BEC1V HAIJ,bIJIHAJIbHAM AKA)J;3MII HABYK EEJIAPYCI 4 2009

CEPbJ7I rYMAHITAPHbIX HABYK

YjJK 165.6+572+800.1
C. 1 CAHhKO, C. A. lvlfIKlfhLTIA
IIPAIJJIEMbIIIIEPCIIEKT.bIB.bIB.bIBYQ3H1U1IJEJIAPYCKAH 3THAHABYKI
YKAHT3KCQEeJ>IJIACOeJ>CKA-METMAJIArJ1lHbIXMCJIEMBAmrnY
IHcmbzmym iJ1acoii HAH Ee'lapyci
(Ilacmyniy y p30aK1JblIO 01.09.200tJ)
A,n:HbIM 3 <l>aKTapay iHT3rpaUbIi 6eJIapycKaH <l>iJIaco<l>ii y Mi)KHapO,n:HyJO CiCT3MY ryMaHiTapHbIX
,n:aCJIe,n:aBaHH5Iy i HaByKoBbIX cyB5I3eH y a,n:naBe,n:HaCui 3 aKryaJIbHbIMi T3H,n:3HUbI5IMi cycBeTHaH ry-
MaHiTapblcTblKi 3'51YJI5Ieuua BblBY43HHe 3THaHaByKi. lJ,iKaBacUb <l>inoca<l>ay, 3THonaray, ceMieTbIKay,
aHTpanonaray ,n:a r3TaH raniHbI ryMaHiTapHbIX Be,n:ay, a TaKcaMa naT3HUbI5In TpaHCHaUbl5IHanbHara
cynpauoyHiUTBa H5IyxinbHa paCTYUb; Ta51 )K T3H,n:3HUbI5I a,n:3Ha4aeuua i y KonbKacui ny6niKaUbIH na
P03HbIX acneKTax ,n:acne,n:aBaHH5I 3THaHaByK.
Y Eenapyci 60JIbIII-MeHIII ciCT3MaTbI4HbI5I 3THaHaByKoBbl5I ,n:acne,n:aBaHHi 6bI.'Ii pacna4aTbI npaua-
Mi JI. I. MiHbKO Y KaHUbI 60-x ra,n:oy XX CT. [23-25]. f3Tbl5I ,n:acne,n:aBaHHi Bi,n:aB04Ha aKTblBi3aBanic5I
y anOIIIH5Ie ,n:3ec5Iuiro,n:me, BblHiKaM 4aro CTaJIa 3'51YJIeHHe III3pary ny6niKaUbIH na 3THa6aTaHiUbI [27-29],
3THaapHiTanorii (M. A. KaMapoBa [16-18], T. B. BaJIo,n:3iHa [8], T. M. PaM3a, A. JI. Ca,n:0ycKa5l), 3THa-
3aanorii (1. A. BbJpBa [12]), 3THarearpa<l>ii i 3THaTanarpa<l>ii [22], 3THaaHaToMii, 3THaMe,n:bJUbIHe i 3THan-
cixaJIorii [9-11], 3THa3KanOrii (10. 10. >IHKOyCKi [30-31]), 3THaMeT3apanorii (10. 10. >IHKOyCKi, M. II. AHT-
ponay [3; 5; 6]), 3THaacTpaHoMii (C. 1. CaHbKo [26], U,. B. ABiniH [1; 2], 3. CKBap43ycKi). AcneKTbI 6e-
napycKaH 3THaHaByKi na,n:a,n:3eHbI y apTblKynax nepIIIara y Eenapyci 3HUbIKJIane,n:bl4Hara BbI,n:aHHH
l)enapycKa51 Mi<l>anori5l [7]. IIepaBa)KHa51 60nbIIIacUb DTbIX ,n:acne,n:aBaHH5Iy BbIKaHaHa y 3THaniHr-
BicTbl4HbIM KnJ04bl. E5IrY4b1 CTaH cnpay y 6enapycKaH 3THaJIiHrBicTbiUbI a,n:mocTpaBaHbI y III3pary
H5I,n:ayHix ny6niKaUbIH [51; 4].
AKTbIBi3aUbI5I 3THaHaBYKoBbIX pacnpauoBaK y EeJIapyci naTpa6ye pa3ropTBaHH5I i ,n:acne,n:aBaHH5Iy
na MeTa,n:anorii 6enapycKaH 3THaHaByKi. HecyMHeHHyJO uiKaBacUb Y5lyn5llOUb KarHiTblyHbl51 acneKTbl
<l>YHKUbI5IHaBaHH5I Tpa,n:bIUbIHHaH KynbTypbI, cneUbI<l>i4HbI5I ,n:n51 6enapycKaH 3THaKynbTypbl cnoca6b1
KaT3rapbl3aUbIi, ceMaHTbIQHara KapuipaBaHH5I, C3HcaBaH pa3MeTKi )Kbluu,eBara cBeTy. )J;aDTynb na
cyTHacui He ,n:acne,n:aBaJIaC5I caMa noriKa, 51Ka51 iMnniUbJTHa Kipye ciCT3MaH Hapo,n:HblX Be,n:ay. IIaTpa-
6yJOUb 3KcnniKaUbli <l>iJIaco<l>cKa-CBeTanOrJI5I,n:HbI5I aCHOBbI 6bITaBaHWI 3THaHaByKi - y nepIIIYJO 4apry
aHTanori5l, IIITO n5l)KbIUb y na,n:MypKy Hapo,n:HblX Be,n:ay npa CBeT, 4anaBeKa i rpaMa,n:CTBa. Ma,n:3JIb CBe-
Ty Tpa,n:bIUbIHHaH KyJIbTypbI 3'51yn5leuua yHiBepcanbHaH iHT3pnp3TaUbIHHaH MaTpbIuaH, 51Ka51 rapaHTye
naCn5lXOBaCUb na3HaBaJIbHbIX CTpaT3riH y paMKax U3nara 3THacy a60 rpyn 6ni3Kapo,n:HaCHbIX 3THacay
(HaUblH). CY4aCHbI5I aHaJIiTbIQHbI5l, repMeHeYTbI4HbI5I i p3KaHCTpYKTblYHbHI T3XHiKi ,n:a3Ban5lJOUb
3KcnniKaBaUb HaH60JIbIII 3Ha4HbI5I 3neMeHTbI DTaH (<HaiyHaH aHTanorii (3THaMeTa<l>i3iKi).
