ANTH 421 Latin America Notes January 10, 2014 Kaplan article: Anita Roddick There are a lot

t of ideas that are being sold to people although Roddick claims not to spend anything on advertising. Key words: what do these do and how does this work? Exoticism: Essentialism: reducing a culture to a trait to specific traits that are nameable, ignoring complexity. Using stereotypes to define a culture, prejudice. Orientalism: Edward Said, viewing the other as volatile, exotic, mysterious defining groups of people what they are not, which is us. Other key words: Commodification: of other, of culture. Global feminism: the feminist adventurer Diaspora: dispersion of culture over many geographical locations the use of diaspora in marketing is implying a historyless world with no boundaries. We can travel anywhere, encounter anybody, break down the barriers that one divided us. Manichean: polarized colors and representations of the world. Transnational: breaking down of boundaries so that trade can flow. Mystification: p 47, 50, 52, 56, 58. Boundaries that make it difficult to interact with others- ie racism, classism they need to be incorporated into this consumer culture. It assumes that we cant leave this people alone. They must be mystified to sell goods. Reaganism/Thatcher: trickle down economics (rich wealth will trickle down and help the poor). Minimal social intervention by the government, minimal intervention in economy. Freeing up flows. Kaplan is portrayed as boundaryless which is propagated by Reagan and Thatcher. Advocate the shrinking of governments. Neoliberalism! Argument: boundarylessness essentializes other cultures and marginalizes individuals. Video: Anita Roddick Interview Evidence that she is essentializing others? Hate hierarchy, freedom to be spontaneous, honour, bravery, business as a social enterprise, to be heard, transitory, not about $. Anita Roddick talks against male vision of business capitalism. Gentle way of doing business. How the Quakers did business. Look at cultural evidence essentialism and orientalism that allows these words to have meaning together. Ie show how these words belong together in article, essentialism and orientalism is evident, Roddick uses the Kayapo who have sophisticated media and they CAN represent themselves. Its a form of marketing that feeds off a colonializes us vs them.

Jan 13, 2013 The policy brief in the reading is directed towards resource managers. Check out the policy brief samples (theyre more text heavy). 3-4 pages is enough. Look up How to Write a Policy Brief on BB. Recognize the complexity of the issue and convey that if things dont change there could be issues. Jan 15, 2013 Cultural area studies- creole economics: people can practice colonial AND their own cultures. Needed to be more fluid, in 70s and 80s this was criticized. Move away from the ideas of cultural survivals, instead, what mechanisms have allowed for the transmission of some cultures. Critique of the older way of anthropology who looked at tradition and not recognizing the contemporary with that shift in the 1970s Bastide used the term collective memory instead of culture to help avoid essentializing. What makes some traditions survive and not others? Understand contemporary relationships. We have to pay attention to local history and less on comparative work (ie a is a former slave colony, b is a former slave colony therefore x) Martiniquans dont make a living just to get by, they get other things out of their labour. Legal labour: making a living, benefits Illegal but not debrouillard: grossly indiscrete activities ie drug trade and prostitution. Not considered debrouillard due to the French: tax evasion and fraud. Because not productive. Debrouillard is a person who doesnt scam the system, they are cunning enough to take the money and create something productive. Not cheating the system. Instead of saying the Martiniquans are a bunch of a crooks, wonder why this system exists. A lot of historical density to it. Three periods: 1. When the French came to power. French colonial. Slaves were African and were very diverse, many African backgrounds. Benefitted colonialists because they created many divisions between them. Cant really communicate deep political thoughts. The undermine their masters they stole tools, burned crops you own that tool and you own me so really its not really stealing slaves worked together. Slaves had to be constantly replenished because they didnt reproduce infanticide and abortion as a way to undermine the owner. Haiti was the only state to have a successful revolt of slaves. 2. Creole Period- mulatto, generally men- mom is black and dad was European. they didnt just adopt the European culture, they learned the language of dominance

