Coverage Planning Course

Coverage Planning Principle
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Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Contents
1. Planning Basis 2. Coverage Planning 3. Advance Planning 4. Advance Technology for improving coverage
Page2
Radio Propagation Environment
Page3
Multi-path propagation Shadowing Terrain Building Reflection Interference
Reflections
direct signal strong reflected signal
amplitude
long echoes, out of equalizer window: self-interference
equalizer window 16 s
delay time
Page4
Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer window
Fading
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation direction
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

Serious interference from multi-path signals
Page5
Fading
power
Rayleigh fading
+20 dB
lognormal fading
mean value
- 20 dB
2 sec
4 sec
6 sec
time
Page6
Objective of Propagation Model

The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss during radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and artificial environments The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage planning. A good model mean more precise planning. The propagation model depends on the working frequency of the system. Different propagation models have different working frequencies ranges. Moreover, indoor propagation model differs from the out door propagation model
Page7
Through surveying radio propagation environments, you can get familiar with the overall landforms, estimate the rough antenna height, and select the proper radio propagation model, among which the radio propagation model helps you estimate the number of base station when predicting the coverage. If necessary, you must adjust the propagation model.
Land Usage Types

Urban Forest small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with season (foliage loss) Open, farmland Water easy, smooth propagation conditions propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do not use as antenna or site location
Page8
Contents
Page9
Cell Coverage Range

Achievable cell coverage depend on Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz) Surroundings and environment Antenna type Antenna direction Minimum required signal level
Page10
Difference band coverage area will be difference. Normally
Min. Receiving Level

On Down Link
Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration

On Uplink
Minreceive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration
Page11
Fading
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation direction
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

Serious interference from multi-path signals
Level (dB) +10 0 -10 -20
920 MHz v = 20 km/h
-30 0 1 2 3 4 5m
Page12
Fading
power
Rayleigh fading
+20 dB
lognormal fading
mean value
- 20 dB
2 sec
4 sec
6 sec
time
Page13
Min. Receive Level

Application Environment Min. Receiving Level Given Sms=-102dBm Fast Fading Margin=3dB Slowly Fading Margin=7dB Interference margin=4dB Penetration Loss=18 Sms=-102dBm Fast Fading Margin=3dB Slowly Fading Margin=5dB Interference margin=4dB Penetration Loss=10 Sms=-102dBm Fast Fading Margin=3dB Slowly Fading Margin=5dB Interference margin=4dB
Density urban, indoor
? dBm
Resident area, indoor
dBm
Outdoor
dBm
Page14
Min. Receive Level

Application Environment Min. Receiving Level Given Sms=-102dBm Fast Fading Margin=3dB Slowly Fading Margin=7dB Interference margin=4dB Penetration Loss=18 Sms=-102dBm Fast Fading Margin=3dB Slowly Fading Margin=5dB Interference margin=4dB Penetration Loss=10 Sms=-102dBm Fast Fading Margin=3dB Slowly Fading Margin=5dB Interference margin=4dB
Density urban, indoor
-70dBm
Resident area, indoor
-80dBm
Outdoor
-90dBm
Page15
Link Budget
Pbts Lcombiner Lcable + Gbts L + Gms Minreceive
Pms + Gms L + Gdiversity + Gbts Lcable Min receive

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page16
GSM has two frequency bands: 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. Each band has different transmission characteristics. Long wavelength comes with little diffraction loss and short wavelength comes with little building penetration loss. Indoor wave component is the superimposition of penetration component and diffraction component. Diffraction component constitutes most of the wave component, and therefore, the indoor and outdoor level difference of 1800 MHz is greater than that of 900 MHz. Because of the issues such as complex transmission environment and the direction of incident waves, quantify indoor and outdoor level difference is not very practical. The best way is to carry out level difference test in special environment for planning optimization.
Link Budget Model