riCTOPbI5I 3THaapbleHTaBaHbiX ,n:acne,n:aBaHH5Iy Hani4Bae He a,n:HO TbIC5I4aro,n:,n:3e i 651p3 na4aTaK a,n:
caMbIX BbIToKay eypaneHcKaH UbIBini3aUbli. IIpbIHaMci, uiKaBaCUb ,n:a 351MeJIb i Hapo,n:ay, ix 3BbI4a5lY,
BepaBaHH5Iy i p3JIiriHHbIX npaKTbIK npaC04Baeuua y)KO y TBopax faMepa [62], fecie,n:a, APbICT351 IIpa-
KaHeCKara [45]. Y na3Me fecie,n:a IIpaUbl i ,n:Hi 3M5IIII4aeuua 6araTa 3BeCTaK 3 raniHbI rp34aCKaH
3THaaCTpaHOMii i 3THaarpaHOMii. Y V-IV CTCT. ,n:a H. 3. p0651uua nepIIIbI5I KpOKi na ynicaHHi y 3Ha4HaH
cTyneHi Mi<l>i4HbIX y5lyneHH5Iy npa HacenbHiKay 4)1)KbIX 351Menb y p3anbHYIO 3THarearpa<l>iJO TaraQaCHaH
aHKyMeHbJ (AHaKciMaH,n:p, feKaT3H, AKycinaH, feJIaHiK, fepa,n:OT i iHIII.) [53, c. 8-54; 57]. Y DTbI)K 4ac
rinaKpaTaM 3aKna,n:BaJOuua aCHOBbI HaByKoBaH Me,n:bIUbIHbI, 3acHaBaHaH IIIMaT y 4bIM Ha a6arynbHeHHi
10
3BeCTaK rp3yaCKaH 3THaMe,il,bIl..\bIHbI i 3THa6aTaHiKi. bal..\bKaMi-3aCHaBanbHiKaMi 6aTaHiKi Ha3bIBalOl.I,b
APbICTOl.l,eml (eH )l(a 6al..\bKa 3aXO,ll,WIH 3THa6aTaHiKi [39, c. 20]) a60 lIro BYYHSI T3a<l>paCTa, aYTapa
TpaKTaTay fiCTOPbIlI pacniH (rp3Y. [JEpi epvniJv iOTopim;) i IIPbI9bIHbI pacniH (rp3Y. [JEpi epvniJv
aiuwv). IIaycTaHHe nepllIbIx naH3THiYHbIX, cycBeTHbIX iMnepbIH nallibIpbma 3THarearpa<l>iqHbI
,ll,aJUITnH,ll, rp3Ka-pbIMcKaH l.I,bIBini3al.l,bli, a 3BecTKi, IlITO naBe,ll,aMnHnicH aHTbIYHbIMi reorpa<l>aMi i 3THor-
pa<l>aMi (CTpa60H, flTaneMeH, IIniHiH, Tal..\bIT, flaMnoHiH Mena i iHIll.), CTaJIi 60nbllI pa3HaCTaHHbIMi
i p3anicTbIYHbIMi. Y I CT. H. 3. rp3K ,[(bI5ICKapbI,ll, Hanicay cnaByTbI TpaKTaT De materia medica, y HKiM
KaTanari3aBay KanH 600 pacniH MrnoeMHaMop'H 3 na3Haq3HHeM T3pMiHay 360py, aTpYTHaCl..\i a60
HeaTpyTHaCl..\i, ix Me,ll,bIl..\bIHCKara BbIKapblCTaHH5I i r. ,ll,. [37], lIKi Ha nayTapbI TbICHqaro,ll,,ll,3i 3'HBiYCH
HaCTOJTbHaH KHiraH ,ll,nH eypaneHcKix i apa6cKix BYYOHbIX. I TonbKi BbIXa,ll, y 1735 r. - Systema Naturae,
y 1737 r. - Genera plantarum i y 1753 r. Species Plantarum K. JIiHeH npbIBey ,ll,a 3Hi)l(3HHH l.I,iKaBacl.I,i
,ll,a npal.l,bI ,[(bIHcKapbI,ll,a. IIallIbIp3HHe raH,ll,JTeBbIX cyB5I3eH EyponbI 3 KpaiHaMi bni3Kara YCXO,ll,y, KiTaeM,
IH,ll,bIHH, aKTbIBi3al.l,bIH MiciHHepCKaH ,ll,3eHHaCl.I,i XPbICl.I,iHHCKaH l.I,apKBbI, a,ll,KpbIl.I,l..\e HOBara CBeTy
XpblcTa<l>opaM KaJTyM6aM, 3aBaHBaHHe Ci6ipbl, KpyracBeTHbIH na,ll,apO)l()l(bI npbIBHni ,ll,a Ha3anallIBaHHH
BHniKara MaciBy 3THarpa<l>iQHaH iH<l>apMal.l,bIi, y TbIM niKy ,ll,aTbIYHaH a6apbIreHHbIX CiCT3M Be,ll,ay HapO,ll,ay
3HMHora llIapa. A,ll,HayaCOBa y XVIII - naQaTKY XIX CT. Y3paCTae l.I,iKaBaCl.I,b ,ll,a 3THiYHblX KynbTyp caMix
eypaneHcKix HapO,ll,ay. Yce r3Ta cTbIMynHBaJIa KaMnapaTbIyHblll i KaHTpacTbIyHbIH ,ll,aCne,ll,aBaHHi eypa-
neHCKix i HeeypaneHcKix KynbTyp. Yp,311Il.I,e, 3THaJIOriH i 3THarpa<l>iH yCTaneyBalOl.I,l.I,a HK aKa,ll,3MiYHbIH
,ll,blCl..\bITIniHbl CnayaTKY y Pacii i [epMaHii, a nOTbIM i Ba yCiM CBel..\e [60; 42, c. 41; 59, c. 271-286].
IIa,ll, T3pMiHaM <<3THaHaByKa (aHm. ethnoscience, HlIM. EthnowissenschCift), a60 HapO,ll,HaH HaBy-
Ka (aHrn. folk science, HHM. Volkische Wissenschat), !\IbI y nepllIYlO yapry pa3yMeeM HanpaMaK
y KynbTypHaH i KamiTbIyHaH aHTpananorii, HKi 3'HBiYCH Y 3IllA Y 50-60-x ra,ll,ax XX CT. na,ll, ynnblBaM
CTpyKTypHaH niHrBicTblKi IJ. YOPcPa i Hro npal.l, a6 CyBH3i MbIcneHHH i MOBbI [61], a TaKcaMa ,ll,a-
Cne,ll,aBaHHHy <1>. CmKa y raniHe KynbTyp KaHa,ll,CKix iH,ll,3eHl.I,ay [56]. IIepllIanayaTKOBa 3THaHaByKa
pa3BiBanacH HK MeTa,ll,anoriH nanHBblX ,ll,aCne,ll,aBaHHHy rpynaH aMepbIKaHcKix aHTpan0.'Iaray, y HKylO
yBaXO,ll,3ini Y. [y,ll,bIHa<l> [44], IJ. KOJl6i [34], q. <1>P3HK [41], C. TaHnep [58] i iHIlI. [3Tall MeTa,ll,anorill
(3 npbIYbIHbI CBaeH HaBiHbl y raniHe KynbTypHaH aHTpananorii Ha3BaHaH HoBaH 3THarpa<l>iHH) 3a-
cHoyBanacH Ha yHyneHHi a6 KynbTypbI HK cicT3Me <l>apManbHbIX npaBiJI MbIcneHHlI i naBO,ll,3iH,
apraHi3aBaHbIx naBO,ll,ne KarHiTbIyHara KO,ll,a, HKi y npblHl.I,bITIe MO)l(a 6bIl.I,b ,ll,311IbI<l>paBaHbl, KaJIi CTal..\b
Ha na3il.l,bHO aYT3HTblYHara Hocb6iTa KynbTypbl, WTO na,ll,mlrae ,ll,aCne,ll,aBaHHlO. IHllIbIMi CJIOBaMi,
MeTa,ll,aJIoriH 3THaHaByKi yHynllJIa ca60H cBoeaca6niBylO CiMYJIHl.I,bIIO (Ma,il,3JIHBaHHe) caMap3<l>neKcii
aYT3HTblYHara Hocb6iTa KynbTypbI i, Ha ,ll,yMKy npbIXiJIbHiKay rnara na,ll,bIXO,ll,y, naBiHHa 6bma BbI-
KJIIOYbll.l,b YJIaCHbIlI YCBH,ll,OMJIeHbIH (T3ap3TbIYHbIH) a60 HeycBlI,ll,OMJIeHbIH (KynbTypHa a6yMoyJIeHbIH)
np3cyna3il.l,bli ,ll,ac.TJe,ll,QbIKa. TaKiM YblHaM, 3THaHaByKa a,ll, caMara nayaTKY Ha6bIBaJIa na,ll,BOHHbI C3HC,
lIKi 3aXOYBael..\l.I,a i ,ll,a HaWbIX ,ll,3eH. IIa-nepllIae, na,ll, 3THaHaByKaH MO)l(Ha pa3yMel.l,b Cnel.l,bltPiQHbI ,ll,JIH
n3yHaH 3THaKyJIbTypHaH raniHbl cnoca6 apraHi3al.l,bIi, 3axaBaHHH i TpaHCJIHl.I,bIi Be,ll,ay npa HaBaKonbHbl
CBeT, QaJIaBeKa i rpaMa,ll,CTBa; na-,ll,pyroe, raBopKa MO)l(a iCl.I,i a6 a,ll,MbICJIOBa apraHi3aBaHbIM HaByKoBblM
BblBYQ3HHi yHiKanbHara ,il,JIH ,ll,a,ll,3eHaH 3THaKyJIbTypHaH raJIiHbI cnoca6y apraHi3al.l,bri Be,ll,ay. Y anOIlI-
HiM C3Hce 3THaHaByKa aKa3Bael.l,l.I,a CiHOHiMaM KarHiTbIyHaH aHTpananorii.
