I

lsi {sE*

tr Er w

u-{

{h {F 6xl tu

6u[1

- -[ I
roFr:rGu6srl

srfluneor orlleor--cou-rp; Gpri$Clpgt$gr erqggle

[un.9r.ol.,1-91

1. ronprrp 6lardru$eoar tolrsrri st($p5p96b *$gnr-lprggrr--or urflrnr$prrir GlerilqLil 6louuu$$lem -l16r1crl errar*ueri.
(r0 AG AH ic) AS folaou : Dl 2. .4 orr ocr $ gl S1 ur $ en c Gi * u-r oi: qg: eur p e S d p ol ofi ri oo nur n {6 $cnoeou-r Gp;r ii6ii* GlrusbuS\Glorrp"or. (a) e"ratrt--Gqn3 lgapgda (b) orctrpmia& ctgs,rflpgtio

(Jun 06)

(a) AE

(r)

(c) ,*r--gc;-n eJppt;L) e1@erfl$96a {d} at,q-eun qbpe;o g6appi;o lcr9lorr- : dl 3. gtg 6loruuonpnri Gleeurebglorlprulcb B$rioainr--orDd.b Grgt o-nineorournlqdt (a) q : w (6) q : 0 (c)AE : q (d)PAV:0 [ololr- : ]l eq, $rirod Gtsn$)rl;grb Gungr .llp6ar iu) areveGfnS e-ut1ry6pgs (b) eratrt-GynSl lgoap&pgt (c) 4efi uL rgo$dn Gauu u t.'c e-uL7yhpgt (cI) aet1-exn clitpo;a lcsorr- : al "g$t*;ft&6pg 5. gqq erfleoeurrn6h AC er$ri*gSouri GuS$qSpgnoi:, .q96i) (Jun 06) o$u$trir nnf prrir (a)gatreffiia6un66rgt (b) g66r66nn66tsurbpgl (c) t&otrgevc,a.l-Du16aL-urgt tri) fienpaneabwbpgt [ofleor-- : nl 6. E$: ri; e orin u or 1ir geh 6'r St er eirl.- G g nt.lor ur .*t$)arfliic n 91 r (a) aaqea$tav e*awr *t*Gynaaauu utyaurigp,io (Mar 06) g1gu9+gpai) {b) $1q5nq

{c)
(d)

uevfl&aet4.eau:

$qna *tfigtpciv
[ofieor--

spgrgap upnaLnn&iqpciu 7, S$&*,orurr--or$geir 6rpp* Geursbqloorp

cn$$u-rron6ngil?

ai

crriOunqggtrir

(a)AG>0,4S>0 (c)AH>0,4S<0

tr)AH<0,as>0
(d) AH < 0, AS <

[o9orr--

cl

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i
I I

8.

9.

6r:r6iD 6r:+6Dn qlppr$lui, o$u@rn ronpprri (Oct 06) (a) AG : AH + TAS (b) AG : AH * TAS (c) AG : AG x TAS (d) GtnfuGtendretr crgtqtdcioaoo.l [orilorr- : Dl 2cl(r) i Clrr*r, ollonoruloi> AII ro$grrn AS o$luqeefltor (Oct 06) gdseir qgroorpGur
{a)

+,'

(b)

+,+

(c)

-,-

(A

-,+

[olloor--

r/l

10. $)r-r-- or-_rgorn ebpp6ir ron$prir AG" qb619; eo$eoo: ron$o$l K.alr--dr 6e nod6r@6h6rr Gpnr--rir;
(a)
(c)

Ko: -

RT In AGo

(b)

K.: (#)^"

Ko:-AG o

(4

K,: AG nr

[oSleurr--

ll. Qoruu q:

Qur&ocrflu.roSldr (gpdi) o5l$loou-rii;' qgorpu9cil G$rrheoftrr--orn g g$rieo:nrir

al e euurriSL@

(a) q: AE-rv
(c) LElw

(b)q:AE+w
(A q.=
[ollorr-An(5d,,

WLE 12. e(.D Gorrlru Sur$$r$$dr Sptin

(a) 0%

nl

(b)

rcAo/" (c)> 100%

(d) < 100% [olloor--

: r{

13.

gfi' cleorroriq grqgrirenem $ora:u9o6lt15$gl e(grhrcpp flocror$qg p'eirofl*eneurnc ronglrbGungt olp6r e'rairr--Grrrr9
(a) agaopilp$1 (b) ggwnnilpgt {c) e1@srflth6pg (A ApguEA e1@arf}gg1u
Aoir

[e$oarr--

gapdryt : cl

14.

gtU Geu-rdriir 6 or uu q m o5l$ q 6 Gl or rir u$lco o riilg glcirm aiGlprn ctF6r .........gri; q5d,iGlgrgt. (a) Aatuunnpn cq6nq (b) atryetn clbpdo nguLl {c) orctGynSl n@uq (tl) g;6rr66nnal,ei 6euax [oilonr-- : cl 15. er$pGeunqg o-po0u"1rir $leborrneb prdorn{n $l.rgl&u^rgur Glcu-rcbech erorriuQtGlrtp*. (a) t&o;rr cfileaetr*,on (b) nnpr G)oruugtanou uSlcio $lsrgtn ?euLaaett (c) anpn Qetuutis 6.a,naivc. G+u.rausah (d) Slufueoaugdo $ts11gth AeuLdvoen [nllcou : r/l

16. poreufl*ooeu-rSp 6qur6bo6rft66r ereirr-GrnrJl ton$rprri (AS)

(b)>0 (c):o (d) nrfle9 foflcor- : c] 17. fi'rirn$$or q5ollu-rnpo61em ercirr--Grnrll ronfip$cop 8$&esrin r-- er$p o$$undr qg o ri soror riGlr-oun 6 r (.b) floaoue.nl.o aft$' (a) orctwn e$l@ (a)<o
(c) orcmrGgrSt
atfr$)

(A ryru4t-t-* orflfl

[erllsor--

dl

18.6olr1u$leon: ronprn* Ocu-reb g:eopuflei:, 6eit Gtcu-lci> gleoptildr elainu$$rd;r erdrlGgnd| ronfigr6 AS (o)>o (b)<0 (c)=o (d) u,rflo9l [orlleoe : al 19. 8$riserinr--orp$6ir sr6le AH 45ollulnpcb Glsnoforr-Garttorir

20.

