Derman 1 Licenciatura en Lengua y Literatura Inglesas - UCEL Written Assignment n 3 Natalia Soledad Derman M A !

M "#il Sil$ia %i$ero Ling&'stica ( No$em)er 1*! (+1+

,#e Language o- Loneliness. a /unctional Analysis o- a "oem )y 0enry Normal

Introduction ,#e aim o- t#is 1a1er is to analy2e 0enry Normal3s 1oem 4,#e 0ouse Is Not t#e Same Since 5ou Le-t6 in terms o- M A 7 0alliday3s An Introduction to Functional Grammar 81**9: and 0alliday and 0asan3s Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective 81*;*: More s1eci-ically! t#e analysis o- t#e 1oem <ill )e

)ased on 0alliday-0asan3s notion o- 4conte=t o- situation6 and its -eatures 4-ield!6 4tenor6 and 4mode>6 0alliday3s macro-unctions o- language! namely t#e 4e=1eriential!6 4inter1ersonal6 and 4te=tual6 -unctions! and t#eir linguistic reali2ation into di--erent structures t#at <ill )e scrutini2ed! namely transiti$ity! mood system! t#eme?r#eme 1rogression! co#esion and co#erence Emile @en$eniste3s 4De la Su)Aeti$idad del LenguaAe6 and 4La Naturale2a de los "ronom)res6 in Pro lemas de Ling!"stica General <ill also contri)ute to t#is analysis ,#e analysis mentioned a)o$e <ill )e intended to sustain t#e #y1ot#esis t#at t#is 1oem is a clear e=am1le o- #o< semantics and grammar interact creating a uni-ied <#ole

Derman ( ,#eoretical )acBground In de-ining t#eir model -rom a social-semiotic 1ers1ecti$e! 0alliday and 0asan suggest t#at language is re-lecti$e o- our construction and organi2ation o- reality and e=1erience! and it is t#roug# t#e use o- language t#at meaning is constructed Nota)ly im1ortant is t#e connection )et<een t#e terms 4social-semiotic6 and 4use6 )ecause o- t#e model3s 1rimacy gi$en to t#e )uilding u1 o- meaning and )ecause o- t#eir interest in any -unctional stretc# olanguage! eit#er <ritten or oral 80alliday-0asan! 1*;* . iii-$: 0alliday and 0assan3s a11roac#! <#ic# aims at determining t#e -unction o- language and o- its constituents in a gi$en conte=t! em1#asi2es t#e notion o- s#stem! )ot# systems omeaning and social systems W#ile systems o- meaning re-er to t#e semiotic as1ect in t#e sense t#at language as a system o- signs constitutes 4net<orBs o- relations#i1s!6 social systems are re-erred to as 4synonymous <it# culture 6 0ence! t#eir social-semiotic 1ers1ecti$e consists in 4CrelatingD language 1rimarily to one 1articular as1ect o- #uman e=1erience! namely t#at o- social structure6 ,#is is <#y t#ey consider t#at 4conte=t and te=t C D are as1ects o- t#e same 1rocess6 80alliday-0asan! 1*;* . 9-E: In t#eir de-inition o- conte=t! t#ey e=1lore Malino<sBy3s t#eory <#ere #e de-ines conte=t o- situation as 4t#e en$ironment o- t#e te=t 6 0o<e$er! as 0alliday and 0asan comment! Malino<sBy sa< t#e need -or -urt#ering t#is notion and #e later considered t#e im1ortant role 1layed )y cultural )acBground and #istory! so #e later on 4introduced t#e t<o notions t#at #e called t#e conte=t o- situation and t#e conte=t o- culture!6 )ot# necessary in order to understand a te=t 80alliday-0asan! 1*;* . F-G: 0alliday and 0asan e=tend -rom Malino<sBy3s notions t#eir de-inition o- t#e t#ree 4conce1ts t#at ser$e to inter1ret t#e social conte=t o- a te=t! t#e en$ironment in <#ic# meanings are )eing e=c#anged6

Derman 3 80alliday-0asan! 1*;* . ;: ,#ey 1ro1ose a -rame<orB in <#ic# inter1retation o- a gi$en te=t also de1ends on t#e inter1retation o- t#e conte=t o- situation /rom t#eir 1ers1ecti$e! a conte=t o- situation is understood )y means o- t#e -ollo<ing t#ree -eatures. -ield o- discourse re-ers to 4t#e nature o- t#e social action t#at is taBing 1lace!6 generally identi-ied <it# t#e Huestions 4W#at is #a11eningI6 and it is connected to t#e domain o- e=1erience t#e message is a)out tenor o- discourse maBes re-erence to t#e 1artici1ants in t#e s1eci-ic e=c#ange and t#eir relations#i1> it is 1ossi)le to identi-y tenor <it# t#e Huestion 4W#o are taBing 1artI6 It accounts -or status! social distance and 1ro=imity! turn-taBing! 1ersonali2ation mode o- discourse is t#e 4sym)olic organi2ation o- t#e te=t!6 <#ic# taBes into consideration t#e c#annel o- communication! i e <ritten! oral! <ritten meant to )e read aloud! <ritten to )e -iled! etc It accounts -or interacti$ity and s1ontaneity and mo$es along t#e s1oBen?<ritten continuum 80alliday-0ssan! 1*;* . 1(:

,#ese t#ree -eatures are rele$ant -or t#e understanding o- a te=t and t#eir im1ortance lies in t#e -act t#at a te=t -or 0alliday and 0asan is determined )y its <#oleness As t#ey 1ointed out! 4a te=t is essentially a semantic unit6 t#at taBes 1lace inserted in a gi$en conte=t o- situation W#et#er <ritten or s1oBen! a te=t is any aut#entic stretc# o- language in use! and )ecause o- its nature! a te=t is considered )ot# a 1rocess and a 1roduct It is a 1rocess <#en taBing into consideration semantic c#oices and )uilding u1 o- t#e message!

Derman 9 and a 1roduct as an instance o- language use! t#e linguistic reali2ation o- t#e c#oices 80alliday-0asan! 1*;* . 1+: A te=t is considered t#e 1lace <#ere language and its -unctions interact <it# t#e conte=t o- situation ,#e di--erent -unctions a te=t -ul-ils is one o- t#e Bey 1oints in 0alliday3s -rame<orB According to #im! meaning is deri$ed -rom language -orms! i e ! t#ere e=ists a natural connection )et<een grammar and semantics 80alliday! 1**9 . =i=: Meaning is considered a t#ree-old unity <#ere di--erent $ie<1oints o- a clause interact A clause can )e seen as re1resentation! as e=c#ange and as message ,#ese Binds o- meaning 4run t#roug#out t#e <#ole o- language6 80alliday! 1**9 . 3E: As a conseHuence! <#ene$er <e maBe use o- language! our linguistic c#oices -ul-il a 1ur1ose or -unction 0alliday distinguis#es t#ree main language -unctions. t#e ideational -unction e=1resses cogniti$e meaning or 1ro1ositional content> language is seen as gi$ing structure to e=1erience allo<ing us to maBe sense o- it and determining our stand1oint t#e inter1ersonal -unction accounts -or t#e <ay in <#ic# <e use language to 4esta)lis# or maintain social relations!6 #o< social agents interact and #o< su)Aecti$ity is -ormed t#e te=tual -unction e=1resses discoursal meaning and it account -or te=t-internal connections t#at allo< us to inter1ret a te=t as a <#ole and not as a collection oindi$idual unities ,#ese t#ree -unctions are re-lected in linguistic c#oices and t#ere-ore in clause structure In order to determine <#ic# -unction is at 1lay! it is necessary to analyse t#ose linguistic c#oices -rom t#e di--erent $ie<1oints mentioned a)o$e

Derman E

In descri)ing a clause -rom t#e e=1eriential 1oint o- $ie<! i e ! <#en considering t#e clause as re1resentation! 0alliday e=1lains it is 1ossi)le to understand 1atterns oe=1erience and #ence disco$er t#roug# <#ic# 1rocesses reality is made u1 80alliday! 1**9 . 1+F: ,#roug# t#e analysis o- transiti$ity! <e identi-y t#ree roles. 1rocess! 1artici1ant and circumstance @roadly s1eaBing! t#ey corres1ond to t#e t#ree maAor <ords or <ord grou1s -ound in most languages! namely $er)s! nouns and ad$er)s /rom t#e analysis o- $er)s and $er) grou1s di--erent 1rocess ty1es emerge. material, mental, relational, e$avioural, existential and ver al Material 1rocesses are 41rocesses oJdoing36 80alliday! 1**9 . 11+:! t#ey in$ol$e a doer and a done-to> t#ey im1ly action! c#ange and creation Mental 1rocesses are t#ose o- sensing> t#ere is a #uman 1artici1ant t#at maBes use o- t#e senses> t#ese 1rocesses im1ly -eeling! t#oug#ts and 1erce1tion %elational 1rocesses are descri)ed as 4t#ose o- )eing6 80alliday! 1**9 . 11*:> t#ey are connected to attri)utes! identity and sym)ols @e#a$ioural 1rocesses are t#ose considered to )e almost e=clusi$ely -or #uman )eings since t#ey re1resent 41syc#ological and 1#ysiological )e#a$iour6 80alliday! 1**9 . 13*: E=istential! not to )e con-used <it# relational 1rocesses! relate to t#ose instances <#en somet#ing e=ists or #a11ens /inally! $er)al 1rocesses do not necessarily im1ly t#e 1resence o- a #uman )eing! )ut rat#er a sayer and a recei$er o- a message or a re1orted item 80alliday! 1**9 . 19+-191: ,#e study o- transiti$ity! as <ill )e s#o<n! 1ro$ides insig#t into #o< <e )uild and maBe sense o- reality In t#e case o- t#e 1oem 4,#e 0ouse Is Not t#e Same Since 5ou Le-t6 transiti$ity <ill s#o< #o< t#e addresser em1#asi2es one o- t#ese 1rocesses! <#ic# means t#at t#at is t#e <ay #e 1ercei$es reality