because it made them more powerful. See power by occupying certain roles. Not necessarily abandoning slave folklore. 3. Vichy regime- name of the government in France when it was occupied by the Nazis. Sugar was being produced- movement of sugar declined, needed to create new means of survival in that period. January 17, 2013 Humanistic Leadership: Lessons From Latin America Strengths in the article: Social networks Employer/employee relationship connections Hybrid: cant just impose the same hierarchical principles in a new place what are things that can impede business success? Hesitations in the article Already existing relationship between employers and employees Grouping countries by cultural characteristics (ie places w/ low minimum wage) Naturalization of social behaviour observed as somehow being culture. Depoliticizing, simplifies (strength and weakness) Cultural safety ie forcing people into a trade relationship when theyre not ready. Ie aboriginal homeless youth who dont have aboriginal counselors and people who are sensitive to native-related problems Contrasting article from today and Wednesday: Difference between syncretic, Creole and hybrid? Creole: own identity, free action contextual there are individuals who practice them in context (ie in a bank they talk differently). One person using a contextual identity and some people arent able to do it. People are proud of becoming debrouillards. Hybrid: deliberate mixing than the other two forms. Implies a selection of good practices (ie taking the innovation, autonomy of debrouillarism) and coming up with policies that eliminate the illegal economy. Therefore more related to policy and planning. adapting to situations, 2 things co-existing, rose as an adaptation Syncretic: ie religious syncretism in Latin America Policy recommendations: -Just because its local practice doesnt excuse your lack of corporate social responsibility. January 20, 2014 Too Much for Too Few - Stocks

Today: consider indigenous emergence in Latin America -Reconsider role of anthropology in murky legal contexts This article is anthropological in the sense that hes not interested in the policy itself but wants to know why its not working to its fullest extent. Then comes up with policy recommendations thus very localized. Indigenous movements are greater now compared to 50 years ago the notion of indigeneity is very politicized today. Lots of political and economic context. Alliance for progress: the peasants of Latin America wont turn communist (Cold War). United States trying to get peasants on their side. indigenous people didnt exist in this period because at this time, it was class differences that was important. Anyone working on the ground w/ indigenous groups Intl Labour Organization (lots of countries have ratified the agreement = some legal standing). Intl Convention of 169 (tribal peoples) people cant be dislodged from their ancestral territory. The definition is super broad. Countries less willing to sign this agreement are more likely to be vested in economic activity. Soft laws because no police force to enforce the decisions. Activities: ID elements of attempts to recognize indigenous land rights. Demographics. Reasons that undermined the legal efforts. Archipelago effect, the paradox author is speaking of indigenous emergence and weakening of a state that opens up the possibility hat indigenous groups can critique the state but also opens up the possibility that other groups will critique indigenous groups. PERU Legal efforts: 1909 Right to live in forested areas, but not own 1974- legal representatives, rights to property and subsurface resources Demographics: lowlands, 300,000, highlands, 10,000,000 Undermining processes: 1985-1990: rebellions 1978: industry given access to indigenous land without consent BRAZIL Legal efforts: 1988- change in constitution to recognize indigenous as original owners of land and give them precedence over other land claims Demographics: 2.2% of population and occupying 12.5% of the land Undermining processes: interests of industries in material resources complained (of demarcation of territories where they wont be able to log, blab la), they were given the right to protest demarcations. The indigenous organization of Brazil suffered