(b) Egea1dl 4daa,grr.d slQlt-Gtnan (c) CClo (d) CHCI3 [cr$oru : 6l 6n6iD 6r-+6un qlppcb eeurr&Glu:eb qgorpuurg ereirorng
(a)
or on q ur gg 6 o rl u @ Gl p

gl :

(c)G:H+TS (c)G:H-TS
21. B$ri.ooilrr--orpgtctu

(b)G:s-TH

(4G=E-TS
6'r$l Feoro: cnriu1bprgrt
(b) 6a.iuurb (H)

[ollorr--

cl

(a) eraoGryr9 (S) (c) sr-4-a-rn qbpa

.la

$)

(d) e-eo'aryLuLe GaruuLb (q)

[erllorr--

: dl

E$rri;coftruorpO6b GrSt ereirLGgnr5luSdr ulto:(q et15ri,? (a) sGanrfl 46)rffiGronoi;r (b) JK-rmcl-r (c) kJ K-r (fl a$r-tn ouofiu,aint-eulm K'rGrcneu-r

23.

[crSorl : al G+riro$$rdr errflpcb Gorrlu erohpnebrll AH ro$ur-1 eqg @) Gpngflus@ s-6ot-wgt (b) et@rtgftuS@ e-eat-uLg1 (c) rygluLb (d) + bi - @gr,E@ e-6t L-wgl
lorllolr--

Dl

24.

gri $ror$@d'r Grnno:nri .25oilu-rnpeb 6oruu$$learor seor&Glr- uureiru@orgl (u) ryye4r-td* otl@ {b) ?ugnetrr\t utflfl
(c) 6)uoru

anetrun@

(-Q

GnSa,aivt

erglc,4tlldoa,a,ett

[ollorr--

al

uoinq 9l6bn: ? 25. S$ri;ooinuorfSei> erg,r $leoo>* cnrtq [olleurr-- : cl, (c) q @)T (a) AS @) Lq rir o$uq c-u-rriGlpgl' 26. poroflncarc Geurei:sofleb {B$ii;ooftrr--orpff (b) glAgitabP Penean (a) glrynetetr Sorran (d) Gauufto,ol [olleou : Dl (c) ct<gsg,b ollearor&q5 373K Glortu$)eoouicb 27. HrOlq AS ro9uq AHvap = 40850J.Mole-t eroflcb gteilollcoor&snor
(aD tzo

(Ntar 06)

(c) tog.sz J.Moler.K-r (d) 9'txto" J'Mole-r'K-r

J.Mole-l.K-r (b) 9.txto'J'Mole-''Kr

[3

[olleor--

cl

rn$uGluaineohl

1. ereiirLGrnri
erctr L-G ryn

ereiT

plneb ercureorr
t6r6

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g'6n 6a

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st

6o6t)gl g

E eretrugl g(9 ri e1 ea a u E cio Ep e'ot a'gl a,erfr

eniungLh' @St g(ry fioi,oui

b pg

[un.5r.ai',101 rb uaiv t1 r,tr g.Qg ril 6 b pP Setrea n ea uL

LD6a

(Mar 06)

elanafl6;l

(q) "t6taapA. aoireGqnI enriq 'S' eretrugt e-d,puu@rh Gtauu$@figrh Garuuflaoelsti;ryb e-otron e$lilgk 4@b' S =+ G)cu-rcu
1y:eapugan

aantGrynfiuSlev eps15
st6r)@ calKa

= }atuudt x

G)a'ruulilcocu-l

eGanrflryil,rflGandou**s,euGroncucgse;cu6)cueteniGrn|9uSlev aarugt eu +41gr'b' SI gleu6)ar JK-''

d;

2. B$

6 ditr r--o5|or

our

$eqgon ercirueop $Iiccorulrieolrb'

Iun.gn.ot.,11l
e16larft$g;c;t)

r) AH abgth AS 46)ut @re;al(lb

Ot = +

u n titgbG u rgt AS-dgr.b, AH-r*gLb e-ener 6i,pnt-nfi,d. S1g$g'J

ii)

tU n6ga AS 46)ul @roiw6- e1@a;flti;gb' efilaetflapt e+w xn$@uLb e-etrergt. LH nfigyrh AS 46)u-r Slrav@ E'66.,pgio : GroGo e-eirdr apo-i,Sa gcobg;t LH afiEtb AS @zain@ b gapultb
asleoatr

iiD

ercoEt fltiew0&e'ountb' Slrogila,ryw atnwutl e-,arergt GroGou e-6ir6n AS e1@afi$rye;* abgrb AH @6appdo AS-Lb @6s4u1th' oratrGat &pntnil,io @<ggt LH gap$7ncu AS e1$larfle gta e$o,eo flsgi;a^tyw etnwutl @cucocu'

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3. Glt6iD {rr-_+6Drr qlppeb ercirpneb er&mr
(Jun 06)
Iun.gr.c$.' 121

iotuu$lclncru rcnpni }auLdoly:o.pt9do e4o,u,teau ror_@rb enw$@lgtgth qppn;o anriq ..G[ieiu cr_rgcborn Arpd6i, cnftq" C crowd gfi8auu@6gg. e,c,rrlftpefituLeio g:eapuurg G : H _ TS; G - Ah6fu 6t'..+@n eJppd), H "qearcu9ev ercirpn,io9, S - ardvt-GrynSl, T - OatuuSle,u,e:u. 4. Goruu $urieorgueb Slroirrunri ertl$ updur Gsebofldr ep6np tr(Bgro. Iun.gs.ot.:131
6 at u

uL d;

se$l

uL

a,fiSretrury, "g(A (g@6a.Dundo afifleio g1ry ilunlgurfto;o @<Upgt ?atuu$eap n-dGJA eleou.ujldu a$geag,w frg ur.bp$6agqLb e1fiu@$prn6o, (gg6tgtLDn6 Ganaetwns u,nfip&a.LguL gri @. p9 r$^g 6t +6r6a nds @ uLangt". 5. AG ereirorngl AH ro1irgrrn AS o1-_oh Gpnr_riq Gsnairr@skm5,r. AG : 0 erorupoir Glunqqeir eroirorr [un.gn.ol.:141

cio @ q@i6t L_rr

ti

an

ugl

6ir 6eai_ra0crr A

er n a

AG:ATI_TAS AG - er_r4_,ioan 4fipdo tanfipn, LH - arctrgneio9 AS - crouriGyr9 nnppb, T - Gatuu6l^a.