IIaKonbKi aCHoyHbIH iMnYJIbCbI ,ll,JIH pa3Bil.l,l.I,H 3THaHaByKi 3bIX0,ll,3ini 3 60Ky CTpyKTypHaH i Kami-
TbIyHaH JIiHrBicTbIKi, TO nepaBa)l(HaH yBara Ha,ll,aBanaClI TaMy. HK Tpa,ll,bIl.I,blHHblH Be,ll,bl apTblKyJIlOlOl.I,-
l.I,a CpO,ll,KaMi MOBbI KaHKp3THaH KynbTypbl, a caMa 3THaHaByKa pa3BiBaJIaCH nepaBa)l(Ha y <l>opMe
3THaJIiHrBicTb1Ki. CTaH,ll,apTHbIM nOJIeM npblMlIHeHHH TaKora KIIITaJITy ,ll,aCJIe,ll,aBaHHHy 6bIJIO KaMna-
paTbIyHa-KaHTpacTbIyHae BbIBYY3HHe KOJIepaBaH npaCTopbI i T3pMiHay CBaHl.I,TBa, ix p3np33eHTal.l,bIi
Cp0,ll,KaMi MOBbl, a TaKcaMa Knaci<l>iKal.l,blHHbIH cxeMbl (TaKcaHOMii) i npblHl.I,bITIbl KaT3rapbl3al.l,bIi TaKix
npa,ll,MeTHbIX raniH (ceMaHTbIYHbIX ,ll,aMeHay), S1K paCJIiHHbI (3THa6aTaHiKa) i )l(bIBeJIbHbI CBeT (3THa-
3aaJIoriH, 3THaapHiTaJIoriH, 3THaixTbIHJIOriH, 3THa3HTaMa.TJoriH i iHIlI.). IJ;iKaBaCl.I,b ,ll,aCJIe,ll,YbIKay HaHnepllI
6blJIa 3BepHyTa Ha TaK 3BaHbIH 3K3aTbIYHbI1l KyJIbTypbl aMepblKaHCKix iH,ll,3eHl.I,ay, Kap3HHblX )l(bIXa-
poy a<PPblKaHCKara KaHTbIHeHTa, a6apbIreHay AycTpaJIii i HOBaH 3eJIaH,ll,bIi i ,ll,a T. n. 3 p33Ka a,ll,p03HblMi
a;:r; eypaneHcKara ceMaHTbIYHbIM i rpaMaTbIQHbIM JIa,ll,aMi MOY.
3,ll,a6bITKaM r3Tara nepbIH,ll,y MO)l(Ha JIi9bll..\b paCnpal.l,aBaHbI Y. [Y.IlbIHacPaM [43] i <1>. JIayHc63pbI [49]
KaMnaHeHTHbI aHaJIi3 (componential analysis), 3 ,ll,anaMOraH HKora MO)l(Ha 6bmo napa,ll,)I(al.l,b <<HapO,ll,Hblll
11
TaKcaHOMii 3HalJ:3HWIY, rra)].06HbUI )].a TaKCaHOMiu K. JIiH3H Y 6iHJIOrii. f3TbIH TaKCaHOMii )].a3BallHJIi
KJIaci<piKaBaIJ;b KyJIbTypHbIH <peHOMeHbI naBO)].JIe iepapxiH KaT3rOpb1U, BbJ3HalJ:aHbIX rr3YHblMi KyJIbTyp-
HbIMi KpbIT3PbIHMi, HKiH i HaJIe)f(bma a)].llIyKaIJ;b. Y BbIHiKy aTpblMlliBaJIicH KyJIbTypHbIH rpaMaTbIKi
a60 KapTbl CeMaHTbllJ:HbIX raJIiH, HK, CKa)f(aM, KJIaci<l>iKaIJ;bli paCniH, )f(bIBell i iHllI. [38, c. 117].
Y r3Tbl )f( lJ:ac IJ;iKaBaCIJ;b )].acJI.e)].lJ:bIKay 6bma 3BepHYTa Ha BbIBYlJ:3HHe CBeTarrOfJIH)].HbIX aCHoy
Hap0)].HbIX KyJIbTyp, Ha 3KCrrJliKaIJ;bUO HHHyHau aHTaJIorii, iMrrJIiKaBaHau y KaT3ropblHx MOBbl, y Ha-
pO)].Hau <ppa3eaJIorii, Mi<l>ax i pbITyaJIaX, <paJIbKJlOpbl. Y 1960 r. BH)].OMbl aMepbIKaHcKi aHTparrOJIar
A. 1. XOJIay3JI rrparraHaBay T3pMiH 3THaMeTa<l>i3iKa )].JIH BbI3HalJ:3HHH r3Tau (<HaiyHau MeTa<pi3iKi
(aHTaJlorii), iMnJIiKaBaHau y 3HalJ:HbIH 3JIeMeHTbJ Tpa)].bJIJ;bIUHaU KyJlbTypbJ [46]. fIa3Heu, 3 CHp3)l.3iHbJ
90-x ra)].oy XX CT., rraCJIH rry6JIiKaIJ;blU IT. ,D;)f(. XayHTaH)].)f(bl [47], aca6JliBa y aCHpo)].)].3i aympay
a<l>pbIKaHcKara naXO)].)f(aHHH, Ha6blBaIOIJ;b nanyJIHpHaCIJ;b )].acJle)].aBaHHi 3THa<l>iJIaco<l>ii TOU a60
iHllIau Tpa)].blIJ;bJUHaU KyJIbTypbl.
A)].HaK Y3)].bIM 3THaHaBYKoBblX )].aCJIe)].aBaHHHy, HKi a)].6bIBaycH y 60-H ra)].bl MiHyJlara CTarO,iJ,,iJ,3H,
Y)f(O y 70-H ra)].bl Bi)].aBOlJ:Ha rraullIoy Ha crra)]., llITO 6bmo 3BH3aHa 3 rrpaKTbIlfHau HeBepbl<l>iKyeMaCIJ;IO i,
a)].rraBe)].Ha, He<l>aJIbci<l>iKyeMaCIJ;IO aTpblMaHblX BbIHi Kay. ITa)].CYMOYBaIOlJ:b1 crryaIJ;bIIO CJIOBaMi X.-f: fa-
)].aMepa, y repMeHeyTbllJ:Hae KOJIa KyJIbTypbI, HKaH )].aCJIe)].yeIJ;IJ;a a60 arriCBaeIJ;IJ;a, MO)f(Ha yBaXO)].3iIJ;b
caMblMi P03HblMi cnoca6aMi, i TOe, HK 6y)].3e 3)].3eHCHeHa TaKoe yBaXO)].)f(aHHe, 3aJle)f(blIJ;b y 3HalJ:HaH
cTyrreHi HK a)]. KaMneT3HIJ;bIi i 3)].OJIbHaCIJ;i (TaJIeHTy) )].aCJIe)].lJ:bIKa, TaK i a)]. yJIaCIJ;iBbIX HMy caMoMy
CTpyKTyp rra)].pa3yMHBaHHH [13].
KpbJ3ic KJIacilfHaH 3THaHaByKi 6bly HaTypaJIbHa 3BH3aHI>J 3 arYJIbHbIM Kpbl3icaM CTpyKTypaJIicIJ;-
KaH rrapa)].bIrMbI (HK y JIiHrBicTblIJ;bl, TaK i y aHTparraJlorii), He )f(OpCTKau KpblTblKaU 3 60Ky HO-
BaHapO)l.)f(aHara nocTcTpyKTypaJli3My, a TaKcaMa 3BaJlIOUbIHHicIJ;Kix i MaT3pbJHJIiCTbIlfHbiX rrJIbIHHY
y aHTparraJIorii. 3HalJ:Hbl cy6'eKTbIBi3M i P3JIHTbIBi3M KJIaCilJ:Hau 3THaHaByKi, a TaKcaMa 3bIXO)].HaH
apbleHTaIJ;blH Ha arricaHHe 3K3aTbllJ:HbIX KyJIbTyp 3 TaKcaHOMiHMi, HKijl p33Ka a)].p03HiBaJIicH a)].
npblHHTblX y eypaneucKau Ma)].3pHau KyJIbTypbl, 3pa6iJIi HaTypanbHblM He 36JIi)f(3HHe 3 TaKiMi MOIJ;Ha
i)].3aJIari3aBaHbIMi rrJIblHHMi rrOCTMa)].3pHicIJ;Kara MbICJIeHHH, HK nOCTKaJIaHiH}IbHbUI )].aCJIe)].aBaHHi,
<l>eMiHi3M i MyllbTblKyJlbTypaJIi3M, a pa3aM 3 TbJM iCTOTHa na)].apBaJIi )].aBep )].a 3THaHaByKi 3 60Ky
MHorix aHTparrOJIaray i <l>iJIoca<l>ay.
