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Apostila Prolog
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AIJ=I HACH=I ? FKJ= = HA = @A = AEH= ? HHAJ= F H A =I I AN? KIEL=I K IA = GK= @ = FHE AEH= >J IK?AII = IACK @= EH B= D=H 2 H 2H C IA FHA ANA?KJ= =I @K=I HACH=I KJE E = @ A ?=@A= A J F=H= JH I GKA F=H= AIJ= HA = HAIK J= =FA =I A E A ?E ?E= ) AI = HA = F @A IAH >JE@= F H IA CAH=H FH ?AII= A J E A ?EA JA KJE E = @ ? HJA 2=H= EII =I HACH=I IAHE= AI?HEJ=I ?
=NE =NE : ; : : ; ;
: :
; ;
? EII ?=I = FHE AEH= HACH= >JA D= IK?AII = IACK @= HACH= IAH ANA?KJ=@= ) ANA?K @ FH CH= = ? ? HJA = JAH= HAIK J=@ @AIJA ? HJA =FA =I ALEJ= GKA IA = HA= E =@=I >KI?=I @AI A?AII HE=I A J= J KI @ ? HJA ANECA KEJ =EI =JA @ FH CH= =@ H 1II ? HHA F EI K FH CH= = IA ? HJAI F @A JAH = H@A @A IK=I ? KIK =I A HACH=I @E ?=@=I IA = JAH=H IEC E ?=@ @ AI 2 H IK= LA K FH CH= = GKA F IIK= ? HJAI F @A JAH IAK IEC E ?=@ = JAH=@ ?=I IK=I ? KIK =I IA = HA H@A =@=I IACKE JA ANA F E KIJH= AIJ=I = H = AI 5A = @=@=I =I HACH=I
F F
= ?
>
IEC E ?=@ CE? @=I HACH=I F @A IAH E JAHFHAJ=@ FA = B H K = p (a b) c + AIJ= B H K = F @A I @E ?=H = H@A @=I ? KIK =I A IAK IEC E ?=@ IAH = JAH=@ 2 H ?=I IA = KJE E =@ ? HJA J= ? =I IACKE JAI HACH=I
F F
= ?
>
+
F F
IEC E ?=@ CE? @=I HACH=I F @A IAH E JAHFHAJ=@ FA = B H K = p (a b) ( a c) AIJ= ?=I = H@A @=I HACH=I IA = = JAH=@= F=H=
? =
>
IEC E ?=@ CE? @=I HACH=I F @A IAH FA = B H K = p c (a b) )IIE F @A IA = H =H GKA ? HJA K A?= EI JE F H @ALA IAH KJE E =@ ? ?KE@=@
'
-NA F I
L= E CK=CA @A FH CH= = >IAH J= = CK I FH CH= =I AI?HEJ I A 2H C ?HAI?A JA GKA @E HAIFAEJ = I ? H IAHE= HA= E =H = CK =I @E ?= AI K
7 = @=I A D HAI B H =I @A IA =FHA @AH K = L= @ ? @EC @A FH CH= =I -IJ= IA =FHAIA LA @A ? F ANE@=@A @AIJAI FH CH= =I IAH ?AEJ I KJE E =@ I 7 = > = =JELE@=@A F=H= AEJ ANJA I AI I >HA I FH CH= =I =FHAIA J=@ I
-NA F
' -NA F
,AI?HE ANA F ? IIE? F=H= @AJAH E =H GKA IA J @ D A HJ= A IA 5 ?H=JAI K D A A J 5 ?H=JAI HJ= -II=I = H = AI F @A IAH HAFHAIA J=@=I =JH=L I @=I B H K =I
mortal(socrates)
FH CH= = 2H + @EC
H J = : D A : M H E J A B <MMM D A I ?H=JAI
= IACKEH
IK J=
5E ;AI
-NA F
'
-NA F
,AI?HE ,=@ K ? K J @A = E =EI @AJAH E =H = ?=@AE= = E A J=H @A K = E = GK= GKAH FH CH= = 2H C GKA @AI?HALA AIJ=I HA = AI F @A IAH HAFHAIA J=@ ? = IACKEH + @EC
= = = = = = = = F F ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? E E E E E E E E = = = KHI = FAENA = FAENE D = CK=NE E = H=F I= = ? A D = LA=@ = E ?A J= = C= J = CH= = A KHI FAENA A FAENA FAENE D A FAENE D = C= A CK=NE E FAENA A KHI CK=NE E A KHI H=F I= A H=F I= ? A D A ? A D CH= = A KHI LA=@ A LA=@ CH= = A E ?A LA=@ A J = H :
