INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..1
1.1 VGA is Base Level…………………………………………………….....2
1.2 VGA History…………………………………………………..…….…...2
1.3 Basic operation of a CRT………………………………………………...3
1.4 VGA Port of the S3 Board…………………………………………….....6
2. VGA CONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE1...............................................7
2.1 Block Diagram of VGA Controller……………………………………..7
2.2 VGA Connector………………………………………………………...8
2.3 VGA Synchronization………………………………………………......12
2.3.1 Horizontal Synchronization………………………………………12
2.3.2 Vertical Synchronization……………………………………….....15
2.3.3 Timing Calculation of VGA Synchronization Signals…………....16
2.3.4 HDL Implementation…………………………………………..….17
2.3.5 Testing Circuit…………………………………………………….17
2.4 Overview of the Pixel Generation Circuit ……………………………....18
2.5 Text Generation………………………………………………………….20
2.5.1 Character as a Tile………………………………………………..20
2.5.2 Font ROM…………………………………………….……….….21
2.5.3 Basic Text Generation Circuit……………………………….…...22
2.5.4 Font Display Circuit…………………………………………...…23
2.5.5 Font Scaling……………………………………………………....24
2.6 Full –Screen Text Display…………………………………..…………...24
3. INTRODUCTION TO XILINX 9.1...............................................................27
3.1 Introduction to Xilinx 9.1……………………………………..………...27
3.2 Getting Started………………………………………………………......27
3.3 Checking the Syntax of the New Counter Module………………….…..35
 3.4 Design Simulation……………………………………….....……...……..36
3.4.1 Verifying Functionality Using Behavioral Simulation……....…..36
3.5 Implement Design and Verify Constraints……………..……………......42
3.5.1 Implementry the Design………………………………..……...…43
3.6 Assigning Pin Location Constraints…………………………………...…44
3.7 Download Design to the Spartantm-3 Demo Board……………….….….46
4. AN INTRODUCTION TO FPGA……………………………………….….49
4.1 Introduction to FPGA………………………………………….......…….49
5. RESULTS………………………………………………………………….....52
6 CONCLUSION& FUTURE SCOPE …………………………………….....57
7. REFERENCES………………………………………………………..……..58
8. APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………..59
8.1 Source Code……………………………………………………………...59.
8.2 List of Tables……………………………………………..………………67
8.3 List of Figures………………………………………………………...…..67
 ABSTRACT

The term Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display
hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987[1], but
through its widespread adoption has also come to mean either an analog computer
display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector, or the 640×480
resolution itself. While this resolution has been superseded in the personal
computer market, it is becoming a popular resolution on mobile devices. VGA
was the last graphical standard introduced by IBM that the majority of PC clone
manufacturers conformed to, making it today (as of 2008) the lowest common
denominator that all PC graphics hardware supports before a device-specific
driver is loaded into the computer.

This generic VGA component generates the necessary signals for the VGA
to display an image, by coordinating the electron beam to be scanned over the
viewing screen of the VGA. The actual image is obtained by a sequence of
horizontal lines that are constantly refreshed. The component can manage both
640x480 resolutions. The screen refresh process begins in the top left corner and
paints one pixel at a time from left to right. At the end of the first row, the row
increments and the column address are reset to the first column. Once the entire
screen has been painted the refresh process begins again.

LANGUAGE: VHDL
TOOLS: Xilinx 9.1i, ISE simulator
FPGA: Spartan 3E FPGA