On downlink
Pbts Lcombiner Lcable + Gbts L + Gms Minreceive

On uplink
Pms + Gms L + Gdiversity + Gbts Lcable Minreceive
Page17
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS Tx power Maximum BS Tx power. Maximum power of the antennaPtrx-Lcdu Maximum MS Tx power 900:2W 1800:1W BS antenna gain Typical value: Omni directional antenna: 11dBi or 13dBi; directional antenna: 15 to 18dBi. MS antenna gain Generally, MS antenna and the connection loss are considered to be 0dB.
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS receiver sensitivity -112.5dBm The sensitivity is also related with vendor and environment MS receiver sensitivity -102dBm
Page19
No Combining
TX1
TX
IN1 TCOM IN2 TX2
combiner combiner
TRX0 TRX0
RXM1 RXD1
TX
RXM2 RXD2
TRX1 TRX1
Page20
For the cell which just has one or two TRX, the TRX will not be connected to the combiner and directly connected to DDPU (Dual Duplexer Unit for DTRU BTS). So it is combiner loss will be 0---1 dB.
The DDPU is for sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to the antenna through the duplexer Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and quartering them to the transceiver in the DTRU
Wide Band Combining

TX1 IN1 TCOM
combiner combiner
TX
IN2 TX2
TRX0 TRX0
TX
TRX1 TRX1
Page21
If for the cell which has more than two TRX, TRX0 and TRX1 will be connected to the combiner first and then connected to DDPU. Its combiner loss will be 3.3+1=4.3dB
The DDPU is intermixed with the DCOM (Combining Unit for DTRU BTS in the DAFU subrack of the forepart of RF subsystem. It is indispensable. Generally, the number of DDPU is one at least and three at most. Without the DCOM, there can be at most six DDPUs Sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to the antenna through the duplexer Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and quartering them to the transceiver in the DTRU
The DCOM is optional and there are a maximum three DCOMs. The DTRU combines two carriers into one channel. The DCOM is required when the DTRUs are insufficent The DCOM combines the 2-route DTRU transmission signals and outputs them to the DDPU
Feeder and Jumper

Antenna Adjustable Support
GSM/CDMA Panel Antenna
Wall Feeder jumper
BTS
feeder connector
Page22
In a wireless telecommunication system, the antenna provides the interface between base transceiver station (BTS) and outside propagation mediums. One set of antenna can both radiate and receive radio waves. When radiating radio waves, it converts high frequency current into electromagnetic wave; when receiving radio waves, it converts the electromagnetic wave into high frequency current. During network planning, the right antenna is selected according to the radio environment of the BTS. The parameters, such as antenna height, antenna azimuth angle, tilt angle, are decided based on the selected antenna. Antenna is directly related to uplink and downlink converges, so are the radio frequency (RF) components, such as feeder cable, combiner, and duplexer.
Antenna Feeder SystemFeeder

Feeder:
Frequently-used specification: 7/8 ", 5/4 "
How to choose a feeder

900MHZ 5/4 7/8 " >80 meters <=80meters 1800MHZ >50 meters <=50meters 5/4 7/8 "
Feeder loss
900MHZ 3dB/100m 5dB/100m 1800MHZ 4dB/100m 6dB/100m
The curvature of the feeders shall not be too large, and the conductor surface is required to well connected with the ground 1/2 jumper length (m) 11dB/100m
Page23
Loss of frequently-used feeders
Coverage Probability
area coverage probability: Within a coverage area, the percentage of area in which receive signal strength (RxLev) is always higher than RxLev threshold edge coverage probability: In coverage board area, the percentage time when the receive signal strength (RxLev) is always larger than the of RxLev threshold
Page24
Sometimes during the planning, coverage probability also have to consider. And for high coverage probability, high shadow fading margin reserved. Normally, there are two types coverage probabilities: area coverage probability and edge coverage probability. According to the standard deviation of the shadow fading and the requirements for the border coverage probability (determined by the operator), we can calculate the edge coverage probability by formula.
Area coverage probability to edge coverage probability
area coverage probability Dense urban urban

