gio trnh

o to bi dng t vn gim st kho st

Chng I
Khi qut chung
I t vn gim st xy dng cng trnh

Khi mt cng trnh xy dng c a ra u thu thi cng, cc th tc trong tin trnh xy dng hon tt, ta cn thng nht mt s thut ng v mt s khi nim chuyn mn theo thng l, theo thng l Quc t, nht l cng tc T vn Gim st Xy dng Cng trnh. Nhng nh ngha khi nim sau y c trch t cc d n u thu Quc t hot ng trn t nc ta t 1990 n nay. I.1 Mt s nh ngha
- Ch u t - Ban qun l D n (Employer) l Ch d n hoc l ngi i din hp php hoc l ngi k nhim hp php, nhng khng phi l ngi c y quyn. - Nh thu (Contractor) l ngi tham d thu thng c Ch u t chp nhn v nngi k nhim hp php di danh ngha Nh thu, nhng khng phi l ngi c y nhim. - Nh thu ph (Subcontractor) l bt k ngi no k hp ng mt phn cng vic vi Nh thu chnh, hoc bt k ni no m mt phn cng vic c hp ng theo yu cu ca T vn v ngi k nhim hp php, nhng khng phi l ngi c y nhim. - T vn trng (Engineer) l ngi c Ch u t ngh hot ng nh Cng trnh s" thc thi cc mc tiu v yu cu ghi trong Hp ng xy dng (v theo n thit k). Nc ngoi vn gi chc danh ny l Cng trnh s hay Tng Cng trnh s. Vit nam quen gi l T vn trng hay T vn. - Hp ng (Contract) l cc iu kin, cc Ch dn, cc Bn v, cc Bng n gi, bn D Thu, vn bn Chp nhn thu, bn Tha thun hp ng v cc ti liu khc lin quan. - Ch dn k thut (Specifications) l cc ch dn cc lm v iu kin cho cc cng vic k c trong Hp ng v bt k s thay i hay ph thm no vo trong ny k c cc mc do Nh thu trnh v c T vn chp nhn. - Bn v (Drawing) l cc bn v thit k, cc bng tnh v cc thng bo k thut cng dng ca T vn trao cho Nh thu theo Hp ng v tt c cc bn v. Bng tnh, cc mu hnh, cc hnh, sch ch dn cch lm v bo dng hoc cc thng tin k thut cng dng m Nh thu trnh c T vn chp nhn. - Bng gi (Bill of Quantities) l bng n gi v ton b bng gi nh mt phn ca Bn d thu. - Bn d thu (Bid) l bng gi d thu m np cho Ch u t thuc hin v hon thin cng trnh, v sa cha bt k s h hng no cp trong cc iu khon ca Hp ng, nh chp thun trong vn bn Chp nhn thu. - Tha thun hp ng (Contract Agreement) l cc iu khon tha thun trong mt hp ngkinh t. - Th nghim hon thin (Test on Completion) l tt c cc loi th nghim ca Nh thu hoc bt k ai c T vn v Nh thu chp thun, do Nh thu thc hin trc

khi mt cng trnh, mt hng mc cng trnh hay mt phn c bn giao cho Ch u t.

Nh th ta c th hnh dung quy trnh trin khai mt cng trnh xy dng khi qut trong s hinh 1

Ch u t
ra mc tiu d n. Qun l vn u t

u thu la chn

T vn Thit k To ra Bn thit k D n Thit k C s (Basic Design) Nh thu Thi cng Theo 1 trong 2 phng thc Thit k K thut (Detail Design)

T vn Gim st T vn trng (Engineer-Cng trnh s) Gim st: Kho st, Lm t, Thi cng nn mng Thu thi cng Theo hng mc Gim st Kt cu cc loi Gim st: Thit b, in, nc. Gim st: Trang b, my mc

Thit k thi cng (Detail Design) tng thu EPC u thu trn gi * Thit k chi tit * Xy lp * Cung cp thit b

Thu ph 1

Thu ph ...

Thu ph 1

Thu ph ...

Hnh 1: Quy trnh thc hin mt d n xy dng

I.2

Mt s khi nim Chc trch quyn hn 1) T vn trng v i din t vn: - T Vn Trng- Engineer- Cng Trnh S - l ngi c Ch u t ch nh
hot ng nh mt Engineer Cng Trnh S phc v cho mc ch ca Hp ng Xy dng. - i din T vn - Engineers Representative l ngi do T vn trng ngh lm i din cho mnh, chu trch nhim trc T vn trng thc hin nhng nhim v chuyn ngnh c giao v thc thi cc quyn hn trc nhm chuyn mn .