TblM He MeHIlI r3Ta He 3'HBiJIacjI CMHpOTHblM rrpblcy)].aM )].JIjI 3THaapbleHTaBaHblX )].aCJIe)].aBaHHHy.
ITa-nepllIae, TaMy, IIITO 3THaBe)].bI, npaullIoyllibI BblIIpa6aBaHHe rrpaIJ;HfJIbJM lJ:aCaM, rra-paHeHllIaMY He
ry6JIHIOIJ;b CBaeH npaKTbJlJ:HaU KalliToyHaCIJ;i. f3Ta y rroyHau MepbI yCBH)].OMiJIi <l>apMaKOJIari, KaCMe-
TOJIari, )].bleToJIari, rralJ:aYllIbl aKTbJyHa na)].TpbJMJIiBaIJ;b pacrrpauoyKi y raJliHe 3THa<l>apMaKanorii,
3THa6aTaHiKi, 3THaMiKaJIorii, 3THa3aaJIorii. Yce 60JIbllIyIO IJ;iKaBaCIJ;b Ha6bIBaIOIJ;b )].aCJIe)].aBaHHi y ra-
JIiHe 3THa3KaJIorii [40; 48]. ITapayHaJIbHa MeHllI 3arraTpa6aBaHbI naKyJIb 3)].a6bITKi 3THarrcixiHTpbIi,
XaIJ;H naT3HIJ;bIHJI TyT, 6e3yMoyHa, BHJliKi. TaK, caM T3pMiH 3THancixijlTPblH rrparraHaBay y)f(O y 1950 r.
)K. ,D;3Bep3 [35]. Y 1978 r. eH )f(a any6JIiKaBay MaHarpa<l>iIO 3THarrcixaaHaJIi3 [36].
ITa-)].pyroe, ,lJ,a)].ay Ba)f(KaCIJ;i i rrpbI3HaHHjI 3THaHaBYKoBblM )].aCJIe)].aBaHHHM 3BapoT )].a yJIaCHa
Hap0,lJ,HbIX (Tpa)].bJIJ;bIUHblX) KyJIbTyp eypaneucKix Hapo)].ay. TaK, HjfMeIJ;KaMoYHaH ryMaHITapblCTbIKa
MiHyJIara CTarO)].)J,1j1 iHcTblTyani3aBaJIa Ethnowissenschaft 1lI3paraM ,lJ,aCJIe)].aBaHHjfY jfK 3K3aTbIlJ:HblX
KyJIbTyp, TaK i yJIaCHaU, HHMeIJ;Kau, HKiH y BHJIiKaU cTyrreHi rpyHTaBaJIicH Ha BblCOKiM y3pOyHi )].a-
KyMeHTaBaHaCIJ;i HjfMeIJ;Kau Tpa,iJ,blIJ;bIUHaU KyJIbTypbI. I r3Ta HHfJIemHlJ:bl Ha 3HalJ:HYIO )].blCKp3)].bI-
TaBaHaCIJ;b TaKora naHHIJ;IJ;jf, HK Volkische Wissenschafi, y HaIJ;bJCIJ;KaU fepMaHii. 3apa3 y r3Tau KpaiHe
rrpaIJ;YIOIJ;b IJ;3HTpbI i iHCTblTYTbI 3THaMe)].blIJ;bIHbl i 3THa6aTaHiKi, apraHi3yIOIJ;IJ;a CrreIJ;bljlJIbHbUI Ha-
ByKOBblH MeparrpbleMcTBbl i 3Kcrre)].blIJ;bli. 3 1970 r. y faM6ypry Bbl)].aeIJ;IJ;a nepbIjI,lJ,bllJ:HbI 360pHiK
AGEM, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ethnomedizim>, 3 1978 r. y feU,lJ,3JIb6epry - lfacorric Curare: Zeitschrift
fUr Ethnomedizin und Transkulturelle Psychiatrie. Y BeHe (AyCTpbljf) rrpau;ye IHCTblTyT riCTopbIi
Me)].blIJ;bIHbl, HKi Bbl)].ae Viennese Ethnomedicine Newsletter, )J,1e 3MjfIIIlJ:aIOIJ;IJ;a rry6JIiKaIJ;bli rra 3THa-
Me)].blIJ;bIHe y riCTapbIlJ:HbJM )].bljlna30He a)]. aHTbllfHaCIJ;i )].a Me)].blIJ;bIHbI XXI CT. AKpaMjI Taro, 3 2005 r.
Bbl)].aeIJ;IJ;a aryJIbHaeyparreHcKi IHT3pH3T-lJ:aconic Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine.
TbIM He MeHllI, HK y)f(O 6bmo a)J,1HalJ:aHa, )].af3TyJIb T3pMiH 3THaHaByKa a)].p03HiBaeIJ;IJ;a rr3yHau
Hea)].Ha3HalJ:HaCIJ;IO: y 3aJIe)f(HaCIJ;i a)]. KaHT3KCTY eH MO)f(a a3HalfaIJ;b aJIb60 npoTaHaByKoBblH Be)].bl
npbIMITblYHbIX cyrrOJIbHaCIJ;eH (r3TbI rra)].bIXO)]. 60JIbllI xapaKT3pHbI )].JIH BylJ:36HaU JIiTapaTypbl [21]),
12
aJIb60 KipyHaK KyJIbTypHa-aHTpanaJIari'lHbIX ,ll,aCJIe,ll,aBaHHSlY, 3BSl3aHbI 3 ceMiSlTbl'lHaH p3KaHcTpyK-
UbISlH HeyHiBepCaJlbHbIX naHSJuiHHbIX CiCT3M i KapuiH CBeTY, yJIaCUiBbIX JIaKaJIbHbIM 3THaKyJIbTyp-
HbJM cynOJIbHaCUSlM. TaMy y 3araJIoyKy apTbIKyJIa T3pMiH 3THaHaByKa BapTa 6bIJIO 6 Y3S1Ub Y ,Il.BY-
Kocce. l:naSl aM6iBaJ1eHTHacUb, SlK MiHiMyM, He cnpbISle aKa,ll,3Mi'lHaH iHCTbITyaJIi3aUbli 3THaHaByKo-
BbIX ,ll,aCJIe,ll,aBaHHSlY, cJ>apMipaBaHHIO TpbJBaJIaH aH'lbIHHaH lIIKOJIbI y r:naH aKTyaJIbHaH raJIiHe
ryMaHiTapHara na3HaHHSI.
Tpa,ll,bIUbISI MeTa,ll,aJIari'lHara aHaJIi3y npa6neM 3THaHaBYKOBbIX Be,ll,ay Y3bIXO,ll,3iub ,ll,a na'laTKY
XX CT.; a,ll,HOM 3 Sle neplIIbIX SlpKix MaHicJ>eCTaUblM 6bIJIa npaua <1>. Eoaca, any6JIiKaBaHaSl y 1902 r.
y 'laConice Science. MeHaBim Eoac yneplIIbIHJO nMaTbI3ye 3nicT3Mi'lHblH aCHOBbI 3THaHaByKi (SIK
i,ll,bISl3THi'lHara <o3aT3pbl'lHara BY'l3HHSI) y cyKynHacui ,ll,3BIOX BbI3Ha'laJIbHbIX xapaKTapblcTaK.