edge coverage probability
50% 20% 20% 20% 17% 6%
60% 30% 30% 30% 27% 14%
75% 49% 49% 49% 46% 32%
80% 57% 57% 57% 54% 50%
85% 66% 66% 66% 63% 51%
90% 75% 75% 75% 73% 64%
91% 77% 77% 77% 76% 66%
93% 81% 81% 81% 80% 72%
95% 86% 86% 86% 85% 79%
97% 91% 91% 91% 90% 86%
98% 94% 94% 94% 93% 90%
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Rural area village High way
Page25
Check this table, we can know the relationship of area coverage probability and edge coverage probability.
Margin
To ensure a certain edge coverage probability , it is necessary to reserve some power margin, i.e. the shadow fading margin. Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss fluctuates around this value. It is subjected to the logarithmic normal distribution as the location and time varies.
Page26
Note : the 75% edge coverage probability is corresponding to the 90% area coverage probability. Concept of communication probability: Success call rate of MS on the radio coverage border or in the cell Category of communication probability: location probability and time probability In general, the time change has little impact on the communication probability, so it can be neglected.
Area coverage probability to expected shadow fading margin
50%
Dense Urban Urban SubUrban Rural Area High Way
60% 75% 80% 90% 92% -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.3 -4.4 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.6 -1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 0 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.3 1.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.4 2
93% 7.2 7.2 7.2 5.9 2.4
95% 8.6 8.6 8.6 7.2 3.2
97% 10.7 10.7 10.7 9.1 4.3
98% 12.2 12.2 12.2 10.4 5.1
99% 14.6 14.6 14.6 12.3 6.5
100% 21.3 21.3 21.3 19.2 10.4
-6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.6 -6.1
Page27
Min. Receiving Level

On Down Link
Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration + shadow fading margin
On Uplink
Minreceive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration + shadow fading margin
Page28
Example
MS sensitivity (dBm) MS max. transmitting power(dBm) BTS max. transmitting power (dBm) BTS combiner loss (dB) 7/8 feeder length (m) 1/2 jumper length (m) feeder connector loss (dB) BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector loss (dB) BTS antenna gain (dBi) Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm) 17 -102 30 46 1 45 5 0.5 4dB/100m 11dB/100m
?
Page29
Example
expected area coverage probability corresponding edge coverage probability expected shadow fading margin (dB) Noise correction (dB) (interference margin) Body loss (penetration loss) Fast fading margin clutter loss (dB) (slow fading margin) MS antenna gain allowed DL Max Propagation loss in Um interface(dB) 97% 91%
?dB
2 4 1dB 2dB 1dB
Page30
Distance and Coverage Area

3 Sectors site Omni site
Site Coverage Radius: R Site distance: D=1.5R Coverage Area=1.949R2
Site Coverage Radius: R Site distance: D=1.732R Coverage Area=2.598R2
Page31
Example
Expected coverage area dimensionkm2 Site type Cell radiuskm Cell dimenstionkm2 Expected BTS number
500
Omni 0.80 ? ?
Page32
Link Balance Tool
link balance
Page33
Contents
Page34
Why Indoors
Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality Outdoor cell cant provide sufficient indoor coverage
Good Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
Page35
With the rapid development of economy, hotels, commercial centers, largescale flats, underground railways, and underground parking areas are arising by batch. As a result, mobile stations are more frequently used in indoor environment. Thus, they require better indoor mobile communication services. Generally, the following problems are present in indoor mobile communication systems: From the perspective of coverage, the complex indoor structure and the shielding and absorbing effect of the buildings cause great radio wave transmission loss. As a result, the signals in some areas may be weak, especially the signals in the first and second floors in the underground are quite weak, or even there are dead zones. In this case, mobile stations cannot necessarily access the network, there is no paging response, or subscribers are not in service areas. From the perspective of network quality, the factors interfering radio frequencies are probably present in upper floors of high buildings. In this case, the signals in service areas are not stable, so ping pong effect may occur and conversation quality cannot be ensured. From the perspective of network capacity, if mobile stations are frequently used in buildings, such as large-scale shopping centers, conference halls, 35 requirements of subscribers. In some areas in the network cannot meet the this case, congestion may occurPDF on radio channels. PDF Created with deskPDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Building Penetration Loss
signal level increases with floor number :~1.5 dB/floor (for 1st ..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB

rear side : -18 ...-30 dB -15 ...-25 dB no coverage
Page36
Signal level in building is estimated by using a building penetration loss margin Big differences between rooms with window and without window(10~15 dB)
Building Penetration Loss

