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y z(\(*( &! "!N&Q!&]
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c.D E01A7;@6? 676 :1FB01AW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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p.- E013@B; 718GJAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p.= E06?2 86TGB76TB_66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p.D S12BJI6? TB91@18A6 m810_B . . . . . . . . . . . .
v ~fd*(+  *(&(&!f'
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K.D E1F81FIB; 5B3@o Ba3h?09B . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$  !Q M!'" " )*!QPQ!&O
-|.- ?0@84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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-D.D S?@?026I6018BII4a kB13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . -|U
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$R %'P [!&O  !*(Zd[!&O
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-<.- {456376213@o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --|
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-<.D n?AG0368I4? 21@684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --D
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-U.D hbB; @?106; 1@I136@?7oI13@6 . . . . . . . . . . -=c
$u %(" !Q*(N )(QN
$#v
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$y % *(N ! O \dPQ'e Z((P
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n

1, 1, 0, 2, 4, 4, 0, 8, 16, 16, 0, 32, . . . ,

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-.-.-

an+2 = 2an+1 2an

31 3@B0@18426 G37186;26 a = a = 1 .
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m?106; 0?AG00?I@I4k :137?F18B@?7oI13@?a IB3 8 FBII4a
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I18A6 8 -.-.- FB?@
0

xn+2 = 2xn+1 2xn ,

B :137? 31A0Bb?I6; IB x :0681F6@ A A8BF0B@I12G G0B8I?I6H


x 2x + 2 = 0.
-.-.=
t@1 G0B8I?I6? IBF1 0?J6@o :17G56@o F8B A10I; x 6 x
6 :171x6@o
a =c x +c x .
5@1 6 hGF?@ 1hb62 0?J?I6?2 -.-.-. XIB5?I6; A1I3@BI@ c c
219G@ h4@o 1:0?F?7?I4 6T IB5B7oI4k G37186a (a = a = 1) .
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>1 IB3 6I@?0?3G?@ F0G91?.
10I6 G0B8I?I6; -.-.= 1ABT48BH@3; A12:7?A3I426
n
2

n
1 1

n
2 2

x1 = 1 + i,

6 `102G7B F7; a 8 37G5B? a

x2 = 1 i,

:17G5B?@3; @BA1a
(1 + i) + (1 i)
a =
,
-.-.D
2
676 3 G5?@12 6T8?3@I4k @0691I12?@065?3A6k Gk6b0?I6a

n
a = ( 2) cos
.
-.-.<
4
C
n

= a1 = 1
n

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:0B8FB.
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63:17oT18BI66 A12:7?A3I4k 563?7. S1hB87?I6? A 9B021I65?
3A12G A17?hBI6H U (t) = U cos t `6A@68I1a 2I621a 5B3@6
b (t) = U (cos t + i sin t),
U

3@0BII42 1h0BT12 0?TA1 G:01bB?@ @?106H. BA h4 1hIB0G


x68B?@3; 35B3@7681? 3@?5?I6? 1h3@1;@?7o3@8. XBA1I4 s7?A@06
5?3@8B 6 :0B867B G2I1x?I6; A12:7?A3I4k 563?7 :01;87;H@
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>1 :01h7?2B 97Ghx?. E0163k1xF?I6? `102G74 -.-.< h?T
A12:7?A3I4k 563?7 1h;3I6@o 811hb? I?81T21xI1. w 24 :1
5@6 I? G@060G?2.
S0G91a :062?0. n;F4
1 = 1 + x + x2 + . . . ,
1x

2
3
ln (1 + x) = x x + x . . . ,
2
3

3k1F;@3; 76Jo :06 < 1 5@1 1h;3I;?@3; IB7656?2 G `GIA


_6a 3@1;b6k 37?8B|x|131h4k
@15?A 3 21FG7?2 |x| = 1 . >1 A@1
3ABx?@ :15?2G 0;F
1
= 1 x + x ....
-.-.U
1+x
@1x? 3k1F6@3; @17oA1 :06 |x| < 1W >6ABA6k 131h4k @15?A I?@
TIB2?IB@?7o 8 IG7o I? 1h0BbB?@3;...
c
2

>1 s@1 IB F?a3@86@?7oI1 136. 31hB; @15AB ?3@o 8 A12:7?A3


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w 84k1F6@ 5@1 2I62B; ?F6I6_B ABA @?Io 83? 80?2; :06
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760G?@3; 6 5B3@1 :18@10;?@3;. ^71x?I :1@12G 5@1 301FI6
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3@8G :1@0?h18B713o 15?Io 2I191 80?2?I6. XF?3o @1x? I?1hk1
F621 80?2; k1@; ?376 0BT1h0B@o3; I?:1I;@I1 IB 5@1.
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. . . , 3, 2, 1,

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0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

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2?xFG :01562 :71k1 :13A17oAG AG7o@6860G?@ I? @1@ 63@15
I6A Bh3@0B96018BI6;. E1@0?hI13@o 8 1@06_B@?7oI4k 5637Bk
62??@ 910BTF1 h17?? 8?312GH :0656IG 5?2 TB:63o F179B 31
TIBA12 26IG3. S?71 8 @12 5@1 2BI6:G76018BI6? 5637B26 IB
1:0?F?7?II1a 3@BF66 8481F6@ IB 37?FGHb6a G018?Io Bh3@0BA
_66. S7; 1FI1@6:I4k F?a3@86a IB56IB?@ 63:17oT18B@o3; 362
817oIB; TB:63o. {8?F?I6? hGA8?II4k 1h1TIB5?I6a :?0?81F6@
B06`2?@6AG IB F0G96? 0?7o34. 102G74 @6:B a b = c 676
(a b)(a + b) = a2 b2






