LINCOLN ON LEADERSHIP

Donald T. Phillips

Cont e n t s
Intro d u c t i o n PART 1 2 3 PART 4 5 6 7 I - PEOPLE Get Out of th e Offic e and Circul a t e Amo n g th e Troo s !uild Str o n g Allian c e s Per s u a d e Rat h e r Than Coer c e II - CHARACTER Hon e s t " an d Int e g r i t " Are th e !e s t Polici e s Ne # e r Act Out of $en g e a n c e or S it e Ha# e th e Cour a g e to Han dl e %n&u s t Critici s m !e a 'as t e r of Para d o (

PART III - ENDEA$OR 8 E(er ci s e a Str o n g Hand) !e De ci s i # e 9 Lead *" !ei n g Led 10 Se t Goal s an d !e Re s u l t s Orie n t e d 11 +e e Se ar c h i n g %ntil ,ou -ind ,our .Grant. 12 Enc o ur a g e Inno # a t i o n PART IV - CO''%NICATION 13 'as t e r th e Art of Pu*li c S e a / i n g 14 Influ e n c e Pe o l e Thro u g h Con# e n t i o n and St or " t e l l i n g 15 Pre a c h a $isi o n and Conti n u a l l " Reaffir m It E ilo g u e

INTROD%CTION
Throu h o u ! !h" r"la!i#"l$ %ri"& his!or$ o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s !h"r " ha#" %" " n )a n $ r" a ! l"ad" r s . ("#"r al* su+h as ,ashin ! o n* Ada )s * -"&&"rson* and !h" Roos "# "l! s * %"+ a ) " pr"sid " n ! s . o!h"r s li/" 0ran/lin* ,"%s! " r * An!hon$* and 1in )a d " a dra ) a ! i+ i)pa + ! on )a n/ind 2i!hou! r"a+ hin !h" ,hi!" 3ous ". Th"r" ar" +oun!l " s s o!h"r l"ad" r s * on %o!h lo+al and na!ion al l"#"ls* in all asp " + ! s o& so+i"! $* 2ho +ould %" la%"l" d 4 r" a ! . 4 5"! !h"r " is on" p"rs on 2ho ris"s a%o#" all o& !h" ). 6n" 2ho is +onsis! " n !l $ ran/" d as !h" r" a ! " s ! pr" sid" n ! . 6n" 2ho is #i"2" d as !h" r" a ! " s ! l"ad " r !his na!ion has "#"r /no2n or 2ill "#"r /no2. And on" 2ho* al!hou h d"a d &or )or " !ha n 125 $"ar s * s!ill inspir" s and )o#" s p"opl" &ro) all 2al/s o& li&"* &ro) all aroun d !h" lo%". Tha! p"rs on is A%rah a ) 7in+oln. I! is no! surprisin !ha! our #ision o& 7in+oln !oda $ is )or " )$! hi+ al !ha n r"al. 3is rol" as !h" " )% a ! !l " d 8i#il ,ar pr"sid" n ! and 9(a#ior o& !h" :a!ion4 2as )a ni&i"d a&!"r his ass a s si n a !io n. And 2i!h !i)" his "ndurin i)a " as !h" ;r"a! <)a n+ip a ! or has +a! a p ul! " d hi) !o a l"#"l n" ar sain! hoo d. In addi!ion* !h" la%"lin o& 7in+oln as 43on" s ! A%"4 and 4Th" Railspli!!"r 4 %$ !h" )" di a o& his !i)" has %" " n p"rp " ! u a ! " d &or 2"ll o#"r a +"n! ur $. <#"r$ s+hool- a " +hild in A)"ri+a /no2s a%ou! A%raha ) 7in+oln. Thous a n d s o& %oo/s and ar!i+l"s ha#" %" " n 2ri!!" n on #arious asp " + ! s o& his li&". =or"o# "r* !h" i)a " o& 7in+oln is "#"r $2 h " r " . 3is li/"n" s s is on !h" p"nn$* !h" &i#"- dollar %ill* sa#in s %ond s* and +"r!i&i+a! " s o& d"posi!. Th"r" ar" +oun!l " s s s!a! u " s * pho!o r a p h s * pain!in s* and s/"!+ h " s o& hi) !hrou h o u ! !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s and aroun d !h" 2orld. 3is li/"n" s s adorn s +our!roo ) s * s+hools* pu%li+ %uildin s* and pri#a! " r"sid" n + " s . Th"r" ha#" %"" n pla$s 2ri!!" n a%ou! hi)* alon 2i!h )o#i" s* !"l"#ision pro r a ) s * )a a >i n " ar!i+l"s* son s 4* and po" )s . 3is na ) " has %"" n ass o+i a ! " d 2i!h )o! "ls* au!o ) o %il " s * !o$s* %an/s* or a ni> a !ions * s!r" " ! s * and o%?"+! s !oo nu )" r o u s !o &is!. In addi!ion* his l"!! "r s* no!" s* 2ri!!" n sp" " + h " s * and au!o r a p h s ar" in d" ) a n d all o#"r !h" 2orld. ,i!h all !his "@pos ur " in rain " d in !h" A)"ri+a n s!r" a ) o& +ons+iou s n " s s * i!4s "as $ !o s" " 2h$ !h" dis!a n+ " %"!2 " " n !h" )$! h and !h" r"ali!$ o& 7in+oln is s!ill #"r$ 2id". In &a+!* i! has onl$ %"" n in !h" las! !2" n! $ or !hir!$ $" ar s !ha! 7in+oln "n!h u si a s ! s ha#" %" u n !o "@plor" !h" 4r" al4 7in+oln and* a! !h" sa ) " !i)"* !r$ !o s"p a r a ! " and do2npla $ !h" )$! h. 8uriousl$* 2i!h "#"r $! hi n !ha! has %" " n 2ri!!" n a%ou! A%rah a ) 7in+oln* li!!l" is /no2n a%ou! his "@!ra or din a r $ l"ad " r s hip a%ili!$. This is p"rh a p s %"+ a u s " l"ad" r s hi p !h"or$ i!s"l& is a r"la!i#"l$ r"+ " n ! ph" no ) " n o n . 6nl$ in !h" las! !"n !o &i&!"" n $"ar s has !h" s!ud$ o& l"ad " r s hip %" " n "@a )i n " d +los"l$* and no! as par! o& !h" 4)a n a " ) " n ! 4 philosop h $ o& !h" %usin" s s 2orld. In a 2a$* A%rah a ) 7in+oln r"pr " s " n ! " d !h" su) ) a ! i o n o& !hos " l"ad " r s hip Auali!i"s !ha! had h"lp" d !o &or) a na!ion. Th" las! r" a ! l"ad" r %"&or " indus !rial +han " * 7in+oln s!ood &or all !ha! 2as ri h!* hon" s ! * and s"l&- "#id" n !. As a %o$* his h"ro " s 2"r" !h" 0oundin 0a!h"r s* and h" s!udi" d !h" his!or$ o& !ha! $oun na!ion !ha! 2as so d"#o! " d !o hu )a n ri h! s. 3" r"2 up in po#"r ! $ and had a %indin lin/ !o !h" +o) )o n p"opl ". 3" 2as inno#a !i#" a! a !i)" 2h" n !h" a " o& dis+o#"ri " s and in#"n!ion s 2as ?us! %" innin . 3" 2as +o)p a s s i o n a ! " and +arin $"!* 2h" n n"+ " s s a r $* +ould pu! his &oo! do2n &ir)l$ and %" d"+isi#" %"$o n d Au" s !ion. 3" 2as pa!i" n! * p"rsis! " n ! * +onsis! " n ! * and p"rs u a si# " ra!h " r !han di+!a ! orial. Bu!* 2i!hou! a dou%!* !h" &ound a !ion o& A%raha ) 7in+oln4s l"ad " r s hip s!$l" 2as an uns h a / a %l " +o) )i ! ) " n ! !o !h" ri h!s o& !h" indi#idu al. In!"r " s !i n l$* in !h" )a n $ d"&ini!ions o& l"ad" r s hi p !h"r " ar" &"2 r"&"r " n + " s !o !his %asi+ +on+ " p ! o& hu )a n ri h! s. -a)" s =a+;r" or Bu)s* in his land ) a r / %oo/ 7"ad"r s hip* +a )" !h" +los" s ! 2h"n h" 2ro! "C

7"ad" r s hi p is l"ad " r s indu+in &ollo2"r s !o a+! &or +"r! ain oals !ha! r"pr " s " n ! !h" #alu" s and !h" )o!i#a !ions- !h" 2an! s and n"" d s * !h" aspir a!ions and "@p" + ! a !i on s- o& %o!h l"ad" r s and &ollo2"rs. And !h" "nius o& l"ad" r s hi p li"s in !h" )a n n " r in 2hi+h l"ad " r s s"" and a+! on !h"ir o2n and !h"ir &"llo24s #alu" s and )o!i#a !ions . As +los" as Burns +o)" s !o a pur" d"&ini!ion o& l"ad " r s hip* i! s!ill s"" ) s a sha d " un&inish " d or in+o)pl " ! " . (u+h is !h" +as " * ho2"# " r* 2i!h #ir!uall$ "#"r $ a!! " ) p ! a! in!"rpr " !i n * +lari&$in * or d"&inin !h" !ru" )" a ni n o& l"ad" r s hi p. 7"ad"r s hip is an "lusi#" +on+ " p ! !ha!* a! !i)" s * +an %" #a u " and a )%i uo u s . As a r"sul!* !h"r " ar" no s"! rul"s or &or)ula s &or l"ad " r s !o &ollo2. Th"r" ar" onl$ uid"lin" s and +on+ " p ! s * p"r+ " p !ion s and id"a s * a%s !r a + !ion s and "n " r ali!i" s. This is 2h$ !h" ar! o& l"adin p"opl" is so di&&i+ul! !o )a s ! " r and !"a+ h* and 2h$ !h"r " is su+h a r" a ! n"" d &or rol" )od "l s. ," )us ! s!ud$ indi#iduals 2ho ar" r"+o ni> " d as su++ " s s& ul l"ad" r s * !hos " 2ho ha#" d" )o n s ! r a ! " d !h"ir a%ili!i"s 2i!h !an i%l" r"sul!s. In shor!* 2" )us ! loo/ !o our h"ro " s . 0or i! is onl$ %$ "@a )i nin indi#idu als su+h as A%rah a ) 7in+oln !ha! 2" +an "#"r hop" !o und "r s ! a n d ho2 "&&"+!i#" l"ad" r s hi p 2or/s. (!udi" s o& o!h"r 2"ll- /no2n l"ad" r s su " s ! !ha! +"r! ain &a+!or s in +hildhood +an pr"dis po s " a p"rso n !o r" a ! l"ad" r s hi p. -a)" s =a+;r" or Bu)s poin!s ou!* &or "@a ) pl " * !ha! !h" )os ! i)por! a n ! in&lu"n+ " s on !h" sha pin o& l"ad" r s li" 4al )os ! 2holl$ in !h"ir "arl$ $"ar s .4 3" o%s "r# " d !ha! ;andhi* 7"nin* and 0ran/lin Roos "# "l! app " a r " d !o ha#" 4a s!ron a!! a + h ) " n ! !o on" par" n ! +oupl" d 2i!h so)" in!"n si#"l$ n" a !i#" a!! a + h ) " n ! !o !h" o!h"r.4 =os! o& !h"s " l"ad " r s had a +los" r"la!ions hip 2i!h !h"ir )o! h " r s * 2ho app " a r " d !o &a#or !h" ) o#"r o!h"r si%lin s. (i )u n d 0r"ud )a d " a si)ilar o%s " r# a !ion 2h" n* in Th" In!"rpr " ! a !i on o& Dr"a ) s * h" 2ro! "* 4I ha#" &ound !ha! p"opl" 2ho /no2 !ha! !h" $ ar" pr"&"rr " d or &a#or" d %$ !h"ir )o! h " rD sE i#" "#id" n+ " in !h"ir li#"s o& a p"+uliar s"l&- r"lian+ " and an unsh a / a %l " op!i )is ) 2hi+h o&!"n s"" ) li/" h"roi+ a!!ri%u! " s and %rin a+!u al su++ " s s !o !h"ir poss " s s o r s . 4 A%rah a ) 7in+oln* si)ilarl$* had a #"r$ +los" %ond 2i!h his s!"p ) o ! h " r * (ara h Bush -ohns! on 7in+oln. (h" 2as a +ons! a n ! sour+ " o& "n+our a " ) " n ! and lo#" !o h"r s!"p s o n. =rs. 7in+oln +onsid" r " d A%raha ) 4a )od "l +hild 2ho n"#"r n" " d " d a +ross 2ord.4 (h" r"+ all" d !ha! h"r )ind and his 4s" " ) " d !o run !o " ! h " r . 4 7in+oln spo/" onl$ in /indn" s s o& (ara h 7in+oln and al2a$s +all"d h"r 4)o! h " r . 4 In la!"r $" ar s* h" pro#id" d &or h"r* in par!* %$ /"" pin !h" &or!$ a+r" s o& land on 2hi+h sh" li#"d in his na ) " . 3" #isi!"d h"r &or !h" las! !i)" in "arl$ 1861* ?us! %"&or " h" l"&! &or ,ashin ! o n !o !a/" !h" oa!h o& o&&i+". Th"$ " )%r a + " d * +ri"d* h"ld hand s * and !al/" d )os ! o& !h" da$. To &ri"nds 2ho a++o ) p a ni " d hi)* 7in+oln spo/" #"r$ a&&"+!ion a ! "l $ o& his s!" p ) o ! h " r * +allin h"r !h" %"s ! &ri"nd h"4d "#"r had and r"+ allin !h" posi!i#" +ha n " sh"4 d %rou h ! a%ou! in his li&". This las! #isi! in i!s"l& sa$s )u+ h a%ou! !h" a!! a + h ) " n ! !h" $ shar " d . 3"r" 2as 7in+oln* o&& !o &a+" a !as/ "#" n 9 r" a ! " r !ha n !ha! 2hi+h r"s! " d upon ,ashin ! o n* 4 !a/in !i)" !o #isi! his )o! h " r * his "arli"s! and s!ron " s ! sour+ " o& r"a s s ur a n + " and suppor!. B$ +on!r a s ! * !h"r " 2as a )a?or "s!r a n " ) " n ! %"!2 " " n 7in+oln and his &a!h"r. Tho)a s 7in+oln 4 r"2 up li!"rall$ 2i!hou! "du+ a !ion*9 as 7in+oln 2ould la!"r 2ri!"* and 4h" n"#"r did )or " in !h" 2a$ o& 2ri!in !han !o %un lin l$ si n his o2n na )" . 4 A%rah a )* ho2"# " r * 2as )or " i#"n !o in!"ll"+! u al purs ui!s* 2hi+h )a $ ha#" %"" n !h" +hi"& +aus " &or a la+/ o& %ondin and a&&"+!ion %"!2 " " n !h" !2o. Th" %o$ !oo/ i! upon hi)s "l& !o l"arn !o r"a d and 2ri!"* and !h"n su%s " A u " n ! l $ "@pa n d " d his a%ili!i"s %$ l"aps and %ound s . A p"r&"+ ! "@a ) pl " o& !h" d"p! h o& !h" ri&! %"!2 " " n !h" !2o is !ha! 7in+oln did no! a!! " n d his &a!h"r 4 s &un"r al. ,h"n h" r"+"i#" d 2ord !ha! Tho)a s 2as n"ar d"a ! h* 7in+oln 2ro! " !o his s!"p %r o ! h " r * -ohn D. -ohns! onC 4(a$ !o hi) !ha! i& 2" +ould )" " ! no2* i! is dou%!&ul 2h"! h " r i! 2ould no! %" )or " pain&ul !ha n pl"a s a n ! . . . .9

In addi!ion !o !h" +o)pl " @ r"la!ions hip )a n $ dis!in uis h " d l"ad " r s ha#" had 2i!h !h"ir par " n ! s * Burns no!" s s"#" r al o!h"r si)ilari!i"s. =an$ "@p" ri" n+ " d so)" &or) o& !ra " d $ 2hil" s!ill #"r$ $oun . 7"nin* 3i!l"r* and ;andhi all los! !h"ir &a!h"r s a! an "arl$ a ". (o)" 2"r " &or+" d !o a++" p ! !h" )u! u al !ol"r a n + " o& o!h"r s 2hil" ro2in up Fsu+h as ;andhi* 2ho li#"d 2i!h his par " n ! s * %ro!h " r s and sis! "r s* and &i#" un+l"s and !h"ir &a)ili"sG. Vir!uall$ all o& !h" ou!s! a n di n l"ad" r s Bu)s s!udi" d 2"r " 4su%?"+ ! !o &""lin s o& ins"+ uri!$ and la+/ o& s"l&- "s! " " ) . 9 =or"o#" r* )os ! d"#"lop " d a d$na )i + 2ill !o su++ " " d * a dri#in a )%i!ion !ha! las! " d !h"ir "n!ir" li#"s. 8o)p a r " !his pro&il" 2i!h !ha! o& A%raha ) 7in+olnC 3is )o! h " r di"d 2h"n h" 2as nin" $" ar s old. 3is sis! "r* (ara h* di"d in +hild%ir!h 2h"n h" 2as nin"! " " n . A&!"r his &a!h" r r" )a r ri " d a 2o)a n 2i!h !hr" " +hildr" n* A%raha ) 2as &or+" d !o li#" in a s)all lo +a%in 2i!h s"#" n o!h"r p"opl". As a $ou!h* h" 2as so an l$ and a2/$- loo/in !ha! h" 2as !"a s " d un )" r +i&ull$ %$ $oun irls. !hrou h his adol" s + " n + " and in!o adul!hoo d* h" )a s / " d his sh$n " s s %$ a+!in !h" +lo2n and !"llin &!inn$ s!ori"s. B$ !h" !i)" 7in+oln !oo/ o&&i+"* s"#" n s!a! " s had s"+ " d " d &ro) !h" 'nion !o &or) !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " (!a! " s o& A)"ri+a. Bar"l$ !"n da$s %"&or " h" !oo/ !h" oa!h o& o&&i+" on =ar+h 4* 1861* -"&&"rson Da#is 2as s2orn in as pr"sid " n ! o& !h" 8on&"d " r a + $ in =on! o ) " r $* Ala%a ) a . Pr"sid" n ! Bu+ha n a n had i#"n up hop" o& holdin !h" +oun!r $ !o " ! h " r and 2as si)pl$ 2ai!in &or his !"r ) !o "@pir". =or"o#" r* Bu+ha n a n l"&! ,ashin ! o n pro+lai )in !ha! h" 2as 4!h" las! Pr"sid" n ! o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s . 4 :or had !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s 8on r " s s !a/" n an$ a+!ion 2ha! s o " # " r !o pu! do2n !h" r"%"llion. In &a+!* 2hil" a %ill 2as !a%l" d in !h" 3ous " o& R"pr " s " n ! a ! i# " s !ha! 2ould ha#" i#"n !h" pr"sid " n ! po2"r !o +all ou! !h" s!a! " )ili!ias* !h" ("na ! " pas s " d a r"solu!ion r"Au " s !i n !h" ,ar D"par! ) " n ! !o lo2"r )ili!ar$ sp" n din . All !his happ " n " d %"!2 " " n !h" !i)" 7in+oln 2as "l"+! " d and !h" !i)" h" !oo/ o&&i+". ,h"n h" &inall$ %"+ a ) " pr"sid" n ! * 7in+oln 2as &a+"d 2i!h !h" r"ali>a!ion !ha! !h" (ou!h had !a/" n +on!rol o& all &"d"r al a " n +i " s and had s"i>" d al)o s ! "#"r$ &or! and ars " n al in (ou!h " r n !"rri!or$. =os! o& !h" =ississippi Ri#"r* li&"%lood o& !h" na!ion4 s +o) ) " r + " and !rad " * 2as o%s!r u+ ! " d or in (ou!h " r n hand s . ,ashin ! o n 2as l"&! al)o s ! +o)pl " ! "l $ d"&" ns "l " s s * pro! " + ! " d onl$ %$ a por!ion o& !h" na!ion4 s ar )$* 2hi+h in 1861 2as unpr " p a r " d &or 2ar. I! 2as a s+a!! " r " d * dilapida ! " d * poorl$ "Auipp " d* and disor a ni> " d arra $ o& so)" 16*000 soldi"rs* )a n $ o& !h" ) (ou!h " r n s$)p a ! hi> " r s . In +har " 2as ;"n"r al ,in&i"ld (+o!!* 2ho 2as #i"2" d %$ )a n $ as in+o)p " ! " n ! . In addi!ion* )os ! o& !h" s!a! " )ili!ias 2"r " in )u+ h 2ors " sha p " !ha n !h" &"d"r al ar )$. Ru)or s p"rsis! " d !ha! 7in+oln4s inau ur a !ion 2as !o %" disrup! " d * !h" pr"sid" n ! /ill"d* and !h" +i!$ !a/" n %$ !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s . Th" na!ion4 s +api!al 2as pla+ " d und "r ar )" d al"r!. ,h"n 7in+oln d"li#"r " d his 0irs! Inau ur al Addr" s s * !h" na!ion 2as in a +risis )or " s"#"r " and o)inou s !han a! an$ o!h"r !i)" in A)"ri+a n his!or$. Th" +oun!r $ 2as di#id"d* ha!r " d 2as !h" )os ! pr"#al " n ! " )o!ion* and !h"r " 2as no "&&"+!i#" l"ad" r s hi p an$2h " r " in !h" o#"r n ) " n ! . In !h" )ids! o& all !his !ur )oil* !h" r"la!i#"l$ un/no2 n A%rah a ) 7in+oln !oo/ !h" oa!h as !h" na!ion4 s si@!" " n ! h pr"sid " n ! . Th" &irs! R"pu%li+a n pr"sid " n ! * "l"+! " d %$ a )inori!$ o& !h" popul ar #o!"* h" 2as a ,ashin ! o n ou!sid "r 2ho 2as #i"2" d 2id"l$ as a s"+on dra!" +oun!r $ la2$"r and +o)pl " ! "l $ ill-"Auipp " d and una %l " !o handl " !h" pr"sid " n + $. 3" +o) ) a n d " d no r"sp " + ! &ro) an$on " in !h" na!ion "@+ " p ! his )os ! lo$al suppor ! " r s . <#"n !h" )" ) % " r s o& his n"2l$ appoin! " d +a%in" ! +onsid "r " d hi) a &i ur" h " a d 2ho ) !h"$ +ould +on!rol. Poli!i+all$* 7in+oln 2as +au h! %"!2 " " n !h" &i"r+" a%oli!ionis! s o& !h" :or!h"r n s!a! " s and !h" sla#" hold " r s o& !h" %ord" r s!a! " s !ha! h" d"s p " r a ! " l $ 2an! " d !o r" )ai n in !h" 'nion. 3oldin on!o s!a! " s su+h as 1"n!u+/$ and =ar$land 2as +ru+ial !o !h" pr"s " r # a !ion o& !h" na!ion h" had ?us! s2o ). !o pr" s " r # " * pro! " + !* and d"&"n d. 5"!* h"

2as pr"s s ur " d +ons! a n !l $ !o &r"" !h" sla#" s. :o! !ha! h" 2as &or sla#"r $* &or h" %"li"#" d !ha! 4i& sla#"r $ is no! 2ron * no!hin is 2ron *4 %u! !h" !i)in 2as no! ri h! !o ran! " )a n +i p a !ion. To do so a! su+h an "arl$ s!a " o& his pr"sid" n + $ 2ould onl$ s"r#" !o &in!h"r di#id" !h" +oun!r $. 3" +orr"+ !l$ +on+lud " d !ha! so)" * i& no! all* o& !h" %ord "r s!a! " s 2ould s"+ " d " 2"r" h" !o +all &or !h" +o)pl " ! " a%oli!ion o& sla#"r $. 7in+oln* !h"r "&or " * 2as &a+" d 2i!h !h" s" " )i n l $ insur )o u n ! a %l " pro%l" ) o& holdin !h" na!ion !o " ! h " r 2hil" a! !h" sa ) " !i)" or a ni>in a n"2* )or " "&&"+!i#" o#"r n ) " n ! !ha! +ould pr" p a r " &or an i)p" n din +i#il 2ar. In his Inau ur al Addr"s s h" had d"+lar " d !ha! !h" (ou!h " r n s!a! " s 2ould no! %" allo2" d !o s"p a r a ! " and !ha! !h" 4)o ) " n ! o u s issu" o& +i#il 2ar4 2as in !h"ir hand s . 5"! h" had no )" a n s a! his dispos al !o /"" p !h" ) in !h" 'nion. Tha! h" /n"2 "@a+!l$ 2ha! h" 2as up a ains ! is "#id" n ! &ro) his o2n 2ords "arl$ in !h" addr " s s C I! is s"#" n ! $- !2o $"ar s sin+" !h" &irs! inau ur a !ion o& a Pr"sid" n ! und" r our na!ion al 8ons!i!u!ion. . . . I no2 "n! " r upon !h" . . . !as/ &or !h" %ri"& +ons!i!u!ion al !"r ) o& &our $" ar s* und "r r" a ! and p"+uliar di&&i+ul!$. A disrup!ion o& !h" 0"d"r al 'nion* h"r " ! o&or " onl$ )" n a + " d * is no2 &or)id a %l $ a!! " ) p ! " d . (u+h 2as !h" si!ua !ion &or a )a n 2ho4 d n"#"r %"&or" h"ld an "@"+ u!i#" l"ad " r s hip posi!ion. 2ho had %"" n onl$ a on"- !"r ) na!ion al +on r " s s ) a n . 2ho had had no )ili!ar$ "@p"ri " n + " !o sp" a / o&* had n"#"r %" " n in %a!!l"* and ind" " d had %" " n onl$ an "l"+! " d +ap! ai n in !h" Illinois )ili!ia %ri"&l$ durin !h" Bla+/ 3a2/ ,ar. A%rah a ) 7in+oln app " a r " d una %l " !o l"ad !h" na!ion ou! o& i!s dar/ dil"ni )a . 0"2 p"opl" a! !h" !i)" +ould ha#" /no2n* ho2" # " r* !ha! h" poss " s s " d all !h" l"ad " r s hip Auali!i"s and a%ili!i"s n"+ " s s a r $ !o sa#" !h" 'nion. And #ir!uall$ no on" 2ould ha#" %" " n a%l" !o pr"di+! !h" unp ar all"l" d s!r" n ! h o& his l"ad " r s hip- !ha! h" 2ould s"i>" upon !h" #"r$ +ir+u )s ! a n + " s a! hand* +r" a ! " d %$ !h" +ris"s o& +on&usion* ur " n+ $* and d"s p " r a !i on* !o "@"r+is " !h" &!ill po2"r o& his o&&i+"* and !o +r"a ! " n"2 li)i!s o& au!hori!$ and l"ad" r s hi p &or !h" pr"sid" n + $. Th" li&" o& A%rah a ) 7in+oln* "sp " +i all$ his pr"sid " n + $* d" )o n s ! r a ! " d !ha! h" poss " s s " d all o& !h" r" a ! l"ad " r s hip Auali!i"s. (o)" o& his inh"r " n ! a%ili!i"s 2"r " na! ur al. o!h"r s 2"r " +ons+iou sl$ d"#"lop " d o#"r !h" +ours " o& his li&". Huali!i"s su+h as hon" s ! $ and in!" ri!$* ")p a ! h $ &or !h" +o) )o n )a n* and d"#o!ion !o !h" ri h! s o& indi#iduals 2"r " produ+ ! s o& his up%rin in . Durin his adul! li&"* 7in+oln4s +hos " n pro&"s sion as a la2$"r pr"p a r " d hi) &or his &u!ur " "@"+ u !i# " l"ad " r s hip posi!ion. 3" l"arn " d !o "@pr " s s hi)s "l& and d" )o n s ! r a ! " !o o!h"r s his %"li"&s and !hou h ! s . =os! i)por! a n !l$* h" r"&in" d his a%ili!$ !o p"rs u a d " * dir"+!* and )o!i#a ! " p"opl ". In runnin &or pu%li+ o&&i+" 7in+oln %"+ a ) " an "@+ "ll"n! ora!or and sp" " + h 2ri!"r. In &a+!* h" so dra ) a !i + all$ in+r" a s " d his a%ili!$ !o sp" a / and 2ri!" !ha! h" is !oda $ r" ar d " d as a )od "l &or po"!i+ and ar!is!i+ "@pr " s si on. 7in+oln +o)%in " d an "@!r a or din a r $ 2i! 2i!h a i&! &or s!or$! "llin !o %"+o ) " an "&&"+!i#" +o) ) u ni + a ! or . 3" 2as na!ur all$ inAuisi!i#" and h" l"arn " d rapidl$* 2hi+h l"d hi) !o %" "@!r " ) " l $ inno#a !i#" . 3" is* in &a+!* !h" onl$ '.(. pr"sid " n ! !o hold a pa! " n ! F&or a )" ! h o d !o )a / " roun d " d %oa! s )or " %uo$a n ! G. 3" had a 4p" n " ! r a !i n and &arr"a+ hin 4 #oi+" !ha! +ould %" h"ar d o#"r r" a ! dis!a n+ " s . 0or "@a ) pl " * "#"r$o n " pr"s " n ! h" ar d !h" "n!ir" ;"!!$s % u r Addr" s s * and !h"r " 2"r " a! l"as! 15*00 0 p"opl" in a!! " n d a n + " . <#"n 7in+ol,s h"i h! Fa! si@ &""!* &our in+h" s* our !all"s! pr"sid " n !G a#" hi) a ps$+holo i+ al ad#a n ! a " o#"r o!h"r s . 3" 2as a )a n !o %" loo/" d up !o* a )a n !o %" &ollo2" d.

Ass"s sin !h" a++o )plish ) " n ! s o& A%rah a ) 7in+oln as pr" sid" n ! o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s +on&ir )s !ha! h" )us ! ha#" %" " n an "@+ "ll"n! l"ad " r. 3o2 "ls" +ould !h" 'nion ;o#"rn ) " n ! ha#" 2or/" d +oh" si# "l$ !o 2in !h" 8i#il ,ar and /"" p !h" +oun!r $ !o " ! h " r in so r"la!i#"l$ %ri"& a !i)" &ra )" I ,ha! )a/ " s !his a++o )plish ) " n ! "#" n )or " r" )a r / a %l " is !ha! h" 2as a%l" !o o#"r+o ) " !h" ni h! ) a r " h" inh"ri! " d &ro) ou! oin Pr"sid" n ! -a)" s Bu+ha n a n . ,h$ 2ould !oda $4 s l"ad" r s %" in!"r " s ! " d in A%raha ) 7in+oln4s l"ad " r s hip s!$l" and philosoph $I B"+a u s " * %$ )od " r n s!an d a r d s * 7in+oln4s a++o )plish ) " n ! 2ould %" r" a r d " d as no l"ss !ha n a )ira+l". Th"r" +an %" no dou%! !ha! 7in+oln is !h" r" a ! " s ! l"ad" r !his +oun!r $* and p"rh a p s !his 2orld* has $"! /no2n. 3" li!"rall$ !o2"r s o#"r su+h )od " r n da$ "@" ) pl a r s as Ia+o++ a * R"a a n * or Bush. Th"r" is no r"al +o)p a ris o n. 7in+oln 2as !h" )a n 2ho r"all$ /n"2 ho2 !o l"ad. 7in+oln is !h" l"ad " r 2ho "nuin "l$ has so)" ! hi n n"2 !o o&&"r +on! " ) p o r a r $ %usin" s s and poli!i+al l"ad" r s . And h"r" ar" his l"sson s and prin+ipl" s.

PART I ) PEOPLE
93is +ardinal )is! a / " is !ha! h" isola! " s hi)s "l&* J allo2s no%od$ !o s" " hi). and %$ 2hi+h h" do"s no! /no2 2ha! is oin on in !h" #"r$ )a ! ! " r h" is d"alin 2i!h.9 ... 7in+oln4s r"as o n &or r"li"#in ;"n. -ohn 8. 0r" )o n ! &ro) his +o) ) a n d in =issouri F("p! " ) % " r 9* 1861

0 ) Get Out of t*c Offic e an d Circula t e Am o n g th e Troo s

Durin his &our $"ar s as pr"sid " n ! A%rah a ) 7in+oln sp" n! )os ! o& his !i)" a )o n !h" !roops. Th"$ 2"r" nu)% " r on" !o hi). !h"$ 2"r " !h" p"opl" 2ho 2"r " oin !o "! !h" ?o% don". 3" #ir!uall$ li#"d a! !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n " s !"l" r a p h o&&i+" so h" +ould ain a++ " s s !o /"$ in&or )a !ion &or Aui+/* !i)"l$ d"+isions. 3" )" ! 2i!h his "n " r al s and +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s in !h"ir ho)" s * o&&i+"s* and in !h" &i"ld* prin+ipall$ !o pro#id" dir"+!ion and l"ad" r s hi p. 3" !our " d !h" :a#$ 5ard and !h" &or!i&i+a!ions in and aroun d ,ashin ! o n* and insp" + ! " d n"2 2"a p o nr $* all !o o%!ain a++ur a ! " /no2l" d " o& !h" 2or/in s and a%ili!i"s o& !h" ar )" d &or+"s. This +on! a + ! also a#" hi) !h" &irs!- hand /no2l" d " h" n" " d " d !o )a/ " in&or )" d * a++ur a ! " d"+isions 2i!hou! ha#in !o r"l$ sol"l$ on !h" 2ord o& o!h"r s . 3" #isi!"d o!h"r /"$ indi#idu als in !h" o#"r n ) " n ! * su+h as )" ) % " r s o& 8on r " s s * and !our" d hospi! als !o #isi! !h" si+/ and 2ound " d * 2hi+h d" )o n s ! r a ! " d his +o)p a s s i on a ! " and +arin na! ur " . 7in+oln "#" n 2"n! !o !h" &i"ld !o o%s "r# " or !a/" +har " o& s"#"r al %a!!l" si!ua !ions hi)s "l&* +o)in und" r &ir" a! l"as! on+" Fon" o& !h" &"2 A)"ri+a n pr"sid " n ! s !o do so 2hil" in o&&i+"G. 6n 6+!o%" r 24* 1861* 7in+oln r"li"#" d ;"n. -ohn 8. 0r" )o n ! &ro) +o) ) a n d o& !h" D"par ! ) " n ! o& !h" ,"s! Fh" a d A u a r ! " r " d in =issouriG and r"pla+ " d hi) 2i!h ;"n. Da#id 3un! " r. A)on o!h"r !hin s* 0r" )o n ! had issu" d a pro+la ) a ! i o n Fpro )p !l$ r"#o/" d %$ 7in+olnG d"+larin )ar !ial la2 and ord"rin sla#" s &r"" d in his ?urisdi+!ion. 0r" )o n ! had also )isus " d pu%li+ &iinds and surrou n d " d hi)s "l& 2i!h un" ! hi+ al ad#is " r s * and h" 2as +o)pl " ! "l $ ou! o& !ou+h 2i!h !hos " h" +o) ) a n d " d and !h" si!ua !ion a! hand. 3" !urn" d ou! !o %" a !"rri%l$ in"p! l"ad" r. In a l"!! "r !o ;"n"r al 3un! "r* 2ri!!" n shor!l$ %"&or" r"li"#in 0r" )o n ! * 7in+oln su ) ) a ri> " d his #i"2 o& !h" si!ua !ion. 43" D;"n"r al 0r" )o n ! E is losin !h" +on&id" n+ " o& )" n n"ar hi)* 2hos " suppor ! an$ )a n in his posi!ion )us ! ha#"

!o %" su++ " s s&iil*4 said 7in+oln. 43is +ardinal )is! a / " is !ha! h" isola! " s hi)s "l&* and allo2s no%od $ !o s"" hi). and %$ 2hi+h h" do" s no! /no2 2ha! is oin on in !h" #"r$ )a ! ! " r h" is d" alin 2i!h.4 7in+on4s l"!!"r is so)" ! hi n o& a l"sson in i!s"l& &or !oda $4 s l"ad " r s . :o! onl$ did h" "@plain his pro%l" ) 2i!h 0r" )o n ! in 2ri!in . h" also o&&"r" d 3un! "r ad#i+" on ho2 !o sol#" !h" pro%l" ) and a#oid )a/in !h" sa )" 4+ardinal )is! a / " . 4 ;"n"r al 3un! " r +ould no2 ha#" no )is+on+ " p !io n s a%ou! 2ha! 7in+oln d" )a n d " d o& hi) as 0r" )o n " s r"pla+ " ) " n ! . 0ur!h"r* 2i!h !his l"!! "r 7in+oln r"#" al " d !h" +orn"r s ! o n " o& his o2n p"rs on al l"ad " r s hip philosoph $* an appro a + h !ha! 2ould %"+o ) " par! o& a r"#olu!ion in )od " r n l"ad " r s hip !hin/in 100 $"ar s la!"r 2h"n i! 2as du%% " d =B,A F=ana in %$ ,and " rin AroundG %$ To) P"!"r s and Ro%"r! ,a!"r ) a n in !h"ir 1982 %oo/ In ("ar+ h o& <@+"'" n+ " . I! has %"" n r"&"rr " d !o %$ o!h"r na )" s and phra s " s * su+h asC 4ro#in l"ad" r s hi p*4 4%"in in !ou+h*4 or 4 "!!in ou! o& !h" i#or$ !o2"r.4 ,ha! " # " r !h" la%"l* i!4s si)pl$ !h" pro+" s s o& s!" ppi n ou! and in!"r a + !in 2i!h p"opl"* o& "s! a %lishin hu) a n +on! a + ! . P"!"r s and :an+$ Aus!in* in A Passion 0or <@+"ll"n+ " * d"&in" =B,A as 4!h" !"+hn olo $ o& !h" o%#ious9C I! is %"in in !ou+h* 2i!h +us!o ) " r s * suppli"rs* $our p"opl ". I! &a+ili!a! " s inno#a !ion* and )a/ " s possi%l" !h" !"a + hin o& #alu" s !o "#"r$ )" ) % " r o& an 6r a ni> a !ion. 7is!"nin * &a+ili!a!in * and !"a+ hin and r"in&or+in #alu" s. ,ha! is !his "@+" p! l"ad " r s hipI Thus* =B,A is !h" !"+hnolo $ o& l"ad " r s hip. 7"adin is pri)a ril$ pa$in a!! " n !ion. Th" )a s ! " r s o& !h" us" o& a!! " n !ion ar" also no! onl$ )a s ! " r us"r s o& s$)% ol s* o& dra ) a * %u! )a s ! " r s!or$! "ll"rs and )$! h %uild"r s. 0or all !h" $ /n"2* P"!"r s and Aus!in +ould ha#" %"" n d"s+ri%in no! onl$ !h" #"r$ )" ! h o d s ")plo$" d %$ A%raha ) 7in+oln %u! 7in+oln hi)s "l&. )a s ! " r us"r o& s$)% ols and dra ) a * and )a s ! " r s!or$! "ll"r and )$! h %uild"r. 7in+oln 2as a na! ur al 2and " r " r . As a la2$"r in (prin &i"ld* Illinois* h" sp" n! a r" a ! d" al o& !i)" a2a $ &ro) ho)" * no! onl$ ridin !h" +ir+ui!* %u! also s" "/in &a+!s and in&or )a !ion p"r!in" n ! !o an$ +as " h" )a $ ha#" %"" n 2or/in on a! !h" !i)". 3" 2as !h" /ind o& la2$"r 2ho 2ould o ou! and dis+o#" r &irs!ha n d 2ha! 2as oin on. This 2as on" o& !h" )a?or "l" )" n ! s !ha! )a d " hi) so su++ " s s& ul a! his pro&" s sion. :o!hin is so po2"r&ul For &rus!r a !in !o !h" opposi!ionG as an a!!orn " $ 2ho /no2s !h" &a+!s* and 7in+oln )a d " i! a poin! !o al2a $s ha#" !h" /"$ in&or )a !io n a! hand. Th" sa ) " prin+ipl" holds &or a ood l"ad " r. 7in+oln +arri"d !his appro a + h o#"r !o !h" pr"sid " n + $. 3is +uriosi!$* +o)%in " d 2i!h his n"2 s!a!ion as a ,ashin ! o n ou!sid" r* )a $ ha#" l"d hi) !o %" "#" n )or " inAuisi!i#" !han nor )al a&!"r !a/in !h" oa!h o& o&&i+". 7in+oln r"ali>" d !ha! p"opl " 2"r " a )a?or sour+ " o& in&or )a !ion and !ha! !o %" a ood l"ad" r h" had !o s!a $ +los" !o !h" ). ,i!hou! Au" s !ion* 7in+oln4s #isi%ili!$ and op" n- door poli+$ as pr"sid " n ! +ons!i!u! " an "@" ) pl a r $ )od "l &or "&&"+!i#" l"ad" r s hi p. 3is %asi+ as philosoph $ 2as !ha! h" 2ould s" " as )a n $ p"opl" as h" possi%l$ +ould. -ohn :i+ola$ and -ohn 3a$* his p"rs on al s"+r " ! a ri " s * r"por! " d !ha! 7in+oln sp" n ! 75 p"r+ " n ! o& his !i)" )" " !i n 2i!h p"opl". :o )a ! ! " r ho2 %us$ !h" Pr"sid" n ! 2as* h" al2a$s s"" ) " d !o &ind !i)" &or !hos " 2ho +all"d on hi). To !his "@! " n ! * h" ran !h" ,hi!" 3ous " )u+ h as h" had run his la2 o&&i+" in (prin &i"ld* 2h"r " !h" door 2as al2a $s op" n and an$on " 2ho 2ish" d !o +o)" in and !al/ 2as 2"l+o ) " . 6&!"n :i+ola$ or 3a$ 2ould !"ll a #isi!or !ha! !h" pr"sid" n ! 2as %us$ and !h" $ should +o)" %a+/ la!"r* 2h"r " u p o n 7in+oln 2ould op" n his o&&i+" door and 2"l+o ) " !h" #isi!or an$2 a $. Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln 2ould no! )ain! ain an$ dis! a n+ " %"!2 " " n hi)s "l& and !h" p"opl"* 2hi+h )a d " i! di&&i+ul! !o uar d hi). 3" &r"Au " n !l $ +o)pl ain " d a%ou! all !h" 2"ll- )" a ni n pro! " + !ionC 4I! is i)por! a n ! !ha! !h" p"opl" /no2 I +o)" a )o n !h" ) 2i!hou! &"ar*4 h" 2ould d"+lar " and !h" n pro+ " " d !o "lud" his )ili!ar$ uar d or ord"r !h" ) %a+/ !o !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! . 7in+oln 2ould no! %"+o ) " a prison " r in his o2n o&&i+". 3" )ain! ain " d a

&l"@i%ili!$ !ha! 2as unus u al &or +hi"& "@"+ u!i#" s o& !h" !i)". 6&!"n h"4d i nor " pr"sid" n !i al "!iAu" ! ! " and %urs! in on on" o& his +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s 2hil" !h" $ 2"r" +ondu+ !in a )" " !i n . 3"4d also +on#" n " +a%in" ! )" " !i n s a! odd pla+ " s su+h as !h" :a#$ 5ard or in !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! . =or"o# "r* 7in+oln 2ould no! 2ai! &or his +a%in" ! !o +o)" !o hi) on !h"ir r" ularl$ s+h" d ul " d Tu"sd a $ and 0rida$ noon )" " !in s %u! pr"&"rr " d ins! " a d !o )" " ! 2i!h !h" )" ) % " r s on an indi#idual %asis* usu all$ in !h" s"+r " ! a r $4 s o&&i+". 0or 7in+oln* +asu al +on! a + ! 2i!h his su%or din a ! " s 2as as i)por! a n ! as &or)al a! h " rin s * i& no! )or " so* and !oda $4 s l"ad " r s should !a/" no! " o& !his s!$l". 3" pr"&"rr " d * 2h" n " # " r possi%l"* !o in!"r a + ! 2i!h p"opl" 2h" n !h"$ 2"r" in a )or " r"la@" d* l"ss pr"s s u r "- pa+/" d "n#iron ) " n ! . Th" )os ! &r"Au " n !l$ #isi!" d +a%in" ! )" ) % " r 2as ("+r" ! a r $ o& ,ar <d2in =. (!an! o n. :"arl$ "#"r$ da$ 7in+oln 2al/" d &ro) !h" ,hi!" 3ous " !o (!an! on 4 s o&&i+" a! !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! a%ou! a %lo+/ a2a $. (o)" !i ) " s durin +ri!i+al %a!!l" s 7in+oln )a d " !h" !r"/ !2o or !hr" " !i)" s a da$* and on+" in a 2hil" h" "#" n sp" n! !h" ni h! in !h" !"l" r a p h o&&i+" 2ai!in &or dispa ! + h " s &ro) !h" &i"ld. Vi#id pi+!ur " s o& 7in+oln ha#" %" " n r"- +r"a ! " d &ro) !h" r"+oll"+!ions o& )" n 2ho o%s " r# " d hi) durin +ri!i+al par!s o& !h" 2ar. 0or "@a )pl " * durin !h" &irs! %a!!l" o& !h" ("#" n Da$s* 2h"r " Ro%"r! <. 7"" surpris " d and a!! a + / " d ;"or " =+8l"llan4 s !roops* ;"n. Al"@and " r Pop" r"+ all" d !h" pr"sid " n ! sp" n di n )a n $ hours on (!an! o n4 s so&a 2ai!in &or n"2s and loo/in d"pr " s s " d and an@ious. Durin !h" ,ild"rn " s s +a )p a i n* 2h"n n"2s &ro) !h" &i"ld 2as i)pos si %l " !o o%! ain* 7in+oln 2as spo!! " d dri&&in &ro) o&&i+" !o o&&i+" a! h " rin in&or )a !io n and as/in p"opl " i& !h" $ had h"ar d an$ ru)or s a%ou! ;"n"r al ;ran!. And !h"r " ar" nu )" r o u s r"por! s o& 7in+oln sp" n di n all ni h! a! !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! )oni!orin !h" plans and s!ra! " i+ d"! ails o& )a?or op"r a !ion s . This !$p" o& hand s- on* p"rs on al appro a + h 2as !$pi+al o& 7in+oln4s l"ad " r s hip s!$l". 3o2"#" r* 2h" n h" +ouldn4! "! ou! o& !h" ,hi!" 3ous " * h" l"! p"opl" 42an d " r 4 !o hi). In &a+!* 7in+oln 2as pro% a %l$ !h" )os ! a++ " s si %l" +hi"& "@"+ u!i#" !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s has "#"r /no2n. ;o#"r )- n"n! o&&i+ials* %usin" s s ) " n * and ordinar $ +i!i>"ns li!"rall$ lin"d !h" 2alls o& !h" <@"+u!i#" =ansion in !h" hop" o& "!!in in !o s"" hi). 7in+oln !urn" d a2a $ #"r$ &"2 p"opl"* and so)" h" "#" n "n+our a " d !o #isi!. To a )a n in Indian a* 7in+oln 2ro!" in 1863* 4I do no! o&!"n d"+lin" s""in p"opl" 2ho +all upon )". and pro%a %l $ 2ill s" " $ou i& $ou +all.4 3" )a d " hi)s "l& a++" s si%l " !o !h" p"opl " as o&!"n as !h" r"spon si %ili!i"s o& his ?o% p"r )i! ! " d . 4I !"ll $ou*4 h" on+ " said* 4!ha ! I +all !h" s " r"+ " p !ion s )$ 4pu%li+ opinion %a!!l" &or I ha#" li!!l" !i)" !o r"a d !h" pap " r s and a!h " r pu%li+ opinion !ha! 2a$. and !hou h !h" $ )a $ no! %" pl"a s a n ! in all par!i+ular s* !h" "&&"+!* as a 2hol"* is r"no#a !i n and in#i or a !in - 9 This al)o s ! s!ar!lin a++ " s s !o !h" pr"sid " n ! * +r"a ! " d %$ 7in+oln hi)s "l&* %rin s up ano! h " r i)por! a n ! prin+ipl" &or )od " r n l"ad " r s . I& su%or din a ! " s * or p"opl " in "n " r al* /no2 !ha! !h" $ "nuin "l$ ha#" "a s $ a++" s s !o !h"ir l"ad" r* !h" $4ll !"nd !o #i"2 !h" l"ad" r in a )or " pos a !i#"* !rus!2or ! h $ li h!. 93"$ !h" &ollo2"rs !hin/* 9!his u$ r"all$ 2an! s !o h" ar &ro) )" - !o /no2 2ha! I !hin/ and 2ha!4 s r"all$ oin on. 3" )us ! %" +o) )i ! ! " d !o )a/in !hin s 2or/K9 And so 7in+oln 2as. Throu h all o& his pu%li+ opinion %a! hs and his 2and " rin &ro) o&&i+" !o o&&i+"* !h"r " is on" /"$ "l" )" n ! !ha! shouldn4 ! %" o#"rloo/ " d in 7in+oln4s s!$l"* and !ha! 2as his a )ia %ili!$. 4A' D2hoE +lai) !h" p"rs on al a+Au ai n! a n + " o& =r. 7in+oln*4 2ro! " on" n"2s p a p " r ) a n o& !h" da$* 42ill a r " " !ha! h" is !h" #"r$ " )% o di ) " n ! o& ood !" )p " r and a&&a%ili!$. Th"$ 2in all +on+ " d " !ha! h" has a /ind 2ord* an "n+our a i n s)il"* a hu )or o u s r" )a r / &or n" arl$ all D2ho s"" /E his pr" s " n + " * and !ha! %u! &"2* i& an$* " )" r "

&ro) his r"+" p!ion roo ) 2i!hou! %"in s!ron l$ and &a#or a %l$ i)pr" s s " d 2i!h his "n " r al disposi!ion.4 A posi!i#" ou!loo/ and a pl"a s a n ! disposi!ion +an $i"ld #alua %l " di#id" nd s &or an$ l"ad " r* and 7in+oln /n"2 i!. -<#"r$on " li/"s a +o)pli )" n ! * 4 2ro!" 7in+oln !o Thurlo2 ,""d in 1865. 3" /n"2 !ha! p"opl " li/" !o %" +o)pli )" n ! " d * !ha! !h" $ "n?o$ sin+"r " prais " as 2"ll as !al/in and h" arin a%ou! !h" ) s " l # " s . As al2a $s * h" pu! his /no2l" d " !o ood us". As a la2$" r in (prin &i"ld !h" "&&"+! o& his +o)pli )" n ! s on o!h"r s pro#id" d a po2"r&ul )o!i#a !ion al &or+" in "!!in !hin s a++o ) plis h " d . As pr"sid" n ! * i! 2or/" d "#" n %"!! " r . A&!"r a $oun )a n as/" d 7in+oln !o au!o r a p h a pho!o r a p h and +o) ) " n ! " d !ha! h" )us ! %" anno$" d &r"Au " n !l $ %$ su+h r"Au " s ! s * 7in+oln is r"por! " d !o ha#" r"pli"dC 4,"ll* I suppo s " $ou /no2 !ha! )" n 2ill s!a nd a ood d"al 2h" n !h"$ ar" &la!!"r " d . 4 I"s a ood l"sson !o r" )" ) % " r . A&&a%ili!$* &la!!"r $* and a pl"a s a n ! d" ) " a n o r o hand in hand 2i!h hu )a n +on! a + !* no! onl$ %"+ a u s " p"opl" !"nd !o 4s! a n d a ood d" al*4 as 7in+oln pu! i!* %u! also %"+ a u s " i! allo2s !h" ) !o %" )or " r"la@" d* a! "a s " * and op"n 2i!h !h"ir !hou h ! s and &""lin s. Pr"sid" n ! ;"or " Bush has "n?o$" d a solid r"pu! a !ion &or %"in a pl"a s a n ! * a)i a %l " p"rs on. 5"!* "arl$ in his ad )i nis !r a !ion h" 2as +ri!i+i>"d &or sp" n din !oo )u+ h !i)" a2a $ &ro) ,ashin ! o n. 3" 2as a++us " d o& runnin a 4h"l!"r- s/"l!"r9 pr"sid " n + $* and )a n $ o& his +ri!i+s 2ond " r " d * aloud and in prin!* i& h" 2as all"r i+ !o !h" ,hi!" 3ous " . Bu! 2h"! h " r Bush r"ali>" s i! or no!* h" has a)pl " pr"+ " d " n ! &or his "@+ur sion s. As r" )a r / a %l " as i! )a $ s" " )* in 1861 7in+oln sp" n ! )or " !i)" ou! o& !h" ,hi!" 3ous " !han h" did in i!. And !h" +han+ " s ar" ood !ha! i& a 'nion soldi"r had "nlis! " d "arl$ in !h" 8i#il ,ar* h" sa2 !h" pr"sid" n ! in p"rs on. 7in+oln )a d " i! a poin! !o p"rs on all$ insp" + ! "#"r$ s!a! " r" i )" n ! o& #olun! " " r s !ha! pas s " d !hrou h ,ashin ! o n* D.8.* on !h"ir 2a$ !o !h" &ron!. and "arl$ in !h" 2ar* !h"$ all pas s " d !hrou h ,ashin ! o n. 7in+oln 2ould insp" + ! !h" !roops 2h"r " !h"$ 2"r " "n+ a ) p " d on !h" %an/s o& !h" Po!o ) a + Ri#"r* or h"4d salu! " !h" ) &ro) a %al+on$ a! !h" ,illard 3o!"l as !h"$ )ar+ h " d !hrou h !h" s!r" " ! s . 6n on" rain$ da$* la!"r in !h" 2ar* 7in+oln o! dr"n+ h " d 2hil" h" s!ood on !ha! sa ) " %al+on$ as !h" soldi"rs +h" " r " d hi) "n! hu si a s !i+ all$. 4I& !h"$ +an s!a nd i!*4 h" said* 4I u" s s I +an.9 3"4d also r"#i"2 !h" !roops on !h" 8api!ol or ,hi!" 3ous " roun d s * in n"i h% orin Vir inia or =ar$lan d* or h" 2ould si)pl$ sp" a / !o !h" ) as !h"$ s!opp " d %$ !h" ,hi!" 3ous " !o s"r " n a d " hi). ,h"r "# " r !h" soldi"rs 2"r"* !h"r " 2ould %" 7in+oln. 43" o"s a! i! 2i!h %o!h hand s * 4 !h" :"2 5or/ Ti)"s on+" r"por! " d* 4and hand o#"r hand . . . i#"s DaE ood hon" s ! h" ar! $ sha/ " * as i& h" )" a n ! i!.4 This !$p" o& p"rso n al +on! a + ! h"lp" d 7in+oln sho2 !h" !roops !ha! !h" o#"r n ) " n ! appr " +i a ! " d !h"ir "&&or!s. Throu h o u ! !h" 2ar 7in+oln +on!inu " d !o #isi! his "n " r al s and )" n in !h" &i"ld. 6&!"n h"4d rid" his hors " alon !h" lin"s o& !roops* 2a#in his s!o#" pip " ha! as !h" )" n +h" "r " d 2ildl$. In addi!ion* h" al2a$s had a /ind 2ord &or !h" )* &r"Au " n !l$ !"llin !h" ) his #ision o& A)"ri+a and ho2 i)por! a n ! !h" $ 2"r " in a+hi"#in #i+!or$ in !h" +aus " &or 2hi+h !h" $ 2"r" &i h!in . I! 2as !h" $ 2ho r"nd " r " d 4!h" hard " s ! 2or/ in suppor! o& !h" o#"r n ) " n ! * 4 h"4d sa$. I! 2as !h" $ 2ho 4should %" i#"n !h" r" a ! " s ! +r"di!.4 7in+oln also )a d " i! a poin! !o #isi! hospi! als 2h"r " 2ound " d soldi"rs 2"r" r"+up " r a !i n . A&!"r !h" &irs! %a!!l" o& Bull Run* &or "@a ) pl " * !h" pr" sid" n ! #isi!" d !h" 2ound " d in and aroun d ,ashin ! o n s"#"r al !i)" s * a++o )p a ni " d %$ =rs. 7in+oln or ("+r " ! a r $ o& (!a! " ("2ar d. In 1862* h" +all"d on 7i"u! " n a n ! ,ord" n* +o) ) a n d " r o& !h" =oni!or* 2ho 2as n"arl$ %lind" d %$ a sh"ll in !h" &a)o u s %a!!l" 2i!h !h" ="rri)a + . Durin !his )" " !i n h" 4%urs! in!o !"ar s 2hil" r" " !in !h" sailor*4 )os ! li/"l$ %"+ a u s " h" 2as s!ill in an " )o!ion al s!a! " sin+" !h" d" a ! h o& his son* ,illi"* ?us! a &"2 2""/s "arli"r. 7in+oln o&!"n a!! " n d " d pri#a! " &un"r als* 2h"! h " r i! 2as &or !h" in&an! son o& his s"+r " ! a r $ o& 2ar F<d2in =. (!an! o nG or &or "i h! " " n 2o)" n /ill"d in an "@plosion a! !h"

