NOTATION The following notation is used on this card:

n sample size
x sample mean
s sample stdev
Q
j
jth quartile
N population size
population mean
population stdev
d paired difference
p sample proportion
p population proportion
O observed frequency
E expected frequency
CHAPTER 3 Descriptive Measures
Sample mean: x
x
n
Range: Range Max Min
Sample standard deviation:
s
_
(x x)
2
n 1
or s
_
x
2
(x)
2
/n
n 1
Interquartile range: IQR Q
3
Q
1
Lower limit Q
1
1.5 IQR, Upper limit Q
3
+1.5 IQR
Population mean (mean of a variable):
x
N
Population standard deviation (standard deviation of a variable):

_
(x )
2
N
or
_
x
2
N

2
Standardized variable: z
x

CHAPTER 4 Descriptive Methods in Regression and Correlation

S
xx
, S
xy
, and S
yy
:
S
xx
(x x)
2
x
2
(x)
2
/n
S
xy
(x x)(y y) xy (x)(y)/n
S
yy
(y y)
2
y
2
(y)
2
/n
Regression equation: y b
0
+b
1
x, where
b
1

S
xy
S
xx
and b
0

1
n
(y b
1
x) y b
1
x
Total sum of squares: SST (y y)
2
S
yy
Regression sum of squares: SSR ( y y)
2
S
2
xy
/S
xx
Error sum of squares: SSE (y y)
2
S
yy
S
2
xy
/S
xx
Regression identity: SST SSR +SSE
Coefcient of determination: r
2

SSR
SST
Linear correlation coefcient:
r
1
n1
(x x)(y y)
s
x
s
y
or r
S
xy
_
S
xx
S
yy
CHAPTER 5 Probability and Random Variables
Probability for equally likely outcomes:
P(E)
f
N
,
where f denotes the number of ways event E can occur and
N denotes the total number of outcomes possible.
Special addition rule:
P(A or B or C or ) P(A) +P(B) +P(C) +
(A, B, C, . . . mutually exclusive)
Complementation rule: P(E) 1 P(not E)
General addition rule: P(A or B) P(A) +P(B) P(A & B)
Mean of a discrete random variable X: xP(X x)
Standard deviation of a discrete random variable X:

_
(x )
2
P(X x) or
_
x
2
P(X x)
2
Factorial: k! k(k 1) 2 1
Binomial coefcient:
_
n
x
_

n!
x! (n x)!
Binomial probability formula:
P(X x)
_
n
x
_
p
x
(1 p)
nx
,
where n denotes the number of trials and p denotes the success
probability.
Mean of a binomial random variable: np
Standard deviation of a binomial random variable:
_
np(1 p)
CHAPTER 7 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
Mean of the variable x:
x

Standard deviation of the variable x:
x
/

n
CHAPTER 8 Condence Intervals for One Population Mean
Standardized version of the variable x:
z
x
/

n
z-interval for ( known, normal population or large sample):
x z
/2

n
Margin of error for the estimate of : E z
/2

n
Sample size for estimating :
n
_
z
/2

E
_
2
,
rounded up to the nearest whole number.
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E
Neil A. Weiss
FORMULAS
Studentized version of the variable x:
t
x
s/

n
t -interval for ( unknown, normal population or large sample):
x t
/2

n
with df n 1.
CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean
z-test statistic for H
0
:
0
( known, normal population or large
sample):
z
x
0
/

n
t -test statistic for H
0
:
0
( unknown, normal population or
large sample):
t
x
0
s/

n
with df n 1.
CHAPTER 10 Inferences for Two Population Means
Pooled sample standard deviation:
s
p

_
(n
1
1)s
2
1
+(n
2
1)s
2
2
n
1
+n
2
2
Pooled t -test statistic for H
0
:
1

2
(independent samples, normal
populations or large samples, and equal population standard
deviations):
t
x
1
x
2
s
p

(1/n
1
) +(1/n
2
)
with df n
1
+n
2
2.
Pooled t -interval for
1

2
(independent samples, normal
populations or large samples, and equal population standard
deviations):
(x
1
x
2
) t
/2
s
p
_
(1/n
1
) +(1/n
2
)
with df n
1
+n
2
2.
Degrees of freedom for nonpooled-t procedures:

__
s
2
1
/n
1
_
+
_
s
2
2
/n
2
__
2
_
s
2
1
/n
1
_
2
n
1
1
+
_
s
2
2
/n
2
_
2
n
2
1
,
rounded down to the nearest integer.
Nonpooled t -test statistic for H
0
:
1

2
(independent samples,
and normal populations or large samples):
t
x
1
x
2
_
(s
2
1
/n
1
) +(s
2
2
/n
2
)
with df .
Nonpooled t -interval for
1