2) Chc trch v quyn hn ca T vn trng

(a) T vn trng thc hin cc chc trch c nu trong Hp ng. (b) T vn trng c th thc thi cc quyn hn c nu trong hp ng, song cn c s chp thun ca Ch u t trc khi thc thi cc quyn hn . Cng cn hiu rng, bt k yu cu no c chp thun th cc quyn hn do T vn trng thc thi u c xem l quyt nh ca Ch u t. (c) Ngoi tr cng b trong Hp ng, T vn trng khng c quyn lm cho gim nh cc iu kin bt buc vi Nh thu trong hp ng. (d) Quyn hn T vn trng vi cc Nhm t vn nghip v: Trong tng khong thi gian v theo yu cu cng vic, T vn trng s lp cc Nhm t vn nghip v nh l i din cho mnh thc hin cc nhim v chuyn mn v thc thi cc quyn hn c trao. Tng nhm ny ny gi l i din T vn Engineers Representative. T vn trng cng c th gi tn Nhm t vn nghip v ny bt k khi no nhim v ht. Vic lp hoc gi tn cc Nhm t vn nghip v ny c thc hin bng vn bn v ch c gi tr khi vn bn c gi n Ch u t v Nh thu. (e) Bt k thng bo no do i din T vn n Nh thu nhn danh Nhm t vn nghip v u c hiu lc nh T vn trng a ra, di dng sau:
+ Bt k s thiu st ca T vn i din do khng chp nhn mt cng vic vic, mt loi vt liu hoc my mc th khng nh hng n T vn trng tip tc khng chp nhn cng vic, vt liu hoc my mc v a ra hng dn cho vic sa cha. + Nu Nh thu cht vn bt k mt thng bo no c a ra t i din T vn th i din T vn trnh vn ln T cn trng c th c khng nh, bc b hoc thay i ni dung ca thng bo .

(f) Tr l t vn - T vn trng hay T vn i din c th ngh mt s thnh vin lm tr l cho cng vic ca T vn i din trong vic thc hin nhim v chuyn mn. Khi phi thng bo n Nh thu h tn, nhim v, khi lng cng vic v quyn hn ca cc thnh vin . - Cc Tr l vin ny khng c quyn hn t a ra bt k ch dn k thut no, v bt k ch dn no trong s h a ra vi mc ch c hiu l do T vn i din a ra. (g) Nng lc T vn bo m gi thnh v tin : - Theo quan im ca T vn trng, nu nh mt s cng vic no cn c thay i trong tngth cng vic, hoc mt phn cng vic, m tin hoc gi thnh

trong hp ngxem ra l khng ph hp hoc thng th p dng, do nguyn nhn ca s thay i . Sau , da theo t vn ca T vn trng vi Ch u t v Nh thu, mt gi thnh hoc tin hp l s c thng nht gia T vn, Ch u t v Nh thu. Trng hp khng c nht tr th T vn trng s n nh mt n gi hoc tin m theo T vn l ph hp v s thng bo cho Nh thu bit v mt bn trnh Ch u t. Cho n khi n gi hoc tin c nht tr hoc c n nh, T vn trng s xc nh mt tin hoc n gi tm thi lm c s cho thanh ton. Trng hp nhng cng vic c ch dn phi i khng, nh nu trn, m cha vic no c thc hin trong vng 14, ngy tnh t ngy a ra ch dn, trc khi bt u cng vic thay i cn c thng bo n: + T Nh thu gi n T vn vi nh khiu ni v vt d ton hoc thay i tin hoc n gi. + T T vn trng n Nh thu vi nh thay i tin hoc gi thnh.

II

cng tc T vn Gim st Kho st xy dng

Nh th, cng tc T vn Gim st Kho st Xy dng l mt b phn nm trong hot ng chung ca cng tc T vn Gim st Xy dng nh nu trn. Tuy nhin, do c im ring ph thuc cc gai on v loi hnh kho st. II.1 Xc nh loi hnh hot ng ko st xy dng 1) Hot ng phc v thit k. l: + Kho st phc v thit k c s + Kho st phc v thit k k thut + Kho st phc v thit k bn v thi cng 2) Hot ng phc v thi cng xy dng cng trnh: y chnh l hot ng nm trong cng tc t vn gim st xy dng, sau khi k hp ng xy dng vi nh thu, thng bao gm cc cng vic: + Kho st phc kim tra trc thi cng xy dng; + Kho st chi tit phc v gii php gia c t p trn nn t yu (b tr cc ct hoc bc thm). + Cc th nghim nn tnh cc, bn nn ti trng tnh phc v thi cng. + Cc th nghim kim tra vt liu p, cht, CBR vt liu v nn ng v.v... + Cc loi kho st phc v kim tra nn mng: cht mn y cc nhi, cht lng vt liu cc , su cc ng qu su hoc qu nng so vi thit k v.v... 3) Hot ng sau cng tc xy dng cng trnh. Nhiu hat ng thuc cng tc kho st xy dng c tin hnh sau cng tc thi cng xy dng, hay cng trnh a vo s dng. Cc hot ng bao gm: + Quan trc ln ng giao thng, bn cng, sn ga (c t p trn nn t yu) sau khi a vo khai thc. + Quan trc chuyn v nh v cng trnh sau xy dng hoc do c s c ln nt. + Kho st nh gi nguyn nhn s c ln, nghing, nt nh v cng trnh. II.2 Xc nh loi hnh chuyn mn trong kho st xy dng