3 a,ll,HarO 60Ky, y aCHOBe TaKora BY'l3HHSI JISI)f(bIUb cBoeaca6JIiBaSl MaTpblua (naT3pH) ,ll,yMKi, lIITO
,ll,aCTacoyBaeuua ,ll,a YCSlro a6'eMY Be,Il.ay i Ha,ll,ae BY'l3HHIO HenayTopHbl xapaKTap. 3 ,ll,pyrora 60Ky,
HSlrne,ll,3S1'lbI Ha JII06ylO cTyneHb cicT3MaTbl3aUbli, y cicnMe 3THaHaByKi 3axoyBaeuua Ha60p na3a-
CiCT3MHbIX i,ll,3M, KOHTpa,ll,blKTOpHacUb SlKix MO)f(a Ha npaUSlry ,ll,oyrara 'lacy 3aCTaBauua HeBi,ll,aBO'l-
HaH ,ll,JISI Hocb6iTay 3THi'lHbIX Be,ll,ay. AJle MeHaBiTa DTaSl pblca 36Jli)f(ae Bo6pa3 3THaHaByKi SlK
neplIIacHaM cJ>OPMbI paUbISlHaJIbHaCui 3 Bo6pa3aM cJ>iJIacocJ>CKaM ,ll,aKTpbIHbI, SlKaSl He TOJIbKi CJIY)f(bIUb
nepa,ll,na'laTKaM ,ll,a 60JIblII KaHKp3THbIX, cneUblHJIi3aBaHbIX, yJIaCHa-HaByKoBbIX cJ>OPM KaHU3nTyaJIi3a-
Ubli BOnbITY, aJIe i 3ayce,ll,bI ciMnTaMaTbI3ye U3JIYlO <onoxy ,ll,yMKi, KyJIbTypHyJO cJ>OpMy, HeycBSI,ll,OMJ1eHa
3ana3bl'lBalO'lbl y raTOBbIM BblrJIH,ll,3e 1II3par cY'laCHblX eM T3ap3Tbl'lHbIX naJIa)f(3HHSlY SlK BOJIbHbIX
pa,ll,bIKaJIay cBeTanOrnSl,ll,y, UITO ymeJIbHi'lalOUb y KaMyHiKaTblyHbIM a6apa'l3HHi [32; 33].
POCT uiKaBacui cneubISlJIicmy y raJIiHe MeTa,ll,aJIorii HaByKi, KyJIbTypHaM aHTpanaJIorii, ceMieTblKi
KyJIbTypbI ,ll,a 3THaHaBYKoBbIX Be,ll,ay y ,ll,pyroM llaJIOBe XX CT. npbIBey ,ua ,u3MapKaUbli npa,ll,MeTHbIX
ccJ>ep U3JIara 1II3pary KaHKp3THbIX 3THaHaByK, a6 SlKix raBopKa ilIIJIa Bbl1II3M. Y aco6HbI KJIaC BbI-
JIY'lalOuua 3THaKamiTbIYHbISI naIllbIp3HHi yJIacHa-cJ>iJIacocJ>CKix Be,ll,ay, TaKiSl SlK 3THaMeTacJ>i3iKa i 3THa-
aHTaJIoriSl. Aca6JIiBaCUIO npaBe,ll,3eHaH ,ll,3MapKaUb1i CTaJIa Toe, IIITO KO)f(HaSl ca 3HOY acJ>opMJIeHbIX
npa,uMeTHbIX raJIiH yHociJIa CBOH yKJIa,ll, y pa1II3HHe arYJIbHbIX npa6JIeM cJ>iJIacocJ>CKaH. aHTpanaJIorii
i DOpbli iHcJ>apMaUbli na npa6JIeMaTbIUbI ciCT3M Ha6bIUuSI KyJIbTypHaH KaMneDHubri i TpaHCJISlUbli Be-
,ll,ay, Ka3BaJIIOUbIH.HaH napa,ll,bIrMbl Be,ll,ay, pa3rnSl,ll,y na3HaBaJIbHbIX npaU3cay y KaHT3Kcue Tpa,ll,bI-
UbIHHaH. KyJIbTypbI y T3pMiHax 6iSlKyJIbTypHara CiHD3y [52].
,I.(3S1KYIO'lbl r3TaMY Ha ceHHSllIIHi ,u3eHb aJIbT3pHaTbIBaH. HaMiHaubli 3THaHaByKa y KaHT3Kcue
KarHiTblyHa-aHTpanaJIari'lHara i CTPYKTypHa-ceMiSlTbJ'lHara ,ll,bICKypCy BbIcTynae <oTHa3nicDManoriSl
SlK cJ>iJIacocJ>cKa-MeTa,uaJIari'lHaSl ,ll,bICUblllJIiHa, npa,uMeTaM SlKOH. 3'SlYJISlJOuua 3THi'lHa-, KyJIbTypHa-
MapKipaBaHblSl Be,ll,bI y acneKue ix reHe3icy, 6y,ll,OBbl, cJ>YHKUbISlHaBaHHSI, pa3BiuuSI i npaJIaMJIeHHSI
y CTpyKTypax KaMyHiKaTbIyHaH paUbISlHaJIbHaCui cy'laCHara, SlK Ma,ll,3pHara, TaK i nOCTMa,ll,3pHara
TbIllY. Y SlKacui JIeKci'lHa 60JIblII Ba)f(Kara cy6cTblTyTa, SlKi 6 TblM He MeHlII a,ll,JIJOCTpoyBay M3TY i C3HC
DTaH HaMiHaUbli, MO)f(HaBbIKapbICTaub T3pMiHbI <OTHi'lHae HaByKa3HaycTBa, cJ>iJIacocJ>iSl3THaHaByKi,
aI-npanaJIari'lHaH 3nicT3MaJIoriSl.
3pa3yMeJIaSl TaKiM 'lbIHaM 3THa3nicT3MaJIoriSl MO)f(a 6blUb 3MelII'laHa y a,ll,3iH 1II3par 3 iHlIIbIMi
<OTHa-apTblKYJISlBaHbIMi ,ll,bICUbIIIJIiHaMi cY'laCHbIX ryMaHiTapHbIX Be,ll,ay, TaKiMi SlK CaUblSlJIari'lHaSl
3THaMeTa,ll,aJIOriH I. lapcJ>iHKeJISI [14], 3THaJIiHrBicTbiKa i iHlII. ArYJIbHaSl pbIca DTbIX cTpaT3riH.
,ll,aCJIe,Il.aBaHHSI 3BSl3aHa 3 apbIeHTaUbISlH. Ha CTpyKTypbl lIITO,Il.3eHHaCui i ynicaHbISI y ix cJ>OPMbl CaubISlJIb-
Hara BOnbITY i Y3aeMa,ll,3eSlHHSI, nepaa,ll,OJIeHHe na3HaBaJIbHara i KalIIToyHacHara pa3pbIBY naMi)f(
yHiKaJIbHblMi MaHicJ>eCTaUbIHMi CaliblSlJIbHara BOnbITY (caUblSlJIbHara )f(bIUUSI) i yHyTpl1HbIMi, iMn-
JIiUbITHbIMi, HeT3MaTbI'lHbiMi cJ>opMaMi Slro a)f(bIUUSlYJIeHHSI. A,Il.naBe,ll,HbISI MeTa,ubI YKJIJO'laHara Ha-
3ipaHHH i T3ap3TbI'lHan p3KaHcTpyKUbii (y CaUbISlJIOrii SlHbI 'laCTa na3Ha'lalOuua T3pMiHaM rapcJ>iH-
KeJIiHr) BbISlYJISlJOUb i aKU3HTYlOUb y CaUbUIJIbHaH npaKTbIubI CiCT3MbI rYJIbHSlBbIX, pbITyaJIbHbIX
,ll,3eSlHHSlY i Y3aeMa,ll,3eSlHHSlY, 3bIXO,ll,HbIX ,ll,JISI iMnJIiUblTHbIX Be,ll,ay i cJ>OHaBbIX 'laKaHHSlY y,ll,3eJIbHiKay
cynOJIbHaCui, SlKiSl y CBalO 'lapry Y3,u3enHi'laJOUb Ha Ka,ll,blcJ>iKaUbIJO CaUblSlJIbHara BonbITY, cnpbISlJO'lbI
cJ>apMipaBaHHJO caMaCTOH.HaH i,ll,bISl3THi'lHan KyJIbTypHan Tpa,ll,blUbli.