? = @ A E = = E ? A :
? = @ A E = = E A J = H : ? A : ; ? = @ A E = = E A J = H ;
IK J=
A J = H KHI ;
; ; ; ;
= C= ? A D CH= = CH= =
-NA F
' ! -NA F
,AI?HE 1 F A A J=H K ? @EC F=H= I K?E =H C 6 HHA @A 0= E ? FA =I C B H =@ F H K = >=IA ? JA @ JH I FE I A K @AIJAI FE I AIJ @EIF IJ I IAJA @EI? I K I I >HA I KJH I A H@A ?HAI?A JA @A @E AJH @A ?E = F=H= >=EN J= ? E KIJH=@ = .ECKH= #= FH > A = ? IEIJA A F=II=H J @ I I @EI? I @A K FE F=H= KJH GK= GKAH KI= @ K @ I FE I ? =KNE E=H @A = AEH= GKA K @EI? =E H K ?= GKA A ?E = @A KJH A H A A DK = IEJK= AH @A @EI? I F @A L=HE=H IA @ GKA =EI IE F AI ? J =FA =I JH I ) .ECKH= #= E KIJH= K F II LA AIJ=@ E E?E= A = .ECKH= #> E KIJH= K F II LA AIJ=@ = F=H= AIJ=@ E E?E= ANE>E@
C J HHA @A D=
> -IJ=@
= F=H=
C J HHA @A D=
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L= L= L= L= L= L= ;AI
@ @ @ @ @ @
FE FE FE FE FE FE
FE FE FE FE FE FE
2=H= LEIK= E =H = I K FH ?KHA K = LAHI @ C = E JAH AJ F H ? @EC E F A A J=@ ? IE@AH= GKA AIJ=@ E E?E= @ C ? J J @ I I @EI? I FE @= AIGKAH@= A GK= J = CK I LAHI AI @EIF LAEI = E JAH AJ =?AEJ= KJH=I ? CKH= AI
-NA F
,AI?HE >K>> A I HJ =EI IE F AI = C HEJ IEIJA A FAH? HHAH K LAJ H L HE=I LA AI A ?=@= EJAH= ? ?=@ A IK= F IE ? HHAJ= LAJ H FH CH= = 2H C GKA E F A A J= AIJA = C HEJ + @EC
> K > > A I H J EIJ= 1 EIJ= KJ =FFA @ .H J ) * 4AIJ EIJ= 1 * ) =FFA @ .H J * ) 4AIJ 4AIJ >K>> AI HJ 4AIJ EIJ= KJ > K > > A I H J EIJ= EIJ=
EIJ= 1 ) * 4AIJ ?DA?= IA * A H GKA ) 4AIJ * ) 4AIJ K J E E = A HACH= HA?KHIEL= EIJ= AIJ H@A =@=
A JA
IK J=
! % # " # %
>K>> AI HJ ! "
-NA F
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,AI?HE ,=@= K = EIJ= @A A A A J I @AJAH E A IA A = K F= @H K 7 F= @H K = F= =LH= K AH ?K = AEJKH= = AI = GKAH IA B= = @= AIGKAH@= F=H= = @EHAEJ= GKAH IA B= = @= @EHAEJ= F=H= = AIGKAH@= + @EC
F= E @H A F= E @H A F= E @H A . 4 =FFA @ 5 . 4 F= E @H A 5
IK J=
A A = = =
F= E @H ;AI F= E @H
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A A
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C GKA GKA E F A A J=
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C A E J H F= CA EJ H J CA EJ H J
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J :
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&
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6 @ I I = E =EI J FA A 2AENA K JEF @A = E = F II=H I I KJH JEF A = BAH I I K JAH?AEH JEF H = A JA I FAENAI J =@=@AEH=I A F @A =@=H A GK= J I F II=H I J =I=I A F @A L =H 5A F H K =@ I F II=H I A I FAENAI F A L I I = BAH I F A - > H= JK>=H AI IA = FAENAI A AI F A L I IAKI D JAI =I?A B H =@ I 5= K KJH JEF @A FAENA A ? IE@AH=@ K = @A ?E= ?= HE K F II=H = =HA 7 = =LAIJHK K JEF @A F II=H CH= @A GKA L = =FA =I = @= I = BAH I H = A JA = @= F=H= IA LAH ? F H ANA F K = L=?= )I L=?=I @ AEJA =I J= > IAHLA A =I AI =I @A ? E@= ?=H A + JK@ A J @ I I = BAH I = @= F=H= IA LAH 2 H ANA F H?AC L = + IE@AHA =E @= GKA ANEIJA I IACKE JA = E =EI 2EKFEK GKA A GKA K K K ?= FAENA JK>=H K = L=?= K H?AC HE