funding cuts of FUNAI by 60% resulting in a poor ability to deal with this. A system that demarcates indigenous lands but no staff to do it not effective. BOLIVIA Legal efforts: 1996: laws 1715 (agrarian reform) community lands given to lowland indigenous peoples and allowed groups of communities to claim territory jointly Demographics: 3% of population is indigenous, 17.68% of Bolivia (high %) Undermining processes: 1715 allows for titling territories rather than communities, it gives priority to other claimants before indigenous people, difficult to get federal revenues because of boundaries = hard to self-govern COLOMBIA Legal efforts: change in constitution, made it so indigenous people controlled reserves Demographics: 500,000 people, 2% indigenous, 84 ethno groups Undermining processes: people claiming indigenous status because they were married to indigenous people lots of opportunism determining who had rights or not. People in charge not exclusively indigenous. Hierarchies of indigenous people. Paradox: Govt is doing these initiatives to help w/ land claims but theyre not working. Socio-political and economic reasons? Jan 22, 2014 Today: navigating controversial projects? Situating engaged anthropology Napoleon Chagnon- got very wealthy off using the Yanomami? Critiqued a lot. Bourgois (1990:51): the problem is rooted in a specifically North American epistemology of relativism and value free science Darkness in Eldorado. He argued that men had higher rates of homicide tended to have more children in an article for Nature. Argues that violence virility, more attractivebut is this causal? Or is it correlated? Survival of the fittest argument. He spurred an argument over informed consent- the Yanomami realized that their blood samples were not destroyed because their bodies and entities couldnt transforminhumane? A Man Called Bee: his epistemology: never before seen a foreigner but this wasnt true. Girl was actually kidnapped in the forest when she was 12 and ended up living with the Yanomami who said wars were from incursions from the outside. His name is a pesky bee in his language. His film was created by the Atomic Energy Commission after WWII to find a population to compare blood samples to (who had never been exposed to nuclear outfall).

Bourgeois: Salvadorean military was shooting into the darkness into the sound of crying babies Anthropology became very political. If these people arent folded into globalization they will be eventually. Wont be at the top of any hierarchy in any urban setting. The article summarizes a generation that shifted how anthropology behaved after 1980. Does dangerous fieldwork hes an engaged anthropologist. Studied crack dealers in de-industrialized areas in the States. -How do we deal with controversy? What are the limits an anthropologist should abide by? Ie in the refugee camp in Honduras in 1982. Did he do it in the best possible way? He crosses the border into El Salvador to get more data (to understand the people better). -technically, he says he didnt break anthropological ethics. He talked to the media and apparently he exposed their confidentiality even though he exposed deaths. -Engaged anthropology at all costs isnt desirable either (ie China adoption example) -Did anthropologist do their work ethically? Jan 24, 2014 Guest speaker: Cristian Silva: Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Archaeology in cases of human rights violations Argentina: excavations, figure out who died first Local people didnt care of the indigenous massacres in Chile. In Argentina they were important people and so people cared. Assoc for Latin Forensic Anthropology. Wanted to find out what happened to the people. Netherlands helped build genetic lab to identify the disappeared. 12,000 people were found and family members were never notified. There is a lot of risk involved because the city uses these areas as a garbage dump. Schools built on top of mass graves, people agreed to knock the building down to excavate. 150K for a missing in Argentina, in Peru they only get 1K when the wives/husband when they are 65 years old. Community excavations- everybody is part of the excavations. Have to pay attention to their beliefs, they will pray during lots of stages of the excavation process. Need to train criminologists, lawyers, police officers. Educate people so that they know about it, approach press and media. Running out of time when things are getting old. Jan 27, 2014

Today: navigating epistemological contradictions in the field. In the discipline and in the ground. Epistemology: paradigm theory, way of knowing- thinking about the nature of knowledge. How do we know what we know? What is knowledge. Resources in the land- in this article, the lawyers are talking about putting enough people on a space of land but an effort to push that claim in a western epistemology that assumes a certain amount of people fits on a certain amount of land. Diff between modernism and post-modernism? PM: no concrete truth, depends on perspective, distrust in states ability to do good out of the sense that the state will always serve an interested party Modernism: trust of state to achieve goals, tendency to perceive development in linear terms, Keynesian economics. Period in anthropology: at what point can we defend justice and avoid perpetuating assumptions and ability of the state to fix problems. Policy briefs take time It will take seven generations to recover what was lost. Exams: grading on ability to engage take a position and justify why In presentation: How do the authors position themselves? PM approach? Significance of this research? (ie why is it important that poor women in brazil do plastic surgery? Tells us a lot about how beauty industry affects gender role, violence, etc) Jan 31, 2014 Peeling back of ones old worldview and things we take for granted is best done with systematic strategies. You can learn and be an expert from going to school but youre really just an apprentice. Knowledge at any given time is the forest, but what youre actually acquiring in terms of knowledge is like a clearing in this forest. We also lose forms of knowledge being lost (ie non-European knowledge). Andeanism: slip between evidence and conclusion? Orin Starn says you cant just assume things, ie using an old ladys dream to conclude that these people were the same as they were 500 years ago. Strategic essentialism: recognizing how they are seem and turn it back on the media. Uses it to get what they want. Films: go to library video collections, ethnographic video online, type in Andes.