u,nfrpteio

porofl*ore* Gcurebqleop&enor gldiGlur $lu!;poooreqrors c.0t6. fun.gn.ot.:151 g A G at S e$l ea atr p etr e,:ft d a e 6 e uL do g: ea p u rr 6rlrgb ff tB @ Cg A g, Garcoa-r@ 6ro efi 60, ap ps n ar ft u $ ga 6ila 6rr n n p n 6 at u u fl a eo rc bEl rb bnptn ey@#g ficr;,oLufileio AG > 0, AH < 0 nbEtb AS > 0. @1g) potretftiaeuLnov Gatfie$teoew&g ereogndo9 nnfipk (LH) nffpn eKgp2filaauSlio o@irgdtus@k, erowc_GqffLsl ronglph (AS)
Got$lollooorugeor GpngfluS@tb Lnfigb Dnpn G,atuufierl,ouugci_r errrpoi.r n rp pb (LG) er@ ng d G u fi fl lgti;a Garcrrr@rb. "9@,b

6. gq
AG

qo @<ryignGungl

etgeaarrunatrgt elu,fiolouugleio gfryi,g,h.

an 4pptio

7. Glotuu Sur&ocrgureil CIrotrr_nri o$g,$dr erdrcGrnr!

'rlpgt ulngt? erotrt-Gqn9au a1@arflga& e,+ur

g
atr etlt

GleuLciolyteap,u116619l

iae

uL

n et g n

th.

8, qrqr-r-dr cri$loou-lri;. {rLSl' gCI 6,iuJs6atr 46tflwnpdo aaLuu$el',s (AH""J (eGound/Groneu) e;r" }r'n6i,fial,au (6ea-raflcrr) unrio atg&gtb Gung 2l sGarrrfl +Arfft Groncu-r arcurp nnpnp LDguLl @eaeti;6pgl
= -"uup : 21 e.G6unrf) rg6)rfl-r Groneu-r' AS vap
Tb

AH

9. $ri- rosgrir 4trcbcaorneb Gunorp (9:6'o16dro1fp Gerirnfuecir ct $leur- r 6 on$l$on ol eur u-tu 6lu SSqDuu gl 6.t 6ur ? 6,n nbgtLb 4,iosgnneio Gunearp (g6a66rqpp Geinnsctr aaggt' qg!66r Eerl,alwucli uti Gtanaiwtylryuupndu a4$auLe 6)a,rfi,Stranc,r:l,rl,,6trul,h, .e1@aut-e LH 4eStunpeio n$tuauulrh
G)ufigdrerctr.

g40L+ri srSlori Gunei'rp Srionreeh erdr dlorhtSotpFp (Oct 06) -Qloiu-rnpei> erciT LGrnrileou-rr} Gu1ilgcirmorr e1iltryi qtila,th Gunetrp $nn$$tev qy:ersda'gtso;' slu'91 n Seio n s c1 effi qgt at g n civ 6l s & 960 p F I 4r,fi u $l a cl;ann u7l,io 6@ 'cretrLGqn9eouu Gnncio I 6ufuE1eir6n66r. ctfin;ilgl 2l sGanfi I ry6ft
10.
uL u-t uL

a1t- 6to& @Gap4p n@uauL Gtufugetrwetr'

11.

e$gi*gfletr
e-ei,rer

45oiurnpeil errirLGrnrll - crl6rDtrurgl' g@ \nnpgatr 4esluLngdts otentGynr9 (AS,") etyryu@atgt'

4cslwngdo Gi,;,ruu$@pOb cts66r e$16 prb eJgrb.

}anSflaai;5tb

:1i* :21 as --wp Th

12.

caldeg-r mol-r'

goinr--$$.it erci'rLGrnrll ronspri ereurrlu@otgt ulrgll lfiol

ereiirort

6ch Geureb qgloopru$cb oloinr--$$or erdrrGrnr-ll ronpp$$tcir

elao.r,utq trrbrytth *pEturlgttb 4dtuLatfuflow G*o?, , c.drL}qn9 anfip$Setr e,L@fi Gtpnaaswneogt elewt$@etr ordtrLGqn9 nnfuprtb oatruu@6pgt' Gatuu fteaannpn ?euLcio
g:eapulletr Gungt
G)cu-iou geaptgdu 4ewL$$tan (T : ronglc0), '$ui er66rLGqn9 rcnpPrb Wgfl w rcnrgth' 13. erdrr--Grnd ron$prn ropgrrb oonpirebr9l ronppri 6t*pdp Gleorr--Gu.r o-cirar 6lpnr--riq u.iirgl,t

C,auuu @uLi;scfiiu,io $1returenX otl$uury,

g!(,

a9o,6'nugait

dtdvtGrynil nnfiptb AS

:+

e(D @uLfiEuLc;o flao'c,tul"nfipggu* Gungt (6,i 4eiluLnpeio, ulnsnnodo),, LQ1,u, AH ,4r-or"1 sl,iocugl AH (up,ao*,s,iu) leuSt n@ u t1 s tgtilgi e n n nG) pgt.
...Aq,."

AH
o;ntreunr16 ereireorr

14. peororflr*6rrsllJn& BoaruGlugtrb Glcu-ro$lcur eranr__Grrrjl

Glpnurt$gl ot$crflrnedi

(ii) $lwfutSluLeio 1y:ar;.ptsoflev, @ciou,rh, fiiu,rcna nngtbGungtb, $ ntn th, qsefr uL rs nnEl 6Gu ng1 b, fi afurrc th 4e$) w ns nngl thGu ng1 it o otr eG qp E aa @ a, rfl 8; 6 rh gri $u-rp$r$$tetr Fp-* ercirorng eainr_gilornrirr gn 9.p8fpQ,u" GteuLeiofipair eratrugt Gaterffuu@$SuL qppgli;glb, e_fr@euuet qppgttigLb p_r,fi6tr etgilpggew
15.

gCry GetSo$leaewufla-r oseoorr Gunlgr-safleo g:u,d;s,gtu,efiev e'raiwewfl d;as e$)aaru@ 6 u nrl5drso,rfroin eraiwotrfl gea,,uaus agr_ et1$tsa na @ agu E 66r, 4rycorour-9eu aretrt-G qnrs at1$t s rflA 6rh.