&"d"r al ars " n al. Durin his pr"sid" n + $* 7in+oln #isi!"d !h" 2ound " d in hospi! als and pri#a! " r"sid" n + " s and a!! " n d " d &un"r als an$ !i)" su+h an o++a sion pr"s " n ! " d i!s"l&. This s!ri/in #isi%l" displa$ o& +o)p a s si o n and +arin on !h" par! o& !h" pr"sid " n ! inspir" d !rus!* lo$al!$* and ad )ir a !ion no! ?us! &ro) !h" soldi"rs %u! also &ro) his su%or din a ! " s . 7in+oln also +all"d on 8on r " s s r" ularl$. In &a+!* h" 2as !h" &irs! si!!in pr"sid " n ! in )or " !ha n !2"n! $- &i#" $" ar s !o a!! " n d a r" ular 2or/in s"s sion o& !h" ("na ! " . 3" /n"2 h" n"" d " d !h" h"lp o& +on r " s s ) " n and s"n a ! or s !o 2in !h" 2ar "&&or!* and 2ha! %"!! " r 2a$ !o %" in !o ain !h"ir suppor! !han !o %" #isi%l"I (o* h" "s! a %lish " d +on! a + ! 2i!h !h" )- -hu) a n +on! a + !. And !hrou h o u ! his pr"sid " n + $* 7in+oln +on!inu " d !o #isi! 8on r " s s p"riodi+all$. 7in+oln 2ould 2or/ 2i!h 8on r " s s i& !h" $ suppor ! " d his "&&or!s. 3" 2ould no!* ho2" # " r * !ol"ra ! " d"la $ or ina+!ion. 3" 2as !h" +o) ) a n d " r - in- +hi"& and 2ould dir"+! and l"ad !h" ar )" d &or+" s and !h" o#"r n ) " n ! . 8on r " s s 2ould no! d"! " r his Au" s ! !o pr"s " r # " !h" 'nion. In ord"r !o )a/ " !i)"l$ and r"lia%l" d"+isions 7in+oln n" " d " d a++ " s s !o in&or )a !ion. Basi+all$* h" r"li"d on !hr" " )a?or sour+ " s C r"por! s &ro) !rus! " d +on&ida n! s and ad#is "r s. his pra+!i+ " o& oin !o !h" &i"ld. and !h" )od " r n +o) ) u ni + a !ion !"+hn olo $ o& !h" a "* !h" !"l" r a p h . Ra!h"r !ha n haun!in !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n " s T"l" r a p h 6&&i+"* 7in+oln +ould ha#" 2ai!" d in !h" ,hi!" 3ous " &or a )" s s " n " r !o %rin hi) 2ord o& pro r " s s in /"$ %a!!l" s. Bu! h" pr"&"rr " d !o %" ri h! !h"r "* p""rin o#"r !h" should" r o& !h" d"+od " r and "!!in !h" in&or )a !io n as &as! as i! +a )" in. This pu! 7in+oln in a posi!ion 2h"r " h" +ould )a/ " Aui+/ d"+isions 2i!h #ir!uall$ no d"la$. 'pon r"+ "i#in upd a ! " s &ro) his "n " r al s !h" pr"sid" n ! +ould +o)p o s " a !"l" r a ) and !h" n hand i! !o !h" n"ar " s ! )" s s " n " r !o r"la$ his ord"r s !o !h" %a!!l"&i"ld. Th"r" is no Au" s !ion !ha! 7in+oln4s s!$l" 2as "&&"+!i#"* nor is !h"r " an$ Au" s !ion !ha! h" 2on %a!!l" s and sa#" d +oun!l" s s li#"s %$ a+!in s2i&d$ and d"+isi#"l$. All l"ad" r s )us ! s"" / and r"Auir " a++ " s s !o r"lia%l" and up- !o- da! " in&or )a !io n. And 7in+oln 2as +ons ! a n !l$ s"" /in /"$ in!"lli " n+ " so h" +ould )a/ " Aui+/* !i)"l$* and "&&"+!i#" d"+isions. 3" n" " d " d a++ur a ! " in&or )a !io n* and !h" %"s ! 2a$ !o o%! ain i! 2as !o o ou! and "! i! hi)s "l&. Also* &or a l"ad" r* !h"r " is a +"r! ain a )o u n ! o& #alu" and "&&"+! in s""in p"opl" ou!sid " o& !h" "#"r$d a $ %usin" s s "n#iron ) " n ! or ou! o& !h" l"ad" " s o&&i+". In an in&or )al s"!!in p"opl " !"nd !o %" )or " r"la@" d* )or " dir"+!* )or " !ru!h&ul !ha n i& !h" $ 2"r " &a+" !o &a+" in !h" 6#al 6&&i+". Tha" s 2ha! 7in+oln 2an! " d- hon" s ! !al/ 2i!h p"opl". 3" n"" d " d !o /no2 !h" !ru!h. And A%rah a ) 7in+oln had an inna! " a%ili!$ !o p"r+ "i#" !h" !ru!h. 3" +ould r"+ "i#" in&or )a !ion un%ia s " d %$ &il!"rs and pr"?udi+ " s * pro+ " s s i!* and !h"n +o) ) u ni + a ! " i! in !h" +o) )o n )a n4 s #"rna + ul ar so !ha! "#"r $o n " +ould und" r s ! a n d . 0or 7in+oln* !h" %"s! 2a$ !o ass " s s a si!ua !ion 2as !o +oll"+! da! a p"rso n all$. Bu! !h"r " 2"r" !i)" s 2h" n h" n" " d " d in&or )a !ion and +ouldn4 ! &ind !h" !i)" !o "! a2a $. Tha" s 2h"n h" 2ould s"nd !rus! " d ad#is "r s !o a! h " r !h" &a+!s and r"por! %a+/ !o hi). Ti)" a&!"r !i)" 7in+oln us" d !his )" ! h o d o& a! h " rin !h" "#id" n+ " h" n"" d " d !o !a/" appro pri a ! " a+!ion. 0or ins!a n+ " * durin !h" +risis a! 0or! (u)! " r * 7in+oln 2as %"si" " d 2i!h ad#i+" on ho2 !o handl " !h" si!ua !ion. ;"n. ,in&i"ld (+o!! and ("+r " ! a r $ o& (!a! " ,illia) 3. ("2ar d 2an! " d !o surr" n d " r !h" &or!. o!h"r s in his inn"r +ir+l" 2an! " d !o hold (u)! " r a! all +os! s. Th" pr" sid" n ! 2as !orn on !h" issu" o& 2h"! h " r !o r"in&or+ " or r"sup pl $* al!"r n a !i#" s !ha! %o!h s" " ) " d !o )" a n &i&&l-s+al" 2ar. To )a/ " !h" +orr"+! d"+ision* 7in+oln s"n! on" o& his !rus! " d +oll"a u " s * (!"ph " n A. 3url%u!* on a &a+!- &indin )ission !o 8harl"s ! o n. 3" 2as !o )" " ! 2i!h !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " l"ad " r s * "#alu a ! " !h" si!ua !ion* and r"por! %a+/ 2i!hin a &"2 2""/s. ,h"n 3url%u! r"!urn " d !o ,ashin ! o n 2i!h a 2ri!!" n r"por! &or !h" pr"sid " n ! * i! 2as +l"ar !o 7in+oln !h" +ours " h" )us ! !a/". ,ar* a++or din !o 3url%u!* 2as in"#i!a %l " unl"s s !h" (ou!h 2as allo2" d !o s"+ " d " . 7in+oln

d"+id" d !o r"sup pl $ !h" " )% a ! !l " d &or!. i& his ships 2"r" &ir"d upon* i! 2ould %" !h" 8on&"d " r a + $ !ha! s!ar! " d !h" 2ar* no! !h" 'nion. R"p" a ! " dl $* 7in+oln 2ould dispa ! + h on" o& his +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s or )ili!ar$ o&&i+"rs !o an ar" a !ha! n" " d " d a d"+ision &ro) hi). (u+h 2as !h" +as " 2h" n h" s"n! Pos! ) a s ! " r ;"n"r al =on! o ) " r $ Blair and Huar! " r ) a s ! " r =on! o ) " r $ ="i s !o =issouri !o in#"s !i a ! " ;"n"r al 0r" )o n ! 4 s 4+ardinal )is! a / " . 4 In addi!ion* i! 2as no! un+o ) ) o n &or 7in+oln !o sunn no n 2i!n" s s " s &ro) )a?or %a!!l" s !o !h" ,hi!" 3ous " so h" +ould ha#" &irs!h a n d a++oun ! s . 3"nr$ (!odd a r d* 2ho had h"lp" d 2i!h !h" 2ound " d a&!"r !h" s"+on d %a!!l" o& Bull Run F1862G* d"s+ri%" d 2ha! h" sa2 and h" ar d !o !h" pr"sid " n ! . ;"n. 3"r )a n 3aup! rush " d &ro) !h" %a!!l"&i"ld a! ;"!!$s % u r in -ul$ 1863 !o +on&"r 2i!h 7in+oln. in 1864* 3. <. ,in arri#" d in !h" "arl$ )or nin hours a%o ar d a sp"+ial !rain !o i#" !h" pr" sid" n ! an "$" 2i! n " s s a++oun ! o& !h" ,ild"rn" s s +a )p ai n. 7in+oln4s ro#in l"ad " r s hip s!$l" is illus!ra ! " d in 0i ur" 1* 2hi+h raph s !h" !o!al nu )% " r o& da$s p"r )on! h h" 2as* in par!* ou! o& !h" o&&i+". In 1861* durin !h" "arl$ s!a " s o& his pr"sid" n + $ and !h" 8i#il ,ar* h" 2as a+!i#" n" arl$ !h" "n!ir" $" ar. 3" had !o &ind ou! 2ha! 2as oin on* d"! "r )i n " !h" la$ o& !h" land* and "! !o /no2 his p"opl ". Th"r" 2"r" )a n $ d"+isions !o %" )a d " !ha! &irs! $"ar. In !h" su%s " A u " n ! $" ar s F18621864G* 7in+oln 2as in !h" &i"ld &r"Au " n !l $* 2i!h p" a/ s o& a+!i#i!$ in !h" 2ar ) sprin and surn ) " r )on! h s and lo2s in !h" +old"r 2in!"r )on! h s . T2o o& !h" lo2"s! poin!s durin his !"nur " as pr"sid " n ! o++urr " d in 0"%rua r $ 1862* 2h"n his son* ,illi"* di"d. and in D"+" ) % " r 1863 and -anuar$ 1864* 2h"n h" 2as ill and r"+o# "rin &ro) #arioloid Fa )ild &or) o& s)allpo@G. 6!h"r !han !ha!* i! 2as di&&i+ul! !o /"" p A%rah a ) 7in+oln in !h" ,hi!" 3ous ". As a )a ! ! " r o& &a+!* in 1865* 2i!h !h" "nd o& !h" 2ar n"ar* 7in+oln sp" n! hal& o& !h" )on! h o& =ar+h and !h" &irs! &our! " " n da$s o& April doin li!!l" "ls" !ha n #isi!in his !roops in !h" &i"ld. 3" had s" " n %"&or " 2ha! h" &+l! +ould ha#" %" " n &inal #i+!or$ sna !+ h " d a2a $ or los! %"+ a u s " o& ina+!i#i!$ or la+/ o& &ollo2- up. This !i)" h" 2ould !a/" +har " * s" " &or hi)s "l&* and )a / " +"r! ain !h" 2ar 2ould +o)" !o a s2i&! +on+lusion. This !r" ) " n d o u s %urs! o& a+!i#i!$ on 7in+oln4s par! !o2ar d !h" 2a" s "nd* +oupl" d 2i!h his hi h ou!pu! "arl$ in !h" +on&li+!* d" )o n s ! r a ! " d !ha! h" 2as a 4han d s- on4 l"ad" r. 3" 2as !h"r " 2h"n i! +oun! " d- d"+isi#"l$ !a/in +har " * as 2"ll as in&lu"n+in * uidin * !"a+ hin * and dir"+!in . And 7in+oln also 2as l"arnin &ro) o!h"r s. 3" 2as doin 2ha! all l"ad" r s should do. 3" 2as a+Auirin n"2 s/ills l"a n " d &ro) his &ollo2"rs !hrou h &r"Au " n ! p"rs on al +on! a + !. 7in+oln 2as l"arnin 2hil" on !h" ?o%. ,h"n !h" 8i#il ,ar &inall$ "nd " d * Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln 2as s!ill in !h" &i"ld* r"!ur nin &ro) a !rip !ha! !oo/ hi) !o !h" r"+" n!l$ +ap! ur " d 8on&"d " r a ! " +api!al o& Ri+h)o n d * 2h"r " h" !our " d !h" +i!$ and sa! in -"&&"rson Da#is4s +hair and h" ar d !h" !roops %r" a / in!o +h" " r s . Arri#in in ,ashin ! o n a%o ar d !h" Ri#"r Hu" " n in !h" "#" nin hours o& April 9* 1865* 7in+oln 2as on" o& !h" las! p"opl" in ,ashin ! o n !o h" ar o& 7""4s surr" n d " r !o ;ran! a! Appo )a ! ! o @. T$pi+al o& !h" )a n* !h" &irs! !hin !ha! 7in+oln did upon his arri#al 2as !o h" a d s!rai h! !o ,illia) ("2ar d 4 s r"sid" n+ " . 3" had !o #isi! his &ri"nd* !h" s"+r " ! a r $ o& s!a! " 2ho* 2hil" 7in+oln 2as on"* had su&&"r " d an a++id" n ! and 2as %"dridd " n . 0u!ur " l"ad" r s +an l"arn &ro) 7in+oln4s "@a ) pl " . 6n" o& !h" )os ! "&&"+!i#" 2a$s !o ain a++ " p ! a n + " o& a philosop h $ is !o sho2 i! in $our dail$ a+!ions. In ord"r !o s!a " $our l"ad " r s hip s!$l"* $ou )us ! ha#" an audi" n+ " . B$ "n! " rin $our su%or din a ! " 4 s "n#iron ) " n ! - %$ "s! a %lishin &r"Au " n ! hu) a n +on! a + ! - $ou +r" a ! " a s"ns " o& +o) )i ! ) " n ! * +olla%or a !ion* and +o) ) u ni ! $. 5ou also ain a++" s s !o #i!al in&or )a !ion n"+ " s s a r $ !o )a/ " "&&"+!i#" d"+isions. Addi!ionall#. 2h"n p"rs on al +on! a + ! is no! possi%l"* $ou +an s"nd surro a ! " s !o !h" &i"ld !o o%!ain in&or )a !io n.

=an$ l"ad " r s in !oda $4 s +o)pl " @ 2or/ s"!!in s 2ould ar u " !ha! !h" $ +an4! sp" n d !h" a )o u n ! o& !i)" 7in+oln did 2i!h his su%or din a ! " s . Bu!* !h" n a ain* !h"$4r " no! !r$in !o 2in a 2ar. 6r ar" !h" $I L <@plain $ours "l& in 2ri!in and o&&"r ad#i+" on ho2 !o sol#" pro%l" ) s . L I! is i)por! a n ! !ha! !h" p"opl " /no2 $ou +o)" a)o n !h" ) 2i!hou! &"ar. L (""/ +as u al +on! a + ! 2i!h $our su%or din a ! " s . I! is as )" a ni n &ul as a &or)al i& no! )or " so. L Don4! o&!"n d"+lin" !o s" " p"opl" 2ho +all on $ou. L Ta/" pu%li+ opinion %a! hs . L B" !h" #"r$ ")% o di ) " n ! o& ood !" )p " r and a&&a%ili!$. L R")" ) % " r * "#"r$o n " li/"s a +o)pli )" n ! . L I& $our su%or din a ! " s +an s!a n d i!* so +an $ou. ("! a ood "@a ) pl " . L 5ou )us ! s"" / and r"Auir " a++" s s !o r"lia%l" and up- !oda ! " in&or )a !ion.

a! h " rin *

7in+oln4s r" )a r / s &ro) 9A 3ous " Di#id"d9 sp" " + h* in 2hi+h h" a++ " p ! " d !h" no)in a !ion &or '.(. s"n a ! or a! !h" R"pu%li+a n (!a! " 8on#" n!ion in (prin &i"ld* Illinois F-un" 16* 1858G

1 ) !uild Stro n g Allian c e s

9A hous " di#id"d a ains ! i!s"l& +anno! s!an d. . . . 6ur +aus " )us ! %" in!rus ! " d !o* and +ondu+ ! " d %$ i!s o2n undou % ! " d &ri"nds- 2hos " hand s ar" &r""* 2hos " h" ar! s ar" in !h" 2or/- 2ho do +ar" &or !h" r"sul!.9 A%rah a ) 7in+oln ain" d !h" !rus! and r"sp " + ! o& his su%or din a ! " s * %uildin s!ron allian+ " s on %o!h p"rs on al and pro&" s sion al l"#"ls. 3" 2an! " d !o /no2 ho2 his p"opl" 2ould r"spon d in an$ i#"n si!ua !ionC 2ho 2ould ha#" a !"nd " n + $ !o "! !h" ?o% don" on his o2n* or %" )or " li/"l$ !o pro+r a s !in a ! " and d"la$. 2ho +ould %" +oun! " d on in an " )" r " n + $ and 2ho +ouldn4 !. 2ho 2"r" !h" %ri h! " r* )or " a%l"* )or " +o) )i ! ! " d p"opl". 2ho shar " d his s!ron s"ns " o& "!hi+s and #alu" s . 3" also 2an! " d his su%or din a ! " s !o "! !o /no2 hi)* so !ha! !h" $ 2ould /no2 ho2 h" 2ould r"spon d in an$ i#"n si!ua !ion* 2ha! h" 2an! " d * d" ) a n d " d * and n" " d " d . I& !h"$ /n"2 2ha! h" 2ould do* !h" $ +ould )a/ " !h"ir o2n d"+isions 2i!hou! as/in hi) &or dir"+!ion* !h"r " % $ a#oidin d"la$ and ina+!i#i!$. R"+" n! s!udi " s in !h" &i"ld o& l"ad " r s hip r"+o ni> " and s!r" s s !h" n" " d &or %uildin s!ron in!"rp " r s o n a l r"la!ions hi ps and %ond s. In !h"ir %oo/ 7"ad" n* ,arr" n B"nnis and Bur! :anus 2ro! " !ha! 4l"a d " r s hi p "s! a %lish " s !rus!4 and 4l"a d " r s pa$ a!! " n !ion4. !h"$ o%s " r# " !ha! l"ad" r s 4ha# " !h" a%ili!$ !o !rus! o!h"r s "#" n i& !h" ris/ s" " ) s r" a !. 4 P"!"r s and Aus!in pu! i! )or " %lun!l$ %$ si)pl$ s!a!in !ha! 9a!! " n !ion is all !h"r " is4 and !ha! 9!rus! is l"arn " d onl$ %$ "@a ) pl " . 4 Th" po2"r o& "&&"+!i#" lis!"nin has also ain" d a r" a ! d" al o& a!! " n !ion. 7"" Ia+o++ a* 8hr$sl"r4 s l"ad " r* 2ri!"s in his au!o%io r a p h $C 4I onl$ 2ish I +ould &ind an ins!i!u! " !ha! !"a+ h " s p"opl " ho2 !o lis!"n. A&!"r all* a ood )a n a " r n"" d s !o lis!"n a! l"as! as )u+ h as h" n" " d s !o !al/. Too )a n $ p"opl" &ail !o r"ali>" !ha! r"al +o) ) u ni + a !io n o" s in %o!h dir"+!ions .4 A%rah a ) 7in+oln lis!" n " d* paid a!! " n !ion* and "s! a %lish " d !rus!. 3" 2or/" d hard a! &or in s!ron r"la!ions hip s 2i!h all o& his su%or din a ! " s * "sp " +i all$ !h" )" ) % " r s o& his +a%in" ! and his +o) ) a n di n "n " r al s. In so)" +as " s !h" pr" sid" n ! o#"r+ a ) " in!"n s " n" a !i#" &""lin s !o2ar d hi) on !h" par! o& a &"2 indi#idu als. 0or "@a ) pl " * ,illia) 3. ("2ar d* 7in+oln4s s"+r " ! a r $ o& s!a! " * ini!iall$ !hou h ! !h" pr"sid" n ! !o %" 2"ll- in!"n!ion " d $"! !o!all$ unAu ali&i"d and in+o )p " ! " n ! !o run !h" ad )inis!r a !ion and l"ad !h" +oun!r $. Th"r" 2as also so)" p"rs on al ani )o si! $ in#ol#"d %"+ a u s " ("2ar d had %" " n !h" &ron!-

runn " r &or !h" 1860 R"pu%li+a n pr" sid" n !i al no)in a !ion* 2hi+h* o& +ours " * 2"n! !o !h" l"ss 2"ll /no2n* )or " )iddl"- o&- !h"- road +andida ! " A%rah a ) 7in+oln. A&!"r a++" p !in !h" o&&"r !o %"+o ) " s"+r " ! a r $ o& s!a! " * ("2ar d a!! " ) p ! " d !o in&lu"n+ " 7in+oln4s s"l"+!ion s &or !h" r"s! o& !h" +a%in" !. 3o2"# " r* h" &ound !h" pr"sid" n !- "l"+! !o %" &ir) and r"sour + "& ul* 2i!h a dis!in+! )ind o& his o2n. 3" %"+ a ) " so &rus!r a ! " d in his "&&or!s !o +han " 7in+oln4s )ind !ha! h" su% )i ! ! " d his r"si n a !ion "#" n %"&or " !h" inau ur a !ion. Bu!* i))" di a ! "l $ a&!"r !a/in !h" oa!h* 7in+oln )" ! 2i!h ("2ar d and* app " alin !o his pa!rio!i+ du!$ and s"ns " o& s"l&- 2or!h* p"rs u a d " d hi) !o s!a $ on. In !h" "arl$ )on! h s o& !h" n"2 ad )i nis !r a !ion* ("2ar d a!! " ) p ! " d !o l"ad !h" 2ar "&&or! and dir"+! !h" +a%in" ! hi)s "l&. Bu! a ain h" &ound 7in+oln !o %" )u+ h s!ron " r !ha n h"4d "n#ision" d a! &irs!. ,h"n ("2ar d und" r ! o o/ pri#a! " and s"+r " ! n" o!i a !ion s 2i!h !h" (ou!h* ass urin i!s l"ad" r s !ha! 0or! (u)! " r 2ould %" "#a+ u a ! " d * 7in+oln o#"rrul " d hi) %$ d"+idin !o r"sup pl $ !h" &or!. Th" o#"r> " al ou s s"+r " ! a r $ o& s!a! " !h" n s"n! !h" pr"sid" n ! a +ha s !isin )" ) o r a n d u ) !ha! ou!lin" d 2ha! h" &"l! !h" poli+$ should %" !o2ar d !h" (ou!h. 3" "#" n su " s ! " d !ha! !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s ins!i a ! " a 2ar 2i!h a &or"i n +oun!r$ !o uni&$ !h" na!ion a ains ! a +o) ) o n "n" ) $. 7in+oln pro )p !l $ r"spon d " d 2i!h a l"!! "r o& his o2n* !h" su%s ! a n + " o& 2hi+h 2as pro% a %l$ also d"li#"r " d !o ("2ar d orall$. I& su+h poli+i"s 2"r" !o %" ins!i!u! " d * 4I )us ! do i!*9 said 7in+oln. ("2ar d &ound ou! i))" di a ! "l $ !ha! !h" n"2 pr"sid " n ! +ould %" !ou h and d"+isi#". 'nda u n ! " d * la!"r in 1861 h" a!! " ) p ! " d !o pus h 7in+oln in!o a +on&li+! 2i!h <n land a&!"r !h" Bri!ish #"ss "l Tr"n! 2as +ap! ur " d 2i!h !2o 8on&"d " r a ! " +o) )i s sion " r s on %oard. A ain* 7in+oln h"ld &ir). 46n" 2ar a! a !i)"*9 h" +au!ion " d ("2ar d. D"spi! " all !his "arl$ !ur )oil and di&&"r" n+ " o& opinion* ("2ar d and 7in+oln soon %"+ a ) " alli"s. Th" pr" sid" n ! 2ould s!op %$ !h" s"+r " ! a r $4 s ho)" &or lon #isi!s durin 2hi+h !h" !2o )" n 2ould !a/" !urns !"llin &i)n$ s!ori" s and an" + d o ! " s . Th"$ also 2ould !a/" +arria " rid"s !o " ! h " r in and aroun d ,ashin ! o n* o&!"n #i"2in !h" !roops and &or!i&i+a!ions. A&!"r !h"$ o! !o /no2 "a+ h o!h"r* i! !urn" d ou! !ha! !h"$ had si)ilar poli!i+al #i"2s. Th"$ shar " d a d" " p +o) )i ! ) " n ! !o !h" na!ion* a s!ron p"n+ h a n ! &or +o) ) o n s"ns " * and hi h "!hi+s and #alu" s . (oon ("2ar d 2as )a /in nu )" r o u s su " s !i on s &or 7in+oln4s sp" " + h " s and pro+la ) a ! i o n s . And 7in+oln 2as in+lin" d !o in!"r&"r " #"r$ li!!l" in &or"i n a&&iirs* pr"&"rrin ins!" a d !o d"l" a ! " !ha! r"spo n si%ili!$ and au! hori!$ !o !h" s"+r " ! a r $ o& s!a! " . In a #"r$ shor! p"riod o& !i)" ("2ar d had !urn" d &ro) an a!!i!ud " o& s/" p!i+is ) and )is!r us ! !o2ar d 7in+oln !o on" o& lo$al!$ and ad )ir a !ion. 4<@"+u!i#" &or+" and #i or ar" rar" Auali!i"s*4 ("2ar d 2ro! " !o his 2i&" in 1861. 4Th" Pr"sid" n ! is !h" %"s! o& us.9 In!"r " s !i n l$ "nou h* !h" !2o )" n !o 2ho ) 7in+oln %"+ a ) " !h" +los" s ! 2"r" also !h" !2o 2ho had ori inall$ !hou h ! !h" 2ors! o& hi). Th"$ 2"r " also !h" !2o )os ! +o)p " ! " n ! and a%l" )" n in !h" +a%in" !. Th" &irs! 2as ("2ar d. !h" o!h"r 2as 7in+ol,s s"+ond s"+r " ! a r $ o& 2ar* <d2in =. (!an! o n* 2ho &irs! )" ! !h" &u!ur " pr"sid " n ! in 1855 2h" n %o!h 2"r " in#ol#"d in !h" =+8or )i+/ R"ap " r +as ". (!an! o n* a! !h" !i)" a r"no2 n " d a!!orn " $* "#id" n !l$ insul! " d !h" l"ss 2"ll /no2n 7in+oln Fr"por! " dl $ +allin hi) a ira&&"G. 3" app a r " n !l$ &"l! !h" sa )" 2a$ a&!"r 7in+oln4s ris" !o po2"r* %"li"#in !ha! !h" pr"sid" n ! had 4no !o/" n o& an$ in!"lli " n! und "r s ! a n di n .9 D"spi! " all o& !h" n" a !i#" &""lin s displa $" d %$ (!an! on* 7in+oln s!ill appoin! " d hi) !h" n"2 s"+r " ! a r $ o& 2ar %"+ a u s " h" /n"2 h" 2as !h" %"s! )a n &or !h" ?o%. (!an! on a++ " p ! " d !h" ?o% "n!h u si a s !i+ all$ and Aui+/l$ pro#" d 7in+oln +orr"+ ! in his ?ud ) " n ! . In a &"2 )on! h s (!an! o n !horou hl $ r"#a ) p " d !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! in!o an "&&i+i"n! or a ni> a !ion. 3" 2or/" d lon "@ha u s !i n hours in a !ir"l" s s "&&or! !o s"r#" his +oun!r $ and 2in !h" 2ar. <arl$ in !h" ad )i nis !r a !ion* (!an! o n 2as &ri"nds 2i!h ;"n. ;"or " =+8l"llan* and %o!h had in!"n s " s+orn &or 7in+oln. 3o2"# " r* as !i)" pas s " d Fand a&!"r h" %"+ a ) " s"+r " ! a r $ o&

2arG* (!an! o n r"2 !o disli/" =+8l"llan4 s d"la $ !a+!i+s and %" a n !o appr " +i a ! " 7in+oln4s Au" s ! &or a+!ion and #i+!or$. 3" also suppor ! " d )" n li/" ;ran! 2ho &ou h! and pos! " d #i+!ori"s. 7in+oln* (!an! o n %" a n !o !hin/* 2as no! !h" %u&&oon h" ori inall$ %"li"#" d hi) !o %". 7in+oln* in !urn* +a )" !o r"sp " + ! * ad )ir " * and und "r s ! a n d (!an! on. 3" r"ali>"d !ha! und" r a so)" 2 h a ! surl$ "@!"rior "@is! " d an hon" s ! * d"#o! " d* and !horou hl $ +ap a %l " ad )inis!r a ! or . As a r"sul!* h" l"! (!an! on run !h" ,ar D"par! ) " n ! as h" sa2 &i!. 6&!"n 7in+oln 2ould si n s!a+/ a&!"r s!a+/ o& )ili!ar$ +o) )i s sio n s !ha! h" did no! %o!h" r !o r"a d. 3" loo/" d onl$ &or his s"+r " ! a r $ o& 2ar4s si na ! ur " * !hin/in !ha! i& (!an! on had appro# " d !h" ) !h" $ )us ! %" alri h!. Th" !2o )" n %"+ a ) " so +los" !ha! 2h" n 7in+oln arri#" d %a+/ in ,ashin ! o n a%oa r d !h" Ri#"r Hu" " n "arl$ in !h" "#" nin o& April 9* 1865* i! 2as (!an! on 2ho F2i!h a %"ar hu G r" " ! " d hi) 2i!h !h" n"2s o& 7""s surr " n d " r a! Appo )a ! ! o @. And* 2h" n 7in+oln di"d* i! 2as (!an! o n 2ho is r"por! " d !o ha#" )u! ! " r " d * 4:o2 h" %"lon s !o !h" a " s. 4 Th" pr"sid " n ! s son* Ro%"r!* also la!"r r"+ all"d ho2 (!an! on 9&%r )or " !ha n !"n da$s a&!"r )$ &a!h"r 4 s d" a ! h in ,ashin ! o n* +all"d "#"r $ )or nin on )" in )$ roo)* and sp" n! !h" &irs! &"2 )inu! " s o& his #isi!s 2"" pin 2i!hou! sa$in a 2ord.4 Toda$4 s l"ad " r s +an l"arn a !hin or !2o &ro) 7in+oli&s r"la!ions hi p 2i!h ("2ar d and (!an! o n. (i)pl$ sp" n din !i)" !o " ! h " r and "!!in !o /no2 on"4 s su%ordin a ! " s +an o#"r+o ) " )ou n ! ai n s o& p"rso n al di&&"r" n+ " s and hard &""lin s. I& &ollo2"rs l"arn !ha! !h"ir l"ad " r is &ir)* r"solu! " * and +o) )i ! ! " d in !h" dail$ p"r&or )a n + " o& his du!$* r"sp " + ! +an %" ain" d* and !rus! 2ill soon &ollo2. 7in+oln4s appro a + h 2on4! 2or/ &or "#"r $on " . (o)" " )plo$" " s si)pl$ 2ill no! +o)" aroun d. 3o2"# " r* !h" #as! )a?ori!$- !h" )os ! +o)p " ! " n ! and hon" s ! on" s- 2ill. And should !h"r " %" !oo )a n $ o& !hos " 2ho don4! s"" !h" )"ri! in !his appro a + h * !h"$ +ould p"rh a p s %" +ons !r u " d !o %" in !h" 2ron pla+". 0or all !h" su++ " s s& ul r"la!ions hi ps 7in+oln had 2i!h /"$ su%or din a ! " s * h"* !oo* had his shar " o& &ailur"s. 6n" no!a %l " pro%l" ) )a ni&" s ! " d i!s"l& in !h" &or) o& ;"n. ;"or " Brin!on =+8l"llan* !h" 45oun :apol"o n. 4 'pon !h" r"!ir" ) " n ! o& ;"n. ,in&i"ld (+o!! F2hi+h 7in+oln or+h" s ! r a ! " d G * !h" pr"sid " n ! appoin! " d =+8l"llan "n " r al- in- +hi"&. <#"n !hou h !h" "n " r al had displa$" d a !"nd " n + $ !o2ar d ina+!ion as +o) ) a n d " r o& !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + * 7in+oln ad )ir " d !h" $oun )a n4 s +on&id" n+ " and his a%ili!$ !o or a ni> " and !rain !h" !roops. 3" 2as also #"r$ popul ar 2i!h his soldi"rs* a &a+! !ha! 7in+oln #i"2" d 2i!h appro# al. 6n !h" "#" nin o& :o#" )% " r 1* 186 1* !h" da$ h" appoin! " d =+8l"llan "n " r al- in- +hi"&* Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln #isi!"d !h" "n " r al a! his r"sid" n+ " !o i#" hi) &a!h" rl$ ad#i+" a%ou! !h" r"spon si %ili!i"s o& his n"2 posi!ion. 4In addi!ion !o $our pr"s " n ! +o) ) a n d * !h" supr " ) " +o) ) a n d o& !h" Ar)$ 2ill "n! ail a #as! la%or upon $ou*4 h" +ouns "l " d . 4I +an do i! all*4 ass ur " d =+8l"llan. Bu! 7in+oln 2as no! so sur" !ha! h" +ould. And no2 !ha! !h" $oun "n " r al 2as supr " ) " +o) ) a n d " r h" sa2 a lo! )or " o& !h" pr"sid" n ! !ha n h" had pr"#iousl$. :o! onl$ 2as 7in+oln !h"r " !h" &irs! da$ h" appoin! " d =+8l"llan !o his n"2 pos!* %u! h" also #isi!" d hi)* "i!h"r a! his h"a d A u a r ! " r s or r"sid" n+ " * n"arl$ "#"r $ da$ &or !h" n"@! &"2 2""/s . 6&!"n 7in+oln 2ould 2and " r in!o !h" "n " r a P s o&&i+" and )a/ " s)all !al/ or !"ll an a )u si n s!or$. Th" pr"sid" n ! )a d " =+8l"llan &""l i)por! a n ! %$ oin !o hi) )or " o&!"n !ha n h" sun- i)on " d !h" "n " r al !o !h" ,hi!" 3ous ". A! )a n $ o& !h" s " +on&"r " n + " s !h" pr"sid" n ! lis!" n " d* dis+us s " d * and in so)" +as " s dir"+! " d a %roa d appro a + h and s!ra ! " $* %u! h" al2a$s l"&! i! up !o ;"n"r al =+8l"llan !o p"r&or ) !h" !as/ a! hand. 7in+oln us" d !h" s " )" " !i n s !o ass " s s !h" "n " r al and !o l"! =+8l"llan "! !o /no2 hi). A&!"r a !i)"* ho2" # " r * =+8l"llan %" a n !o disli/" 2ha! h" #i"2" d as 7in+o,s )" d dlin . 3" &ail"d !o r"ali>" 2ha! !h" pr" sid" n ! 2as !r$in !o do. A&!"r on" shor! dis+us sion in 2hi+h 7in+oln app a r " n !l $ )a d " a &"2 op"r a !ion al su " s !ion s * =+8l"llan r" )a r / " d !o a /"$ o&&i+"rC 4Isn4! h" a rar" %irdI4

A&!"r )on! h s o& )ain! ainin a d"&"n si# " pos! ur " * =+8l"llan )a d " i! app a r " n ! h" 2as no! oin !o a+! on his o2n. (o !h" pr"sid" n ! 2as &or+"d !o i#" )or " dir"+!ion. ,h"n h" did* =+8l"llan4 s a!!i!ud " !urn" d a%r a si# " and disr" s p " + d 2. 6n" o& !h" "n " r al4 s )or " r" )a r / a %l " snu%s o& !h" pr"sid " n ! o++urr " d on !h" ni h! o& :o#" )% " r 13* 1861* 2h" n 7in+oln* ("2ar d* and -ohn 3a$ +all"d a! =+8l"llan4 s hous " . A s"r#a n ! * 2hil" ush "rin !h" !rio in!o !h" parlor* in&or )" d !h" pr"sid" n ! !ha! =+8l"llan 2as a! a 2"ddin and 2ould soon r"!urn. A%ou! an hour la!"r !h" "n " r al +a ) " %a+/ and* upon %"in in&or )" d !ha! 7in+oln 2as 2ai!in !o s" " hi)* )ar + h " d pas ! !h" parlor and 2"n! ups! airs !o %"d. 3a$ and ("2ar d 2"r " ou!r a " d * %u! 7in+oln s" " ) " d !o %" l"ss a&&"+! " d* r" )a r /in !o !h" $oun " r 3a$ !ha! i! 2as 4%"! ! " r a! !his !i)" no! !o %" )a/in poin!s o& "!iAu" ! ! " and p"rs on al di ni!$.4 Pri#a! "l$* ho2"# " r* h" )us ! ha#" %"" n dis!ur% " d %$ !h" "pisod " %"+ a u s " i! 2as no2 "#id" n ! !ha! =+8l"llan had )is! a / " n 7in+oln4s #isi!s !o hi) as a si n o& 2"a/n " s s ra!h " r !han on" o& s!r" n ! h and r"sour + "&&iln" s s . I! is also si ni&i+an! !o no!" !ha! !h"r " a& ! " r Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln %" a n su) ) o ni n =+8l"llan !o !h" <@"+u!i#" =ansion ra!h " r !han oin !o !h" "n " r al. Durin !h" +ours " o& !h"ir r"la!ions hip* 7in+oln !r"a ! " d =+8l"llan 2i!h !h" sa ) " r"sp " + ! and di ni!$ !ha! h" o&&"r" d !o (!an! on and ("2ar d. 7in+oln did "! !o /no2 =+8l"llan* and =+8l"llan 7in+oln. Th"ir allian+ "* ho2"# " r * had )a n $ hi hs and lo2s* 2as in+onsis! " n ! * and !rou%l " d 7in+oln d" " pl$. <#"n !hou h !h" pr"sid " n ! suppor ! " d and d"&"n d " d his "n " r al !o +o)pl ainin +on r " s s ) " n and s"n a ! or s * =+8l"llan s"" ) " d in+ap a %l " o& !a/in !h" &i"ld. =+8l"llan* ho2" # " r * "nuin "l$ appr " +i a ! " d !h" pr"sid " n ! s suppor !* &or on 0"%rua r $ 22* 1862 Fonl$ a &"2 da$s a&!"r 7in+oln4s son di"dG* !h" "n " r al 2ro!" +onsolin l$ !o hi)C 45ou ha#" %"" n a /ind !ru" &ri"nd !o )" . . . durin !h" las! &"2 )on! h s . 5our +on&id" n+ " has uph"ld )" 2h"n I should o!h"r 2is " ha#" &"l! 2"a/.4 7in+oln "#" n! u a ll$ 2as &or+" d !o r" )o# " =+8l"llan &ro) +o) ) a n d and la!"r &ound !h" &or)" r "n " r al !o %" his oppon " n ! in !h" pr"sid " n !i al "l"+!ion o& 1864. 3is ri&! 2i!h !h" pr"sid" n ! ha#in ain" d !h" a!! " n !ion o& !h" pr"s s* =+8l"llan 2as a%l" !o s"+ur " !h" D")o+ r a !i+ pr"sid" n !i al no)in a !ion* onl$ !o %" soundl$ d"&" a ! " d a! !h" polls. I! hur! 7in+oln so)" 2 h a ! no! !o ha#" &or)" d a su++ " s s& ul lin/ 2i!h =+8l"llan* %u! a! l"as! h"4d )ain! ai n " d his o2n in!" ri!$. Th" l"sson !o %" l"arn " d h"r " is !o si)pl$ no! i#" up a!! " ) p ! i n !o %uild solid allian+ " s . 0or "#"r$ &ail"d a!! " ) p ! li/" !h" r"la!ions hip 2i!h =+8l"llan* !h"r " )a $ %" !2o su++ " s s' on" s li/" ("2ar d and (!an! o n. And "#" n !hou h his p"rso n al r"la!ions hi p 2i!h ;"or " =+8l"llan 2as !rou%l" d* 7in+oln did all$ su++ " s s&&ill$ 2i!h )os ! o& his "n " r al s. I& !h" $ didn4! li/" !h" +ons! a n ! +han " s in +o) ) a n d h" )a d " * !h"$ r"sp " + ! " d his d"+isions. ;"n. A)%ros " Burnsid " on+ " r" )a r / " d in 1862 !o his s!a&&. 4I& "#"r !h"r " 2as an hon" s ! )a n on !h" &a+" o& !h" "ar! h i! 2as A%rah a ) 7in+oln.4 And 2h"n ;"n. ,illia) (. Ros"+r a n s 2as appro a + h " d %$ so)" radi+ al R"pu%li+a n s !o run a ains ! 7in+oln &or !h" no)in a !ion o& 1864* h" r"spo n d " d !ha! !h" $ 2"r " 2ron !o oppos " 7in+oln. 43"4s in !h" ri h! pla+ "*4 ad )o ni s h " d !h" "n " r al. <#"n 'l$ss " s (. ;ran! r"&us " d !o run &or pr"sid" n ! as lon as 7in+oln 2an! " d !h" ?o%. 7in+oln ain" d +o) )i ! ) " n ! and r"sp " + ! &ro) his p"opl" %"+ a u s " h" 2as 2illin !o !a/" !i)" ou! &ro) his %us$ s+h" d ul " !o h"ar 2ha! his p"opl" had !o sa$. I!4s no di&&"r" n ! 2h" n $ou4r " runnin a %usin" s s . I& $ou s!a $ in !ou+h 2i!h !h" p"opl" 2ho +o)pris " !h" &ound a !ion* $ou4r " )or " li/"l$ !o ain an ad#a n ! a " !ha! h"lps $ou !o 2in !h" 2ar a ains ! s!i&& +o)p " !i!ion. l"s !h" p"opl " 2ho ar" +los" s ! !o !h" +ons u ) " r and !h" produ+ ! 2ho /no2 ho2 !o 2in. And* al)o s ! al2a$s* !h"$ 2ill 2an! !o o&&"r !h"ir id"a s. 7in+oln4s su++ " s s in &or in allian+ " s +ould %" a!!ri%u! " d * in par!* !o his d" " p und "r s ! a n di n o& hu )a n na! ur " . 4Plain +o) ) o n s"ns " * a /indl$ disposi!ion* a s!rai h! &or2ard purpos " * and a shr"2 d p"r+ " p !ion o& !h" ins and ou!s o& poor* 2"a/ hu) a n na! ur " * 4 no! " d !h" :"2 5or/ 3"rald in 1864* 4ha# " "na %l " d hi) !o )a s ! " r di&&i+ul!i"s 2hi+h 2ould ha#" s2a ) p " d an$ o!h"r )a n. 4 I! 2as !his p"n " ! r a !i n +o)pr " h " n s i o n o& hu )a n

na! ur " !ha! h"lp" d 7in+oln poss " s s !h" +o)p a s si o n n"+ " s s a r $ !o issu" !h" )a n $ pardon s * &or 2hi+h h" is so &a)ou s * !o d"s " r !in soldi"rs durin !h" 8i#il ,ar. In 1863 h" no!" dC A+!ual 2ar +o)in * %lood ro2s ho!* and %lood is spill"d. Thou h! is &or+"d &ro) old +han n "l s in!o +on+ision. D"+" p !ion %r" " d s and !hri#" s. 8on&id" n+ " di"s* and uni#"rs al sus pi+ion r"i ns. <a+h )a n &""ls an i)puls " !o /ill his n"i h%or* l"s! h" %" &irs! /ill"d %$ hi). R"#"n " and r"! alia!ion &ollo2. And all !his* as %"&or" said* )a $ %" a )o n hon" s ! )" n onl$. 7in+oln und" r s ! o o d !h" )o!i#" s o& )" n and ho2 !h"$ !"nd " d !o r"a+! und" r s!r" s s . As a r"sul!* h" 2as #"r$ l"ni"n! o& 2ha! 2as p"r+ "i#" d %$ )a n $ !o %" +o2ar dl$ +ondu+ ! . Th" plain &a+! !ha! 7in+oln ran! " d so )a n $ pardo n s ?us! na!ur all$ h"lp" d hi) %uild su++ " s s& ul a&&ilia!ions 2i!h his &ollo2"rs. :o! !ha! h" ran! " d pardon s as a s!ra ! " $ &or allian+ "%uildin . I! 2as don"* ra!h " r* %"+ a u s " 7in+oln 2as a /ind and +arin hu) a n %"in . Bu! p"opl" ar" )u+ h )or " li/"l$ !o !rus! a l"ad" r i& !h" $ /no2 h" is +o)p a s s i o n a ! " and &or i#in o& )is! a / " s . And !rus!* o& +ours " * is !h" "ss " n !i al %uildin %lo+/ &or su++ " s s& ul r"la!ions hip s. Th" a%ili!$ !o und "r s ! a n d hu) a n na!ur " h"lp" d 7in+oln d"al 2i!h na!ions as 2"ll as indi#idu als. In 1861* &or "@a ) pl " * 2h" n ;r"a ! Bri!ain and !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s 2"r" sAu a % %lin o#"r !h" +ap! ur " o& !h" Bri!ish #"ss "l Tr"n! 2i!h !2o 8on&"d " r a ! " +o) )i s sion " r s a%o ar d* )a n $ o& !h" pr"sid" n ! s ad#is "r s 2"r " +on+ " r n " d a%ou! !h" possi%ili!$ o& a )or " s"rious +on&li+!p" r h a p s "#" n 2ar. Bu! 7in+oln* 2i!h on" o& his +har a + ! " ris !i+ s!ori" s* r"#" al " d a )u+ h )or " in!ui!i#" und" r s ! a n di n o& !h" r"ali!$ o& !h" si!ua !ion 2h" n h" saidC I r" )" ) % " r 2h" n I 2as a lad* !h"r " 2"r " !2o &i"lds %"hind our hous " s"p a r a ! " d %$ a &"n+ ". In "a+h &i"ld !h"r " 2as a %i %ulldo * and !h" s " do s sp" n ! !h" 2hol" da$ ra+in up and do2n* snarlin and $"lpin a! "a+h o!h"r !hrou h !ha! &"n+ ". 6n" da$ !h" $ %o!h +a ) " a! !h" sa )" )o ) " n ! !o a hol" in i!* %i "nou h !o l"! "i!h"r o& !h" ) !hrou h. ,"ll* "n!l" ) " n * 2ha! do $ou !hin/ !h" $ didI Th"$ ?us! !urn" d !ail and s+a )p " r " d a2a $ as &as! as !h" $ +ould in opposi! " dir"+!ions . :o2* <n land and A)"ri+a ar" li/" !hos " %ulldo s. I& )od " r n l"ad " r s don4! in!ui!i#"l$ und "r s ! a n d hu) a n na!ur " as 2"ll as 7in+oln did* !h" $ should a! l"as! )a / " an a!! " ) p ! !o l"arn )or " on !h" su%?"+!. A&!"r all* !h" )os ! i)por! a n ! ass " ! a %usin" s s or a ni> a !ion has is i!s ")plo$" " s . (o 2h$ no! sp" n d so)" !i)" and )on " $ s!ri#in !o )or " !horou hl$ und" r s ! a n d 2ha! )a / " s $our p"opl " !i+/I All l"ad " r s * in "#"r$ 2al/ o& li&"* should )a/ " !his +onu- ni! )" n ! !o !h"ir &ollo2"r s. I& !h" $ don4!* !h" $ )a $ soon &ind !ha! !h" $ no lon "r Auali&$ as l"ad " r s du" !o !h" si)pl " &a+! !ha! all !h"ir &ollo2"rs* in on" 2a$ or ano! h " r * ha#" a%a n d o n " d !h" ). 8on!" ) p o r a r $ "@"+ u !i#" s should also r"ali>" !ha! su++ " s s& ul allian+ " s * 2h"! h " r 2i!h su%ordin a ! " s or o!h"r or a ni> a !ion s * pu! !h" l"ad " r in a posi!ion o& s!r" n ! h and po2"r. And* +on#"r s "l $* di#isi#" n " s s %r" " d s 2"a/n " s s . 3"r"in h"s !h" 2isdo ) o& 7in+oln4s &a)o u s s!a! " ) " n ! C 4A hous " di#id" d a ains ! i!s"l& +anno! s!a nd. 4 Tha! is on" r"as o n !h"s " 2ords ha#" li#"d on !hrou h !h" $" ar s* +on!inu all$ r" ar d " d as on" o& 7in+oln4s )os ! i)por! a n ! )" s s a " s . ,a " onl$ on" 2ar a! a !i)". (p"nd !i)" l"!!in $our &ollo2"rs l"arn !ha! $ou ar" &ir)* r"solu! " * and +o) )i ! ! " d in !h" dail$ p"r&or ) a n + " o& $our du!$. Doin so 2ill ain !h"ir r"sp " + ! and !rus!. <!iAu" ! ! " and p"rso n al di ni!$ ar" so)" !i ) " s 2is"l$ s"! asid".

In#"s! !i)" and )on " $ in %"!! " r und" r s ! a n di n !h" ins and ou!s o& hu )a n na! ur " . R")" ) % " r * hu) a n a+!ion +an %" )odi&i"d !o so)" "@!" n ! * %u! hu )a n na! ur " +anno! %" +ha n " d . (ho2in $our +o)p a s s i o n a ! " and +arin na!ur " 2ill aid $ou in &or in su++ " s s& ul r"la!ions hip s. ,h"n $ou "@!in uis h hop"* $ou +r"a ! " d"s p " r a !io n. 5ou )us ! r" )" ) % " r !ha! p"opl" 2ho ha#" no! "#" n %" " n sus p " + ! " d o& dislo$al! $ ar" #"r$ ad#"r s " !o !a/in an oa!h o& an$ sor! as a +ondi!ion o& "@"r+isin an ordinar $ ri h! o& +i!i>"ns hip.

2 ) Per s u a d e Rat* e r Than Coer c e

9,i!h pu%li+ s"n!i )" n ! * no!hin +an &ail. 2i!hou! i!* no!hin +an su++ " " d . 8ons " A u " n ! l $ h" 2ho )olds pu%li+ s"n!i ) " n ! o" s d"" p " r !ha n h" 2ho "na + ! s s!a! u! " s or pronou n + " s d"+isions.9 7in+oln4s r" )a r / s in !h" &irs! 7in+olnDou l a s d"% a ! " 2h" n "@a )i nin !h" in&lu"n+ " (!"ph " n A. Dou la s 2as ha#in on !h" pu%li+ FAu us ! 21* 1858G A%rah a ) 7in+oln s!ri#" d !o 2or/ 2i!h and !hrou h p"opl" 2hil"* a! !h" sa )" !i)"* al2a$s dri#in !o a+hi"# " his o2n )ain o%?"+!i#"* 2hi+h 2as pr"s " r # a !io n o& !h" &"d"r al 'nion. 3" poss " s s " d an ou! oin in!"r " s ! in p"opl" and had !h" a%ili!$ !o ain !h" +on&id" n+ " and r"sp " + ! o& a 2id" #ari"!$ o& indi#iduals. 3" 2as pois" d and +on&id" n! und "r pr"s s u r " * and h" in&lu"n+ " d o!h"r s 2i!h his &ri"ndl$ )a n n " r * op" n n " s s * and #"r%al s/ills. 7in+oln 2as no! !h" di+!a ! or !h" un&ri"ndl$ pr"s s o& his da$ la%"l" d hi). Thou h h" 2as d"+isi#"* "sp " +i all$ in !h" "@pa n sio n o& "@"+ u!i#" au!hori!$* h" al)o s ! al2a $s r"?"+! " d +o"r+ion as a )" a n s o& a!! ainin 2ha! h" d"sir" d. I"s 2or!h$ !o no!" !ha! l"ad " r s hip* %$ d"&irii!ion* o)i!s !h" us" o& +o"r+i#" po2"r. ,h"n a l"ad " r %" ins !o +o"r+ " his &ollo2"rs* h"4s "ss " n !i all$ a%a n d o ni n l"ad" r s hi p and " )%r a +i n di+!a! or s hip. 7in+oln r"?"+! " d !h" di+!a ! orial rol" %$ %"+o )i n a p"rs u a d " r - d"l" a ! or in su%s ! a n + " * s!$l"* and philosop h $. 7oo/in in!o 7in+oln4s &i&" as a s!a! " l" isla!or* la2$"r* and +on r " s s ) a n * 2" +an s" " !ha! i! 2as his )a s ! " r $ o& !h" ar! o& p"rs u a sio n !ha! %rou h! hi) )u+ h o& his su++ " s s . In 1836* a! !h" a " o& !2"n! $- s"#" n* durin his s"+on d !"r ) in !h" Illinois l" isla! ur " * 7in+oln +r"a ! " d !h" plan !ha! )o#" d !h" +api!al o& !h" s!a! " &ro) Vandalia !o (prin &i"ld. 3is +l"#"r %ar ai nin * +oupl" d 2i!h p"rsis! " n + " and p"rso n al p"rs u a si# " n " s s * allo2" d hi) !o pull o&& 2ha! 2as !h" n r" a r d " d as a poli!i+al +oup. 7a!"r* as a la2$"r* 7in+oln no! onl$ had !o +on#in+ " ?uri"s and ?ud " s o& his posi!ion* %u! his +li"n! s as 2"ll. In his no! " s &or a la2 l"+!ur "* 2ri!!" n in 1850* !h" &or!$- on"- $" ar- old &u!ur" pr"sid" n ! ad#is " d his lis!"n " r s C 4Dis+our a " li!i a!ion. P"rsu a d " $our n"i h% or s !o +o)pr o )i s " 2h" n " # " r $ou +an.9 3is r" )a r / s !o !h" (prin &i"ld ,ashin ! o n T")p " r a n + " (o+i"!$ in 1842 2"r" p"rh a p s his +l"ar " s ! "nun+i a !ion o& his philosoph $ r" ar din p"rs u a sio nC ,h"n !h" +ondu+ ! o& )" n is d"si n " d !o %" in&lu"n+ " d* p"nu a sio n* /ind* una s s u )i n p"rs u a si on* should "#"r %" adop! " d . I! is an old and a !ru" )a@i )* !ha! a 4drop o& hon" $ +a!+h " s )or " &li"s !ha n a allon o& all.4 (o 2i!h )" n. I& $ou 2ould 2in a )a n !o $our +aus " * &in! +on#in+ " hi) !ha! $ou ar" his sin+"r " &ri"nd. Th"r"in is a drop o& hon" $ !ha! +a!+h " s his h" ar!* 2hi+h* sa$ 2ha! h" 2ill* is !h" r" a ! hi h road !o his r"as o n* and 2hi+h* 2h" n on+ " ain" d* $ou 2ill &ind %u! li!!l" !rou%l " in +on#in+in his ?ud ) " n ! o& !h" ?us!i+" o& $our +aus " * i& ind" " d !ha! +aus " r"all$ %" a ?us! on". 6n !h" +on!r a r $* ass u ) " !o

di+!a ! " !o his ?ud ) " n ! * or !o +o) ) a n d his a+!ion* or !o )ar/ hi) as on" !o %" shun n " d and d"s pis " d* and h" 2ill r"!r" a ! 2i!hin hi)s "l&* +los" all !h" a#" n u " s !o his h" a d and his h" ar!. and !ho4 $our +aus " %" na/" d !ru!h i!s"l& . . . $ou shall no )or " %" a%l" !o Dr"a+ hE hi)* !ha n !o p"n " ! r a ! " !h" hard sh"ll o& a !or!ois " 2i!h a r$" s!ra2. (u+h is )a n* and so )us ! h" %" und" r s ! o o d %$ !hos " 2ho 2ould /ad hi)* "#" n !o his o2n %"s! in!"r " s ! . Di!ali+s add " dE Di+!a! or s hip* &or+"* +o"r+ion- all 2"r " +har a + ! " ri s !i+ s o& !$ra n! s * d"s po ! s * and oppr " s s or s in 7in+o,s #i"2. All #iola! " d !h" %asi+ ri h!s o& !h" indi#idual !o 2hi+h h" 2as so +o) )i ! ! " d and upon 2hi+h !h" na!ion 2as &ound " d . All #iola! " d a %as/ s"ns " o& +o) ) o n d"+ " n+ $. And h"r " is 2h"r " 7in+oln !i"d in !h" ;old" n Rul" and !h" la2 o& !h" land !o his p"rso n al l"ad" r s hi p s!$l". 3" !r"a ! " d p"opl" !h" 2a$ h" 2ould 2an! !o %" !r"a ! " d * !h" 2a$ h" /n"2 o!h"r s 2an! " d !o %" !r" a ! " d . 7in+oln l"arn " d* r"&in" d* and )a s ! " r " d !h" ar! o& p"rs u a si on durin his "arl$ +ar" " r. ,h"n h" "n! "r " d !h" poli!i+al ar" n a * h" us" d his a%ili!$ !o p"rs u a d " as a %rid " !o !h" #o!in pu%li+. 3" s!ru+/ a +hord 2i!h all p"opl" 2h" n h" spo/" ou! a ains ! sla#"r $. :o on" 2an! s !o %" &or+" d !o do so)" ! hi n a ains ! his 2ill. P"opl" "n " r all$ 2an! !o %"li"#" !ha! 2ha! !h"$4r " doin !rul$ )a / " s a di&&"r" n+ " and* )or " i)por! a n ! * !ha! i! is !h"ir o2n id"a. 7in+oln r"ali>" d !his &a+!* as should all po!" n!i al l"ad" r s . Durin his ris" !o po2"r* i! 2as a h" a# $ !h" ) " in his sp" " + h " s and 2ri!in s* so)" 2 h a ! +a )o u&la " d in his s!a n+ " a ains ! sla#"r $. And i! 2as no s)all &a+!or in his "#" n! u al su++ " s s . 4:o )a n is ood "nou h !o o#"r n ano! h " r )a n 2i!hou! !ha! o!h" " s +ons " n ! *9 h" r" )a r / " d in 1854. 40a )iliari>" $ours "l# " s 2i!h !h" +hains o& %ond a " * 4 h" said in 1858* 9and $ou pr"p a r " $our o2n li)%s !o 2"ar !h" ). 9 And in 1859 h" ass " r ! " d C 4'nd" r s ! a n di n !h" spiri! o& our ins!i!u!ions is !o ai) a! !h" "l"pa !ion o& )" n. I a) oppos " d !o 2ha! " # " r !"nd s !o d" r a d " !h" ). 4 ,i!hou! Au" s !ion* di+!a! or s hip in an$ &or) d" r a d " s hu )a n %"in s. 0ur!h"r ) o r " * in his da$- !o- da$ a+!i#i!i"s* 7in+oln did no! a%a n d o n his prin+ipl"s on+" h" a!! ain " d !h" ,hi!" 3ous " . As pr"sid" n ! * 7in+oln a!! " ) p ! " d !o ain +o)nii! )" n ! &ro) indi- #iduals !hrou h op"n n " s s * ")p o 2 " r ) " n ! * and +oa+ hin . 3" pro#id" d as )u+ h suppor !* %o!h )or al and )on " ! a r $* as h" possi%l$ +ould. 3" !old his +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s !ha! 4in Au" s !ions a&&"+!in !h" 2hol" +oun!r$ !h"r " should %" &iill and &r"Au " n ! +ons ul! a !ion s and !ha! no!hin should %" don" par!i+ularl$ a&&"+!in an$ d"p a r ! ) " n ! 2i!hou! +ons ul! a !ion 2i!h !h" h" a d o& !ha! d"p a r ! ) " n ! . 4 And h" "sp " +i all$ suppor ! " d his "n " r al s* "#" n !h" pro+r a s !in a !in ;"or " =+8l"llan* 2ho 2as +ons ! a n !l$ +ri!i+i>"d &or his 4d"li%"r a ! " n " s s . 4 0or "@a ) pl " * on !h" "#" nin o& 6+!o%" r 26* 1861* !hr" " ("na ! or s +all"d a! !h" ,hi!" 3ous " and d" ) a n d " d !ha! 7in+oln &or+" =+8l"llan in!o a+!ion. Th" pr"sid " n ! * ho2" # " r * d"&"n d " d his "n " r al and s"n! !h" l" isla!or s on !h"ir 2a$. As soon as !h" $ 2"r " on"* h" #isi!" d =+8l"llan4 s ho)" and* a&!"r a l"n ! h$ +on&"r " n + " * ass ur " d !h" "n " r al !ha! 42" )us ! no! &i h! !ill $ou ar" r"a d $.9 4I 2ill hold =+8l"llan4 s hors " *4 7in+oln on+ " said* 4i& h" 2ill onl$ %rin us su++ " s s . 4 'nli/" =+8l"llan F2i!h his 4I +an do i! all4 a!!i!ud " G* 7in+oln 2as s)a r ! "nou h !o /no2 !ha! h" +ould no! do i! all. <a+h o& his "n " r al s had !o %" his o2n )a n. I& "a+h 2as a l"ad " r in his o2n ri h!* i& "a+h +ould !a/" !h" r"spon si %ili!$* au!hori!$* and o2n"r s hi p o& his assi n " d ar" a o& !h" 2ar* !h" n 7in+oln 2ould* in "ss " n + " * ha#" as )a n $ +o) ) a n d " r s in- +hi"& as h" had "n " r al s. And !h"n h" 2ould %" a%l" !o )oun ! a )os ! &ori- ni+la%l" onsla u h ! a ains ! !h" (ou!h* on" !ha! +ould no! possi%l$ %" o#"r+o ) " . 7in+oln4s pro%l" )* ho2"# " r* 2as !ha! )os ! o& his "n " r al s 2"r " no! 2illin !o ass u ) " !h" r"spo n si%ili!$ o& +o) ) a n d * %"+ a u s " !h" $ la+/" d "i!h"r !h" +our a " or !h" a%ili!$. 8ons " A u " n ! l $ h" 2as &or+"d !o !a/" +har " hi)s "l&. Throu h )os ! o& his ad )inis!r a !ion Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln ran !hrou h a aun !l " ! o& "n " r al s 2ho +ould no! do !h" ?o% h" d" )a n d " d . Th"s " pro&"s sion al soldi"rs all had oppor! u ni!i" s !o !a/" +har " and 2in !h" 2ar. Ini!iall$* !h"$ 2"r " i#"n !h" sa )" suppor! !ha! 2as a++ord " d =+8l"llan. 7in+oln