Derman F I- <e consider t#e clause as e=c#ange <it# t#e aim o- analysing its inter1ersonal -unction! t#e grammatical system o- mood is to )e considered As 0alliday suggests! mood consists o- t<o elements. a su %ect! <#ic# is realised )y means o- a nominal grou1! and a finite operator! <#ic# is realised into a $er)al grou1 <#ic# e=1resses tense or modality In t#is as1ect <e see language used -or t#e e=1ression o- social roles and social relations W#at is also taBen into account is t#e s1eec# role t#e s1eaBer ado1ts and <#at s1eec# -unction is at 1lay in t#e act o- e=c#anging in-ormation ,#ese -unctions are -our. o--er! command! statement and Huestion 80alliday! 1**9 . F;-F*: As -ar as social roles are concerned! t#e analysis <ill also account -or t#e construction su)Aecti$ity As @en$eniste descri)es it in 4De La Su)Aeti$idad en el LenguaAe6 81*E;: an indi$idual can only constitute #is 4ego6 t#roug# language <#ere t#e 4ego6 a11ears necessarily and ine$ita)ly in o11osition to a 4you 6 @ot# 4I6 and 4you6 are em1ty -orms t#at de-ine t#e su)Aect only <#en discourse taBes 1lace! i e ! <#en a locutor maBes use olanguage and relates <it# t#e interlocutor t#e 4I6 and t#e 4you6 are de-ined! t#e em1ty -orms are 4-illed6 and t#e re-erents )ecame uniHue in t#e act o- enunciation 8@en$eniste! 1*E; . 1;+-1;9: In 4La Naturale2a de los "ronom)res6 81*EF:! @en$eniste also e=1lores t#e construction o- su)Aecti$ity t#roug# discourse and suggests t#at t#ere is constant re-erence to 4I6 and 4you!6 <#ic# <e call su)Aect correlation! in t#e -orm o- 1ronouns! $er)al in-lections! 1ossessi$e adAecti$es! 1ossessi$e 1ronouns! o)Aect 1ronouns ,#ere are ot#er indicators t#at contri)ute to su)Aecti$ity! suc# as tem1oral and s1atial deictic re-erences and modality In t#is same essay! @en$eniste dra<s t#e di--erence )et<een 4su)Aecti$e6 or 1ersonal instances o- language! <#ic# re-er to t#e 4I6 and 4you!6 and t#e 4o)Aecti$e6 ones! <#ic# are dominated )y t#e t#ird 1erson ,#ey recei$e t#e name o- o)Aecti$e )ecause t#ey al<ays

Derman G #a$e a re-erence regardless t#e act o- enunciation @en$eniste concludes t#at t#e t#ird 1erson is actually a non-1erson <#ic# is not essential -or t#e construction con su)Aecti$ity )ut is rat#er considered a su)stitute 8@en$eniste! 1*EF . 1GF-1GG: All t#ese categories <ill contri)ute to t#e analysis o- t#e 1oem since t#ey <ill 1ro$ide insig#t into t#e construction o- su)Aecti$ity! social roles and #o< t#e system o- mood in t#is 1oem 1oints to a s1eci-ic Bind o- su)Aect

In considering t#e clause as message! i e ! t#e te=tual -unction! t#e aim is to disco$er <#at are t#e elements t#at contri)ute to t#e unity o- a 1iece A te=t #as no s1eci-ied lengt#! )ut rat#er! <#at determines t#e nature o- a te=t is t#e Bind o- relations t#at contri)ute to t#e unity o- meaning ,#e source o- t#is unity is called 4te=ture6 and it is constituted )y means o- certain Binds o- relations In ot#er <ords! te=ture deals <it# t#e total unity o- a te=t! <#ic# is 1ro$ided )y means o- relations )et<een its com1onents ,#e meaning relation )et<een t#e elements is re-erred to as 4co#esi$e tie6 and it im1lies t#e 1resence o- at least t<o elements ,#e linguistic! le=ico-grammatical reali2ation o- suc# tie is re-erred to as 4co#esi$e c#ain!6 made u1 )y 4co#esi$e de$ices6 80asan! 1*;* . G1: ,#ere e=ist t#ree ty1es o- co#esi$e ties Kne o- t#em is called 4co-re-erentiality6 and it is connected to situational identity Anot#er one is named 4co-classi-ication6 and it re-ers to t#ose elements t#at )elong to an identical class ,#e ot#er one is called 4co-e=tension6 and it re-ers to t#e relations#i1 o- elements o- t#e same semantic -ield t#at )ear general resem)lance Co#esi$e de$ices linguistically s#o< t#at di--erent Binds o- semantic relations#i1s or co#esi$e ties are at <orB Co-re-erentialiaty is realised )y means o- noun 1#rases! 1ronominals! t#e de-inite article and demonstrati$es 80alliday-0asan! 1*;* . G9: Co-e=tension is realised )y means o-