(i)

u@uungb. % gprnr

Gtarcrfluu@b?ttt

zfi@tuL qpp6,)

4bpeio x

100 ercvcr1th,

gqg Gatuu @.gflfiflan Gpneda deuuu$looou T, @Etfl Oatuufleoo'l T2 c;ewalu. GanonGeunb. T, t @gd6tbGungt
4g69p

T, q6

/r '' -r\ x 100 "f ' peurofl.+ocrc Gcurcbgronp 16. ",rfrLGrnrll **',r-l-*l updl n(ggro. 9p* = 'rt'
=|

g(grat6pp gotraaauLultb,
g0,it6pg.
g@ 6&
?euLdxgteagtugeio

advt_GqnLl] (s) erctrug erctrugt g(g6tnpp petreou,oow eqn6gl6n u@i6tl1 eJ@b. erantGrsn9 gi c4eaau96o $la,g.o gtaiwowft u:
gatrotfl+o;

a 6ew<iolgo

peauL ulth

g1g tdowrt 6 eweioly:a puileio (g6{r66nnclr,e) AS_*-,r> 0 @pnqfloauL e_at_uLgt)

"'

AS--"u - AS"-"" ASo.*-.; : AS---u + as-*rrrr, :

ouGunggttb Gpn&6gtt n$uoauu GufuSr1ry&gtb. 18. *-1gornp6$l5ur $11'r- erorr--Grrrrll tonSprb

eT ebr

nfugrh 1 arctf'ttaaiwtax .st@fip2fid SCf gruL Geia$$*r g6nn otoo t--G q n 3 ru ff 6.6tg! I - - eret L--G q n 6l (So) crerru u @ 6 pgr. 0K' d) erorrt' Gqntiwnatrgl s-dr6n "g6o6rfrgt Goirlritsetfletr 8-25"C
ereorprnei:

l?. $lLr- erorLGrnr9 ro$luq *;r;g,,

errr

eretrtGgntfi nnfipttb ASo, arcrrugl 9-tI Gr-oncu G e ita rh e-1y5ange$ on o, gerrgl p e,rfi n rit s efi eo arcur t*G q r 3 uL rr g rh. 96 Gar@ u Gt u n rg g d; rg AS So o@uqsafl* @<rypgt sowd6t-uu@frpgt.
e-rl5oungefletr
uu
Gt a.t

fl aa

9--

uil,io getfl ta r*t aefi e$l $$gl

' 19.

ASou"*,i.a)

: Soc',r',l - X

Soton-a,o*

Abpp6b ronf glrir urff$r? gqg enan GtsituLuut-r- aicoeuru9atr flee

nnfiparewgl,
a Ltycru n 4r!; p6oa

OtU cro& Gleriru:{ruLr-- olleoeuruSlcir F-9-etft

6L+6Dn

a,Ltyoun gJppdl
66r

ev

pioocuu9o s-oirer efilaevu@ Gunlgensefieo $tt c,@ gdoa qd; gth, e$l eoetra? cll,6n 6 u n (ry6ff adfl

@-- {Bt-+6in
eJ@b.

4fupdoaorfletr a.@geioatgdgrh e-enm GatElun@

: XGoAGo. - >Go d@dulblb:uf,Ofled tuflb utrbtre.t d@dd Qi:Ttr 20. (D AG > 0, (ii) AG < 0' (iii) AG = 0 qtq 6tq5,ig,b Gungt
allcooru9or pdrcoro rurSI?
"eporcu9eir LDnpnp G,atuurflc,acu LDpEJtb stggp69d) (i) AG > 0, AG : *v, GtauLdorg:apurnanrgt powefiieoe deuLeunatrgt

bg b $l s gtd;a^tyu.tgt. (ii) Ab : 0 6eucu19o6apun66rgl ercflai,exeauL LGaL-'u.,gt. (iii) AG < 0, AG : - ve, Gewdarg:eopunmrgt gotretfl&aewratrgt tobgttb fl*gugt.

[5

ro$uGluoourocirl

l. 6ortu Su:rheollu:cb $rerorrn6 o$Flu9oir uebGorg (Mar, Jun 06) [un.gn.o!.:16] apgecom tr(ggte. {i) Gleobanor-rilmnrir *"pg , "g(D (A)(g6r;,-ownatr a'fuficio g4g ?urgofleEqryFgil Aouuupets odgab eqanut9teio er$peaauL Agt n n fi p$ a p q th ol p u @ gg n a eio, 1q:g6trgt n{s G an ea et uL ns n n p p & 6+u g,i @.F@qg6og' ar+c.r6au,ga @uLangt".
LA

(ii) GlmnGlureiu c.$gt , "ar$geasuL Gataaatuld: GstsuLnnes: 6atuu$ag& g6rflnDS Gurg5eftoEg5$91 nfiGgtnrg @L-n66r Gt u n6tgd;g n n pgt 6trgt $1 w angt." (iii) erdruGrnrll o'.SE;, "ordwlGqntfilatuL e1@sfi8s8;e.+u 6 e udo 1q: ea p u n 66rgl g, dtr ealt& aa o uL n et r p n g tb." . (iv) Fprtr :4eno9rrgorurg, "gi $1ug@q$@ar gp* ouGungglth gng epe$pgeag =e,*-*og1". (v) Go.ruu $lu-rrioallu-reb $rairrr--nrir oil$luurq, " arft@FtuL eJpp6a6D (g(ry@rgtnnr, @dS*ul ?oruuth "stdDaDgt -9Jpp6aa) zSt @e n n,io, Gt arctfl u u @ ggt iD qb p6D ns n n fu p i; a, + u g ri 8t. f I q ^ =9/6b6Dg/ 6anuu @.p@r1^g tlrydrntis @+Lrngt". eratrGan, gng sg6,9p flpaffi gtgGungtto 9t.f9r^ 1\66,LuJ
@uLetng1.

2. porofl*ors orll6D5rre6h erdrpneb eroror? eq5 Geuei> qyl eur pu9or p drofl rlor c $)eoo & on eur c n geuor fit c eo err,fi e gl.
Iun.gn.o9.' 171

orps e$ls$gn"i*@pgtth g*A pnetrneGeu peaeGtugtrc e$lclnoveatr petreffiieae cfleaotraev oarLu@tb. erc.lo.ln $1uLfieoo,i ?euLdo1g:apagrb petrerfrieoe e$la;ntserngtb' 6)-- t$owrl G)cueir
1y:eapaonr6th.

a@&ydsn-@ :- Grcurctr @tg@oftApg

c,tr

Srt

*Gg

ffiCrypa.