5IK ,ll,bICUbIllJliHa, lIITO BbIBY'lae npblpo,uy i cJ>YHKUbISlHaBaHHe a,ll,HOCHa 3aMKHeHbIX ayTaxToHHbIX
CiCT3M Be,ll,ay y Me)f(aX 3THi'lHaH (riCTopbIKa-KyJIbTypHaH) cynOJIbHaCui, 3THa3nicT3MaJIOriSl, 3 a,uHaro
60Ky, cnpbISle y,ll,aKJIa,ll,HeHHJO naHSluinHara anapaTY cy'laCHan ceMieTbIKi y ,ll,a'lbIHeHHi ,ua ccJ>epbI
13
(<HaTypanbHhIX, y TblM niKy HecTbIJIi3aBaHblX ,lJ.blcKypcay, 3 ,lJ.pyrora - p06iu;b a,lJ.MhICJIOBbl yHecaK
y CTBap3HHe Ma,lJ.3JIHy 4JYHKU;bIHHaBaHHH CiCT3M Ka,ubI4JiKaBaHhIX Be,lJ.aY, 4JiKcaU;bli i a6apay.3HHH y ix
iU,lJ.bIBi,lJ.yaJIbHbIX (3K3icT3HU;bIHJIbHbIX) i CaU;hIHJIbHbIX c3HcaY. Y r3TbIM KaHT3KCu;e 3THa3rricT3MaJIoriH
3HaXO,lJ.3iu;u;a y CBaHU;TBe 3 apxeaJlOriHj{ i (oKaJIoriHR Be,lJ.aY, 60 HaKipaBaHa a,lJ.Hay.aCOBa HK Ha
y3HayJIeHHe rrepIIIaCHara C3HCY rra3HaBaJIbHbIX MeTa4Jap, Bblu;eCHeHhIX a60 cu;epTblx KaMrraHeHTay
rrawlu;iRHara 3aCBaeHHH p3y.aicHacu;i y KaHT3Kcu;e ,lJ.a,lJ.3eHaR MOyHaR KyJIhTyphl, TaK i Ha BbulYJIeHHe
i KaHKp3Tbl3aU;bIro ,lJ.3eRCHbIx, 3YPbICThIY.HhIX, cyrecTblyHblx TaKTblK MOyHaR KaMyHiKaU;bli y,ua,lJ.3eHbIM
3THarrphIp0,lJ.HbIM, 3THaKYJIbTypHbIM KaHT3Kcu;e.
P3KaHcTpYKLJ,blH ayTaXTOHHblX rra3HaBaJlhHblX npaU;3,lJ.YP, 4JOpM Ka,uhl4JiKaU;hli, 3axoyBaHHH, ne-
pa,lJ.ay'bI, ac06acHaR aKTyaJIhaU;hIi 3THaHaBYKOBbiX Be,lJ.ay ,ua3BaJIHe rra-HOBaMy 3ipHYU;b Ha pOJIro
KaHU;3rrTyaJIbHb1X HaByKOBblX Be,lJ.ay i paU;hIHHaJIbHaCu;i Y U;3JIbIM Y JKbIU;U;H,lJ.3eRHacu;i rpaMa,uCTBa.
AKpaM5! DTara, HHa crrpblHe YCTamlBaHHIO HK 3nicT3Miy.HbIX MeJKay paU;h1HHaJIbHara 3aCBaeHHH
cy6'eKTaM Hro JKbIu;u;eBara BorrhITY, TaK i rraMeJKHbIX 30H, y HKix paU;blHHaJIbHaCU;b a60 paU;bI5!-
HaJIhaBaHHe 5!K cjJyHKU;hI5! CBH,lJ.OMaCu;i (r.3H. p3cjJ;leKciyHae i nJIaHaMepH3e BhIKapblCT3HHe Bb13Hay.aHbiX
CTaH,lJ.apTay i rrpaBiJI MepKaBaHH5!, aU;3HbBaHHH, BhI6apy) cyTbIkaeu;u;a 3 ipaU;bI5!HaJIbHacU;ro (a,lJ.MOBa
a60 HeMary.bIMaCU;b BblKapblCTaHHH r:3TbIX CTaH,lJ.apTay i npaBiJI nphI 3aXaBaHHi p3cjJJIeKCii) i rra-
3apaU;hIHHaJIbHaCU;IO (YCBH,lJ.OMJIeHbl ,u34JeKT KarHiThlyHara K3HOHa a60 HrO a,lJ.cyTH3CU;b, Hec4JapMi-
paBaHacU;b) [55].
IHIllaH HHHyHa5! 3a,lJ.ay.a 3THa3nicT3MaJlOrii y npacTOphI cyy.aCHbIX ryMaHiTapHhlx Be,lJ.ay - cnYJKbIU;h
rrpbIJIa,lJ.aH CiMBaJIiy.HaH p3KaHcTpyKu;bli 3,lJ.3iHcTBa yHiBepcyMy HK YHYTp3HaR U;3JIaCHaCu;i cycBeTHa-
ra npaU;3cy a3Ha
t
lBaHHH-iHT3prrp3TaLJ,bIi, HKi axonniBae 6bIu;u;e cBeTy, U;bIBiJIhaLJ,bIi i KyJIbTypbl, He
rra,lJ.cicT3M i naMeJKHhlX aCHpO,lJ.,lJ.3eBhlX yTBap3HHHy, TaKix HK 6iH- , 3Ka- , nora- , T3XHaLJ,3H03bI. A6'eKTaM
TaKOH a6aryJIbHeHaH 3THa3rricT3MaJIorii HK KarHITbIBicLJ,KaH KPbITblKi paU;bI5!HaJIbHaCu;i 3'HYJIHrou;u;a
P03HbIH Kapu;iHbI cBeTy HK 4JiJIacocjJCKa-CBeTanOrJIH,lJ.HbIH i KyJIbTypHblH KaHcTpyKThI, a rrpa,uMeTaM -
crroca6hI YTBap3HHH, 4JYHKLJ,blHHaBaHHH i ,lJ.3CTpyKLJ,hIi ac06HbiX CiMB3;1iy.HbIX cycBeTay HK i,u3aJIbHhIX
yBaca6JIeHHHy CaU;b15!KyJIbTypHbIX U;3H03ay.
TIa Mepbl y3pacTaHHH CTpyKTyp rJIa6anhHaH iHcjJapMaU;bIHHa-KaMyHiKaTblyHaH cyno;lbHacu;i a,lJ.-
MhlCJIOBae 3Hay.3HHe Ha6bIBae raJIiHa KarHiTbIBicTbIKi i ceMiihhIKi, HenaCp3,lJ.Ha 3BH3aHaH 3 aHTaJIOriHH
iHcjJapMaLJ,bIi, cnoca6aMi iH4JapMaU;bIRHara Ka,lJ.3ipaBaHHH i TpaHCJIHU;bli iH,lJ.bIBi,lJ.yaJIbHara i rpyrraBora
BOrrbITy. He MeHIll 3Hay.HaH pOJIH ceMiHTbly.Hara iHcTpyMeHTapblH i y pacnpau;oYLJ,bI rrbITaHHHY cjJiJIacocjJii
y.aJIaBey.bIX 3HociH, rrOIllyKy TpaHCU;3H,lJ.3HTaJIbHbIX aCHoy pa3yMeHHH i 3MrraTbli. Y III3pary p:acrre-
p:aBaHHHy (3BH3aHhlx, y nphIBaTHacu;i, 3 iMeHaMi 10. Xa6epMaca i K.-O. AneJI5!) DTbI iHCTpyMem-apbIH
BbIKOHBae rrpa,lJ.yKU;blHHyro pOJIro rraCp3,lJ.HiKa naMiJK niHrBicThIy.HaH cjJiJIacocjJiHH i ryMaHiTapHaR
rrcixanoriHR, crrpbIHroy.bl rra,lJ.TpblMaHHro 6aJIaHcy rraMiJK T3XHiu;blCU;KiMi i ryMaHiTapHblMi apbleH-
TaU;bIHMi nOCTKnaciy.Hara cjJiJIaco4JcKara ,lJ.hICKYpCY.