Hot ng Kho st xy dng c hp thnh ca nhiu b mn khoa hc-k thut khc nhau, c mi lin h cht ch vi nhau cng phc v cho mc ch chung l thit k, thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Cc loi hnh kho st xy dng c bn bao gm: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Kho st o c a hnh: Kho st a cht Cng trnh. Kho st thm d nc di t phc v dn dng v cng nghip. Kho st Vt liu xy dng. Cc loi Th nghim t, , nc v vt liu xy dng. 6

II.3

Xc nh loi hnh T vn Giam st Kho st Xy dng

T cc cc loi hnh hot ng v loi hnh chuyn mn ca cng tc kho st xy dng ta c th phn cng tc t vn kho st xy dng thnh cc loi hnh ph hp. Loi hnh hot ng T vn Gim st Kho st Xy dng c th khi qut trong s hnh 2sau:

Ch u t

G: Nghin cu Kh thi v Thit k i din T vn Gim st Kho st

G Thi cng Xy dng cng trnh

Giai on Sau xy dng i din T vn Gim st Kho st

T vn gim st xy dng T vn trng Engineer

Tr l Trc a

Tr l a k thut

Tr l a cht

Tr l Trc a

Tr l a k thut

Tr l a cht

i din T vn Gim st Kt cu

i din T vn Gim st Kho st

i din T vn Gim st in nc

i din T vn Gim st ......

Tr l Trc a

Tr l a k thut

Tr l a cht

Hnh 2: S b tr hot ng T vn Gim st Kho st Xy dng II.4 Chc nng nhim v, quyn hn trch nhim v yu cu vi cng tc T vn Gim st Kho st Xy dng

1) Chc nng: Thay mt T vn trng hoc Ch u t thc hin cc chc nng: Gim st-kim tra mi hot ng kho st ca Nh thu dng tun theo quy trnh k thut, tiu chun v ch dn k thut cng b trong phng n v hp ng. Gim st-kim tra v n c cc hot ng kho st ca Nh thu thc hin ng tin , ng gi thnh cng b v thun theo hp ng. T vn gi php hoc xem xt kim tra v chp thun gi php do Nh thu xut, kin ngh ln T vn trng hay Ch u t gi quyt cc s c khng lng trc, cc kin ngh thay i c li cho tin , bo m gi thnh v yu cu k thut. Chu trch nhim, trong phm vi chc trch ghi trong hp ng, trc T vn trng hoc Ch u t v cht lng, tin v gi thnh ca cng tc kho st do Nh thu thc hin. Thng xuyn theo di, thu thp cc s liu cn thit lp bo co hot ng kho st nh k n T vn trng hoc Ch u t.

2) Nhim v: T chc nhn s , ng chuyn mn v c nng lc thc hin cng tc gim st kim tra theo cc b mn chuyn mn. Yu cu cc trang b vt t, k thut cn thit phc v cho cng tc gim st-kim tra. Lp cc biu, bng yu cu, bng hng dn cung cp cho Nh thu hot ng v trnh T vn trng hoc Ch u t xem xt, ph duyt. T chc gim st, kim tra thng xuyn mi hot ng kho st ca Nh thu t khu hin trng n cc th nghim trong phng. Trong phm vi chc nng, ch ng phn tch, tnh ton, lp lun ra gi php khc phc s c hoc thay i gi php trc l bt hp l c kh nng nh hng tin , gi thnh v cht lng. Nhim v ny cn thng nht gia Nh thu, Ch u t hoc T vn trng. Thng k lp bo co kt qu hot ng cng tc kho st xy dng ca nh thu v ca cng tc t vn gim st ln T vn trng hoc Ch u t.

3) Quyn hn: Th thi cc quyn hn c T vn trng hoc Ch u t y nhim, ghi trong quyt nh hoc hp ng. C quyn khng chp nhn bt k cng vic kho st, vt t, thit b, my mc hoc mt sn phm kho st khng tun theo ch dn k thut, tiu chun, quy trnh cng b trong Phng n kho st hoc trong Yu cu k thut kho st v theo hp ng. C quyn thay mt T vn trng hoc Ch u t (sau khi trnh v c chp nhn) lp Ch dn k thut, Yu cu k thut, Yu cu b xung, Quyt nh thay i cho nhng vn mi ny sinh ngoi d kin, hoc cho cc hng mc m cha r rng v k thut, c nguy c khng an ton v chm tin .

4) Trch nhim: - Chu trch nhim v cht lng k thut, tin , gi thnh cng tc kho st trc T vn trng hoc Ch u t trong phm vi chc trch nu trong hp ng. 5) Yu cu: C bng i hc ng chuyn mn trong phm vi mnh chu trch nhim T vn gim st. C kinh nghim t nht 3 nm cho thi cng hoc gim st thi cng cc cng trnh kho st trong phm vi chuyn mn ca mnh. C kin thc rng ri v chuyn mn trong phm vi gim st khng nhng trong nc m c trong khu vc v Quc t. Am hiu cc loi thit bi, my mc, quy trnh, tiu chun ca chuyn mn gim st, ngang tm khu vc v Quc t. Thng thao vi tnh v ting Anh chuyn dng.