g i e-G a n a 6 s th E uil ev @ Ln66.r g:ea I eE 1ry pg,t gefi rii Gl u netr g:aevtg 6atuu th ae$gtpeio. getretft &ea e Gl e uL,io g1:eo p ngb. $1 w fieoa,& 6 e uL dl,1y:a p erdn ugl glyaivt-uu@ar$)ei-roura-r. @^* gnLnnsGet Qi}eutciag:eapt ga t-G ugt 6t atrpqn . g@ 6 d u E Lt Gt e uL ets(g6rr, p n66rgt getrofi &ea e GteuLdoqqseapwn QldoaaexuLn erotrueap e!66tmuLl abgjk
uL uJ

abgtuqppgtetr erdtrtGgn9 anppg@an g:ou.rb eowrd6t-eunu' (i) AS oretrt-Gyn9 nnppth Gpngftus@ GufiS4gutSleur, (AS > 0) .epiwt$@ev erdv eG g nE aa$t a; fi &g th. oretrG at, 6 e uL ag:ea p u rr66tgt s etr crfl i ea e uL n s ar th, L6 6fi n LD 66l m rfl a uh n ea tGt u n Gt m a t. (ii) AS arctrt--Gqn0 nrpprh aSng1flufl@ G,ubgt Sgu0av (AS < 0) ct ca LD u u n66Tgt g anefi fico e w fi gt 6 e u ciolgtoa p uSl da @ uL rit g t-b. (iii) geirarflteoewnatr Gteueiorg:eopuSlan g(gtbt6pp gotraan c1S s rfl tg rhG u ngt, eran LG qn E rcn fi gt r-b G p ri6 ft uS@ 6 ug 6 pgt. erewGu orctrt-GqnSl erctrugt gi :4arcu9eio fisggth gaivemflw
r
t

g(gd,t6pp efl,tt6pgt.

getrcrl u,eli

utultb,

p^r:uoflicri

6eudolq:eopeouLultb

(iv)

GtulryLhunetr66ttawn66r @wfuAuL6o
e,tr G

abEtLb

rct@b geoerft&ae 1ewdogtapauL etdarybg ltlaaLau or-rgeborn nfffrt1 6auu "G" ern$@gd;ad e+uJ g1ry @ut&sefiluLeio crirrq uuLetru@$guu@6p9. etppcb H_TS G

6 e wdo 1gcln gt sotfl

ngl

* 6s1,i,1

owr

t 6 @ atgt a tyen n n6

GatSuf/-ucio b. qr atG at

AG AG ... AG

AH

(G,-Gr) = (H,-Hr)- T (Sr-Sr)

AE + PAV

TAS

(v) g1g getretflSr,oe deweioly:agtuSt,io rcnpn eKgpg69a ( H) aeognaio9 nnppLb erfingfiawqb, (AS) orotrt-Gqr0 nnfipb G pi6 Sl a w q k 6 u fu fi 1gligtb. (vi) nnptn ?atuuflori,ouu9cil er@ngflufl@ 6snainr- AH tabEtth a$a p e n etr u n Lrytio t1 gti;6 rhG u ngt G p tg fr uS@ 6 s naiwr LS 46 Gtughpg. ersrig$luSt@ AG LDguLl S)a.ra9oocrr pone#liae
uL

TAS

6xuLciulg:apuLngto.

(vii) AG < 0 @@rigflug|l,

GeuL

Gtewdulq;apunlnrgt Sovetflioae

asretgt n bgt th Sl e gie^rgwgr (viii) AG = 0 Oeua,lgoGtlpuJnatrgt enfraaaut p-6at-ugt' (ix) AG > 0 $pn6flu9@) 6eudo(g6apuJn6trgt patiugtngl 3. ereirr-_Grndeir Oprir5luebqeeir lurdD6r?

(i)

rrco-rr--Ganr9

etI$u9eSg$g,1

(S) eJnrgt 6euuu @uL&ae;filwaio @retwtnn Geuuu @uLd;aeflweio fl oaa$eriuna atlSetfl&su

cralugl LDrpng
6euLeiolg:eaptuileio 6"tgb eleatnuEen }ouuu$lcr,c':uSlc;o flagrh

uL(dcrergl.

(ii) g@ gflu3tt
erevLGqn5l rubryttb (AS)

Gtauu rcnbppflbgrh etcri,ud9ew 1atuu$lcri,outgth @auGuswnevr ofi 6prcr6rh. 4q6a Du u n66rg! cl Fgti; gfl u E et 6euL ciog:a pufil d0 LSdt g:apuSlcio dog,it a.tguLprgLb.

: As rev

A9'"'
T(K)

6atuuth, q erarugt $laaieniq r6u6u. 4owruio gqry Ltdff deweioly:eaptufileio A,q = (4r- Q)-ari,ou dew<iu1q:oaptuSlour 6atuufcoar (T) q3..do atApgi datuugt fiaaienriungb.

(
petreufl+eae dsttdorg:eapugrov GtLngt g(ry',pp ct 6t 6Dgt 7y: et d a-Et a e$} ev g qg n a fi p g dw ea n c1 a n u tSl ex

(iii) gg

getreato

pgt.

.st6a6,trggt getre#lgoo,. 6 eu

a1 @ s rf)d

u,pysea

paeflgll

4@uatfrftev 6nngB
6 p nea s
Gt
uL

e-tu@rhGungl c46anuLl tDbgtb *pglutlpth 45i.uLatfuftair ae,trtGqn9 rcnfiprcatqth. +lt66ru,uLl apgtth afug1 utlprn
n etrgt "g1 oriv L$@

.ga@srfld;6pgt. orotrGan, eretrtGqntS)un66rgt gri a4cau,u Aev @ (g rit 6 p p p p ew a n qdD6;ugt 1gs ets d a.g1 s afi ow g rg ot a fip u 6a Lo u Ll 46 uL at froap .slenag@ th uaivu ngn. (iv) gr e|61tl,Duun66rgt @uLfiEuLe;o +l,il61)gt Gatfi Lnnfipnsrg&rg
a'ra,trt_Gqngr nnfip$Stetr e_L_@g eo ercw LG q n LSI n n p p n aeuru u @ Gt pgt. g qry Gtewdolgtanpugdu (T : u,rfle9) Gurgt, g.;tr

ri: erctrt_G qnE

?atuufleaers nnpn&
e uL et rg:ea p u0

en ercv LG q n E n n gt p t_b gg g! uL tn ng b. gflg t8etrn& GeuLag:or pu9atr Gung aaaivL$Sev orevt_Gqn9l

cio
at1

aiwr_$$

aa@arfld6pgl.
rcnpnu,riu gCrypSngtth, .slaimtgserr ootrr-Gqntfi) 149j-sur_e e[6n6aa,r GprtiAl e_uLi$g1 Gta,naivGt

(v) slaiwtpg^, qbpa

@A,it6pgt. panaflieoe Gteuagtapufitd tnnpnp ilatuuflaotatldu (T), LS Gpnrgfloawu GufiEtehengl (AS > 0).
gCO

(vi)

?euLdog:cri.plfi,rio AS gco-rgl glgglwnn5tb. .getraflSaeuLfupt Gteuteiulgoi pujeiu AS otgin6gflauL @@ dupglenerg (AS < 0) 4. onprn Gorr]u$1eoo oieooruireir ereirrGrnrs .opo6 Gr,l6nsrdr et_rgcborn etppggsq5rir e_ehen 6lBnurteou or(Dotl. aetycllcli.n enriq qglpd) Au6it) aLtgcueur SJppil enriq oe61qd:, "G" erotrp 6fruSt_t_ng1 th rgfltau u@6 pgt.