Signal loss for penetration varies between different building materials, e.g.:
mean value reinforced concrete wall, windows concrete wall, no windows concrete wall within building brick wall armed glass wood or plaster wall window glass 17 dB 30 dB 10 dB 9 dB 8 dB 6 dB 2 dB
Page37
Indoor Coverage Solutions

Small BTS Mini BTS Repeater Active Passive Optical
Antennas Distribute antenna Leaky cable Signal distribution Power splitter Optical fiber
Page38
Indoor Planning
Single cell approach
Multi-Cell approach
t
f1..f6 f1..f6 f1..f6
f5 f6 f5
f3 f4 f3
f1 f2 f1
Example1: 1.2 MHz allocation 50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2% no frequency reuse: a) three floors 34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers b) ten floors 34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers
Example2: 1.2 MHz allocation 50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2% reuse per two floor, separate frequencies within one floor: a) three floors 52.12 Erl => 842subs b) ten floors 140 Erl => 2808 subs
Page39
Indoor Coverage Examples

With Repeater
Relay outdoor signal into target building Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
With indoor BTS and distributed antenna

Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
50m
-50 dBm
Outdoor Antenna Gain: 18 dBi
1:1
4th floor
50m 50m
1:1
1:1
3rd floor
50m 50m
7/8'' Cable Loss: 4dB / 50m Cable length : 25m
4th Floor 3rd Floor
1:1
1:1
2nd floor
50m 50m
2nd Floor 1st Floor
1:1:1
1:1
1st floor
50m 50m
Ground Floor Indoor Antenna Gain: 9dBi
1:1
ground floor
50m
Target Indoor Coverage Building
Page40
Repeater
Application examples
Coverage for low traffic area Remote valley Tunnel Underground coverage
needs decoupling > amplification
Page41
Wave Propagation in Tunnels

The tunnel types include railway tunnel (or metro tunnel), highway tunnel. Highway tunnel is wide, select the antennas with a larger size to obtain a higher gain, coverage distance is larger. Railway tunnel is narrow, the antenna size and gain are greatly restricted. Especially the radio propagation is greatly affected by passing train.
Page42
The tunnel types include railway tunnel, highroad tunnel, and underground railway tunnel. Each tunnel has its characteristics, and they are specified as follows. For the highroad tunnel, it is wide. The coverage in the highroad tunnels is relatively stable. When there are vehicles passing by, you can select the antennas with a larger size to obtain a higher gain, so the coverage distance is larger. For the railway tunnel, it is narrow, especially when there is a train passing by; only a little room is left in the tunnel, so the radio propagation is greatly affected. Moreover, the train has great effect on radio signals. Since the antenna installation room is quite limited, the antenna size and gain are greatly restricted. In addition, because general cars cannot be driven to such tunnels, the tunnel coverage is hard to be tested. Therefore, the planning for highroad coverage is different from that of the railway coverage.
Short and Middle Tunnels Coverage

Generally, the tunnels shorter than 100m are defined as short tunnels. l the antenna can be installed at the tunnel entrance so as to ensure coverage. For the tunnels shorter than 500m, can use the combination of a micro base station and a single antenna (or a repeater) for the tunnel coverage, and install the antenna in the middle of the tunnel.
Page43
Long Tunnels Coverage