Derman ; sense relations o- t#ree Binds. s#non#m#! <#en 4t#e e=1eriential meaning o- t#e t<o le=ical items is identical!6 anton#m#! 4descri)ed as o11ositness o- e=1eriential meaning!6 and $#pon#m#! <#en a general su1er-ordinate term relates to a series o- co-#y1onyms 0asan adds meron#m# and repetition to co-e=tension c#ains> meronymy )ecause it 4re-ers to a 1art-<#ole relation6 and t#us creates a sense relation! and re1etition )ecause t#e le=ical unit creates a 4similar e=1eriential meaning6 80alliday-0asan! 1*;* . ;+-;1: /inally! coclassi-ication ties are realised )y means o- relations o- su)stitution and elli1sis All o- t#ese co#esi$e de$ices are t#e e=1licit reali2ation o- im1licit meaning relations t#at underlie a te=t and #ence 4are constituti$e o- te=ture6 80alliday-0asan! 1*;* . GE: Anot#er im1ortant as1ect o- te=ture is t#ematic structure As 0alliday 1ointed out! 4)y analysing t#e t#ematic structure o- a te=t clause )y clause! <e can gain insig#t into its te=ture6 80alliday! 1**9 . FG: @y t#ematic structure it is meant t#e $arious structures t#at maBe u1 a clause! <#ic# in its 1rogression recei$es t#e c#aracter o- a message 80alliday! 1**9 . 3G: Any message is made u1 )y a starting 1oint! t#e t#eme! <#ic# 4organises t#e clause as a message6 80alliday! 1**9 . 3;: and a r#eme! 4t#e 1art in <#ic# t#eme is de$elo1ed6 80alliday! 1**9 . 3G: ,#ere are t#ree di--erent Binds o- t#emes. textual t$eme! experiential t$eme and interpersonal t$eme 80alliday! 1**9 . E9: ,#e -irst one is identi-ied )y conAuncti$es! continuati$es and adAuncts> t#e second one is identi-ied )y to1ical t#emes re1resenting 1artici1ant! circumstance or 1rocess in t#e clause> and t#e t#ird one is identi-ied )y t#e $ocati$e! a modal adAunct! a -inite element or a W0- interrogati$e It is o-ten common to -ind t#ese t#emes in com)ination As 0alliday mentioned! 4multi1le t#emes are regularly -ound in most ty1es o- discourse6 80alliday! 1**9 . E9:

Derman * ,#e analysis o- t#e 1oem in terms o- t#eme?r#eme 1rogression <ill contri)ute to t#e understanding o- t#e general t#eme o- t#e 1oem! and t#e analysis o- t#e 1oem in terms ote=ture <ill determine u1 to <#ic# e=tent t#is te=t constitutes a co#erent unit

A-ter t#is )rie- descri1tion o- 0alliday3s -unctional -rame<orB and its interaction <it# 0asan3s notions o- te=ture! t#e -ollo<ing summary ser$es t#e 1ur1ose o- integrating conce1ts into a meaning-ul analysis o- a te=t! and it also delineates t#e <ay in <#ic# t#is 1a1er <ill de$elo1. TEXT Section in this analysis Fulfils this function Depicts this feature of the context of situation Realised as clause from this viewpoint Linguistic features to be analysed

Ideational /unction

/ield oDiscourse

Clause as %e1resentation

transiti$ity

Inter1ersonal /unction ,e=tual /unction

,enor oDiscourse Mode oDiscourse

Clause as E=c#ange

mood

Clause as Message

t#eme?t#eme structure and co#esi$e ties

Analysis ,#e analysis o- t#e 1oem 8A11endi= 1: <ill )e di$ided into di--erent sections in order to identi-y and scrutini2e as many constituents as 1ossi)le ,#e aim o- t#e detailed analysis is

Derman 1+ to connect grammar and semantics and t#ere-ore disco$er t#e underlying meanings o- t#e 1oem ,#e -ollo<ing are t#e t#ree di--erent integrated sections. Section 1

,#is 1oem reads a lonely <ido<er addressing #is dead <i-e commenting on #o< #is li-e in t#e #ouse t#ey used to s#are #as c#anged since s#e died 0o<e$er! t#e stress is 1laced u1on t#e state o- t#e o)Aects o- t#e #ouse! as i- t#ose o)Aects #ad acHuired li-e Interestingly enoug#! t#e analysis o- t#is 1oem in terms o- transiti$ity 8A11endi= (: s#o<s t#at it is t#e o)Aects t#e ones t#at 1er-orm most o- t#e action Kut o- t#e 91 1rocesses identi-ied in t#e 1oem! only E are 1er-ormed )y a #uman entity! 9 o- <#ic# are mental and 1 is $er)al ,#is im1lies t#at loneliness #as o$er<#elmed t#e <ido<er to suc# an e=tent t#at #e cannot act! Aust t#inB /rom t#e total o- 1rocesses analy2ed! t#e -ollo<ing results <ere o)tained.