916

enflaet

6 at u u @

uL

a,rlfl

u du Qt q6,i6rLffb

H:

H-rs

afl @ ug

oar:

u ry,

..(l)

orcwgneio9 J!6t)6Dgl e4eanu6ldv Gtatuu$leoou (6eeiloguit), S : ereintGqn9

6atuu

Gta.netroro;r

al,

anpng ?atuuflaa LDbgttb eKg$p flor,ouuSldo ercevun@ (7) durygfotAtpg1. t-Dnprr GtatuuS)eacu qlalouLlnryeqg AH ufigtb LS 46uLaeu 44ao.luEefu aevpndotg nnfipth nbgJth oretrt-GrynE Lnnpptb arcouu@detrpevr. AG a,Ltyet,an cJppdD Lnnpprh orctrug1,

{5(DpuuL-t-na, (nnpn 6atuu flcoeo "g4eonut),

AG AH - TAS (1) npgtb (2) 46uaat 47h nbgb @g9 AG

Gtat u

(2)
Sleri'ou eretd

(cr-Gr): (Hr-Hr) - T(Sr-Sr) ...(3)

AG + PAV

@ udse$t

uLeio

g:ge;o e$lS u06nr u+,

AE +PAV

.'.
p
eur

AH AG :
e uL o',s

eft 8 eo e

uL

n eo

Gt

nlpn .st@$p
e1@srfl66pg.

flori'eru9,do

..(4) ea p a rg d 6, orctr g n eio E n r fi p th (LH) 1ry; er$ngfiufl@ rc@uqeot-uLgt. elGgGun,io,

- TAS

peuretflieaeuLnow

ieu-tag:apsgdg (AS) eraoLGyn6l nnfiptn

eJ6.

LH n@uq, Cpngftug@ l--6rl,L-ru AS m$ur1 Gei$pndo 6eot-tilqtb enetru n@, (nnpn Sfaiveri't-u-1th Gteuuuflaauild) AG = AH-TAS
o1firngftug@ L6at--tu

AG

: -

ve (petretflia&wffmr Gew6org:ap)

[0
l. t.gtl Glt6iD cr-_r+erln etpp6i) 'G'
(i) C
uLneug (H-TS)
61661

o$tGuoftrooirl
u-rreoror?

dr Oprnriu"rebqqeh

(s)

6il6atruEtisutL@6p91. H nfiEtb S 46uLeaat 1ry:aptGut elcr;'.ouAetr ercngneiu9 nbgb erovrt-Gqn0 wngtb. T:2 Oatuufl^urs. H nfiEttb S piaocu eniqaerna @11ryuugn6o G uLnangl fleoaieniungth. (ii) G oevugt ?unlgaiwean enqnuuaivunlgb. AG = (GrA,) oefido

aLtyatn qbp6o anfipnnatrgl alanuSeo @g9 Q) nfrgtb 6pnt&a (l) t'larcue aeri eni$@qquupndo dunlryaiwaa eni uaiwunlgtb. qgn@rgt, @Etfl bbgtth 6pnL&a flcaa:sgti;g
$)cor-a9cu fleap nnpnndo Qgd;s Garain@rn ef;D@gt elanuunewgl (g+uJ e4anuuna $1gd;eGarciv@k. (iii) G =gcng s4earcu0en gbcri.p n@uqrr;,tuL 6atuu @uL*;ae$luds

uaivun6rh.
en i $paau w nrg

s'lcr;'rcuc;rr.u rrr--@Gro tb. 6 euL,iaga puSletr pc,trcm, u,err, w e6l u AG-6ir <gewEt eueasseir Gpaatuu@6pgt. LG < 0 (ar@nd;g6t) q6 e-enor Gungl 1euLeiolgap gotreffiteoeunargt nfugtb flagda,rywpngb. AG = 0'

(iv) G abgtrh AG-6ur n$tutlaetr

17

(Gpntg,ft) erefidv 6 eu 6s1y:eo p pewetfl &eoeu-t fi pgnaq rc, fl a pngpnaayb e-otrorgt. (v) AG : AH - TAS G,at*u @uL6se9u:cio 1y:p,6ocfil@uury, AH: AE + PAV nbgtb AE: q-w crcuDcu..'. AG: q - w + PAV - TAS
6rc;lndo

GteuL,ioly:ap eafiaaaauLul6nrt-urgt. AG > 0

4Scondo AS

: 1 T

erarfldo

TAS = q

G)+uaugo olrp&do

polruilug1b

6edtu rcnppb .'. AG : q - w + PAV - q = - w * PAV elcing

Gorona.r

-AG

: u, - PAV 6rcr$p

Lunpng 6et*u$lcri,et abgttb qgfipp86D gA gdu&Lu 6euL6o g:ellpuI/eo Gungt aLt4aun qpp60 anfiprb @ollrpatg,r (-AG) eflrflatclot-uqrb Ga.reocucouJp g6fir e1an,lriq Gtefuqb elSauLe Gouencr;awt

gfrtilpg.

@Ag Jr6n6trff6ttgt elaauq Glefuqb e1@auLe Ga.rooal - PAV)-6gl eaangb. ;. 6anpp Go.rcoeu = -AG : w - PAV. -AG erarugt P - V Gatcri'ctcri.us$ pe$lq etcr;,rlu:f/.e$lg$gt duptuu@th L6l66r G*9 erilougt uquLl Guneop el6a6$ggl Gareoouscocn q,h gfl litgth. (qb) etF{ii66rirr- oloror $leqgon cr&uorp $liortBiioolir (r) AH rDpgri' AS 456ul Oroir@ri a$lefi$p,rir (ii) AH ropsrn AS *2trGlur Sroin@rn (96rpp6i) (5) (iiDAH 1g16npp,$ ropsri' AS cr$erfi$p$ (i) AH abgb AS g6)u.r @ran@ to9Juqa,qth e1@arfi$pn6a,
aowuu@th abgttb (w
g1t6a6u
G

pn6fl

u9@ 6 ugtdetrpeo.

@t)

+(giaPPsGaruufiaa8<io) er oo G an, o$l ett at w neogt $6, p p g 6 at u u fl a euuflci-r p ehofl * ecr c

ot1bPPnq56.