For the tunnels longer than 500m, you need to use the distributed antenna system or the leaky cable for the coverage. For the coverage of still longer tunnels, use amplifiers to amplify signals. That is, you can use either the distributed antenna system or the leaky cable for the coverage solution. In terms of technical indexes and installation space, coverage solution based on leaky cable is recommended.
Page44
Tunnels Coverage
If outside tunnel and within the tunnel belong to the difference cell, handover problem will occur. To solve this problem, can consider adopting the following methods: Adopt the bi-directional antenna for the tunnel coverage, because it can provide enough overlapping area for handover. Enable special handover algorithms, such as fast level fall handover algorithm. In this case, a mobile station can hand over to another cell when the signal level falls fast. Select the directional antenna with small front-to-back ratio.
Page45
Contents
1. Planning Basis 2. Coverage Planning 3. Advance Planning 4. Advance Technology for improving
Page46
Transmitting diversity
TDMA Frame
1~2 Symbols
TRXA
TDMA Frame
Delayed
TDMA Frame
TRXB
Page47
Two transciver transmit the same information by the same output power as single TRX in the different time, the MS equalizer can combine the two signal just like deal with the multipath signal.
The two downlink path transmitter signal have some time delay even if we use double polarization antenna, the MS also can combined the two signal in the equalizer. Improve the downlink BCCH TRX downlink performance Improve the downlink TCH TRX downlink performance in RF hopping or No RF hopping Especial for stationary and slowly moving MS
TRXA
TRXB
Two TRXs transmit the same signal with 7.4us time delay. Improving downlink coverage based on mutual exchange theory. Generally 3dB downlink gain from transmitting diversity.
Two TRX transmit the same signal with 7.4us delay between. Generally 3dB downlink gain out of transmitting diversity
Page49
PBT(Power Booster Technology)

PA
Synthesizer
RF
BB
DUPLEX
RF
PA
Adopt the in-phase synthesizing technology. Generally PBT can generate 2dB downlink gain.
Dynamic PBT
This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling subscriber to use a timeslot in other TRX. When the receive level is lower , channels corresponding to identical timeslots in adjacent carriers stop delivering services temporarily. At this time, the RF channel in the service timeslot and the auxiliary channel in the adjacent carrier transmit identical signals, whose phase is also the same. The combined signals are stronger, thus improving the receiving quality for the subscriber.
Page51
This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling subscriber to use a timeslot in other TRX. A measuring report is used to monitor this subscribers downlink receive level. When the receive level is lower than the preset threshold, Channels corresponding to identical timeslots in adjacent carriers stop delivering services temporarily. The related RF channel provides PBT as an auxiliary channel. At this time, the RF channel in the service timeslot and the auxiliary channel in the adjacent carrier transmit identical signals, whose phase is also the same. The combined signals are stronger, thus improving the receiving quality for the subscriber.
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
Page52
4-way receiving diversity

RF1 RF2 BB RF3 RF4
4WRD 2WRD >120%R
Compared with 2-way receiving diversity, 4-way receiving diversity gets more 3~5dB uplink gain.
Page53
AMR
TCH/AHS7.95
5.0 M OS
Experiment 1b - Test Results
TCH/AHS7.4
4.0
TCH/AHS6.7
3.0 Sel. Requir. AMR-HR EFR FR HR No Errors Sel. Requir. AMR-HR 3.99 4.11 4.21 3.50 3.35 C/I=19 dB 3.99 4.04 C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB 3.99 3.96 3.72 4.21 3.50 C/I=10 dB 3.14 3.38 3.74 3.14 3.24
AMR-HR TCH/AHS5.9
2.0
Conditions C/I= 7 dB 2.74 3.10 3.34 2.74 2.80 C/I= 4 dB 1.50 2.00 1.58 1.50 1.92
1.0
TCH/AHS5.15
TCH/AHS4.75
EFR FR HR
Page54
High voice quality than HR and good customer experience. Low C/I requirement and easy to network planning. More robust than HR and stronger anti-interference. Increase 80%~140% network capacity and decrease CAPEX of network.
Gain of Advance Technology

Gain Transmitting diversity PBT AMR 3dB 2dB 5dB(when EFR lower than 5%,compare with FR) 4-way receiving diversity 3~5dB(uplink)
Page55
The Function of Extended Cell