2
(independent samples, and normal
populations or large samples):
(x
1
x
2
) t
/2

_
(s
2
1
/n
1
) +(s
2
2
/n
2
)
with df .
Paired t -test statistic for H
0
:
1

2
(paired sample, and normal
differences or large sample):
t
d
s
d
/

n
with df n 1.
Paired t -interval for
1

2
(paired sample, and normal differences
or large sample):
d t
/2

s
d

n
with df n 1.
CHAPTER 11 Inferences for Population Proportions
Sample proportion:
p
x
n
,
where x denotes the number of members in the sample that have the
specied attribute.
One-sample z-interval for p:
p z
/2

_
p(1 p)/n
(Assumption: both x and n x are 5 or greater)
Margin of error for the estimate of p:
E z
/2

_
p(1 p)/n
Sample size for estimating p:
n 0.25
_
z
/2
E
_
2
or n p
g
(1 p
g
)
_
z
/2
E
_
2
rounded up to the nearest whole number (g educated guess)
One-sample z-test statistic for H
0
: p p
0
:
z
p p
0

p
0
(1 p
0
)/n
(Assumption: both np
0
and n(1 p
0
) are 5 or greater)
Pooled sample proportion: p
p

x
1
+x
2
n
1
+n
2
Two-sample z-test statistic for H
0
: p
1
p
2
:
z
p
1
p
2
_
p
p
(1 p
p
)

(1/n
1
) +(1/n
2
)
(Assumptions: independent samples; x
1
, n
1
x
1
, x
2
, n
2
x
2
are all 5
or greater)
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E
FORMULAS
Neil A. Weiss
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E
FORMULAS
Neil A. Weiss
Two-sample z-interval for p
1
p
2
:
( p
1
p
2
) z
/2

_
p
1
(1 p
1
)/n
1
+ p
2
(1 p
2
)/n
2
(Assumptions: independent samples; x
1
, n
1
x
1
, x
2
, n
2
x
2
are all 5
or greater)
Margin of error for the estimate of p
1
p
2
:
E z
/2

_
p
1
(1 p
1
)/n
1
+ p
2
(1 p
2
)/n
2
Sample size for estimating p
1
p
2
:
n
1
n
2
0.5
_
z
/2
E
_
2
or
n
1
n
2

_
p
1g
(1 p
1g
) + p
2g
(1 p
2g
)
_
_
z
/2
E
_
2
rounded up to the nearest whole number (g educated guess)
CHAPTER 12 Chi-Square Procedures
Expected frequencies for a chi-square goodness-of-t test:
E np
Test statistic for a chi-square goodness-of-t test:

2
(O E)
2
/E
with df k 1, where k is the number of possible values for the
variable under consideration.
Expected frequencies for a chi-square independence test:
E
R C
n
where R row total and C column total.
Test statistic for a chi-square independence test:

2
(O E)
2
/E
with df (r 1)(c 1), where r and c are the number of possible
values for the two variables under consideration.
CHAPTER 13 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Notation in one-way ANOVA:
k number of populations
n total number of observations
x mean of all n observations
n
j
size of sample from Population j
x
j
mean of sample from Population j
s
2
j
variance of sample from Population j
T
j
sum of sample data from Population j
Dening formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:
SST (x x)
2
SSTR n
j
(x
j
x)
2
SSE (n
j
1)s
2
j
One-way ANOVA identity: SST SSTR +SSE
Computing formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:
SST x
2
(x)
2
/n
SSTR (T
2
j
/n
j
) (x)
2
/n
SSE SST SSTR
Mean squares in one-way ANOVA:
MSTR
SSTR
k 1
, MSE
SSE
n k
Test statistic for one-way ANOVA (independent samples, normal
populations, and equal population standard deviations):
F
MSTR
MSE
with df (k 1, n k).
CHAPTER 14 Inferential Methods in Regression and Correlation
Population regression equation: y
0
+
1
x
Standard error of the estimate: s
e

_
SSE
n 2
Test statistic for H
0
:
1
0:
t
b
1
s
e
/

S
xx
with df n 2.
Condence interval for
1
:
b
1
t
/2

s
e

S
xx
with df n 2.
Condence interval for the conditional mean of the response variable
corresponding to x
p
:
y
p
t
/2
s
e
_
1
n
+
(x
p
x/n)
2
S
xx
with df n 2.
Prediction interval for an observed value of the response variable
corresponding to x
p
:
y
p
t
/2
s
e
_
1 +
1
n
+
(x
p
x/n)
2
S
xx
with df n 2.
Test statistic for H
0
: 0:
t
r
_
1 r
2
n 2
with df n 2.
FORMULAS
Neil A. Weiss
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E
Neil A. Weiss