Type of rocess Material @e#a$ioural Mental Mer)al %elational E=istential

!umber 1+ 3 1E 9 ; 1

ercentage (9L GL 3GL 1+L (+L (L

Anot#er inter1retation t#at s1rings -rom t#is analysis o- transiti$ity is t#at loneliness #as dra<n t#e <ido<er into #imsel-! #e does not relate <it# anyone! #e lacBs t#e <ill to act and s1ends #is time a)sor)ed in t#oug#ts Section (

Derman 11 ,#e 1oem may )e considered a 1iece o- interaction in <#ic# t#e <ido<er addresses #is dead <i-e ,#ere is a clear re-erence in t#e te=t! 4you!6 alt#oug# it is clear t#at t#ere is no interaction per se 0o<e$er! t#is 1ersonal -orm! toget#er <it# t#e ones connected to t#e 4ego!6 contri)utes to t#e construction o- su)Aecti$ity ,aBing into consideration @en$eniste3s notion o- su)Aect correlation is one Bey 1oint to )e taBen into account! and it is reali2ed in t#is te=t into t#e -ollo<ing linguistic -eatures 8A11endi= 1:. ". o)Aecti$e 1ronoun 4me6 on lines (! *! 11 and (3> and t#e 1ersonal 1ronoun 4I6 on lines 9! 1+! 13! 1F and (3 #$%. 1ersonal 1ronoun 4you6 on lines 1! 1(! 19! 1E! 1G and 1*! and t#e 1ossessi$e adAecti$e 4your6 on line 1+ &rd person 8 minus 1erson:. t#e #ouse 8line 1:! t#e cooBer 8line (:! t#e ,M 8line 3:! t#e <as#ing u1 8line 9:! not#ing in t#e #ouse 8line *:! t#e Bettle 8line 11:! t#e )at#room 8line 1E:! t#e )edroom 8line 1;:! t#e 1illo<s 8line (3:! t#e s#eets 8line (9:> 1ersonal 1ronoun 4it6 8lines (! F! 1F! 1G! 1* and ((:! 1ossessi$e adAecti$e 4its6 8lines 1( and 1*: and t#e re-le=i$e 1ronoun 4itsel-6 8lines E and (1:

E$en t#oug# t#ere are discoursi$e instances t#at account -or t#e construction o- t#e 4ego!6 suc# as t#e locutor 84I6: addressing #is dead <i-e 84you6:! t#e t#ird 1erson or 4non-1erson6 #as )een 1ersoni-ied to ac#ie$e an aest#etic -unction ,#e -act t#at t#ere is a 1redominance o- 3rd 1erson re-erences is interesting -or t#e analysis E$en t#oug# t#ey are linguistically regarded as 4non-1erson!6 t#ey recei$e a central role in t#is te=t! <#ic# seems to )e 1arado=ical 0o<e$er! t#e -act t#at t#ey are recurrent and -ocali2ed maBes t#em t#e t#eme o- t#e 1oem

Derman 1( ,#e <#ole 1oem is a declaration o- loneliness <#ere t#e <ido<er 1roAects #is o<n -eelings onto t#e #ouse#old o)Aects maBing t#em acHuire t#e #uman attri)utes t#at #e #as a)andoned ,#e centrality o- t#ese #ouse#old o)Aects is e$ident t#e system o- mood 8see A11endi= 3: Kut o- (3 clauses! a total o- 13 su)Aects re-er to #ouse#old o)Aects <#ile only 3 re-er to t#e <ido<er #imsel- Knce again! it is inter1reted t#at t#e main -ocus is 1laced u1on t#e o)Aects in t#e #ouse and not on t#e <ido<er

Section 3

In terms o- mode! t#is is a <ritten 1oem! 1art o- a collection o- 1oems called A &ap of 'eaven 81**E: )y t#e same aut#or According to critics! Normal3s 4<orB 1resents a <itty! <ry and ironic looB at t#e trials and tri)ulations o- lo$e! li-e! and most in)et<een6 8<<< o)solete com: 4,#e 0ouse is Not t#e same Since 5ou Le-t6 is t#e last 1oem in t#e collection! <#ic# em1#asi2es t#e idea o- end or deat# ,#is 1oem is <ritten in a con$ersational tone> as stated a)o$e it seems to )e a <ido<er3s con$ersation <it# #is <i-e! only t#at s#e is dead! maBing it a one-<ay monologue-liBe con$ersation ,#e main t#eme o- t#e 1oem is t#e state o- t#e #ouse since t#e <i-e died! and t#is is s#o<n in t#e t#ematic organi2ation 8A11endi= 9: ,#e result o- t#e analysis s#o<s 1F to1ical t#emes t#at re-er to #ouse#old o)Aects! and t#eir r#emes re-er to t#eir 1resent state o- t#eir late acti$ities inside t#e #ouse ,#eme?r#eme structure! as it can )e seen! contri)utes to t#e unity o- t#e te=t and is co#erent <it# t#e t#eme o- t#e <#ole 1oem ,#e 1oem is a co#erent unit )ecause o- its co#esi$e ties as <ell ,#e di--erent co#esi$e or semantic relations 1resent in t#is te=t are.