I= GKA
,A = B=J I A HACH=I 2H C GKA HAFHAIA J= 2H C F=H= HAIF @AH I IACKE JAI FAHCK J=I FEKFEK L = 3K= = ? H @ FEKFEK ! ) :E?= L = " ) :E?= JA # =I=I =I=I 2 A L I
8= F L = 6A
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A KHI FAENA A FAENA FAENE D A FAENE D = C= A CK=NE E FAENA A KHI CK=NE E A KHI H=F I= A H=F I= ? A D A ? A D CH= = A KHI LA=@ A LA=@ CH= = A E ?A LA=@
F H A I = :
A
:
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= JAHE H A => HA ?
!
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FH CH= = 2H
-NAH? ?E 1 F A A JA K
FH CH= = F=H= @AJAH E =H GK=EI JEF I I= CK A I F @A @ =H HA?A>AH I= CKA @A GK=EI JEF I ) J=>A = IACKE JA B H A?A = E B H = A?AII HE= F=H= = E F A A J=
6=>A = 6EF I I= CK A I ) * )* , = 4A?A>A , = , = 4A?A>A , = 4A?A>A 4A?A>A , = 4A?A>A , = , = , =
) * )*
-NAH? ?E ,A =
K K FHA@E?=@ GKA B H A = = E JAHIA? FHA@E?=@ GKA E@A JE GKA IA K ? @A @K=I EIJ=I K J @A A A A J I AIJ ? JE@ A K = EIJ= F=H ?=JA =
IA K = EIJ= F IIKE J= = D F=H K H@A E LAHI= ,E?= KJE E A ? K = EIJ= K AH I =JKH=EI IE = F J AH HE?=
FHA@E?=@ GKA AI?HAL= K = EIJ= A FHA@E?=@ GKA HAJ H A FHA@E?=@ F=H= >JAH = I 1 F A A JA K
=E H L= H ? =@ I
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@A K = FAII =
A@E= JA
!
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J H = @ K = + @EC J H = @ K = + @EC J H = @ K = + @EC
AIJK@= JA =? IJK =@ = KI=H E CK=CA I FH ?A@E A J=EI AIJ @A IA L LA @ K ? FE =@ H A 2H C 7 = @=I J=HAB=I ? IEIJA A JH=@K EH K ? @EC @A AHH F=H= K = FIAK@ @AI?HE A F HJKCK I ? @EC F H A A KI=@
5 E C E B E ? = @ + @EC 5 E C E B E ? = @ + @EC 5 E C E B E ? = @ + @EC ! 5EC EBE?=@ 5EC EBE?=@ 5EC EBE?=@ E JACAH LAHB M @ELEI= F H AH E@ @AI? DA?E@
4ABAH
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16 2HAII '&$ E .KHJ=@ 9AI AO '&$
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6+
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CE? 2H CH=
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% 6DA + FKJ=JE = CE? = CK=CAI 1 F A A J=JE A EI => H=J HO 6DA +E= 2H C ,ALA F A J 5OIJA MMM ? EF @E= KF AI 5 BJM=HA +E= $ & ' 1)++ 7 ELAHIE@=@A @ 2 HJ = @ + 22- 5EIJA =I 7.4 MMM ?? KF FJ LI? ;=F $ = 9EA A = AH 9D=J EI 591 2H C MMM IME FH C HC ;AJ ) $
5MA@EID 1 IJEJKJA B + ) 2H E 1 ? )
$
1 MMM =
C? !
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