Iia3aBbIMi KaHaJIaMi npblpOCTY T3ap3TbIKa-MeTa,lJ.anariy.Hara anapaTY cyy.aCHaH 3THa3rricT3MaJIorii
MO)J(Ha JIiY.bILJ,b Y3aer.1ap:arraYH5!JIbHbIH p:bICKypCbl KarHiTbIyHaH aHTpanaJIorii i KarHiTbIyHaH JIiHr-
BicTblKi, 3BH3aHbIH 3 aHaJIh3M a6arynbHeHhIX CiCT3M caU;blHnhaU;bIi, iHcjJapMaBaHHH i nepaKaHaHHH
(CHMeHHae BbIxaBaHHe, a,lJ.YKaU;bIH, rraJIITbIy.HbIH i p3JIiriHHbIH TpaP:bIU;bIi) 5!K 3HaKaBbIX CiCT3M,
rra6yp:aBaHblX Ha napa,lJ.bIrMaThIy.HbIX, TaKCaHaMiy.HbIX rrpbIHU;blIIax, a TaKcaM3 TaKix, liITO 3MHIIIy.aIOU;b
3JIeMeHTbI cxeMaThIy.HaH i rrpaTaTblIIHaH apraHi3aU;bIi. Y DTbIM BhlIIap:KY MOBbI HK rr3YHbIH ceMiHTblY.HbIH
apraHi3aLJ,bIi, HKiH MapKipyroU;b ap3aJI pacrraycIO,lJ.)J(aHHH, CaU;bIHJIhyIOy'yro MaryTHaCLJ,b, 3YPbICTbIY.-
HbI naT3HU;blHn p:a,lJ.3eHaH 3THaKyJIbTypbI, nay.bIHaroU;b pa3rnH,lJ.au;u;a y HKacu;i 4JYHKU;bIHHaJIbHbIX
CiCT3M, rrpbIy.blM C3HcaM ix ,lJ.3eHHaCu;i 3'HYJIHeu;u;a He CTOJIbKi a3Hay.BaHHe, KOJIbKi cyrecTbIH, aca6icTaH
i CaU;bfHJIbHaH i,lJ.3HTbIcjJiKaLJ,hlH.
A,n:MbIcnOBYro 3Hay.HaCU;b DTae a,lJ.u;eHHe KaHU;3rrTYaJIi3aU;hIi rrpap:MeTa KarHiTbIyHaH aHTparraJIorii
Ha6bIJIO y ,lJ.pyroR rraJIOBe XX CT., KaJIi 3THaKyJIbTypHaH cyrrOJIbHaCU;b rray.aJIa pa3rJIH,lJ.au;u;a He 5!K
(<HaTypaJIbHae aCHpo,n:,lJ.3e aco6b1, a, XYTY.3H, HK aJIbT3pHaThlBa He 6bIU;U;IO y rJIa6aJIhaBaHaH iHcjJap-
MaU;bIHHa-KaIIIToyHacHaH rrpaCTopbI, 3nicT3MaJIariy.HaH rra,lJ.CTaBa iH,lJ.bIBi,lJ.yaU;bIi i HaBaT, y rr3YHbIM
C3Hce, 3aJIOr aca6icTaH cBa6oP:bI. TIPbI DTblM aCHoyHa5! ,lJ.blCKyciH pa3rap3JIaCH Ha JIiHii cyrrpaU;bcTaHHHH
rraMiJK KarHiTbIYHbIM p3JIHThIBhMaM, HKi rpYHTyeu;u;a Ha rin0T33e niHrBicTbly.HaH a,lJ.HOCHaCu;i
C3nipa-Yop4Ja, i KamiTbIyHblM yHiBepCaJIi3MaM, IIITO nacTyJIipaeay iCHaBaHHe yHiBepCaJIiH 4JOPMbl
14
(cj:>YHKUbDlHa.TJbHae ,lJ,3HJIeHHe ycix HaTypaJIbHhIX MOy Ha qaCuiHbI MOBbI) i yHiBepcamll 3MecTy
(CeMaHTbPlHbI napaJJeni3M naMi)K qaCuiHaMi MHOCTBa MOY) y SlKacui KarHiTblyHaH na,lJ,CTaBbI a,lJ,3iHCTBa
qanaBeqara PO,lJ,y, TpaHCU3H,lJ,3HTaJIbHaH CYMHllIqanbHaCui i rrpbI,lJ,aTHaCui ,lJ,a TpaHCnSlUbIi ycix 4JOpMay
qanaBeqara BOrrbITy.
l;::J,3i KarHiTbIyHaH aHTparranorii 6ni3Ka 3BH3aHbI 3 rrpaeKTaM p3KaHcTpyKUbIi CaUbIHKynbTypHaH
p3anbHaCui, rrpa,lJ,rrpblMaeMbIM ceMiHThIqHaH rrcixanoriSlH KyJIbTyphl. CYBH3b rraMi)K DTbIMi npaeKTaMi
3acHoyBaeuua Ha PO,lJ,HacUi BbIKaphICTaHbIX Ma,lJ,3nSlY MeHTaJIbHara npaU3CY SlK ,lJ,BYX- a60 llIMaTy3-
pOyHeBara Ka,lJ,3ipaBaHHH 3MrripbIqHbIX ,lJ,aHbIX. TaK, y KarHiTbIyHaH aHTparranorii Ha d ~ l l i meHb
aKTblyHa y)KbIBalOuua T33icbl A. ileHBia a6 na,lJ,BOHHhIM (Bep6anbHa-B06pa3HbIM) Ka,lJ,3ipaBaHHi
iH4JapMaUb1i y CBSI,lJ,OMaCui [50], y rrcixanorii 3THaKynbTypbI - ,lJ,yaJlbHaH cxeMa neKciKani3aUbIi
(Bep6aJIbHara Ka,lJ,3ipaBaHHH a,lJ,p03HeHHHY Ba ycrrpbIMaHHi HK KPbIHiubI iH4JapMaUbIi) i KaneKTbIyHaH
p3rrp33eHTaUbli (BbIUHcHeHHe 3MrripbIqHaH rraCJIH,lJ,0YHacui rra,lJ,3eH ceMaHTblqHbIMi a,lJ,HociHaMi y cic-
T3Me neKciqHara KO,lJ,a). )lK BbIHiK, a6'eKTaBaHbI y KynbTypHbIx epopMax i apT3epaKTax 3MeCT iH,lJ,bIBi-
,lJ,yanbHara i rpyrraBora BorrbITY HOCb6iTay rr3yHaH 3THiqHaH i,lJ,3HTblqHaCui MO)Ka 6bIUb pa3rJIe,lJ,)KaHbI
SlK CBaHro pO,lJ,y 3aMKHeHaH ceMaHThlqHaSl cicT3Ma, a He paCKa,lJ,3ipaBaHHe (iHT3prrp3TaUbISI) pa3yMeeuua
SlK cyrrepa,lJ,bITblYHbI rrpaU3C: a,lJ, BbIKa3BaHHH A. Ky6paKoBaH a6 TbIM, llITO 3 T3KCTY Y aKue pa3yMeHHSI
3,lJ,a6bIBaeuua 3ayce,lJ,bI 60nbllIbI a6'eM iHepapMaUbIi, qblM TOH, UITO MO)Ka 6bIUb aTpblMaHbI qblCTa
JIiHrBicTbIqHbIMi MeTa,lJ,aMi, ,lJ,a T33ica P. IllBe,lJ,3pa, SlKi a6BHllIqae, llITO He iCHye HiHKara ac06Hara
caMaCTOHHara caUbISlKYJIbTypHara aCHpO,lJ,,lJ,3H, He3ane)KHara a,lJ, qanaBeqbIX cnoca6ay BbIJIyq3HHH 3 Hro
c3Hcay i MarqbIMaCueH, a yCHKi qanaBeK 3,lJ,a6bIBae CBae cy6'eKTbIyHae i iH,lJ,bIBi,lJ,yanbHae rrcixiqHae
)KbIuue 3 ,lJ,arraMOraH BbWyq3HHH c3Hcay i MarqbIMaCueH 3 caUbIHKynbTypHara aCHpO,lJ,,lJ,3H i ix BbI-
KapblcTaHHH [54, c. 2].