LH +

AS +

AG

(9,) AH

-@t$oGtauu$tdo,ouufitou) oreoGan, e$loaetunargt elg6 6atuufiam.ouuil,io pdrofl*oure

AS +

AG

4'6bl.
(iD AH robgrtb AS g6lu-r @rato@
et@

n@uqagb gaptggndo

e!6aa!

tg,fl us@ 6 uEldeopew.

Gt),\H
er etr G

AS

AG

at, efl ea ev us n ewgt 45orpnq66.

(=ry)

kS*ppp @6a p Fg

Gtat
G)

at

t u fiaaauufldo) t u $leoa:ulat,

B dreofl,ior e

AH AS
an,
e$l ea ew uL

AG +

@t@s ?euuuflc,acoufildu)

or

atrG

rewgt e1S

6at u u $l eoauu9lio BdroflrieocurFpr

aSleo

or

ur n

rb.

(iiD AH @aappgttb LS e1fiarfl$gtb @(ltuLtl6tt

AH

AS

AG

$1eile$teaewutnaltgt
all co eor ur n qq rir.

gt6o66t$git 6aru u fleocua'cfigt rh pdrofl rieoeurno

l.

grq5 Geuiu Surfi$rrn 110'C npgrb 25'C Gorriuporo> rlqD&(b $ocrr-u$eb Gcurei:u@6pGpeirrpnei> 4pd'r .l$our-c cFoI9p $)pecrorri e erurri;Gl@. Iun.gr.o9.,18l

$'tol , 6pnt-&s

ggg

?aruufleaers T, = ll0'C: ?atuuficll,cu. T,:25" C : 298 K

383 K

%9p*: =
:.
383

85

/ t, - t'\ l*:lxl00 \ '' I x fiO :22.2

- 293 383 --x100

383

@.pflqp@ew e1@aute Spetr - 22.2% 2. 100"C-6i) c-ekm eri $-p$rp$pg 453.6K.ca1 Gloruu$earg*
Gle

eourriGt@.
AS

gu$grrn Gungt .etp6ir er&LGrrI9 on$gr$orpri

lurr.5r.e8.:191

crer-ri GqnB

anfipth = +

AI{ = G+guggtuLt- Geuuuth:453.6 k.cal T : Gteauufico6u: 100" C = 373 K "'. AS1,a) .'. areaLGrynE
k.cal : = 453.6 ,?S i.216 k.cal-r nnpgtb : 1.216 k.calK-' (eD 1216 cal K-r"

3" 1 Grnneb $ri'rorn 100"C Glotriu$leoouSeb Gan$tiqgrir Gun5'l -q,ollurnSosldr . Goruuri 540 cals/gm ero*leb r2lollu-rrpcr6lor e-rdrr-Grnr-i rnn1!lp$orpri; e euorihGQ. [un.gn o9.,2ol $'irt ' $r?n$fioo ?+,nfifieoou = 100" C - 3'73 K @fi$rtelr. dlri (HrO) oraoti arg$tctnof I Groncu 6n = 18 n.
1 6qnk $fir,o 4e$lwrge$av G)orr-luri: = 540 cals. .'. 78 dtrnta $rfleir qge$luLnga'fuatr Getuurh = 540 x 18 AH4^n,"t.t = 9720 cals/mol
AS

crcrrr--

GrnE rcnfipb = So*'"'^ I

.'. ASluun)

t:::
373

G)s-'cfln;

:26.0s8 cal K-tmol-l

:. 4efiuLnpe$lev erovLGqn9 nfffrpth AS:26.06 calK-rmol-r. 4. N, trl * Or,r, - 2NO,r, erci'rp ollororrg6b AH,o : 179.9 KJmol-t ropglrir AS"o 66.09 JK-t mol-t45qgrb. 300K-5$ AG"'E
e

oorriGlQ.

Iun.gn.eS.,21]

AH,o

179.9

KJ,

T:

AS," = 66.09 J 3OOK

bD

66.09

x 10{ KJ.K-rmol-r

^G:
.'.

: i*, -llt;r x

ro-3x 3oo)

160.07 KJ.K-rmol-'

AG,o

160.07 KJ K-rmol-r

5. lrF-rtt + /.rlra1 -> HI,r, erdrp ollororu$cb F.:-- 5L+5Dn qtpp6$ "on1bprrir (AG')g* eewrri6$t. AHo = +25.95 kJmole-I. HI,*,, Hr,r, rDpsrir lr,r, 45Glu-rorfdldr eretor-Grnr9rfiseh g>eoprGu-r 206.3' 130.6 ropgtti) 9-116.7 JK-'mole-t 4lqgrir. Iun.gn.ol.:221

%Hrr"r*

%lr,r,ASo

Hl,r,

AHor: +25.95 kJmol-l

ASo
ASo

lSooo--o--o ut(ril'dt - IS"*rt"

utr(gi,sd'

I(206.3) -Zly, x 130;6 +Vzx 116.7l

I(206.3)-t(123.65)

82.75 JK-r ntol-r

373K

AC

= = AG
AG

+25.95

-(373 x 82.75 x lG-3) kJK-rmol-'

+25.95_30.84
-4.89 kJK-'rnol-r
oravGan, etgrqauo'u-tneagl peurefid.',*urtrlavt

--

ve (o$n6flug@).

etflcll,otruLn6.it

6. H2O(r) e-qgornpdeh pru ar-rgr$ern qtrfip* rongbpr$rnpri emriGl@e. H2O0)-6ir 6l-- uqgornpeb oehpn$ti _2g5.gs kJ 45grn Hr(r), or(r) rDp.g4rir H, on, 4lOuorfiSdr $r_r_ erdrr--Grnrlceh grorpGu 130.5, 20s.0 mfr3ryrn70.3 J.K-'nrore-r {b (9 6. Iurr.Sn.ot.:2al
OS"ro,n

Ht*, *

-285.85KJ %or,*, Hroo, --) ASfo : XSooe--o--o

70.3 _ (130.5 (70.3

ur(ritsdr

-tsod-*r6o.o6ar".i.

(so"ro)-(So"r+%s!)
+205D)

233) JK-'msf'

'

- 162.7 JK-tmol-l
AG

= AH" + TASO = - 285.85 kJmol-r - (298K) (- l6L.j x l0-] KJK-hol-r) = (- 285.85 + 48.48) KJmot-l
-237.37 kJ mol-'

.'.

9--

e,Lt4dooun qtbpt;o anfupth

:-

237.37 kJ mol-r

7.