Derman 13

Co-re-erentialiaty. a: t#roug# t#e use o- t#e de-inite article on lines 1! (! 3! E! ;! 11! 13! 1E! 1;! (3 and (9 re-ers to t#e identity o- t#e o)Aects inside t#e #ouse ,#e -act t#at #ouse recei$es t#e de-inite article -rom t#e )eginning! im1lies s#ared Bno<ledge )et<een addresser 8t#e <ido<er: and addressee 8t#e dead <i-e:! <#ic# in t#is case it re-ers to t#e s#ared #ouse ): t#roug# t#e recurrent use o- 1ersonal 1ronouns. 4t#e cooBer6 and 4it6 8line (:! 4t#e ,M6 8line 3: and 4it6 8line 9:! 4t#e <as#ing-u16 8line E: and 4it6 8line F:! 4t#e 1lants6 8line 13: and 4t#ey6 8line 19:! 4t#e )at#room6 8line 1E: and 4it6 8line 1F and 1G:! 4t#e )edroom6 8line 1;: and 4it6 8lines 1* and (+: c: t#roug# t#e use o- 1ossessi$e adAecti$es. 4you6 8line 1: and 4your6 8line 1+:! 4t#e Bettle6 8line 11: and 4its6 8line1(:! 4t#e )edroom6 8line 1;: and 4its6 8line 1*:

Co-e=tension. a: t#roug# relations o- $#pon#m#: 4#ouse6 in t#e title and on lines 1 and * is t#e su1erordinate term! -or <#ic# 4)at#room6 8line 1E: and 4)edroom6 8line 1;: are co-#y1onyms since t#ey are rooms included in t#e #ouse 47itc#en6 and 4laundry room6 are im1lied ): t#roug# relations o- meron#m#: t#ere are se$eral instances! -or e=am1le 4Bitc#en6 8im1lied: )ecause o- t#e 1arts o- t#at room. 4cooBer6 8line (: and 4Bettle6 8line 1(:> 4laundry room6 8im1lied:

Derman 19 in t#e noun 4<as#ing-u16 8line E:> t#e e=1licit 4)edroom6 8line 1;: and its 1arts 41illo<s6 8line (3: and 4s#eets6 8line (9:> also t#e action 4slee16 8line (+: and t#e noun 4dreams6 8line (1: connected to )edroom Kt#er meronyms are 4,M6 8line 3:! 4<indo<6 8line 9:! 4curtains6 8line ;:! 4armc#air6 8line 1+:! 41lants6 8line 13: as 1arts o- t#e #ouse

Conclusion ,#e -unctional analysis o- t#e te=t #as s#ed lig#t into t#e underlying meanings o- t#e 1oem It #as )een 1ossi)le to matc# semantics 8meaning: to grammar 8structures: and reac# t#e conclusion t#at language clearly re-lects t#e addresser3s -eelings ,#e interesting 1oint in t#is a11arent con$ersation is t#at #ouse#old o)Aects taBe a central role t#roug# 1ersoni-ication! and t#at t#e construction o- su)Aecti$ity t#roug# language leads to a dee1er inter1retation o- t#e <ido<er3s state o- mind I- t#e 4ego6 is constructed in a s1eci-ic act o- enunciation relating?o11osing itsel- to a 4you!6 t#e 1#ysical a)sence o- 4you6 8t#e dead <i-e: ine$ita)ly im1lies t#at t#e ego 8t#e <ido<er: is also non-e=istent W#at is le-t are t#e #ouse#old o)Aects! <#ic#! in re1resenting t#e 3rd 1erson! are a)solute in t#eir re-erence and su)stitutes ,#roug# t#e 1rocesses attri)uted to t#ese o)Aects t#ey are ele$ated -rom t#e category o- non-1erson to t#at osu)stitutes o- t#e <ido<er <#o #as #imsel- )ecome de$oid o- li-e a-ter #is <i-e3s deat#