Chng II
Ni dung v k nng t vn gim st kho st xy dng

t vn gim st trong cng tc o c a hnh v trc a cng trnh T vn Giam st Cng tc o c a hnh

I.1

1) Ni dung c bn ca cng tc o c a hnh o c a hnh l v bn v a hnh ca mt khu t, d kin lm mt d n xy dng, theo mt t l yu cu. Do , ni dung c bn ca cng tc o v bn a hnh bao gm cc hng mc sau: a) Cng tc lp cc loi li khng ch bao gm cc cng vic sau: Lp cc loi li khng ch (t cp I n cp IV ty theo yu cu) ph thuc loi theo loi a hnh (t loi 1 n 4) v n v tnh l bng s im. C cc loi li thy chun ph thuc loi a hnh (t loi 1 n 4) v n v tnh l chiu di - bng m hoc km. Xy dng cc mc ch gii. Kim tra v tnh ton bnh sai. b) Cng tc o v bn : Vi k thut hin i, ngi ta thng s dng thit b Ton c in t t ng v chi tit bn a hnh. Thit b gn lin vi my in kh ln. c) My mc thit b phc v cng tc o v bn a hnh: - My mc thit b phc v o gc: My kinh v c nhiu loi, c ch to cc nc khc nhau, ni ting l Thy s v c nh cc my: Kinh v quang hc Opyical Theo. DKM 2AE (Thy s) hoc Theo. 020 (c) - My o chiu cao: bao gm cc loi my thy chun nh Ni. 025 (c) i km vi mia. - My o v chi tit (an dy) c th s dng loi Kinh v in t nh ElcticTheodolite DTM 300. - My o di c th s dng my kinh v in t nh Electric-Theodolite DTM 300 d) Tiu chun Quy phm p dng:

10

- Quy phm mng tam gic - o c thc a ng truyn - do Cc o c bn cng b. - Quy phm v cng tc thy chun do Cc o c bn cng b. - Quy phm o v bn a hnh, t l 1/500 n 1/5000 Phn hin trng do Cc o c bn cng b. - Quy phm o v bn a hnh, t l t 1/500 n 1/5000 Phn ni nghip do Cc o c bn cng b. - K hiu cho bn a hnh t l 1/500 n 1/5000, - do Cc o c bn cng b. 2) Ni dung Gim st-Kim tra cng tc o v bn a hnh Vi cc ni dung c bn ca cng tc o v bn a hnh nh nu trn, cng tc T vn Gim st cn thc hin ni dung sau: - Kim tra thit b, tnh nng v chnh xc c ng theo yu cu k thut v cng b trong phng n v tha thun trong hp ng. - Kim tra din o v, chnh xc ca mng khng ch, v cc tnh ton bnh sai. - Kim tra sc xut cc im o v v cht lng o v bn . - Cc yu cu k thut ca cng tc o c bn a hnh l cn tun theo cc quy phm hin hnh nu trn. I.2 T vn Giam st cng tc Trc a Cng trnh

Trc a cng trnh l chc nng th hai rt quan trng, n bao gm cc hng mc cng vic sau: 1) Cng tc nh v im khoan v th nghim hin trng a) Ni dung cng vic: Xc nh mc chun cng trnh c s liu v cao ta . Trng hp khu t d n cha c mc chun, cn mua v xy dng mc v truyn s liu t mc chun Quc gia v cng trnh hoc lp cc mc gi nh ty yu cu. nh v cc im thm d t bn b tr kho st ra thc a v bn giao cho bn thi cng. Sau khi thi cng xong cn xc nh cao ta ti v tr khoan thc t cung cp cho ch nhim kho st. Cn lu , do iu kin thc a kh ph hp vi iu kin thi cng nn v tr thc t kho st c th khng trng vi im nh v trong thit k.

b) Cng tc T vn Gim st: Kim tra li v tr, cht lng v s liu mc chun (k c gi nh). Kim tra chnh xc thit b ca nh thu. Kim tra sc xut mt s im nh v v cao ta mt cch c lp bng my ring. Kt hp cng nh thu ch ng xut hng gi quyt cho cc s c k thut do thc t hin trng. 11

Yu cu bn nh thu nh k cung cp s liu kt qu v nh k lp bo co v tin , khi lng, cht lng cc cng vic tin hnh.

Cn lu : i vi cc im khoan hoc th nghim hin trng trong kho st a cht ch cn xc nh cao-ta v tr thc t chnh xc. Cn v tr nh v v thc t khoan c th dch chuyn trong phm vi cho php, c khi mt s mt.