   

`1AG360GH@ 8I62BI6? IB 1:?0B_6;k. h?A@4 @1 ?3@o :1AB


5637B 13@BH@3; TB h10@12 TB ABF012. {481F;@3; 6T :17; T0?
I6;. E?0813@?:?II426 3@BI18;@3; F?a3@86; B I? 1h?A@4 6k
:0671x?I6;  . m?2 I? 2?I?? 2I1x?3@81 :1@?I_6B7oI1 81T21x
I4k 1h?A@18 F17xI1 h4@o I? :G3@1 5@1h4 0B332B@068B?24?
1:?0B_66 62?76 32437. @06_B@?7oI4? 6 F01hI4? 5637B IGx
I4 F7; @191 5@1h4 G0B8I?I6;
x + a = b,

ax = b

83?9FB 0?JB763o. {1@ 31h3@8?II1 97B8IB; :0656IB. iIB71


965IB; 36@GB_6; 81TI6AB?@ 8 38;T6 3 6T87?5?I6?2 A10I?a 5@1
1FI1TIB5I1 :0681F6@ A :1;87?I6H A12:7?A3I4k 563?7. E06
:18?0kI13@I12 8T97;F? 21x?@ :1ABTB@o3; 5@1 IB s@12 :G@6
:1;87;H@3; @17oA1 2I624? 5637B I1 s@1 I? @BA.>B5B@1? F?
71 :06k1F6@3;
F181F6@o F1 A1I_B = i I1 i s@1 Gx?
. wI19FB ?b? F1hB87;H@1
B09G2?I@ 0BT0?J6213@6
(1 + i)/ 2
G0B8I?I6a na 3@?:?I6 I1 s@1 Gx? :013@1 :1h15I4a s``?A@.
w@BA I6ABA191 3?A0?@B I6ABA1a 263@6A6. 12:7?A3I4?
5637B @BAB; x? 0?B7oI13@o 676 @BAB; x? `6A_6; A12G
ABA h17oJ? I0B86@3; ABA 1@06_B@?7oI4? 676 F01hI4? 5637B.
>?A1@104a F63A12`10@ 62??@3; 76Jo :1 :0656I? GA10?I68
J?a3; :06845A6 63AB@o 8 1A0GxBHb?2 260? :011h0BT4 @6:B
JAB74 @?0212?@0B 9F? 1@06_B@?7oI4? 5637B IBk1F;@ 381? 81
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(4) =?

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(4) = 0

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X X
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3@81 F?a3@86@?7oI4k 563?7 1@0?TAB [0, 1] Gx? I?35?@I1. {
UD

:0?F:171x?I66 :01@68I191 6k 21xI1 :01IG2?018B@o


6 @19FB 7Hh1? 56371

a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . . ,

C.-.U

b = 0, 1 , 2 . . . ,

1@765BHb??3; 1@ 8 :?0812 F?3;@65I12 TIBA? 1@ a 81


8@1012 6 @BA FB7??a I? 8k1F6@ 8 3:631A C.-.U 5@1 FB?@
:01
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S0B2B@65I4a 212?I@ IB3@G:67 A19FB BI@10 :1:4@B73;
F1ABTB@o 5@1 IB A8BF0B@? @15?A h17oJ? 5?2 IB 1@0?TA?. E1
37? @0?k7?@I6k 2G5?I6a 81:013 h47 0?J?I 1@06_B@?7oI1.
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{1@ F1ABTB@?7o3@81 IB A1@101? GJ71 @06 91FB. BxFB;
@15AB ?F6I65I191 A8BF0B@B TBFB?@3; F8G2; A110F6IB@B26
1

x = 0, 1 2 . . . ,

y = 0, 1 2 . . .

a 21xI1 31:13@B86@o @15AG 1@0?TAB

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z (x, y).

1I?5I1 s@1 h47 J1A.



    
E13A17oAG 63@106; 3 A8BF0B@12 267761I 0BT :?0?3ABT48B
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24@B03@8Bk BI@10B @?:?0o 3GF;@ I?3A17oA1 38431AB B 81@
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36k :10 31k0BI;?@ 13@01@G k1@; 8 @12 6 F0G912 37G5B? 0?5o
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b

g1xI1 FBx? 918106@o 1 8TB62I11FI1TIB5I12 311@8?@3@866


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3@86? A1@104k G3@BIB8768B?@ ABAB;I6hGFo 97BFAB; `GIA_6;
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f (x)
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[0, 2]
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A0BF48B?@3; 6TIG@06 6 1@0?T1A 1ABT48B?@3; @?2 71965?3A62
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8
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Zk

Z p (p > k)
(p k)
Zk

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Z k

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?@3; 0?TG7o@B@12
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2?@066 21I?@. S7; I?3622?@065I4k 21I?@ 3 8?01;@I13@oH
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A B
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P (A) = P (B) = P (C) =

P (AB) = P (AC) = P (BC) =

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n

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a b

c c

b c

bc

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0

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,
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