)J;acne,lJ,aBaHHi K. )J;)K3HMCa [15], T. KllI311I0ycKara [19] BhI3HaqaIOUb a,lJ,MbICnOBbI y3poBeHb
KaHU3rrTyani3aUbIi rrpaU3cay, IlITO a,lJ,6bIBaIOuua y MaciBe Tpa,lJ,bIUbIHHaH KynbTypbI i MaHiepecTylOuua
P03HbIMi TbInaMi ,lJ,bICKypciyHacUi, yJIaCuiBhIMi ,lJ,JJSI TaKOH KynbTypbl. f3Ta npau3cbI a6MeHy 3Haq3HHH-
Mi rraMi)K rJIbI6iHHbIMi i rraBHpxoyHbIMi cTpyKTypaMi Be,lJ,ay, epopMaMi aHTanariqHaH iHTyiubIi,
ynacuiBbIMi rpaMa,lJ,CKaH CBSI,lJ,OMaCui, i HapMaTblyHbIMi anicaHHHMi KapuiHbl cBeTy, SlKiSl naycTalOUb
y MiepaJIorii, 4JaJIhKnOpbI i r. ,lJ,. IIp33yMrrUbIH a6Me)KaBaHara p3nHTbIBi3My (eH )Ka a6Me)KaBaHbI yHi-
Bepcani3M) y KarHiTblyHaH aHTpananorii a3Haqae, UITO a6apaq3HHe iH,lJ,bIBi,lJ,yanbHbIX i caUbIHnbHbIx
(KaMyHiKaTblyHbIX) 3Haq3HHSlY y cicT3Me KynbTypbI a)KbIUU5lynHeuua a,lJ,HaqaCOBa Ha 1lI3pary Y3POYH5IY,
rrpbIqbIM y p3anbHbIx aKTax KaMyHiKaUbIi HK ceMaHTblqHbI rrpaBan rraBe,lJ,aMneHHH Ha 60JIbllI
npbIBaTHbl, naKani3aBaHbI naHSluiHHbl y3poBeHb, TaK i HrO y3bIXO,lJ,)KaHHe Ha y3poBeHb KaHBeH-
UhIHHanbHara caUbIHnbHa- (3THiqHa-) HeHTpanbHara KO,lJ,a MO)Ka a,lJ,6bIBauua a,lJ,BOnbHa, anpoq Boni
KaMyHiKaHTay, anb60 npbI HHHYHbIM, aJle 3auiKayneHbIM y,lJ,3ene TOJIbKi a,lJ,HarO 3 ix. )J;bIHrHOCTbIKa
TaKix ciTyaUblH, 51K i aBanO,lJ,aHHe HaBbIKaMi KipaBaHara ,lJ,bI5Inory i rraniJIory, naTpa6ye pa360py ycix
rraCnH,lJ,oyHbIX Y3POYHHY KaMyHiKaUbIi, rraqbIHaIOqbI a,lJ, aHani3y i,lJ,bIH3THiqHara 3MecTy caUbIHnbHara
BorrblTy. Y U3nbIM, KarHiTblyHaH niHrBicTbIKa i rraKa3Bae, IlITO 3neMeHTbI KynbTypbl cyrracTaynHlOuua
r3TaK )Ka, SlK 3neMeHTbI MOBbI: Ha y3pOyHi epOPMbI, 3Haq3HHH i cnoca6y y)KbIBaHHH, 3 yniKaM Ka-
HaTaTbIYHbIX CYBH3HY rraMi)K iMi [20].
IIapanenbHa TpOM raniHaM MOBa3HaycTBa, y HKix napayHanbHbI MeTa,lJ, 3'HynHeuua 6a3aBbIM
(napayHanbHa-ricTapbIqHaH, ap3anbHaH i KaHTpacTblyHaH niHrBicTbIKaH) MO)KHa rra3HaqbIUb TpbI
KipyHKi KarHiTbIyHa-KaHTpacTbIyHblx ,lJ,aCne,lJ,aBaHHHy y raniHe Tpa,lJ,bIUbIHHbIX aHTanariqHbIX i 3rric-
T3ManariqHbIX ,lJ,blcKypcay. ilepllIbi KipyHaK 3aKpaHae rrbITaHHi 3THap3riHHanbHblx KapaHey i ric-
TapbIqHaH ,lJ,bIHaMiKi yHyneHHHy i crroca6ay ciMBani3aUbIi y Me)KaX ,lJ,a,lJ,3eHara ThIIIY ,lJ,bIcKypciyHacui.
)J;pyri - rrpbICBeqaHbI BbISlyneHHIO i cTpyKTypHa-4JyHKUbIHHanbHaMy ceMinbIqHaMY aHani3y YHi-
BepcaniH Tpa,lJ,bIUhIHHara MbIcneHHH, ix cTaTycy y apraHi3aUbIi ,lJ,bISlnory rraMi)K p0,lJ,HaCHbIMi
i HHp0,lJ,HaCHbIMi KyJIbTypaMi. Hap311Iue, Tp3ui KipyHaK 3aKJliKaHbI ,lJ,aCne,lJ,aBaUb crreUblepiKy ceMaH-
TbIqHara i Map!j:>aJIariqHara na,lJ,y ,lJ,a,lJ,3eHaH KynbTypbI Ha na,lJ,CTaBe BbIHyneHHH i aHani3y C3HcaBbIX
,lJ,aMiHaHT a,lJ,rraBe,lJ,HbIX TbInay Tpa,lJ,bIUhIHHara MbIcneHHH, naKonbKi HHbI 3aMauaBaHbI y rr3YHbIM
KO,lJ,3KCe rroMHiKay KynbTypbI. TIPbIHUbIIIOBbIMi acrreKTaMi aHaJIi3y ,lJ,nH r3TaH KaMrrapaTbIyHaH
,lJ,bICUbIIIniHbI 3'HynSllOuua: 1) Ha60p KJIIOqaBbIX a6'eKTay, ,lJ,3eHHHHy i CTaHay, IlITO xapaKTapbI3YlOUb
6y,lJ,OBy CBeTy Tpa,lJ,bIUbIHHaH aHTanorii; 2) crroca6 rpaMaTbIqHaH apTbIKyJIHUbIi, r. 3H. HKiMi
15
rpaMaTbI4HbIMi KaT3rOpbIHMi (iMH, ,D;3eHCJIoy, ,D;3eenpbIMeTHiK i r. ,D;.) a3Ha4aeQQa TOH a60 iHilibI 3JIeMeHT
KapQiHbI cBeTy; 3) HenaCp3,D;Ha 3BH3aHbI ca cnoca6aM rpaMaTbI4HaH apTbIKyJIHQbli cnoca6 aTaHcaM-
JIiBaHHH - Mar4bIMaCQb i YMOBbI nepaxo,D;y ,D;bICKypciyHbIX 3JIeMeHTay naMi)l( P03HbIMi rpal'vIaTbI4HbI-
Mi cTaTycaMi (nepaTBap3HHe ,D;3eHHHH y cyTHaCQb, nepaTBap3HHe iMH y npbIKMeTY, r. 3H. cy6cTaHTbI-
BaQbIH, a,D;'eKTbIBaQbIH, aKTbIBaQbIH i ,D;a T. n.) i a,D;naBe,D;HbIH 3MeHbI y aHTaJIorii ,D;bICKypCy.
BbIW3H 6bIJIi 3aKpaHyTbI TOJIbKi HeKaTopblH nap3TbI4HbIH acneKTbl, 3BH3aHblH 3 BblBY43HHeM
6eJIapycKaH 3THaHaByKi (pa3BiQQeM aH4bIHHaH 3THa3nicnMaJIorii). )l,aJIeHilibI <j:>iJIaCO<j:>CKa-MeTa,D;a-
JIari4HbI aHaJIh npa,D;yrJIe,D;)I(Bae p3KaHCTpYKQbllO KaHKp3THbIX CeMaHTbI4HbIX ,D;aMeHay (4aJIaBeK,
rpaMa,D;CTBa, )l(bIBeJIbHbI CBeT, paCJIiHHbl CBeT i r. ,D;.), yHyJIeHblX HK cyKynHaCQb Be,D;ay ca CBaeH cne-
QbI<j:>i4HaH ,D;JIH Tpa,D;bIQbIHHaH KyJIbTypbI apraHi3aQbIHH, yHyTpaHaH JIOriKaH i Kap3JIHQbIHH 3 iMnJIi-
QbITHbIMi aHTaJIari4HbIMi (MeTa<j:>i3i4HbIMi) np3cyna3iQbIHMi.
Pa60Ta BbIKaHaHa npbI na,D;TpblMQbI I>eJIapycKara p3cny6JIiKaHCKara pOH,D;y <j:>YH,D;aMeHTaJIbHbIX
,D;aCJIe,D;aBaHHHy (,D;araBOp N2 r09-148).
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S.l SANKO, S A. MIAKCHYLA
PROBLEMSANDPERSPECTIVESOFTHEBELARUSIANETHNOSCIENCESTUDY
INTHECONTEXTOFPHILOSOPHYANDMETHODOLOGYOFSCIENCE
Summary
The article presents the genesis and development ofthe one ofmodern cognitive anthropology directions which is the
ethnoscience. The last decade progress ofethnoscientific studies inBelarus raises the large spectrum ofphilosophical and
methodological problems. An approach based on achievements ofcognitive linguistics and ethnoepistemology has been
proposedfortheirsolutions.