"n+our a " d !h" ) !o !a/" ini!ia!i#"* !o issu" ord"r s a++or din !o !h"ir o2n ?ud ) " n ! * and !o a+! 2i!hou! +ons ul!in hi). In shor!* 7in+oln "@"r+is " d +o)p " ! " n ! l"ad " r s hip- h" d"l" a ! " d r"spo n si%ili!$ and au!hori!$* and ")p o 2 " r " d his su%ordin a ! " s !o a+! on !h"ir o2n. A' o& !h" ) &ail"d* ho2"# " r* +ausin 7in+oln "ndl" s s pain and an uis h. 7in+oln +ould &ind onl$ on" "n " r al 2ho 2ould do 2ha! h" 2an! " d. 6n =ar+h 10* 1864* h" appoin! " d 'l$ss " s (. ;ran! "n " r al- in- +hi"& o& !h" Ar)$. <arli"r in !h" 2ar ;ran! had 2on i)pr" s si# " %a!!l" s in T"nn" s s " " * had h"ld !ou h and o%! ain " d a )a?or #i+!or$ a! Vi+/s%ur * and* as +o) ) a n d " r o& !h" D"par! ) " n ! o& !h" =ississippi and D"par ! ) " n ! o& !h" ,"s!* had pro#" n his a%ili!$ !o &i h! and 2in. 4;ran!* 4 7in+oln d"+lar " d* 4is !h" &irs! "n " r al I ha#" had. 5ou /no2 ho2 i! has %" " n 2i!h all !h" r"s!. Th"$ 2an! " d )" !o %" !h" "n " r al. I a ) lad !o &ind a )a n 2ho +an o ah" a d 2i!hou! )".9 ,as i! 2or!h i! &or 7in+oln !o 2ai! &or a )a n li/" ;ran! !o +o)" alon I ,ha! 2"r " his op!ions in !h" %" innin * an$2 a $I 8ould h" ha#" ?us! !a/" n o#"r and run !h" "n!ir" )ili!ar$ op"r a !ion hi)s "l&I 6%#iousl$* had h" don" so* 7in+oln 2ould ha#" &ail"d %"+ a u s " h" 2ould no! ha#" %"" n a%l" !o handl " !h" o!h"r r"spon si %ili!i"s o& his "@"+ u !i#" posi!ion. I! a+!u all$ !oo/ 7in+oln !hr" " &i&&l $" ar s !o "#ol#" !h" )ili!ar$ s$s! " ) and i!s l"ad" r s hi p in!o 2ha! i! "#" n! u a ll$ %"+ a ) " und "r '. (. ;ran!. ,as i! 2or!h !h" 2ai!I Th" a )a >in &a+! !ha! h" sa#" d !h" na!ion alon" ?us!i&i"s his a+!ion. 5"!* 7in+oln4s lon - !"r ) +o) )i ! ) " n ! !o )a/in !hin s 2or/ F2i!hou! d"#ia!in &ro) his %asi+ philosop h $ r" a r din p"rs u a si on* suppor!* and d"l" a !ionG paid o&&. B$ +on!inuin his r"l"n!l" s s s" ar+ h &or a 4r" al "n " r al*4 as 7in+oln pu! i!* h" "nd " d up doin !h" ?o% soon " r and )or " "&&i+i"n!l$ !ha n h" 2ould ha#" had h" !ri"d a )or " haph a > a r d * l"ss +on!roll"d* and d"s p " r a ! " appro a + h . 3oldin !h" posi!ion o& pr" sid" n ! o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s a#" 7in+oln no! onl$ #as! po2"r %u! 2id"- ran in in&lu"n+ " . 3" r"ali>"d !ha! !o "! !hin s don" his 2a$* h" did no! ha#" !o issu" an ord"r %u! +ould )"r "l$ i)pl$ so)" ! hi n or )a / " a su " s !io n. This 2as his +hos " n 2a$* and i! pro#" d &ar )or " "&&"+!i#" !ha n +o) ) a n d i n o!h"r s !o o%"$ hi). A%rah a ) 7in+oln /n"2 !h" #alu" o& )a/in r"Au " s ! s as oppos " d !o issuin ord"r s. Th" l"!! "r s and !"l" r a ) s !ha! h" 2ro! " !o su%or din a ! " s ar" &ill"d 2i!h su " s !io n s * #i"2s* and r"+o ) ) " n d a ! i o n s . rar"l$ 2as !h"r " a dir"+! ord"r. 3" pr"&"rr " d !o l"! his "n " r al s )a/ " !h"ir o2n d"+isions and hop" d !ha!* !hrou h his su " s !io n s * !h"$ 2ould do !h" ri h! !hin . 3"r" ar" so)" "@a ) pl " s C To =887<77A: F10- 13- 63GC This l"!! "r is in no s"ns " an ord"r.4 To 3A77<81 F9- 19- 63GC 4I hop" $ou 2ill +onsid" r i! . . .* To B'R:(ID< F9- 27- 63GC 4I! 2as su " s ! " d !o $ou* no! ord"r " d. . . .4 To BA:1( F1- 13- 64GC 40ra ) " ord"r s* and &i@ !i)" s and pla+ " s * &or !his* and !ha!* a++or din !o $our o2n ?ud ) " n ! . 4 To ;RA:T F4- 30- 64GC 4I& !h"r " is an$! hin 2an!in 2hi+h is 2i!hin )$ po2"r !o i#"* do no! &ail !o l"! )" /no2 i!.4 R"la!in a 2"ll- +hos " n s!or$ or an"+ d o ! " 2as his +hi"& &or) o& p"rs u a si on in "!!in o!h"r s !o +o)" aroun d !o his sid". 7in+oln on+" a!! " ) p ! " d !o +on#in+ " his s"+r " ! a r $ o& !h" !r" a s u r $* (al)o n P. 8has "* !ha! i! 2as a ood id"a &or !h" o#"r n ) " n ! !o issu" in!"r " s !- %"arin +urr" n+ $ as a )" a n s o& raisin )on " $ !o suppor ! !h" 2ar "&&or!. 8has "* ho2" # " r * o%?"+! " d !o !h" propos al and ar u " d !ha! i! 2as un+on s !i! u!ion al. Ra!h"r !ha n si)pl$ ord"rin 8has " !o do i!* 2hi+h h" +ould ha#" as pr"sid " n ! * 7in+oln +hos " !o !"ll hi) !h" s!or$ o& an I!alian +ap! ai n 2ho ran his #"ss "l on a ro+/ and /no+/" d a hol" in h"r %o!!o ). 3" s"! his )" n !o pu )pin * and h" 2"n! !o pra$ %"&or " a &i ur" o& !h" Vir in in !h" %o2 o& !h" ship. Th" l"a/ ain" d on !h" ). I! loo/"d a! las! as i& !h" #"ss "l 2ould o do2n 2i!h all on %oard. Th" +ap! ai n* a! l"n ! h* in a &i! o& ra " a! no! ha#in his pra$" r s ans2 " r " d * s"i>" d !h" &i ur" o& !h" Vir in and !hr"2 i! o#"r%o a r d. (udd " nl$ !h" l"a/

s!opp " d * !h" 2a! " r 2as pu)p " d ou!* and !h" #"ss "l o! sa&"l$ !o por!. ,h"n do+/" d &or r"pairs !h" s!a! u " o& !h" Vir in =ar$ 2as &ound s!u+/* h"a d &or" )o s ! * in !h" hol". 8has " a! &irs! didn4! s" " !h" pr"+is " appli+a!ion o& !h" s!or$. 4,h$* 8has " * 4 r"spon d " d 7in+oln* 4I don4! in!"n d pr"+is "l$ !o !hro2 !h" Vir in =ar$ o#"r%o a r d* and %$ !ha! I )" a n !h" 8ons!i!u!ion* %u! I 2ill s!i+/ i! in !h" hol" i& I +an. Th"s " r"%"ls ar" #iola!in !h" 8ons!i!u!ion in ord"r !o d"s!r o$ !h" 'nion. I 2ill #iola! " !h" 8ons!i!u!ion* i& n"+ " s s a r $* !o sa#" !h" 'nion - and I sus p " + ! * 8has " * !ha! our 8ons!i!u!ion is oin !o ha#" a rou h !i)" o& i! %"&or" 2" "! don" 2i!h !his ro2.4 Ano!h" r )" ! h o d o& p"rs u a si on 7in+oln o&!"n us" d 2as !o 2ri!" lon * d"! ail" d l"!! "r s !o his su%ordin a ! " s . P"rha p s !h" %"s! sin l" sour+ " illus!r a !in 7in+oln4s a!!i!ud " and philosoph $ r" a r din p"rs u a sio n* suppor!* and d"l" a !ion h"s in his r" )a r / a %l " l"!! "r !o ;"n. -os"ph 3oo/"r* 2ri!!" n on !h" o++a sion o& !h" "n " r al4 s appoin! ) " n ! !o +o) ) a n d !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o ) a + . Th" pr"sid " n ! had dis )is s " d ;"n. A)%ros " Burnsid " Fa&!"r Burnsid " d" )a n d " d !h" r" )o# al o& 3oo/"r as a +orps +o) ) a n d " r G and !h" n na ) " d 3oo/"r in his pla+ ". 7in+oln had %" " n &rus!r a ! " d 2i!h Burnsid " 4 s ina+!ion and 2as loo/in &or so)" o n " !o l"ad !h" ar )$ in!o %a!!l". 3oo/"r 2as 2id"l$ /no2n %$ his ni+/na ) " * 40i h!in -o"*4 and !ha! s"" ) " d ood "nou h &or !h" pr" sid" n ! . Th" appoin! ) " n ! 2as also +onsis! " n ! 2i!h 7in+oln4s !"nd " n + $ !o s"l"+ ! )" n 2ho ) h" &"l! 2ould %" a+!ion- ori"n! " d . 3o2"#" r* !h"r " 2"r " also so)" pro%l" ) s r" ar din !h" "n " r al4 s +ondu+ ! !ha! 7in+oln &"l! h" had !o addr " s s . 3oo/"r +ons! a n !l$ +ri!i+i>"d and ar u " d 2i!h his sup "rior s. In addi!ion* a&!"r !h" %a!!l" o& 0r"d"ri+/s % ur * h" had su " s ! " d !ha! 2ha! !h" +oun!r $ n" " d " d 2as a di+!a! or. :o2 h"r " is 2h"r " 7in+oln 2as +on&ron! " d 2i!h a uniAu " pro%l" ). ,ha! 2"r" his op!ionsI 3" +ould si)pl$ ha#" i nor " d 3oo/"r and no! appoin! " d hi) a! all. In &a+!* 7in+oln had "#"r $ r"a s o n no! !o appoin! !his arro a n ! "n " r al. Bu! h" 2as d"s p " r a ! " !o &ind a "n " r al 2ho 2ould !a/" !h" ini!ia!i#" and h" %"li"#" d* a! !h" !i)"* !ha! 40i h!in -o"4 2ould do ?us! !ha!. (o 7in+oln d"+id" d !o !a/" a +han+ " on 3oo/"r* %u! h" us" d !h" sa )" s!$l" o& p"rs u a sio n* suppor !* and "n+our a " ) " n ! !ha! h" had us" d 2i!h all !h" pr"#ious "n " r al s. 6n -anuar $ 26* 1863* 7in+oln su ) ) o n " d his n"2 +o) ) a n d " r !o ,ashin ! o n* 2h"r " !h" !2o dis+us s " d 3oo/"r4 s a!!i!ud " s alon 2i!h s2" " pin s!ra ! " i " s &or pursuin !h" 2ar "&&or!. Throu h !h" +ours " o& !h"ir +on#"r s a !io n* 7in+oln !old 3oo/"r 2ha! h" "@p" + ! " d and* a! !h" "nd o& !h" )" " !i n * so !ha! !h" "n " r al +ould pond " r !h" issu" s )or " !horou hl$* 7in+oln hand " d hi) !his no2 &a)o u s l"!! "rC
<M<87'IV< =A:(I6: ,ashin ! o n -anuar$ 26* 1863 =a?or ;"n "r al 3oo/"rC ;"n "r al. I ha# " pla+ " d $ou a! !h" h"a d o& !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o) a + . 6& +ours " * I ha# " don " !his upon 2ha! app " a r s !o )" !o %" su&&i+i"n! r"a s o n s . And $"! I !hin/ i! %"s! &or $ou !o /no2 !ha! !h"r " ar" so) " !hin s in r" ar d !o 2hi+h* I a) no! Aui!" sa!is&i"d 2i!h $ou. I %"li"# " $ou !o %" a %ra# " and s/ill&ul soldi"r* 2hi+h* o& +ours "* I li/". I also %"li"# " $ou do no! )i@ poli!i+s 2i!h $our pro&" s si o n* in 2hi+h $ou ar" ri h!. 5ou ha# " +on&id " n + " in $ours "l&* 2hi+h is a #alu a %l "* i& no! an indisp " n s a % l " Auali!$. 5ou ar" a) %i!iou s* 2hi+h* 2i!hin r"a s o n a %l " %ou n d s * do" s ood ra!h "r !ha n har ) . Bu! I !hin/ !ha! durin ;"n. Burnsid " 4 s +o) ) a n d o& !h" Ar)$* $ou ha# " !a/" n +oun s "l o& $our a) %i!ion* and !h2ar! " d hi) as )u+h as $ou +ould* in 2hi+h $ou did a r" a ! 2ron !o !h" +oun!r $* and !o a )os! ) "ri!oriou s and honor a %l " %ro! h " r o&&i+"r. I ha# " h" ar d* in su+h a 2a$ as !o %"li"# " i!* o& $our r"+ " n !l$ sa$in !ha! %o!h !h" Ar)$ and !h" ;o#"rn ) " n ! n"" d " d a Di+!a! or. 6& +ours " i! 2as no!&or !his* %u! in spi! " o& i!* !ha! I ha# " i#"n

$ou !h" +o) ) a n d . 6nl$ !hos " "n " r al s 2ho ain su++ " s s " s * +an s"! up di+!a! or s. ,ha! I no2 as/ o& $ou is )ili!ar$ su++ " s s * and I 2ill ris/ !h" di+!a! ors hi p. Th" o#"r n ) " n ! 2ill supp or! $ou !o !h" u! ) o s ! o& i!s a%ili!$* 2hi+h is n"i!h " r )or " nor l"ss !han i! has don " and 2ill do &or all +o) ) a n d " r s . I )u+h &"ar !ha! !h" spiri! 2hi+h $ou ha# " aid" d !o in&us " in!o !h" Ar)$* o& +ri!i+i>in !h"ir 8o) ) a n d " r * and 2i!hholdin +on&id" n + " &ro) hi)* 2ill no2 !urn upon $ou. I shall assis! $ou as &ar as I +an* !o pu! i! do2n. :"i!h "r $ou* nor :apol "o n* i& h" 2"r" ali#" a ai n* +ould "! an$ ood ou! o& an ar) $* 2hil" su+h a spiri! pr"# ails in i!. And no2* %"2 ar " o& rash n " s s . B"2ar " o& rash n " s s * %u! 2i!h "n"r $* and sl"" pl " s s #i ilan+ "* o &or2ard* and i#" us #i+!ori" s. 5ours #"r$ !rul$ A. 7in+oln

8on!" ) p o r a r $ l"ad " r s +an l"arn an i)por! a n ! l"sson &ro) !his l"!! "r. 0or h"r "* in on" %old s!ro/"* 7in+oln !old 3oo/"r "@a+!l$ 2ha! h" !hou h ! o& hi) F%o!h ood and %adG and pr"+is "l$ 2ha! h" "@p" + ! " d . h" o&&"r" d suppor ! and assis! a n + " . and h" "n+our a " d his "n " r al !o !a/" !h" ini!ia!i#" and do !h" ri h! !hin . Th"n 7in+oln hand " d 3oo/"r !h" l"!! "r so !ha! h" +ould !a/" i! 2i!h hi) and pond " r !h"ir +on#"r s a !io n )or+ !horou hl$. 3"r" 2as 7in+oln !h" l"ad " r a! his %"s!. And ;"n"r al 3oo/"r 2as d" " pl$ i)pr" s s " d . ("#"r al )on! h s la!"r* h" r" )a r / " d !o a n"2s p a p " r ) a n !ha! !his +o) ) u ni A u " 4 2as 4?us! su+h a l"!! "r as a &a!h" r )i h! 2ri!" !o his son.4 7"ad" r s hi p o&!"n in#ol#"s par " n !i n * and 7in+oln4s &a!h"rl$ !"nd " n +i " s aid" d hi) in his posi!ion as pr"sid" n ! . Th" or a ni> a !ion is !h" &a)il$. !h" l"ad " r is !h" h" a d o& !h" &a)il$. 8ons " A u " n !l $* l"ad" r s o&!"n nur!ur " and uid" su%or din a ! " s )u+ h as par " n ! s do +hildr" n. I!4s no! +all"d !h" 4ar! o& p"rs u a sio n4 &or no!hin . This in!an i%l"* o&!"n "lusi#"* s/i&& 2as a )ains ! a $ in 7in+oln4s in!"r a + !ion ars " n al. 3" 2as ad" p ! a! s!" ppi n in 2h"n su%ordin a ! " s had ?us! )iss " d ainin #i+!or$. 3" +ons! a n !l$ )od "l " d !h" !"n" ! s !ha! h" pr" a + h " d . 3" r"nd " r " d dis+iplin" in a &a!h" rl$ 2a$. A' o& !his &or)" d !h" %asis &or a +onsis! " n ! * r"lia%l" )" ! h o d !o p"rs u a d " and produ+ " . ,i!h !oda $4 s " )plo$" " s 2an!in )or " !ha n )on " ! a r $ and !an i%l" r"2ar d s * l"ad " r s n" " d !o us" di&&"r" n ! p"rs u a si# " !a+!i+s !ha n !h" !radi!ion al 4s!i+/ and +arro!4 appro a + h. 'nd"r s ! a n di n !h" nua n+ " s o& #arious posi!ions and %uildin rappor! 2i!h a #ari"! $ o& 2or/"r s allo2s $ou !o !a/" !h" )os ! "&&"+!i#" pa! h !o su++ " s s 2i!hou! da ) a i n r"la!ions hip s. L Dis+our a " &or)al ri"#a n + " s . P"rsu a d " $our su%or din a ! " s !o +o)pr o )i s " 2h" n " # " r $ou +an. L 's" &or+" onl$ as a las! r"sor!. L R")" ) % " r !ha! $our &ollo2"rs "n " r all$ 2an! !o %"li"#" !ha! 2ha! !h" $ do is !h"ir o2n id"a and* )or " i)por! a n !l$* !ha! i! "nuin "l$ )a/ " s a di&&"r" n+ " . L I& $ou 2ould 2in a su%or din a ! " !o $our +aus " * &irs! +on#in+ " hi) !ha! $ou ar" his sin+"r " &ri"nd. L (""/ !h" +ons " n ! o& $our &ollo2"r s &or $ou !o l"ad !h" ). L I& $ou pra+!i+ " di+!a! ori al l"ad" r s hi p* 56' Dr"par " $ours "l& !o %" di+!a ! " d !o. L D"l" a ! " r"spon si %ili!$ and au! hori!$ %$ " )p o 2 " rin p"opl " !o a+! on !h"ir o2n. L 6n issu" s !ha! a&&"+! $our "n!ir" or a ni> a !ion* +ondu+ ! &ull and &r"Au " n ! +ons ul! a !ion s 2i!h !h" h" a d s o& $our #arious d"p a r ! ) " n ! s . L A ood l"ad " r a#oids issuin ord"r s * pr"&"rrin !o r"Au " s ! * i)pl$* or )a / " su " s !io n s .

PART II ) CHARACTER
9I a ) +o)p "ll " d !o !a/" a )or " i)par!i al and unpr "?udi+ " d #i"2 o& !hin s. ,i!hou! +lai)in !o %" $our sup" rior* 2hi+h I do no!* )$ posi!ion "na %l " s )" !o und "r s ! a n d )$ du!$ in all !h" s " )a ! ! " r s %"!! " r !han $ou possi%l$ +an* and I hop" $ou do no! $"! dou%! )$ in!" ri!$.9 7in+oln4s +losin +o) ) " n ! s in a l"!! "r o& suppor ! &or ;"n"r al- in- 8hi"& 3"nr$ 3all"+/ !o a +los" &ri"nd 2ho ur " d his dis )is s al F=a$ 26* 1863G

3 ) Hon e s t " an d Int e g r i t " Are th e !e s t Polici e s

Po& !h" 7in+oln )$! h is !ha! A%raha ) 7in+oln 2as &air* !rus!2or! h $* sin+"r " * s!rai h!&or2 a r d* o& sound )or al prin+ipl" and* li/" ;"or " ,ashin ! o n* !ru!h&i&l. 3" "#" n had !h" ni+/na ) " 43on" s ! A%".9 Durin !h" 1830 s* 7in+oln &or)" d a par! n " r s hi p 2i!h ,illia) B"rr$ !o op"n and run a "n " r al s!or" in :"2 (al" )* Illinois. I! 2as pro%a %l $ in !his p"riod !ha! h" pi+/" d up his ni+/na ) " * ha#in %"+o ) " /no2n as a &air and hon" s ! %usin" s s ) a n . 3" 2as also Aui!" popular in !h" s)all !o2n* 2h"r " "#"r $o n " s"" ) " d !o /no2 hi) 2"ll* "sp " +i all$ a&!"r h" s"+ur " d !h" posi!ion o& pos! ) a s ! " r . Populari!$ and hon" s ! $* ho2"# " r * don4! al2a$s )a/ " a %usin" s s run* and 7in+oln and his par!n " r 4did no!hin %u! "! d"" p " r and d" " p " r in d"%!*9 and* as 7in+oln la!"r phra s " d i!* 4!h" s!or" 2in/" d ou!.9 Par! o& !h" r"a s o n &or !h" &ailur" 2as !ha! B"rr$ 2as a h" a# $ drin/"r* and* 2h" n h" di"d in 1835* 7in+oln 2as l"&! 2i!h !h" r"spo n si%ili!$ o& r"pa $in !h" lar " su ) o& N1*10 0 F7in+oln !"r )" d i! 4!h" na!ion al d"%!G. I! !oo/ hi) )a n $ $"ar s * %u! pa$ i! %a+/ h" did* "#"r$ p"nn$. Th" )oni/"r 43on" s ! A%"4 2as r"surr " + ! " d &or !h" pr"sid" n !i al +a )p ai n in 1860. A )a?or +o)po n " n ! o& !h" R"pu%li+a n +a )p ai n h$p" * i! 2as plas! " r " d on +a )p ai n pos! " r s and app " a r " d in +ar!oo n s and n"2s p a p " r s a+ros s !h" +oun!r $. I! 2as all par! o& a na!ion al +rus a d " iha! pain! " d 7in+oln as on" o& !h" +o) ) o n p"opl "* a railspli!! "r &ro) Illinois 2ho 2as hon" s ! %"$o n d Au" s !ion. I! has r" )ai n " d in !h" A)"ri+a n s!r" a ) o& +ons+iou s n " s s !o !his da$* as p"rh a p s !h" )os ! lori&i"d par! o& !h" 7in+oln )$! h. Bu! as A)"ri+a n philosoph " r ,illia) <rn"s ! 3o+/in no!" dC 4!h"r " ar" )$ihs 2hi+h displa+ " !ru!h and !h"r " ar" )$! h s 2hi+h i#" 2in s !o !ru!h.9 In !his +as " * A%raha ) 7in+oln7s r"pu! a !ion &or hon" s ! $ and in!" ri!$* "#" n !hou h +hall"n " d o#"r !h" $" ar s* has r" )ai n " d un%l" )i s h " d . In &a+!* as /no2l" d " is ain" d a%ou! !h" r"al )a n* i! is lar "l$ "nh a n + " d . =$!h in !his +as " has %"+o ) " r"ali!$. 7in+oln 2as ?us! as hon" s ! as h" has %"" n purpor! " d !o %"* i& no! )or " so. ,i!hou! Au" s !ion hon" s ! $ is on" o& !h" )a?or Auali!i"s !ha! )a d " hi) a r" a ! l"ad " r. Th" ar+hi! " + ! ur " o& l"ad " r s hip* all !h" !h"ori" s and uid"lin" s* &alls apar ! 2i!hou! hon" s ! $ and in!" ri!$. l"s !h" /"$- s!on " !ha! holds an or a ni> a !ion !o " ! h " r . To) P"!"r s r"por! " d in his r"s " a r + h !ha! !h" %"s !* )os ! a r " s si# " * and su++ " s s& ul or a ni> a !ions 2"r " !h" on" s !ha! s!r" s s " d in!" ri!$ and !rus!. 9,i!hou! dou%!*4 P"!"r s s!a! " d* 4hon " s ! $ has al2a$s %" " n !h" %"s! poli+$.4 4=ana " r s do !hin s ri h!. 7"ad"r s do !h" ri h! !hin *4 2ro! " B"nnis and :anus. -a)" s =a+;r" or Burns 2arn " dC 4Di#or+" d &ro) "!hi+s* l"ad " r s hip is r"du+ " d !o )a n a " ) " n ! and poli!i+s !o )"r " !"+hniAu " .9 In!" ri!$ )us ! %" sin+"r " . Tha" s on" r"as o n 7in+oln 2as so ad )irOd4 in his li&"!i)" . Throu h an indi#iduals 2ords* d" " d s * and a+!ions* in!" ri!$ +an %" ?ud " d !o %" "nuin " . And in!" ri!$ is !i"d +los"l$ !o !h" #alu" s "spou s " d %$ an "&&"+!i#" l"ad " r. As a rul"* l"ad " r s )us ! s"! and r"spo n d !o &!inda ) " n ! a l oals and #alu" s !ha! )o# " !h"ir &ollo2"rs.

In addi!ion !o %"in )u+ h- n"" d " d )or al s!a n d a r d s * #alu" s !"nd !o %" )o!i#" s %$ 2hi+h su%ordin a ! " s a+! and r"a+ !. Th" poss " s si on and pr" a + hin o& 2id"- ran in * app " alin oals and #alu" s 2in r"sul! in %roa d suppor! &ro) !h" )a s s " s . P"opl" 2ill %" in#ol#" d par!i+ipa n ! s in a shar " d roup "&&or!. Pu! )or " si)pl$* #alu" s )o!i#a ! " . An$ su++ " s s& ul or a ni> a !ion* 2h"! h " r a %usin" s s or a +oun!r $* )us ! poss " s s s!ron shar " d #alu" s. Th"s " #alu" s )us ! %" 9o2n" d4 %$ no! onl$ !h" #as! )a?ori!$ o& !h" or a ni> a !ion* %u! in so)" +as " s %$ all i!s )" ) % " r s . Bu! ho2 in !h" 2orld +an "#"r$ )" ) % " r o& an$ roup shar " * and %" +o) )i ! ! " d !o* !h" sa ) " s"! o& #alu" s I This is 2h"r " !h" l"ad " r +o)" s in. I! is !h" sol" r"spo n si%ili!$ o& !h" l"ad " r !o ins!ill !h"s " #alu" s %$ +ons! a n ! pr" a + hi n and p"rs u a sio n. I! is !h" l"ad" " s rol" !o li&! &ollo2"rs ou! o& !h"ir "#"r $d a $ s"l#" s up !o a hi h"r l"#"l o& a2ar " n " s s * )o!i#a !ion* and +o) )i ! ) " n ! . 7in+oln +ons ! a n !l$ shar " d* s!r" s s " d * and r"" ) p h a s i> " d !h" !2o )os ! &unda ) " n ! a l #alu" s !ha!* o#"r !h" $"ar s * ha#" )o%ili>"d A)"ri+a n s C 4!h" purs ui! o& li%"r!$9 and 4"Au ali!$.4 3is in!" ri!$ 2as* in shor!* !h" na!ion4 s in!" ri!$. 4I ha#" n"#"r had a &""lin poli!i+all$ !ha! did no! sprin &ro) !h" s"n!i ) " n ! s ")% o di " d in !h" D"+lar a !ion o& Ind"p " n d " n + " * 4 h" on+ " said. All )" n 2"r " +r" a ! " d "Au al in 7in+oln4s "$" s * and !h" na!ion 2as &or)" d %$ !h" &oundin &a!h"r s so !ha! an$ !$ra n! 2ho )i h! 4r"a p p " a r in !his &air land and +o) ) " n + " !h"ir #o+a!ion* should &ind l"&! &or !h" ) a! l"as! on" hard nu! !o +ra+/.4 0or 7in+oln !h" 8i#il ,ar 2as no! ?us! a +on&li+! in ar )s %u!* ra!h " r* a 4p"opl " 4 s +on! " s ! . 4 46n !h" sid" o& !h" 'nion*4 h" said* i! 2as 4a s!ru l " &or )ain! ainin in !h" 2orld !ha! &or) and su%s ! a n + " o& o#"r n ) " n ! 2hos " l"adin o%?"+! is !o "l"#a ! " !h" +ondi!ion o& )" n . . . !o a&&ord all an un&"!! " r " d s!ar!* and a &air +ha n+ " * in !h" ra+ " o& li&".4 ,i!h su+h inspirin 2ords* i! is no 2ond " r !ha! A%raha ) 7in+oln 2as a%l" !o )o!i#a ! " and )o%ili>" !h" 'nion o#"r n ) " n ! and i!s +i!i>"ns so "&&"+!i#"l$. 3" app " al " d !o "#"r $o n " 4 s %asi+ s"ns " o& d"+ " n + $ and in!" ri!$. Bu! 7in+oln also pra+!i+ " d 2ha! h" pr" a + h " d . ,h"n h" )a d " i! !o !h" !op h" 2ould !urn and r"a+ h do2n &or !h" p"rs on %"hind hi)* h"lpin !o 4"l"#a ! " !ha! p"rs on !o his %"!! " r s"l&. 3" 2ould h"lp o!h"r s +li)% !h" ladd"r o& su++ " s s 2i!h pa!i" n+ " * !rus!* and r"sp " + ! . In so doin * 7in+oln 2as 2ha! Bu)s !"r ) " d a 4sharin l"ad" r. on" o& !hos " l"ad " r s 2ho 4p"r+ "i#" !h"ir rol"s as sha pin !h" &u!ur" !o !h" ad#a n ! a " o& roups 2i!h 2hi+h !h"$ id"n!i&$* and ad#a n ! a " !h"$ d"&in" in !"r )s o& !h" %roa d " s ! possi%l" oals and !h" hi h" s ! possi%l" l"#"ls o& )or ali!$.4 Trus!* hon" s ! $* and in!" ri!$ ar" "@+" " di n l$ i)por! a n ! Auali!i"s %"+ a u s " !h" $ so s!ron l$ a&&"+! &ollo2"rs. =os! indi#iduals n" " d !o !rus! o!h"r s* "sp " +i all$ !h"ir %oss. (u%ordin a ! " s )us ! p"r+ "i#" !h"ir l"ad " r as a +onsis! " n !l $ &air p"rs on i& !h"$4r " !o "n a " in !h" /ind o& inno#a !i#" ris/- !a/in !ha! %rin s a +o)p a n $ r"2ar d s . 7in+oln al2a$s did !h" ri h! !hin * or a! l"as! h" a!! " ) p ! " d !o do so. 3" si)pl$ did no! d" al 2i!h p"opl " h" /n"2 !o %" dishon " s ! . 4(!a n d 2i!h an$%o d $ !ha! s!an d s ri h!*4 h" pr" a + h " d . 4(!a n d 2i!h hi) 2hil" h" is ri h! and par! 2i!h hi) 2h" n h" o"s 2ron .4 7in+oln %asi+all$ &ir"d (i)on 8a)" r o n* his &irs! s"+r " ! a r $ o& 2ar* &or i)propri " !i" s in a2ar din d"&"n s " +on!r a + ! s and o!h"r sha d$ d"alin s . 3" au!hori> " d no %ar ain s a! !h" 1860 R"pu%li+a n 8on#" n!ion F"#" n !hou h )a n $ 2"r " )a d " 2i!hou! his /no2l" d " G. And h" ad#is " d o!h"r s !o an"# " r add !h" 2"i h! o& $our +har a + ! " r !o a +har " a ains ! a p"rs on 2i!hou! /no2in i! !o %" !ru".4 :o2 isn4! !his !h" !$p" o& p"rso n $ou 2ould li/" !o %" asso+ia ! " d 2i!h and do %usin" s s 2i!hI Isn4! i! o%#ious !ha! 7in+oln +ould %" !rus! " d * !ha! h" had in!" ri!$I 7in+oln 2ould also %"+o ) " disdain&iCd and "nra " d 2h" n " # " r dishon " s ! $* in 2ha! " # " r &or)* r"ar " d i!s h" a d. =an$ o& his s!ori"s* an"+ d o ! " s * and +olloAuial "@pr " s sion s 2"r " ai)" d a! liars* s2indl"rs* and +h" a ! s . 3" +ould +o)p a r " an indi#idu al 2ho s)il" s and

!h" n s!a% s $ou in !h" %a+/ !o a !r" " !ha! 2as %"in /ill"d %$ a #in" !ha! +o#"r " d i!s !run/C 4I!4s li/" +"r! ain ha%i!s o& )" n* 4 said 7in+oln. 4I! d"+or a ! " s !h" ruin i! )a/ " s .9 And h" 2ould )o+/ !hos " 2ho 2ould do 2ron and !h" n a++us " o!h"r s %$ +o)p a rin !h" ) !o !h" ru&&ian 2ho )a d " an unpro#o/ " d ass a ul! in !h" s!r" " ! upon a Aui"! +i!i>"nC 4Th" +ri)inal dr"2 his r"#ol#"r* %u! !h" ass a ul! " d par!$ )a d " a sudd " n sprin and 2r"s! " d !h" 2"a p o n &ro) !h" hand s o& !h" 2ould- %" ass a s si n. 4(!op said !h" a!! a + / " r. 4;i#" )" %a+/ !ha! pis!ol. $ou ha#" no ri h! !o )$ prop "r ! $. 49 A! on" poin! durin !h" 2ar* 7in+oln 2as &or+"d %$ his +a%in" ! !o +on&ron! !h" r"ali>a!ion !ha! )a n $ p"opl " 2ho 2"r" !hou h ! !o %" 'nion pa!rio!s 2"r " a+!u all$ spi"s pro#idin /"$ in&or )a !ion !o !h" 8on&"d " r a + $. :o! onl$ 2as !h" si!ua !ion a s"+uri!$ +on+ " r n* %u! 7in+oln 2as par!i+ularl$ dis!r " s s " d a! !h" o%#ious la+/ o& lo$al!$ and hon" s ! $ &ro) so )a n $ p"opl" 2ho 2"r " %"li"#" d !o %" 'nion suppor ! " r s . A&!"r pr"s " n !i n all !h" "#id" n+ " * ("+r " ! a r $ o& ,ar (!an! on !urn" d !o !h" pr"sid " n ! and as/" d &or dir"+!ion. 7in+oln* 2ho had %" " n sil"n! and #isi%l$ dis!ur % " d * "@pr " s s " d his &""lin s 2i!h a s!or$ a%ou! !h" dil"ni )a o& an old &ar)" r 2ho had a #"r$ lar " sha d " !r" " !o2"rin o#"r his hous " C I! 2as a )a? " s !i+- loo/in !r" "* and app a r " n !l $ p"r&"+! in "#"r$ par!- !all* s!rai h!* and o& i))" n s " si>"- !h" rand old s"n!in "l o& his &or"s ! ho)" . 6n" )ornin * 2hil" a! 2or/ in his ard " n* h" sa2 a sAuirr"l Drun up !h" !r" " in!o a hol"E and !hou h ! !h" !r" " )i h! %" hollo2. 3" pro+ " " d " d !o "@a )i n " i! +ar"&i&&l$ and* )u+ h !o his surpris "* h" &ound !ha! !h" s!a! "l $ D!r" "E !ha! h" had D#alu" dE &or i!s %"a u ! $ and ran d " u r !o %" !h" prid" and pro! " + !ion o& his li!!l" &ar) 2as hollo2 &ro) !op !o %o!!o ). 6nl$ a ri) o& sound 2ood r" )ai n " d * %ar"l$ su&&i+i"n! !o suppor ! i!s 2"i h!. ,ha! 2as h" !o doI I& h" +u! i! do2n* i! 2ould Ddo r" a ! da ) a " E 2i!h i!s r" a ! l"n ! h and spr" a di n %ran+ h " s . I& h" l"! i! r" )ai n* his &a)il$ 2as in +ons! a n ! dan " r . In a s!or ) i! )i h! &all* or !h" 2ind )i h! %lo2 i! do2n* and his hous " and +hildr" n %" +rush " d %$ i!. ,ha! should h" doI As h" !urn" d a2a $* h" said sadl$C 4I 2ish I had n"#"r s"" n !ha! sAuirr"l.4 B$ !oda $4 s s!an d a r d s * !h" )oni/"r 43on" s ! A%"9 )i h! %" +onsid" r " d pr"! " n !iou s * "#" n +on!ri#" d. Bu! !h" &a+! is !ha! l"ad " r s 2ho !"ll !h"ir su%ordin a ! " s !h" !ru!h* "#" n 2h" n !h" n"2s is %ad* ain r" a ! " r r"sp " + ! and suppor ! &or id"a s !ha n !h"ir l"ss #ir!uous +oun! " r p a r ! s . <#"n !hou h h" had so)" d"!r a + ! or s * 7in+oln a!! ain " d su++ " s s * ad )ir a !ion* and a posi!i#" i)a " %$ )ain! ainin his in!" ri!$ and hon" s ! $. Thos" 2ho Au" s !ion " d his up%rin in and "du+ a !ion* or "#" n his poli!i+al a&&ilia!ions* !"nd " d no! !o dou%! his in!" ri!$. 7in+oln sho2" d !h" sa )" d" r " " o& &airn" s s and d"+ " n + $ 2h"! h " r dis+iplinin or +on r a ! ul a !in a su%or din a ! " . <)ula!in his s!$l" 2ill "ar n l"ad " r s !h" !rus! and r"sp " + ! !ha! ul!i)a ! "l $ &os!"r pas sion a ! " +o) )i ! ) " n ! . This appro a + h sho2s !ha! !h" !ru!h is a +o) ) o n d"no )i n a ! o r &or all in!"r a + !ions * a )o n an$ roup* and 2i!h p"opl " o& #ar$in p"rs on ali!i" s. P ;i#" $our su%ordin a ! " s a &air +ha n+ " 2i!h "Au al &r"" do ) and oppor! u ni! $ &or su++ " s s . P ,h"n $ou )a/ " i! !o !h" !op* !urn and r"a+ h do2n &or !h" p"rs on %"hind $ou. P 5ou )us ! s"!* and r"spon d !o* &unda ) " n ! a l oals and #alu" s !ha! )o# " $our &ollo2"r s. P 5ou )us ! %" +onsis! " n !l $ &air and d"+ " n ! * in %o!h !h" %usin" s s and !h" p"rs on al sid" o& li&". P (!and 2i!h an$%o d $ 2ho s!a n d s ri h!. (!and 2i!h hi) 2hil" h" is ri h! and par! 2i!h hi) 2h" n h" o" s 2ron . P :"#"r add !h" 2"i h! o& $our +har a + ! " r !o a +har " a ains ! a p"rs on 2i!hou! /no2in i! !o %" !ru".

P I! is $our du!$ !o ad#a n + " !h" ai)s o& !h" or a ni> a !ion and also !o h"lp !hos " 2ho s"r#" i!. P I& $ou on+" &or&"i! !h" +on&id" n+ " o& $our &"llo2 +i!i>"ns* $ou +an n"#"r r" ain !h"ir r"sp " + ! and "s! " " ) .

4 ) Ne# e r Act Out of $en g e a n c e or S it e

9I shall do no!hin in )ali+". ,ha! I d" al 2i!h is !oo #as! &or )ali+ious d" alin .9 7in+oln4s +o) ) " n ! s in a l"!!"r a%ou! !h" r"a d )i s sion o& 7ouisian a !o !h" 'nion F-ul$ 28* 1862G 0ollo2"r s in #ir!uall$ "#"r$ or a ni> a !ion r"spo n d %"!! " r !o* and 2ill )or " "asil$ %" l"d %$* a l"ad" r 2ho +onsis! " n !l $ displa $s /indn " s s and ")p a ! h $ !ha n on" 2ho is ass o+i a ! " d 2i!h #indi+!i#" n " s s or ani )o si! $. This* o& +ours " * is onl$ hu )a n na!ur " * and A%rah a ) 7in+oln s" " ) " d !o ins!in+!i#"l$ r"ali>" i!. =or"o#"r* h" und" r s ! o o d !ha! !o a+!i#"l$ "n a " in sland " r and )ali+ious d" alin s 2ould si)pl$ "a! up &ar !oo )u+ h o& his !i)"* 2hi+h h" us" d in s"+urin posi!i#" "nd r"sul!s ra!h " r !ha n n" a !i#" on"s. P"!!in" s s * spi!"* and #"n " a n + " ar" ")o !ion al r"a+ !ions +onsid "r " d !o %" %"n " a ! h !h" di ni!$ o& a l"ad" r. 0ollo2"r s "@p" + ! !h"ir l"ad" r s !o ris" a%o#" su+h d" )" a ni n and d" r a di n a+!i#i!$. ,hil" /indn " s s 2as !h" #"r$ &ound a !ion o& his p"rso n ali!$* 7in+oln also und" r s ! o o d !ha! i& p"opl" 2"r" oin !o +o)" !o hi) 2i!h id"a s * su " s !i on s * and %"!! " r 2a$s o& )a /in !hin s 2or/* h" had !o pro#id" !h" +li)a! " !o allo2 i!. 3" a+!i#"l$ "n+our a " d inno#a !i#" !hin/in and !h" par!i+ipa !ion o& su%ordin a ! " s . 7in+oln 2an! " d !o 4adop! n"2 #i"2s so &as! as !h" $ shall app " a r !o %" !ru" #i"2s.4 And i! 2as !hos " 4!ru" #i"2s4 - !h" !ru!h - !ha! uid" d 7in+oln !hrou h his s!or )$* !ur%ul " n ! !"nur " in o&&i+". ,h"n " # " r h" had dou%! s * and !h"r " )us ! ha#" %"" n )a n $* h" &"ll %a+/ on !h" &ound a !ion o& his p"rs on ali!$C hon" s ! $* in!" ri!$* +o)p a s s i on* and )"r + $. 3" s" " ) " d !o ha#" #ir!uall$ no &""lin s o& ha! " * #indi+!i#" n " s s * or )ali+". =an$ p"opl " o& his da$* in &a+!* !hou h ! his !"nd " n + $ !o2ar d l"ni"n+ $ 2as o#"rdo n " . 3" ran! " d )or " pardon s * &or "@a ) pl " * !ha n an$ pr"sid" n ! had %"&or" hi) - or has sin+". 7in+oln /"p! 2arr a n ! s &or "@"+ u !ion* )ar/ " d 4+o2ar di+ " in !h" &a+" o& !h" "n" ) $* 4 pi "on h ol " d in !h" d"s/ in his o&&i+" and r"&"rr " d !o !h" ) as his 4l" +as " s * 4 4runnin i!+h*4 or 4#uln"r a %l " h" "ls.4 4I pu! i! !o $ou*4 h" on+" r" )a r / " d * 4and I l"a#" i! &or $ou !o d"+id" &or $ours "l&. I& Al)i h!$ ;od i#"s a )a n a +o2ar dl$ pair o& l" s* ho2 +an h" h"lp !h"ir runnin a2a $ 2i!h hi)I4 ,i!h !his philosop h $ in hand* 7in+oln 2ould s+ra2l on !h" %a+/ o& an "n#"lop " +on! ainin a r"Au " s ! &or +l" )" n + $ a si)pl" 47"! i! %" don". 4 In on" +as " h" sa#" d a si@!" " n- $" ar- old- %o$ &ro) !h" &irin sAu a d %$ !"l" r a p hi n ;"n. ;"or " ="ad" !ha! h" 2as 4un2illin &or an$ %o$ und "r "i h! " " n !o %" sho!.4 <#"n !h" pr"sid " n ! s !2o sons* ,illi" and Tad* 2"r" a2ar " o& !h"ir &a!h" " s &r"Au " n ! pardon s . 3a#in s"n! " n + " d !h"ir doll soldi"r !o d" a ! h as punis h ) " n ! &or sl"" pin on uar d du!$* !h" $ o%!ain " d )"r + $ &ro) !h"ir &a!h" r. 4Th" doll -a+/ is pardo n " d . B$ ord"r o& !h" Pr"sid" n ! * 4 h" +o) ) a n d " d on <@"+u!i#" =ansion s!a!ion " r $* si nin i! ?us! as h" si n" d all o& his pardo n s C A. 7in+oln. Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln &"l! !ha! !h" 2an!o n "@"+ u!ion o& d"s " r !in soldi"rs 2as no! onl$ i)prop " r %u! !ha! i! also da ) a " d !h" na!ion. In a s!a! " ) " n ! !ha! sound s as !hou h i! +a )" &ro) so)" o n " 2ho 2as %o!h a sa##$ %usin" s s ) a n and an hon" s ! la2$"r* 7in+oln on+ " 2ro! "C 4,h" n n"i!h" r in+o )p " ! " n + $* nor in!" n!ion al 2ron * nor r"al in?ur$ !o !h" s"r#i+" is i)pu! " d - in su+h +as " s i! is %o!h +ru"l and i)poli!i+* !o +rush !h" )a n and

)a/ " hi) and his &ri"nds p"r ) a n " n ! "n" )i " s !o !h" ad )i nis !r a !ion* i& no! !o !h" o#"r )n"n! i!s"l&.4 4Th" o#"r n ) " n ! * 4 h" la!"r +o) ) " n ! " d * 4has a di&&i+ul! du!$ !o p"r&or ). A! !h" #"r$ %"s !* i! 2ill %$ !urns do %o!h !oo li!!l" and !oo )u+ h. I! +an prop "rl$ ha#" no )o!i#" o& r"#" n " * no purpos " !o punish )"r "l$ &or punish ) " n ! s sa/". ,hil" 2" )us ! * %$ all a#aila%l" )" a n s * pr"# " n ! !h" o#"r!hro2 o& !h" o#"r n ) " n ! * 2" should a#oid plan!in and +ul!i#a!in !oo )a n $ !horns in !h" %oso ) o& so+i"!$. 4 ,ha! +an )od " r n l"ad " r s in&"r &ro) 7in+oln4s issua n+ " o& so )a n $ pardon s I Is !h"r " a l"sson !o %" l"arn " d h"r "I I! is* in par!* !ha! %$ %"in +o)p a s si o n a ! " and /ind ra!h " r !han )ali+ious or #"n "& ul* a l"ad " r 2ill )a / " &"2"r "n" )i " s &or hi)s "l& and his or a ni> a !ion and 2ill !h"r " % $ +r"a ! " )or " suppor ! " r s * )or " d"di+ a ! " d 4soldi"rs 4 !o aid in !h" o#"r all +orpor a ! " )ission. 0or "a+ h )a n 7in+oln pardon " d * h" r"!ur n " d a lo$al #"! "r a n !o !h" )ili!ar$ !o +arr$ on !h" s!ru l " &or pr"s " r # a !ion o& !h" 'nion. B$ !h" la!"r s!a " s o& !h" 8i#il ,ar* /no2l" d " o& 7in+oln4s +o)p a s s i o n* his a%ili!$ !o &or i#"* and his "n " r al un2illin n " s s !o !a/" hars h a+!ions had spr" a d !hrou h o u ! !h" na!ion* "#" n !o !h" (ou!h " r n s!a! " s . In 0"%rua r $ 1865* h" l"&! ,ashin ! o n !o +ondu+ ! !h" 3a)p! o n Roads P"a+ " 8on&"r " n + " * 2h"r " h" )" ! 2i!h s"#"r al 8on&"d " r a ! " l"ad " r s . Durin !ha! )" " !i n * !h" +on#"r s a !io n "#" n! u a ll$ o! aroun d !o !h"ir &a!". 7in+oln s!a! " d un" A ui#o+ all$ !ha! !h"$ had &or&"i!" d all ri h! !o i))u ni! $ &ro) punis h ) " n ! . A&!"r a lon paus " * on" o& !h" (ou!h " r n " r s addr " s s " d !h" pr"sid" n ! C 4Th"n* =r. Pr"sid" n ! * i& 2" und "r s ! a n d $ou +orr"+ !l$* $ou !hin/ !ha! 2" o& !h" 8on&"d " r a + $ ha#" +o) )i ! ! " d !r" a s o n. !ha! 2" ar" !rai!ors !o $our o#"r ) n " n ! . !ha! 2" ha#" &or&"i!" d our ri h!s* and ar" prop" r su%?"+! s &or !h" han ) a n . Is !ha! no! a%ou! 2ha! $our 2ords i)pl$I4 45"s* $ou ha#" s!a! " d !h" proposi!ion %"!! " r !han I did*9 said 7in+oln. 4Tha! is a%ou! !h" si>" o& i!.4 4,"ll* =r. 7in+oln*9 !h" +o) )i s sion " r r"pli"d a&!"r ano! h " r paus " * 42" ha#" a%ou! +on+lud " d !ha! 2" shall no! %" han " d as lon as $ou ar" Pr"sid" n ! - i& 2" %"h a # " ours "l#" s . 4 Did /no2in a%ou! 7in+oln4s +o)p a s s i on a ! " na!ur " i#" !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " l"ad " r s +oura " !o s" "/ !h" oppor! u ni! $ !o ain an audi" n+ " 2i!h 7in+olnI Did i! )a/ " hi) )or " appro a + h a %l " I 6%#iousl$* i& p"opl"* 2h"! h " r %usin" s s asso+ia ! " s or su%or din a ! " s * r"ali>" !ha! a l"ad" r is no! i#"n !o spi!" and p"!!in " s s * !h"$ 2ill %" )or " 2illin !o op"nl$ s"" / hi) ou!. This 2ill* in !urn* )a/ " !h" l"ad " r )or " "&&"+!i#". :o! onl$ 2ould h" no! "@"+ u ! " 8on&"d " r a ! " o&&i+ials. i& 7in+oln had his 2a$ h" 2ould l"! !h" ) au o &r"". 40ri h! " n !h" ) ou! o& !h" +oun!r$* 4 h" ur " d* 4op" n !h" a! " s * l"! do2n !h" %ars* s+ar " !h" ) o&&l4 ;"n. ,illia) T"+u )s " h (h"r ) a n * 2ho alr" a d $ /n"2 !ha! i! 2as 4#"r$ hard &or !h" Pr"sid" n ! !o han spi"s*4 on+ " as/" d 7in+oln "@pli+i!l$ 2h"! h " r h" 2an! " d -"&&"rson Da#is +ap! ur " d or allo2" d !o "s+ a p " . 7in+oln r"pli"dC I4ll !"ll $ou* ;"n"r al* 2ha! I !hin/ o& !a/in -"&& Da#is. 6u! in Illinois !h"r " 2as an old !" )p " r a n + " l"+!ur " r 2ho 2as #"r$ s!ri+! in !h" do+!rin" and pra+!i+ " o& !o!al a%s!in" n + " . 6n" da$* a&!"r a lon rid" in !h" ho! sun* h" s!opp " d a! !h" hous " o& a &ri"nd* 2ho propos " d )a /in hi) a l")on a d " . ,h"n !h" &ri"nd as/" d i& h" 2ouldn4 ! li/" a drop o& so)" ! hi n s!ron " r in !h" drin/* h" r"pli"d !ha! h" +ouldn4! !hin/ o& i!. 4I4) oppos " d !o i! on prin+ipl"*4 h" said. 4Bu!*4 h" add " d 2i!h a lon in lan+ " a! !h" %o!!l" !ha! s!ood +on#" ni " n !l $ a! hand* 4i& $ou +ould )a n a " !o pu! in a drop un% " / n o 2 n s ! !o )"* I u" s s i! 2ouldn4! hur! )" )u+ h.4 :o2* ;"n" r al* I a ) %ound !o oppos " !h" "s+ a p " o& -"&& Da#is. %u! i& $ou +ould )a n a " !o l"! hi) slip ou! un% " / n o 2 n s ! - li/"* I u" s s i! 2ouldn4! hur! )" )u+ h.

4And !ha!*9 ;"n"r al (h"r ) a n la!"r r" )a r / " d * 4is all I +ould "! ou! o& !h" ;o#"r n ) " n ! as !o 2ha! i!s poli+$ 2as +on+ "r nin !h" r"%"l l"ad " r s un!il (!an! o n ass ail" d )" &or Da#is4 "s+ a p " . 4 ,h"n !h" +ur!ain &inall$ +a ) " do2n on !h" (ou!h a! !h" "nd o& !h" 8i#il ,ar* i! 2as 7in+oln 2ho* in a dra ) a ! i+ "s ! ur " o& ood2ill* r"Au " s ! " d !h" pla$in o& 4Di@i"4 a! a rall$ ou!sid" !h" ,hi!" 3ous "C 4I ha#" al2a$s !hou h ! 4Di@i"4 on" o& !h" %"s! !un" s I ha#" "#"r h" ar d* 4 h" said. 46ur ad#" r s a ri " s o#"r !h" 2a$ a!! " ) p ! " d !o appro pri a ! " i!* %u! I insis! " d $"s! " r d a $ !ha! 2" &airl$ +ap! ur " d i!. I pr"s " n ! " d !h" Au" s !ion !o !h" A!!orn" $ ;"n" r al* and h" a#" i! as his l" al opinion !ha! i! is our la2&ul pri>". I no2 r"Au " s ! !h" %and !o &a#or )" 2i!h i!s p"r&or ) a n + " . 4 This s!ron s!a! " ) " n ! l"! o!h"r s /no2 !ha! 7in+oln 2ould no! s" "/ r"#" n " no2 !ha! !h" 2ar had "nd " d. I! 2as a poli+$ !ha! h"4d %rou h! !o ,ashin ! o n 2h"n h" %"+ a ) " pr"sid " n ! * and h" 2ouldn4 ! a%a n d o n i! no2 !ha! h" had a+hi"# " d his oal. (u+h a "s! ur " no! onl$ i)pr " s s " d !h" p"opl" o& !h" 8on&"d " r a + $. i! also l"! 7in+oln4s &ollo2"r s /no2 !ha! !h"r " 2ould %" no #"n " a n + " sou h! a ains ! !h" (ou!h as lon as h" 2as in +har " . In#aria %l$ an or a ni> a !ion !a/" s on !h" p"rs on ali!$ o& i!s !op l"ad " r* pro#idin !ha! indi#idual is in !ou+h 2i!h !h" )" ) % " r s o& !h" or a ni> a !ion. I& !h" l"ad" r is p"!! $* !h" su%ordin a ! " s 2ill %" p"!! $. Bu! i& !h" l"ad " r is "n+our a i n * op!i )is!i+* and +our! " o u s * !h" n !h" #as! )a?ori!$ o& !h" 2or/"r s in !h" or a ni> a !ion 2ill %" as 2"ll. A%rah a ) 7in+oln 2as no! a #"n "& ul p"rso n. 4,ha! I d" al 2i!h is !oo #as! &or )ali+ious d" alin *4 h" said. Ra!h"r* h" 2"l+o ) " d !h" (ou!h %a+/ 2i!h op" n ar )s and* in his ("+on d Inau ur al Addr" s s * h" as/" d his &"llo2 +oun!r $) " n !o do !h" sa ) " . In !h" +losin r" )a r / s o& !h" addr " s s * 2hi+h has %" " n +all"d his 4("r )o n on !h" =oun!*4 7in+oln r"#" al " d in )os ! "loAu " n ! !"r )s !h" d"p! h o& his +on#i+!ionC ,i!h )ali+" !o2ar d non". 2i!h +hari!$ &or all. 2i!h &ir)n " s s in !h" ri h! as ;od i#"s us !o s"" !h" ri h!* l"! us s!ri#" on !o &inish !h" 2or/ 2" ar" in* !o %ind up !h" na!ion4 s 2ound s * !o +ar" &or hi) 2ho shall ha#" %orn " !h" %a!!l" and &or his 2ido2 and his orpha n* !o do all 2hi+h )a $ a+hi"# " and +h"rish a ?us! and las!in p" a+ " a )o n ours "l#" s * and 2i!h all na!ions. ,i!h r" )a r / s li/" !his* i! 2as o%#ious !ha! 7in+oln 2as oin !o !r" a ! !h" d"&" a ! " d 8on&"d " r a ! " s !h" sa ) " 2a$ h" !r"a ! " d !h" )" n h" 2hipp" d 2r"s !lin in his $ou!hC h" 2ould 4l"! 4"rn up "as $.4 FIG In "n " r al* a la+/ o& )ali+" on !h" par! o& a l"ad" r- "nuin " +arin - inspir" s !rus! a)o n su%ordin a ! " s and &os! "r s inno#a !i#" !hin/in . I! also /"" p s &ollo2"rs &ro) %"in !"rri&i"d* allo2in !h" ) !o %" !h" ) s " l # " s . 8on!" ) p o r a r $ l"ad" r s should adop! 7in+o,s s!$l" and 4pardo n 4 )is! a / " s as oppos " d !o +h"2in ou! su%or din a ! " s . P :"#"r +rus h a )a n ou!* !h"r " % $ )a/in hi) and his &ri"nds p"r ) a n " n ! "n" )i " s o& $our or a ni> a !ion. P :o purpos " is s"r#" d %$ punishin )"r "l$ &or punish ) " n ! 4 s sa/". P Al2a$s /"" p in )ind !ha! on+" a su%ordin a ! " is d"s!r o$" d h" +"a s " s !o +on!ri%u! " !o !h" or a ni> a !ion. P P"opl" 2ill %" )or " 2illin !o s" "/ an audi" n+ " 2i!h $ou i& $ou ha#" a ood r"pu! a !ion. P I! 2ould no! hur! $ou )u+ h i&* on+ " in a 2hil"* $ou +ould )a n a " !o l"! !hin s slip* un% " / n o 2 n s ! - li/". P R")" ) % " r C 5our or a ni> a !ion 2ill !a/" on !h" p"rs on ali!$ o& i!s !op l"ad " r. P 5ou should %" #"r$ un2illin &or $oun p"opl " !o %" ruin" d &or sli h! +aus " s . P 3a#" )ali+" !o2ar d non" and +hari!$ &or all. P Tou+h p"opl " 2i!h !h" %"!! " r an "ls o& $our na! ur " .