In the GSM specifications, the cell coverage is restricted within 35km(63 TA) . Thus, the coverage radius of the cell cannot exceed 35km. In wide and open area where the subscribers are dispersedly distributed, the traffic is low, and the infrastructure such as transmission and power supply facilities is hard to construct or cannot reach, the cell with a radius larger than 35km must be provided. If the extended cell technology is adopted, the cell coverage radius can reach 120km in an ideal condition. Operators can adopt this technology to reduce the number of sites and build their own GSM networks quickly with smaller investment. In this way, they can attract mobile subscribers in special areas and thus increase the operation revenue.
Page56
Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should send the signal in advance!!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
Page57
Transmission delay is unavoidable in the radio interface. If the mobile station moves away from the base station during a call, the further distance the more delay. The uplink is as the same. If the delay is too high, the timeslots of the signal from a certain mobile station and that of the next signal from another mobile station received by the base station will overlap each other, thus causing inter-code interference. To avoid this, during a call, the measurement report sent from the mobile station to the base station carries a delay value. Moreover, the base station should monitor the time when the call arrives and send an instruction to the mobile station via the downlink channel every 480ms so as to inform the mobile station the time of advance transmission. This time is the TA (timing advance), which ranges between 0~63 (0~233s ). The TA value is limited by the timing advance code 0~63bit of the GSM system. Therefore, the maximum coverage distance of the GSM is 35km. Its calculation is as follows: 1/2*3.7 s /bit*63bit*c=35km {In the formula, 3.7s /bit is the duration per bit (156/577); 63bit is the maximum bit number of the time adjustment; c is the light speed (transmission speed of the signal); and indicates that the go and return trip of the signal.} According to the above description, the distance corresponding to 1bit period is 554m. Influenced by the multi-path propagation and MS synchronization precision, the TA error may reach up to about 3bit (1.6km).
Dual Timeslot Extended Cell

Delay<=63 UL data Modulation range After TA adjustment
Timeslot0
Timeslot1 Normal cell
Timeslot2
Delay >63
After TA adjustment
Timeslot0
Timeslot1 Dual timeslot extended cell
Timeslot2
Page58

To support MS signals with a delay exceeding 63bit, the 2timeslot cell can bind the even and odd timeslots, as if a TDMA frame in the extended cell only has four channels: 0/1, 2/3, 4/5, and 6/7. Only channel 0, 2, 4, and 6 can be assigned for the MS.
0/1
B0 B1
2/3
B2 B3
4/5
B4 B5
6/7
B6 B7
Page59

The dual-timeslot function is based on the concentric cell. The carrier in the underlay cell is configured as the 2-timeslot carrier. The carrier on the overlay cell is configured as a common cell. When the cell is configured as a 2-timeslot cell, the concentric cell attribute of this cell is automatically set to the concentric cell. If all carriers in the cell must be configured as 2-timeslot carrier, such solution is called the cell-level 2-timeslot solution. In this case, all carriers are configured in the overlay cell. If some carriers in the cell are configured as common carriers and others as 2-timeslot carriers, the BCCH is located on the 2-timeslot carriers, such solution is called carrier-level 2-timeslot solution. In this case, the 2timeslot carriers are configured in the underlaid cell and the common carriers are configured in the overlaid cell.
Page60
Question
What is the max value of extended cells TA?
Max TA?
Page61
Assignment of Extended Cell

Type Imm-assignment Assignment Intra-BSC HO In-coming BSC HO Assignment Strategy Underlaid Depend on assign optimum layer Underlaid Underlaid
Page62
Configuration
Modify the cell as double timeslot extended cell.
Page63
Configuration
Page64
Configure the TRX as overlaid or underlaid.
Summary
In this course, we have learned: Propagation and planning basis Coverage planning method Indoor and tunnel planning Planning procedure and site location
Page65

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Coverage Planning Principle

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Radio Propagation Environment

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Multi-path propagation Shadowing Terrain Building Reflection Interference

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direct signal strong reflected signal

long echoes, out of equalizer window: self-interference

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Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

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Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

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Objective of Propagation Model

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Land Usage Types

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Cell Coverage Range

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Difference band coverage area will be difference. Normally

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Min. Receiving Level

Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration

Minreceive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration

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Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

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Min. Receive Level

Density urban, indoor

Resident area, indoor

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Min. Receive Level

Density urban, indoor

Resident area, indoor

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Pms + Gms L + Gdiversity + Gbts Lcable Min receive

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Link Budget Model

Pbts Lcombiner Lcable + Gbts L + Gms Minreceive

Pms + Gms L + Gdiversity + Gbts Lcable Minreceive

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