Derman 1E

'ppendix ( ) The *ouse "s !ot the Same since #ou Left 1 ,#e #ouse is not t#e same since you le-t ( ,#e cooBer is angry - it )lames me 3 ,#e ,M tries des1erately to stay )usy 9 )ut occasionally I catc# it staring out t#e <indo< E ,#e <as#ing-u1Ns -eeling sorry -or itsel- again F it Aust sits t#ere saying G OW#atNs t#e 1oint! <#atNs t#e 1ointIO ; ,#e curtains count t#e days * Not#ing in t#e #ouse <ill talB to me 1+ I t#inB your armc#airNs dead 11 ,#e Bettle tried to com-ort me at -irst 1( )ut you Bno< <#at itNs attention s1an is liBe 13 IN$e not told t#e 1lants yet 19 ,#ey t#inB youNre still on #oliday 1E ,#e )at#room misses you 1F I #ardly see it t#ese days 1G It still canNt )elie$e you didnNt taBe it <it# you 1; ,#e )edroom <onNt e$en looB at me 1* since you le-t it Bee1s its eyes closed (+ All it <ants to do is slee1! remem)ering )etter times (1 trying to loose itsel- in dreams (( it seems liBe itNs taBen t#e easy <ay out (3 )ut at nig#t I #ear t#e 1illo<s (9 <ee1ing into t#e s#eets

Derman 1F

'ppendix +, Transitivity ) rocesses and articipants ,#e #ouse "artici1ant. carrier is "rocess. relational 8intensi$e: not t#e same attri)ute since 5ou le-t "rocess. material

ConAunction "artici1ant. actor Circumstance. tem1oral angry Attri)ute

,#e cooBer "artici1ant. carrier

Is "rocess. relational 8intensi$e: @lames "rocess. $er)al

It "artici1ant. sayer ,#e ,M "artici1ant. actor ,ries "rocess. material

me ,arget to stay "rocess. material )usy

des1erately Circumstance. manner

Circumstance. manner goal In )ot# t#ese 1rocesses! t#e c#oice o- material lies in t#e -act t#at 4trying6 im1lies action! in t#e same <ay 4staying )usy6 does /rom my 1oint o- $ie< t#is is 1ossi)le since t#ere e=ist material 1rocesses t#at do not necessarily im1ly a second 1artici1ant 80alliday! 1**9 . 1+*: Kccasionally
Circumstance

@ut
ConAunctio n contrast

I
"artici1ant. senser

Catc#
"rocess. mental 81erce1tion:

It
"artici1ant. senser

staring

out t#e <indo<

"rocess. Circumstance mental 8s1atial: "#enomenon

4Catc#6 #as )een classi-ied as mental process ! since it comes to re1resent an act o1erce1tion ,#e <as#ing-u1 "artici1ant Senser Ns -eeling "rocess. mental 8-eeling: sorry -or itsel- again "#enomenon

Derman 1G

It "artici1ant. e=istent 4W#at Su)Aect

Aust sits "rocess. e=istential

t#ere

saying "rocess. $er)al t#e 1ointI6 Com1lement

Circumstance. 1lace Ns "rocess. relational Puoted Ns "rocess. relational Puoted

4W#at Su)Aect

t#e 1ointI6 Com1lement

,#e curtains "artici1ant. senser Not#ing in t#e #ouse "artici1ant. sayer I "artici1ant. senser

count "rocess. mental 8cognition: <ill talB "rocess. $er)al your armc#air "artici1ant. carrier

t#e days "#enomenon to me Qoal

,#inB "rocess. mental 8cognition:

Ns "rocess. relational 8intensi$e: "#enomenon me Qoal

dead attri)ute

,#e Bettle "artici1ant. actor

,ried "rocess. material

to com-ort "rocess. material

at -irst Circumstance

Qoal Knce again! t#e 1rocess 4try6 #as )een classi-ied as material process )ecause it im1lies an actor @ut ConAunction contrast I "artici1ant. sayer 5ou "artici1ant. senser Bno< "rocess. mental 8cognition: N$e not told "rocess. $er)al <#at its attention s1an "artici1ant. carrier is "rocess. relational "#enomenon liBe Attri)ute

t#e 1lants target

yet Circumstance. tem1oral

Derman 1;

,#ey "artici1ant. senser

t#inB "rocess. mental 8cognition:

you "artici1ant. carrier

Nre "rocess. relational "#enomenon

still on #oliday Circumstance. tem1oral

,#e )at#room "artici1ant Senser I "artici1ant. senser It #ardly Circumstance. tem1oral still

misses "rocess. mental 8-eeling: see "rocess. mental 8seeing: you "artici1ant. actor it "#enomenon

you "#enomenon t#ese days Circumstance. tem1oral <it# you circumstance

"artici1ant. Circumstance. senser tem1oral

canNt )elie$e "rocess. mental 8cognition:

didnNt it taBe "rocess. goal material "#enomenon

,#e )edroom "artici1ant. senser since

<onNt e$en looB at "rocess. mental 8seeing: It Bee1s "artici1ant. "rocess. )e#a$er )e#a$ioural

me "#enomenon its eyes closed Matter

you le-t "artici1ant. "rocess. actor material Circumstance. tem1oral

all it <ants com1lement "artici1ant. "rocess. senser mental Carrier

to do "rocess. material

Is "rocess. relational

slee1! "rocess. )e#a$ioural 8attri)ute:

Derman 1* remem)ering "rocess. metal 8cognition: )etter times "#enomenon

trying "rocess. material

to lose "rocess. material

itselgoal

in dreams Circumstance. s1atial

Qoal ,#e 1rocess 4try6 #as )een classi-ied once more as material process )ecause it im1lies an actor and e--ort! action In t#e same <ay! 4lose6 im1lies t#e act o- disa11earing! t#ere-ore c#ange o- state it "artici1ant. carrier seems "rocess. relational 8intensi$e: at nig#t I liBe Com1arati$e It "artici1ant. actor Ns taBen "rocess. material Attri)ute <ee1ing t#e easy <ay out goal

)ut

#ear

t#e 1illo<s

into t#e s#eets

conAunction

Circumstance. "artici1ant. tem1oral senser

"rocess. "artici1ant. "rocess. Circumstance mental )e#a$er )e#a$ioural 81lace: 8-eeling: "#enomenon

'ppendix & ) -ood and -odality Enunciation -odality Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Sub.ect ,#e #ouse ,#e cooBer It ,#e ,M I ,#e <as#ing u1 It -ood Finite 81resent: is 81resent: is 81resent: )lames 81resent: tries 81resent: catc# 81resent: is 81resent: sits not t#e same since you le-t 81olarity: angry me des1erately to stay )usy it staring out t#e <indo< -eeling sorry -or itsel- again t#ere saying Residue

Derman (+ Interrogati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e Declarati$e W#at ,#e curtains Not#ing in t#e #ouse I ,#e Bettle 5ou I ,#ey ,#e )at#room I It ,#e )edroom 8Since you le-t:S it All it <ants to do It 8@ut at nig#t:S I 81resent: is 81resent: count 81resent )e#a$iour: <ill 81resent: t#inB 81ast: tried 81resent: Bno< 81resent: J$e 81resent: 8still:S t#inB 81resent: misses 81resent: 8#ardly:S see 81resent: 8still:S can3t 81resent )e#a$iour: <on3t 81resent: Bee1s 81resent: is 81resent: seems 81resent: #ear t#e 1ointI t#e days talB to me your armc#air is dead to com-ort me at -irst! <#at its attention s1an is liBe not told t#e 1ants yet R 81olarity: you3re on #oliday you it t#ese days )elie$e you did not taBe it <it# you e$en looB at me its eyes closed slee1! remem)ering )etter times! trying to lose itsel- in dreams it3s taBen t#e easy <ay out t#e 1illo<s <ee1ing into t#e s#eets

Ad$er)ials 8S: are 1art o- t#e residue )ut t#eir 1osition in t#e clause #as )een res1ected in t#is c#art

'ppendix / ) Theme0Rheme structure

Derman (1 Theme ) 1ind ,#e #ouse 8to1ical: ,#e cooBer 8to1ical: it 8to1ical: ,#e ,M 8to1ical: @ut 8te=tual: ,#e <as#ing u1 8to1ical: It 8to1ical: W#at 8inter1ersonal: W#at 8inter1ersonal: ,#e curtains 8to1ical: Not#ing in t#e #ouse 8to1ical: I 8to1ical: ,#e Bettle 8to1ical: @ut 8te=tual: I 8to1ical: ,#ey 8to1ical: ,#e )at#room 8to1ical: I 8to1ical: It 8to1ical: ,#e )edroom 8to1ical: Since you le-t 8te=tual: All it <ants to do 8to1ical: It 8to1ical: @ut 8te=tual: Rheme is not t#e same since you le-t is angry )lames me tries des1erately to stay )usy occasionally I catc# it staring out o- t#e <indo< 8to1ical t#eme:1 Js -eeling sorry -or itsel- again Aust sits t#ere saying is t#e 1ointI is t#e 1ointI count t#e days <ill talB to me t#inB your armc#air is dead 8to1ical t#eme:S tried to com-ort me at -irst you Bno< <#at it attention s1an is liBe J$e not told t#e 1lant yet still t#inB you are on #oliday 8to1ical t#eme:S misses you #ardly see it t#ese days still can3t )elie$e you didn3t taBe it <it# you 8to1ical t#eme:S <on3t e$en looB at me it Bee1s its eyes closed 8to1ical t#eme:1 is slee1! remem)ering )etter times! trying to lose itsel- in dreams! seems it3s taBen t#e easy <ay out 8to1ical t#eme:S at nig#t I #ear t#e 1illo<s <ee1ing into t#e s#eets 8to1ical t#eme:S

S Analysis o- em)edded clauses> my underlining 1 Analysis o- main clauses

@i)liogra1#y

Derman (( @en$eniste! E Pro lemas de Lingu"stica General Tomos I # II( Me=ico! TTI Editores! 1+t# Ed ! 1*GG 0alliday! M and 0asan! % Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective K=-ord! K=-ord Uni$ersity "ress! 1*;* 0alliday! M An Introduction to Functional Grammar Ne< 5orB! K=-ord Uni$ersity "ress Inc ! 1**9 <<< <iBi1edia com and <<< o)solete com -or in-ormation a)out 0enry Normal! accessed on Kcto)er 31! (+1+