5 ) Ha# e th e Coura g e to Han d l e %n&u s t Critici s m

9:"i!h"r l"! us %" sland " r " d &ro) our du!$ %$ &als" a++us a !io n s a ains ! us* nor &ri h! " n " d &ro) i! %$ )" n a + " s o& d"s !r u+ !ion !o !h" o#"r n ) " n ! * nor o& dun " o n s !o ours "l#" s . 7"! us ha#" &ai!h !ha! ri h! )a/ " s )i h!* and in !ha! &ai!h l"! us !o !h" "nd dar " !o do our du!$ as 2" und" r s ! a n d i!.9 Th" +losin s!a! " ) " n ! o& 7in+oln4s 8oop"r Ins!i!u! " Addr"s s* in 2hi+h h" "n+our a " d par! $ )" ) % " r s !o hold &as! !o !h"ir %"li"&s F0"%ru a r $ 27* 1860G ;ra+ " und" r pr"s s u r " 4 2as <rn" s! 3")in 2 a $4 s d"&ini!ion o& +our a " . And !hr" " 2ords 2"r " n"#"r )or " appropria ! " !o d"s+ri%" !h" d" )" a n o r o& A%raha ) 7in+oln durin !h" las! s"#" n $"ar s o& his li&". ,i!hou! Au" s !ion* 7in+oln displa $" d an a)a >in a)o u n ! o& +oura " o#"r an "@!" n d " d p"riod o& !i)". 3" sur#i#" d nu )" r o u s s"!% a + / s and d"&" a ! s Fsu+h as !h" Illinois s"n a ! " "l"+!ion o& 1858 and "arl$ 8i#il ,ar %a!!l" sG* onl$ !o o#"r+o ) " !h" ) all and p"rsis! " n !l $ "ndur " un!il o%! ainin !h" &inal #i+!or$. Throu h i! all* 7in+oln 2as !h" ris/- !a/"r* ass u )i n a %old s!a nd and no! 2a#"rin in !h" pro+" s s . 3" had &ai!h and +on&id" n+ " in hi)s "l& and didn4! n"" d " o- s!ro/in or +ons! a n ! r"in&or+ " ) " n ! !o /no2 !ha! !his +ours " o& a+!ion 2as prop" r. Ar)" d r"%"llion a ains ! !h" 'nion pro#id" d an "@!ra or din a r $ sho2+ a s " &or 7in+oln4s !al"n! s . Th" a%ili!$ !o und "r s ! a n d !h" r"ali!$ o& !h" si!ua !ion and !h" n +on&ron! i! d"+isi#"l$ )a d " hi) a )os ! &or)id a %l " l"ad " r. =or"o#"r* h" 2as a%l" !o &or)ul a ! " a s!ra! " $ and !h" n +o) ) u ni + a ! " %o!h !h" s!ra! " $ and !h" r"ali!$ o& +i#il 2ar* 2h"! h " r or no! p"opl" 2an! " d !o h"ar !h" ). 9T"llin i! li/" i! 2as9 %rou h! &or!h "nor )o u s a)o u n ! s o& +"ns ur " upon 7in+oln &ro) all dir"+!ions . Bu! "#"r$ )a n o& +oura " )us ! * soon " r or la!"r* d" al 2i!h un?us! +ri!i+is ). And all indi#iduals 2ho l"ad o!h"r p"opl"* "sp " +i all$ !hos " 2ho "n! "r !h" poli!i+al ar" n a * li/"l$ 2ill %" su%?"+! " d !o s"#" r " +ri!i+is ) as 2"ll as p"rso n al a!! a + /s on !h"ir honor and +har a + ! " r . 7in+oln r"ali>" d !his &a+! o& li&" and 2as pr"p a r " d &or i!* as "#"r $ l"ad " r should %". A%rah a ) 7in+oln 2as sland " r " d * li%"l"d* and ha! " d p"rh a p s )or " in!"n s "l $ !ha n an$ )a n "#"r !o run &or !h" na!ion4 s hi h" s ! o&&i+". 3" 2on !h" "l"+!ion o& 1860 lar "l$ %"+ a u s " !h" D" )o+r a !i+ par! $ 2as hop"l " s sl $ spli!* ha#in &i"ld"d !2o +andida ! " s - (!"ph " n A. Dou la s &ro) !h" :or!h and -ohn 8. Br"+/" nrid " &ro) !h" (ou!h. 7in+oln 2as !h" &irs! pr"sid" n ! "l"+! " d &ro) !h" R"pu%li+a n par!$* 2hi+h 2as 2"ll uni&i"d 2i!h a s!ron suppor ! %as " in !h" :or!h" a s ! . 7in+oln4s na ) " * in &a+!* 2as no! "#" n on !h" %allo! in )os ! (ou!h " r n s!a! " s . As a r"sul! o& his "l"+!ion F%$ a )inori!$ o& #o!" s +as!G* !h" (ou!h s"+ " d " d * !h" 8i#il ,ar %" a n* and +ri!i+is ) o& 7in+oln r"a+ h " d )a@i )u ) propor!ions . =os! o& !h" na!ion +ould no! +o)pr " h " n d ho2 !his s" " )i n l$ a2/2a r d +oun!r $ la2$" r &ro) !h" ,"s! had %"" n "l"+! " d pr" sid" n ! . 3" 2as pu%li+l$ +all"d ?us! a%ou! "#"r $ na ) " i)a in a %l " %$ !h" pr"s s o& !h" da$* in+ludin a ro! " s A u " %a%oo n* a !hird- ra! " +oun!r $ la2$"r 2ho on+ " spli! rails and no2 spli!s !h" 'nion* a +oars " #ul ar ?o/"r* a di+!a ! or* an ap"* a %u&&oon* and o!h"r s. Th" Illinois (!a! " R" is! "r la%"l" d hi) 4!h" +ra&!i" s ! and )os ! dishon " s ! poli!i+ian !ha! "#"r dis r a + " d an o&&i+" in A)"ri+a.9 6n" +an onl$ i)a in " 2ha! i! )us ! ha#" %"" n li/" and 2ha! 2as oin !hrou h 7in+oln4s )ind 2h" n h" r"a+ h " d ,ashin ! o n !o !a/" !h" oa!h o& o&&i+". 3" a#" an indi+a!ion !ha! h" 2as "#"r )ind&ul o& !h" s " &""lin s !o2ar d hi) 2h" n* shor!l$ %"&or " his inau ur a !io n* h" r"la! " d !o a roup o& p"opl "C 9I ha#" r"a+ h " d !his +i!$

o& ,ashin ! o n und" r +ir+u )s ! a n + " s +onsid "r a %l $ di&&"rin &ro) !hos " und" r 2hi+h an$ o!h"r )a n has "#"r r"a+ h " d i!. I ha#" r"a+ h " d i! &or !h" purpos " o& !a/in an o&&i+ial posi!ion a)o n s ! !h" p"opl "* al)os ! all o& 2ho ) 2"r " oppos " d !o )"* and ar" $"! oppos " d !o )"* as I suppos " .9 ("#"r " and un?us! +ri!i+is ) did no! su%sid " a&!"r 7in+oln !oo/ !h" oa!h o& o&&i+"* nor did i! +o)" onl$ &ro) (ou!h " r n s$)p a ! hi> " r s . I! +a ) " &ro) 2i!hin !h" 'nion i!s"l&* &ro) 8on r " s s * &ro) so)" &a+!ions 2i!hin !h" R"pu%li+a n par! $* and* ini!iall$* &ro) 2i!hin his o2n +a%in" ! . As pr"sid" n ! * 7in+oln l"arn " d !ha!* no )a ! ! " r 2ha! h" did* !h"r " 2"r " oin !o %" p"opl" 2ho 2ould no! %" pl"a s " d . In his &irs! $" ar* h" 2as r"Auir" d !o &ill )a n $ #a+ a n ! o#"r n ) " n ! posi!ions %$ appoin! ) " n ! . R" ar din "a+ h #a+ a n+ $* h" on+ " r" )a r / " d C 4. . . !h"r " ar" !2"n! $ appli+a n! s * and o& !h" s " I )us ! )a/ " nin"! " " n "n" )i " s . 4 As his "n" )i " s in+r" a s " d * so did !h" +ri!i+is ) a ains ! hi). Bu! 7in+oln handl " d i! all 2i!h a pa!i" n+ " * &or%" a r a n + " * and d"! " r )i n a !io n un+o ) ) o n o& )os ! )" n. 3" 2as philosophi+ al a%ou! i! all and* in par!* &"ll %a+/ on his und "r s ! a n di n o& p"opl ". 93u)a n na! ur " 2ill no! +han " * 4 h" said in 1864. 4In an$ &u!ur " r" a ! na!ion al !rial* +o)p a r " d 2i!h !h" )" n o& !his* 2" shall ha#" as 2"a/ and as s!ron * as sill$ and as 2is"* as %ad and as ood.4 Throu h o u ! )u+ h o& his li&"* 7in+oln 2as !h" o%?"+! o& ?"alous $* "n#$* and )ali+". This 2as lar "l$ !h" r"sul! o& his %urnin d"sir" &or a+hi"# " ) " n ! * 2hi+h )o!i#a ! " d hi) !o "@+ "l. P"opl" 2ho ) h" surp a s s " d in his ad#a n + " ) " n ! na!ur all$ #"n! " d !h"ir ?"alous " )o!ions a ains ! hi) !hrou h #"r% al a!! a +/ s . As a $oun )a n* 7in+oln )us ! ha#" &"l! r" a ! pain &ro) !h"s " a!! a +/ " r s . Ti)" and )a ! uri! $ aid" d hi) in d"alin 2i!h su+h +ri!i+is ) la!"r in li&"* %u! h" n"#" r &or o! !h" &""lin s h"4d "@p"ri " n + " d . As a r"sul!* h" had r" a ! +o)p a s s i o n &or o!h"r s 2ho 2"r " su%?"+ ! " d !o !h" sa ) " !r" a ! ) " n ! . A $oun do+!or on+ " r"la! " d ho2 7in+oln had su++ " s s& ull$ d"&"n d " d hi) in a )alpr a + !i+ " sui!* !h"r " % $ sa#in his +ar" " r C ,h"n I as/" d &or )$ %ill* D7in+olnE saidC 45ou ar" a $oun )a n ?us! s!ar!in ou! upon $our +ar" " r . I ha#" "arn " d a hundr " d dollars. I a) onl$ oin !o +har " $ou !2" n! $&i#"* and I 2ill dona ! " !h" o!h"r s"#" n ! $- &i#" !o a 2or!h$ $oun )a n 2ho has %" " n !h" su%?"+! o& "n#$ and )ali+".4 In his &our $" ar s as pr"sid " n ! * 7in+oln "ndur " d all o& !h" +ru"l an! a o ni s ) and s"#" r " +ri!i+is ) dir"+! " d a! hi). And !h" &a+! is* !ha! h" no! onl$ "ndur " d !h" sland " r %u! o#"r+ a ) " i! !o s"+ur " #i+!or$ in !h" 8i#il ,ar and pr"s " r # " !h" na!ion- a )os ! a )a >i n a+hi"# " ) " n ! . In !h" pro+" s s * h" also r"or a ni> " d !h" A)"ri+a n )ili!ar$ s$s! " )* "@pa n d " d !h" li)i!s o& pr" sid" n !i al au! hori!$* a%olish " d sla#"r $* and r"n" 2 " d !h" spiri! o& pa!rio!is ) in A)"ri+a. =od"rn l"ad" r s )i h! &ind i! in!"r " s !i n and h"lp&ul !o "@plor " 7in+oln4s )" ! h o d s in h" arin * d"alin 2i!h* and o#"r+o )i n s"#"r " and un?us! +ri!i+is ). 7in+oln handl " d su+h d"&or )a !io n in s"#"r al di&&"r" n! 2a$s. =os! o&!"n* h" 2ould si)pl$ i nor" !h" a!! a + / s . This 2as par!i+ularl$ !ru" o& !hos " !i)" s in !h" )ids! o& poli!i+al +a )p a i n s 2h" n )os ! o& !h" sland " r 2as p"!! $ and u!!"rl$ ridi+ulous in na! ur " . 3" had no !i)" &or i!. 3" 2as !oo %us$ !r$in !o 2in a 2ar. <#"n !hou h h" 2ould %"+o ) " #"r$ 2"ar $ and dis+our a " d %$ all !h" a!! a +/ s upon hi)* 2h" n i! +a )" ri h! do2n !o i!* h" nor )all$ 2ould no! r"!alia! " a ains ! his d"!r a + ! or s . In !h" la!"r par! o& 1864* a! a !i)" +los" !o an "l"+!ion in 2hi+h h" +ould %" #o!" d ou! o& o&&i+"* !h" pr"sid " n ! /"p! his &ai!h in !h" p"opl". 7in+oln %"li"#" d !ha!* in !h" "nd* his +ours " 2ould %" #indi+a ! " d . 4I +anno! run !h" poli!i+al )a + hin " * 4 h" on+ " said* 4I ha#" "nou h on )$ hand s 2i!hou! !ha!. I! is !h" p"opl" 4 s %usin" s s * !h" "l"+!ion is in !h"ir hand s . I& !h"$ !urn !h"ir %a+/s !o !h" &ir"* and "! s+or+ h " d in !h" r"ar* !h" $4ll &ind !h" $ ha#" !o si! on !h" %lis!"r.4

Al!hou h h" a#oid" d r"a din an$! hin !ha! 2as an o#"r! a!! a + / a ains ! hi)* 7in+oln +ould no! h"lp %u! h"ar )u+ h o& !h" +ri!i+is ). Durin his "arl$ poli!i+al $" ar s* h" 2as +onsis! " n !l$ anno$" d and hur! )os ! %$ +ri!i+is ) !ha! +a ) " &ro) p"opl" h" %"li"#" d !o %" his &ri"nds. Bu!* 2i!h !i)"* 7in+oln %"+ a ) " !ou h " n " d !o !h" 2orld o& !h" poli!i+al )isr " pr " s " n ! a !i o n. 3" had !h" +our a " !o +arr$ 2i!h hi) !o !h" ,hi!" 3ous " his )ain s!ra! " $ o& si)pl$ i norin sland " r and #ili&i+a!ion. Durin his las! pu%li+ addr " s s * d"li#"r " d April I 1* 1865* h" su ) ) " d up $" ar s o& "@p" ri" n+ " in d"alin 2i!h )ali+ious +ri!i+is ) 2h"n h" saidC 4As a "n " r al rul"* I a%s! ain &ro) r"a din !h" r"por! s o& a!! a +/ s upon )$s "l&* 2ishin no! !o %" pro#o/" d %$ !ha! !o 2hi+h I +an no! prop" rl$ o&&"r an ans2 " r .4 3o2"#" r* on o++a sion 7in+oln 2ould s!a nd up and d"&"n d hi)s "l& !o an$ and all d"!r a + ! or s * "sp " +i all$ i& !h" &als" a++us a !ion 2as par!i+ularl$ da )a i n !o !h" pu%li+4s #i"2 o& his prin+ipl"s. And 2h" n !hos " prin+ipl" s 2"r " +on!r ar $ !o !h" %"li"&s o& !h" lo+al )a?ori!$* 7in+oln 2ould no! %a+/ do2n or +o)pr o )i s " . In 1858* h" )a $ ha#" los! !h" Illinois s!a! " s"n a ! " ra+ " lar "l$ &or his s!an+ " on sla#"r $. B"&or" on" o& !h" 7in+olnDou la s d"% a ! " s * (!"ph " n A. Dou la s 2as appla u d " d and +h" " r " d loudl$ 2hil" 7in+oln 2as #ir!uall$ i nor" d. ,h"n so)" o& his &ri"nds "@pr " s s " d +on+ " r n o#"r !h" +old r"+ " p !ion* 7in+oln pas s " d o#"r i! li h!l$ and +oura " o u s l $ r"pli"dC 4I a ) no! oin !o %" !"rri&i"d %$ an "@+i!" d popul a+ " * and hind"r " d &ro) sp" a /in )$ hon" s ! s"n!i )" n ! s upon !his in&"rn al su%?"+ ! o& hu) a n sla#"r $.4 =i+ha "l Du/a/is* 2ho )a $ ha#" los! his %id &or !h" pr"sid" n + $ in 1988 %"+ a u s " h" did no! s!ri/" %a+/ a ains ! R"pu%li+a n par!$ +ri!i+is )* )i h! ha#" a+! " d di&&"r" n!l$ had h" r" )" ) % " r " d 2ha! A%raha ) 7in+oln said durin a sp" " + h in 1859. R"&l"+!in upon his d"&" a ! a! !h" hand s o& Dou la s !h" prior $" ar* 7in+oln r" )a r / " d C 4I ha#" &ound !ha! i! is no! "n!ir"l$ sa&"* 2h"n on" is )isr " pr " s " n ! " d und "r his #"r$ nos "* !o allo2 !h" )isr " pr " s " n ! a !i o n !o o un+on!r a di+ ! " d . 4 In 1864* 2hil" i#in a sp" " + h a! Bal!i)or " * 7in+oln d"&" nd " d his posi!ion a ains ! sla#"r $* ass " r !in C 4Th" sh" p h " r d dri#" s !h" 2ol& &ro) !h" sh" " p 4 s !hroa ! * &or 2hi+h !h" sh" " p !ha n/ s !h" sh" p h " r d as a li%"ra ! or* 2hil" !h" 2ol& d"nou n + " s hi) &or !h" sa )" a+! as !h" d"s!r o$" r o& li%"r!$* "sp " +i all$ as !h" sh" " p is a %la+/ on".4 6n" o& 7in+oln4s )os ! "&&"+!i#" )" ! h o d s o& d" alin 2i!h hars h +ri!i+is ) 2as !o 2ri!" "@! " n d " d l"!!"r s o& r"+i!a !ion. 6&!"n* in ord"r !o #"n! his an " r and &rus!r a !ion* h" 2ould si! do2n a! his d"s/* +o)po s " a l"!! "r o& d"nial* and !h" n 2al/ a2a $ 2i!hou! s"ndin i!. 3" &"l! %"!! " r &or ha#in s!a! " d his +as " %u! did no! 2an! an$ o& his an r$ or " )o!ion al r" )a r / s )a d " pu%li+. 7a!" in !h" "l"+!ion $"ar 1864* 7in+oln dra&!" d a s!a! " ) " n ! o& r"&u! a !ion r" ar din a )isr " pr " s " n ! a !i o n o& !h" &a+!s in 2ha! 2as popularl$ +all"d 4!h" An!i"! a ) "pisod " . 4 In 6+!o%" r 1862* h"4d #isi!"d !h" %a!!l"&i"ld o& An!i"! a ) and* 2hil" ridin in a +arria " on his 2a$ !o r"#i"2 !h" 'nion !roops* 7in+oln as/" d his old &ri"nd ,ard 7arnon !o sin on" o& his &a#ori!" )"la n+ h ol $ son s. 7arnon did sin a shor!* sad son and !h" n* in an "&&or! !o rais" !h" pr" sid" n ! s spiri!s* &ollo2"d 2i!h s"#" r al li h!h" a r ! " d !un" s . A &"2 )on! h s la!"r i! 2as r"por! " d in n"2s p a p " r s !ha! Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln had r"Au " s ! " d a happ $ son in !h" )iddl" o& !h" +arna " o& An!i"! a ). Th" in+id" n! 2as r"surr " + ! " d a ain &or !h" 1864 pr"sid" n !i al "l"+!ion* 2h" n !h" :"2 5or/ ,orld prin! " d !h" &ollo2in s!or$C 6:< 60 =R. 7I:867:4( -61<( - Th" s"+on d #"rs " o& our +a )p ai n son pu%lish" d on !his pa " 2as pro%a %l $ su " s ! " d %$ an in+id" n! 2hi+h o++urr " d on !h" %a!!l"- &i"ld o& An!i"! a ) a &"2 da$s a&!"r !h" &i h!. ,hil" !h" Pr"sid" n ! 2as dri#in o#"r !h" &i"ld in an a )% ul a n + " * a++o )p a ni " d %$ =arshal 7arnon* ;"n" r al =+8l"llan* and ano! h " r o&&i+"r* h" a#$ d"! ails o& )" n 2"r " "n a " d in !h" !as/ o& %ur$in !h" d"a d. Th" a )% ul a n + " had ?us! r"a+ h " d !h" n"i h% or h o o d o& !h" old s!on " %rid " * 2h"r " !h" d" a d 2"r " pil"d hi h" s ! *

2h" n =r. 7in+oln* sudd " nl$ slappin =arsh al 7a)on on !h" /n" "* "@+lai )" d C 98o)" * 7a)on* i#" us !ha! son a%ou! Pi+a$u n " Bu!!"r. =+8l"llan has n"#"r h" ar d i!.4 4:o! no2* i& $ou pl"a s " * 4 said ;"n"r al =+8l"llan* 2i!h a shudd " r . 4I 2ould pr"&"r !o h"ar i! so)" o!h"r pla+" and !i)".9 7a)on* ou!r a " d a! !h" %ru! al a!! a +/ on !h" pr" sid" n ! * su " s ! " d !ha! h" pu%li+l$ d"n$ !h" +har " s . A! &irs! 7in+oln r"&us " d* sa$in C 4Th"r " has alr" a d $ %"" n !oo )u+ h said a%ou! !his &als" hoo d. 7"! !h" !hin alon". I& I ha#" no! "s! a %lis h " d a +har a + ! " r "nou h !o i#" !h" li" !o !his +har " * I +an onl$ sa$ !ha! I a ) )is! a / " n in )$ o2n "s!i )a ! " o& )$s "l&. In poli!i+s* "#"r $ )a n )us ! s/in his o2n s/un/. Th"s " &"llo2s ar" 2"l+o ) " !o !h" hid" o& !his on". I!s %od$ has alr" a d $ i#"n &or!h i!s uns a #or $ odor.4 ("#"r al da$s la!"r* ho2"# " r* ,ard 7a)on dra&!" d a r"pl$ o& his o2n and pr" s " n ! " d i! &or appro# al !o !h" pr"sid" n ! * 2ho r"spon d " d as &ollo2sC :o* 7a)on* I 2ould no! pu%lish !his r"pl$. i! is !oo %"lli "r " n ! in !on" &or so ra#" a )a ! ! " r . Th"r" is a h"a p o& 4+uss " d n " s s 4 )i@" d up 2i!h $our usu al a)i a %ili!$* and $ou ar" a! !i)" s !oo &ond o& a &i h!. I& I 2"r" $ou* I 2ould si)pl$ s!a! " !h" &a+!s as !h"$ 2"r ". I 2ould i#" !h" s!a! " ) " n ! s as $ou ha#" h"r"* 2i!hou! !h" p"pp " r and sal!. 7"! )" !r$ )$ hand a! i!. Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln !h"n pro+ " " d " d !o 2ri!" a ra!h" r l"n ! h $ l"!! "r "@plainin !h" !ru!h a%ou! !h" in+id" n! * in+ludin !h" &a+!s !ha! h" #isi!"d An!i"! a ) si@!" " n da$s a&!"r !h" %a!!l" and !ha! no d" a d %odi" s 2"r " s"" n. Th" l"!!"r 2as ori inall$ in!"n d " d !o %" s"n! ou! as ha#in %"" n au!hor " d %$ 7a)on* %u! 7in+oln 2ould no! allo2 !h" r"spo n s " !o %" pu%lish " d. I! 2as* in &a+!* no! r"#" al " d !o !h" "n " r al pu%li+ un!il 1895. 7in+oln a!! " ) p ! " d !o a#oid pro#o+ a !ion 2h" n " # " r possi%l" %$ loo/in a! !h" hu )or o u s sid" o& an$ po! " n !i all$ ha>ar do u s si!ua !ion. 3" 2as aid" d* as al2a $s * %$ his /"" n s"ns " o& hu )or* his shar p 2i!* and his ars " n al o& s!ori" s and an" + d o ! " s . I! is a !ri%u! " !o 7in+oln !ha! h" +ould #i"2 un?us! sland " r and +ri!i+is ) 2i!h a )u s " ) " n ! ra!h " r !ha n an " r. In 1858* 2h" n (!"ph " n A. Dou la s )a d " s"#"r al &als" +har " s a ains ! hi)* 7in+oln %" a n a r"pl$ %$ s!a!in C 4,h"n a )a n h"ar s hi)s "l& so)" 2 h a ! )isr" pr " s " n ! " d * i! pro#o/ " s hi)a! l"as!* I &ind i! so 2i!h )$s "l&. %u! 2h"n !h" )isr " pr " s " n ! a ! i o n %"+o ) " s #"r$ ross and palpa %l "* i! is )or " ap! !o a)u s " hi).4 7in+oln +arri"d his s"ns " o& hu )or s!rai h! in!o !h" ,hi!" 3ous " * and i! n"#"r &ail"d hi) 2h" n h" us" d i! !o "a s " !h" s!in o& a poli!i+al slur. 6&!"n* %$ !"llin an appropri a ! " s!or$* h" +ould "&&"+!i#"l$ !urn !h" !a%l" s on an an! a o ni s !. In on" ins! a n+ " * 7in+oln sho! do2n a par!i+ularl$ o&&"nsi#" sp" a / " r %$ s!a!in !ha! 4!h" ora!or$ o& !h" "n!l" ) a n +o)pl " ! "l $ susp " n d s all a+!ion o& his )ind.4 3" +o)p a r " d !h" sp" a / " r !o a s!" a ) % o a ! * sa$in C Ba+/ in !h" da$s 2h" n I p"r&or ) " d )$ par! as a /""l %oa! ) a n * I )a d " !h" a+Au ain! a n + " o& a !ri&lin li!!l" s!" a ) % o a ! 2hi+h us" d !o %us!l" and pu&& and 2h" " > " a%ou! in !h" (an a ) o n Ri#"r. I! had a &i#"- &oo! %oil"r and a s"#" n- &oo! 2his!l"* and "#"r $ !i)" i! 2his!l" d !h" %oa! s!opp " d . 6n ano! h " r o++a sion* 7in+oln 2as ass ail" d %$ a :or!h"r n o#"r nor a%ou! his dra&! poli+$* insinua !in !ha! h" 2ould no! +arr$ ou! !h" pr"sid" n ! s ord"r s . 7in+oln* ho2" # " r * 2ould no! %a+/ do2n and ord"r " d ("+r" ! a r $ o& ,ar (!an! o n !o o ri h! ah" a d 2i!h !h" dra&!C Th" o#"r nor is li/" !h" %o$ I sa2 on+ " a! !h" laun+hin o& a ship. ,h"n "#"r$! hin 2as r"a d$* !h"$ pi+/" d ou! a %o$ and s"n! hi) und "r !h" ship !o /no+/ a2a $ !h" !ri " r and l"! h"r o. A! !h" +ri!i+al )o ) " n ! "#"r$! hi n d"p " n d " d on !h" %o$. 3" had !o do !h" ?o% 2"ll %$ a dir"+!* #i orous %lo2* and !h" n li" &la! and /"" p s!ill 2hil"

!h" ship slid o#"r hi). Th" %o$ did "#"r$! hi n ri h!. %u! h" $"ll"d as i& h" 2"r" %"in )ur d " r " d * &ro) !h" !i)" h" o! und "r !h" /""l un!il h" o! ou!. I !hou h ! !h" s/in 2as all s+ra p " d o&& his %a+/. %u! h" 2as n4 ! hur! a! all. Th" )a s ! " r o& !h" $ard !old )" !ha! !his %o$ 2as al2a $s +hos " n &or !ha! ?o%* !ha! h" did his 2or/ 2"ll* !ha! h" n"#" r had %" " n hur!* %u! !ha! h" al2a$s sAu " al " d in !ha! 2a$. Tha!4s ?us! !h" 2a$ 2i!h !h" o#"r nor. =a/" up $our )inds !ha! h" is no! hur!* and !ha! h" is doin his 2or/ ri h!* and pa$ no a!! " n !ion !o his sAu " alin . 3" onl$ 2an! s !o )a/ " $ou und "r s ! a n d ho2 hard his !as/ is* and !ha! h" is on hand p"r&or )in i!. In addi!ion !o hu)or* 7in+oln4s s!r" n ! h 2as "nh a n + " d %$ his a%ili!$ !o p"r+ "i#" r"ali!$ and d" al 2i!h i! a++or din l$. 3" on+ " r" )a r / " d !o a roup o& p"opl" !ha! 4!h" pion" " r s in an$ )o# " ) " n ! ar" no! "n " r all$ !h" %"s ! p"opl" !o +arr$ !ha! )o#" ) " n ! !o a su++ " s s& ul issu". Th"$ o&!"n ha#" !o )" " ! su+h hard opposi!ion* and "! so %a!! " r " d and %"s p a ! ! " r " d * !ha! a&!"r2 a r d* 2h" n p"opl" &ind !h" $ ha#" !o a++" p ! r"&or )* !h"$ 2ill a++ " p ! i! )or " "a sil$ &ro) o!h"r s. 4 And h" /n"2 oin in !ha! 4!h" Pr"sid" n + $* "#" n !o !h" )os ! "@p"ri " n + " d poli!i+ians* is no %"d o& ros" s. . . . :o hu )a n %"in *4 h" said* 4+an &in !ha! s!a!ion and "s+ a p " +"ns ur " .9 An o#"r2h "l )i n +on&id" n+ " in his o2n a%ili!$ !o /no2 ri h! &ro) 2ron also a#" 7in+oln r" a ! s!r" n ! h !o +o)% a ! un?us! +ri!i+is ). 3" 2as no! in!i)ida ! " d 2h"n so )a n $ o!h"r s !oo/ a posi!ion !ha! h" +onsid "r " d !o %" )or all$ un?us!. :"i!h"r 2ould h" %a+/ do2n in !h" &a+" o& hars h a++us a !io n s a ains ! his o2n %"li"&s. 4I! o&!"n r"Auir" s )or " +oura " !o dar " !o do ri h! !ha n !o &"ar !o do 2ron *4 h" on+" said. 43" 2ho has !h" ri h! n" " d s no! !o &"ar*4 h" 2ro! " !o ;"n. -ohn =+8l"rna n d . 4. . . !ru!h is "n " r all$ !h" %"s ! #indi+a!ion a ains ! sland " r* 4 h" !old 3ora+ " ;r""l" $. 8on!" ) p o r a r $ l"ad " r s * "sp " +i all$ !hos " in !h" poli!i+al ar"n a * +an !a/" h"ar ! and ain r" a ! s!r" n ! h &ro) /no2in !ha! 7in+oln su++ " " d " d * and &ro) und" r s ! a n di n his )" ! h o d s in o#"r+o )i n ad#"r si!$. 5ou )us ! ha#" s!a )i n a * &or!i!ud " * and s"l&- +on&id" n+ " . 5ou )us ! %"li"#" in $ours "l&. Bu!* in addi!ion* a +"r! ain s!$l" and rou!in" )us ! %" d"#"lop " d in d"alin 2i!h hars h +ri!i+is ). <#"r$ l"ad" r 2ill "n+ou n ! " r su+h sland " r si)pl$ %$ #ir!u" o& !h" posi!ion h"ld. I! is ho2 $ou l"! i! a&&"+! $ou !ha! )a / " s !h" di&&"r" n+ " in 2h"! h " r or no! $ou su++ " " d . Do 2ha! 7in+oln did. I nor" )os ! o& !h" a!! a + /s i& !h"$ ar" p"!! $* %u! &i h! %a+/ 2h"n !h" $ ar" i)por! a n ! "nou h !o )a / " a di&&"r" n+ " . ,ri!" l"!!"r s o& r"&u! a !ion !ha! #"n! $our an " r and ")o !ion s * %u! do no! )ail !h" ). And* al2a$s* loo/ a! !h" li h! "r sid" o& li&" %$ /"" pin $our s"ns " o& hu )or. =ain!ain ra+ " und "r pr"s s ur " . 1no2 ri h! &ro) 2ron . And ha#" +our a " . P R"&rain &ro) r"a din a!! a + / s upon $ours "l& so $ou 2on4! %" pro#o/" d. P Don4! %" !"rri&i"d %$ an "@+i!" d popul a+ " and hind"r " d &ro) sp" a /in $our hon" s ! s"n!i ) " n ! s . P I!4s no! "n!ir"l$ sa&" !o allo2 a )isr" pr " s " n ! a ! i o n !o o un+on!r a di+ ! " d . P R")" ) % " r !ha! !ru!h is "n " r all$ !h" %"s ! #indi+a!ion a ains ! sland " r. P Do !h" #"r$ %"s ! $ou /no2 ho2- !h" #"r$ %"s! $ou +an- and /"" p doin so un!il !h" "nd. P I& $ou $i"ld !o "#" n on" &als" +har " * $ou )a $ op" n $ours "l& up !o o!h"r un?us! a!! a +/ s . P I& %o!h &a+!ions or n"i!h " r shall har a s s $ou* $ou 2ill pro% a %l$ %" a%ou! ri h!. B"2ar " o& %"in ass ail" d %$ on" and prais " d %$ !h" o!h"r. P Th" pro%a %ili!$ !ha! $ou )a $ &all in !h" s!ru l " ou h! no! !o d"! "r $ou &ro) !h" suppor ! o& a +aus " $ou %"li"#" !o %" ?us!.

6 ) !e a 'as t e r of Para d o (
Ta/" !i)" and !hin/ 2"ll upon !his su%?"+!. :o!hin #alua %l " +an %" los! %$ !a/in !i)". D"la$ is ruinin us. Ti)" is "#"r$! hin . Pl"as " a+! in #i"2 o& !his. =a/" has! " slo2l$. 7in+oln i#in s" " )i n l $ +on!r a di+ !or $ si!ua !ions F=ar+h 1861 -ul$ 1862G ad#i+" !o di&&"r" n ! &ollo2"rs in di&&"r" n!

Al!hou h A%raha ) 7in+oln has no! "n " r all$ %" " n r" a r d " d as a l"ad" r 2i!h +haris ) a * !h"r " ar" )a n $ o%s "r# a !ion s !ha! suppor! !h" !h"or $ !ha! h" did* ind" " d* poss " s s a +"r! ain a)o u n ! o& !ha! )a i+ al Auali!$. 0or "@a ) pl " * 2h" n " # " r h" 2"n! in!o !h" &i"ld !h" !roops r" " ! " d hi) 2i!h 2ild* so)" !i ) " s &r"n>i"d +h" " rin . 3" 2as !h" r"+ipi" n! o& a spon! a n " o u s r"+" p!ion and d" )o n s ! r a !i on a! !h" +on+lusion o& his 8oop"r Ins!i!u! " Addr" s s in :"2 5or/ 8i!$. ,h"n h" l"&! (prin &i"ld &or ,ashin ! o n in 1861 )or " !han 1*000 p"opl " sho2" d up un"@p " + ! " dl $ a! !h" !rain s!a!ion* pro)p !in his )o#in and unr" h " a r s " d 0ar"2 "ll Addr" s s . And !h"r " ar" nu) " r o u s a++ou n ! s o& p"opl " ins!in+!i#"l$ +ro2din aroun d hi) and r"a+ !in 2i!h "@+i!" ) " n ! 2h" n h" appro a + h " d . Th" !r" ) " n d o u s ou!po urin o& ri"& a&!"r his d" a ! h is &ur!h" r !"s! a ) " n ! !o his i))" n s " populari!$. =or"o#" r* par! o& !h" 47in+oln =$!h4 %"s !o2 " d on hi) a +"r! ain a )o u n ! o& sain!l$ #ir!u". 3" 2as a &a!h"r &i ur" !o )a n $ p"opl " o& his da$. Ind" " d* his na ) " * A%rah a )* li!"rall$ )" a n s &a!h" r* and* li/" his h"i h!* )a $ ha#" had a ps$+holo i+ al "&&"+! on &ollo2"r s. And 7in+oln is +haris ) a !i + "#" n in d" a ! h. ="n!ion o& his na ) " s!ill "n " r a ! " s r" a ! " )o!ions Toda$ h" has a !r" ) " n d o u s &ollo2in !ha! spa n s all 2al/s o& li&"* all pro&"s sion s * all aroun d !h" lo%". -a)" s =a+;r" or Bu)s +ould ha#" %" " n 2ri!in a%ou! A%raha ) 7in+oln 2h" n h" dis+us s " d !h" rol" o& +haris ) a in l"ad" r s hi pC Th" !"r ) i!s"l& )" a n s !h" "ndo2 ) " n ! o& di#in" ra+ " * %u! Di! is no! +l"arE 2h"! h " r !his i&! o& ra+ " 2as a Auali!$ poss " s s " d %$ l"ad " r s ind"p " n d " n ! o& so+i"! $ or a Auali!$ d"p " n d " n ! on i!s r"+o ni!ion %$ &ollo2"rs. Th" !"r ) has !a/" n on a nu )% " r o& di&&"r" n! %u! o#"rlap pin )" a ni n s C l"ad " r s 4 )a i+ al Auali!i"s. an ")o !ion al %ond %"!2 " " n l"ad " r and l"d. d"p " n d " n + " on a &a!h"r &i ur" %$ !h" )a s s " s . popul ar ass u ) p !i o n s !ha! a l"ad" r is po2"r&ul* o)nis+i" n! * and #ir!uou s. i)pu! a !ion o& "nor )o u s sup "r n a ! u r a l po2"r !o l"ad" r s For s"+ular po2"r* or %o!hG. and si)pl$ popular suppor ! &or a l"ad " r !ha! #"r " s on lo#". I! is di&&i+ul!* and so)" !i ) " s par a d o @i+ al* !o !hin/ o& A%rah a ) 7in+oln as a )a n 2ho poss " s s " d +haris ) a in )u+ h !h" sa ) " 2a$ as* sa$* -ohn 0. 1"nn" d $ did. A&!"r all* !his is !h" sa ) " s!oi+- &a+"d indi#idu al 2" s"" in old pho!o r a p h s . !h" n"#"r- s)ilin )a n o& !h" s!a! u " s and %us! s. !h" )a n 2ho dr" s s " d in %la+/* dull* ill-&i!!in +lo!h" s and rar"l$ +o)% " d his hair. Bu! 4par a d o@ 4 is a )os ! appro pri a ! " d"s+rip!ion &or no! onl$ 7in+oln !h" )a n %u! 7in+oln !h" l"ad " r. Th"r" 2"r"* in &a+!* nu )" r o u s par a d o @ " s in 7in+oln4s l"ad " r s hip s!$l". 0or ins! a n+ " * h" !"nd " d !o %" s!ri/in l$ &l"@i%l" 2hil" a! !h" sa ) " !i)" a )od "l o& +onsis! " n + $. Durin !h" &our $"ar s o& his pr" sid" n + $* 7in+oln 2as r" )a r / a %l $ +onsis! " n ! . <arl$ in his &irs! ad )inis!r a !ion !h" pr"sid" n ! dir"+! " d and "n+our a " d his +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s !o %" +onsis! " n ! in !h"ir +hoi+" s &or poli!i+al appoin! ) " n ! s * !o %" sur" !h"ir a+!ions )" ! 2i!h !h" pu%li+s n" " d s and opinions. 8onsis! " n + $ %"+ a ) " on" o& 7in+oln4s su%!l" !rad " ) a r / s and

on" o& !h" )ain +o s in !h" )a+ hin " r $ o& his ad )inis!r a !ion. (u+h d"p " n d a %ili!$ &ro) a l"ad " r inspir" s !rus! and na! ur all$ )a/ " s p"opl " &""l )or " +o)&or! a %l " on a da$- !o- da$ %asis. 7in+oln 2as +onsis! " n ! in ho2 h" !r" a ! " d p"opl "* and ho2 h" )a d " assi n ) " n ! s and pro)o !ion s. +onsis! " n ! in his in!"r a + !ion 2i!h his +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s and "n " r al s. and +onsis! " n ! in ho2 h" ad )inis! " r " d and )a n a " d !h" o#"r n ) " n ! and i!s 2ar )a + hi n " . 3" ord"r " d )ili!ar$ appoin! ) " n ! s and +o) )i s sio n s onl$ 4i& i! +an +onsis! " n !l $ %" don" 4. h" r"l" a s " d %o$s &ro) )ili!ar$ s"r#i+" i&* in !h" dis+r " !ion o& !h" +o) ) a n di n o&&i+"r* 4$ou !hin/ i! is no! in+onsis! " n ! 2i!h !h" pu%li+ in!"r " s ! . 4 7in+oln "#" n us" d !h" 4+onsis! " n + $4 ra!ional " !o ?us!i&$ his runnin &or a s"+on d !"r )C 9I ha#" no! p"r )i! ! " d )$s "l&* "n!l " ) " n * !o +on+lud " !ha! I a) !h" %"s ! )a n in !h" +oun!r $* 4 h" on+ " said !o !h" :a!ional 'r%an 7"a u " * 4%u! I a) r" )ind " d * in !his +onn " + !ion* o& a s!or$ o& an old Du!+h &ar )" r* 2ho r" )a r / " d !o a +o)p a ni o n on+" !ha! 4i! 2as no! %"s! !o s2a p hors " s 2h"n +rossin s!r" a ) s . 9 5"!* 2hil" %"in a )od "l o& +onsis! " n + $* 7in+oln 2as also un+o ) ) o nl $ &l"@i%l". 3" 2as a l"ad " r 2ho 2ould no! and did no! li)i! hi)s "l&. 4=$ poli+$ is !o ha#" no poli+$*4 h"4d sa$. 4I shall no! surr " n d " r !his a )" l"a#in an$ a#aila%l " +ard unpla $" d . 4 7in+oln 2ould al2a $s l"a#" 4an oppor! u ni! $ &or a +ha n " o& )ind.4 3"4d +o) )i ! ! " d hi)s "l& !o doin 2ha! " # " r i! !oo/ !o pr"s " r # " * pro! " + ! * and d"&"n d !h" 8ons!i!u!ion o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s * 2hi+h !o hi) )" a n ! /"" pin !h" +oun!r $ !o " ! h " r . In a l"!! "r !o 3ora+ " ;r""l" $* 2ri!!" n in 1862* !h" pr"sid " n ! d"s+ri% " d his #i"2 o& !his 4o&&i+ial du!$*4 2hi+h in+lud" d an un% " n di n d"#o!ion !o &l"@i%ili!$C I shall do l"ss 2h" n " # " r I shall %"li"#" 2ha! I a ) doin hur!s !h" +aus " * and I shall do )or " 2h" n " # " r I shall %"li"#" doin )or " 2ill h"lp !h" +aus " . I shall !r$ !o +orr"+! "rrors 2h"n sho2n !o %" "rrors. and I shall adop! n"2 #i"2s so &as! as !h" $ shall app " a r !o %" !ru" #i"2s. 7in+oln4s ad" p ! handlin o& par a d o @ has %"" n +on&ir)" d %$ r"+ " n ! l"ad " r s hip s!udi " s as an "ss " n !i al s/i&& &or all l"ad " r s . To) P"!"r s * in his %oo/ Thri#in 6n 8haos* r"+o ) ) " n d " d pro)o !i n !hos " indi#iduals 2ho d"al %"s! 2i!h par a d o @. 4=ana " r s a! all l"#"ls*9 h" 2ro!"* 4)u s ! +o)" !o rips 2i!h par a d o @ " s !ha! ha#" s"! +on#" n !ion al )a n a " ) " n ! 2isdo ) on i!s "ar.4 3" o&&"r" d 4!ips &or !ha! para d o @- lo#in )a n a " r 2ho )us ! %" !h" l"ad " r o& !h" &u!ur "C %" ou! and a%ou!. onl$ %$ %"in a! !h" &ron! lin" 2ill $ou %" a%l" !o &""l !h" pa+ " * !h" pro r " s s * and !h" pro%l" ) s 2h"r " i! +oun! s. lis!"n and pro#id" lis!"nin &oru )s . l"arn !o lo#" and laud &ailur"s. and pr" a + h sp" " d $ hori>on! al +o) ) u ni + a !io n. 4 7in+oln sho2" d his )a s ! " r $ o& par a d o @ %$ s/ill&ull$ pro#idin a ro+/- solid* s!a%l " o#"r n ) " n ! as a &ound a !ion &or !h" na!ion4 s s"+uri!$* 2hil" a! !h" sa ) " !i)" p"rso n all$ ins!i!u!in )a s si# " a )o u n ! s o& +ha n " . 3" +oupl" d !his +hi"& para d o @ 2i!h )a n $ o!h"r s" " )i n l $ +on!r a di+! or $ appro a + h " s !ha! all l"ad " r s * in "#"r$ 2al/ o& li&"* )us ! )a s ! " r !o %" su++ " s s& ul. 3"r" ar" ?us! so)" o& !h" par a d o @ " s !ha! ar" "a sil$ id"n!i&ia%l" in 7in+oln4s l"ad " r s hip s!$l"C P 3" 2as +haris ) a ! i+ $"! una s s u )i n . P 3" 2as +onsis! " n ! $"! &l"@i%l". P 3" 2as !h" #i+!i) o& #as! a )o u n ! s o& sland " r and )ali+"* $"! h" 2as also i))" n s " l $ popular 2i!h !h" !roops. P 3" 2as !rus!in and +o)p a s s i o n a ! " * $"! +ould also %" d" ) a n di n and !ou h. P 3" 2as a ris/- !a/"r and inno#a !i#"* $"! pa!i" n! and +al+ula!in . P 3" s" " ) " d !o ha#" a 4r"#ol#in door4 o& "n " r al s 2ho ) h" o&!"n r" )o# " d and r"pla+ " d. $"!* in r"ali!$* h" a#" !h" ) a )pl " !i)" and suppor ! !o produ+ " r"sul! s.

P 3" +lai)" d no! !o ha#" +on!roll"d "#" n! s * !ha! his poli+$ 2as !o ha#" no poli+$ 2h" n* in a+!u ali!$* h" did +on!rol "#" n! s !o a #"r$ lar " d" r " " %$ %"in a r " s si# " * !a/in +har " * and %"in "@!r a or din a ril$ d"+isi#". 6n" na! ur all$ 2ond " r s ho2 7in+oln +ould possi%l$ ha#" )a n a " d all o& !h" s " a)a >in in+onsis! " n +i " s durin so !r$in a !i)" in A)"ri+a n his!or$. 5"! no! onl$ did h" )a n a " !h" )* h" )a s ! " r " d !h" s " par a d o@ " s in so &or)id a %l " a )a n n " r !ha!* %$ %"in )or " o&!"n proa+ !i#" !han r"a+!i#"* h" a+!u all$ +on!roll"d !h" ou!+o ) " o& "#" n! s . ,hil" 7in+oln 2as a%l" !o +api!ali>" on his o2n s!r" n ! h s * h" 2as also a%l" !o r"+o ni> " his shor!+ o )i n s * +o)p " n s a ! " &or !h" )* and pla$ do2n his dar/"r sid". All hu)a n %"in s ha#" !h"ir 2"a/n " s s " s * %u! no! all o& us r"ali>" !h" )* +o)" !o rips 2i!h !h" )* or o&&s"! !h"ir n" a !i# " i)pa + ! . As a roup 2hos " pri)a r $ "nd " a # o r is in!"r a + !in 2i!h o!h"r p"opl"* l"ad" r s )us ! a++o )plish !h" par a d o@i+ al !as/ o& )a n a i n !h"ir dar/" r sid" s. (u%ordin a ! " s loo/ &or !h"ir %oss " s !o %" posi!i#"* in ood hu )or* and +h" " r&ul. Th"$ ar"n4 ! suppo s " d !o %" " )o!ion al or ha#" %ad da$s. Bu! l"ad" r s ar" hu )a n * !oo* and 2h" n !h"$ ar" in a lous$ )ood and sna p a! a su%ordin a ! " * i! +an ha#" a d"#a s ! a !i n "&&"+!. 3o2 did 7in+oln +on!rol !h" )or " n" a !i#" asp " + ! s o& his +har a + ! " r * su+h as an " r and &rus!r a !ionI Thou h on+ " in a 2hil" h" 2ould %lo2 up and los" his !" )p " r * h" usu all$ did i! in pri#a! " . To a#oid su+h a displa$* 7in+oln 2ould si! do2n and 2ri!" l"n ! h$ l"!! "r s !ha! h" "n " r all$ did no! s"nd. Th"$ s"r#" d as 2a$s !o r"l"a s " his p"n!- up " )o!ion al &""lin s. R"+all !ha! h" dra&! " d a s!a! " ) " n ! r"&u!in =+8l"llan4 s sland " r o u s r" )a r / s +on+ " r nin !h" 4An!i"! a ) "pisod " 4 %u! 2ould no! allo2 ,ard 7a)on !o d"li#"r i!. And !o ;"n. ;"or " ="ad" a&!"r ;"!!$s % ur 7in+oln 2ro! " a s+a! hin l"!!"r dis+us sin his dissa !is&a + !ion 2i!h !h" "n " r al &or no! "n a in 7""4s ar )$ and &or allo2in !h"ir "s+ a p " in!o Vir inia. 4I 2as in su+h d"" p dis!r " s s )$s "l&*4 h" 2ro! "* 4!ha ! I +ould no! r"s!r ain so)" "@pr " s si on o& i!.4 Bu! 7in+oln 2ould no! s"nd !his l"!! "r "i!h"r. In &a+!* on !h" ou!sid" "n#"lop " h" la!"r 2ro! "C 4To ;"n. ="ad" * n"#"r s"n!* or si n" d. 4 :"ar !h" +on+lusion o& ,illia) Ros"+r a n s 4 s #i+!or$ a! 8ha!! a n o o a * T"nn" s s " " * in ("p! " ) % " r 1863* 7in+oln on+ " #"n! " d his an " r in !h" pr" s " n + " o& !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! s T"l" r a p h 6&&i+" s!a&&. 'pon h" arin !ha! ;"n. A)%ros " Burnsid " had h"a d " d his ar )$ in !h" dir"+!ion o& -on"s%or o ra!h " r !ha n !o 8ha!! a n o o a in suppor ! o& Ros"+r a n s * 7in+oln is r"por! " d !o ha#" %oun+ " d his s!o#" pip " ha! o&& !h" &loor and +ri"d* 4Da )n -on"s %or oK4 This 2as !h" onl$ !i)" an$o n " 4in !ha! o&&i+" 2ould "#"r h" ar !h" pr" sid" n ! s2" a r. Bu! 7in+oln 2as !"rri%l$ an " r " d . Burnsid" * h" !hou h ! * had diso% " $" d a dir"+! ord"r and had no! &ollo2" d !hrou h on 2ha! h" said h" 2as oin !o do. (o* +har a + ! " ri s !i+ all$* 7in+oln sa! do2n and 2ro! " his "n " r al a +hidin l"!! "rC 4I! )a / " s )" dou%! 2h"! h " r I a ) a2a/ " or dr" a )i n * 4 h" s!a! " d . 9I ha#" %" " n s!ru lin &or !"n da$s* &irs! !hrou h ;"n. 3all"+/* and !h"n dir"+!l$* !o "! $ou !o o assis! ;"n. Ros"+r a n s in an "@!r" )i ! $* and $ou ha#" r"p" a ! " dl $ d"+lar " d $ou 2ould do i!* and $"! $ou s!" a dil$ )o#" !h" +on!r a r $ 2a$.4 6n+" a ain* ho2" # " r * 7in+oln si)pl$ 2ro! " on !h" %a+/ o& !h" l"!! "r 4:o! s"n!.4 3" &"l! %"!! " r &or ha#in r"l"a s " d his n" a !i#" &""lin s* %u! pro%a %l$ r"ali>" d !ha! !o +h"2 ou! Burnsid " a! !ha! poin! in !i)" 2ould s"r#" no us"&ul purpos " . 7in+oln usu all$ "@hi%i!" d his dar/" r sid"s onl$ in pri#a! " . so)" !i ) " la!"r* a&!"r +oolin o&&* h" 2ould a ain addr " s s !h" pro%l" )* in a l"ss " )o!ion al &ra )" o& )ind. Bu! 7in+oln4s pri)a r $ oal 2as !o no! los" his !" )p " r a! all* or a! l"as! !o )ini )i> " !h" !i)" s h" 2ould do so. 3is s!ra ! " $ 2as si)pl$ !o no! pu! hi)s "l& in !ha! posi!ion* !o a#oid +on&li+! 2h"r " # " r possi%l". 47"! )inor di&&"r" n+ " s * and p"rso n al pr"&"r " n + " s * i& !h"r " %" su+h. o !o !h" 2inds*4 h" on+ " said. In 1860* 7in+oln 2ro!" !o 8orn"lius 0. =+:"illC 4I 2ish no "@pla n a !io n )a d " !o our "n" )i " s . ,ha! !h"$ 2an! is a sAua % %l " and a

&uss. and !ha! !h"$ +an ha#" i& 2" "@plain. and !h" $ +an no! ha#" i& 2" don4!.4 And in 1864* !h" pr"sid " n ! l"+!ur " d Assis!a n ! ("+r " ! a r $ o& !h" :a#$ ;us! a # u s V. 0o@ a%ou! +on&li+!C 45ou ha#" )or " o& !ha! &""lin o& p"rs on al r"s " n ! ) " n ! !han I*4 7in+oln !old hi). 4P"rh a p s I )a $ ha#" !oo li!!l" o& i!* %u! I n"#" r !hou h ! i! paid. A )a n has no! !i)" !o sp" n d hal& his li&" in Auarr "ls. I& an$ )a n +"a s " s !o a!! a +/ )"* I n"#"r r" )" ) % " r !h" pas ! a ains ! hi).4 In 6+!o% " r 1863* 7in+oln d"li#"r " d a s!" ) r"pri )a n d !o 8ap!. -a)" s =. 8u!!s* a $oun o&&i+"r 2hos " +hi"& o&&"ns " 2as "n a in in +on&li+! and #"r%all$ a%usin a %ro!h " r o&&i+"r. 7in+oln !old 8u!!s no! !o Auarr "l a! allC :o )a n r"sol#" d !o )a / " !h" )os ! o& hi)s "l&* +an spar " !i)" &or p"rs on al +on! " n !ion. (!ill l"ss +an h" a&&ord !o !a/" all !h" +ons " A u " n + " s * in+ludin !h" #i!ia!in o& his !" )p " r * and !h" loss o& s"l&- +on!rol. 5i"ld lar "r !hin s !o 2hi+h $ou +an sho2 no )or " !ha n "Au al ri h!. and $i"ld l"ss " r on"s* !hou h +l"arl$ $our o2n. B"!! "r i#" $our pa! h !o a do * !han %" %i!!" n %$ hi) in +on! " s !in &or !h" ri h!. <#"n /illin !h" do 2ould no! +ur" !h" %i!". In !h" )a n $ s+hools o& l"ad " r s hip* i! is no! o&!"n !ha! a pros p " + !i#" sup "r #isor 2ill %" ad#is " d !o si)pl$ a#oid Auarr "lin . In &a+!* rar"l$ ar" s" )in a r s o&&"r" d on !h" )or " n" a !i#" asp " + ! s o& !h" l"ad " r s ?o%. =or" o&!"n* su+h s"s sions !"nd !o &o+us on !h" posi!i#"* 4+an d" #i"2poin!. Bu! !h" plain &a+! o& !h" )a ! ! " r is !ha!* &or an$ p"rs on !o su++ " s s& ull$ l"ad o!h"r s * h" or sh" )us ! d"al 2i!h r"ali!$ and %" r"a d$ !o a++" p ! !h" &a+! !ha! l"ad " r s hip* a! !i)" s * +an %rin ou! !h" 2ors! in us. And und" r s ! a n di n * as 2"ll as +o)in !o rips 2i!h !h" dar/" r sid" o& $our p"rso n ali!$* is /"$ !o d" alin 2i!h r"al- li&" si!ua !ions . 7in+oln 2as a%l" !o do i!* and so +an +on! " ) p o r a r $ l"ad " r s * 2ho +an l"arn &ro) his s/ill. 3" )a n a " d his dar/" r sid" %$ displa $in his ou!ra " onl$ in pri#a! " * 2ri!in lon l"!! "r s !o #"n! his an " r and ")o !ion* a#oidin +on&li+! 2h"r " # " r possi%l"* and n"#"r Auarr "lin o#"r insi ni&i+an! )a ! ! " r s . Bu! /"" pin on" s dar/" r sid" und "r +on!rol is onl$ on" +o)po n " n ! o& )a s ! " ri n par a d o @. :"2 l"ad" r s in !oda $4 s &as!- pa+ " d %usin" s s +li)a ! " )us ! %" r"a d$ !o d"al 2i!h +o)pl " @ si!ua !ion s !ha! r"Auir " a #ari"! $ o& di&&"r" n! appro a + h " s . In so)" ins!a n+ " s * i! 2ill %" n"+ " s s a r $ !o )a/ " Aui+/ d"+isions and !a/" ris/s so as no! !o )iss i)por! a n ! oppor! u ni!i" s. In o!h"r +as " s * a +ons " r# a !i# " and pa!i" n! appro a + h )a $ %" n"+ " s s a r $ !o )or " !horou hl$ r"s " a r + h a #"n! ur " . 8orpor a ! " l"ad " r s o& !h" &u!ur " 2ill ha#" !o pro#id" " )plo$" " s"+uri!$ 2hil" also "n+our a i n an "n#iron ) " n ! &or ris/ !a/in . A! !i)" s i! 2ill s"" ) li/" 2al/in a d"li+a! " !i h!rop " . Bu!* in r"ali!$* i! is no!hin )or " !ha n !h" si)pl " und "r s ! a n di n !ha! "a+h p"rs on* and "a+h si!ua !ion* is di&&"r" n ! and should %" handl " d uniAu "l$* in so)" +as " s 2i!h +o)pl " ! "l $ opposi! " s!$l"s. In )a n $ 2a$s* )a s ! " rin para d o@ is no!hin )or " !han ha#in ood +o) )o n s"ns " . P P P P P P =a/" +onsis! " n + $ on" o& !h" )ain +o s in !h" )a+ hin " r $ o& $our +orpor a !ion. R")" ) % " r !ha! i! is no! %"s! !o s2a p hors " s 2h"n +rossin s!" a ) s . Don4! surr" n d " r !h" a ) " l"a#in an$ a#aila%l " +ard unpla $" d . Do l"ss 2h" n " # " r $ou %"li"#" 2ha! $ou ar" doin hur! s !h" +aus " * and do )or " 2h" n " # " r $ou %"li"#" doin )or " 2ill h"lp !h" +aus " . Tr$ !o +orr"+ ! "rrors 2h" n !h" $ ar" sho2n !o %" "rrors. and adop! n"2 #i"2s so &as! as !h" $ app " a r !o %" !ru" #i"2s. 5ou )us ! +o)" !o rips 2i!h !h" par a d o @ o& pro#idin " )plo$" " s"+uri!$ 2hil" also "n+our a i n an "n#iron ) " n ! &or ris/- !a/in . ,h"n $ou ar" in d" " p dis!r " s s and +anno! r"s!r ain so)" "@pr " s sio n o& i!* si! do2n and 2ri!" ou! a hars h l"!! "r #"n!in $our an " r. Bu! don4! s"nd i!.

=a/" no "@pla n a !io n !o $our "n" )i " s . ,ha! !h"$ 2an! is a sAua % %l " and a &uss. and !ha! !h" $ +an ha#" i& $ou "@plain* and !h" $ +an no! ha#" i& $ou don4!. P A#oid )a?or +on&li+! in !h" &or) o& Auarr "ls and ar u ) " n ! s . 5ou si)pl$ don4! ha#" !i)" &or i!.

PART III ) ENDEA$OR

(o)" sin l" )ind )us ! %" )a s ! " r * "ls" !h"r " 2ill %" no a r " " ) " n ! in an$! hin . . . . Par! o& 7in+oln4s &ir) s!a n+ " r" ar din n"2 "l"+!ions in !h" (!a! " o& Ar/ans a s F0"%ru a r $ 17* 1864G

7 ) E(erci s e a Stro n g Han d 88 !e Deci s i # e

A%rah a ) 7in+oln is "n " r all$ r" a r d " d as !h" &irs! )od " r n pr" sid" n ! in s"#" r al r"sp " + ! s . ,hil" h" is )os ! &a)o u s &or &r""in !h" sla#" s and pr" s " r #in !h" &"d"r al 'nion* h" also r" a !l$ "@pa n d " d !h" li)i!s o& A)"ri+a n pr"sid" n !i al au!hori!$ and po2"r. In &a+!* "#" n !hou h i! 2as no! his ori inal in!"n!ion* h" pra+!i+ all$ r"d"&in" d !h" pr"sid" n + $ 2hil"* a! !h" sa )" !i)"* no!a %l$ r"#isin !h" A)"ri+a n +ons!i!u!ion al s$s! " ) . 0a+"d 2i!h !h" po!" n!i al dissolu!ion o& !h" 'nion and o#"r! hr o2 o& !h" o#"r n ) " n ! * 7in+oln a+! " d and r"a+ ! " d %$ +r" a !in n"2 li)i!s o& au! hori!$ and l"ad " r s hip und "r !h" pr"s s u r " o& dir" +i#il s!ri&". Th" na!ion* a&!"r all* 2as und "r oin a +i#il 2ar- so)" ! hi n !ha! no pr"#ious pr" sid" n ! had %" " n &or+"d !o d" al 2i!h and so)" ! hi n !ha! !h" 0oundin 0a!h"r s had no! sp"+i&i+all$ pro#id" d &or in !h" 8ons!i!u!ion. 8ir+u )s ! a n + " s &or+"d 7in+oln !o %" inno#a !i#" * and h" ?us!i&i"d his "@pa n sio n o& au!hori!$ %$ in#o/in a n"2 in!"rpr " ! a !io n o& !h" pr"sid " n !i al oa!h r" a r din !h" 8ons!i!u!ion i!s"l&. =$ oa!h ... i)pos " d upon )" !h" du!$ o& pr"s " r #in * %$ "#"r$ indisp " n s a %l " )" a n s * !ha! o#"r n ) " n ! - !ha! na!ion- -o& 2hi+h !ha! 8ons!i!u!ion 2as !h" or a ni+ la2. ,as i! possi%l" !o los" !h" na!ion* and $"! pr"s " r # " !h" 8ons!i!u!ionI B$ "n " r al la2 li&" and li)% )us ! %" pro! " + ! " d . $"! o&!"n a li)% )us ! %" a)p u ! a ! " d !o sa#" a li&". %u! a li&" is n"#"r 2is"l$ i#"n !o sa#" a li)%. I &"l! !ha! )" a s u r " s * o!h"r2is " un+ons !i! u!ion al )i h! %"+o ) " la2&ul %$ %"+o )i n indisp " n s a %l " !o !h" pr"s " r # a !io n o& !h" 8ons!i!u!ion* !hrou h !h" pr"s " r # a !io n o& !h" na!ion. :o2* i& !his pas s a " * 2ri!!" n %$ 7in+oln !o Al%"r! 3od " s in April 1864* 2"r " !o %" r"ad %$ so)" o n " 2ho did no! ha#" a "n " r al +on+ " p ! o& his %roa d ass u ) p ! i on o& au! hori!$ and po2"r* !h" Au" s !ion )i h! aris"C 4,ha! did 7in+oln doI4 A %"!! " r Au" s !ion )i h! %"* ho2" # " r * 4,ha! did 7in+oln no! doI9 In !ru!h* h" 2as so d"+isi#" !ha! h" l"&! #ir!uall$ no s!on " un!ur n " d . 3" !oo/ ad#a n ! a " o& n" arl$ "#"r $ si!ua !ion a! hand. 8on&usion* d"s p " r a !io n* and ur " n + $ all +o)%in " d !o i#" 7in+oln !h" p"r&"+ ! oppor! u ni! $ !o a+!. Th" na!ion n" " d " d a l"ad" r 4 s s!ron hand* and 7in+oln pro#id" d i!. ,i!hin 2""/s o& !h" &irin on 0or! (u)! " r * !h" pr"sid" n ! issu" d a +all &or !roops* on" o& a! l"as! !"n su+h ord"r s h" 2ould )a / " o#"r !h" n"@! &our $"ar s . F7in+oln 2as !h" &irs! pr"sid" n ! !o "na+ ! +ons+rip!ion* on Au us! 4* 1862* as a 2a$ o& raisin an ar )$ !o &i h! a 2ar.G 3" issu" d pro+la ) a ! i o n s dir"+!in a %lo+/a d " o& !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s!a! " s &ro) Vir inia !o T"@as. 3" d"+lar " d )ar!i al la2 %$ sus p " n di n !h" 2ri! o& ha% " a s +orpus* 2hi+h allo2" d !h" )ili!ar$ !o )a/ " arr" s ! s 2i!hou! sp"+i&i+ +har " s . This on" a+! alon" o#"rs h a d o 2 " d his pri)a r $ purpos " * 2hi+h 2as !o pro! " + ! !h" na!ion &ro) spi"s and !rai!ors* in !ha! i! +r"a ! " d su+h 2id"s pr " a d diss " n ! a )o n +i!i>"ns and o!h"r o#"r n ) " n ! o&&i+ials !ha! i! al)o s ! %a+/&ir" d. 8hi"& ?us!i+" o& !h" (upr" ) " 8our! Ro "r B. Tan"$ ass ail" d 7in+oln on

!h" )a ! ! " r * +lai)in !ha! onl$ 8on r " s s had !h" ri h! !o susp " n d ha% " a s +orpus. Th" D")o+ r a !i+ par!$ and i!s &ri"ndl$ pr"s s had a &i"ld da$ la%"lin !h" pr"sid " n ! a di+!a ! or and a !$ra n!. Bu! !hrou h i! all 7in+oln s!ood &ir)* and h" +on!inu " d !o susp " n d !h" 2ri! as h" sa2 !h" n"" d. 7in+oln4s in!"rpr " ! a !io n o& pr"sid" n !i al 2ar po2"r s s!r" !+ h " d !h" )" a ni n o& !h" 8ons!i!u!ion !o i!s li)i!* and &u!ur " pr"sid " n ! s 2ould +i!" his a+!ions as ?us!i&i+a!ion &or !h"ir o2n. <arl$ in his &irs! !"r )* 7in+oln 2as +ons! a n !l$ pr"s s ur " d %$ /"$ ad#is " r s !o +api!ula ! " !o !h" (ou!h4 s d" )a n d s !o a#oid a %lood$ +on&li+!. 6n on" o++a sion* h" 2as ad#is " d %$ a Vir inian !o surr" n d " r all &or!s and prop" r ! $ in !h" (ou!h " r n s!a! " s . 7in+oln i))" di a ! "l $ r"?"+! " d !h" op!ion %$ !"llin A"sop4 s para %l " o& !h" lion and !h" 2ood ) a n 4 s dau h ! " r C A lion 2as #"r$ )u+ h in lo#" 2i!h a 2ood ) a n 4 s dau h ! " r . Th" &air )aid r"&"rr " d hi) !o h"r &a!h" r and !h" lion appli"d &or !h" irl. Th" &a!h"r r"pli"dC 45our !""! h ar" !oo lon .4 (o !h" lion 2"n! !o a d"n!is! and had !h" ) "@!r a + ! " d . R"!urnin * h" as/" d &or his %rid". 4:o*4 said !h" 2ood ) a n * 4$our +la2s ar" !oo lon .4 ;oin %a+/ !o !h" d"n!is!* h" had !h" ) dra2n. Th"n h" r"!ur n " d !o +lai) his %rid"* and !h" 2ood ) a n * s" "in !ha! h" 2as unar ) " d * %" a ! ou! his %rains. 4=a$ i! no! %" so 2i!h )"* 4 +on+lud " d !h" pr" sid" n ! * 4i& I i#" up all !ha! is as/" dI 4 Th" d"+ision !o r"sup pl$ 0or! (u)! " r * ra!h " r !ha n "#a+ u a ! " or +o) ) " n + " hos!ili!i"s* !urn" d ou! !o %" a shr" 2 d )o#" on 7in+oln4s par!. :o! onl$ 2as i! +onsis! " n ! 2i!h !h" s!ra! " $ h" ou!lin" d in his inau ur al addr " s s %u!* on+ " !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s &ir"d on !h" &or!* !h" pr"sid " n ! 2as pro#id" d 2i!h an oppor! u ni! $ !ha! ?us!i&i"d s!ron * d"+isi#" a+!ion. I! 2as !h" s!ar! o& !h" 8i#il ,ar* and pu%li+ opinion in !h" :or!h +la )or " d &or i))" di a ! " r"!alia!ion. Don <. 0"hr" n % a + h " r * a pro)in " n ! 7in+oln s+holar* has no!" d !ha! %"+ a u s " i! 2as an a+! o& 2ar* i! pro#id" d a +ons !i! u!ion al %asis &or #i orous "@"+ u !i# " a+!ion !ha! had hi!h"r! o %" " n la+/in . And* %"+ a u s " * +o)in as i! did 2h" n 8on r " s s 2as no! in s"s sion* !h" 0or! (u)! " r "pisod " a#" 7in+oln !h" oppor! u ni! $ !o s"i>" !h" ini!ia!i#" &ro) !h" l" isla!i#" %ran+ h- an ini!ia!i#" !ha! h" n"#"r r"linAuish " d . 4 I! is also si ni&i+an! !o no! " !ha! !h" pr"sid" n ! did no! +all 8on r " s s in!o sp"+i al s"s sion un!il -ul$ 4* 1861* !h"r " % $ i#in hi) al)o s ! !hr" " )on! h s !o a+! on his o2n. Durin his ad )inis!r a !ion* 7in+oln s"! a pr"+ " d " n ! o& dir"+!in !h" "@p" n di! ur " o& )on " $ 2i!hou! !h" o&&i+ial appro# al o& 8on r " s s . 0or "@a ) pl " * h" ord"r " d ("+r " ! a r $ o& !h" Tr"as ur $ 8has " !o i#" N2 )illion !o !hr" " :"2 5or/ %usin" s s ) " n &or !h" purpos " o& aidin !h" )ili!ar$ %uildup. 3" ord"r " d !h" :a#$ !o pur+h a s " !2" n! $ n"2 ships and appro pri a ! " d )on " $ &or (!an! o n and ("2ar d !o us" in +arr$in ou! !h" susp " n sio n o& !h" 2ri! o& ha% " a s 8ars. 3" also allo+a ! " d )on " $ !o 4"n+our a " inun- ni ra!ion.4 FIG In runnin !h" ad )i nis !r a !ion4 s 2ar "&&or!* 7in+oln did "#"r $! hin &ro) as/in ;"n. ,in&i"ld (+o!! !o 4)a / " shor!* +o)pr " h " n s i# " r"por! s !o )"4 !o +o)pl " ! "l $ r"#a ) pi n and r"or a ni>in !h" A)"ri+a n )ili!ar$ +o) ) a n d s$s! " ). 3" issu" d nu)" r o u s &or)al 4,ar 6rd"r s4 in an "&&or! !o "! his "n " r al s )o#in * and h" r"#o/" d ord"r s and pro+la ) a ! i on s issu" d %$ his "n " r al s !ha! had no! %" " n appro# " d %$ hi). 6n on" hand* 7in+oln 2an! " d his "n " r al s !o !a/" a+!ion on !h"ir o2n. on !h" o!h"r* h" 2ould no! allo2 !h" ) !o di+!a ! " poli+$* 2hi+h h" d"" ) " d should +o)" onl$ &ro) hi). Th" pr"sid" n ! did no! al2a$s !a/" /indl$ !o p"opl " 2ho 2"r" no! in#ol#" d in !h" da$!o- da$ op"r a !ion s o& !h" o#"r n ) " n ! )a /in d" ) a n d s upon hi) or !"llin hi) ho2 h" should run !h" 2ar "&&or!. Bu!* ra!h " r !han hars hl$ !urnin a2a $ su+h indi#idu als* 7in+oln 2ould "a s " !h" ) ou! o& his o&&i+" 2i!h a shor!* appro pri a ! " an"+ d o ! " . 0or "@a ) pl " * 2h" n a d"l" a !ion o& poli!i+ians &ro) !h" ,"s! in#ad " d his o&&i+" )a /in "@+i!" d d" )a n d s * h" si)pl$ shu! !h" ) o&& %$ r"spon di n C