2) Cng tc lp h trc cng trnh (bao gm c mc d n v mc ch gii). a) Ni dung cng vic: Lp mng cc mc chun d n, k c mc ch gii. Truyn cc s liu cao-ta chnh thc Quc gia v cc mc chun cng trnh. Lp cc mc ca h trc cng trnh (XY hoc AB). H ny do Thit k quy nh. Chuyn i cc s liu cao-ta Quc gia vo cc mc ca h trc cng trnh.

b) Cng tc T vn Gim st: Kim tra v tr, s lng, cht lng mc v s liu cao ta chnh thc ca cc mc chun, mc ch gii, mc h trc cng trnh. Thng xy ra trng hp mc b mt, b ph hng khng chnh xc hoc b ty xa s liu. Kim tra xc xut chnh xc mt s mc bng my ring. Cng nh thu thi cng r sot li xem h mc chun cng trnh v s lng, bo m v cht lng, chnh xc v s liu gc lm c s nh v v kim tra cc hng mc v ch tit cng trnh trong v sau qu trnh thi cng v lpk bo co v h mc v trc cng trnh.

3) Cng tc nh v v o c cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng. a) Ni dung cng vic: nh v v o c cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng bao gm cc cng vic: - Xc nh v tr t bn v ra thc a cho tt c cc hng mc v chi tit c trn mt bng tng trt v tng ngm, hay cc tng khc (mng, cc, ct, tng, cc cng trnh ngm, ng ng cng, in, nc v.v...). - Xc nh v nh v ct cao cc tng, xc nh thng ng, nghing, cng cc ct, tng, mi. Xc nh cc im giao ct ca cc hng mc cng trnh trong khng gian v.v... - Xc nh cao , b dy, kch thc cc hng mc cng trnh o v p. b) Cng tc T vn Gim st: Yu cu cn b trc a nh thu trnh by phng n, quy trnh, phng php nh v v xc nh cao ta cc v tr cn o c.

12

Kim tra chnh xc ca thi b v phng php tin hnh xem c ph hp yu cu. Kim tra xc sut theo nh k v v tr v ct cao cc hng mc v chi tit kt cu cn thit. Ch ng xut hng gi quyt v kt hp cng nh thu gi quyt cc s c k thut trong phm vi quyn hn v quy nh k thut. Yu cu bn nh thu nh k cung cp s liu kt qu o c theo tin v nh k lp bo co v cng vic, tin v s c (nu c) vi Ch u t.

4) Quan trc chuyn v cng trnh (nh, t p, nn tnh cc, bn nn tnh). a) Ni dung cng vic: Quan trc chuyn v cng trnh thng tin hnh theo chu k trong khong thi t vi ngy n hng nm. Cc i tng cng trnh cn quan trc chuyn v ch yu o ln, o nghing cho nh v cng trnh, cng cng ang c s c hoc cn quan trc, c bit l vi t p trn nn t yu. Vi th nghim nn tnh cc hay th nghim bn nn ti trng tnh i khi cng dng. Cc cng vic o c c bn cn tin hnh nh sau: - Lp h mc chun c s vi v tr cn la chn l c nh v n nh v khng b tc ng chuyn v ca cng trnh cn quan trc. Xc nh cao ta cc mc c s (theo h Quc gia hoc gi nh). - Lp li mc quan trc c gn ln cc i tng v v tr cng trnh cn quan trc chuyn v. Xc nh cao ta cc im quan trc theo s liu cc mc s s. - Tin hnh quan trc chuyn v bng cch nh k o c cao-ta cc dim quan trc trn c s cc mc chun c s. - Cng tc ny c tin hnh theo mt cng hay phng n chi tit, c duyt. b) Cng tc T vn Gim st : Yu cu nh thu thi cng trnh by phng n, quy trnh o ghi, phng tnh ton din gii kt qu v tin thc hin cng tc quan trc. Kim tra v tr, s liu v tnh n nh mc chun c s v li cc mc quan trc ln. Kim tra chnh xc thit b v s dng thit b ring c lp kim tra sc xut v so snh kt qu. Yu cu nh thu nh k cung cp bo co kt qu cng vic v tin , so snh i chiu vi biu tin theo di ring. nh k lp bo co cng vic v tin cung cp Ch u t.

13

II

t vn gim st trong cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh - a k thut

Cng tc kho st a cht phc v cho mt d n xy dng c th c nhiu dng cng vic: - Cng tc kho st a cht phc v thit k nn mng (thng gi l kho st a cht Cng trnh v Kho st a k thut). - Cng tc lm t trong xy dng cng trnh (Earthwork) II.1 T vn gim st Kho st a cht phc v Thit k Nn mng Cng tc kho st nhm cung cp thng tin v t nn v nc ngm phc v thit k nn mng c th bt gp hai dng sau: Kho st t nn (Soil Investigation) l thun ty cung cp cc s liu v a cht, t a, a tng, tnh cht c l v nc di t. o l cng tc kho st a cht Cng trnh (CCT Geological Engieering) m Vit Nam ta thng tin hnh t trc n nay. Kho st a k thut (Geotechnical Investigation) l ngoi kho st cung cp thng tin v t nn nh trn cn tin hnh phn tch cc gi php nn mng da trn iu kin t nn kt hp vi thng tin v kt cu. Dng ny thng gp nc pht trin Phng Ty v nc ta sau ci cch m ca.