Indigenismo period and practice of understanding other cultures that coincide with the Cold War and rise of Marxist thought. Naturally socialist. Truth was not so clean, many were living next to criminals and they had done crimes themselves the dirty war Shining Path: 4 years after uprising, no mention of war and focus on continuity of rituals no disclosure of major war raging in Peruvian highlands. Tradition-bound peasantry? Film #1: people hanging out with llamas, Andeanism, we miss important things going on though. Andeanist framework is to distance Look how different these people are! Most books will try to break down that distance look how practical these people are! Spectacular City: lynching is not because theyre naturally violent, theyre just super frustrated. Film #2 (Bolivia, The Children Know): pay attention to modernism. Look critically at the politics that are simmering 1974 (Cold War, Cuban revolution). Alliance for Progress countries defaulted on their loans and IMF came in, lots of guerilla activity after that. -Used to get food but peasants didnt have enough for freight costs -Filmmaker asks for evidence that theyre receiving stuff from the AFP -No lunch at the schools. Mestizos get a lunch. thieves -Official teaching language is Spanish (modernism language occurs in the language that they didnt grow up in) -Modernism: the idea that they might have a word for the four food groups knowledge is universal and somehow they think that the four food groups is translatable to kids who dont get to eat that much. -The teacher is sort of mestizo and more Spanish than the peasants my peasant brothers and as time goes on hes more Marxist. -Doctor assumed the boy with the big veneral infection had a drunk dad because he hasnt gotten treatment yet. The teacher was like, no, theyre just poor. The teacher is trying to ask for help. Feb 3, 2014 Shamans of the Foye Tree Presentation Machi shamanic healers- transvestite gender norms- gender identity as a political and social tool. Mapuche are poor and moved to cities. Catholicism is blended in with Mapuche religion. Women should aspire to be like the virgin mary. Politics and warfare are masculine. Accused of witchcraft very common.

Male machi more likely to be ciriticized, so they draw strong parallels in masculine roles (ie doctors). They have a spiritual element. Spiritual healing. Participate in politics more. Research techniques: listened to advice of people around her conflicts Called to being a machi manifests in a serious illness? Machi dont really get along with their community members who accuse them of witchcraft. Shamanism is deeply wrapped up in colonial relations. Not all shamans have the fortune or money to train. Profs machi friend was almost murdered by neighbours because he was accusing her of witchcraft. She had to sacrifice her life to be a machi nephews take care of her otherwise shed be sick if she chopped wood or whatever. Embracing the machi spirit illness caused by tormentor making her only practice machi healing. Very poor or very wealthy machis are accused, not really the ones in between. She couldnt do an apprenticeship accusations. They are ambiguous, hard to understand. When they die they are scrutinized Women can be witches but they cant be shamans which is what she says is untrue according to author due to archaeological remains. Prof isnt so sure Women who wouldnt not submit to their own submission and were independent (vulnerable but choose to make little money on the side) were more vulnerable to witchcraft accusations subversive aspect making a wage on their own, some of the machi women get their husbands involved so that they wont be jealous of their women. Glass coffin: shes not saying know your place but how to play the game which is what the shamans convey. Its not about looking at agency Feb 5, 2014 identity politics Today: considering ritual through lens of identity politics. United States is actually not a utopia what they were promised isnt actually true. Segregation lack of solidarity. Machismo: notion that women need to be virtuous, domestic, motherly, virginal men dont have to be like that author says this isnt Mexican but international politics & relations with the united states. Men wind up in all male labour camps. Illegal migrants men cant fulfill their duties towards their families leading to alcohol. Not necessarily a cultural thing. The author doesnt lay out this dominant thing he speaks against. What is Mexican? Old migration studies: people becoming more American. Very linear hes critiquing this unilineal theoretical model (p 479) over time you give up Mexican ways of life. Problems could be perpetuated here and its not necessarily from that person. While machismo exists is not necessarily a product of traditional behaviour but about the relationship between US and Mexico.