;"n!l" ) " n * suppo s " all !h" prop" r ! $ $ou 2"r " 2or!h 2as in old and !his $ou had pla+" d in !h" hand s o& Don" )a nE !o +arr$ a+ros s !h" :ia ar a Ri#"r on a rop". ,ould $ou sha/ " !h" +a%l" and /"" p shou!in a! hi)C 4(!a n d up a li!!l" s!rai h! " r . s!oop a li!!l" )or "* o a li!!l" &as! "r* o a li!!l" slo2"r* l"an a li!!l" )or " !o !h" sou!hI 4 :o* $ou 2ould hold $our %r" a ! h* as 2"ll as $our !on u " * and /"" p $our hand s o&& un!il h" o! sa&"l$ o#"r. Th" ;o#"rn ) " n ! is +arr$in an "nor )o u s 2"i h!. 'n!old !r" a s ur " is in !h"ir hand s . Don4! %ad " r !h" ). 1""p sil"n+ " and 2" 2ill "! $ou sa&"l$ a+ros s . 6n ("p! " ) % " r 22* 1862* Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln did so)" ! hi n !ha! h" &"l! h" had #"r$ li!!l" +ons!i!u!ion al au!hori!$ !o doC 3" issu" d !h" Pr"li)ina r $ <)a n+ip a !ion Pro+la ) a !i on. A! !h" ad#i+" o& ("+r" ! a r $ ("2ar d* 7in+oln !i)" d i!s issua n+ " !o o++ur a&!"r a )a?or 'nion #i+!or$* 2hi+h* %$ +ha n+ " * !urn" d ou! !o in+lud" !h" %loodi" s ! sin l" da$ o& !h" 8i#il ,ar* =+8l"llan4 s #i+!or$ a! An!i"! a )* =ar$land. Th" do+u ) " n ! * 2hi+h 2as !o %"+o ) " !h" )os ! +on!ro# " r si al and !h" )os ! i)por! a n ! o& his pr" sid" n + $* pro+lai )" d !ha! all sla#" s li#in in an$ s!a! " no! in !h" 'nion %$ -anuar $ 1* 1863* 2ould %" 4h" n+ "&or 2 a r d* and &or"#"r &r"".4 ,h"n ("+r " ! a r $ 8has " su " s ! " d !o 7in+oln !ha! h" "@! " n d " )a n +i p a !ion !o o!h"r ar" a s * !h" pr"sid" n ! r"&us " d !o +onsid" r i!C Th" ori inal pro+la ) a !i o n* has no +ons!i!u!ion al or l" al ?us!i&i+a!ion* "@+ " p ! as a )ili!ar$ )" a s u r " . Th" "@" ) p !i on s 2"r" )a d " %"+ a u s " !h" )ili!ar$ n"+ " s si ! $ did no! appl$ !o !h" "@" ) p ! " d lo+ali!i"s. :or do" s !ha! n"+ " s si! $ appl$ !o !h" ) no2 an$ )or " !ha n i! did !h" n. I& I !a/" !h" s!"p )us ! I no! do so* 2i!hou! !h" ar u ) " n ! o& )ili!ar$ n"+ " s si! $* and so 2i!hou! an$ ar u ) " n ! "@+" p! !h" on" !ha! I !hin/ !h" )" a s u r " poli!i+all$ "@p" di " n ! and )or all$ ri h!I ,ould I no! !hus i#" up all &oo!in upon 8ons!i!u!ion or la2I 7in+oln a++ur a ! "l $ sur )is " d !ha! an$ &r""in o& !h" sla#" s "ls"2 h " r " 2ould ali"n a ! " !h" %ord" r s!a! " s * and !h" 'nion +ould no! a&&ord !o los" an$ )or " s!a! " s !han i! had alr" a d $ los!. Par! o& !h" 4)ili!ar$ n"+ " s si ! $4 ?us!i&i+a!ion &or !h" pro+la ) a ! i on 2as !h" in&"r" n+ " !ha! &r"" d %la+/s +ould %" us" d in !h" ar )" d &or+"s. This %old d"+ision r"sul! " d in a su%s ! a n !i al in+r" a s " in !h" nu)% " r o& :or!h" r n !roops. 3o2"# " r* on 0"%ru a r $ 1* 1865* no! !hr" " )on! h s %"&or " his d" a ! h* 7in+oln appro# " d and si n" d !h" r"solu!ion su% )i ! !in !h" Thir!" " n ! h A)"nd ) " n ! FA%oli!ion o& (la#"r$G !o !h" s!a! " s &or ra!i&i+a!ion. In h"lpin !o r"s!or " !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s!a! " s and !h"ir +i!i>"ns !o !h" 'nion* 7in+oln 2as r"sour+ "& ul and "@pli+i! in !a/in d"+isi#" "@"+ u!i#" a+!ion. In his annu al )" s s a " !o 8on r " s s o& D"+" ) % " r 8* 1863* !h" pr"sid" n ! ou!lin" d his propos " d 4!"n p"r+ " n ! 4 plan 2h"r " % $ an$ s"+ " d " d s!a! " * in ord"r !o r"!ur n !o !h" 'nion* 2as r"Auir " d !o ha#" no l"ss !ha n !"n p"r+ " n ! o& i!s +i!i>"ns 2ho #o!" d in 1860 !a/" an oa!h o& all" ia n+ " !o !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s . 'pon doin so* !h" s!a! " s +ould !h"n or a ni> " !h"ir o2n o#"r n ) " n ! and +ould ha#" s"n a ! or s and r"pr " s " n ! a ! i# " s r"ad )i ! ! " d !o 8on r " s s * pro#id" d !h" $ a r" " d !o r"+o ni> " !h" a%olish ) " n ! o& sla#"r $ and "du+ a ! " n"2l$ " )a n +i p a ! " d sla#" s . Th" oa!h* in "ss " n + " * also o&&"r" d a )n " s ! $ !o n" arl$ "#"r $on " 2ho par!i+ipa ! " d in !h" r"%"llion. Ini!iall$ 7in+oln4s plan o& r"+ons ! r u + !ion r"+"i#" d &a#or a %l " r"#i"2s. =os! o& 8on r " s s * ho2" # " r * !hou h ! i! a %i! !oo l"ni"n!* and in 1864 !h" $ +on+ "i#" d and pas s " d !h" hars h " r ,ad"- Da#is Bill* 2hi+h r"Auir " d a 4&i&!$ p"r+ " n !9 nu)% " r s2" a rin all" ia n+ " . 1no2in !ha! o%!ainin su+h a )a?ori!$ o& +i!i>"ns 2ould %" di&&i+ul!* !h" pr"sid" n ! * on -ul$ 4* po+/" !- #"!o " d !h" %ill and* ?us! &our da$s la!"r* r"l"a s " d a s!a! " ) " n ! "@plainin his a+!ions. 3" &ound !h" ,ad"- Da#is Bill 4!o %" in&l"@i%l$ +o) )i ! ! " d !o DaE sin l" plan o& r"s!or a !ion*4 and h" did no! 2ish !o 4s"! asid" !h" alr" a d $ adop! " d and ins!all" d o#"r n ) " n ! s in Ar/ans a s and 7ouisian a . 4 In issuin !his s!a! " ) " n ! +lari&$in his r"a s o n s &or no! si nin !h" %ill* 7in+oln 2as doin so)" ! hi n !ha! )os ! )od " r n pr" sid" n ! s ar" no2 &or+" d !o doC 3" 2as "@plainin hi)s "l& !o !h" A)"ri+a n p"opl" !hrou h !h" pr"s s. Th"

pr"sid" n ! * 7in+oln %"li"#" d* 2as a s"r#a n ! o& and ans 2 " r " d !o !h" p"opl". as su+h* !h" pu%li+ had a ri h! !o /no2 2h$ h" )a d " !h" d"+ision. 7in+oln +ould also %" d"+isi#" and !ou h 2i!h his dir"+! su%or din a ! " s 2h"n h" 2as &or+" d !o do so. ("#"r al )" ) % " r s o& !h" pr"sid " n ! s +a%in" ! pro#" d !o %" Aui!" di&&i+ul!. 6n" pro%l" ) indi#idual 2as ("+r " ! a r $ o& !h" Tr"as ur $ (al)on P. 8has " * 2ho 2as o%s " s s " d 2i!h %"+o )i n pr"sid " n ! hi)s "l&* so )u+ h so !ha! "#"r $o n " in ,ashin ! o n /n"2 i!* in+ludin 7in+oln. 6n" )i h! Au" s !ion 7in+oln4s ?ud ) " n ! in r"!ainin 8has " 2h" n his )o!i#" s 2"r" so o%#ious. Bu! 8has " 2as a +o)p " ! " n ! * a%l" ad )i nis !r a ! or* and 7in+oln n" " d " d hi) !o h"lp run !h" o#"r n ) " n ! and rais" )on " $ !o pa$ &or !h" 2ar "&&or!. 7in+oln o&!"n a++ " p ! " d !h" a r a # a !io n and "@a s p " r a !io n +aus " d %$ su%ordin a ! " s i& !h" $ did !h"ir ?o%s +o)p " ! " n ! l $. 'n&or!un a ! "l $* 8has " 2ould +on!inu all$ pr"+ipi!a ! " pro%l" ) s &or !h" pr"sid" n ! . Th" !2o o&!"n +lash " d o#"r poli+$ )a ! ! " r s * lar " and s)all. 8has " d" ) a n d " d +o)pl " ! " +on!rol o#"r appoin! ) " n ! s !o !h" Tr"a s ur $ D"par! ) " n ! * and !h"r " 2"r" a r" a ! )a n $ su+h pla+ " ) " n ! s . 0or !h" )os ! par!* 7in+oln l"! 8has " ha#" his 2a$ and s"ldo ) in!"r&"r " d. 3o2"#" r* on !2o o++a sion s 2h" n !h" pr"sid " n ! did s!" p in and o#"rrul" Tr"as ur $ appoin! ) " n ! s * 8has " su% )i! ! " d his r"si n a !ion in pro! " s ! . 3" also r"si n " d on on" o++a sion 2h"n* in 0"%rua r $ 1864* a pr"s s +ir+ular pr" ) a ! u r "l $ "@pos " d his )o# " ) " n ! !o r"pla+ " 7in+oln as !h" R"pu%li+a n pr"sid" n !i al no)in " " . ,h"n as/" d 2ha! h" 2as oin !o do a%ou! 8has " 4 s a)%i!ion !o %"+o ) " pr"sid " n ! * 7in+oln r"spon d " d 2i!h a s!or$ o& ho2 h" and his %ro!h " r 2"r " on+ " plo2in +orn 2i!h a la>$ hors " C 6n r"a+ hin !h" "nd o& !h" &urro2* I &ound an "nor )o u s +hin- &l$ &as! " n " d upon D!h" hors "E* and /no+/" d hi) o&&. =$ %ro!h " r as/" d )" 2ha! I did !ha! &or. I !old hi) I didn4! 2an! !h" old hors " %i!!" n in !ha! 2a$. 4,h$*4 said )$ %ro!h " r* 4!ha ! 4 s all !ha! )a d " hi) o.4 :o2* i& =r. 8has " has a Pr"sid" n !i al +hin- &l$ %i!in hi)* I4) no! oin !o /no+/ hi) o&&* i& i! 2ill onl$ )a / " his d"p a r ! ) " n ! o. In all* (al)o n P. 8has " &or)all$ o&&"r" d !o r"si n &our !i)" s o#"r !h" +ours " o& !h" ad )inis!r a !ion. 3" us" d !his !a+!i+ a! !i)" s as a plo$ !o "! his 2a$ 2i!h !h" pr"sid " n ! . 3o2"#" r* !h" las! !i)" h" did i!* on -un" 29* 1864* 7in+oln surpris " d hi) - h" a++ " p ! " d his r"si n a !ion and &or+"d hi) !o l"a#" !h" ad )i nis !r a !ion. A! !his poin!* !h"ir r"la!ions hi p had %" " n r"du+ " d !o on" 2h"r " !h" $ +o) ) u ni + a ! " d )os !l$ %$ &or)al* &ri id )" ) o r a n d u ) s * and 7in+oln si)pl$ had "nou h. Th" n"@! da$* h" s"n! 8has " !his &inal )" ) o C
<M<8'TIV< =A:(I6: ,ashin ! o n -un" 30* 186 4 3on. (al) o n P. 8has " =$ d"ar (ir. 5our r"si n a !i o n o& !h" o&&i+" o& ("+r "! a r $ o& !h" Tr"a s u r $* s"n! )" $"s! " r d a $* is a++ " p ! " d . 6& all I ha# " said in +o) ) " n d a ! i o n o& $our a%ili!$ and &id"li!$* I ha# " no! hin !o uns a $. and $"! $ou and I ha# " r"a+ h " d a poin! o& )u! u al ") % a r r a s s ) " n ! in our o&&i+ial r"la!ion 2hi+h i! s" " ) s +an no! %" o#"r+o ) " * or lon "r sus! ai n " d * +onsis! " n !l $ 2i!h !h" pu%li+ s"r#i+". 5our 6%!. ("r#!. A. 7in+oln

,h"n 2ord o! ou! !ha! 7in+oln had dis )is s " d his s"+r " ! a r $ o& !h" !r"a s u r $* 8has " 4 s &ri"nds in !h" ("na ! " s!or ) " d !h" ,hi!" 3ous " !o d" ) a n d ?us!i&i+a!ion. Th" pr"sid" n ! * ho2" # " r * r" )ai n " d &ir) in his d"+ision. 3" sp"+i&i"d !h" &or)" r s"+r " ! a r $4 s in&l"@i%ili!$ r" a r din appoin! ) " n ! s and spo/" o& !h"ir un2or/ a %l " r"la!ions hip. 7in+oln !old !h" s"n a ! or s !ha! h" had no +hoi+"* und" r !h" +ir+u )s ! a n + " s * %u! !o l"! hi) o. Th" n"@! da$* !h" pr"sid " n ! as!onis h " d "#"r$o n " %$ appoin!in on" o& 8has " 4 s s!ron " s ! suppor ! " r s * ("n. ,illia) P. 0"ss " n d " n * !o %" !h" n"2 s"+r " ! a r $ o& !h" !r"a s u r $. 7in+oln had )a d " an i))" di a ! " poli!i+al d"+ision* in par! !o pa+i&$ !h" li%"ral R"pu%li+a n opposi!ion !o 8has " 4 s dis )is s al. As &or 8has " * 2ho !hou h ! !ha! his pu%li+ s"r#i+ " +ar" " r 2as a! an "nd* 7in+oln appoin! " d hi) !o %" !h" n"2 +hi"& ?us!i+" o& !h" (upr " ) " 8our!. ,h"n pro! " s ! s +a ) " a ains ! !his )o#" * 7in+oln r"spo n d " d pu%li+l$ %$ sa$in C 8has " is a #"r$ a%l" )a n. 3" is a #"r$ a)%i!ious )a n and I !hin/ on !h" su%?"+! o& !h" pr"sid " n + $ a li!!l" insa n " . 3" has no! al2a$s %"h a # " d #"r$ 2"ll la!"l$ and p"opl" sa$ !o )"* 4:o2 is !h" !i)" !o +ru )% hi) ou!.4 ,"ll* I4) no! in &a#or o& +rus hin an$%o d $ ou!K I& !h"r " is an$! hin !ha! a )a n +an do and do i! 2"ll* I sa$ l"! hi) do i!. ;i#" hi) a +ha n+ " . Pri#a! "l$* ho2" # " r * 7in+oln )a $ ha#" %"" n ha#in s"+on d !hou h ! s * %"+ a u s " h" 2as la!"r r"por! " d !o ha#" r" )a r / " d !ha! h" 42ould ra!h " r ha#" s2allo2" d his %u+/hor n +hair !ha n !o ha#" no)in a ! " d 8has " . 4 In an ironi+ !2is! o& &a!"* i! 2as (al)on P. 8has " 2ho ad )inis! " r " d !h" oa!h o& o&&i+" !o A%rah a ) 7in+oln upon !h" o++a sion o& his s"+on d inau ur al. Th" pr"sid" n ! also surpris " d his pos! ) a s ! " r "n " r al* =on! o ) " r $ Blair* on ("p! " ) % " r 23* 1864* 2i!h a dir"+!i#" !ha! s!a! " d in par!C 45ou ha#" "n " r o u sl$ said !o )" )or " !ha n on+ "* !ha! 2h" n " # " r $our r"si n a !ion +ould %" a r"li"& !o )"* i! 2as a! )$ dispos al. Th" !i)" has +o)" .9 7in+oln r" )o# " d Blair par!l$ %"+ a u s " o& !h" s"+r " ! a r $4 s d"nu n +i a !ion o& 8has " * ("2ar d* and (!an! o n in pu%li+* and par!l$ %"+ a u s " h" 2as indis+r " " ! and ar u " d op" nl$ 2i!h !h" radi+al R"pu%li+a n )" ) % " r s o& 8on r " s s on poli+$ )a ! ! " r s . ,i!h !h" "l"+!ion o& 1864 n"arin * 7in+oln +on+lud " d !ha! Blair )us ! o &or hi) !o +onsolida ! " suppor ! 2i!hin his o2n par! $. 7in+oln had !h" 2ill and !h" a%ili!$ !o )a / " !ou h d"+isions 2h" n n"+ " s s a r $. And h" did no! h"si! a ! " on+ " h" 2as +on#in+ " d !ha! s2i&! a+!ion had !o !a/" pla+ ". 3o2"# " r* i! is +"r! ain !ha! &or "#"r$ +ru+ial d"+ision o& his ad )i nis !r a !ion 7in+oln !hou h ! !hin s ou! 2"ll in ad#a n + " . In &a+!* h" " )plo$" d a +lassi+ d"+ision- )a /in s"Au " n + " o& "#" n! s !ha! %" a n 2i!h an und" r s ! a n di n o& all !h" &a+!s !ha! 2"r" in#ol#" d* o&!"n o%! ainin !his in&or )a !ion hi)s "l& %$ #"n! urin in!o !h" &i"ld. 7in+oln 2ould also +onsid" r a #ari"! $ o& possi%l" solu!ions and !h" +ons " A u " n + " s o& "a+h. 0inall$* h" 2ould ass ur " hi)s "l& !ha! an$ a+!ion !a/" n 2ould %" +onsis! " n ! 2i!h his ad )i nis !r a !i#" and p"rs on al poli+$ o%?"+!i#" s . And !h" n h" 2ould "&&"+!i#"l$ +o) ) u ni + a ! " his d"+ision and i)pl" ) " n ! i!. ,ha! 2ould ha#" %"" n !h" +ons " A u " n + " s had 7in+oln no! %" " n d"+isi#"I ," +an onl$ shudd " r a! !h" !hou h ! . ," +"r! ainl$ r"+o ni> " !ha! his d"+isi#" n " s s "na + ! " d "@!ra or din a r $ +han " . 3" li!"rall$ +ha n " d a!!i!ud " s * %"h a #ior s* and !h" 2a$ p"opl" li#"d !h"ir li#"s. 3" al!"r " d !h" &a+" o& !h" na!ion &or"#"r %$ a%olishin !h" ins!i!u!ion o& sla#"r $ and no! allo2in !h" (ou!h !o s"+ " d " . And* 2ha! is )or "* h" a+!u all$ in!"nd " d !o do %o!h* 2hi+h* al)os ! %$ d"&ini!ion* )a/ " s hi) a r" a ! l"ad " r. 3" s"! his oals* pr" a + h " d his #ision* and a++o )plish " d his )ission. 7i/" 7in+oln* !h" %"s!* )os ! d"+isi#" l"ad " r s ar" !hos " 2ho ha#" a s"! purpos " and !h" s"l&- +on&id" n+ " !o a++o )plish !ha! o%?"+!i#". Bu! "&&"+!i#" #isions and no%l" oals +an %" )a d " 2or!hl" s s 2i!hou! solid d"+ision- )a/in l"ad " r s hip* "sp " +i all$ in !oda $4 s &as!- pa+ " d*

+o)p " !i!i#" %usin" s s "n#iron ) " n ! 2h"r " d"+isions ar" al)o s ! n"#" r si)pl$ %la+/ and 2hi!". 6&!"n* all !h" in&or )a !ion is no! a#aila%l" and an i)por! a n ! d"+ision )us ! %" )a d " %$ a +"r! ain d"a dlin". (hor!- !"r ) solu!ions ar" &r"Au " n !l$ a! odds 2i!h lon - !"r ) oals. (o)" !i ) " s !h" l"ad " r )a/ " s !h" ri h! +hoi+" "#" n !hou h i! )a $ no! %" i))" di a ! " l $ o%#ious. (o)" !i ) " s h" is 2ron * and so)" !i ) " s h" +hoos " s !o +o)pr o )i s " * 2hi+h +an %" a )a?or d"+ision in i!s"l& =an$ +on! " ) p o r a r $ l"ad " r s #i"2 n" o!i a !ion as a la+/ o& d"+isi#" n " s s * %u! !h" $ &or "! !h" 2ords o& -ohn 0. 1"nn" d $* 2ho r" )ind " d us !ha! +o)pr o )i s " n"" d no! )" a n +o2ar di+ " .4 Busin" s s "@"+ u!i#" s /no2 !ha! i! is so)" !i ) " s di&&i+ul! !o i)pl" ) " n ! d"+isions !ha! ha#" )a?or i)pa + ! on an or a ni> a !ion. ,illin n" s s !o )a / " +ha n " is no! "a s $ !o +o)" %$* and %ur" a u + r a !i+ s!u )%lin %lo+/s ar" o&!"n s" " )i n l$ i)pos si %l " !o o#"r+o ) " . Bu! d"+isions )us ! %" )a d " * and !h"$ )us ! %" +onsis! " n ! &or an$ or a ni> a !ion !o %" su++ " s s& ul. 8onsid"r &or a )o ) " n ! 2ha! a +o)p a n $ is li/" 2i!hou! "&&"+!i#" d"+isi#" n " s s C :o!hin happ " n s and oppor! u ni!i" s ar" los!. P"opl" 2and " r a%ou! ai)l" s sl $* a r " s si# " " )plo$" " s %"+o ) " &rus!r a ! " d * and l"!ha r i+ ")plo$" " s ar" no! )o!i#a ! " d . Bu! in a +orpor a !ion 2i!h d"+isi#" l"ad " r s !h" a! )o s p h " r " is d$na )i + and #i%ra n!. P"opl" )o# " 2i!h a sprin in !h"ir s!" p and purpos " in !h"ir dir"+!ion. 6ppor! u ni! $ s" "/ s ou! !h" +o)p a n $* and !h" 2"ll- &o+us " d &ir)- on" %a+/" d %$ solid #ision and 2"ll !hou h ! ou! oals- al)os ! al2a$s su++ " " d s . A%rah a ) 7in+oln und "r s ! o o d !ha! "@"+ u !i#" d"+ision )a/in is no! si)pl$ a s!rin o& indi#idu al ord"r s. Ra!h"r* i! is )or " o& a +on!inuo u s * unin! "rr u p ! " d pro+ " s s !ha! is si)ilar !o !h" %"a !in o& a h" ar! !ha! s"nd s %lood !hrou h o u ! a %od$. ,i!hou! i! !h"r " is no li&". 8o)p " ! " n ! "@"+ u !i#" d"+ision- )a /in is +ru+ial in an$ or a ni> a !ion. A%rah a ) 7in+oln /n"2 i!. And %"+ a u s " o& his "@!r a or din a r $ d"+isi#" n " s s * h" 2as a%l" !o )a / " poli+$* produ+ " +ha n " * and 2in !h" 2ar. P An "n!ir" or a ni> a !ion is n"#"r 2is"l$ sa+ri&i+" d !o a#oid losin on" or !2o s)all par!s. P Ta/" ad#a n ! a " o& +on&usion* d"s p " r a !io n* and ur " n + $ !o "@"r+is " s!ron l"ad " r s hip. P ("i>" !h" ini!ia!i#" and n"#"r r"linAuis h i!. P Don4! i#" up all $our /"$ poin!s o& s!r" n ! h or !h" +o)p " !i!ion )a $ 9%" a ! ou! $our %rains.9 P :"#"r l"! $our i))" di a ! " su%ordin a ! " !a/" a+!ion upon $our r"spon si %ili!$ 2i!hou! +ons ul!in $ou &irs!. P I& $ou ha#" a su%or din a ! " 2ho has a pr" sid" n !i al +hin- &l$ %i!in hi)* don4! /no+/ i! o&&. P ,h"n )a /in a d"+ision* und" r s ! a n d !h" &a+!s* +onsid "r #arious solu!ions and !h"ir +ons " A u " n + " s * )a/ " sur" !ha! !h" d"+ision is +onsis! " n ! 2i!h $our o%?"+!i#" s * and "&&"+!i#"l$ +o) ) u ni + a ! " $our ?ud ) " n ! . P R")" ) % " r !ha! +o)pr o )i s " do"s no! )" a n +o2ar di+ ". P Tr$ %allo!s &irs!. 2h" n %allo!s don4! 2or/* us" %ull"!s.

9 ) Lea d *" !ein g Led

:o2* !h" und "r ! a /i n %"in a su++ " s s * !h" honor is all $ours. &or I %"li"#" non" o& us 2"n! &ar!h" r !ha n !o a+Aui" s + " . . . . Bu! 2ha! n"@!I I suppos " i! 2ill %" sa&"r i& I l"a#" ;"n. ;ran! and $ours "l& !o d"+id". Par! o& 7in+oln4s r"spo n s " !o ;"n"r al (h"r ) a n &or his 98hris! ) a s i&!9- !h" +ap! ur " o& (a#a n n a h FD"+" ) % " r 26* 1864G

Th"r" is )u+ h "#id" n+ " !o indi+a! " !ha! 7in+oln* lar "l$ !hrou h his "@!r a or din a r $ ass " r !i#" n " s s * s!ood alon" 2h"n i! +a )" !o )a/in )a?or d"+isions durin his pr"sid" n + $. <#"n !hou h h" o&!"n +on&"rr " d 2i!h his ad#is "r s on i)por! a n ! )a ! ! " r s * usin !h" ) as soundin %oar ds * i! is +l"ar !ha! 7in+oln )a d " )os ! +ru+ial d"+isions durin his !"r ) in o&&i+". 3" alon" %or" !h" r"spo n si%ili!$ and 2ould ans2 " r !o !h" A)"ri+a n p"opl" &or his a+!ions. ,hil" h" o&!"n disa#o2 " d !a/in !h" l"ad in d"! "r )i nin !h" na!ion4 s +ours " o& a+!ion Fh" on+" said* I +lai) no! !o ha#" +on!roll"d "#" n! s * %u! +on&"s s plainl$ !ha! "#" n! s ha#" +on!roll"d )"4G* i! is also +l"ar !ha! 7in+oln s/ill&ull$ s!" " r " d !h" ship o& s!a! " !hrou h !h" p"rilous 2a! " r s o& !h" 8i#il ,ar. I! 2as 7in+oln 2ho l"d !h" 2a$ 2hil" a! !i)" s i#in !h" i)pr " s sio n !ha! h" 2as* ra!h " r* &ollo2in !h" l"ad o& his su%or din a ! " s . And h"r "* in "ss " n + " * is on" o& !h" )ar/s o& his !ru" l"ad " r s hip "nius. As 7ao T>u saidC 40ail !o honor p"opl"* !h" $ &ail !o honor $ou. Bu! o& a ood l"ad " r* 2ho !al/s li!!l"* 2h" n his 2or/ is don"* his ai) &ul&ill"d* !h"$ 2ill all sa$* ," did !his ours "l#" s 4 . 4 7in+oln also had !h" "n#ia%l " Auali!$ o& %"in a%l" !o lis!" n !o p"opl " and %" uid" d %$ !h" ) 2i!hou! %"in !hr" a ! " n " d hi)s "l&. 3" poss " s s " d !h" op"n- )ind " d n " s s and &l"@i%ili!$ n"+ " s s a r $ &or 2or!h2 hil" l"ad " r s hip. 0r"Au " n !l $ h" 2ould lis!"n !o his su%ordin a ! " s 4 su " s !ion s and r"+o ) ) " n d a ! i o n s . I& !h" $ )a d " s"ns " * and i& !h"ir +ours " o& a+!ion )a ! + h " d his o2n id"a s * h" 2ould l"! !h" ) pro+ " " d 2i!h !h" /no2l"d " and %"li"& !ha! i! 2as !h"ir id"a. 3o2"# " r* i& h" 2as un+o )&or ! a %l " 2i!h 2ha! 2as %"in su " s ! " d * 7in+oln 2ould &o+us* dir"+!* or poin! his p"opl" !o 2ha! h" #i"2" d as !h" prop "r pa!h. Bu! ra!h " r !ha n ord"rin or di+!a!in * 7in+oln r"&in" d his a%ili!$ !o dir"+! o!h"r s %$ i)pl$in * hin!in * or su " s !i n . Th" shr"2 d n " s s and su%!l"! $ 2i!h 2hi+h 7in+oln uid" d p"opl " has no! "n " r all$ %"" n r"+o ni> " d. 6&!"n his a+!ions s"" ) " d so inno+ " n ! !ha! +on! " ) p o r a ri " s and su%or din a ! " s had no in/lin !ha! 7in+oln4s hand 2as in#ol#"d in !h" +ir+ui!ou s +ha n in o& "#" n! s . 6n" &a)o u s +as " in poin! in#ol#" d !h" pr"sid " n ! s ad" p ! handlin o& ("+r" ! a r $ o& !h" Tr"as ur $ (ahnon P. 8has " 4 s a!! " ) p ! s !o dis+r" di! ,illia) ("2ar d in la!" 1862. 8has " 2as ?"alous o& ("2ar d4 s in&lu"n+ " 2i!h !h" pr"sid " n ! and o& !h"ir +los" &ri"nds hip. 3" &"l! !ha! i! 2as h" 2ho should %" !h" +hi"& ad#is "r in !h" +a%in" !. in &a+!* in 1864 h" 2or/" d %"hind !h" s+"n " s in an a!! " ) p ! !o 2r"s ! !h" R"pu%li+a n no)in a !ion &ro) 7in+oln. 8has " had +o)pl ain " d !o in&lu"n!ial R"pu%li+a n s"n a ! or s !ha! ("2ar d "@"r! " d undu " in&lu"n+ " on !h" pr"sid" n ! * !ha! h" 2as in"p! a! handlin &or"i n a&&airs* and !ha! h" 2as !h" +aus " o& all !h" pro%l" ) s a! !h" "@"+ u !i#" l"#"l o& !h" o#"r n ) " n ! . A&!"r !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " #i+!or$ o#"r ;"n"r al Burnsid " a! 0r"d"ri+/s % ur * Vir inia* !h" s"n a ! or s 2"r" o#"rl$ dis!ra u h ! and su%s " A u " n ! l $ )" ! in +au+ us " s !o dis+us s ("2ar d4 s posi!ion in !h" +a%in" ! . Th"$ d"+id" d !o s"nd a d"l" a !ion o& nin" !o !h" ,hi!" 3ous " !o ur " 7in+oln !o dis )is s !h" s"+r " ! a r $ o& s!a! " and r"or a ni> " !h" +a%in" !. A! !h"ir )" " !i n * on D"+" ) % " r 18* 1862* !h" $ a++us " d ("2ar d o& "ndl" s s 2ron doin and !old 7in+oln !ha! !h"$ had i! on ood au! hori!$ !ha! !h" pr"sid " n ! o&!"n &ail"d !o +ons ul! all )" ) % " r s o& his +a%in" ! 2h" n i)por! a n ! d"+isions 2"r " )a d " . 7in+oln as/" d !h" ) !o r"!urn !h" &ollo2in ni h!. 'n!il !h"n h" 2ould +onsid" r !h"ir +on+ " r n s and d" ) a n d s . In !h" )" a n !i ) " * ("2ar d* in+"ns " d o#"r !h" "n!ir" "pisod " * su% )i! ! " d his l"!! "r o& r"si n a !ion !o !h" pr"sid" n ! * 2ho did no! a+! i))" di a ! " l $ upon i! %u! slipp" d i! in on" o& his +oa! po+/" ! s . 7in+oln* !oo* 2as ups " ! o#"r !h" s"Au " n + " o& "#" n! s and !h" possi%l" r"p"r + u s si on s . 3" did no! 2an! ("2ar d !o o* nor did h" 2ish !o r"or a ni> " an$ par! o& his +a%in" ! . 3" "sp " +i all$ didn4! 2an! 8on r " s s di+!a !in !o hi) ho2 h" should ad )i nis ! " r his +a%in" ! and )a/ " d"+isions. 3" also +orr"+!l$ d"du+ " d !ha! 8has " 2as a! !h" +"n! " r o& all !his !ur )oil. A&!"r )u+ h pri#a! " d"li%"r a !ion 7in+oln d"+id" d !o +all all par!i" s F"@+" p! ("2ar dG !o " ! h " r !o r"sol#" !h" si!ua !ion and &or+" ("+r " ! a r $ 8has " in!o a +orn"r.

Th" n"@! "#" nin h" su ) ) o n " d his +a%in" ! !o a sp"+i al s"s sion 2h"r " h" "@plain " d all !ha! had happ " n " d !h" ni h! %"&or". ,h"n !h" s"n a ! or s r"!urn " d !o !h" ,hi!" 3ous " &or !h"ir s+h" d ul " d )" " !in * 7in+oln ass " ) % l " d "#"r$o n " in !h" sa )" roo) and as/" d !ha! all )a ! ! " r s o& dispu! " %" r"sol#" d %"&or " an$on " l"&!. All !h" par!i+ipa n ! s 2"r" +au h ! o&& uar d. Th" s"n a ! or s did no! /no2 !ha! !h" +a%in" ! 2as oin !o %" pr"s " n ! * nor did !h" +a%in" ! r"ali>" 2ha! 7in+oln had s"+r " !l$ plann " d. 8has " 2as "sp " +i all$ dis!r" s s " d . I& h" 2"r " !o suppor! a&! !ha! !h" s"n a ! or s had ass " r ! " d * his +a%in" ! +oll"a u " s and !h" pr"sid" n ! 2"r " sur" !o r"ali>" !ha! h" 2as !h" +a! al$s ! !o all !h" diss" n ! . 8has " 2as &or+" d !o a r" " !ha! 7in+oln had +ons ul! " d !h" +a%in" ! on "#"r $ i)por! a n ! d"+ision* !ha! !h" $ 2"r " "n " r all$ in a r" " ) " n ! * and !ha! ("2ar d a+! " d prop" rl$ and hon" s !l$ in !h" ad )inis!r a !ion o& his du!i"s as s"+r " ! a r $ o& s!a! " . As a r"sul! o& !his )" " !i n * or a ni> " d and run "@+lusi#"l$ %$ 7in+oln* !h" R"pu%li+a n s"n a ! or s and 8has " 2"r" !horou hl$ " )% a r r a s s " d and hu )ilia! " d. 8has " 2as "@pos " d as a &raud n"#"r !o %" !rus! " d a ain* and all +har " s a ains ! ("2ar d 2"r" dropp " d . 7in+oln o%!ain " d !h" r"sul!s h" 2an! " d 2hil" s" " )i n !o %" al)o s ! nai#" in his a+!ions. 3" si)pl$ o! "#"r$%o d $ !o " ! h " r !o !al/ i! ou!K Th" &ollo2in da$* in !h" pr"s " n + " o& ("+r" ! a r $ o& ,ar (!an! on and ("+r" ! a r $ o& !h" :a#$ ;id"on ,"ll"s* 8has " !"nd " r " d his r"si n a !ion. 4,h"r " is i!I 7"! )" ha#" i! insis! " d !h" pr"sid" n ! . Th"n (!an! on* pro% a %l$ surpris " d %$ 7in+oln4s r"a+ !ion* i)pulsi#"l$ o&&"r" d his o2n r"si n a !ion. 4:o*4 said 7in+oln 2a#in hi) a2a $* 4I don4! 2an! $oursK4 Bu!* h" !oo/ 8has " 4 s and* as a r"sul!* no2 had !2o l"!! "r s o& r"si n a !ion* on" in "a+ h o& his +oa! po+/" ! s . A shor! !i)" la!"r* !h" "@hilar a ! " d pr"sid " n ! !old a #isi!or in pri#a! " !ha! h" 4+ould rid" no2*4 %"+ a u s " * 4I4#" o! a pu )p /in a! "a+h "nd o& )$ %a .4 (o 2ha! 4 s !h" l"sson !o %" l"arn " d &ro) !his "pisod " I =an$ +orpor a ! " l"ad" r s 2ill r"+o ni> " 7in+oln4s )" ! h o d %"+ a u s " i! is an o&!"n- us" d !"+hniAu " . Th"$ "! all !h" )" ) % " r s o& &"udin d"p a r ! ) " n ! s !o " ! h " r * lo+/ !h" ) in a +on&"r " n + " roo ) so)" !i ) " s on a (a!ur d a $O a n d +o)p "l !h" ) !o s!a $ !o " ! h " r un!il p" a+ " is )a d " . 0r"Au " n !l$* "!!in p"opl" !o " ! h " r +an a#oid d"s !r u+ !i#" !hin/in !ha! !"nd s !o %uild on p"opl "4 s )is i#in s and appr " h " n si o n s a%ou! o!h"r s and !h"ir d"p a r ! ) " n ! s . 7in+oln4s appro a + h 2as si)ilar. Ra!h"r !han ord"r !h" dispu!in par!i" s !o s!op %i+/"rin and "! on 2i!h !h"ir %usin" s s * or si)pl$ anno u n +in his suppor! &or ("2ar d and +ond " ) ni n 8has " and !h" s"n a ! or s * 7in+oln +hos " !o !r$ and l"! !h" indi#iduals in#ol#"d 2or/ ou! !h"ir di&&"r" n+ " s %$ %rin in !h" ) !o " ! h " r and uidin !h"ir dialo u " . 3ad h" di+!a ! " d * !h"$ )a $ ha#" a++ " p ! " d his au! hori!$ 2i!h r" a ! r"s " n ! ) " n ! . Bu! !h" pro%l" ) 2ould no! ha#" on" a2a $. I! 2ould ha#" lin "r " d and &"s! "r " d . B$ a! h " rin !h" dispu!in par!i" s * 7in+oln l"! his su%ordin a ! " s l"ad !h" ) s " l # " s ou! o& !h" )" s s . Ano!h" r ha%i! ")plo$" d %$ 7in+oln in his s!ra ! " $ o& 4l"a din 2hil" %"in l"d9 2as !o al2a$s i#" +r"di! 2h"r " +r"di! 2as du" and* +on#"r s "l $* !o a++ " p ! r"spo n si%ili!$ 2h" n !hin s 2"n! 2ron . :o! onl$ did !his sa!is&$ 7in+oln4s n" " d &or hon" s ! $* in!" ri!$* and hu )a n di ni!$. i! also a#" his su%or din a ! " s !h" +orr"+ ! p"r+ " p !ion !ha! !h"$ 2"r "* in )a n $ 2a$s* doin !h" l"adin * no! 7in+oln. I& no!hin "ls"* i! )a d " !h" ) &""l ood a%ou! !h"ir ?o%s. I! also "n+our a " d inno#a !ion and ris/ !a/in %"+ a u s " !h" $ /n"2 !ha! i& !h"$ &ail"d* 7in+oln 2ould no! %la ) " !h" ). ,h"n a su%or din a ! " did a ood ?o%* 7in+oln prais " d* +o)pli )" n ! " d * and r"2ar d " d !h" 4indi#idual. 6n !h" o!h"r hand* h" should "r " d r"spo n si%ili!$ 2h" n )is! a / " s 2"r " )a d " . Th" pr"sid" n ! * &or "@a ) pl " * r"a dil$ a++ " p ! " d r"spon si %ili!$ &or !h" %a!!l" s los! durin !h" 8i#il ,ar. 3" !ri"d !o l"! his "n " r al s /no2 !ha! i& !h" $ &ail"d* h" !oo &ail"d. Th" loss o& !h" s"+on d %a!!l" o& Bull Run* &or "@a ) pl " * +r" a ! " d a r" a ! d" al o& an " r in ,ashin ! o n* )os ! o& i! dir"+! " d a! ;"n. ;"or " =+8l"llan %"+ a u s " h" &ail"d !o pro#id" &i"ld +o) ) a n d " r -ohn Pop" 2i!h appropria ! " suppor !. I! 2as "n " r all$ %"li"#" d a! !h" !i)" !ha! =+8l"llan 2an! " d Pop" !o &ail. As a r"sul!* s"#"r al an " r " d +a%in" ! o&&i+"rs si n" d a

l"!! "r o& pro! " s ! +ond " ) ni n =+8l"llan &or his +ondu+ ! durin !h" %a!!l" and d" ) a n d " d his dis )is s al. 7in+oln +hos " ins!" a d !o appoin! =+8l"llan !o !h" +o) ) a n d o& !h" &or+" s in ,ashin ! o n. Th" +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s &irs! h" ar d o& !h" appoin! ) " n ! !o " ! h " r in s"s sion 2i!h !h" pr"sid" n ! * and an in&uria! " d ("+r " ! a r $ o& ,ar (!an! on "@+lai )" d !ha! no su+h ord"r had %"" n issu" d &ro) !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! . 7in+oln !h" n r"spo n d " d so)" 2 h a ! +al)l$* 4:o* =r. ("+r" ! a r $* !h" ord"r 2as )in". and I 2ill %" r"spo n si%l " &or i! !o !h" +oun!r $. 4 7in+oln &"l! !ha! =+8l"llan should no! ha#" !o %" ar !h" "n!ir" %urd " n &or !h" loss. 3" also &"l! !ha! !h"r " 2"r " no o!h"r o&&i+"rs 2ho 2"r" %"!! " r sui!" d !o !h" +o) ) a n d . (o* a&!"r !h" %a!!l"* h" appoin! " d =+8l"llan a! !h" ris/ o& ha#in his "n!ir" +a%in" ! r"si n. Throu h o u ! !h" 2ar 7in+oln +on!inu " d !o a++ " p ! pu%li+ r"spo n si%ili!$ &or %a!!l" s los! or oppor! u ni!i" s )iss " d. In !h" da$s &ollo2in !h" %a!!l" o& ;"!!$s % u r * &or "@a ) pl " * !h" pr"sid" n ! 2as dis!r" s s " d a! ;"n"r al ="ad" 4 s d"la $ in pursuin Ro%"r! <. 7"" %"&or" his ar )$ )a d " i! %a+/ a+ros s !h" Po!o )a + Ri#"r. ,"ll a&!"r !h" %a!!l"* in an a!! " ) p ! !o spur !h" "n " r al in!o a+!i#" +on&ron! a !ion 2i!h 7""* !h" pr"sid" n ! s"n! hi) a l"!! "r !hrou h ;"n"r al 3all"+/ ur in an i))" di a ! " a!! a + /. 4I& ;"n"r al ="ad" +an no2 a!! a + / hi) on a &i"ld no 2ors " !ha n "Au al &or us*4 said 7in+oln* 4and 2ill do so 2i!h all !h" s/ill and +oura " * 2hi+h h"* his o&&i+"rs* and )" n poss " s s * !h" honor 2ill %" his i& h" su++ " " d s * and !h" %la ) " )a $ %" )in" i& h" &ails.9 And 2i!hin a &"2 2""/s a&!"r 'l$ss " s ;ran! +ap! ur " d Vi+/s%ur * 7in+oln s"n! his #i+!orious "n " r al a p"rs on al l"!!"r o& +o) ) " n d a ! i o n in 2hi+h h" ad )i!! " d !ha! h" had ini!iall$ Au" s !ion " d ;ran" 4 s s!ra ! " $ %u! no2 prais " d hi) &or his "&&or!sC I do no! r" )" ) % " r !ha! $ou and I "#"r )" ! p"rs on all$. I 2ri!" !his no2 as a ra! "&ul a+/no2l " d ) " n ! &or !h" al)o s ! in"s!i ) a %l " s"r#i+ " $ou ha#" don" !h" +oun!r $. I 2ish !o sa$ a 2ord &in- !h"r. ,h"n $ou &irs! r"a+ h " d !h" #i+ini!$ o& Vi+/s%ur . . . I n"#" r had an$ &ai!h* "@+ " p ! a "n " r al hop" !ha! $ou /n"2 %"!! " r !ha n I !ha! !h" "@p" di!ion +ould su++ " " d . . . . I &"ar " d i! 2as a )is! a / " . I no2 2ish !o )a/ " !h" p"rs on al a+/no2l " d ) " n ! !ha! $ou 2"r" ri h!* and I 2as 2ron . ,h$ 2as i! i)por! a n ! !ha! 7in+oln s"nd !his l"!!"r !o ;ran!I B"+a u s " * in doin so* h" 2as dir"+!l$ in&or )in his "n " r al !ha! !h" pr"sid " n ! and !h" o#"r n ) " n ! "nuin "l$ appr " +i a ! " d and appro# " d o& his a+!ions. This 2ould spur ;ran! !o +on!inu " his a r " s si# " s!$l"* 2hi+h* o& +ours " * is "@a+!l$ 2ha! 7in+oln 2an! " d . Indir"+!l$* 7in+oln 2as also sa$in !ha! h" 2ould no! !a/" +r"di! &or !h" "n " r al s su++ " s s " s * 2hi+h app " al " d !o ;ra+" s " o and s"ns " o& s"l&- 2or!h. Durin !h" 2ar* 7in+oln s"n! si)ilar l"!! "r s !o "n " r al s 2ho had !a/" n !h" ini!ia!i#" and a+hi"# " d dis!in+!ion. 6n D"+" ) % " r 26* 1864* h" 2ro!" !o ;"n"r al (h"r ) a n C =an$* )a n $* !ha n/s &or $our 8hris! ) a s i&!- !h" +ap! ur " o& (a#a n n a h . ,h"n $ou 2"r " a%ou! l"a#in A!lan! a &or !h" A!lan!i+ +oas!* I 2as an@ious* i& no! &"ar&ul. . . . :o2* !h" und" r ! a /in %"in a su++ " s s * !h" honor is all $ours. &or I %"li"#" non" o& us 2"n! &ar!h" r !ha n !o a+Aui" s + " . . . . Bu! 2ha! n"@!I I suppo s " i! 2ill %" sa&"r i& I l"a#" ;"n. ;ran! and $ours "l& !o d"+id" . (h"r ) a n 4 s r"spo n s " !o !his +oni)u ni Au " is a p"r&"+ ! illus!r a !ion o& 2h$ i! is i)por! a n ! &or +on! " ) p o r a r $ l"ad" r s !o ")ul a ! " 7in+oln4s s!$l". I a) ra!i&i"d a! !h" r"+"ip! o& $our l"!! "r* "sp " +i all$ !o o%s "r# " !ha! $ou appr " +i a ! " !h" di#ision I )a d " o& )$ ar )$. . . . (hould I #"n! ur " !oo )u+ h and happ " n !o los" I shall %"s p " a / $our +hari!a %l " in&lu"n+ " . . . . I a ) r"a d$ D!o )o#" a ainE as soon as I +an l"arn o& . . . $our pr"&"r " n + " o& o%?"+!i#" s.

(h"r ) a n 2as )or " 2illin !o a+! on his o2n no2. All 7in+oln had !o do a! !his poin! 2as !o pro#id" so)" %roa d uida n+ " * and (h"r ) a n 2ould do !h" r"s!. I& l"ad " r s do "nou h o& !his- i& !h" $ prais " ood 2or/ and "n+our a " )or " o& !h" sa )" - !h" n "#" n! u a ll$ !h" $ 2ill %" a%l" !o r"la@ and l"! !h"ir su%or din a ! " s do )os ! o& !h" 2or/. And all !h" l"ad " r 2ill ha#" !o do is uid" !h" ) in !h" prop" r dir"+!ion. 7in+oln +on!inu " d !his lauda ! or $ s!$l" ri h! up !o !h" &inal da$s o& his li&". Durin his las! pu%li+ addr " s s * )a d " !o a a!h " rin o& p"opl" ou!sid " !h" ,hi!" 3ous " on !h" "#" nin o& April 11* 1865* h" 2as &ill"d 2i!h )od " s ! $ &or hi)s "l& and prais " &or !h" soldi"rs 2ho had 2on !h" 'nion #i+!or$C 4:o par! o& !h" honor* &or plan or "@"+ u!ion* is )in"* 4 h" ass " r ! " d . 4To ;"n"r al ;ran!* his s/ill&ul o&&i+"rs* and %ra# " )" n* all %"lon s . 4 An$ l"ad " r +an l"arn &ro) A%raha ) 7in+oln4s s!a n d a r d . 3" had r" a ! +on&id" n+ " in his o2n +o)p " ! " n + " and a%ili!$ !o p"r&or ). 3" 2as no! ins"+ ur " and did no! &""l !hr" a ! " n " d %$ o!h"r s. 3" 2as &l"@i%l"* op" n- )ind " d * and 2illin !o l"! his su%or din a ! " s !a/" all !h" lor$ &or #i+!ori" s. 3" a#" p"opl" !h" i)pr " s sio n !ha! !h" $ 2"r " l"adin hi). And* in &a+!* h" did i#" )a n $ o& his su%or din a ! " s !h" l"ad. Bu! h" al2a $s "@"r! " d so)" +on!rol. 3" s!a $" d in&or )" d o& !h"ir a+!i#i!$. ,h"n !h"ir id"a s and a+!ions )a ! + h " d his "n " r al dir"+!ion and i& h" !hou h ! !h"r " 2as )"ri! in !h" )" a n s !o a+hi"# " !h" o#"r all oal* 7in+oln l"! his su%ordin a ! " s &ollo2 !hrou h. 3o2"#" r* i& !h" $ 2"r" d"#ia!in &ro) !h" prop" r pa!h* 7in+oln uid" d !h" ) %a+/ on +ours " . And 2h" n !h" )" a n s 2"r" inad " A u a ! " !o a+hi"# " !h" oal* h" !"nd " d !o !al/ !h" ) ou! o& i! or* 2h"n n"+ " s s a r $* us" his po2"r !o o#"rrul". Bu! 7in+oln4s +hi"& o%?"+!i#" 2as !o allo2 his su%or din a ! " s !o sa$* 4," a++o ) plis h " d !his ours "l#" s . 4 I& $ou ar" a ood l"ad" r* 2h"n $our 2or/ is don"* $our ai) &ul&ill"d* $our p"opl" 2ill sa$* 9," did !his ours "l#" s .9 P Tr$ no! !o &""l ins"+ ur " or !hr" a ! " n " d %$ $our &ollo2"r s. P 7"! dispu!in par!i" s 2or/ ou! !h"ir di&&"r" n+ " s %$ %rin in !h" ) !o " ! h " r and uidin !h"ir dialo u " . P Al2a$s l"! $our su%or din a ! " s /no2 !ha! !h" honor 2ill %" all !h"irs i& !h" $ su++ " " d and !h" %la ) " 2ill %" $ours i& !h" $ &ail. P ,ri!" l"!!"r s !o $our su%ordin a ! " s )a /in !h" p"rs on al a+/no2l " d ) " n ! !ha! !h"$ 2"r " ri h! and $ou 2"r" 2ron . P ,h"n $our su%or din a ! " s +o)" up 2i!h ood id"a s* l"! !h" ) o ah" a d and !r$. Bu! )oni!or !h"ir pro r " s s . P I& $our +o) ) a n d " r s in !h" &i"ld +an4 ! %" su++ " s s& ul* n"i!h" r +an $ou or $our "@"+ u !i#" s!a&&. P :"#"r &or " ! !ha! $our or a ni> a !ion do"s no! d"p " n d on !h" li&" o& an$ on" indi#idu al. P Th" r" a ! " s ! +r"di! should %" i#"n !o !hos " in $our or a ni> a !ion 2ho r"nd " r !h" hard " s ! 2or/.

0: ) S e t Goal s an d !e Res u l t s Orie n t e d

9I !hin/ 7""4s ar )$* and no! Ri+h)o n d * is $our !ru" o%?"+!i#" poin!. . . . 0i h! hi) 2h" n oppor! u ni! $ o&&"rs. I& h" s!a $s 2h"r " h" is* &r"! hi)* and &r"! hi).9 7in+oln4s r"spon s " !o ;"n. -o" 3oo/"r* 2ho4d as/" d &or p"r )is sion !o ad#a n + " on !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " +api! al ra!h " r !ha n "n a " !h" "n" ) $ in +o)% a ! F-un" 10* 1863G

7"ad" r s hi p r"Auir" s a r " s si# " indi#iduals- !hos " 2ho a++ " p ! a 4!a/" +har " 4 rol". 7"ad" r s * in "n " r al* ar" s"l&- s!ar!in and +han " - ori"n! " d . Th"$ s"! a s!ra ! " i+ dir"+!ion and ini!ia! " as 2"ll as a+!. Th"$ a+hi"# " r"sul!s as oppos " d !o onl$ +arr$in ou! a+!i#i!$. 0or 7in+oln* !h" n"" d !o a+hi"# " 2as )or " !han ?us! a si)pl" in+lina!ion. i! 2as an al)o s ! un+on!r olla %l" o%s " s sio n. 3is la2 par!n " r * ,illia) 3"rndo n* no! " d !ha! h" 2as 4al2a $s +al+ula!in and plannin ah" a d. 4 7in+oln4s a)%i!ion* 2ro! " 3"rndo n* 42as a !i!!l" "n in " !ha! /n"2 no r"s!.4 In !h" "arl$ $" ar s* 7in+oln !ri"d s"#" r al di&&"r" n ! +ar" " r s in his Au" s ! !o su++ " " d in li&". 3" ran a "n " r al s!or"* 2as a pos! ) a s ! " r * a sur#" $or* and "#" n! u a ll$ a la2$"r and poli!i+ian. 3is n"ar +o)p ul si#" p"rsis! " n + " is "#id" n! o#"r !h" +ours " o& his "n!ir" poli!i+al +ar" " r . 3" 2as a !ir"l"s s 2or/"r* +a )p a i n " r * and pu%li+ sp" a / " r . As a $oun )a n* 7in+oln !"nd " d !o %" o#"rl$ a )%i!ious. In 1838* a! !h" a " o& !2"n! $nin"* d"li#"rin on" o& his )or " &a)o u s sp" " + h " s !o !h" 5oun ="n4s 7$+"u ) o& (prin &i"ld* 7in+oln pro#id" d so)" insi h! in!o his o2n p"rso n ali!$ 2h"n h" s!a! " dC 4To2"rin "nius disdains a %"a ! " n pa! h. I! s" "/ s r" ions hi!h"r ! o un"@plor " d. . . . I! s+orns !o !r"a d in !h" &oo!s! " p s o& an$ pr"d " + " s s o r * ho2" # " r illus!rious. I! !hirs! s and %urns &or dis!in+!ion. . . .4 7in+oln4s un$i"ldin dri#" and a r " s si# " n " s s 2as par! o& his "n " !i+ )a / " u p . I! 2as a p"rs on al Auali!$* on" +har a + ! " ris !i+ o& )a n $ r" a ! l"ad " r s . 0or "@a ) pl " * in !h"ir "arl$ $" ar s Roos" # "l!* 8hur+hill* and ;andhi +l"arl$ d" )o n s ! r a ! " d a+!i#" a)%i!ion and an in+lina!ion !o2ar d a!! ainin a hi h"r s!a!ion in li&". This +har a + ! " r !rai! is a #"hi+l" !h"$ all " )plo$" d !o +arr$ ou! !h"ir )ission in li&". ,i!hou! Au" s !ion* A%rah a ) 7in+oln 4!hirs! " d 4 and 4%urn " d 4 &or dis!in+!ion. 5"!* "#" n !hou h h" o&!"n %"+ a ) " d"pr " s s " d a! &ailur" and s"! % a + / s * 7in+oln d"#"lop " d !h" "n#ia%l " a%ili!$ !o p"rs " # " r " and l"arn &ro) his o2n &ailur"s. 7a!"r in li&" h" !urn" d d"&" a ! in!o "#" n! u a l #i+!or$. :o "nd " a # o r %"+ a ) " a hindr a n + " !o his o#"r ar + hin oal !o a+hi"# " . In &a+!* "#"r $! hin - &ailur"s and su++ " s s " s - %"+ a ) " s!"p pin - s!on " s !o !h" pr"sid" n + $. In !his s"ns " * 7in+oln4s "n!ir" li&" pr"p a r " d hi) &or his &u!ur" "@"+ u !i#" l"ad " r s hip rol". A&!"r his disap poi n!in d"&" a ! &or !h" ("na ! " s"a ! 2on %$ (!"ph " n A. Dou la s in 1858* 7in+oln 2ro!"C 4Th" &i h! )us ! o on. Th" +aus " o& +i#il li%"r!$ )us ! no! %" surr " n d " r " d a! !h" "nd o& on" or "#" n on" hundr " d d"&" a ! s . 4 3" 2ro! " !o Al"@and " r ($)p s o n o& his 4a%idin &ai!h !ha! 2" shall %" a ! !h" ) in !h" lon run. (!"p %$ s!"p !h" o%?"+! s o& !h" l"ad " r s 2ill %"+o ) " !oo plain &or !h" p"opl " !o s!a n d !h" ). . . . I a ) n"i!h" r d"a d nor d$in .4 (u+h "@!r a or din a r $ p"rs " # " r a n + " h"lp" d prop"l 7in+oln !o !h" pr" sid" n + $ in 1860. As an "@"+ u!i#" l"ad " r* h" +ha nn "l " d !his in!"n si!$ !o2ar d !h" p"rs on al oal o& pr"s " r #in !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s o& A)"ri+a. And i! 2as pro r " s s !o2ar d !ha! oal !ha! 7in+oln d" )a n d " d )os !* no! onl$ o& hi)s "l&* %u! o& !hos " 2ho r"por! " d !o hi). <s!a %lishin oals and ainin !h"ir a++" p ! a n + " &ro) su%or din a ! " s is +ru+ial &or "&&"+!i#" l"ad " r s hip. ;oals uni&$ p"opl "* )o!i#a ! " !h" )* &o+us !h"ir !al" n! and "n"r $. 7in+oln uni!" d his &ollo2"r s 2i!h !h" 4+orpor a ! " )ission9 o& pr"s " r #in !h" 'nion and a%olishin sla#"r $* and !his o%?"+!i#" %"+ a ) " )or " &ir) and r"solu! " 2i!h !h" onsla u h ! o& +i#il 2ar. <#"n so* 7in+oln r"ali>" d !ha! !h" a!! ain ) " n ! o& a su++ " s s& ul ou!+o ) " had !o %" a++o )plis h " d in s!"p s . (o h" +ons! a n !l$ s"! sp"+i&i+ shor!- !"r ) oals !ha! his "n " r al s and +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s +ould &o+us on 2i!h in!" n! and i))" di a + $. <arl$ in !h" +on&li+!* h" "s! a %lish " d su+h s!ra! " i+ o%?"+!i#" s as %lo+/a din /"$ (ou!h " r n por!s* ainin +on!rol o& !h" =ississippi Ri#"r* and r"%uildin and !rainin !h" )ili!ar$. Throu ho u ! !h" 2ar* h" +on+ " n ! r a ! " d on !h" d"s!r u+ !ion o& 7""4s ar )$ as oppos " d !o !h" +ap! ur " o& !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " +api! al. And h" !oo/ on" %a!!l" a! a !i)" ra!h" r !ha n !r$in !o 2in !h" ) all a! on+ ". To2ard !h" "nd o& hos!ili!i"s* 7in+oln4s s!ra ! " $ 2as !o s"! !h" s!a " &or p" a+ "& ul

and s)oo! h r"s!or a !ion o& !h" 'nion. Al2a$s* h" 2as 2or/in !o2ar d a+hi"#in oals and o%?"+!i#" s . 7i/" all r" a ! l"ad " r s * 7in+oln 2as dri#"n. 3" 2as r"sul!s ori"n! " d . In !h" da$- !o- da$ p"r&or ) a n + " o& his du!i"s as pr"sid " n ! * 7in+oln 2or/" d lon * "@ha u s !i# " hours. 6&!"n h"4d la%or la!" in!o !h" ni h! a!! " n din !o !h" #as! a )o u n ! o& pap " r 2 or / !ha! +a )" 2i!h !h" ?o%. Th"n* ra!h" r !han r"!irin * h"4d #isi! !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! !o 4s" " i& !h"r " is an$ n"2s*4 as h" 2ould sa$. 3" 2as a posi!i#" )od "l &or su%ordin a ! " s * displa$in r" )a r / a %l " p"rsis! " n + " . 3" a!! " ) p ! " d !o ins!ill !h" sa ) " !"na +i!$ and s"ns " o& ur " n + $ in his "n " r al s. 4D"la$ is ruinin us*4 h" 2ould 2ri!" !o !h" ). 4Ti)" is "#"r$! hi n K 4 h" 2ould sa$. 3is purpos " 2as !o %" 4?us! and &air*4 h" 2ro! " !o :"2 5or/ o#"r n or 3ora!io ("$)o u r * 4and $"! !o no! los" !i)". 4 And 2h" n ;"n. Da#id 3un! " r ru )%l " d and +o)pl ain " d a&!"r %"in pla+ " d in +har " o& a )"r " 3*000 )" n* 7in+oln 2ir"d %a+/C 4A+! 2"ll $our par!* !h"r " all !h" honor li"s. 3" 2ho do"s so)" ! hi n a! !h" h"a d o& on" R" i )" n ! * 2ill "+lips " hi) 2ho do"s no!hin a! !h" h"a d o& a hundr " d . 4 In !h" ad" p ! and &or+"&ul handlin o& his +a%in" ! o&&i+"rs and "n " r al s* 7in+oln d" )o n s ! r a ! " d "@!ra or din a r $ p"rs " # " r a n + " in !h" &a+" o& s" " )i n l $ insur )o u n ! a %l " o%s! a +l " s and in!"rp " r s o n a l das h " s . 7in+oln did no! shun +on&li+!. Ins!" a d h" r"sol#" d diss" n sion a)o n his su%or din a ! " s in a !i)"l$ )a n n " r * /no2in &ull 2"ll !ha! i! +ould s"r#" onl$ !o &ur!h" r d"la $ pro r " s s . 7in+oln r"ali>"d* as do )os ! l"ad" r s * !ha! road%lo+/s and unr" s ol# " d +on&li+! si)pl$ u ) up !h" 2or/s and slo2 a+hi"# " ) " n ! . And h" &r"Au " n !l$ pr" a + h " d !his +on+ " p ! !o his su%or din a ! " s . In on" ins!a n+ " * 2h"n appro a + h " d %$ a "n " r al &or ins!ru+!ions on ho2 !o handl " a par!i+ularl$ di&&i+ul! pro%l" )* 7in+oln !old hi) !o us" his o2n %"s ! ?ud ) " n ! and !h" n r"la! " d !h" s!or$ o& !h" old &ar)" r 2ho had !h" !as/ o& plou hin a lar " &i"ld lad" n 2i!h )a n $ !r"" s!u )p s K I! 2as a !"rri%l" pla+" !o +l"ar up. Bu! a&!"r a 2hil" h" o! a &"2 !hin s ro2in - h"r " and !h"r " a pa!+ h o& +orn* a &"2 hills o& %"a n s * and so on. 6n" da$ a s!ra n " r s!opp " d !o loo/ a! his pla+ " and 2an! " d !o /no2 ho2 h" )a n a " d !o +ul!i#a! " so rou h a spo!. 4,"ll*4 2as !h" r"pl$* 4so )" o& i! is pr"!! $ rou h. Th" s)all"r s!u )p s I +an "n " r all$ roo! ou! or %u ) ou!. %u! no2 and !h" n !h"r " is Da lar " on"E !ha! %o!h " r s )"* and !h"r " is no o!h"r 2a$ %u! !o plou h aroun d i!.4 :o2* ;"n"r al* a! su+h a !i)" as !his* !rou%l" s o ) " +as " s ar" +ons! a n !l $ +o)in up* and !h" onl$ 2a$ !o "! alon a! all is !o plou h aroun d !h" ). R"+" n! s!udi" s in l"ad " r s hip ha#" no! " d !ha! "&&"+!i#" l"ad " r s ar" 4r"lia%l" and !ir"l" s sl$ p"rsis! " n ! 4 and !ha! !h"$ ar" 4!h" )os ! r"sul!s- ori"n! " d p"opl" in !h" 2orld.9 8"r! ainl$* 7in+oln 2ould &i! in!o !ha! )old. 3" +r" a ! " d a +on! a iou s "n! hu si a s ) a)o n &ollo2"r s %$ d" )o n s ! r a !i n a s"ns " o& ur " n+ $ !o2ar d a!! ain ) " n ! o& his oals. 3" 2an! " d !h" ) all !o %" li/" !h" do in on" o& his &a#ori!" an"+ d o ! " s C A )a n . . . had a s)all %ull- !"rri"r !ha! +ould 2hip all !h" do s o& !h" n"i h% or h o o d . Th" o2n"r o& a lar " do 2hi+h !h" !"rri"r had 2hipp" d as/" d !h" o2n"r o& !h" !"rri"r ho2 i! happ " n " d !ha! !h" !"rri"r 2hipp " d "#"r $ do h" "n+ou n ! " r " d . 9Tha!*4 said !h" o2n"r o& !h" !"rri"r* 4is no )$s ! " r $ !o )". $our do and o!h"r do s "! hal& !hrou h a &i h! %"&or" !h" $ ar" r"a d$. no2* )$ do is al2a $s )a dK4 8on!" ) p o r a r $ +orpor a ! " "@"+ u!i#" s +ons! a n !l$ 2orr$ a%ou! ho2 !o /"" p a &ir" li! und "r !h"ir " )plo$" " s . Th"$ )us ! +on!inu all$ )o!i#a ! " * +a?ol"* and p"rs u a d " . Bu! no on" should ha#" !o 2orr$ a%ou! li h!in a &ir" und "r r" a ! l"ad" r s . Th"$ don4! n"" d i! i& !h" $ ar" li/" 7in+oln. 3is &ir" 2as al2a $s %urnin . P 'ni!" $our &ollo2"r s 2i!h a 9+orpor a ! " )ission.9

P ("! sp"+i&i+ shor!- !"r ) oals !ha! +an %" &o+us " d on 2i!h in!"n! and i))" di a + $ %$ su%ordin a ! " s . P Thos" l"ad " r s 2ho a+hi"# " so)" ! hi n a! !h" h" a d o& on" roup 2ill "+lips " !hos " 2ho do no!hin a! !h" h" a d o& a hundr " d. P (o)" !i ) " s i! is %"!! " r !o plou h aroun d o%s! a +l " s ra!h " r !ha n !o 2as! " !i)" oin !hrou h !h" ). P 7"a#" no!hin &or !o)orr o2 2hi+h +an %" don" !oda $. P 5our 2ar 2ill no! %" 2on %$ s!ra ! " $ alon"* %u! )or " %$ hard* d"s p " r a ! " &i h!in . P 5our !as/ 2ill n"i!h " r %" don" nor a!! " ) p ! " d unl"s s $ou 2a!+h i! "#"r $ da$ and hour* and &or+" i!. P R")" ) % " r !ha! hal&- &inish" d 2or/ "n " r all$ pro#" s !o %" la%or los!.