1) Ni dung cng vic Kho st a cht: Lp phng n kho st CCT theo yu cu k thut ca Ch u t (Thng do t vn thit k son tho), trn c s cc tiu chun hin hnh hay c kin ngh. Phng n cn c Ch u t chp thun (sau khi tham vn T vn thit k ca mnh). Trin khai thi cng hin trng: khoan, o, ly cc loi mu (t, , nc), th nghim hin trng, o nc nc di t. Trin khai th nghim trong phng trn cc mu t, , nc theo phng n ra. Tin hnh tng hp v lp bo co kt qu kho st. Bo co kt qu c th trnh by di hai dng: + Bo co kt qu kho st t nn ch thun ty tng hp kt qu kho st t nn, m t phn chia a tng, tng hp tnh cht c l cc lp, tng hp nc di t km theo cc ph lc bn v. + Bo co a k thut l ngoi phn kt qu kho st t nn nu trn vn c phn 2 l kt qu phn tch cc gi php nn mng lm c s kin ngh.

2) Cng tc T vn Gim st Kim tra yu cu k thut, phng n v cc tiu chun kin ngh p dng lm c s kim tra-gim st. 14

Vi cng tc khoan v ly mu: Kim tra thit b khoan. Kim tra v gim st su khoan. Khong cch, s lng, cht lng v quy cch ng gi mu nguyn dng theo quy nh (trong phng n hoc tiu chun). Khong cch s lng v quy cch ng gi mu xo ng. Vi th nghim hin trng: + Vi th nghim SPT: kim tra thit b theo tiu chun quy nh, c bit kh nng ri t do ca t. Kim tra khong th nghim v gim st vt sch y, s t ng cho tng hip v.v... v cui cng tng s lng th nghim (TCVN - 2001). + Vi th nghim Xuyn tnh: Kim tra loi my, nng lc my, s lng neo, cht lng cn v mi xuyn, nhy v s kim nh ng h p lc. Gim st qu trnh xuyn v sau kim tra su xuyn v o ghi kt qu (Tiu chun 20-TCN-174-89). + Vi th nghim Ct cnh: kim tra ng knh cnh ct cn tng ng vi trng thi t, chnh xc ng h p lc v s kim nh, gim st tc quay khong th nghim v cui cng l s lng th nghim. + Vi th nghim Nn tnh cc v Bn nn ti trng tnh: Kim tra an ton h i ti, kim tra s cht ti, kim tra chng loi v chnh xc ca kch, ng h o i km s kim nh. Gim st qu trnh quan trc tng p lc v chuyn v ca ng h, c bit l chuyn v nghing cc.

Vi th nghim trong phng: + Kim tra v gim st cng tc th nghim phn loi, c bit loi ry theo yu, theo phng n v theo tiu chun. + Th nghim ct trc tip cn kim tra s kim nh v h s hiu chnh vng ng bin, cht lng v s lng mu th nghim. + Vi th nghim nn ba trc: Cn kim tra loi thit b, xc nh ng s ct (UU, CIU, CD) v gim st vn tc vn hnh tng ng s . + Vi th nghim nn c kt: cn c bit kim tra li thit b, hp boc ha, s cp p lc, gm st qu trnh chuyn v theo thi gian v thi gian c kt theo quy nh cho mt cp p lc. + Vi th nghim nn n hng (cho t v cho li ) cn kim tra cht lng li, chnh xc. s kim nh ca vng ng bin v h s chuyn i, gim st qa trnh nn theo ng vn tc quy nh. Yu cu nh thu kho st xc nh tin thi cng tng loi hnh kho st lm c s theo di v nh k lp bo co kt qu v tin cng trnh ln Ch u t.

3) Tiu chun p dng a) Tiu chun Vit nam: Cc tiu chun v kho st cho cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng cng nghip v giao thng:

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- TCVN 4419-87 Kho st cho xy dng - Nguyn tc c bn - 22 TCVN - 259-2000 Qui trnh khoan kho st a cht cng trnh - TCXD 160 - 1987. Kho st a k thut phc v cho thit k v thi cng mng cc . - TCXD 194 : 1997 Nh cao tng - Cng tc kho st a k thut. - 20 TCN 174 89 t xy dng. Th nghim Xuyn tnh. - TCVN 4195 4202: t xy dng. Cc phng php th nghim trong phng. - TCVXD 226 1999: t xy dng. Phng php th nghim Xuyn Tiu Chun. - 22 TCN 259 2000: Quy trnh kho st a cht cng trnh (B giao thng vn ti). - 22 TCN 260 2000: Quy trnh kho st a cht cng trnh cho cng trnh bin. (B giao thng vn ti) b) Tiu chun M: nh ASTM hay AASHTO. - ASTM D 1587 : Drilling and Sampling - ASTM D 1586 : Standard Penetration Test (SPT) - ASTM D 2573 : Field Vane Sheart Test in Cohesive Soil (VST). - ASTM D 422 & D423 : Particle Size & Test for Atterberge Limits of Soils. - ASTM D 854 : Test for Speciphic Gravity of Soils. - ASTM D 2216 : Test for Moisture Content of Soils. - ATM D 2850 : Test for Strength of Cohesive Soils in Triaxial Compression. - ASTM D 2435 : Test for One-dimensional Compression of Soils. c) Tiu chun Anh: BSI - BS 1377 1975: Methods of Tests for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. - BS 5930 - 1981: British Standard Institution - Code of Practice for Site Incestigation. - BS 8004 - 1986 - Standard of Code of Practice for Foundation. d) Tiu chun Quy phm Php: NF P 94-057: La courbe granulometrique. NF P 94-050: La tenuer en eau et la degre de saturation. NF P 94-051: Les Limites deAtterberg. NF P 94-053: Les poids volumetriques humid et sec et des grains. NF P 94-070: Les sciaillement en boite. NF P 94-074: L essai a apparail triaxial. NF P 94-090: L essai oedometrique. NF P 94-116: Standard Penetration Test NF P 94-113: Penetrometre Statique NF P 94-110: Pressiometere Menard NF P 94-112: Essai scissometrique en place. DTU 13.1 : Regle pour calcul des fondations superficialles. DTU 13.2 : Regle pour calcul des fondations profonduers. 16

- DTU. 13.1: Regle de Calculs des Foundations Superficialles - DTU. 13.1: Regle de Calculs des Foundations Profondeur. e) Tiu chun Nht: JIS f) Tiu chun c: DIN. II.2 T vn gim st a k thut trong Thi cng Xy dng Cng trnh

Nhng vn v t, nc ngm v nn mng, khi trin khai thi cng mt cng trnh xy dng, u lin quan n a cht, ngha l cn n cng tc T vn Gim st a cht (CCT v KT). Do , khi bt u trin khai thi cng mt cng trnh xy dng th Ch u t ch nh (hay u thu) mt c quan hay t chc lm T vn Gim st Xy dng Engineer lm i din cho mnh iu hnh v gim st vic thi cng theo n thit k. Trong t chc T vn Gim st Xy dng bt buc phi c b phn a k thut gip T Vn Trng lm mi vn v t vn gim st lin quan n mt bng, t, nc v nn mng. Nhng cng vic a k thut ch yu khi thi cng mt cng trnh xy dng bao gm: 1) Kim tra gim st cng tc p t: Kim tra-gim st cng tc cht lng cc m vt liu xy dng m nh thu cng b, hoc n thit k ch dn. C th yu cu nh thu tin hnh ly mu m vt liu p v th nghim trong phng xc nh dung trng kh cc i v m ti u trc khi thi cng p t. Kim tra-gim st vic no vt lp bn cn bc b theo thit k. Cn xc nh t n t tt nguyn th. Kim tra-gim st m cht th nghim bao gm: chiu dy lp, loi my lu m (trng lng) thi gian v s lt lu m, cht t c (dung trng kh hin trng bng rt ct hay phng php tng ng), h s cht K i chiu vi yu cu thit k. Xc nh v kim tra nng lc v kinh nghim phng th nghim xc nh dung trng kh hin trng ca nh thu, trong qun trnh thi cng m. Khi thi cng i tr cn yu cu bn Nh thu lp mt phng n trong c khoanh vng v cc l p vi loi vt liu, loi xe m, thi gian m, cht t c. Gim st thng xuyn v nh k kim tra cc thng s nu trn i km tin thc hin. Gim st v kim tra cao trong qu trnh p t. Tha y nhim ca T Vn Trng quyt nh cc vn lin quan n p t vi nh thu thi cng sao cho bo m k thut, tin v cht lng. Kin quyt bc b vic lm tri yu cu k thut c nguy c mt n nh cng trnh. Ch tr trong vic kim tra, gim st v t vn v quan trc ln c kt ca nh thu nh cp trn. nh k lp bo co cng tc p t v tin thc hin ln Ch u t.

