest pro*&ct in*&stry

P forest c&ltivation to i"prove econo"y of local people P forest control &sing Aeographical 7nfor"ation /yste" (A7/)

P 'r* national forest inventory in :est Malaysia P i"prove research + *evelop"ent progra""es especially the "anage"ent of forest &ses$ cens&s + control of reso&rces$ silvic&lt&re$ reforestation + reha0ilitation

-. E*&cation + training progra""es - e"phasiEes val&es of protecting environ"ent - re"e"0er /787M (7n*&strial /tan*ar* + 8esearch 7nstit&te) '. .on-Aovern"ental Organisation progra""es - re"e"0er ca"paigns: 2ove O&r 8ivers Tree Planting Ca"paign Clean + 5ea&tif&l Ca"paign HaEe A,areness Ca"paign 9. 7nternational + 8egional Agree"ent - in fostering co""it"ent on the environ"ent$ Malaysia involve* in? #ra"e,or of Cli"atic Change Convention (#CCC) 5iological =iversity Convention 5asel Convention On the Move"ent + =isposal of =angero&s + To>ic :astes Across 5o&n*aries 8AM/A8 Convention =esertification Convention - s&stain protection of environ"ent thro&gh? Aeneral Agree"ent on Tariffs + Tra*e (AATT) Aro&p for Environ"ental Meas&res + 7nternational Tra*e 1DD9 :orl* Tra*e Organisation (:TO) Chapter 1(: H&"an =evelop"ent 1. /pecial govern"ental h&"an *evelop"ent progra""es - thro&gh vario&s "inistries Ministry of Fo&th Ministry of .ational %nity + /ocial =evelop"ent Ministry of H&"an 8eso&rce - to create a *efence to fight against negative social ills - Ministry of H&"an 8eso&rce protecting interest of ,or ers thro&gh concept of har"onio&s relations 0et,een organisation + coor*inating the planning *evelop"ent progra""es for s ille*$ pro*&ctive + *iscipline* ,or ers - h&"an *evelop"ent thro&gh pri"e agen*a$ core progra""es + Ministry of Fo&th + /ports< .ational /ocial /ervices %rogra e Strategy Pri"e agen*a to enforce yo&th P to "o0iliEe efforts to create a yo&nger *evelop"ent generation that is: *yna"ic$ creative$ ,ith vision$ entreprene&rship + c&lt&re

P fo&n*e* &pon no,le*ge$ s ills$ technology + &p-to-*ate infor"ation syste" P highlight yo&th activities thro&gh infor"al training that e"phasiEes a,areness of lifelong e*&cation in line ,ith Malaysian + eastern religio&s + "oral nor"s P to s&stain efforts in creating a frontline of *yna"ic + capa0le lea*ers P to reinforce integrate* cooperation 0et,een govern"ent$ private + non-govern"ent organisations P pro"ote c&lt&re of peace thro&gh tho&ghts + activities that have as roots$ the estee" local c&lt&re Core Progra""es P Pri"e 2ea*ership Progra""es P progra""es for *evelop"ent of entreprene&rs P progra""e for *eveloping personality P i"ple"ent Fo&ng Co"ra*es (8a an M&*a) Progra""e

- social *evelop"ent thro&gh national integration + *evelop"ent of h&"an reso&rces %rogra e Ministry of %nity + /ocial =evelop"ent P .ational 7ntegration P /ocial + Co""&nity =evelop"ent P .at&ral =isaster Ai* P Moral 8efor" Centers (for a*olescents) P T&nas 5a ti (Fo&ng Potentials) schools P 8efor" ho"es P =evelop"ent Strategy P foster &nity a"ong races P re*&ce econo"ic *evelop"ent i"0alance 0et,een states + &r0an + r&ral areas P inc&lcate val&es + spirit of cooperation + responsi0ility to overco"e pro0le"s thro&gh co""&nity pro4ects? reha0ilitation centers$ ,elfare ho"es + Pri"e :elfare 5riga*e P inc&lcate spirit of "&t&al help for &nfort&nate + poor fa"ilies P give help + "oral s&pport to a*olescents face* ,ith social pro0le"s so that they ,ill change for the 0etter + can contri0&te to national *evelop"ent P strengthen instit&tion of fa"ily to pro*&ce responsi0le citiEens P pro"ote + *eter"ine "etho*sKtechni@&es to create strong fa"ilies

- Ministry of E*&cation (MOE) progra""e for h&"an *evelop"ent %rogra e Philosophy of .ational E*&cation Strategy P integrate* + overall *evelop"ent of potential of an in*ivi*&al P create h&"an 0eings ,ho are 0alances + har"onio&s intellect&ally$ spirit&ally$

e"otionally + physically$ g&i*e* 0y their 0elief in + o0e*ience to Ao* P pro*&ce Malaysian citiEens ,ho are$ no,le*gea0le reso&rcef&l no0le in character responsi0le capa0le of achieving personal ,ell-0eing contri0&te to,ar*s social + national har"ony + prosperity 7sla"ic E*&cation (M&sli" st&*ents) P 0&il* &p potential of self for for"ing goo* "orals$ 0ehavio&r + attit&*es follo,ing Ao*<s teachings P inc&lcate 0ehavio&r as &n*erline* in 3oran + /&nnah P *evelop h&"an 0eings ,ho can lea* society to a peacef&l + happy life P enco&rage + for" @&ality no,le*ge to strive for e>cellence in life

- *evelop"ent of ,orl* stan*ar* no,le*ge (M/C ! %niversal /tan*ar* 7T) Ai P to no, + i*entify all a*vantages + *isa*vantages of &niversal e>plosion of infor"ation technology P to *evelop the en*&rance to prepare oneself for constr&cting the 0est "echanis" to choose + to a*apt infor"ation o0taine* fro" ,ithin + o&tsi*e co&ntry to the ,ay of life o people P "a e &se of s"art city$ that is P&tra4aya$ as la&nching pa* for ,orl* stan*ar* 7T *evelop"ent %rogra e Strategy Electronic govern"ent P govern"ent a*"inistration center that &ses the concept of sophisticate* "&lti"e*ia P co"p&terise* infor"ation net,or that lin s ,ith vario&s organisations thro&gh the electronic "etho*? vi*eo conferencing "eetings sharing of *ata0ase line for sharing infor"ation ,ith 0&siness"an + p&0lic /"art /chool Tele"e*icine 8esearch + *evelop"ent co"ple> (8+=) .ational car* for *iverse &ses (7-Car*) 5or*erless "ar eting center

:e0

- govern"ent<s concern in fa"ily *evelop"ent progra""es %rogra e P Chil* protection Act 1DD1 P co&nselling services P .ational Action Plan for life$ protection + *evelop"ent of chil*ren 1DD9 Strategy P provi*e protection for the safety + health of chil*ren thro&gh legal syste" P for"ation of chil*ren<s tea"s at state + *istrict level P plan for ,elfare$ e*&cation + health *evelop"ent P concern + love for parents + senior citiEens P protection + ,elfare for senior citiEens P non-govern"ental 0o*ies have 0&ilt 1'- senior citiEen ho"es