00) +e e

S e ar c h i n g %ntil ,ou -ind ,our ;Gran t;

9I +an4! spar " !his )a n. 3" &i h!s.9 7in+oln4s r"spo n s " !o +ri!i+s 2ho ur " d !h" dis )is s al o& ;"n"r al ;ran! a&!"r !h" %a!!l" o& (hiloh* 2h"r " ;ran! had %" " n ru)or " d !o %" drun/ FApril 1862G ,h"n A%rah a ) 7in+oln !oo/ o&&i+" in 1861 h" &ound !ha! !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s 2as unpr " p a r " d &or 2ar. Th" +oun!r $ had an insu&&i+i"n!* poorl$ !rain" d* and poorl$ "Auipp " d ar )$ o& onl$ 16*00 0 )" n und "r !h" +o) ) a n d o& s"#" n ! $- &i#"- $" ar- old ;"n. ,in&i"ld (+o!!. 3" 2as !oo old and ph$si+ all$ una %l " !o +o) ) a n d in !h" &i"ld* and his !h"ori" s and s!ra! " i " s o& 2ar&ar " 2"r " ou!d a ! " d . ,ha! 2ould a +on! " ) p o r a r $ "@"+ u!i#" l"ad" r do 2h" n +on&ron! " d 2i!h a si!ua !ion as s"#" r " as !hisI (i! %a+/I ,ai! and s" " i& so)" o n " +a )" &or2ar d !o handl" !h" pro%l" )I :o! so 2i!h 7in+oln. 3" !oo/ +har " . B"+a u s " !h"r " 2as su+h a pau+i!$ o& )ili!ar$ l"ad " r s hip in 1861* 7in+oln 2as &or+" d !o &or)ula ! " !h" na!ion4 s 2ar poli+$ hi)s "l&. This in+lud" d "#"r $! hin &ro) dra2in up 2ar plans in !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! o&&i+"s !o dir"+!in !a+!i+al )o#" ) " n ! s in !h" &i"ld. In !h" &our $" ar s !ha! h" 2as in o&&i+"* 7in+oln +o)pl " ! "l $ r"or a ni> " d and r"dir"+! " d !h" Ar)" d 0or+" s o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s . In &a+!* h" in+r" a s " d !h" si>" o& !h" ar )$ so su%s ! a n !i all$ !ha! a! !h" "nd o& !h" 2ar* ;"n"r al ;ran! 2as in +o) ) a n d o& )or " !ha n hal& a )illion )" n. =or"o#"r* )a n $ o& Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln4s +han " s in !h" A)"ri+a n )ili!ar$ +o) ) a n d s$s! " ) 2"r " p"r ) a n " n ! . And his o#"r all d"si n 2as la!"r us" d as so)" ! hi n o& a %lu" prin! &or &u!ur " r"or a ni> a !ion. A! !h" %" innin o& his r"la!ions hi p 2i!h ,in&i"ld (+o!!* 7in+oln !r" a ! " d !h" a in "n " r al 2i!h r" a ! r"sp " + ! . 3" +all"d on hi) a! his ho)" or o&&i+" and o&!"n as/" d his ad#i+" on ho2 !o +ondu+ ! !h" 2ar. Th"$ also dis+us s " d %asi+ )ili!ar$ s!ra ! " $ and or a ni> a !ion. ;"n"r al (+o!!4 s s!ra! " $ 2as !o %lo+/a d " (ou!h " r n +oas ! s * s"i>" !h" =ississippi Ri#"r* /"" p !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s &ro) o%!ainin i!s r"sour+ " s * and !h" n !o pas si#"l$ si! and 2ai!. 3" plann " d no )ili!ar$ in#asion o& !h" (ou!h. ins!" a d* h" &"l! !ha! !h" :or!h should 2ai! &or a s!ron :or!h"r n s"n!i )" n ! in !h" (ou!h !o o#"r+o ) " !al/ o& s"+ " s sio n. This s!ra ! " $* /no2n as !h" Ana+ond a Plan* 2as i))" di a ! "l $ r"?"+! " d %$ 7in+oln. I! 2as "ss " n !i all$ a 4no a+!ion4 plan* !$pi+al o& !hos " adop! " d %$ )a n $ o& 7in+oln4s &u!ur " )ili!ar$ l"ad " r s . 3o2"# " r* 7in+oln did l"arn a !hin or !2o &ro) his a in "n " r al. 3" ras p " d !h" i)por! a n + " o& holdin !h" =ississippi Ri#"r* 2hi+h %"+ a ) " par! o& 7in+oln4s o#"r all )ili!ar$ s!ra! " $. 3" also i)pl" ) " n ! " d a %lo+/a d " o& +ru+ial (ou!h " r n +oas! s * as (+o!! had su " s ! " d . Bu! !h" n"2 +o) ) a n d " r - in- +hi"& 2as oin !o %" )u+ h )or " a r " s si# " in his +a )p a i n !o pr"s " r # " !h" na!ion. I! 2as a! !his poin! !ha! 7in+oln laun+ h " d his !hr" "- $" ar s"ar + h &or a 'nion "n " r al 2ho 2ould do !h" ?o% &or hi). 3"

%" a n a Au" s ! !ha! all l"ad " r s )us ! " )% a r / on. 3" s!ar! " d loo/in &or a +hi"& su%ordin a ! " 2ho +ra#" s r"spo n si%ili!$* is a ris/- !a/"r* and* )os ! i)por! a n !l$* )a / " s !hin s happ " n . In "arl$ 1861 7in+oln appoin! " d ;"n. Ir#in =+Do2"ll +o) ) a n d i n "n " r al o& !h" Ar)$. <#"n !hou h =+Do2"ll &or)all$ r"por! " d !o ;"n"r al (+o!!* h" 2as !h" &irs! in a lon lin" o& &i"ld +o) ) a n d " r s appoin! " d %$ and ans2 " rin dir"+!l$ !o 7in+oln. A! !his poin! !h" pr"sid" n ! +onsid "r " d (+o!! a &i ur" h " a d and +ons ul! " d 2i!h hi) on an as- n" " d " d %asis. =+Do2"ll* ho2" # " r * 2as o#"r2h "l ) " d 2i!h !h" prosp " + ! o& +o) ) a n di n su+h a lar " ar )$ and h"si! a ! " d !o !a/" a+!ion !oo Aui+/l$. Ra!h"r* h" "l"+! " d !o %uild up and !rain his &or+" s. 3o2"#" r* a&!"r 0or! (u)! " r !h" pr"sid " n ! dir"+! " d =+Do2"ll* !hrou h ;"n"r al (+o!!* !o "n a " !h" "n" ) $ a! =ana s s a s * Vir inia. I! 2as 7in+oln 2ho plann " d and dir"+! " d !h" &irs! )a?or o&&"nsi#" o& !h" 8i#il ,ar a! Bull Run. ,h"n =+Do2"ll +o)pl ain " d and ar u " d &or )or " !i)" !o pr"p a r " h" &ound !h" pr"sid" n ! &ir) and un2a # " rin C 45ou ar" r" " n* i! is !ru"*4 7in+oln !old hi)* 4%u! !h"$ ar" r" " n* also. $ou ar" all r" " n ali/". . . .4 B$ !h" "nd o& -ul$ 1861* i! had %"+o ) " +l"ar !o 7in+oln !ha! =+Do2"ll 2as in o#"r his h" a d and !ha! ;"n"r al (+o!! 2ould soon ha#" !o r"!ir". 7in+oln n"" d " d so)" o n " 2ho +ould %uild* or a ni> "* and !rain an ar )$* and !h" n &or)ul a ! " and i)pl" ) " n ! a )ili!ar$ s!ra! " $ !o in#ad " !h" (ou!h. A&!"r &our )on! h s o& +o) ) a n d * =+Do2"ll d" )o n s ! r a ! " d !ha! h" 2as no! oin !o "! !h" ?o% don". 7in+oln d"+id" d i! 2as !i)" !o !r$ !h" &la)%o $a n ! ;"or " B. =+8l"llan. 7in+oln appoin! " d =+8l"llan +o) ) a n d " r o& !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + in -ul$ 1861 and* !hr" " )on! h s la!"r* upon !h" r"!ir" ) " n ! o& (+o!!* "n " r al- in- +hi"&. =+8l"llan 2as a )a n o& i)p" + + a %l " +r"d " n !i al s and r"pu! a !io n* and h" 2as an "@+ "ll" n! or a ni> " r. In !ru!h* 7in+oln +ould no! ha#" +hos " n a %"!! " r )a n &or !h" ?o% o& s!a&&in * !rainin * and ad )inis! " rin !h" disor a ni> " d and d"&" a ! " d !roops &ro) !h" %a!!l" o& Bull Run. In !h" lon !"r )* ho2"# " r * =+8l"llan4 s n" a !i# " sid" o#"rs h a d o 2 " d an$ ood Auali!i"s. 6&!"n h" o#"r a n al $> " d and r" )ai n " d ina+!i#". 3" si)pl$ 2ould no! &i h!. :"arl$ !hr" " )on! h s had pas s " d sin+" =+8l"llan4 s appoin! ) " n ! as "n " r al- in- +hi"& 2h" n* on -anuar $ 27* 1863* Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln a!! " ) p ! " d !o spur =+8l"llan in!o a+!ion %$ issuin ;"n"r al ,ar 6rd"r QI* 2hi+h s!a! " d !ha! 0"%rua r $ 22 2as !o %" a da$ &or 4a "n " r al )o#" ) " n ! o& !h" 7and and :a#al &or+" s o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s a ains ! !h" insur " n ! &or+" s.4 As -ohn 3a$ no!" d in his diar$* 7in+oln 42ro! " i! 2i!hou! an$ +ons ul! a !ion and r"ad i! !o !h" 8a%in" !* no! &or !h"ir san+!ion* %u! &or !h"ir in&or )a !ion.4 7in+oln 2as !a/in +har " and i)pl" ) " n !i n a r"la!i#"l$ n"2 )" ! h o d . 3is +hi"& purpos " 2as !o "! !h" 2ar "&&or! o&& d" a d +"n! " r. Bu! his 2ar ord"r had #ir!uall$ no "&&"+!* and* %$ "arl$ =ar+h 1862* ;"n"r al =+8l"llan had s!ill no! )a d " an$ pro r " s s in "n a i n !h" "n" ) $. 0inall$* 7in+oln4s o2n )oun !in &rus!r a !ion* +oupl" d 2i!h in+r" a si n pr" s s ur " &ro) 8on r " s s and his +a%in" ! * &or+" d hi) !o !a/" )or " d"+isi#" a+!ion !o +ur" !h" si!ua !ion. 6n =ar+h I 1* &our and a hal& )on! h s a&!"r h" had appoin! " d =+8l"llan "n " r al- in- +hi"&* 7in+oln r" )o# " d )u+ h o& !h" "n " r al4 s au! hori!$* l"a#in hi) 2i!h onl$ !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + . A! !h" sa )" !i)"* h" +r" a ! " d !2o n"2 d"p a r ! ) " n ! s C Th" D"par ! ) " n ! o& !h" =ississippi 2"n! !o ;"n. 3"nr$ ,. 3all"+/* and !h" =oun! ain D"par ! ) " n ! !o ;"n. -ohn. 8. 0r" )o n ! . This 2as a radi+ al +han " in !h" or a ni> a !ion o& !h" )ili!ar$. A ain* 7in+oln )a d " !h" d"+ision hi)s "l&* in&or )" d his su%ordin a ! " s * and ins!i!u! " d !h" n"2 pro+ " d u r " . B$ r" )o#in so)" o& =+8l"llan4 s r"spon si %ili!$* 7in+oln hop" d !ha! !h" "n " r al 2ould so)" h o 2 %" a%l" !o d"#o! " )or " !i)" !o pursuin !h" "n" ) $ in !h" &i"ld. Th" pr"sid " n ! s hop" s 2"r" das h " d * ho2"# " r * as =+8l"llan +on!inu " d !o d"la $ 2hil" +allin &or )or " !roops !o %" "& up his ar )$ a ains ! 2ha! h" &"ar " d 2as a &or+" !ha! #as!l$ ou!nu ) % " r " d his o2n. 6n April 9* 1862* 7in+oln 2ro!" a l"!! "r !o !h" "n " r al ur in hi) !o )o# "C 4And* on+ " )or " * l"! )" !"ll $ou* i! is indisp " n s a %l " !o $ou !ha! $ou s!ri/" a %lo2*4 pl"a d " d !h"

pr"sid" n ! . 4I a ) po2"rl" s s !o h"lp in !his. . . .9 In +losin * 7in+oln s!a! " dC 4I %" !o ass ur " $ou !ha! I ha#" n"#"r 2ri!!" n $ou* or spo/" n !o $ou* in r" a ! " r /indn" s s o& &""lin !ha n no2* nor 2i!h a &ull"r purpos " !o sus! ain $ou* so &ar as in )$ )os ! an@ious ?ud ) " n ! * I +onsis! " n !l$ +an. Bu! $ou )us ! a+!.4 7in+oln 2as s!i&& o&&"rin =+8l"llan )or al and s!ra ! " i+ suppor !. A! !h" sa )" !i)"* ho2" # " r * h" )a d " i! +l"ar !ha! an$ &ur!h"r d"la $s 2ould no! %" !ol"r a ! " d . In "arl$ =a$* a&!"r ano! h " r )on! h o& ina+!i#i!$ %$ !h" Ar)$* 7in+oln* a++o )p a ni " d %$ s"+r " ! a ri " s (!an! on and 8has " * !ra#"l " d !o 0or! =onro" !o ini!ia! " a+!ion. ,h"n =+8l"llan d"+lin" d !o ?oin !h" ) %"+ a u s " * as h" said* h" 2as !oo %us$ a! !h" &ron!* 7in+oln d"+id" d !o !a/" +har " * i))" di a ! "l $ dir"+!in an ass a ul! on :or&ol/* Vir inia. 3" ord"r " d !h" ar )$ !o %o)% a r d !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " %a!! " ri " s a! ("2all4s Poin! and !h" n pro+" " d " d !o !h" Vir inia +oas! 2h"r " * a&!"r a+!u all$ 2al/in ashor " * h" d"! "r )i n " d a sa!is&a+ ! or $ pla+" &or an a )p hi %iou s landin o& !roops . 7in+oln !h" n r"!ur n " d !o !h" 0or! and ord"r " d !h" a!! a +/* 2hi+h r"sul! " d in !h" 'nion +ap! ur " o& !h" +i!$. 8has " la!"r r"+ all" d !ha!* in his opinion* :or&ol/ 2ould no! ha#" %"" n !a/" n had !h" pr"sid" n ! no! %"" n ri h! !h"r " . And 7in+oln had )a d " ood on his r" )a r / !o his &ri"nd 6r#ill" Bro2nin %a+/ in -anuar $ 2h"n h" saidC 4I a ) !hin/in o& !a/in !h" &i"ld )$s "l&.9 6n+" a ain* h"r " is a 7in+oln prin+ipl" !ha! )od " r n l"ad " r s should no! i nor". I& $our +hi"& su%ordin a ! " s do no! )o# " and "! !h" ?o% oin * !h" n $ou should a+!* d"+isi#"l$ and 2i!hou! h"si! a !ion. Issu" &or)al 42ar ord"r s 4 or* %"!! " r $"!* o !o !h" &i"ld and !a/" +har " $ours "l&. ("! !h" !on" and i#" $our p"opl" a )" s s a " . I& $our &ollo2"r s s" " $ou l"adin !h" &i h!* ?us! as 7in+oln !oo/ :or&ol/* !h"r " 2ill %" no )is! a /in 2ha! $ou 2an! !h" ) !o do. 3o2"#" r* !his did no! s" " ) !o a&&"+! =+8l"llan* 2ho did no! +ha n " his 2a$s. <#"n !hou h h" 2as suppor !i#"* 7in+oln /n"2 h" )us ! )a / " a +ha n " in "n " r al s i& an$! hin 2as !o %" don". A&!"r +on&"rrin 2i!h ,in&i"ld (+o!! a! ,"s! Poin!* 7in+oln appoin! " d 3"nr$ 3all"+/ as "n " r al- in- +hi"& on -ul$ 11* 1862* "@a+ !l$ &our )on! h s sin+" h"4d spli! =+8l"llan4 s +o) ) a n d in!o !hr" " d"p a r ! ) " n ! s . =+8l"llan* alon 2i!h all o!h"r "n " r al s* 2ould no2 r"por! !o 3all"+/* a )a n h"4 d on+ " +o) ) a n d " d . 6n+" a ain 7in+oln !ri"d a di&&"r" n! appro a + h in an "&&or! !o sha/ " !hin s up and "! so)" ! hi n oin . ,h"n h" appoin! " d 3"nr$ 3all"+/* h" had "#"r $ in!" n!ion* a! &irs!* o& l"!!in hi) run !h" 2hol" sho2. 3" "#" n au!hori> " d 3all"+/ !o r" )o# " =+8l"llan i& h" d"" ) " d i! n"+ " s s a r $. =u+h !o !h" pr"sid " n ! s dis )a $* 3all"+/ did no! r"li"#" =+8l"llan 2ho* "#" n !hou h h" had %" " n d" )o ! " d a ain* 2ould s!ill no! &i h!. In )id- ("p! " ) % " r 1862* Ro%"r! <. 7"" had #"n! ur " d in!o :or!h"r n !"rri!or$ onl$ !o %" )" ! %$ =+8l"llan4 s lar " ar )$. 6u!nu ) % " r " d %$ al)os ! !2o !o on"* 7"" #alian!l$ ou! )a n " u # " r " d =+8l"llan a ain and a ain* in&li+!in h" a#$ loss" s on !h" 'nion ar )$. Bu! sh" " r nu)% " r s &or+"d hi) !o r"!r" a ! a+ros s !h" Po!o ) a + Ri#"r. =+8l"llan* &""lin !ha! h" had 2on a r" a ! #i+!or$* 2ir"d a )" s s a " !o ,ashin ! o n !ha! his #i+!or$ 2as 4+o)pl " ! " . 4 7in+oln* ho2"# " r* soon dis+o#" r " d !ha! =+8l"llan had no in!" n!ion o& pursuin 7""4s %a!! " r " d ar )$ in!o Vir inia and !ha!* !o !h" "n " r al* 4+o )pl " ! " #i+!or$4 )" a n ! onl$ !ha! h" had d"&"n d " d his roun d. T2o 2""/s a&!"r !h" %a!!l"* !h" pr" sid" n ! #isi!"d =+8l"llan a! An!i"! a ) in an a!! " ) p ! !o li h! a &ir" und "r hi). 7in+oln l"+!ur " d =+8l"llan a ains ! !h" dan " r s o& o#"r+ a u !iou s n " s s * a! !h" sa ) " !i)" !"llin hi) !ha! h" 4&"l! /indl$ !o2ar d hi) p"rs on all$.4 7in+oln "nd " a # or " d !o "! =+8l"llan !o !a/" !h" o&&"nsi#"* %u! !h" "n " r al r"pli"d onl$ !ha! h" 2ould )o#" as soon as h" &"l! r"a d$. Th" pr"sid " n ! * o%#iousl$ &rus!r a ! " d %$ his "n " r al4 s a!!i!ud " * op" nl$ r"&"rr " d !o !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o ) a + as 4=+8l"llan4 s %od$ u a r d. 4 A )on! h a&!"r !h" %a!!l"* 2h" n =+8l"llan a!! " ) p ! " d !o s!all &or !i)" %$ +o)pl ainin !ha! his hors " s 2"r " 2orn ou!* 7in+oln &ir"d o&& a sar+ a s !i+ r"pl$ !ha! r"adC 4I ha#" ?us! r"a d $our dispa ! + h a%ou! sor" !on u " d and &a!i u" d hors " s . ,ill $ou pardon )" &or as/in

2ha! !h" hors " s o& $our ar )$ ha#" don" sin+" !h" %a!!l" o& An!i"! a ) !ha! &a!i u" an$! hin I9 =+8l"llan* as 7in+oln !"r )" d i!* had 4!h" slo2s*4 and 2as no2 !ra#"lin on !h" sa )" pa! h as had ;"n" r al (+o!!. !h" sa ) " pa! h on 2hi+h 3all"+/ 2ould soon &ollo2. 7i/" (+o!!* =+8l"llan 2as %"in "a s " d ou! o& po2"r. 0irs! h" los! &ull +o) ) a n d o& !h" Ar)$ F2h" n 7in+oln )a d " hi) onl$ +o) ) a n d " r o& !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o ) a + G and !h" n h" 2as &or+" d !o r"por! !o 3all"+/. <#"n! u all$* li/" (+o!!* h" 2ould %" ou! al!o " ! h " r . This r"+urrin pa!! " r n in 7in+oln4s !r" a ! ) " n ! o& his "n " r al s is in!"r " s !i n %"+ a u s " i! is a &a)iliar !a+!i+ us" d in )a n $ or a ni> a !ion s !oda $. ,h"n a su%ordin a ! " is no! p"r&or )in ad" A u a ! " l $* ra!h" r !ha n &irin !h" p"rs on ou!ri h!* so)" r"spo n si%ili!$ and au!hori!$ ar" r" )o# " d in !h" hop" !ha! !h" indi#idual 2ill %" a%l" !o p"r&or ) %"!! " r 2i!h &"2"r r"spon si %ili!i"s. 0airn" s s and hu )a n di ni!$ ar" pr"s " r # " d 2h"n !his &irs! s!"p is " )plo$" d. i! i#"s !h" uns a !is&a + ! or $ p"r&or ) " r a +ha n+ " !o 4!urn i! aroun d. 4 I& %"h a #ior and p"r&or )a n + " ar" no! r"#"r s " d * !h" n"@! s!"p is !o "! !h" indi#idual ou! o& !h" d"+ision- )a /in pro+ " s s as )u+ h as possi%l". 3a#in !h" p"rs on r"por! !o ano! h " r sup "rior is a ood 2a$ !o do i!. In =+8l"llan4 s +as "* h" r"por! " d !o 3all"+/. In (+o!! and 3all"+/4s +as " s * !h" $ %"+ a ) " &i ur" h " a d s . all d"+isions 2"r " )a d " %$ 7in+oln and pas s " d !hrou h !h" ) !o pr"s " r # " pro!o+ol. <#"n! u all$* all !hr" " "n " r al s 2"r " r" )o# " d &ro) +o) ) a n d . 5"!* !h" $ 2"r " "a s " d ou! in pha s " s * and "a+h pha s " a#" !h" ) an oppor! u ni! $ !o p"r&or ) 2"ll and r" ain !h"ir prior s!a! ur " . This pro+ " s s had !2o ad#a n ! a " s &or an ou!s ! a n di n l"ad " r li/" 7in+oln. 0irs!* i! allo2" d hi) !o "! and /"" p !hin s )o#in . and s"+ond* i! allo2" d hi) !o pr"s " r # " !h" di ni!$ o& !h" indi#idual as )u+ h as possi%l". ,h"n 7in+oln &irs! appoin! " d 3"nr$ 3all"+/ as "n " r al in +hi"&* h" !hou h ! hi) 2"llAuali&i"d and a ood s"l"+ !ion. 3all"+/ 2as* a&!"r all* a rad u a ! " o& ,"s! Poin!* a pro&"s sion al soldi"r 2ho s!udi " d 2ar !a+!i+s and )a n " u # " r s . 3" had 2ri!!" n a %oo/ "n!i!l"d <l")" n ! s o& =ili!ar$ Ar! and (+i"n+ " * 2hi+h 7in+oln r"a d in "arl$ 1862. <#"n his ni+/na ) " * 46ld Brains*9 !"nd " d !o )a / " on" !hin/ h" 2as sui!" d !o his n"2 posi!ion. 3all"+/* ho2"# " r * !urn" d ou! !o %" no %"!! " r !ha n an$ o& his pr"d " + " s s o r s . A&!"r ;"n. Al"@and " r Pop"4 s r"sou n din d"&" a ! a! ("+ond Bull Run* 3all"+/ had r"+oil"d %adl$* %la )i n hi)s "l& &or !h" loss and r"&usin !o a+! !h"r " a &! " r . 7in+oln o%s " r# " d !ha! h" 4%ro/" do2n - n"r#" and plu+/ all on" - and has "#"r sin+" "#a d " d all possi%l" r"spon si %ili!$ li!!l" )or " sin+" !ha! !han a &irs!- ra!" +l"r/.43all"+/4 s loss o& +o)p o s u r " +a )" l"ss !ha n !2o )on! h s a&!"r his appoin! ) " n ! as "n " r al- in- +hi"&. Bu! 7in+oln 2ould i#" hi) !i)" !o r"+o#" r !o sho2 2ha! h" +ould do. 3all"+/* !oo* 2ould "! his !hr" "- !o&i#"- )on! h ra+ " p"riod. =an$ +on! " ) p o r a r $ +orpor a ! " "@"+ u !i# " s also i#" !h"ir n"2 +hi"& sup" r#isor s a ra+ " p"riod !hAa ! is usuall$ +all"d a 4hon" $ ) o o n 4 and las!s a%ou! si@ )on! h s * in 2hi+h !h" n"2 )a n a " r "!s !o do ?us! a%ou! an$! hin * 2i!hin r"as o n. 0ur!h" r )o r " * !h" !op "@"+ u!i#" 2ill "n " r all$ ad#is " his n"2 l"ad " r !o si)pl$ lis!"n &or !h" &irs! !hr" " )on! h s or so and !h" n )a/ " +ha n " s . This allo2s !h" n"2 l"ad " r !o !rul$ und "r s ! a n d his n"2 posi!ion. 7in+oln* ho2" # " r* did no! ha#" !h" !i)" !o allo2 his "n " r al s a si@- )on! h hon" $) o o n . Th" pri+" !o pa$ &or ina+!ion 2as si)pl$ !oo hi h* and his philosoph $ 2as !o i#" "a+ h "n " r al onl$ !hr" " !o &i#" )on! h s !o sho2 posi!i#" r"sul!s. ,h"n 3all"+/ didn4! r"+o#" r a&!"r !ha! p"riod o& !i)"* 7in+oln !oo/ +har " . Thr" " and a hal& )on! h s a&!"r 3all"+/4s pro)o !ion* 7in+oln +aus " d ano! h " r )a?or sha/ "- up o& !h" )ili!ar$. 6n 6+!o% " r 21* 1862* h" appoin! " d -ohn A. =+8l"rna n d !o h" a d up !h" D"par ! ) " n ! o& !h" =ississippi. 6n 6+!o% " r 23* h" appoin! " d ,illia) (. Ros"+r a n s as h"a d o& !h" D"par! ) " n ! o& !h" 8u)% " rl a n d . 6n :o#" )% " r 5* h" r"li"#" d =+8l"llan and appoin! " d ;"n. A)%ros " <. Burnsid" !o h" a d !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o ) a + . And on :o#" )% " r 9* h" appoin! " d :a!ha ni "l P. Ban/s l"ad" r o& !h" D"par ! ) " n ! o& !h" ;ul&. All o&

!his o++urr " d 2i!hin a !hr" "- 2""/ p"riod lar "l$ %"+ a u s " 7in+oln 2as &rus!r a ! " d 2i!h 3a&l"+/. Al!hou h 46ld Brains4 2ould r"! ain his i)pr " s si#" !i!l"* h" 2ould no2 %" onl$ a &i ur" h " a d * )u+ h li/" ,in&i"ld (+o!! had %" " n. 7in+oln had on+ " a ain !a/" n !h" %ull %$ !h" horns. All +o) ) a n di n "n " r al s 2ould "! !h"ir ord"r s &ro) hi)* so)" !i ) " s r"la$" d !hrou h 3all"+/. :o2* 2i!h !his lin"up* 7in+oln 2ould s" " i& !h"r " 2as a r"al "n " r al a )o n !h" ). 7in+oln 2as o%#iousl$ no! a&raid !o sha/ " !hin s up in an "&&or! !o )a/ " so)" ! hi n posi!i#" happ " n . 3" 2ould )a/ " )is! a / " s * as all l"ad" r s do* %u! !h" al!"rn a !i#" o& n"#"r 2innin 2as una++ " p ! a %l " . Bu! 7in+oln 2as !o %" disap p oin! " d on+ " )or " . In &a+!* h" )a d " a s"rious )is! a / " in his appoin! ) " n ! o& -ohn A. =+8l"rna n d on !h" =ississippi. =+8l"rna n d had %" " n an Illinois D")o+ r a ! ori inall$ +o) )i s sion " d %$ !h" pr" sid" n ! &or poli!i+al r"a s o n s . <#"n !hou h h" 2as a r " s si# " * h" !urn" d ou! !o %" a #"r$ poor "n " r al 2ho 2as o#"rl$ a )%i!ious. 3" 2as also !"rri!orial* 2an!in all +r"di! &or hi)s "l&. In addi!ion* h" 2ro! " lon * +ri!i+al l"!! "r s !o 7in+oln +o)pl ainin a%ou! his +oll"a u " s * "sp " +i all$ (h"r ) a n and ;ran!. 3is )oun !in o& an a r " s si# " s)" a r +a )p ai n a ains ! ;ran! %a+/&ir" d 2h" n* on -anuar $ 25* 1863* !hr" " )on! h s a&!"r his pro )o !ion* 7in+oln )a d " =+8l"rna n d r"por! dir"+!l$ !o ;ran!* 2ho no2 h" a d " d all &or+" s alon !h" =ississippi. 7in+oln li/"d 'l$ss " s (. ;ran!* 2ho had %"" n loo)in on !h" hori>on sin+" "arl$ 1862* 2h" n h" had 2on i)pr " s si#" #i+!ori" s in T"nn" s s " " . 3"4d "arn " d !h" ni+/na ) " 4'n+ondi!ion al (urr" n d " r 4 ;ran! a&!"r !h" +ap! ur " o& 0or! Don"lson on 0"%rua r $ 16* !h" sa )" da$ !ha! 7in+oln pro )o ! " d hi) !o )a?or "n " r al. 8asu al!i" s had %" " n hi h in ;ra+ " s #i+!ori"s in T"nn" s s " " * and !h"r " 2"r" ru)or s !ha! h" had %"" n drun/ durin par! s o& !h" %a!!l" s. =an$ p"opl " 2"r" +allin &or 7in+oln !o dis )is s ;ran!* %u! !h" pr"sid" n ! s!ood %$ hi). 9I +an4! spar " !his )a n* 4 said 7in+oln. 43" &i h!sK4 7in+oln did no! ha#" )u+ h lu+/ 2i!h "n " r al s :a!ha ni "l Ban/s and ,illia) Ros"+r a n s . Bo!h 2"r" )" dio+r " l"ad" r s 2ho !"nd " d !o !a/" a+!ion onl$ 2h" n prodd " d %$ !h" pr"sid" n ! . Ban/s* par!i+ularl$* s!ar! " d ou! on a sour no!" 2i!h !h" pr"sid" n ! . In "arl$ :o#" )% " r h" had pro)is " d 7in+oln !ha! h" 2ould %" "n rou! " !o 7ouisian a 2i!hin a 2""/ %u! had !h" n !urn" d aroun d and as/" d &or )or " suppli" s and )" n. 6n :o#" )% " r 22* !h" pr"sid" n ! 2ro! " a %i!in r"pri )a n d !o Ban/sC =$ d" ar ;"n"r al* !his "@pa n di n * and pilin up on i)p" di ) " n ! a * has %" " n* so &ar* al)o s ! our ruin* and 2ill %" our &inal ruin i& i! is no! a%a n d o n " d . . . . 5ou )us ! "! %a+/ !o so)" ! hi n li/" !h" plan $ou had !h"n* or $our "@p" di!ion is a &ailur" %"&or " $ou s!ar!. 5ou )us ! %" o&& %"&or" 8on r " s s )" " ! s . Al!hou h Ban/s had 2on an i)pr" s si#" #i+!or$ a! Por! 3udson* =ississippi* 2i!h !h" h"lp o& ;ran!* h" !urn" d ou! !o %" a r"la!i#"l$ 2"a/ +o) ) a n d i n "n " r al. 7in+oln "#" n! u a ll$ s"n! hi) o&& !o an ad )i nis !r a !i#" ?o% o#"rs " "i n !h" r"+ons ! r u + !ion o& 7ouisian a . Ros"+r a n s !urn" d ou! !o %" ?us! li/" Ban/s. 3" r" )ai n " d in :ash#ill" &or !h" &irs! !2o )on! h s a&!"r his appoin! ) " n ! !o h" a d !h" ar )i " s o& !h" 8u)% " rl a n d* pilin up 4i)p " di ) " n ! a * 4 as 7in+oln !"r )" d i!. In -anuar $ 1863* h" &inall$ "n a " d !h" "n" ) $ and r"puls " d a r"%"l a!! a +/ a! =ur&r"" s % o r o* T"nn" s s " " * &or+in !h" ) !o r"!r" a ! !o 8ha!! a n o o a . Bu! in his in&ini!" +au!ion and d"la $* i! 2as ano! h " r "i h! )on! h s %"&or " Ros"+r a n s &inall$ push " d !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s ou! o& 8ha!! a n o o a * and !his onl$ a&!"r 7in+oln &or+" d hi) in!o a+!ion. Th"n* in his purs ui! o& !h" r"%"ls* Ros"+r a n s 2as soundl$ d"&" a ! " d a! 8hi+/a ) a u a 8r""/ on ("p! " ) % " r 20* 1863. A&!"r !his !h" "n " r al los! all a%ili!$ !o l"ad his )" n and his o2n s"l&- +on!rol as 2"ll. 7in+oln d"s+ri% " d hi) as 4+on&us " d and s!unn " d li/" a du+/ hi! on !h" h" a d. 4

A &"2 2""/s la!"r* on 6+!o% " r 16* Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln a#" 'l$ss " s (. ;ran! +o) ) a n d o& all !h" ar )i " s in !h" ,"s!. ,h"n h" r"+"i#" d 2ord o& his pro)o !ion* ;ran! i))" di a ! "l $ rod" !o 8ha!! a n o o a * r"li"#" d Ros"+r a n s * and &or!i&i"d !h" +i!$. 7in+oln 2as pl"a s " d 2i!h !h" a r " s si# " n " s s displa$" d %$ his n"2 +o) ) a n di n "n " r al. -us! as h" had !a/" n Vi+/s%ur !ha! su) ) " r * ;ran!* in a%ou! a )on! h* 2ould 2in i)pr " s si#" %a!!l" s a! =issiona r $ Rid " and 7oo/ou! =oun! ain* T"nn" s s " " . Th" pr"sid " n ! s" " ) " d !o ha#" &ound !h" &i h!in "n " r al h" had %" " n loo/in &or. 3o2"#" r* 7in+oln s!ill had )a?or pro%l" ) s in !h" <as!. A)%ros " <. Burnsid " las!" d onl$ !2o and a hal& )on! h s as a r"pla+ " ) " n ! &or ;"or " =+8l"llan as +o) ) a n d " r o& !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + . ,hil" Burnsid" had !h" r"pu! a !ion o& %"in a &i h!in "n " r al* 7in+oln &ound ou! #"r$ Aui+/l$ !ha! h" 2as no! +o)p " ! " n ! "nou h !o +o) ) a n d su+h a lar " ar )$. Burnsid "* 2ho4d a++ " p ! " d !h" +o) ) a n d h"si! a n !l$* "#" n ad )i! ! " d as )u+ h. A &"2 2""/s a&!"r !h" appoin! ) " n ! * 7in+oln #isi!"d Burnsid" and his !roops a! A+Auia 8r""/* 2h"r " h" propos " d a plan Fr"?"+! " d %$ %o!h Burnsid" and 3a!l"+/G &or a!! a + /in 0r"d"ri+/s % u r . Th" pr"sid" n ! 4 s p"rsis! " n + " &or+" d Burnsid" in!o an "n a " ) " n ! 2i!h Ro%"r! <. 7"" a! 0r"d"ri+/s % ur * 2h"r " !h" +o) ) a n d " r )a d " s"#" r al &a!al "rrors in ?ud ) " n ! !ha! r"sul! " d in a disas ! r ou s loss &or !h" 'nion. Burnsid " +ould no! a++" p ! !ha! !h"r " 2"r " )or " !ha n 12*000 +asu al!i" s as a r"sul! o& !h" %a!!l"* and h" !oo* li/" Ros"+r a n s * %ro/" do2n and los! all +on!rol. In !h" &ollo2in 2""/s * !h" )or al " o& !h" ar )$ %" a n !o su&&"r and 2h"n his o2n su%or din a ! " s %" a n !o op" nl$ Au" s !ion his a%ili!$* Burnsid " 2"n! !o !h" pr" sid" n ! !o d" )a n d !h"ir dis )is s al. Ins!" a d 7in+oln d"+id" d !o r"li"#" Burnsid" and r"pla+ " hi) 2i!h on" o& !hos " +o)pl ainin o&&i+"rs* -o" 3oo/"r* on -anuar $ 25* 1863. 3oo/"r +ould )a n a " onl$ &i#" )on! h s as !h" &our!h +o) ) a n d " r o& !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o ) a + . 3"r" 2as ano! h " r "n " r al 2i!h a ni+/na ) " !ha! i)pli"d a+!ion* %u! 40i h!in -o"4 !urn " d ou! !o %" no %"!! " r !han !h" r"s!. Ta/in o#"r as h" did in !h" 2in!"r )on! h s * h" had !h" p"r&"+! "@+us " &or ina+!i#i!$- in+l" )" n ! 2"a! h " r . 4Th" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + is s!u+/ in !h" )ud* 4 2ro!" 7in+oln4s s"+r " ! a r $ -ohn :i+ola$* 4as i! has %" " n durin n" arl$ !h" 2hol" o& i!s "@is! " n + " .9 ,h"n !h" 2ar ) sprin 2"a ! h " r r"!urn " d * 7in+oln ass " ) % l " d a lar " par! $* in+ludin his 2i&" and son* !o #isi! ;"n"r al 3oo/"r a! 0al)ou! h* Vir inia. 3" 2an! " d !o s"" 2ha! !h" Ar)$ 2as doin . in addi!ion* h" 2an! " d !o l"a#" no dou%! s in 3oo/" " s )ind !ha! h" 2as "@p" + ! " d !o )o#" . 7in+oln r" )ai n " d in !h" &i"ld &or &i#" da$s FApril 4- 10* 1863G li#in in a !"n! 2i!h his &a)il$* )in lin 2i!h !h" !roops* #i"2in !h" 0r"d"ri+/s % u r %a!!l"&i"ld* and d"#"lopin s!ra ! " i " s 2i!h his n"2 +o) ) a n di n "n " r al. Th" pr"sid " n ! +ouldn4 ! h"lp %u! %" i)pr " s s " d 2i!h !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + * 2hi+h 2as no2 )or " !han 130*00 0 )" n s!ron and* !ha n/s !o =+8l"llan* 2"ll- drill"d and 2"ll- "Auipp " d . 3oo/"r 2as +on&id" n! * and h" !old 7in+oln ")p h a !i+ all$ !ha! h" 2ould !a/" Ri+h)o n d handil$. Bu! !h" pr"sid" n ! had h"ar d !ha! %"&or ". 4Th" )os ! d"pr " s si n !hin a%ou! 3oo/"r*4 said 7in+oln* 4is !ha! h" is o#"r+on&id" n ! . 4 7in+oln r"!urn " d !o ,ashin ! o n so)" 2 h a ! +h" " r " d %u! s!ill s/"p!i+ al o& !h" ar )$4 s a%ili!$ !o )oun ! an ass a ul!. 3is r"s "r# a !ion s 2"r" r"ali>"d in l"ss !ha n a )on! h 2h"n 3oo/"r 2as !horou hl$ %"a ! " n %$ Ro%"r! <. 7""4s ar )$ a! 8han+ "llors#ill"* Vir inia. 3oo/"r had !a/" n a has ! $ r"!r " a ! * and 7in+oln 2an! " d !o /no2 2h$. 6n =a$ 7* 1863* h" a ain #isi!" d 3oo/"r4 s +a )p n" ar 8han+ "llors#ill" and +on&"rr " d 2i!h !h" "n " r al and his su%ordin a ! " s . 7in+oln o&&"r" d suppor ! and dir"+!ion. 3" +on#"r s " d 2i!h* and !h" n Fas 2as his ha%i! 2i!h 3oo/"rG a#" !h" "n " r al a l"!! "r !ha! as/" d i& h" had in his 4)ind a plan 2holl$* or par!iall$ &or)" dI I& $ou ha#"*9 said 7in+oln* 4pros " + u ! " i! 2i!hou! in!"r&"r " n + " &ro) )". I& $ou ha#" no!* pl"a s " in&or ) )"* so !ha! I* in+o )p " ! " n ! as I )a $ %"* +an !r$ D!oE assis! in !h" &or)a !ion o& so)" plan &or !h" Ar)$.4 3oo/"r r"spon d " d !o 7in+oln !ha! h" had a "n " r ali> " d plan !o +ross !h" Rapp a h a n n o + / and "n a " !h" "n" ) $ "#" n !hou h

!h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s had ain" d s!r" n ! h !hrou h r"in&or+ " ) " n ! s . Ba+/ in ,ashin ! o n* ho2" # " r * 7in+oln h" ar d !ha! 3oo/" " s su%or din a ! " o&&i+"rs 2"r" op" nl$ +o)pl ainin a%ou! !h"ir "n " r al* as had happ " n " d !o Burnsid" . In an "&&or! !o r"sol#" !h" pro%l" ) s * !h" pr"sid" n ! su) ) o n " d his "n " r al !o !h" ,hi!" 3ous " !o dis+us s !h" )a ! ! " r &a+" !o &a+". In his +us!o ) a r $ l"!!"r* 7in+oln s!a! " dC 4I )us ! !"ll $ou I ha#" so)" pain&ul in!i)a !ion s !ha! so)" o& $our +orps and Di#ision 8o)) a n d " r s ar" no! i#in $ou !h"ir "n!ir" +on&id" n+ " . This 2ould %" ruinous* i& !ru". and $ou should !h"r "&or "* &irs! o& all* as+ " r ! ai n !h" r"al &a+!s %"$on d all possi%ili!$ o& dou%!. 4 ,h"n 3oo/"r as/" d 2ho i! 2as !ha! had %" " n +o)pl ainin a%ou! his a%ili!i"s* 7in+oln r"&us " d !o di#ul " !h" na ) " s . 3oo/"r l"&! !h" pr"sid " n ! and r"!ur n " d !o his ar )$ +on+ " r n " d a%ou! 2ha! had happ " n " d . 3o2"#" r* his &u!ur" a+!ions did no! +ha n " C 40i h!in -o"9 %"h a # " d a r" a ! d" al li/" 46ld Brains4 and 45oun :apol"o n. 4 =an$ +orpor a ! " "@"+ u !i#" s ar" &a+"d 2i!h !h" sa ) " pro%l" ) 7in+oln "n+ou n ! " r " d . -us! as su%or din a ! " o&&i+"rs +o)pl ain " d a%ou! Burnsid " and 3oo/"r* " )plo$" " s 2ill o&!"n rip" a%ou! !h"ir sup" r#isor s. In d" alin 2i!h !his dil" ) ) a * )od " r n l"ad" r s should !a/" !h"ir +u" &ro) 7in+oln. I& $our +hi"& "@"+ u !i#" 4 s su%ordin a ! " s +o)pl ain* l"! !h" "@"+ u !i# " /no2 a%ou! !h" +o)pl ain! s. This is onl$ &air. 3" )a $ no! /no2 !ha! p"opl " ar" dis"n+ h a n ! " d * and i! 2ill i#" hi) !i)" !o +orr"+! !h" pro%l" ). 3o2"#" r* 7in+oln 2ould also %" !h" &irs! !o sa$ !ha! i& $ou d"! " r )i n " !ha! !h" +o)pl ain! s ar" !ru"* and no!hin +han " s * I!4s appro pri a ! " !o r" )o# " !h" sup" r#isor* "sp " +i all$ i& h"4s no! doin his ?o% prop" rl$. 6nl$ !2o 2""/s a&!"r a &ail"d a!! " ) p ! !o #isi! 3oo/"r in !h" &i"ld a !hird !i)"* on -un" 28* 1863* 7in+oln anno u n + " d !o his +a%in" ! !ha! h"4d r"li"#" d 3oo/"r and r"pla+ " d hi) 2i!h ;"or " ="ad " F2ho 2as &or)all$ on 3oo/"r4 s s!a&& and on" o& his +hi"& an! a o ni s ! sG. 7in+oln !old !h" +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s !ha! h" had 4o%s " r # " d in 3oo/"r !h" sa ) " &ailin s !ha! 2"r " 2i!n" s s " d in =+8l"llan a&!"r !h" Ba!!l" o& An!i"! a )* - a 2an! o& ala+ri!$ !o o%" $* and a r" " d $ +all &or )or " !roops 2hi+h +ould no!* and ou h! no! !o %" !a/" n &ro) o!h"r poin!s.4 And so i! 2"n! 2i!h 3oo/"r* 2ho had no2 on" !h" 2a$ o& his pr"d " + " s s o r * Bu)sid " * r"pla+ " d %$ on" o& his o2n +o)pl ainin su%or din a ! " s . 7in+oln and (!an! on ?oin!l$ +hos " ;"n"r al ="ad " !o su++ " " d 3oo/"r. Th"$ n" " d " d so)" o n " 2ho /n"2 !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o ) a + %"+ a u s " !h" !roops 2ould ha#" !o )o#" Aui+/l$. ,ord had ?us! %" " n r"+ "i#" d !ha! Ro%"r! <. 7"" and his Ar)$ o& :or!h"r n Vir inia had in#ad " d sou! h " r n P"nns $l#a ni a. ,h"n !old %$ (!an! on !ha! ="ad" 2as &ro) P"nns $l# a ni a * 2h"r " !h" n"@! +ru+ial %a!!l" n" " d " d !o %" &ou h!* 7in+oln r"pli"d !ha! his n"2 +o) ) a n d " r 2ould 4&i h! 2"ll on his o2n dun hill.4 ;"n"r al ="ad " i))" di a ! "l $ )o%ili>"d !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + and h" a d " d nor!h* /"" pin hi)s "l& %"!2 " " n 7""4s ar )$ and ,ashin ! o n. 3" +au h ! 7"" a! ;"!!$s % u r as %o!h ar )i " s 2"r" +on#"r in on !h" s)all !o2n a! !h" sa ) " !i)". ="ad " %ra# "l$ du in and s/ill&ull$ dir"+! " d his !roops &or !h" !hr" " da$s o& %a!!l" F-ul$ 1- 3G. 6n -ul$ 5* a&!"r a da$ o& ina+!i#i!$* Ro%"r! <. 7"" r"!r " a ! " d !o Vir inia. Th" %a!!l" o& ;"!!$s % u r 2as a d"+isi#" 'nion #i+!or$ and ="ad" 2as* &or !h" )o ) " n ! * a h"ro. ="an2hil"* in ,ashin ! o n* an "la! " d Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln r"ali>"d !ha! !h" 2ar +ould +o)" !o an "nd i))" di a ! " l $ i& ="ad " 2ould )ou n! an o&&"nsi#" and +rush !h" s"#"r "l$ 2ound " d ar )$ o& Ro%"r! <. 7"". Bu! in"@pli+a %l$* and )u+ h !o !h" +ha rin o& 7in+oln* ="ad " did no! &ollo2 !hrou h. Th" +o) ) a n di n "n " r al s" " ) " d !o %" sa!is&i"d 2i!h !h" #i+!or$ a! ;"!!$s % u r and %asi+ all$ onl$ &ollo2" d 7"" sou! h !o !h" Po!o )a + Ri#"r. In &a+!* h" ord"r " d his !roops !o 4dri#" &ro) our soil "#"r $ #"s!i " o& !h" pr" s " n + " o& !h" in#ad " r. 4 ,h"n 7in+oln r"ad !his in !h" T"l" r a p h 6&&i+" h" 2as sho+/ " d. 4Dri#" !h" in#ad " r &ro) our soilK4 3" +ri"d. 4=$ ;odK Is !ha! allI4 4This is a dr" a d&iil r" )inis+ " n + " o& =+8l"llan*4 7in+oln !old -ohn 3a$. 4Th" sa )" spiri! !ha! )o#" d =+8l"llan !o +lai) a r" a ! #i+!or$ %"+ a u s " P"nns $l#a ni a and =ar$lan d 2"r" sa&". Th" h"ar ! s o& !"n )illion p"opl" sun/ 2i!hin !h" ) 2h"n =+8l"llan

rais" d !ha! shou! las! &all Da! An!i"! a )E . ,ill our "n " r al s n"#" r "! !ha! id"a ou! o& !h"ir h" a d s I Th" 2hol" +oun!r$ is our soil.4 ,h"n 7""4s !roops r"a+ h " d !h" %an/s o& !h" ri#"r* !h"$ &ound !ha! hi h 2a! " r pr"#" n ! " d !h"ir +rossin . Th"$ 2"r " !rapp " d * and 7in+oln /n"2 no2 !ha! i& onl$ ="ad" 2ould a!! a +/ !h" 2ar 2ould %" "nd " d . Bu!* a ain* ="ad " s!all"d and d"li%"r a ! " d 2i!h his o&&i+"rs as !o 2ha! +ours " o& a+!ion h" should !a/". In !hos " s"#" n da$s o& +au!ious h"si! a !ion* !h" Po!o ) a + Ri#"r r"+ " d " d and 7""4s ar )$ +ross " d !o sa&"! $ in Vir inia. ,h"n !h" pr"sid" n ! r"+ "i#" d 2ord o& 7""4s "s+ a p " * h" 2as in+ons ola %l " and an " r " d . 3" !old ("+r " ! a r $ o& !h" :a#$ ;id"on ,"ll"s !ha! h" had dr" a d " d $"! "@p" + ! " d 2ha! had happ " n " d . 4And !ha!* )$ ;od*4 said 7in+oln* 4is !h" las! o& !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + K Th"r" is %ad &ai!h so)" 2 h " r " . ="ad " has %" " n pr"s s " d and ur " d* %u! onl$ on" o& his "n " r al s 2as &or an i))" di a ! " a!! a + /* 2as r"ad $ !o poun+ " on 7"". !h" r"s! h"ld %a+/. ,ha! do" s i! )" a n * =r. ,"ll"sI ;r"a ! ;odK ,ha! do"s i! )" a n I 4 7in+oln had n"#"r %"" n so #isi%l$ ups " ! and h" #"n! " d his an " r in a hars h* +hidin l"!! "r o& +ri!i+is ) !o ="ad" . A&!"r +oolin do2n* 7in+oln r"+onsid " r " d and did no! s"nd !h" l"!! "r. 3" r"ali>"d !ha! ="ad" had s"+ur " d a r" a ! #i+!or$* and !h" pr"sid" n ! 2as ra! "& ul &or 4!h" s"r#i+ " h" did a! ;"!!$s % u r . 4 Bu! 7in+oln la!"r !old his son* Ro%"r!* !ha! i& h" 4had on" up !h"r " * I +ould ha#" 2hipp" d !h" ) )$s "l&.4 ="ad" * &or his par!* 2as s"#"r "l$ s!un %$ !h" pr"sid" n ! s dissa !is&a + !ion. 3" n"#" r r"all$ did an$! hin a&!"r !h" %a!!l" o& ;"!!$s % u r un!il 'l$ss " s ;ran! 2as na )" d !h" n"2 "n " r al- in- +hi"& In a )" " !in 2i!h ="ad " s"#"r al 2""/s la!"r* 7in+oln "@plain " d his #i"2 o& !h" "n " r al s +ondu+ ! a&!"r !h" %a!!l" o& ;"!!$s % u r C 4I4ll %" han " d * 4 said 7in+oln* 4i& I +ould !hin/ o& an$! hin "ls" !ha n an old 2o)a n !r$in !o shoo h"r " " s " a+ros s a +r" "/.4 8on!" ) p o r a r $ l"ad " r s 2ho "@p" ri" n+ " di&&i+ul!i"s &indin !h" ri h! +hi"& su%ordin a ! " +an !a/" +o)&or! in !h" /no2l" d " !ha! a! !his poin! in !h" 8i#il ,ar* 7in+oln had sp" n! )or " !ha n !2o and a hal& $" ar s s"ar + hin &or an a r " s si# " "n " r al 2ho +ould do !h" ?o%. Bu! his p"rsis! " n + " had no! 2an" d. In &a+!* a&!"r 7""4s "s+ a p " a! ;"!!$s % u r * his d"! "r )i n a !i on )a $ ha#" %" " n r"?u#" n a ! " d . Durin !h" ina+!i#" )on! h s o& !h" 2in!"r o& 1863- 1864* 7in+oln &or)ul a ! " d plans &or 2ha! 2as !o %" his las! )a?or sha/ "- up o& !h" A)"ri+a n )ili!ar$ s$s! " ) . 6n =ar+h 10* 1864* 7in+oln o&&i+iall$ pro )o ! " d 'l$ss " s (. ;ran! !o !h" ran/ o& li"u! " n a n ! "n " r al and +onsolida ! " d all !h" ar )i " s o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s und "r hi). 6nl$ a &"2 2""/s "arli"r* 8on r " s s had pas s " d a %ill Fpossi%l$ a! 7in+oln4s r"Au " s ! G r""s ! a %lishin !his ran/ and au! hori>in !h" pr"sid" n ! !o appoin! an$ on" )a n !o !ha! posi!ion. Prior !o ;ran! onl$ !2o )" n had "#"r h"ld !h" !i!l"C ;"or " ,ashin ! o n and ,in&i"ld (+o!!. ;ran! 2as no2 !h" n"2 "n " r al- in- +hi"& and &or !h" &irs! !i)" sin+" "arl$ 1861 !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s had a sin l" +o) ) a n d " r . 7in+oln had !a/" n on" )or " dras!i+ s!"p* and !his !i)" i! 2ould 2or/. In !h" da$s surrou n din !h" "n " r al4 s pro)o !ion* 7in+oln did so)" ! hi n !ha! )a n $ )od " )- da$ +orpor a ! " "@"+ u!i#" s do- h" +ouns "l " d ;ran! !horou hl $ in s"#"r al pri#a! " )" " !i n s . 3" 2an! " d his n"2 +hi"& su%or din a ! " !o "! o&& on !h" ri h! &oo!* and !o handl " hi)s "l& 2"ll in pu%li+. A da$ %"&or" !h" o&&i+ial ,hi!" 3ous " +"r" )o n $ )ar/in !h" n"2 )o#" * 7in+oln !old hi) !ha! h" 4in!" n d " d !o r"a d a &"2 appropria ! " r" )a r / s and su " s ! " d !ha! ;ran! do !h" sa )" sin+" h" 2as no! us" d !o )a/in sp" " + h " s . Th" pr"sid " n ! &ur!h"r su " s ! " d !ha! in his +o) ) " n ! a r $ h" sa$ so)" ! hi n !o app " a s " o!h"r "n " r al s 2ho &"l! !ha! !h"$ should ha#" had !h" ?o% and* in addi!ion* !o +o)pli )" n ! !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o ) a + . (hor!l$ a&!"r !h" appoin! ) " n ! 2as +on&"rr " d* 7in+oln +all"d ;ran! asid" in pri#a! " !o dis+us s !h" on oin )ili!ar$ si!ua !ion. 3" !old his n"2 +o) ) a n di n "n " r al !ha! h" +ould %"s ! illus!r a ! " !h" )" s s a " h" 2as !r$in !o "! a+ros s %$ )" a n s o& a s!or$C A! on" !i)" !h"r " 2as a r" a ! 2ar a )o n !h" ani )al s* and on" sid" had r" a ! di&&i+ul!$ in "!!in a +o) ) a n d " r 2ho had su&&i+i"n! +on&id" n+ " in hi)s "l& 0inall$* !h" $ &ound a )on/ " $ . . . 2ho said !ha! h" !hou h ! h" +ould +o) ) a n d !h"ir ar )$ i& his !ail

