Introduction

EE328 Power Electronics Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering - Ege University

Course Book

Power Electronics Daniel W. Hart McGraw-Hill, 2011

Power electronics

Power electronics circuits convert electric power from one form to another using electronic devices. Conversion is done using electronic switches, capacitors, magnetics, and control systems Applications of power electronics range from highpower conversion equipment such as dc power transmission to everyday appliances, such as cordless screwdrivers, power supplies for computers, cell phone chargers, and hybrid automobiles.

Scope of power electronics

milliWattsgigaWatts
Power Level (Watts) Example System 0.1-10 Battery operated equipment

10-100
100-1kW

Satellite power systems Offline flyback power supply

Computer power supply Blender

1-10kW 10-100 kW
100kW-1MW 10MW-100MW

Electronic welding machine Electric car Eddy current braking

Micro-SMES (Supeconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) Magnetic aircraft lunch Big locomotives Power distribution

100MW-1GW >1GW

Power plant High Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC)

Interdisciplinary nature of power electronics

Areas of applications

High frequency power conversion

Power transmission

DC/DC, inverters

HVDC HVAC Power factor correction Harmonic reduction

Low frequency power conversion

Power quality

Line rectifiers

Distributed power systems Power devices

Passive filtering Active filtering

Some applications

Heating and lighting control Induction heating Flourescent lamp ballast Motor driver Battery chargers Electric vehicles, regenerative breaking Switching power supplies Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) Electric power transmission Automotive electronics (Ignition, alternators) Energy storage (Flywheel,SMES, super capacitor) Power conditioning for alternative power sources: Solar cells, Fuel cells, Wind turbines)

Induction heating

Maglev Train

Electric car

Renewable energy

Conversion clasification

ac input/dc output (rectifier)

Full wave rectifier

220VAC/50Hz inverter with battery input Voltage regulator

dc input/ac output (inverter)

dc input/dc output (converter)

ac input/ac output (converter)

Dimmer, speed control of induction machine

A converter can operate as a rectier or an inverter, depending on the direction of average power P.

Multistep conversion

Power conversion can be a multistep process involving more than one type of converter. For example, an ac-dc-ac conversion can be used to modify an ac source by rst converting it to direct current and then converting the dc signal to an ac signal that has an amplitude and frequency different from those of the original ac source

Power electronics concept

The purpose is to supply 3 V to a load resistance. One simple solution is to use a voltage divider Problem 1: the power absorbed by the 2RL resistor is twice as much as delivered to the load and is lost as heat, making the circuit only 33.3 percent efcient. Problem 2: if the value of the load resistance changes, the output voltage will change unless the 2RL resistance changes proportionally.

more desirable design solution: Adding a switch which is opened and closed perodically. if the switch is closed for one-third of the period, the average value of vx (denoted as Vx) is onethird of the source voltage.

Instantaneous power absorbed by the switch is the product of voltage and current. When the switch is open, power absorbed by it is zero because the current in it is zero. When the switch is closed, power absorbed by it is zero because the voltage across it is zero. Since power absorbed by the switch is zero for both open and closed conditions, all power supplied by the 9V source is delivered to RL, making the circuit 100% efcient.

But the output is not pure dc! However, the voltage waveform vx can be expressed as a Fourier series To create a 3-Vdc voltage, vx is applied to a low-pass lter. An ideal low-pass lter allows the dc component of voltage to pass through to the output while removing the ac terms, thus creating the desired dc output. If the lter is lossless, the converter will be 100 percent efcient.

In practice, the lter will have some losses and will absorb some power. Additionally, the electronic device used for the switch will not be perfect and will have losses. However, the efciency of the converter can still be quite high (more than 90 percent). A feedback control system would detect if the output voltage were not 3 V and adjust the closing and opening of the switch accordingly

Electronic Switches

Have two states: ON and OFF Ideal switch: either switch current or switch voltage is zero, making the power absorbed by it is zero. Real switches absorb some power.

Diode

Simplest electronic switch Uncontrollable on and off conditions are determined by voltages and currents in the circuit.

Reverse recovery

An important dynamic characteristic of a nonideal diode is reverse recovery current. When a diode turns off, the current in it decreases and momentarily becomes negative before becoming zero. The time trr is the reverse recovery time, which is usually less than 1 us. Silicon carbide (SiC) and schottky diodes have very little reverse recovery effect.

Semiconductor rectifier

Mercury arc rectifier

Thyristor (SCR) and GTO

Controllable diode with three terminal SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) GTO (Gate turnoff thyristor)

Triacs and MCT

Triac: Two back-to-bact thyristor MCT (Mos conttrolled thyristor)

Thyristor (SCR), GTO, Triac

Thyratron

Transistors

Unlike the diode, turn-on and turnoff of a transistor are controllable. Types:

MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) IGBT (Isolated Gated Bipolar Transistor)

MOSFETS

BJT

IGBT

Power MOSFET, IGBT

Vacuum tube

Switch selection

The selection of a power device for a particular application depends not only on the required voltage and current levels but also on its switching characteristics. Transistors and GTOs provide control of both turn-on and turnoff SCRs of turn-on but not turnoff and diodes of neither.

Switch selection

Switching speeds and the associated power losses are very important in power electronics circuits. The BJT is a minority carrier device have minority carrier storage delays. The MOSFET is a majority carrier device that does not have minority carrier storage delays Therefore, MOSFET has advantage in switching speeds. Generally has lower switching losses and is preferred over the BJT.

Example 1-1

When S1 is opened, S2 must be close in order to provide current path. When S2 is opened, S1 is closed. Switching frequency is 200 kHz Select switching devices?

The operating points are on the positive i and v axes S1 must turn off when and must turn on when So,the device used for S1 must provide control of both turn-on and turnoff. BJTcharacteristic matches the requirement. But a MOSFET would be a good choice because of the required switching frequency, simple gatedrive requirements, and relatively low voltage and current requirement (24 Vand 2 A).

The operating points are on the positive current axis and negative voltage axis. Therefore, a positive current in S2 is the requirement to turn S2 on, and a negative voltage exists when S2 must turn off. This matches a diode operation and no other control is needed for the device A diode is an appropriate choice for S2.

Switch implementation using a MOSFET and a diode

Switch implementation using two MOSFET (Synchronous rectification)

Computer Simulation

Spice (developed at the university of California at Berkeley) Pspice (Commercially available version of spice) OrCad capture - Cadence PSIM - Powersim Proteus Labcenter etc.