P 483: see highlighted part, Mexicans find that the us isnt a utopia Identity politics. Who gets to be understood on the terms that they choose to be understood. Who gets to say how others are understood. Identity is always between different groups of people. Identity politics gets blurry gender, race, etc is blurred. Gender an race intersect in a way that affects Mexican women different than it does in men in the US. Ornstarn critiques the idea that all peasants are pure and mestizos were bad. In the film (with the school teacher taking his students to the town doctor), doctor is a big racist who thinks they are all drunks. teacher is a mestizo showing there isnt an alliance between them necessarily, hes defending them. The teacher and police officer discuss what constitutes their identity. Ethnonational identity is relational: producing bolivian identity but there is fragmentation (with class, ethnicity etc). in mexico it is gender. Bolivia: the children know film (continued) -police officer says we cant change the world, those who have money medical help. Example of modernism- teacher is very modernist, the state (the US, through international aid) should help that would be better. Kids in town are hosting he mestizos. The mestizos are just as drunk as the highland people. Subversive discourse in flag day revolution was stirring. Mestizos ruled over them. Certain rituals of statehood are enacted so people can identify with the state. Groups of people who have migrated in the spectacular city, they use their expertise in carnival to get media to come out to see their neighbourhood and want to potentially offer services to them. Identity politics how to people shift identities/what does it say about political relationships? DL white cannibals on BB. Talks about identity politics. Feb 7, 2014: Pretty Modern Presentation Beauty and sex: how its attained, perceived, used. Plastica: plastic surgery part of daily life. Widely accepted. Pitanguay: really famous plastic surgeon. Publicly funded. Everyone has a right to beauty. By fixing these peoples defects he fixes their self-esteem. National hero. Beauty is classless and prestige. Afford plastic = afford to be beautiful. Beauty as an escape. Beauty identity. Look how modern we are, everyone can afford it. self-esteem: increasing self esteem no matter what class you are in.

The Brazilian body: became brazils thing to have hot ladies. Economic (huge markets for beauty), political (look how modern we are!!) Mixed culture: mix of natives, Europeans, african slaves etc accept this mulata mixed beauty. Quantifiable beauty. Beautiful = more modern. Therapeutic plastica: cycle of plastic surgery. Can fix and cause problems. Poor prefer surgery to therapy because its quick instead of talking to a therapist for hours. Doctors try to convince people hteyre ok but they dont believe it. Is it a good use of resources for such an underdeveloped country in terms of medical services? Huge demand = unregulated procedures. Like to cover up how it is actually risky. People getting addicted. Medical tourism. Plastic surgery doesnt really fix all of the problems. Brazil: race gets mixed up. Mostly about appearance. White is prestigious. Sex is really prevalent in the culture. Plastica can change your role, status objectification. Beauty is an unfair hierarchy. Change class statuses. Beauty is hope for a better future and becoming more modern etc. essentialism in the book (ie all Brazilians are hot, all Brazilians want plastic surgery). Modernity: discourse of linear progression. Modern value, somehow we can always engineer better. Psychosomatic: idea that events and experiences are manifested in some psychological and physical ailment. Aesthetics and desire for plastica are in the patients psyche.