+ould %" )a d " a li!!l" lon "r. (o !h" $ o! )or " !ail. . . . 3" loo/" d a! i! ad )irin l$* and !h" n !hou h ! h" ou h! !o ha#" a li!!l" )or " s!ill. This 2as add " d * and a ain h" +all"d &or )or ". Th" spli+in pro+ " s s 2as r"p" a ! " d )a n $ !i)" s * un!il !h" $ had +oil"d D!h" )on/ " $4 s E !ail around !h" roo )* &illin all !h" spa+ " . DTh"nE !h" $ 2rapp " d i! aroun d his should" r s . . . un!il i!s 2"i h! %ro/" hi) do2n. A&!"r h" arin !his s!or$ &ro) 7in+oln* ;ran! r"a s s u r " d !h" pr"sid " n ! !ha! h" 2ould no! +all &or an$ )or " !roops !ha n 2"r" a%s olu! "l $ n"+ " s s a r $. In i)pl" ) " n ! i n !h" n"2 )a?or )ili!ar$ sha/ "- up* 7in+oln also )a d " ;"n. 3"nr$ 3all"+/ !h" na!ion4 s &irs! +hi"& o& s!a&&. Th" posi!ion sui!" d 46ld Brains4. all h" had !o do 2as a+! as liaison %"!2 " " n 7in+oln and ;ran!. I! 2as a p"r&"+ ! arra n " ) " n ! %"+ a u s " ;ran! insis! " d on ha#in his o&&i+" in !h" &i"ld* 2hi+h 7in+oln pr"&"rr " d. ;ran! !ra#"l " d 2i!h !h" Ar)$ o& !h" Po!o )a + * an arra n " ) " n ! !ha! also 2or/" d 2"ll &or ="ad "* 2ho 2as %"!! " r sui!" d !o !a/in ord"r s !ha n i#in !h" ). ;ran! 2ould rid" %a+/ !o ,ashin ! o n r" ularl$ !o +on&"r and dis+us s s!ra! " $ 2i!h !h" pr"sid" n ! . !o " ! h " r !h"$ 2or/" d ou! !h" o&&"nsi#" )o# " ) " n ! s on all &ron!s !ha! 2"r" !o "#" n! u a ll$ "nd !h" 2ar. A! on" 2or/ s"s sion* ;ran! un#"il"d !o !h" pr" sid" n ! his rand plan !o in#ol#" all !h" a )- li"s o& !h" 'nion in a +"n!r ali>" d a!! a + / a ains ! !h" (ou!h* pro )p !i n 7in+oln !o +h" " r&ull$ +o) ) " n ! !ha! 4!hos " no! s/innin +an hold a l" .4 7in+oln &ound !ha! h" +ould "&&"+!i#"l$ i#" ;ran! a &r"" hand !o run !h" 2ar "&&or!. 3" didn4! ha#" !o sp" n d an inordina ! " a)o u n ! o& !i)" o#"rs " " i n !his "n " r al !h" 2a$ h" had 2i!h =+8l"llan and !h" o!h"r s. 5"! 7in+oln n"#"r r"all$ r"linAuis h " d !o!al +on!rol and au!hori!$. 3" 2as s!ill !h" pr"sid " n ! * and "#" n 2i!h ;"n"r al ;ran! h" 2ould p"rsis! in )oni!orin )ili!ar$ op"r a !ion s * "@"r!in his p"rs on al in&lu"n+ " 2h" n h" &"l! i! n"+ " s s a r $. 6n =a$ 3* 1864* l"ss !ha n !2o )on! h s a&!"r h" had ass u ) " d &ull +o) ) a n d * ;ran! hurl" d his )a s si#" ar )$ &ull &or+" a! Ro%"r! <. 7"" in !h" %lood$ +on&li+! /no2n as !h" ,ild"rn " s s 8a)p ai n. 7in+oln 2ai!" d an@iousl$ in ,ashin ! o n as !h" %a!!l" ra " d on %u! h" ar d no!hin &ro) ;ran! &or &i#" da$s. Durin !h" in!"ri )* 2h"n as/" d i& h"4d h"ar d an$! hin &ro) !h" &i"ld* 7in+oln is r"por! " d !o ha#" Auipp" dC 9;ran! has on" in!o !h" ,ild"rn " s s * +ra2l" d in* dra2n up !h" ladd"r* and pull"d in !h" hol" a&!"r hi)* and I u" s s 2"4ll ha#" !o 2ai! !ill h" +o)" s ou! %"&or " 2" /no2 ?us! 2ha! h"4s up !o.9 ;ran! &inall$ +o) ) u ni + a ! " d !ha! h" had pus h " d !hrou h !h" 2ild"rn " s s %u!* in so doin * had su&&"r " d "nor )o u s +asu al!i" s . 3" 2as &or+in 7"" !o r"!r" a ! %$ a!! a +/in hi) a ain and a ain %u! 2as no! 2innin an$ )a?or #i+!ori" s. 4I propos " !o &i h! i! ou! on !his lin" i& i! !a/" s all su ) ) " r * 4 #o2" d ;ran!. This 2as )usi+ !o 7in+oln4s "ars. :"#"r %"&or " had h" had a "n " r al 2ho 2as so a r " s si# " . 4I! is !h" do " d p"r!ina +i!$ o& ;ran! !ha! 2ins*4 !h" pr"sid" n ! !old -ohn 3a$. ;ran!* !oo* ad )ir " d 7in+oln4s !"na +i!$ A&!"r h" r"+ "i#" d a !"l" r a ) &ro) !h" pr"sid " n ! "@hor!in hi) !o 4hold on 2i!h a %ulldo rip* and +h"2 and +ho/" as )u+ h as possi%l"*4 ;ran! lau h " d and r" )a r / " d !ha! 4!h" Pr"sid" n ! has )or " n"r#" !han an$ o& his ad#isors.4 0ollo2in )a?or s"! % a + / s a! (po!s $l#a ni a and 8old 3ar%or* on -un" 18* ;ran! s"!!l" d in &or a si" " a! P"!"r s % ur * Vir inia. 7"" had du in and +ould no! %" p"n " ! r a ! " d 2i!hou! )a?or loss o& li&". This dish" a r ! " n " d 7in+oln* and h" d"+id" d !o o !o !h" &i"ld !o ass " s s !h" si!ua !ion. 0ro) -un" 20 !o -un" 23 h" 2as a! ;ra+ " s &i"ld h" a d A u a r ! " r s a! 8i!$ Poin!* 2h"r " h" )" ! 2i!h !h" !roops* !"llin s!ori"s and an"+ d o ! " s * and +on&"rrin s"riousl$ 2i!h ;ran! on !h" si!ua !ion a! hand. This 2as !h" sa ) " !a+/ h" us" d 2i!h all !h" "n " r al s %"&or" ;ran!* &ur!h"r proo& !ha! h" !r" a ! " d !h" ) all "Au all$ in !h" %" innin . 7in+oln4s ro#in l"ad " r s hip s!$l" 2as u%iAui!ou s . A! !his )" " !i n * ;ran! r"a s s u r " d !h" pr"sid " n ! !ha! h" 2ould "! !o 7"" "#" n! u all$ and !ha! h" had no!hin !o 2orr$ a%ou!. I)pr" s s " d 2i!h !h" "n " r al4 s d"! " r )i n a !io n* 7in+oln +o) ) " n ! " d !o on" o& ;ra+ " s s!a&& !ha! on+ " h" 4 "! s poss " s sio n o& a pla+"* h" holds on !o

i! as i& h" had inh"ri! " d i!.9 ,h"n !h" pr"sid" n ! r"!ur n " d !o ,ashin ! o n* ("+r " ! a r $ ,"ll"s no!" d !ha! h" 2as in 4 ood spiri!s.4 Th" ?ourn" $ had 4don" hi) ood* ph$si+ all$* and s!r" n ! h " n " d hi) )" n ! all$ and inspir" d +on&id" n+ " in !h" "n " r al and his ar )$. 4 ,i!hin a 2""/ o& his r"!urn !o !h" +api!al* 7in+oln 2as surpris " d !o l"arn !ha! in ord"r !o di#"r! 'nion !roops &ro) 7""4s &ron!* 8on&"d " r a ! " "n " r al -u%al <arl$ had )oun ! " d an o&&"nsi#" !hrou h !h" (h"n a n d o a h Vall"$ and* %$ )id- -ul$* had )a d " i! !o !h" ou!s/ir!s o& ,ashin ! o n* D.8. F(il#"r (prin * =ar$land* !o %" "@a+!G. 6n -ul$ 12* Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln #isi!" d 0or! (!"#" n s and %"+ a ) " on" o& !h" &"2 A)"ri+a n pr"sid" n ! s !o +o)" dir"+!l$ und "r "n" ) $ &ir". As h" s!ood on !h" par a p " ! o& !h" &or! sur#" $in !h" si!ua !ion and 2a!+ hin !roop )o# " ) " n ! s * so)" o& <arl$4s )" n op" n " d &ir" and a soldi"r s!a ndi n n"ar 7in+oln 2as sho!. ;"n"r al ;ran! Aui+/l$ r"in&or+ " d !h" !roops aroun d ,ashin ! o n and pus h " d !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s %a+/ in!o !h" (h"n a n d o a h . 7in+oln* ho2" # " r* 2as +on+ " r n " d !ha! <arl$ had o!! " n so &ar so Aui+/l$. 3" +all"d &or a &i"ld )" " !in 2i!h ;ran! and on -ul$ 31 )" ! 2i!h his +o) ) a n di n "n " r al a! 0or!r" s s =onro". Th"$ no! onl$ dis+us s " d his +on+ "r n a%ou! <arl$4s ,ashin ! o n raid. 7in+oln also r" )ind " d ;ran! !ha! i! 2as an "l"+!ion $"ar. I& 7in+oln 2as !o %" r""l"+! " d in :o#" )% " r h" n"" d " d )ili!ar$ su++ " s s " s * and h" "n+our a " d ;ran! !o /"" p !ha! &a+! in )ind as h" pro+ " " d " d 2i!h his o&&"nsi#" +a )p a i n. !h" n"@! da$* Au us! 1* ;ran! Fpossi%l$ dir"+! " d %$ 7in+olnG ord"r " d ;"n. Phil (h"rida n !o !a/" +har " o& all !h" &or+"s in !h" ,ashin ! o n ar" a * pursu " <arl$ in!o !h" (h"n a n d o a n Vall"$* and 4&ollo2 !h" 8on&"d " r a ! " s !o !h" d"a ! h. 4 This 2as !h" %" innin o& (h"rida n 4 s r" )a r / a %l $ su++ " s s& ul +a )p a i n* 2hi+h "nd " d a! ,in+h" s ! " r * Vir inia* on 6+!o% " r 19 F!hr" " 2""/s %"&or" !h" "l"+!ionG* 2i!h all o& !h" (h"n a n d o a h Vall"$ und "r :or!h" r n +on!rol. ;"n"r al ;ran! !"nd " d !o pi+/ )" n in his o2n )old !o l"ad his ar )i " s in !h" &i"ld. Phil (h"rida n &i! his s!$l"* as did ,illia) T"+u )s " h (h"r ) a n * 2hos " Ar)$ o& !h" 8u)% " rl a n d +u! a s2a! h in!o ;"or ia !ha! r"sul! " d in !h" +ap! ur " o& A!lan! a on ("p! " ) % " r 2. This n"2s hi! ,ashin ! o n ?us! !hr" " 2""/s a&!"r Ad)iral 0arra u ! had +ap! ur " d =o%il" Ba$ in Ala%a ) a and* +oupl" d 2i!h (h"rida n 4 s #i+!or$ in Vir inia* #ir!uall$ ass ur " d 7in+oln4s r""l"+ !ion. Th" n"@! si@ )on! h s 2ould s" " an "ndl" s s s!rin o& 'nion #i+!ori" s !ha! all %u! d"s!r o$" d !h" 8on&"d " r a + $. Th" &all o& su+h (ou!h " r n s!ron h ol ds as :ash#ill"* (a#a n n a h * ,il)in ! on* 8olu)%i a* P"!"r s % ur * and Ri+h)o n d insur" d a &inal 'nion #i+!or$ !ha! 2as !o +o)" a! Appo )a ! ! o @ 8our!hou s " in Vir inia on April 9* 1865. 6n" +anno! h"lp %u! 2ond " r i& 7in+oln4s -ul$ 31 #"n! ur " !o 0or!r" s s =onro" !o +on&"r 2i!h ;ran! 2as no! !h" +a! al$s ! &or !h" "n!ir" +hain o& "#" n! s . 6n" !hin is +"r! ainC I! 2as Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln4s +our a " * s!a )i n a * &or!i!ud " * and p"rsis! " n + " !ha! l"d !h" 2a$ !o !h" pr"s " r # a !io n o& !h" na!ion. 3" d" ) a n d " d a+!ion and pro)o ! " d !h" "n " r al s 2ho a+hi"# " d r"sul!s. 4I* 2ho a ) no! a sp"+i all$ %ra#" )a n* 4 h" on+" said* 4ha# " had !o sus! ai n !h" sin/in +our a " o& !h"s " pro&" s sion al &i h!"r s in +ri!i+al !i)" s .9 A%rah a ) 7in+oln4s "n!ir" dir"+!ion o& !h" 2ar "&&or! +an %" su) ) " d up in on" shor! s"n! " n + " o& a !"l" r a ) h" r"la$" d !o ;ran! on April 7* 1865. (h"rida n* 2ho 2as ha ) ) " r i n a! 7""4s ar )$ in Vir inia* had 2ir"d !o ;ran!C 4I& !h" !hin %" pr"s s " d I !hin/ 7"" 2ill surr " n d " r . 4 A&!"r r"a din !h" )" s s a " * 7in+oln s2i&!l$ r"pli"dC 47"! !h" !hin %" pr"s s " dK 4 All l"ad" r s should r"ali>" !ha! !h" $ +an4! do "#"r$! hin on !h"ir o2n. Th"$ si)pl$ )us ! ha#" p"opl " %"lo2 !h" ) 2ho 2ill do 2ha! is n"+ " s s a r $ !o insur " su++ " s s . Thos " su%ordin a ! " s 2ho 2ill !a/" ris/s* a+! 2i!hou! 2ai!in &or dir"+!ion* and as/ &or r"spon si %ili!$ ra!h " r !ha n r"?"+! i!* should %" !r" a ! " d as $our )os ! pri>"d poss " s si on s . (u+h indi#idu als ar" "@+" " di n l$ rar" and 2or!h !h"ir 2"i h! in old. And 2h"n $ou &inall$ &ind on"- as 7in+oln &ound ;ran!- !h" $ !"nd !o )ul!ipl$. Th" 4;ran! s 4 o& !h" 2orld 2ill

+hoos " o!h"r s in !h"ir o2n i)a " * ?us! as 7in+oln4s ;ran! +hos " su+h a r " s si# " "n " r al s as (h"rida n and (h"r ) a n ra!h " r !ha n pro+r a s !in a ! or s li/" =+8l"llan and 3oo/"r. 8orpor a ! " "@"+ u!i#" s +an poss " s s r" a ! #ision and %" a%l" !o pro#id" a&! !h" dir"+!ion in !h" 2orld* ?us! as 7in+oln did. Bu! !h"$ +an4! su++ " " d 2i!hou! a )a n li/" '. (. ;ran! !o +arr$ ou! !h" +o)p a n $4 s )ission. P 8hoos " as $our +hi"& su%ordin a ! " s !hos " p"opl" 2ho +ra#" r"spon si %ili!$ and !a/" ris/s. P ;o ou! in!o !h" &i"ld 2i!h $our l"ad " r s * and s!a nd or &all 2i!h !h" %a!!l". P I& ")plo$" " s rip" a%ou! on" o& $our +hi"& sup "r #isor s * and !h" +o)pl ain! s ar" !ru"* do no! %" a&raid !o r" )o# " hi). P ;i#" $our &ollo2"r s all !h" suppor! $ou +an* and a+! on !h" pr"s u ) p ! i o n !ha! !h" $ 2ill do !h" %"s! !h"$ +an 2i!h 2ha! $ou i#" !h" ). P Pro#id" $our )a n a " r s a !hr" "- !o- &i#"- )on! h ra+ " p"riod !o s"" i& !h" $ 2ill !a/" a+!ion and p"r&or ) ad" A u a ! " l $. P I& !h"$ don4! p"r&or ) ad" A u a ! " l $* "as " !h" ) ou! o& po2"r rad u all$* al2a$s i#in !h" ) a )pl " !i)" !o !urn i! aroun d. P B"2ar " o& su%ordin a ! " s 2ho /"" p pilin up in&or )a !io n 2i!hou! "#"r r"all$ a++o ) plis hin an$! hin . P 8oa+h and +ouns "l a n"2 "@"+ u !i#" so !ha! h" or sh" )a $ "! o&& on !h" ri h! &oo!. R")" ) % " r * $ou 2an! hi) !o su++ " " d . P Do no! &or " ! !ha! a r " s si# " l"ad " r s !"nd !o +hoos " ")plo$" " s in !h"ir o2n i)a " . P 7"! !h" !hin %" pr" s s " d .

01 ) Enco u r a g e Inno # a t i o n
9(!ill !h" Au" s !ion r"+ur s 9+an inad" A u a ! " !o !h" s!or )$ pr"s " n ! . ris" 2i!h !h" o++a sion. As our +as " 7in+oln* in his Annual ="ss a " uni!" d #"n! ur " !o %" +ondu+ ! " d %$ FD"+" ) % " r 1* 1862G 2" do %"!! " rI9 Th" do ) a s o& !h" Aui"! pas! ar" Th" o++a sion is pil"d hi h 2i!h di&&i+ul!$* and 2" )us ! is n"2* so 2" )us ! !hin/ an" 2* and a+! an" 2.9 !o 8on r " s s * "@hor!in i!s )" ) % " r s !o ?oin hi) in a !h" "@"+ u !i# " and l" isla!i#" %ran+ h " s o& o#"r n ) " n !

;"nuin " l"ad" r s * su+h as A%rah a ) 7in+oln* ar" no! onl$ )" n o& +ha n " * !h" $ ar" +a! al$s ! s &or +han " . 7in+oln und "r s ! o o d "arl$ in his pr"sid" n + $ !ha! h"4d ha#" !o #ir!uall$ r"%uild and r"or a ni> " !h" o#"r n ) " n ! and i!s ar )" d &or+"s. Th" na!ion 2as o%#iousl$ no! pr"p a r " d &or su+h a &or)ida %l " !hr" a ! as ar )" d insurr " + !ion. 8han " 2as i))in " n ! . A !rans&or ) a ! i on n" " d " d !o !a/" pla+ "- i))" di a ! "l $. 7in+oln "&&"+! " d !h" +han " n"" d " d %$ %"in "@!r a or di n a ril$ d"+isi#" and %$ +r" a !in an a! )o s p h " r " o& "n!r " p r " n " u r s hi p !ha! &os! "r " d inno#a !i#" !"+hniAu " s . In so doin * h" no! onl$ o! !hin s )o#in * h" also ain" d +o) )i ! ) " n ! &ro) a 2id" arra $ o& indi#iduals 2ho 2"r " "@+i!" d a! !h" prosp " + ! o& s""in !h"ir id"a s i)pl" ) " n ! " d . 3" adop! " d a 4)or " !ha n on" 2a$ !o s/in a +a!4 a!!i!ud " and 2ould no! %" +ons u ) " d 2i!h )" ! h o d olo $. 7in+oln4s o%s " s si#" Au" s ! &or r"sul!s !"nd " d !o +r" a ! " a +li)a ! " &or ris/ !a/in and inno#a !ion. In"#i!a %l$ !h"r " 2"r " &ailur" s* %u! 7in+oln had r" a ! !ol"ra n+ " &or &ailur" %"+ a u s " h" /n"2 !ha! i& his "n " r al s 2"r " no! )a/in )is! a / " s !h"$ 2"r" no! )o#in . 4Al2a$s lad !o ha#" $our su " s !io n s * 4 h" "n+our a " d ;"n"r al ;ran! in 1864. 4I sa$ !r$*9 h" on+ " ad#is " d ;"n. ;"or " =+8l"llan* 4i& 2" n"#"r !r$* 2" shall n"#"r su++ " " d . 4 Th" pr"sid" n ! #i"2" d !h" &ailur" s o& his "n " r al s as )is! a / " s * l"arnin "#" n! s * or s!"p s in !h"

ri h! dir"+!ion. Rar"l$ did 7in+oln ass ail his su%ordin a ! " s &or a loss in %a!!l". Ra!h" r* h" !"nd " d !o s!a nd %$ his +o) ) a n d " r s * o&&"rin !h" ) suppor ! and i#in !h" ) "n+our a " ) " n ! . A&!"r !h" &irs! %a!!l" o& Bull Run* 7in+oln #isi!" d ;"n. Ir#in =+Do2"ll and !old hi)C 4I ha#" no! los! a par!i+l" o& +on&id" n+ " in $ou.4 3" did !h" sa ) " !hin 2i!h Burnsid " a&!"r 0r"d"ri+/s % u r * 3oo/"r a&!"r 8han+ "llors#ill"* and ;ran! 2h" n h" s!all"d a! P"!"r s % u r a&!"r !h" ,ild"rn " s s 8a)p ai n. In "a+h +as " 7in+oln #isi!"d his d"&" a ! " d "n " r al in !h" &i"ld and o&&"r" d his &ull suppor!. Th" las! !hin !ha! 7in+oln 2an! " d 2as a %roodin or d"pr " s s " d l"ad " r Fli/" 3all"+/ or Ros"+r a n s G 2ho had los! his n"r#" and +ould &i h! no )or ". 7in+oln "ss " n !i all$ !r" a ! " d his su%ordin a ! " s as "Au als. !h"$ 2"r" +oll"a u " s in a ?oin! "&&or!. 3" had "nou h +on&id" n+ " in hi)s "l& !ha! h" 2as no! !hr" a ! " n " d %$ s/ill&ul "n " r al s or a%l" +a%in" ! o&&i+ials. Ra!h" r !ha n surroun d hi)s "l& 2i!h 4$" s4 )" n* h" asso+ia ! " d 2i!h p"opl" 2ho r"all$ /n"2 !h"ir %usin" s s * p"opl" &ro) 2ho ) h" +ould l"arn so)" ! hi n * 2h"! h " r !h" $ 2"r" an! a o ni s !i+ or no!. An o&!"n o#"rloo/ " d +o)po n " n ! o& l"ad " r s hip is !his a%ili!$ !o l"arn &ro) p"opl " and "@p"ri " n + " s * &ro) su++ " s s " s and &ailur"s. Th" %"s! l"ad" r s n"#"r s!op l"arnin . Th"$ poss " s s a sp"+ial +ap a +i!$ !o %" !au h ! %$ !hos " 2i!h 2ho ) !h"$ +o)" in!o +on! a + !. In "ss " n + " * !his on oin a++u ) ul a !ion o& /no2l" d " pr"p a r " s !h" or a ni> a !ion &or +han " . A%rah a ) 7in+oln 2as na! ur all$ inAuisi!i#"* and h" poss " s s " d !his inh"r " n ! +ap a +i!$ !o l"arn. 3" also had !h" d"sir " !o l"arn n"2 !hin s* 2hi+h l"d hi) !o %" unus u all$ inno#a !i#" . I! is no 2ond " r !ha! h" +ha n " d !h" A)"ri+a n pr"sid " n + $ so pro&oundl$ in !h" spa n o& onl$ &our $" ar s. 3" also "@p" + ! " d and "n+our a " d !h" sa )" +r" a !i#" and r"sour+ "& ul %"h a #ior &ro) his su%or din a ! " s . Th" )or " +on! " ) p o r a r $ !hin/in o& To) P"!"r s &i!s ri h! in 2i!h 7in+oln4s l"ad" r s hi p philosoph $. P"!"r s* in Thri#in on 8haos* ad#o+ a ! " s !urnin "#"r$o n " in!o an inno#a ! or %$ 4suppor !in +o) )i ! ! " d +ha )pi o n s * )od "lin inno#a !ion* and suppor!in pas ! &ailur" s.4 6n" o& 7in+oln4s &a#ori!" s!ori" s* on" h" !old o&!"n* 2as d"si n " d !o "n+our a " p"opl" !o inno#a ! " * !o !a/" a+!ion on !h"ir o2n ini!ia!i#"* 2i!hou! 2ai!in &or ord"r sC I! s" " ) s !ha! !h"r " 2as !his +olon"l* 2ho 2h"n raisin his r" i )" n ! in =issouri* propos " d !o his )" n !ha! h" should do all !h" s2" a rin &or !h" r" i )" n ! . Th"$ ass " n ! " d . and &or )on! h s no ins! a n + " 2as /no2n o& #iola!ion o& !h" pro)i s " . Th" +olon"l had a !"a ) s ! " r na )" d -ohn Todd* 2ho* as roads 2"r" no! al2a $s !h" %"s!* had so)" di&&i+ul!$ in +o) ) a n d i n his !" )p " r and !on u " . -ohn happ " n " d !o %" dri#in a )ul" !"a ) !hrou h a s"ri"s o& )ud h ol " s a li!!l" 2ors " !ha n usu al* 2h" n h" %urs! &or!h in!o a #oll"$ o& pro&a ni!$. Th" +olon"l !oo/ no!i+" o& !h" o&&"ns " and %rou h ! -ohn !o a++ou n! . 4-ohn*4 said h"* 4didn4! $ou pro )is " !o l"! )" do all !h" s2" a rin &or !h" r" i )" n ! I 4 45"s* I did* 8olon"l*4 h" r"pli"d* 4%u! !h" &a+! 2as !h" s2" a rin had !o %" don" !h"n or no! a! all* and $ou 2"r " n 4 ! !h"r " !o do i!.9 5"ars %"&or" ass u )i n !h" pr"sid " n + $* 7in+oln had sho2n his in!"r " s ! in inno#a !ion 2h" n* on =ar+h 10* 1849 Fa! a " &or!$G* h" r"+"i#" d a pa! " n ! &or a n"2 )" ! h o d o& )a /in round " d %oa! s )or " %uo$a n ! . F3" is !h" onl$ 'ni!"d (!a! " s pr"sid " n ! !o ha#" s"+ ur " d a pa! " n ! .G Th"r" a&! " r* h" !ri"d !o s!a $ up !o da! " on )od " r n s+i"n!i&i+ %r" a /! hr o u h s . =an$ $" ar s a&!"r his pa! " n ! had %"" n issu" d* h" r"#" al " d his r" a ! r"sp " + ! and pas sion &or inno#a !ion 2h"n h" s!a! " d !ha! 4!h" na!ion4 s pa! " n ! s$s! " ) . . . s"+ur " d !o !h" in#"n! or* &or a li)i!" d !i)"* !h" "@+lusi#" us" o& his in#"n!ion. and !h"r " % $ add " d !h" &u"l o& in!"r " s ! !o !h" &ir" o& "nius* in !h" dis+o#" r $ and produ+ !ion o& n"2 and us"&ul !hin s.4 A&!"r h" %"+ a ) " pr"sid " n ! and )o# " d !o ,ashin ! o n* 7in+oln )us ! ha#" %" " n surpris " d !o &ind !ha! his in!"r " s ! in n"2 id"a s 2ould %" !an! ali>" d o#"r and o#"r a ain. :u)" r o u s %usin" s s ) " n and in#"n! or s #isi!"d !h" <@"+u!i#" =ansion* !a/in ad#a n ! a " o& !h" n"2 pr"sid" n ! 4 s 4op" n4 o&&i+" hours. In addi!ion* hundr " d s o& l"!! "r s pour " d in r"Au " s !i n !ha! !h" o#"r n ) " n ! pur+h a s " a par!i+ular in#"n!ion !ha! 2ould shor! " n !h"

2ar. Ano!h" r )a n in his posi!ion )i h! ha#" i nor" d or "#" n s+o&&"d a! su+h propos al s* %u! no! 7in+oln. :o! onl$ did h" r"#i"2 "#"r $ r"Au " s ! . h" s"! up do>" n s o& d" )o n s ! r a !io n s in and aroun d ,ashin ! o n !ha! h" p"rs on all$ a!! " n d " d . B$ doin so* h" 2as a+!in as so)" ! hi n o& a on"- )a n r"s " a r + h and d"#"lop ) " n ! d"p a r ! ) " n ! . Th"s " d" )o n s ! r a !i on s * )os !l$ o& 2"a po n s * 2"r" no! onl$ &un &or 7in+oln. !h" $ 2"r" an i)por! a n ! par! o& his o#"r all s!ra! " $ !o "nh a n + " !h" !ools o& 2ar !hrou h !h" "#olu!ion o& )od " r n !"+hnolo $. 3" 2as as! u! " "nou h !o und" r s ! a n d !h" i)por! a n + " o& ainin n"2 and "&&"+!i#" 2"a po n s as soon as 2as hu )a nl $ possi%l". 7in+oln o%s " r# " d !h" as+ " n sio n o& ho!- air r"+onn ai s s a n + " %alloons and !h" !hro2in o& pon!oo n %rid " s a+ros s !h" Po!o ) a + Ri#"r. 3" op" n " d !h" 2a$ &or !h" iron+la d ship* !h" A&oni!or* !o %" %uil!. 6n+" h" )ira+ ulou sl$ "s+ a p " d in?ur$ 2hil" 2i!n" s sin !h" !rial !"s! o& a 3$d" ro+/" ! !ha! "@plod " d pr" ) a ! u r " l $. 3" also s+r" " n " d n"2 !$p" s o& %ull"!s* &la)" !hro2" r s * unpo2 d " r * and o!h"r a) ) u ni !ion. Th" pr"sid" n ! "#" n %rou h! on" in#"n! or in!o a r" ul ar )" " !in o& his +a%in" ! !o d" )o n s ! r a ! " a n"2 %r" " + h- loadin +anno n. P"rha p s 7in+oln4s r" a ! " s ! +on!ri%u!ion in !his ar" a 2as his s+r" " nin and suppor ! &or !h" n"2 %r" " + h- loadin ri&l"s !ha! 2"r"* a! !h" "nd o& 1861* ?us! %"+o )i n d"p " n d a %l " . 6n 6+!o% " r 15* h" dir"+! " d !h" +hi"& o& ordna n + " * ;"n. -. ,. Ripl"$* !o ord"r 25*00 0 =arsh %r" " + h load"r s. Bu! Ripl"$ had d"+r " " d "arl$ in !h" 2ar F%"+ a u s " h" %"li"#" d i! 2ould %" o& shor! dura !ionG !ha! h" 2ould no! 2as! " his d"p a r ! ) " n ! s !i)" 2i!h pro+ " s sin an$ n"2 propos " d 2"a p o n s * so h" did no! &ollo2 !hrou h on !h" pr"sid " n ! 4 s ord"r. 3o2"#" r* on D"+" ) % " r 26* 7in+oln ord"r " d Ripl"$ !o pur+h a s " 10*00 0 (p" ns " r r"p" a !i n ri&l"s* and !his !i)" !h" pr"sid " n ! had his 2a$. 7in+oln had p"rs on all$ &ir"d %o!h ri&l"s and 2as +on#in+ " d !ha! !h"$ 2ould )a/ " an "nor )o u s di&&"r" n+ " in !h" 2ar. 7in+oln )a d " hi)s "l& a2ar " o& an$ and all n"2 !"+hnolo i+ al ad#a n + " s so !h"$ +ould %" i)pl" ) " n ! " d &irs! %$ !h" 'nion* 2"ll %"&or " !h" 8on&"d " r a + $ had !i)" !o a+!. 3" 2as Aui+/ and d"+isi#" in " )plo$in !h" s " n"2 ad#a n+ " s and )a d " "#"r $ a!! " ) p ! !o "! n"2 2"a po n s in!o his soldi"r4s hand s i))" di a ! " l $* o&!"n o#"r+o )i n o#"r n ) " n ! r"d !ap " and %ur" a u + r a + $ !ha! )i h! ha#" d"la $" d !h"ir us" in +o)% a ! . 6#"rall* 7in+oln4s philosop h $ and handlin o& !h" )os ! up- !o- da! " !"+hn olo $ a#aila%l" a! !h" !i)" 2as %rillian!. =or"o#"r* i! has a )a >in par all"ls 2i!h !h" 1980 s )o#" ) " n ! in %usin" s s and indus !r $ la%"l" d 43i h T"+h.4 A l"ad " r s a%ili!$ !o d"#"lop inno#a !i#" id"a s and as/ &or p"opl "4 s h"lp in i)pl" ) " n ! i n !h" ) )a $ s" " ) !o %" o%#ious /"$s !o su++ " s s . Bu! !h" sad &a+! is !ha! !oo )a n $ o& !oda $4 s l"ad" r s r"si n !h" ) s " l # " s !o !h" li)i!s i)pos " d on !h" ) %$ &la2" d s$s! " ) s ra!h " r !ha n r"!hin/in !hos " s$s! " ) s . This s"" ) s "sp " +i all$ !ru" in A)"ri+a as oppos " d !o -apan* 2h"r " inno#a !ion is a 2a$ o& li&". Ra!h"r !han inhi%i!in pro r " s s or sappin "n"r $* inno#a !i#" !hin/in a+!u all$ in+r" a s " s an or a ni> a !ion4 s +han+ " s o& sur#i#al. ,i!h !oda $4 s !"+hnolo $ +han in so rapidl$* )od " r n +orpor a !ion s si)pl$ )us ! %" a%l" !o r"spon d and inno#a ! " . This is par!i+ularl$ !ru" o& !h" +o)p u ! " r indus!r $* &or "@a )pl " * 2h"r " !oda $4 s r" a ! " s ! * )os ! ad#a n+ " d in#"n!ion is o&!"n !o)orr o24 s dinos a ur . P P P P P P P ,h"n !h" o++a sion is pil"d hi h 2i!h di&&i+ul!$* ris" 2i!h i!. Thin/ an" 2 and a+! an" 2. Don4! los" +on&id" n+ " in $our p"opl " 2h"n !h" $ &ail. 7"! $our su%ordin a ! " s /no2 !ha! $ou ar" al2a $s lad !o ha#" !h"ir su " s !io n s . I& $ou n"#" r !r$* $ou4ll n"#"r su++ " " d . <@+"p! in )a ! ! " r s o& %roa d poli+$* "n+our a " su%or din a ! " s !o !a/" a+!ion on !h"ir o2n ini!ia!i#"* 2i!hou! 2ai!in &or ord"r s. R")" ) % " r !ha! !h" %"s! l"ad" r s n"#"r s!op l"arnin . (urroun d $ours "l& 2i!h p"opl" 2ho r"all$ /no2 !h"ir %usin" s s * and a#oid 9$"s9 )" n.

B" Aui+/ and d"+isi#" a! ")plo$in n"2 ad#a n + " s and )a / " "#"r $ a!! " ) p ! a! n"2 2"a po n s in!o $our soldi"rs4 hand s i))" di a ! " l $.

"!!in

PART I$ ) CO''%NICATION
9<@!" ) p o r a n " o u s sp" a /in should %" pra+!i+ " d and +ul!i#a! " d. I! is !h" la2$"r 4 s a#" n u " !o !h" pu%li+. 3o2"#" r a%l" and &ai!h&ul h" )a $ %" in o!h"r r"sp " + ! s * p"opl " ar" slo2 !o %rin hi) %usin" s s i& h" +anno! )a/ " a sp" " + h.9 0ro) 7in+oln4s no!" s &or a la2 l"+!ur " in!" nd " d !o ad#is " $oun " r la2$"r s ho2 %"s ! !o su++ " " d F-ul$ 1* 1850G

02 ) 'as t e r th e Art of Pu*lic S e a / i n g

In !h" d"+ a d " o& !h" 1980 s Ronald R"a a n 2as la%"l" d !h" ;r"a! 8o))u ni+ a ! o r. Bu! as so)" o n " 2ho 2as a%l" !o p"rs u a d " !hrou h rh"!ori+* R"a a n is #ir!uall$ d2ar&" d %$ 7in+oln. I!4s 2"ll /no2n !ha! 7in+oln 2ro!" his o2n sp" " + h " s * )a n $ o& 2hi+h ar" !oda $ r" a r d " d as )a s ! " r pi " + " s o& po"!i+ and ar!is!i+ "@pr " s sio n. 3" 2as an "loAu " n ! pu%li+ sp" a / " r 2ho had !h" +apa +i! $ !o rais" !h" " )o!ions o& his audi" n+ " . Also* h" 2as on" o& !h" %"s! "@!" ) p o r a n " o u s sp" a / " r s !his na!ion has "#"r /no2n* as a!! " s ! " d !o in !h" !rans +rip! s o& !h" 7in+oln- Dou la s d"% a ! " s . 3" p"nn " d !h" <)a n+ip a !ion Pro+la ) a !i o n and 2ro!" !hous a n d s o& l"!!"r s and no!" s !o an$o n " 2i!h 2ho ) h" &"l! h" n" " d " d !o +o) ) u ni + a ! " . Th" sh" " r #olu)" o& his +oll"+! " d 2or/s F2hi+h a)o u n ! s !o )or " 2ords !ha n ar" in !h" Bi%l"G is !"s! a ) " n ! !o his +o) )i ! ) " n ! !o "&&"+!i#" +o) ) u ni + a !ion. <#"n in his $ou!h* 2"ll %"&or " h" %"+ a ) " pr" sid" n ! * 7in+oln4s i)pr" s si#" ora!ori+al and +o) ) u ni + a !i#" s/ills 2"r " 2"ll /no2n. ,h"n (!"ph " n A. Dou la s h"ar d !ha! h" 2ould %" runnin a ains ! A%raha ) 7in+oln &or !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s ("na ! " in 1858* h" /n"2 !ha! h" 2as up a ains ! a &or)ida %l " oppon " n ! . Dou la s +all"d hi) 4!h" s!ron )a n o& his par! $ &ull. o& 2i!* &a+!s* da! " s * and !h" %"s! s!u )p- sp" a / " r 2i!h droll- 2a$s and dr$ ?o/"s in !h" 2"s!. 3" is as hon" s ! as h" is shr"2 d* and i& I %" a ! hi) )$ #i+!or$ 2ill %" hardl$ 2on.4 In !h" si@ $" ar s %"&or" his pr" sid" n + $* 7in+oln r" a !l$ "@pa n d " d his r"pu! a !ion no! onl$ as a spo/" s ) a n &or !h" +o) )o n )a n %u! also a po2"r&ul pu%li+ sp" a / " r . Durin !hos " $" ar s F1854- 1860G h" dra ) a !i + all$ in+r" a s " d his populari!$ 2i!h !h" +i!i>"ns o& his na!i#" Illinois %$ )a/in )or " !han 175 sp" " + h " s * )a n $ o& !h" ) "@! " ) p o r a n " o u s . 7in+oln r"ali>"d !h" #alu" o& %"in a%l" !o +o) ) u ni + a ! " in su+h a )a n n " r * and pu%li+ sp" a /in 2as par! o& his o#"r all s!ra! " $ !o )a/ " hi)s "l& )or " 2"ll /no2n. In 1850* h" 2ro! "C 4<@!" ) p o r a n " o u s sp" a /in should %" pra+!i+ " d and +ul!i#a! " d. I! is !h" la2$"r4 s a#" n u " !o !h" pu%li+. 3o2"# " r a%l" and &ai!h&ul h" )a $ %" in o!h"r r"sp " + ! s * p"opl " ar" slo2 !o %rin hi) %usin" s s i& h" +anno! )a / " a sp" " + h .9 In )a/in so )a n $ sp" " + h " s * 7in+oln p"r&"+ ! " d his a%ili!$ !o p"rs u a d " and in&lu"n+ " p"opl "* a s/ill !ha! 2ould +o)" in hand $ a&!"r h" %"+ a ) " pr"sid " n ! . To 2i!n" s s on" o& 7in+oln4s sp" " + h " s 2as app a r " n !l$ Aui!" an "@p"ri " n + " . 3" had a hi h- pi!+h " d* !r"%l" #oi+" !ha! !"nd " d !o %"+o ) " "#" n )or " shrill 2h" n h" %"+ a ) " "@+i!" d. A! !i)" s * i! 2as "#" n unpl" a s a n ! . Bu! his #oi+" 2as a r" a ! ass " ! %"+ a u s " i! +ould %" h"ar d a! !h" &ar!h" s ! r"a+ h " s o& !h" +ro2ds !ha! a! h " r " d ou!door s !o h"ar hi) sp" a /. A! !i)" s * h" also us" d +onsid" r a %l " %od$ lan u a " 2h" n h" spo/" . To ")p h a s i> " a poin!* &or "@a ) pl " * 7in+oln 2ould 4%" nd his /n" " s * +rou+ h* and !h" n sprin up #"h" ) " n ! l $ !o his !o"s.4 As a su++ " s s& ul la2$"r in Illinois* 7in+oln 2as also 2"ll /no2n &or his "@!r a or din a r $ +our!roo ) a%ili!i"s. 3" pl"a d " d )or " +as " s in &ron! o& !h" (!a! " (upr " ) " 8our! !han an$

la2$"r had prior !o hi)* or has sin+". 3is !i)in and in!ui!i#" s"nsin o& !h" )ood o& a ?ur$ 2as unp ar all"l" d. 7in+oln 2as also %ri h! and had an al"r! and lu+id )ind !ha! )a d " hi) Aui+/ on his &""!. 3" +ould r"+ all &a+!s and &i ur" s on a )o ) " n ! 4 s no!i+" and 2as also +ap a %l " o& usin appropri a ! " an" + d o ! " s and hu )or o u s s!ori"s. I!4s i)por! a n ! !o no! " !ha! 7in+oln pr"p a r " d hi)s "l& !horou hl$ &or his pu%li+ sp" a /in "n a " ) " n ! s . 6&!"n h" 2ould 2ri!" ou! "#"r $ 2ord o& his addr " s s and !h" n r"ad &ro) !h" !"@! durin !h" pr"s " n ! a !i on. 3" sp" n ! hours* so)" !i ) " s da$s and 2""/s* r"s " a r + hin his su%?"+! and* as on" +on! " ) p o r a r $ o%s " r# " d* 4h" n"#" r +onsid "r " d an$! hin h" had 2ri!!" n !o %" &inish" d un!il pu%lish" d* or i& a sp" " + h* un!il h" d"li#"r " d i!.4 7in+oln4s )os ! &a)ou s sp" " + h " s 2"r " "@ha u s !i# "l$ r"s " a r + h " d * anal$> " d* and pra+!i+ " d. &r"Au " n !l $ !h"$ 2"r" prin! " d and hand " d ou! !o r"por! " r s %"&or " h" pr"s " n ! " d !h" ). This 2as !h" +as " &or 7in+oln4s r"no2 n " d 43ous " Di#id"d4 sp" " + h i#"n a! !h" R"pu%li+a n s!a! " +on#" n !ion a! (prin &i"ld in 1858. :i+ola$ and 3a$ +all"d i! 4!h" )os ! +ar"&ull$ pr" p a r " d sp" " + h o& his 2hol" li&". <#"r$ 2ord o& i! 2as 2ri!!" n* "#"r $ s"n! " n + " had %" " n !"s! " d. . . .4 7in+oln4s pr"p a r a !io n paid o&& %"+ a u s " )os ! R"pu%li+a n s hail"d i! as an "loAu " n ! pr"s " n ! a !i o n o& !h" par! $4 s pla!&or ). Th" sp" " + h app " a r " d in pap " r s a+ros s Illinois* and 3ora+ " ;r""l " $ "#" n prin!" d i! in !h" :"2 5or/ Tri%un" und" r !h" h" a din 4R"pu%li+a n Prin+ipl"s.9 6n 0"%ru a r $ 27* 1860* in :"2 5or/ 8i!$* 7in+oln a#" 2ha! 2as p"rh a p s !h" )os ! i)por! a n ! sp" " + h o& his poli!i+al +ar" " r- !h" 8oop"r Ins!i!u! " addr " s s . This 2as his &irs! #"n! ur " %a+/ <as!* 2h"r " h" 2as #i"2" d lar "l$ as an un+ou! h 2"s! " r n " r . ,i!h ?us! a &"2 )on! h s r" )ai nin un!il !h" R"pu%li+a n :a!ional 8on#" n!ion 2ould s"l"+! a pr"sid " n !i al +andid a ! " * 7in+oln r"ali>"d !ha! !h" s!a/ " s 2"r" "@!r a or din a ril$ hi h. A&!"r a++" p !in !h" in#i!a!ion !o sp" a / in 6+!o%" r* h" 2or/" d on his addr " s s on and o&& &or )or " !han !hr" " )on! h s * +ar"&ull$ r"s " a r + hi n his &a+!s and +hoosin his 2ordin . 6n !h" ni h! h" 2as !o sp" a /* a +ro2d o& a%ou! 1*500 p"opl" paid !2"n! $- &i#" +"n! s "a+h and ?a) ) " d in!o !h" 8oop"r Ins!i!u! " . AR 2"r " +urious a%ou! !his &ron!i"r )a n !h"$ had h"ar d so )u+ h a%ou!. As h" appro a + h " d !h" podiu )* on" r"por! " r &"l! sorr$ &or hi)C ,h"n 7in+oln ros" !o sp" a /* I 2as r" a !l$ disap p oin! " d . 3" 2as !all* !all* oh* so !all* and so an ul ar and a2/2 ar d !ha! I had &or an ins! a n ! a &""lin o& pi!$ &or so un ainl$ a )a n . . . 3is +lo!h" s 2"r" %la+/ and ill-&i!!in * %adl$ 2rin/l"d- as i& !h"$ had %"" n ?a) ) " d +ar"l " s sl $ in!o a s)all !run/. 3is %us h$ h"a d* 2i!h !h" s!i&& %la+/ hair !hro2n %a+/* 2as %alan+ " d on a lon and l"an h"a d- s!al/* and 2h" n h" rais" d his hand s in an op" nin "s! ur " * I no!i+" d !ha! !h" $ 2"r" #"r$ lar ". 3" %" a n in a lo2 !on" o& #oi+"as i& h" 2"r " us" d !o sp" a /in ou!- doors and 2as a&raid o& sp" a /in !oo loud. 3" said* 4=r. 8h" "r ) a n * 4 ins!" a d o& 4=r. 8hair )a n * 4 and " )plo$" d )a n $ o!h"r 2ords 2i!h an old- &ashion " d pronun +i a !ion. I said !o )$s "l&* 46ld &"llo2* $ou 2on4! do. i! is all #"r$ 2"ll &or !h" ,ild ,"s!* %u! !his 2ill n"#" r o do2n in :"2 5or/.9 Bu! pr"!! $ soon h" %" a n !o "! in!o !h" su%?"+ !. h" s!rai h! " n " d up* )a d " r" ul ar and ra+ "& ul "s! ur " s . his &a+" li h!" d as 2i!h an in2ard &ir". !h" 2hol" )a n 2as !rans&i ur " d. I &or o! !h" +lo!hin * his p"rs on al app " a r a n + " * and his indi#idual p"+ uliari!i"s. Pr"s " n !l$* &or " ! !in )$s "l&* I 2as on )$ &""! 2i!h !h" r"s!* $"llin li/" a 2ild Indian* +h" " rin !h" 2ond " r&ul )a n. In !h" +losin par! s o& his ar u ) " n ! $ou +ould h"ar !h" "n!l " si>>lin o& !h" as %urn" r s . Durin !h" sp" " + h* 7in+oln lar "l$ a!! a +/ " d !h" prosla# " r $ #i"2s o& (!"ph " n A. Dou la s* 2ho had ass " r ! " d !ha! !h" 0oundin 0a!h"r s had san+!ion " d !h" ins!i!u!ion o& sla#"r $. Throu h his o2n "@ha u s !i# " r"s " a r + h* 7in+oln pro#" d !ha! !2" n! $- on" o& !h" !hir!$- nin" si n" r s o& !h" 8ons!i!u!ion o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s had a! on" !i)" or ano! h " r #o!" d !o prohi%i! sla#"r $ in !h" +oun!r $. 7in+oln had pro#" d Dou la s 2ron * !o !h" d"li h!

o& !h" +ro2d. 7a!"r in !h" addr " s s * h" +au!ion " d R"pu%li+a n s !ha! 4"#" n !hou h )u+ h pro#o/ " d* l"! us do no!hin !hrou h pas sion and ill !" )p " r . 4 3" +on+lud " d 2i!h a po2"r&ul ad )o ni !ion !o hold &as! !o !h"ir %"li"&sC :"i!h"r l"! us %" sland " r " d &ro) our du!$ %$ &als" a++us a !ion s a ains ! us* nor &ri h! " n " d &ro) i! %$ )" n a + " s o& d"s !r u+ !ion !o !h" ;o#"rn ) " n ! nor o& dun " o n s !o ours "l#" s . 7<T '( 3AV< 0AIT3 T3AT RI;3T =A1<( =I;3T* A:D I: T3AT 0AIT3* 7<T '(* T6 T3< <:D* DAR< T6 D6 6'R D'T5 A( ,< ':D<R(TA:D IT. Th" audi" n+ " +h" "r " d and appla u d " d !hrou h o u ! 7in+oln4s sp" " + h* and 2h" n h" had +on+lud " d !h" $ a#" hi) a s!an din o#a!ion 2hil" 2a#in ha!s and hand/ " r + hi "& s o#"rh " a d . P"opl" also rush " d !o !h" podiu ) !o sha/ " his hand and +on r a ! ul a ! " hi). Th" prairi" la2$"r &ro) Illinois 2as a s)a s h hi! 2i!h !h" "a s ! " r n R"pu%li+a n s o& :"2 5or/* and soon his sp" " + h 2ould %" prin!" d in !o!al all a+ros s !h" :or!h" a s ! . 7in+oln4s !horou h pr"p a r a !io n had paid o&&* and $"ar s la!"r h" 2ould +o) ) " n ! ho2 i)por! a n ! !ha! par!i+ular sp" " + h 2as and ho2 h" &"l! !ha! h" %"+ a ) " pr"sid" n ! lar "l$ %"+ a u s " o& i!s su++ " s s . <#"n !hou h h" !horou hl $ pr"p a r " d )a n $ o& his addr " s s " s * i! app " a r s !ha! 7in+oln poss " s s " d a !ru" i&! 2h"n i! +a ) " !o +o) ) u ni + a !in his &""lin s and ")o !ion s . Tha! !al"n! +an %" r"a dil$ o%s " r# " d in on" o& his shor! " s ! and )os ! )o#in sp" " + h " s * his &ar"2 "ll r" )a r / s !o !h" p"opl " o& (prin &i"ld 2ho4d a! h " r " d a! !h" rail2a$ s!a!ion !o s"" hi) o&& !o ,ashin ! o n. A! "i h! o4+lo+/ on !h" )or nin o& 0"%ru a r $ 1 1* 1861* !h" pr"sid" n !- "l"+! arri#"d a! !h" d"po! 2i!h his &a)il$ !o &ind !ha! )or " !han a !hous a n d o& his &ri"nds* n"i h%or s * and +oll"a u " s had a!h " r " d !o sa$ ood- %$". =o#"d %$ !h"ir pr"s " n + " * and &""lin so)" 2 h a ! o%li a! " d !o sa$ a &"2 2ords* 7in+oln )a d " !h" &ollo2in i)pro ) p ! u sp" " + hC =$ &ri"nds - no on"* no! in )$ si!ua !ion* +an appr " +i a ! " )$ &""lin o& sadn " s s a! !his par!in . To !his pla+"* and !h" /indn " s s o& !h" s " p"opl"* I o2" "#"r $! hin . 3"r" I ha#" li#"d a Auar! " r o& a +"n! ur $* and ha#" pas s " d &ro) a $oun !o an old )a n. 3"r" )$ +hildr" n ha#" %" " n %orn* and on" is %uri"d. I no2 l"a#"* no! /no2in 2h" n* or 2h"! h " r "#"r* I )a $ r"!urn* 2i!h a !as/ %"&or" )" r" a ! " r !han !ha! 2hi+h r"s! " d upon ,ashin ! o n. ,i!hou! !h" assis! a n + " o& !ha! Di#in" B"in * 2ho "#"r a!! " n d " d hi)* I +anno! su++ " " d . ,i!h !ha! assis! a n + " I +anno! &ail. Trus!in in 3i)* 2ho +an o 2i!h )"* and r" )ai n 2i!h $ou and %" "#"r $2h " r " &or ood* l"! us +on&id" n!l$ hop" !ha! all 2ill $"! %" 2"ll. To 3is +ar" +o) ) " n di n $ou* as I hop" in $our pra$" r s $ou 2ill +o) ) " n d )"* I %id $ou an a&&"+!ion a ! " &ar"2 "ll. In!"r " s !i n l$ "nou h* a&!"r h" %"+ a ) " pr"sid " n ! * and "sp " +i all$ 2hil" h" 2as runnin &or o&&i+"* 7in+oln su%s ! a n !i all$ +ur! ail"d his pu%li+ sp" a /in * par!i+ularl$ "@! " ) p o r a n " o u s r" )a r / s . 3is s!ra ! " $ durin !h" "l"+!ion o& 1860 2as !o r" )ai n sil"n!. 3" 2as !h" )or " )od " r a ! " * )iddl"- o&- !h"- road +andida ! " * and !h" D" )o+r a !i+ par!$ 2as "&&"+!i#"l$ spli! in!o a :or!h" r n and (ou!h " r n &a+!ion. I& h" did no! sp" a /* h" r"a s o n " d * h" 2ould ali"na ! " &"2 p"opl" and 2ould pro% a %l$ 2in !h" "l"+!ion. 6n -un" 19* 1860* h" 2ro! " !o a &ri"ndC 4In )$ pr"s " n ! posi!ion . . . %$ !h" l"sson s o& !h" pas!* and !h" uni!" d #oi+" o& all dis+r " " ! &ri"nds* I a ) n"i!h " r D!oE 2ri!" or sp" a / a 2ord &or !h" pu%li+.4 7"ss !ha n a )on! h la!"r h" !old a roupC 4I! has %" " n )$ purpos " * sin+" I ha#" %"" n pla+ " d in )$ pr"s " n ! posi!ion* !o )a/ " no sp" " + h " s . . . . 1indl$ l"! )" %" sil"n!.4 7in+oln4s sil"n+ " paid o&& in a s!unnin #i+!or$. 5"! 2h" n h" !oo/ o&&i+" h" did no! +han " his philosop h $ a%ou! sp" a /in in pu%li+. 7i/" )a n $ )od " r n pr"sid" n ! s * 7in+oln 2a!+ h " d 2ha! h" said &or &"ar o& %"in )isin! " r pr " ! " d or* 2ors " $"!* )isAu o! " d %$ !h" pr"s s . 4In )$ pr" s " n ! posi!ion*4 h" said in 1862* 4i! is hardl$ prop "r &or )" !o )a/ " sp" " + h " s . <#"r$ 2ord is so +los"l$ no! " d !ha! i! 2ill no! do !o )a/ " !ri#ial on"s. . . .4 In 1864 h" s!a! " d C 4<#"r$! hin I sa$* $ou /no2* o"s in!o prin!. I& I )a/ " a )is! a / " i! do" s n4 ! )"r "l$ a&&"+! )" nor $ou* %u! !h" +oun!r $. I !h"r "&or " ou h! a! l"as! !r$ no! !o )a/ "

)is! a / " s . 4 Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln4s r"la!ions hip 2i!h !h" pr"s s +orps o& !h" da$* as 2i!h )os ! p"opl"* 2as ood. 3" !r"a ! " d r"por! " r s !h" sa ) " 2a$ h" !r"a ! " d "#"r $o n " "ls". 3" r"sp " + ! " d !h" )* and* 2h" n !h" oppor! u ni! $ pr"s " n ! " d i!s"l&* h" 2ould )a/ " pl"a s a n ! +on#"r s a !i on and !"ll so)" o& his ?o/"s. Th" da$ h" 2as "l"+! " d* 7in+oln s)il"d a! !h" n"2s ) " n pr"s " n ! and Auipp " dC 4,"ll %o$s* $our !rou%l" s ar" o#"r no2* )in" ha#" ?us! %" u n. 4 As pr" sid" n ! * 7in+oln 2as an in!"lli " n! +o) ) u ni + a ! o r. 3" 2as +ar"&ul a%ou! 2ha! h" said* and h" !hou h ! %"&or" h" spo/". <#"r$ on" o& his )a?or addr " s s " s 2hil" in o&&i+" Fin+ludin !h" 0irs! and ("+ond Inau ur als* !h" ;"!!$s % u r Addr" s s * and his 7as! Pu%li+ Addr" s s G 2as )" !i+ ulousl$ pr"p a r " d and r"a d &ro) a +o)pl " ! " d )a n u s + rip!. In !h" +as " o& "a+ h !h"r " 2as a sp"+i&i+ )" s s a " 7in+oln 2an! " d !o +on#" $. 3" 2as no! !al/in ?us! !o h"ar his o2n #oi+". 7in+oln4s pra+!i+ " o& 2ri!in his sp" " + h " s %"&or " !h" $ 2"r" d"li#"r " d a#" hi) !h" !i)" !o !hin/ a%ou! 2ha! h" 2an! " d !o sa$ and insur " d !ha! his )" s s a " 2ould +o)" a+ros s !h" 2a$ h" in!"n d " d . 3" %"+ a ) " so d"p " n d " n ! on !his s!$l" and &or)a ! !ha!* !o a lar " "@! " n ! * h" r"li"d on 2ri!in as a +hi"& &or) o& +o) ) u ni + a !ion. 6&!"n h" +oupl" d 2ri!!" n do+u ) " n ! s 2i!h oral dis+us sion s . This pro+ " d ur " 2as no! li)i!" d ?us! !o &or)al sp" " + h " s . 0or "@a ) pl " * 7in+oln 2ro! " !h" su%s ! a n + " o& his +on#"r s a !io n s 2i!h -os"ph 3oo/"r %"&or " !h" $ o! !o " ! h " r and !h" n* a! !h" +on+lusion o& !h"ir )" " !in * h" hand " d !h" "n " r al a l"!! "r !o !a/" 2i!h hi) &or &ur!h" r +on! " ) pl a !io n. 7in+oln 2an! " d no )is! a /in 2ha! his )" a ni n or dir"+!i#" s 2"r" in !h"s " ins! a n + " s * and !h"r " +ould %" no )isin! " r pr " ! a ! io n 2h" n !2o s"ns " s * si h! and sound* 2"r " app " al " d !o ra!h " r !ha n on". 7in+oln pi+/" d up !his !"+hniAu " 2h" n h" 2as a la2$"r* as 2as r"+all"d %$ his la2 par! n " r ,illia) 3")do nC =r. 7in+oln4s ha%i!s* )" ! h o d s o& r"adin la2* poli!i+s* po"!r $* "!+.* 2"r " !o +o)" in!o !h" o&&i+"* pi+/ up a %oo/* n"2s p a p " r * "!+.* and !o spra2l hi)s "l& ou! on !h" so&a* +hair* "!+.* and r"ad aloud )u+ h !o )$ anno$a n + " . I ha#" as/" d hi) o&!"n 2h$ h" did so* and his in#aria %l" r"pl$ 2asC 4I +a!+h !h" id"a %$ !2o s"ns " s . Bu! 2h"n I r"a d aloud I h"ar 2ha! is r"a d and I s" " i!* and h"n+ " !2o s"ns " s "! i! and I r" )" ) % " r i! %"!! " r * i& I do no! und "r s ! a n d i! %"!! " r .9 In r"+ " n ! $" ar s* )od " r n l"ad" r s hi p !h"or$ has s!r" s s " d !h" i)por! a n + " o& "&&"+!i#" +o) ) u ni + a !io n. -a)" s =a+;r" or Bu)s 2ro! " !ha! 4!h" 7"ad"r s &unda ) " n ! a l a+! is !o indu+ " p"opl " !o %" a2ar " or +ons+ious o& 2ha! !h" $ &""l- !o &""l !h"ir !ru" n" " d s so s!ron l$* !o d"&in" !h"ir #alu" s so )" a ni n & ull$* !ha! !h"$ +an %" )o# " d !o purpos "& ul a+!ion.9 7"" Ia+o++ a pu! i! )or " si)pl$ %$ s!a!in C 4Th" onl$ 2a$ $ou +an )o!i#a ! " p"opl" is !o +o) ) u ni + a ! " 2i!h !h" ). 4 <&&"+!i#" +o) ) u ni + a !io n also sha p " s #alu" s &or p"opl " %$ 4no! onl$ %rin in +o)p a n $ philosop h $ !o &i&" . . . 4 as P"!"r s and Aus!in pu! i!* %u! also 4h"lps n"2+o ) " r s und "r s ! a n d ho2 shar " d #alu" s a&&"+! indi#idual p"r&or ) a n + " . 9 Bu! !h"r " is )or " !o +o) ) u ni + a !io n !han ?us! )o!i#a !ion and #alu"- sha pin . 47"a d " r s * 4 2ro! " ,arr" n B"nnis and Bur! :anus* 4ar!i+ula! " and d"&in" 2ha! has pr"#iousl$ r" )ai n " d i)pli+i! or uns aid. !h" n !h" $ in#"n! i)a " s * )" ! a p h o r s * and )od "l s !ha! pro#id" a &o+us &or n"2 a!! " n !ion. B$ so doin !h" $ +ons olida ! " or +hall"n " pr"# ailin 2isdo ). In shor!* an "ss " n !i al &a+!or in l"ad " r s hip is !h" +apa +i! $ !o in&lu"n+ " and or a ni> " )" a ni n &or )" ) % " r s o& !h" or a ni> a !ion. . . . 8o)) u ni + a !ion +r"a ! " s )" a ni n &or p"opl ". 6r should. I!4s !h" onl$ 2a$ an$ roup* s)all or lar "* +an %"+o ) " ali n" d %"hind !h" o#"r ar + hin oals o& an or a ni> a !ion.4 Th" ada " 4I!4s no! 2ha! $ou sa$ %u! ho2 $ou sa$ i!4 also appli"s !o A%raha ) 7in+oln4s +o) ) u ni + a !io n s!$l". 3" +o)%i n " d a 2"ll- round " d * al%"i! s"l&- !au h ! * "du+ a !ion 2i!h 2i! and sin+"ri!$ !o s"r#" as !h" nu+l"u s o& !h" ar+h" ! $p a l +o) ) u ni + a ! or . Toda$4 s l"ad " r s 2ould do 2"ll !o " )% o d $ 7in+oln4s si)pl "* s!rai h!&or2 a r d appro a + h * "sp " +i all$ 2h" n s"ndin +o)pl " @ )" s s a " s !ha! +an %" "a sil$ )isr " a d . ="ss a " s ar"

)or " o&!"n 4h" a r d 4 2h" n !h" +o) ) u ni + a ! or is hon" s ! * sin+"r " * and su++in+!. In o!h"r 2ords* sa$ 2ha! $ou )" a n * and )" a n 2ha! $ou sa$. 7in+oln %uil! +r"di%ili!$ %$ %"in +onsis! " n ! and +l"ar 2h"n sp" a /in !o o!h"r s . Bu! h" did i! 2i!h )or " !ha n 2ords. his a+!ions )irror " d 2ha! h" said. :o!hin &rus!r a ! " s su%ordin a ! " s )or " !ha n r"+"i#in )i@" d )" s s a " s . :o )a ! ! " r 2ha! !h" )" ! h o d o& +o) ) u ni + a !io n- )" )o s * dis+us sion s * phon " +alls* "!+.- !o l"ad "&&"+!i#"l$ $ou )us ! %" +l"ar and +on&id" n ! in 2ha! $ou ha#" !o sa$* and !h"n $ou )us ! &ollo2 !hrou h. P B" $our or a ni> a !ion4 s %"s ! s!u )p- sp" a / " r * 2i!h droll 2a$s and dr$ ?o/"s. P <@!" )p o r a n " o u s sp" a /in is $our a#" n u " !o !h" pu%li+. P 's" a #ari"! $ o& %od$ lan u a " 2h"n $ou sp" a /. P Pr"pa r " $ours "l& !horou hl$ &or $our pu%li+ sp" a /in "n a " ) " n ! s . P :"#"r +onsid "r an$! hin $ou 2ri!" !o %" &inish" d un!il pu%lish " d or* i& a sp" " + h * un!il $ou d"li#"r i!. P R")" ) % " r !ha! !h"r " 2ill %" !i)" s 2h"n $ou should si)pl$ no! sp" a /. (a$ !o $our lis!" n " r s C 91indl$ l"! )" %" sil"n!.9 P Tr$ no! !o )a/ " )is! a / " s 2h" n $ou sp" a / pu%li+l$. <#"r$! hin $ou sa$ is in!" n!l$ h" ar d. I& $ou )a/ " a )is! a / " i! do" s n 4 ! )"r "l $ a&&"+! $ou %u! !h" or a ni> a !ion as 2"ll. P 5ou should o&!"n +oupl" 2ri!!" n do+u ) " n ! s 2i!h #"r% al dis+us sion s * !h"r " % $ +a!+hin !h" id"a 2i!h !2o s"ns " s ra!h" r !ha n ?us! on". Bo!h $ou and $our su%or din a ! " s 2ill r" )" ) % " r i! %"!! " r * "#" n i& $ou do no! und" r s ! a n d i! %"!! " r .