**r,r, * ]"ur, - NHr,r, crdrp oteors.i$ Nr(.), Hr(r) topgd NHr,r, 4trGluor$pdr S.:- erdrr--Gsnri c,d, doocrl* 6l:+l:n {tpp$ I f 3
298K-6 NH, rqgrrnpddr AHr'-3ri erSS@.
Nr,r, +VHaet

qgrorpGur 191.6, 130.5 ropgrrn 192.5 JK-rmot-r 4tr19rir. ronpprir _16.67 K.J ereilir
[un.grn.d.:241

NHrcr

AS*-* = ASo--"0--o uro.& AS "e*.6po.og**c,

+ lx = 1e2.5 -{L* \r_ reI.6

2

130.5)

-ee lK-tmol-l

aG:AHf-r'as : - ?98 x 99 + AS : - 298 x 99 + 1667Q - - 46190 or - 46.19K.J. : - 46'19 KJ .-. NH, e.-qryarrgafi& Gcaiiruh AH*o 8. CO.', * flro,., -t COr{t} + H2cl dcrerurnsgl prirofl*ore er.ii gt"ttd.;-rrqrb. tor.l, Hro,r, ro0grn Cor,r, "rn[gn rlgorrpir oLryon 45ppei:ecir gGuerppr* Froiglt6 -394'38 KJmol-r [un'g'n'd':251 q5rsrp- -13727, -2286
dH,

: - 394.38 - (-137 27 -:n&6) : - 394.38 + 365.87 (Ht e4Sarrpcsleir o,tt4atn 4fipda : 0) AG" : -28.51ICJ. LG" & grguq r;r$rt&gflu16'L-arg,E(5 @lguugndt @duc,$e,oe,o
parclf;, &a* at

AG* : LG" *a-no*or**

- !G"***QunQsd^ir

nag, @ sga s*+argh 9. 4NH3(d + 5O, -+ 4NOn, + 6H2Oo erctrp dororr3err $llu-

onppSorpe oerri6tc@ crioror HrOu, Seqgron srcr pfisrl&rrelrir- NHr.r, NO,r, ropgd aLryo:n 45ppci:e ch gO--r., rqgorpd* $cua

.*:ALtr +pp&

qgrsrpGur 16.65, 86-6f ropgrrdo -237'20

4NH3e)

KJ mol-t 4b15tn'

Iun.5n.ot':26]

+ 5Az -+

4NOei + 6HPru

AGo.o- = ELGn**,r"

AG"*-*

- EAG

a,nnu6l6uil.tdns.h

AG(4NO*) + 6HrO)

: -l0l&-24 K"J. mole-' AG erSfiii; gsalatugl. etev3an oFloran Seitetfr$aewnevgl

flagd;a^ryaLgt.

- AG (4NHr + 5Or) + x (4 x 86.61 +6x-237-2)-(4 " 16.65 5 0)

10. HzOfl) spdr 5e*rof,re'erfidr Otqfi$t rqSornpoSldr 6l-' er&pncbrg -285.83 KJmol-r topgrn 25"C 4GF o9orsru9eh Slr:- erouu_Grrr'? mnpprir -327 JK-t .596' 25"C-5b oieurer [un'5n'ert':27] pdrcdtiole urrrcg]Ir erer6 agl.

AH :

as

-285.83 KJ mol-'

-327 tK-l

(
i
I

T: AG." :
AG,o

25qCor298K

AH-TAS:-235.93 _e99x127 x l0r)

= -188.4 KJ. mol-l gfiqat_utgl ereuGar donr pdrdicoeunwgl. 11. GuctoOedleh Gen$Serer I rrdror&r_o slqgppfF* 80.2"C qDtg6. .qF* OerFferoddr 6drlngd*

erSfui;

ertrprcbdcou_r&

er&6@.

[ur.5n-d-:281

$rio1 , Glueirsau9cor Au'r@furrt +tr6t! t- L-66r efitfi u9t otrutg

AS..-vsp
AHqo.ot"

: 5
\

= 2lcaldeg-' __e

m6l-r

(2lcals dg-rmol-' x 4-t844) x (273 + 80.2)

Zt x 4.tt4
4o$lwngdo erctrg;ncio4

3522

t033.5J

31.033 KJ mol-l

12' cH,t{g) n 2orr",

HrOu, gGrrarfrf* rrgrrgrd* '9,:,_e et:+orn etppdl lgrorpGu -50.72, _394j6 roplpi, _Z3T.ls KJ mol-r ereddi Fr- srcbpn$rlcor.r* erriG@.
fun.gr.d.:291

6il.:o0g6

-+ cO*, + 2Hro0} er*p do*td) 25'c-* er&LGrnrl onpprn AS," - 242.gEJK-r. CH*.p CO*,

AGor*

XG"r**-*o*

- EG"*.,o aqs.d

: ffl; :;'.:::;l^J,ii.. j" "',

(getflu,wc,efidt a,Ltgeur

^"::*fl
AHO_TAS"

ASo : AG' :

4beslr anfipth:

A\

-8t7.9 K.J. rml-r

-242.9t tKa

r';:',r'.

13. r8SGpdr

erfipddr $r-r- erdrpndrrl ronfipd -S90 KJ mol-l lofgrir $r-t- erdrLGrnr-l ronppri -242'98JK-t {bqgd

25'C$ otorq'll& AGo eour& ewricl@'

AGO

[un'5n'o9''3ol

-817.6 K.J. mol-l

ofeoaurugcir

14.

CaH6{s)

AG' 9* aooo

-517.6 KJmol-'

3Cortrl + 3Hrou, ereirrpl oieno*1g

Fr_- erdrr-Grnri ronpprir -339.23 JK-r' CaH6(s), COr,r, 456urorpd'dr rqgornpdldr Sl_t- aLq"or +O6o ronsprir greopGur -62'78, -394'36 tDpglli' erdrpnebd -237.13 KJ mol-r Sg6. cflororugrir $t:t[un'5r'ot''311 onfip$orpri aerr8Gl@' : @-- erartGqn9 rcnpprb AS - 339'23 JK-l
25'C-dD

ileruuflou,ouT:25o =298K
aflaoorriugdn 16t-+@n

gJppt;o anpprb AG =
237

Go

G,

: :

[(3

x -394.36) + (3 x -

't3)]- [-62'78

+ 0]

-1894.47 +62.78

= - 1957.25 K.Jmol-l AG" = AH'- TAS'

AHo: AGo+TASo - I- 1957.25 KJmol-' + 298K (-339.23 x l0-3 KJK-')] = l-1957.25- l0l.09l KJmoll = -2O58.34KJmol-l