03 ) Influ e n c e Pe o l e Throu g h Con # e r s a t i o n an d Stor " t e l li n g

9Th"$ sa$ I !"ll a r" a ! )a n $ s!ori" s. I r"+/on I do. %u! I ha#" l"arn " d &ro) lon "@p"ri " n + " !ha! plain p"opl "* !a/" !h" ) as !h" $ run* ar" )or " "asil$ in&lu"n+ " d !hrou h !h" )" diu ) o& a %roa d and hu )or o u s illus!ra !ion !han in an$ o!h"r 2a$. . . .9 7in+oln "@plainin !o a &ri"nd 2h$ h" o&!"n r"la! " d s!ori" s in !h" +ours " o& nor )al +on#"r s a !i on Thou h A%raha ) 7in+oln 2as an ou!s! a n di n 2ri!"r and pu%li+ sp" a / " r * h" 2as "#" n )or " ad" p ! a! !h" ar! o& +on#"r s a !io n. 3" +ould !al/ !o an$on " * %rillian! s+i"n!is!* 2il$ poli!i+ian* #isi!in h" a d o& s!a! " * or si)pl " %a+/2oo d s &ar )" r. 3" had a !"rri&i+ s"ns " o& hu )or and o&!"n sprin/l" d his +on#"r s a !i on s 2i!h 2i!!$ s!ori" s and hu)or o u s an" + d o ! " s !ha! h" us" d as p"rs u a si# " !ools. 3" has +o)" !o %" r" a r d " d as !h" onl$ pr"sid " n ! o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s 2ho 2as a !ru" hu )oris ! in !h" !radi!ion o& =ar/ T2ain or ,ill Ro "r s. 8on#"r s a !io n 2as 7in+oln4s +hi"& &or) o& p"rs u a sio n and !h" sin l" )os ! i)por! a n ! and "&&"+!i#" asp " + ! o& his l"ad" r s hi p s!$l". 6n" on on"* 7in+oln +ould +on#in+ " an$%o d $ o& ?us! a%ou! an$! hin . 3" "n?o$" d !al/in !o p"opl "* 2hi+h 2as on" r"a s o n h" +r" a ! " d su+h op" n a++" s s !o !h" ,hi!" 3ous " . <#"r$on " and an$on " 2as in#i!" d !o +o)" in and !al/ !o hi). Bu! "#" n !h" %ri h! " s ! l"adin +i!i>"ns o& !h" "ra 2"r" do)in a ! " d %$ 7in+oln durin a p"rso n al "@+h a n " . =an$ 2ho +all"d on hi) a! !h" ,hi!" 3ous " !o o%!ain so)" &a#or &ound !h" ) s " l # " s in !h" hall 2ond " rin ho2 7in+oln o! rid o& !h" ). Thurlo2 ,""d* a pro )in " n ! ?ournalis! and poli!i+al or a ni> " r* on+" sa! do2n a&!"r a )" " !in 2i!h hi) and 2ro! " a l"!!"r !o 7in+oln !ha! s!a! " d * in par!C 4I do no!* 2h"n 2i!h $ou* sa$ hal& I in!"nd* par!l$ %"+ a u s " I do no! li/" !o 4+ran/*4 and par!l$ %"+ a u s " $ou !al/ )" ou! o& )$ +on#i+!ions and appr " h " n s i o n s . (o %" ar 2i!h )"* pl"a s " * no2* !ill I &r"" )$ )ind.4 In !urn* 7in+oln* a )u si n l$* on+ " 2ro! " !o ,"" dC 4I a ) sur" i& 2" +ould )" " ! 2" 2ould no! par! 2i!h an$ unpl" a s a n ! i)pr " s sion on "i!h"r sid".4 8arl (+hur>* a R"pu%li+a n +on! " ) p o r a r $ o& 7in+oln* and la!"r a 'nion "n " r al* r"+ou n! " d his &irs! )" " !in 2i!h !h" &u!ur " pr"sid " n ! C

All a! on+ "* a&!"r !h" !rain had l"&! a 2a$- s!a!ion* I o%s "r# " d a r" a ! +o) ) o !i on a )o n )$ &"llo2 pas s " n " r s * )a n $ o& 2ho ) ?u)p " d &ro) !h"ir s" a ! s and pr"s s " d "a " rl$ aroun d a !all )a n 2ho had ?us! "n! " r " d !h" +ar. Th"$ addr " s s " d hi) in !h" )os ! &a)iliar s!$l"C 43"llo* A%"K 3o2 ar" $ouI4 and so on. And h" r"spo n d " d in !h" sa )" )a n n " r C 4;ood- "#" nin * B"nK 3o2 ar" $ou* -o"I ;lad !o s"" $ou* Di+/K4 and !h"r " 2as )u+ h lau h! " r a! so)" !hin s h" said* 2hi+h* in !h" +on&usion o& #oi+"s* I +ould no! und" r s ! a n d . 4,h$*4 "@+lai )" d )$ +o)p a ni on* !h" +o) )i ! ! " " - )a n* 4!h"r " 4 s 7in+oln* hi)s "l&K4 3" pr"s s " d !hrou h !h" +ro2d and in!rodu+ " d )" !o A%raha ) 7in+oln* 2ho ) I !h"n sa2 &or !h" &irs! !i)". . . . 3" r"+ "i#" d )" 2i!h an o&&han d +ordiali!$* li/" an old a+Au ain! a n + " . . . and 2" sa! do2n !o " ! h " r . In a so)" 2 h a ! hi h- pi!+h" d %u! pl"a s a n ! #oi+" . . . Dh"E !al/" d in so si)pl" and &a)iliar a s!rain* and his )a n n " r and ho)"l $ phra s " 2"r" so a%s olu! "l $ &r"" &ro) an$ s" )%l a n + " o& s"l&+ons+iou s n " s s or pr"! " n si on o& sup" riori!$* !ha! I soon &"l! as i& I had /no2n hi) all )$ li&"* and 2" had #"r$ lon %" " n +los" &ri"nds. 3" in!"r s p " r s " d our +on#"r s a !i on s 2i!h all sor!s o& Auain! s!ori"s* "a+ h o& 2hi+h had a 2i!!$ poin! appli+a %l " !o !h" su%?"+! in hand* and no! s"ldo ) +on+lud " d an ar u ) " n ! in su+h a )a n n " r !ha! no!hin )or " 2as !o %" said. 8arl (+hur> 2as no! !h" onl$ p"rso n 2ho h"ar d A%rah a ) 7in+oln !"ll a s!or$. As a )a ! ! " r o& &a+!* n"arl$ "#"r$o n " 2ho +a )" in +on! a + ! 2i!h our si@!" " n ! h pr" sid" n ! h" ar d hi) r"la! " so)" /ind o& $a ). 7in+oln* i! !urn" d ou!* had an o#"r2h "l )i n in#"n! or $ o& an"+ d o ! " s * ?o/"s* and s!ori" s. &ur!h"r ) o r " * h" poss " s s " d !h" a%ili!$ !o ins! a n !l$ pull ou! ?us! !h" ri h! on" &or an$ si!ua !ion !ha! )i h! aris". 7in+oln 2as a )a s ! " r a! !h" ar! o& s!or$! "llin * and h" us" d !ha! a%ili!$ purpos "& ull$ and "&&"+!i#"l$ 2h"n h" 2as pr"sid " n ! o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s . (!or$! "llin +a ) " na! ur all$ !o 7in+oln. 3" inh"ri!" d !h" a%ili!$ par!l$ &ro) his &a!h" r* Tho)a s 7in+oln* 2ho 2as a popul ar $a )- spinn" r o& his da$. A&!"r a lon da$4 s 2or/ as a la2$"r ridin !h" +ir+ui! in Illinois* A%raha ) 2ould pas s !h" !i)" 2i!h his +oll"a u " s a! !h" lo+al !a#"r n* 2h"r " "a+ h 2ould !a/" !urns !"llin a &a#ori!" an"+ d o ! " . 6&!"n !h"$ 2ould hold s!or$! "llin +on! " s ! s in &ron! o& s!a n din - roo)- onl$ +ro2ds "a " r !o %" a)u s " d and "n! "r ! ai n " d . 6#"r !h" $" ar s* 7in+oln no! onl$ %uil! up a ood suppl$ o& !al"s %u! also p"r&"+ ! " d his s/ill a! r"la!in !h" ). 7in+oln4s hu )or 2as a )a?or +o)p o n " n ! o& his a%ili!$ !o p"rs u a d " p"opl ". 3" /n"2 !h" "&&"+! i! had and us" d i! !o !h" u! )o s ! . I! also aid" d hi) poli!i+all$ %$ %"+o )i n an o%s " s sio n 2i!h !h" pu%li+. P"opl" %"+ a ) " &as+ina ! " d 2i!h his Aui+/ 2i! and hilarious s!ori"s. as a r"sul!* )a n $ o& his hu)or o u s an" + d o ! " s &ound !h"ir 2a$ in!o prin! 2hil" h" 2as s!ill ali#". 7i!"rall$ hundr " d s o& s!ori"s 2"r" a!!ri%u! " d !o 7in+oln !ha! !h" pr"sid " n ! hi)s "l& had n"#" r "#" n h" ar d. Durin his $" ar s in !h" ,hi!" 3ous " * 7in+oln4s s!or$! "llin %"+ a ) " so l" " n d a r $ !ha! a )u si n !al"s s!ar! " d !o +ir+ula! " a%ou! %on. 6n" !ha! h" 2as &ond o& !"llin on hi)s "l& 2as a%ou! !2o Hua/"r 2o)" n in a rail2a$ +oa+h 2ho 2"r " o#"rh " a r d in a +on#"r s a !i onC 4I !hin/ -"&&"rson 2ill su++ " " d * 4 said !h" &irs!. 4,h$ do"s !h" " !hin/ soI4 as/" d !h" s"+ond. 4B"+ a u s " -"&&"rson is a pra$in )a n.9 4And so is A%raha ) a pra$in )a n. 4 45"s* %u! !h" 7ord 2ill !hin/ A%raha ) is ?o/in .4 Pr"sid" n ! 7in+oln also !urn" d !o hu)or !o h"lp all"#ia! " !h" s!rain o& his o&&i+"* no! !o )" n !ion !h" i)pa + ! !ha! !h" loss o& &i&" durin !h" 8i#il ,ar had on hi). 7au h! " r a#" hi) a )o ) " n ! a r $ %r" a / &ro) his !rou%l " s . 4I !"ll $ou !h" !ru!h*9 h" on+" r"la! " d !o a &ri"nd* 42h" n I sa$ !ha! a &unn$ s!or$* i& i! has !h" "l" )" n ! o& "nuin " 2i!* has !h" sa )"

"&&"+! on )" !ha! I suppo s " a ood sAua r " drin/ o& 2his/" $ has on an old !op"r. i! pu!s n"2 li&" in!o )". Th" &a+! is I ha#" al2a$s %"li"#" d !ha! a ood lau h 2as ood &or %o!h !h" )" n ! al and !h" ph$si+ al di "s !ion.4 Ano!h" r !i)" h" said si)pl$C 4I lau h %"+ a u s " I )us ! no! 2"" p- !ha " s all* !ha " s all.4 A&!"r 7in+oln %"+ a ) " pr"sid " n ! * h" )os !l$ us" d his s/ill in !"llin s!ori"s &or a purpos " ra!h " r !ha n &or a)u s " ) " n ! . As on" o& his &or)" r appr " n !i+ " s r"la! " d i!* h" +o) ) u ni + a ! " d s!ori"s no2 lar "l$ 4&or %usin" s s * !o i#" a hin! or "n&or+ " an ar u ) " n ! . 4 3"r" a ain is a s/ill poss " s s " d %$ 7in+oln !ha! 2as us" d !o his u! )o s ! ad#a n ! a " as a l"ad" r. 3" r"ali>" d !h" p"rs u a si# " "&&"+!s !ha! s!ori"s had on p"opl" and on+" said as )u+ h durin a +on#"r s a !i onC Th"$ sa$ I !"ll a r" a ! )a n $ s!ori"s. I r"+/on I do. %u! I ha#" l"arn " d &ro) lon "@p" ri" n+ " !ha! plain p"opl"* !a/" !h" ) as !h"$ run* ar" )or " "a sil$ in&lu"n+ " d !hrou h !h" )" diu ) o& a #i#id and hu )or o u s illus!r a !ion !ha n in an$ o!h"r 2a$........ R"+" n! 2or/ in !h" &i"ld o& l"ad " r s hip +on&ir )s 7in+oln4s s!ra ! " $ and " )p h a si> " s !h" rol" o& s!ori"s as po2"r&ul )o!i#a !ion al !ools !ha! spr" a d lo$al!$* +o) )i ! ) " n ! * and "n! hu si a s ) . 4All l"ad " r s hip is sho2 %usin" s s * 4 2ro!" P"!"r s and Aus!in. 4I! !urns ou! !ha! hu )a n %"in s r"a s o n lar "l$ %$ )" a n s o& s!ori"s* no! %$ )ou n d s o& da! a. (!ori"s ar" )" ) o r a %l " . . . . Th"$ !"a + h. . . . I& 2" ar" s"rious a%ou! id"als* #alu" s * )o!i#a !ion* +o) )i ! ) " n ! * 2" 2ill pa$ a!! " n !ion !o !h" rol" o& s!ori"s DandE )$! h s . - . .4 I!4s +l"ar !ha! 7in+oln !hou h ! Aui!" a lo! a%ou! his +ra&! o& s!or$! "llin . (o )u+ h so !ha! h" a+!u all$ s" " ) " d !o ha#" a s!ra! " $ in ")plo$in s!ori"s "&&"+!i#"l$. As !h" pr"sid" n ! on+ " saidC I %"li"#" I ha#" !h" popul ar r"pu! a !ion o& %"in a s!or$- !"ll"r* %u! I do no! d"s " r # " !h" na ) " in i!s "n " r al s"ns " * &or i! is no! !h" s!or$ i!s"l&* %u! i!s purpos " * or "&&"+!* !ha! in!"r " s ! s )". I o&!"n a#oid a lon and us"l" s s dis+us sion %$ o!h"r s or a la%orious "@pla n a !io n on )$ o2n par! %$ a shor! s!or$ !ha! illus!ra ! " s )$ poin! o& #i"2. (o* !oo* !h" shar p n " s s o& a r"&us al or !h" "d " o& a r"%u/ " )a $ %" %lun! " d %$ an appropri a ! " s!or$* so as !o sa#" 2ound " d &""lin and $"! s"r#" !h" purpos " . :o* I a ) no! si)pl$ a s!or$- !"ll"r* %u! s!or$- !"llin as an " )olli"n! sa#" s )" )u+ h &ri+!ion and dis!r" s s . <#"n in !h" )os ! s"rious )o ) " n ! s 2i!h his +a%in" ! )" ) % " r s * 7in+oln 2ould !a/" !h" !i)" !o !"ll an an" + d o ! " !o illus!r a ! " !o his su%or din a ! " s "@a+ !l$ ho2 h" &"l!. 6&!"n* i& !h"$ 2"r " dis+us sin poli+$ or a +"r! ain dir"+!ion !h" +oun!r $* should !a/"* !h" pr" sid" n ! s s!or$ 2ould "nd !h" +on#"r s a !i on. 6!h"r !i)" s h" )"r "l$ r"la! " d !h" !al" &or a )u s " ) " n ! . 6n" +as " in poin! o++urr " d 2h"n 7in+oln &irs! sho2 " d his +a%in" ! !h" ori inal dra&! o& !h" <)a n+ip a !ion Pro+la ) a ! i on. A&!"r h" had &inish" d r"adin * ("+r " ! a r $ 8has " 2as %old "nou h !o %r" a / !h" sil"n+ " 2i!h a &"2 su " s ! " d +han " s * and "#" n! u a ll$ all !h" )" ) % " r s had !h"ir sho! a! his do+u ) " n ! . 7in+oln saidC ;"n!l" ) " n * !his r" )ind s )" o& !h" s!or$ o& !h" )a n 2ho had %" " n a2a $ &ro) ho)" * and 2h"n h" 2as +o)in %a+/ 2as )" ! %$ on" o& his &ar) hand s * 2ho r" " ! " d hi) a&!"r !his &ashionC 4=as! "r* !h" li!!l" pi s ar" d"a d* and !h" old so24s d" a d* !oo* %u! I didn4! li/" !o !"ll $ou all a! on+ ".4 As a +o) ) u ni + a ! or * A%raha ) 7in+oln li%"rall$ u!ili>"d s!on" s and an"+ d o ! " s * +olloAuial "@pr " s si on s * and s$)% ols and i)a " r $ in ord"r !o in&lu"n+ " and p"rs u a d " his audi" n+ " . 3is 9do2n ho)" &i ur" s o& sp" " + h a!!r a + ! " d p"opl "* /"p! !h"ir a!! " n !ion* and* in )a n $ +as " s * "nd " a r " d p"opl" !o hi). (!ori"s 2"r " an i)por! a n ! par! o& his i)a " as a +o) ) o n )a n* and h" us" d !h" ) so &r"Au " n !l$ !ha! !h"$ )us ! ha#" %" " n "nuin " . 7in+oln +ould +o)p a r " 3ora+ " ;r""l " $ !o 4an old sho" - ood &or no!hin . . . and so ro!!" n !ha! no!hin +an %" don" 2i!h hi)* or (al)on P. 8has " !o a 4%lu" % o! !l " &l$* la$in his " s in "#"r$

ro!! " n spo! h" +an &ind*4 and !h"n !urn aroun d and !"ll o!h"r s !ha! 9I don4! a )o u n ! !o pi !ra+/s in !h" ,ar D"par ! ) " n ! . 9 5"! 7in+oln +ould also appl$ p"r&"+ ! rh$) " * +ad" n + " * and alli!"r a !ion !o his sp" " + h " s and 2ri!in s. 3" +ould +on+ "i#" and " )plo$ su+h %" a u !i&ul s$)% olis ) as 9!h" &i"r$ !rail !hrou h 2hi+h 2" pas s* 4 4!h" )$s !i+ +hords o& )" )o r $*9 and 9a hous " di#id" d a ains ! i!s"l& +anno! s!an d.9 6n" o& !h" r" a ! par a d o @ " s a%ou! A%raha ) 7in+oln is !ha! h" +ould !"ll an o&&-+olor ?o/" !o a roup o& &ar ) hand s and ha#" !h" ) in h$s! " ri+ al lau h! " r * and h" +ould +r" a ! " and d"li#"r !h" ;"!!$s % ur Addr"s s* on" o& !h" )os ! )a ni&i+" n! 2or/s o& A)"ri+a n li!"ra ! ur " . <#"r$ l"ad " r )us ! r"ali>" !ha! !h" po2"r !o )o!i#a ! " &ollo2"r s r"sid" s al)o s ! sol"l$ in !h" a%ili!$ !o +o) ) u ni + a ! " "&&"+!i#"l$. In )os ! %usin" s s or a ni> a !ion s * pri#a! " +on#"r s a !i on is )u+ h )or " i)por! a n ! !ha n pu%li+ sp" a /in . I! pro#id" s dir"+! +on! a + ! 2i!h !h" indi#idu als 2ho ar" a+!u all$ p"r&or )in !h" 2or/. 8ha!!in in&or )all$ 2i!h on" or !2o " )plo$" " s 2ill allo2 !h" l"ad " r !o pi+/ up )or " su%!l" nua n+ " s o& ho2 p"opl " a+!u all$ &""l and !hin/. And lo$al!$ is )or " o&!"n 2on !hrou h su+h p"rso n al +on! a + ! !ha n in an$ o!h"r 2a$. A +on! " ) p o r a r $ l"ad" r 2ho is in!ro#" r! " d or sh$ Fas 7in+oln 2as in his $ou!hG )us ! )a/ " "#"r $ "&&or! !o o#"r+o ) " !his !rai!. A p"rs on 2i!h a r" a ! d" al o& !al"n! )us ! %" +ap a %l " o& "@pr " s si n i!. 3" has !o %" a%l" !o !hin/ on his &""!. And* i& h" +ar" s a%ou! his " )plo$" " s * h" +an! %" r"!i+" n! in !"llin !h" ) so. 3" )us ! r" )" ) % " r !ha! his &ollo2"r s 2an!* and so)" !i ) " s +ra#"* !h" oppor! u ni! $ !o si)pl$ !al/ !o !h"ir l"ad" r. Tha!4s on" r"a s o n 2h$ 0ran/lin Roos" # "l! 4&ir"sid" +ha! s9 2"r " so su++ " s s& ul. Th" )"r " )" n !ion o& !h" 2ord 9+ha!9 &ro) Roos" # "l! 2as in#i!in . =illions o& p"opl" lis!"n " d !o !h"ir radio 2h" n h" spo/" !o !h" ) and )a n $ o& !h" ) pro%a %l$ 2ish" d h" +ould h"ar !h" ) !al/ %a+/. P ,h"n $ou )" " ! 2i!h an indi#idu al* !r$ no! !o par! 2i!h an$ unpl" a s a n ! i)pr " s sion on "i!h"r sid". P (p" a / in si)pl " and &a)iliar s!rains 2i!h p"opl"* 2i!hou! an$ pr"! " n sio n o& sup "riori!$. 7"a#" p"opl" 2i!h !h" &""lin !ha! !h"$4# " /no2n $ou all !h"ir li#"s. P Don4! &or " ! !ha! hu)or is a )a?or +o)po n " n ! o& $our a%ili!$ !o p"rs u a d " p"opl ". P A ood lau h is ood &or %o!h !h" )" n ! al and ph$si+ al di "s !ion. P R")" ) % " r !ha! p"opl" ar" )or " "asil$ in&lu"n+ " d !hrou h !h" )" diu ) o& a %roa d and hu )or o u s illus!ra !ion !han in an$ o!h"r 2a$. P 5ou 2ill o&!"n a#oid a lon and us"l" s s dis+us sion %$ o!h"r s or a la%orious "@pla n a !io n on $our o2n par! %$ a shor! s!or$ !ha! illus!r a ! " s $our poin! o& #i"2. P Th" shar pn " s s o& a r"&us al or !h" "d " o& a r"%u/ " )a $ %" %lun! " d %$ an appropri a ! " s!or$* so as !o sa#" 2ound " d &""lin s and $"! s"r#" !h" purpos " . P 7o$al!$ is )or " o&!"n 2on !hrou h pri#a! " +on#" r s a !ion !ha n in an$ o!h"r 2a$.

04 ) Pre a c h a $isio n an d Con ti n u a l l " Reaffir m It

9All honor !o -"&&"rson - 2ho* in !h" +on+r " ! " pr"s s ur " o& a s!ru l " &or na!ion al ind" p " n d " n + " * had !h" +ooln" s s * &or"+ a s ! * and +apa +i! $ !o in!rodu+ " . . . an a%s!r a + ! !ru!h* appli+a %l" !o all )" n and all !i)" s .9 Par! o& 7in+oln4s prais " &or Tho)a s -"&&"rson* on" o& his "arl$ h"ro" s * !o a Bos!on roup !ha! r"Au " s ! " d h" sp" a / !h"r " on -"&&"rson4 s %ir!hd a $ FApril 6* 1859G Th" &irs! di+!ionar $ d"&ini!ion o& a 4l"ad " r 4 d"s+ri%" s a pri)a r $ shoo! o& a plan!* !h" )ain ar!"r $ !hrou h 2hi+h !h" or a nis ) li#"s and !hri#" s. In )u+ h !h" sa ) " 2a$*

or a ni> a !ions prosp " r or di" as a r"sul! o& !h"ir l"ad" r s a%ili!$ !o ")% o d $ and +o) ) u ni + a ! " !h" +o)p a n $4 s #ision. 3o2 a )a n a " r or pro&" s sion al in&lu"n+ " s o!h"r s #"r$ )u+ h di+!a! " s !h" h" al!h o& !h" d"p a r ! ) " n ! * r" ion* and ul!i)a ! "l $ !h" "n!ir" or a ni> a !ion. All !his !ransla ! " s in!o on" o& !h" )a?or &a+!ors !ha! dis!in uis h " s l"ad" r s &ro) )"r " )a n a " r s C #ision. P"!"r s and Aus!in ad#o+ a ! " d 4pr" a + hin !h" #isionC 4A!!"n!ion* s$)% ol s* dra ) a * 4 !h" $ 2ro!"* ar" 4!h" nu!s and %ol!s o& l"ad " r s hip. . . . 5ou ha#" !o /no2 2h"r " $ou4r " oin . To %" a%l" !o s!a! " i! d"arl$ and +on+is "l$. And $ou ha#" !o +ar" a%ou! i! pas sion a ! "l $. Tha! all adds up !o #ision. Th" +on+is " s!a! " ) " n ! or pi+!ur " o& 2h"r " !h" +o)p a n $ and i!s p"opl" ar" h" a din and 2h$ !h" $ should %" proud o& i!.4 <&&"+!i#" #isions* a++or din !o To) P"!"r s* ar" inspirin . Th"$ ar" 4+l"ar and +hall"n in - and a%ou! "@+ "ll"n+ " . 4 Th"$ )a / " s"ns " and +an s!a n d !h" !"s! o& !i)". !h"$ ar" s!a%l "* $"! &l"@i%l". An "&&"+!i#" #ision " )p o 2 " r s p"opl " and pr"p a r " s &or !h" &u!ur " 2hil" also ha#in roo!s in !h" pas!. I!4s 2"ll /no2n and do+u ) " n ! " d !ha! durin !h" 8i#il ,ar A%rah a ) 7in+oln* !hrou h his sp" " + h " s * 2ri!in s* and +on#"r s a !i on s * 4pr" a + h " d a #ision9 o& A)"ri+a !ha! has n"#"r %" " n "Au al " d in !h" +ours " o& A)"ri+a n his!or$. 7in+oln pro#id" d "@a+ !l$ 2ha! !h" +oun!r $ n" " d " d a! !ha! pr"+is " )o ) " n ! in !i)"C a +l"ar* +on+is " s!a! " ) " n ! o& !h" dir"+!ion o& !h" na!ion and ?us!i&i+a!ion &or !h" 'nion4s dras !i+ a+!ion in &or+in +i#il 2ar. In shor!* 7in+oln pro#id" d ras s- roo!s l"ad " r s hip. <#"r$2h " r " h" 2"n!* a! "#"r $ +on+ "i#a %l " oppor! u ni! $* h" r"a&&ir )" d* r"a s s " r ! " d * and r" )ind " d "#"r $o n " o& !h" %asi+ prin+ipl" s upon 2hi+h !h" na!ion 2as &ound " d . 3is #ision 2as si)pl "* and h" pr" a + h " d i! o&!"n. I! 2as pa!rio!i+* r"#"r " n ! * &ill"d 2i!h in!" ri!$* #alu" s * and hi h id"als. And )os ! i)por! a n !l $* i! s!ru+/ a +hord 2i!h !h" A)"ri+a n p"opl ". I! 2as !h" s!ron " s ! par! o& his %ond 2i!h !h" +o) ) o n p"opl". Th" on" )os ! i)por! a n ! s"n!i )" n ! * h" &"l!* 2as 4!ha ! s"n!i )" n ! . . . i#in li%"r!$ no! alon" !o !h" p"opl " o& !his +oun!r $* %u! hop" !o !h" 2orld &or a &u!ur" !i)". I! 2as !ha! 2hi+h a#" pro)is " !ha! in du" !i)" !h" 2"i h! s 2ould %" li&!"d &ro) !h" should" r s o& all )" n* and !ha! all should ha#" an "Au al +han+ " .9 In his -ul$ 4* 1861* )" s s a " !o 8on r " s s in sp"+i al s"s sion* 7in+oln r"a&&ir)" d his )os ! d"" pl$ h"ld %"li"&s* all o& 2hi+h had sprun &ro) s"n!i ) " n ! s ")% o di " d in !h" D"+lar a !ion o& Ind" p " n d " n + " C This is "ss " n !i all$ a p"opl "4 s +on! " s ! . 6n !h" sid" o& !h" 'nion* i! is a s!ru l " &or )ain! ai nin in !h" 2orld !ha! &or) and su%s ! a n + " o& o#"r n ) " n ! 2hos " l"adin o%?"+! is !o "l"#a ! " !h" +ondi!ion o& )" n -!o li&! ar!i&i+ial 2"i h! s &ro) all should " r s- !o +l"ar !h" pa!h s o& lauda %l " pursui! &or all- !o a&&ord all an un&"! ! " r " d s!ar!* and a &air +ha n+ " * in !h" ra+ " o& li&".4 ,hil" I!4s !ru" !ha! 7in+oln s!ra! " i+ all$ and purpos "& ull$ ass " r ! " d his #ision* I!4s also i)por! a n ! !o r"ali>" !ha! doin so &i! na!ur all$ in!o his o#"r all l"ad " r s hip philosoph $. <&&"+!i#" #isions and or a ni> a !ion al )ission s!a! " ) " n ! s +an4! %" &or+"d upon !h" )a s s " s . Ra!h"r* !h"$ )us ! %" s"! in )o!ion %$ )" a n s o& p"rs u a sio n. Th" p"opl" )us ! a++ " p ! and i)pl" ) " n ! !h" ) 2hol"h " a r ! " dl $ and 2i!hou! r"s " r# a !ion. ,h"n !his is a+hi"# " d* i! is al2a$s don" 2i!h "n!h u si a s )* +o) )i ! ) " n ! * and prid". =or"o#"r* !rul$ a++ " p ! " d #isions !"nd !o &os!"r inno#a !ion* ris/- !a/in * " )p o 2 " r ) " n ! * and d"l" a !ion. I& !h" 2or/in !roops und "r s ! a n d 2ha! is "@p" + ! " d o& !h" )* 2ha! !h" or a ni> a !ion is !r$in !o a++o ) plis h* !h" n i! %"+o ) " s possi%l" !o )a/ " i)por! a n ! d"+isions on lo2"r l"#"ls* !h"r " % $ +r" a !in a +li)a ! " in 2hi+h r"sul!s and pro r " s s +on!inu all$ o++ur. 7in+oln harn " s s " d his #ision !hrou h !h" i)pl" ) " n ! a ! i o n o& his o2n "@+" p!ion al ro#in l"ad " r s hip s!$l". 3" sa2 !o i! p"rso n all$ !ha! !h" 2ord o! ou!. This in i!s"l& 2as a )a?or a++o ) plis h ) " n ! in an a " 2h" n !h" )a s s +o) ) u ni + a !ion )" di u ) s o& radio and !"l"#ision

did no! $"! "@is!. In !h" "l"+!ion $"ar 1864* &or "@a ) pl " * !h" pr"sid" n ! #"n! ur " d in!o !h" &i"ld !o #isi! his %a!!l"- 2"ar $ soldi"rs in an a!! " ) p ! !o r"- inspir" !h" ). !o l"! !h" ) /no2 !ha! n"i!h " r h" nor !h" na!ion had &or o!! " n !h" ). and !o r" )ind !h" ) o& !h" i)por! a n + " o& 2ha! !h" $ 2"r" &i h!in &or. 3" !old !h" 166! h 6hio R" i)" n ! C I! is no! )"r "l$ &or !oda $* %u! &or all !i)" !o +o)" !ha! 2" should p"rp " ! u a ! " &or our +hildr" n4 s +hildr" n !his r" a ! and &r"" o#"r n ) " n ! * 2hi+h 2" ha#" "n?o$" d all our li#"s. I %" $ou !o r" )" ) % " r !his* no! )"r "l $ &or )$ sa/"* %u! &or $ours. I happ " n !" )p or a ril$ !o o++up$ !his %i ,hi!" 3ous " . I a) a li#in 2i!n" s s !ha! an$ on" o& $our +hildr" n )a $ loo/ !o +o)" h"r " as )$ &a!h" r4 s +hild has. I! is in ord"r !ha! "a+h o& $ou )a $ ha#" !hrou h !his &r"" o#"r n ) " n ! 2hi+h 2" ha#" "n?o$" d* an op"n &i"ld and a &air +ha n+ " &or $our indus!r $* "n! " r pris " * and in!"lli " n+ " . !ha! $ou )a $ all ha#" "Au al pri#il" " s in !h" ra+ " o& li&"* 2i!h all i!s d"sira %l " hu) a n aspira !ions . I! is &or !his !h" s!ru l " should %" )ain! ai n " d . . . . Th" na!ion is 2or!h &i h!in &or. . . . 7in+oln pr" a + h " d his #ision !hrou h o u ! !h" &our $"ar s o& his ad )inis!r a !ion. 3is )" s s a " 2as si)pl " and +l"ar* ")p h a s i>in "Au ali!$ and &r""do ) Fin+ludin &or sla#" sG* a 4&air +han+ " &or all*4 and "l"#a !ion o& !h" 4+ondi!ion o& )" n. 4 This 2as !h" p"opl" 4 s %ir!hri h!* h" )ain! ain " d* and i! should %" pro! " + ! " d and pr" s " r # " d &or &u!ur" "n " r a !ion s . (u+h inspira !ion al 2ords &ro) !h" na!ion4 s +hi"& "@"+ u!i#" +ould no! h"lp %u! )o#" p"opl"* "sp " +i all$ !h" +o) ) o n )a n 2ho 2as !h" &oo! soldi"r durin !h" 8i#il ,ar. Th"$ r"#"r " d 7in+oln* !rus! " d hi)* +h" " r " d hi) loudl$ 2h"r " # " r h" 2"n!. Th" !$pi+al 'nion soldi"r "n?o$" d a %ond 2i!h !h" pr" sid" n ! !ha! &"2 p"opl" in A)"ri+a n his!or$ 2ould "#"r ha#" 2i!h a si!!in 'ni!"d (!a! " s pr"sid " n ! . Tha! %ond %" a n in ,ashin ! o n in "arl$ 1861* 2h" n 7in+oln o! ou! o& !h" 4i#or$ !o2"r4 o& !h" ,hi!" 3ous " and p"rs on all$ #isi!" d )a n $ o& !h" arri#in !roops d"s!in " d &or !h" &ron!. Par! o& !his +onn " + !ion +an also %" a!!ri%u! " d !o 7in+oln4s 9+o) ) o n )a n 4 i)a " . 3"* !oo* had hu )%l " %" innin s . 3" 2as rais" d in po#"r ! $ and* in a 2a$* h" s$)% oli>" d &or )a n $ p"opl" !h" r"ali>a!ion o& !h" A)"ri+a n dr" a ). 7in+oln had pull"d hi)s "l& up !h" ladd"r !o r"a+ h !h" pinna +l" o& su++ " s s . I!4s o%#ious &ro). his sp" " + h " s !ha! 7in+oln r"+o ni> " d !his %indin lin/ h" "n?o$" d 2i!h !h" +o) )o n p"opl " and pla$" d on i! 2h"n n"+ " s s a r $. In &a+!* h" )a d " a poin! o& !ailorin his sp" " + h " s so !ha! !h"$ 2"r" "asil$ und "r s ! o o d . 7in+oln on+ " +ouns "l " d his la2 par!n " r * ,illia) 3"rndon* on !his #"r$ )a ! ! " r C Bill$* don4! shoo! !oo hi h - ai) lo2"r and !h" +o) )o n p"opl" 2ill und" r s ! a n d $ou. Th"$ ar" !h" on" s $ou 2an! !o r"a+ h - a! l"as! !h" $ ar" !h" on"s $ou ou h! !o r"a+ h. Th" "du+ a ! " d and r"&in" d p"opl" 2ill und" r s ! a n d $ou an$ 2a$. I& $ou ai) !oo hi h $our id"a s 2ill o o#"r !h" h"a d s o& !h" )a s s " s and onl$ hi! !hos " 2ho n"" d no hi!!in . Throu h !h" +ours " o& !h" &our $" ar s o& !h" 8i#il ,ar* 7in+oln /"p! r"p" a !i n and r"n" 2in his #ision so !ha! i! 2ould no! di)inish in )" a ni n . I! 2as !his pro+" s s o& r"n" 2 al !ha! 2as* in "&&"+!* 7in+oln4s r" a ! " s ! &or) o& )o!i#a !ion. 6#"r !i)"* as #alu" s d"+ a $ and in+"n!i#" s d2indl"* l"ad" r s )us ! +ons! a n !l$ pro#id" a r"?u#" n a !i n pro+" s s . In 7in+oln4s +as " * !h" &i h! a ains ! sla#"r $ 2as alr" a d $ an a "- old issu"* and !h" 8i#il ,ar 2as a +ul)ina !ion o& d"+ a d " s o& +on&li+!. I! 2as !i)" !o r"n" 2 and r" " n " r a ! " old #alu" s . 7in+oln s!ra ! " i+ all$ appli"d hi)s "l& !o !his !as/. 3" r"surr " + ! " d !h" D"+lar a !ion o& Ind"p " n d " n + " * dus! " d o&& !h" 8ons!i!u!ion* and %rou h! %a+/ a s"ns " o& prid" and pa!rio!is ) !ha! had no! %"" n s"" n sin+" !h" da$s o& !h" A)"ri+a n R"#olu!ion. 7in+oln r"#i!ali>"d !h" old #alu" s o& A)"ri+a nis ) and r" )ind " d all +i!i>"ns 2h$ !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s 2as &or)" d in !h" &irs! pla+"* ?us! as all l"ad " r s should r" )ind su%or din a ! " s 2h$ !h"ir or a ni> a !ion 2as &or)" d in !h" &irs! pla+ ".

,h"n "&&"+!in r"n" 2 al* 7in+oln +all"d on !h" pas !* r"la! " d i! !o !h" pr"s " n ! * and !h" n us" d !h" ) %o!h !o pro#id" a &in/ !o !h" &u!ur". A p"r&"+ ! "@a ) pl " o& 7in+oln4s in!"r2" a #in !h" +on+ " p ! s o& #ision and r"n" 2 al is illus!ra ! " d in his i))or ! al ;"!!$s % u r Addr" s s . 7on r" ar d " d as on" o& !h" r" a ! 2or/s o& A)"ri+a n li!"ra! ur " and +ri!i+all$ a++lai )" d &or i!s si)pli+i!$ and dir"+! n " s s * !h" sp" " + h 2as d"li#"r " d a! !h" d"di+a !ion o& !h" ;"!!$s % ur :a!ional 8")" ! " r $ onl$ &our )on! h s a&!"r on" o& !h" )os ! i)por! a n ! 'nion #i+!ori"s o& !h" 8i#il ,ar. ,hil" 7in+oln !"+hni+ all$ sp" n ! onl$ a &"2 2""/s pr"p a rin !h" addr " s s * i!4s +l"ar &ro) his pas ! ora!or $ and 2ri!in s !ha! all o& !h" +on+ " p ! s * and )a n $ o& !h" phra s " s ")plo$" d * had %"" n par! o& his #ision &or !h" na!ion &or $"ar s. This !i)"* ho2" # " r * 7in+oln 2as unus u all$ "loAu " n ! * p"rh a p s %"+ a u s " o& !h" si ni&i+an+ " o& !h" %a!!l" i!s"l& or p"rh a p s %"+ a u s " o& !h" r"#"r " n + " o& !h" o++a sion. ,ha! " # " r !h" r"a s o n* 7in+oln 2as unus u all$ +o) )i ! ! " d !o a!! " n di n !h" +"r" )o n $ and )a/in his sp" " + h . 3" l"&! ,ashin ! o n a )id !h" an uis h " d pro! " s ! s o& his 2i&"* =ar$* %"+ a u s " !h"ir $oun " s ! son 2as ill and +on&in" d !o %"d. (h" &"l! his pla+" 2as a! !h"ir %o$4 s sid". And &or 7in+oln* 2ho had alr" a d $ 2a!+h " d !2o sons di" &ro) dis" a s " * !his 2as no! an uni)p or ! a n ! )a ! ! " r . Bu! !h" pr"sid " n ! d"+id" d !o )a / " !h" !rip an$2 a $* hopin !ha! !h" s!urd$ !"n- $" ar- old Tad 2ould r"+o# "r. Th"r" 2ould %" no holdin %a+/ 7in+oln* 2ho 2as +o) )i ! ! " d !o d"li#"rin his i)por! a n ! )" s s a " !o !h" A)"ri+a n pu%li+* and !his 2ould %" a p"r&"+ ! oppor! u ni! $ !o do so. 6n :o#" )% " r 19* 1863* a&!"r ha#in had his )ind r" a !l$ "as " d %$ r"+"ip! o& a !"l" r a ) r"la!in !ha! his son 2as )u+ h i)pro# " d* and a&!"r lis!"nin !o !h" prin+ipal ora!or o& !h" da$* <d2ard <#"r" ! !* sp" a / &or n"arl$ !2o hours* A%raha ) 7in+oln sp" n! onl$ !2o )inu! " s r" )indin !h" na!ion 2ha! !h" 8i#il ,ar* and A)"ri+a i!s"l&* 2as all a%ou!C DTh" Pas!E 0our s+or " and s"#" n $" ar s a o our &a!h" r s %rou h! &or!h on !his +on!in" n ! * a n"2 na!ion* +on+ "i#" d in 7i%"r!$* and d"di+ a ! " d !o !h" proposi!ion !ha! all )" n ar" +r"a ! " d "Au al. DTh" Pr"s " n !E :o2 2" ar" +on+ "i#" d and 2ar. ," ha#" 2ho a#" !h"ir should do !his.

"n a " d in a r" a ! +i#il 2ar. !"s!in 2h"! h " r !ha! na!ion* or an$ na!ion so so d"di+ a ! " d * +an lon "ndur " . ," ar" )" ! on a r" a ! %a!!l"- &i"ld o& !ha! +o)" !o d"di+ a ! " a por!ion o& !ha! &i"ld* as a &inal r"s!in pla+" &or !hos " li#"s !ha! !ha! na!ion )i h! li#". I! is al!o " ! h " r &i!!in and prop "r !ha! 2"

DR"n" 2 alE Bu!* in a lar "r s"ns " * 2" +an no! d"di+a ! " - 2" +an no! +ons " + r a ! " - 2" +an no! hallo2!his round. Th" %ra# " )" n* li#in and d" a d* 2ho s!ru l " d h"r" ha#" +ons " + r a ! " d i!* &ar a%o#" our poor po2"r !o add or d"!r a + !. Th" 2orld 2ill li!!l" no! "* nor lon r" )" ) % " r 2ha! 2" sa$ h"r "* %u! i! +an n"#"r &or "! 2ha! !h" $ did h"r". I! is &or us !h" li#in * ra!h " r* !o %" d"di+a ! " d h"r " !o !h" un&inish " d 2or/ 2hi+h !h" $ 2ho &ou h! h"r" ha#" !hus &ar so no%l$ ad#a n + " d . I! is ra!h " r &or us !o %" h"r " d"di+ a ! " d !o !h" r" a ! !as/ r" )ai nin %"&or" us- !ha! &ro) !h" s " honor " d d" a d 2" !a/" in+r" a s " d d"#o!ion !o !ha! +aus " &or 2hi+h !h" $ a#" !h" las! &ull )" a s u r " o& d"#o!ion- !ha! 2" h"r " hi hl$ r"sol#" !ha! !h" s " d" a d shall no! ha#" di"d in #ain- !ha! !his na!ion* und" r ;od* shall ha#" a n"2 %ir!h o& &r"" do ). DTh" 0u!ur "E

and !ha! !h" "ar! h.

o#"r n ) " n ! o& !h" p"opl "* %$ !h" p"opl "* &or !h" p"opl "* shall no! p"rish &ro)

R"n"2 al o& A)"ri+a4 s #ision %$ 7in+oln pro#id" d a /ind o& ph$si+ al r"in&or+ " ) " n ! * )or " po2"r&ul !ha n s"ndin !roops !o !h" &i"ld* or uns and suppli"s !o !h" soldi"rs. I! !"nd " d !o pu! "#"r $on " on a d$na )i + and &or+"&ul up2ar d spiral o& a+!ion and +o) )i ! ) " n ! . I! 2as &ar )or " po2"r&ul !ha n !hro2in )on " $ and p"opl" a! !h" pro%l" ). B$ +l"arl$ r"n" 2in his #ision and !h"n ainin a++ " p ! a n + " and +o) )i ! ) " n ! * 7in+oln "ss " n !i all$ r"s " " d up* and !h" n r"l"a s " d * 2ha! a)o u n ! " d !o a %a!! alion o& "n"r $ 2i!hin "a+h p"rs on. ,i!hou! Au" s !ion* 7in+oln r"ali>"d 2ha! "#"r $ l"ad " r )us ! - !ha! !h" pro+ " s s o& r"n" 2 al r"l" a s " s !h" +ri!i+al hu) a n !al" n! and "n"r $ !ha! is n"+ " s s a r $ !o insur " su++ " s s . P Pro#id" a +l"ar* +on+is " s!a! " ) " n ! o& !h" dir"+!ion o& $our or a ni> a !ion* and ?us!i&$ !h" a+!ions $ou !a/". P <#"r$2h " r " $ou o* a! "#"r$ +on+ "i#a %l " oppor! u ni! $* r"a&&ir )* r"a s s " r ! * and r" )ind "#"r $o n " o& !h" %asi+ prin+ipl"s upon 2hi+h $our or a ni> a !ion 2as &ound " d. P <&&"+!i#" #isions +an4! %" &or+" d on !h" )a s s " s . Ra!h"r* $ou )us ! s"! !h" ) in )o!ion %$ )" a n s o& p"rs u a sio n. P 3arn" s s $our #ision !hrou h i)pl" ) " n ! a ! i o n o& $our o2n p"rso n al ro#in l"ad" r s hi p s!$l". P ,h"n $ou pr" a + h $our #ision* don4! shoo! !oo hi h. Ai) lo2"r and !h" +o) )o n p"opl" 2ill und "r s ! a n d $ou. Th"$ ar" !h" on" s $ou 2an! !o r"a+ h- a! l"as! !h" $ ar" !h" on" s $ou ou h! !o r"a+ h. P ,h"n "&&"+!in r"n" 2 al* +all on !h" pas!* r"la! " i! !o !h" pr" s " n ! * and !h" n us" !h" ) %o!h !o pro#id" a lin/ !o !h" &u!ur". P 5ou )us ! r"ali>" !ha! !h" pro+ " s s o& r"n" 2 al r"l" a s " s !h" +ri!i+al hu )a n !al"n! and "n"r $ n"+ " s s a r $ !o insur " su++ " s s .

E ilo g u e
Al!hou h !h" !ru" "nius o& A%raha ) 7in+oln4s l"ad " r s hip a%ili!$ has o&!"n %"" n o#"rloo/ " d* durin his li&"!i)" !h"r " 2"r " a &"2 /"$ p"opl"* )os !l$ in his inn"r +ir+l"* 2ho did ras p and appr " +i a ! " !h" d"p! h o& his s/i&&s. ("+r" ! a r $ o& (!a! " ,illia) 3. ("2ar d a+/no2l " d " d his 4"@"+ u!i# " &or+" and #i or*4 2hil" ,ar ("+r " ! a r $ <d2in =. (!an! o n r"ali>"d !ha! h" 2ould 4%"lon !o !h" a " s . 4 <#"n n"2s p a p " r ) a n 3ora+ " ;r""l" $* o&!"n a! odds 2i!h !h" pr"sid " n ! and his ad )inis!r a !ion* +a ) " !o #alu" 7in+oln4s "@+ "ll"n+ " C 3" 2as no! a %orn /in o& )" n . . . %u! a +hild o& !h" +o) ) o n p"opl "* 2ho )a d " hi)s "l& a r" a ! p"rs u a d " r * !h"r "&or " a l"ad " r* %$ din! o& &ir) r"sol#"* pa!i" n! "&&or!* and do " d p"rs " # " r a n + " . 3" slo2l$ 2on his 2a$ !o " )in " n + " and &a)" %$ doin !h" 2or/ !ha! la$ n"@! !o hi) - doin i! 2i!h all his ro2in )i h! - doin i! as 2"ll as h" +ould* and l"arnin %$ his &ailur"* 2h"n &ailur" 2as "n+ou n ! " r " d * ho2 !o do i! %"!! " r . . . . 3" 2as op" n !o all i)pr " s sion s and in&lu"n+ " s * and ladl$ pro&i!" d %$ !h" !"a+ hin s o& "#" n! s and +ir+u )s ! a n + " s * no )a ! ! " r ho2 ad#"r s " or un2"l+o ) " . Th"r" 2as pro% a %l$ no $"ar o& his li&" 2h"n h" 2as no! a 2is"r* +ool"r* and %"!! " r )a n !han h" had %" " n !h" $"ar pr"+ " di n . ;r""l " $ and so)" o& 7in+oln4s o!h"r +on! " ) p o r a ri " s +l"arl$ und "r s ! o o d his r"al a%ili!$. 'n&or!un a ! " l $* a&!"r 7in+oln4s ass a s si n a !io n +a )" )ar ! $r d o ) and +r"a !ion o& !h" 47in+oln =$!h.4 As a r"sul!* 7in+oln4s !ru" l"ad " r s hip !al"n! - his s!$l"* su%s ! a n + " * and philosop h $ has %"" n los!* o%s+ ur " d* "#" n o#"rloo/" d !hrou h !h" $" ar s. 7in+oln 2as "@!ra or din a ril$ s"l&- +on&id" n! and poss " s s " d r" a ! p"rs u a si# " and poli!i+al s/ills !ha! 2"r " d"#"lop " d o#"r his li&"!i)" . ,h"n +i#il 2ar %ro/" ou!* as pr"sid " n ! o& !h"

'ni!"d (!a! " s h" !oo/ +har " and "nh a n + " d !h" o#"r n ) " n ! s "@"+ u !i#" &un+!ion and r"spon si %ili!$. 3" did no! in!"n d !o si ni&i+an!l$ +han " !h" o&&i+" o& !h" pr"sid" n + $* 2hi+h* o& +ours " * is "@a+!l$ 2ha! h" did. Ra!h"r* !h" !rans&or ) a ! i o n +a ) " a%ou! as a +ons " A u " n + " o& his l"ad " r s hip durin !h" 2ar* his a r " s si# " n " s s in !a/in 4!h" %ull %$ !h" horns 4 and in u!ili>in an$ )" a n s n"+ " s s a r $ !o pr" s " r # " !h" na!ion* su+h as "@ploi!in !h" " )" r " n + $ po2"r s ran! " d hi) und" r !h" 8ons!i!u!ion o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s . As ;r""l " $ said* 7in+oln l"arn " d and pro&i!"d &ro) "@p"ri " n + " 2hil" on !h" ?o%. 3" +ul!i#a! " d pas sion and !rus! in all o& his &ollo2"r s - d"l" a !in ra!h " r !han !r$in !o do i! all hi)s "l&* +oa+ hin ra!h " r !ha n di+!a !in . 5"!* a! !h" sa ) " !i)"* h" i))" r s " d hi)s "l& in !h" d"! ails o& !h" 2ar "&&or!. 3" l"arn " d ho2 !o %"+o ) " a +o) ) a n d " r - in- +hi"&. 3" )a s ! " r " d )ili!ar$ !a+!i+s and s!ra! " $. As a ,ashin ! o n ou!sid "r* h" Aui+/l$ ras p " d an und" r s ! a n di n o& !h" "n " r al or a ni> a !ion o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s ;o#"rn ) " n ! and ho2 !o 2or/ 2i!hin i!. In shor!* 7in+oln* %$ his o2n d"si n* a+!u all$ r"2 in!o !h" ?o% o& !h" pr" sid" n + $. In ord"r !o +o)pr " h " n d )od " r n l"ad" r s hi p !h"or$ and %" su++ " s s& ul in !h" &u!ur "* l"ad " r s )us ! loo/ !o !h" pas !- !o Pr"sid" n ! A%raha ) 7in+oln* &or "@a ) pl "- 2ho rou!in"l$ pra+!i+ " d n" arl$ all o& !h" 4r"#olu!ion a r $ !hin/in 4 !"+hniAu " s !ha! ha#" %" " n pr" a + h " d !o A)"ri+a n indus !r $ in !h" las! !"n !o &i&!"" n $" ar s. 7in+oln +an %" loo/" d !o as !h" id"al )od "l &or d"sir a %l "* "&&"+!i#" l"ad" r s hi p. 3" is a p"r&"+! "@a ) pl " o& 2ha! -a)" s =a+;r" or Bu)s !"r ) " d a 4!ran s&or )i n l"ad" r- a p"rs on 2ho ai)s &or !h" "#olu!ion o& a n"2 l"#"l o& a2ar " n " s s and und" r s ! a n di n a )o n all )" ) % " r s o& an or a ni> a !ion. (u+h a l"ad " r r"?"+! s !h" us" o& na/" d po2"r and ins! " a d a!! " ) p ! s !o )o!i#a ! " and )o%ili>" &ollo2"r s %$ p"rs u a di n !h" ) !o !a/" o2n"r s hip o& !h"ir rol"s in a )or " ran d )ission !ha! is shar " d %$ all )" ) % " r s o& !h" or a ni> a !ion. 7in+oln4s rand )ission* his 4+o ) ) o n purpos " * 4 2as "ss " n !i all$ !h" A)"ri+a n "@p"ri ) " n ! and !h" id"als "@pr " s s " d in !h" D"+lar a !ion o& Ind"p " n d " n + " . 3" ai)" d a! !h" 4"l"# a !ion o& )" n* 4 oppos " d an$! hin !ha! !"nd " d !o d" r a d " !h" )* and "sp " +i all$ lash" d ou! a! !h" ins!i!u!ion o& sla#"r $. And i! 2as sla#"r $ !ha! 2as a! !h" h"ar ! o& !h" (ou!h4 s a!! " ) p ! " d s"p a r a !ion &ro) !h" 'nion. 3" pla$" d upon !h" d" r a d a !io n o& sla#"r $ and i!s la+/ o& hu )a n di ni!$. B$ #"h" ) " n ! l $ opposin i!* and app " alin !o !h" 4%"! ! " r an "ls o& our na!ur " * 4 7in+oln 2as a%l" !o )o%ili>" his &ollo2"rs in a +o) ) o n )ission. 3" also /n"2 !h" dir" +ons " A u " n + " s o& allo2in !h" (ou!h !o s"+ " d " &ro) !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s . In =a$ 1861* h" r" )a r / " d !o -ohn 3a$C 4," )us ! s"!!l" !his Au" s !ion no2* 2h"! h " r in a &r"" o#"r n ) " n ! * !h" )inori!$ ha#" !h" ri h! !o %r" a / up !h" o#"r n ) " n ! 2h" n " # " r !h" $ +hoos " . I& 2" &ail* i! 2ill o &ar !o pro#" !h" in+ap a %ili!$ o& !h" p"opl" !o o#"r n !h" )s " l # " s . 4 I! 2as A%rah a ) 7in+oln 2ho* durin !h" )os ! di&&i+ul! p"riod in !h" na!ion4 s his!or$* al)o s ! sin l"- hand " dl $ pr"s " r # " d !h" A)"ri+a n +on+ " p ! o& o#"r n ) " n ! . 3ad h" no! %" " n !h" l"ad" r !ha! h" 2as* s"+ " s sion in 1860 +ould ha#" l"d !o &ur!h"r par!i!ionin o& !h" +oun!r $ in!o an in&ini!" nu)% " r o& s)all"r* s"p a r a ! " pi"+ " s * so)" r"! ainin sla#"r $* so)" no!. 3" a++o ) plis h " d !his !as/ 2i!h a na!ur al n " s s and in!ui!i#" n " s s in l"adin p"opl" !ha! 2as a! l"as! a +"n! ur $ ah" a d o& his !i)".

7in+oln /n"2 !ha! !ru" l"ad " r s hip is o&!"n r"ali>"d %$ "@"r!in Aui"! and su%!l" in&lu"n+ " on a da$- !o- da$ %asis* %$ &r"Au " n !l$ s""in &ollo2"rs and o!h "r p"opl" &a+" !o &a+". 3" !r" a ! " d "#"r$o n " 2i!h !h" sa ) " +our! " s $ and r"sp " + ! * 2h"! h " r !h"$ 2"r" /in s or +o) ) o n " r s . 3" li&!"d p"opl " ou! o& !h"ir "#"r$d a $ s"l#" s and in!o a hi h "r l"#"l o& p"r&or ) a n + " * a+hi"# " ) " n ! * and a2ar " n " s s . 3" o%! ain " d "@!r a o r din a r $ r"sul!s &ro) ordinar$ p"opl" %$ ins!illin purpos " in !h"ir "nd " a # o r s . 3" 2as op"n* +i#il* !ol"r a n !* and &air* and h" )ain! ain " d a r"sp " + ! &or !h" di ni!$ o& all p"opl " a! all !i)" s . 7in+oln4s a!!i!u d " and %"h a #ior as pr"sid " n ! o& !h" 'ni!"d (!a! " s "ss " n !i all$ +har a + ! " ri> " d !h" pro+ " s s !ha! s$)% oli>" s

a++" p ! a %l " and d"+ " n ! r"la!ions a)o n "ss " n + " o& l"ad " r s hip.

hu) a n %"in s.

A%rah a ) 7in+oln 2as !h"