2) Kim tra gim st cng tc o t: 17

Cng tc o t lin quan n o cc loi h mng, o cc cng trnh ngm, o h iu ha, cng-rnh thot nc, mng thot nc v.v... Nhim v T vn Gim st cng tc o trong mt d n lin n cc vn sau: - Kim tra v gim st su o lin quan n cao trnh o thit k v m t iu kin t nn di h mng so snh vi d bo trong tnh ton thit k. - Kim tra v gim st mc nc ngm v cc vn xy ra lin quan n thy lc cng trnh khi khai o. - Kim tra v gim st vn n nh mi dc, n nh tng chn, n nh chng bng y v chng si y thy lc y h o. - Yu cu nh thu hoc xut cung nh thu ra bin php khc phc s c khi pht hin t yu di mng. Gip T Vn Trng a ra quyt nh gia c hay s l vi trng hp c nguy c mt n nh nn mng cng trnh. - nh k lp bo co cng tc o t v tin thc hin ln Ch u t. 3) Kim tra gim st cng tc thi cng nn mng: Vi mng nng: + Kim tra t di y mng bo m nh d bo trong tnh ton thit k. + Khi c s c xut hin t yu ngoi d bo thit k cn kt hp cng nh thu ra bin php gia c-x l trc khi thi cng mng. Vi cc ng: + Kim tra v gim st qu trnh thi cng ng cc th nghim xc nh chi thit k. Kim tra a tng v tnh cht c l ca ca tng t cc, su ngm trong tng chu lc lm c s so snh vi tnh ton l thuyt. + Trong qu trnh thi cng cc i tr th tin hnh kim tra v gim st su cc tng ng chi thit k. + Cc ng ln mt cn gim st kim tra vic ph hng mi cc, trt cc trn sn dc. Vi cc khoan nhi: + Kim tra v gim st qu trnh khoan to l: su l khoan, vt liu lp ta, ch dung dch nh yu cu thit k ra. + Yu cu nh thu ly mu b tng ca cc m kim tra v gim st: st, do, mc b tng. Theo di qu trnh b tng tng cc, ghi chp chi tit qu trnh v s c nu c. + c bit quan tm n nht, t trng dung dch v kh nng chp mn khoan di y l khi b tng. + Kim tra lng thp theo thit k v khi kt thc cn kimt ra khi lng b tng so vi th tch l thuyt l khoan. + Yu cu nh thu lp nht k thi cng trong ghi chp ton b qun trnh thi cng, s c, khi lng, hct lng v tin . + Thng xuyn thu thp s liu v nh k lp bo co qu trnh thi cng cc v tin vi Ch u t. 18

III t vn gim st trong Kho st Vt liu xy dng 1) Ni dung c bn cng tc Kho st a cht Vt liu Xy dng: Lp phng n thm d m VLXD theo yu cu ca Ch u t (Thng do t vn thit k son tho nu tiu ch), trn c s cc tiu chun hin hnh hay c kin ngh. Phng n cn c Ch u t chp thun (sau khi tham vn T vn thit k ca mnh). Trin khai thi cng hin trng: khoan, o, ly cc loi mu (t, , nc), Trin khai th nghim trong phng trn cc mu t, , nc theo phng n ra. Tin hnh tng hp v lp bo co kt qu kho st vi ni dung: + V tr a l, iu kin a hnh, a cht chung, giao thng vn chuyn v iu kin khai thc. + Kt qu a tng, tnh cht thch hc, c l, ha hc v.v... phc v cho tng mc ch s dng. + Tnh ton khi lng, tr lng v s b c tnh gi thnh.

2) Ni dung cng tc T vn Gim st a cht Vt liu Xy dng: Kim tra yu cu k thut, phng n v cc tiu chun kin ngh p dng lm c s kim tra-gim st. Kim tra v gim st cng tc khoan, ly mu hin trng. Kim tra v gim st cng tc th nghim trong phng vi thnh phn ht, m cht tiu chun cho mu vt liu p. Kim tra v gim st cng th nghim thnh phn thch hc, cng , mi mn tang quay, nhim bn vi dm lm ct liu. Kim tra v gim st th nghim phn b ht vi ct sn thch anh xc nh cp phi. Kim tra v gim st vic nh gi tr lng, cht lng, iu kin khai thc, vn chuyn v gi thnh vi cc m vt liu xy dng kin ngh cho d n. Thng xuyn v nh k lp bo co kt qu thm d m vt liu xy dng v tin ln Ch u t. Nhn xt v so snh vi yu cu d n v bo co kt qu thm d m vt liu xy dng.

IV

Kho st cung cp nc di t.

1) Ni dung c bn cng tc thm d nc di t Lp phng n thm d m nc di t phc v cp nc theo yu cu ca Ch u t (Thng do t vn thit k son tho nu tiu ch), trn c s cc tiu chun hin hnh hay c kin ngh. Phng n cn c Ch u t chp thun (sau khi tham vn T vn thit k ca mnh). 19

Trin khai thi cng hin trng: khoan to ;l, ly cc loi mu (t, , nc). Tin hnh kt cu v lp t ging thm d phc v th nghim h s thm. (Trong trng hp thm d kt hp lm ging th kt cu v lp t ng thi l phc v khai thc nc sau ny). Trin khai cng tc bm thi ra lm sch l khoan. Trin khai cng tc bm th nghim v quan trc h thp xc nh h s thm K. Trin khai th nghim trong phng trn cc mu t, , nc theo phng n ra. Tin hnh tng hp v lp bo co kt qu kho st vi ni dung: + Tng hp iu kin t nhin, a cht. + M t a tng, s kt cu ging. + Phn tch kt qu bm thi ra, bm th nghim, quan trc h thp. + Tnh ton h s thm, lu lng, tr lng v cht lng nc di t.

2) Ni dung cng tc T vn Gim st thm d nc di t Kim tra yu cu k thut, phng n v cc tiu chun kin ngh p dng lm c s kim tra-gim st. Kim tra v gim st cng tc khoan to l, su khoan, a tng v cng tc lky mu. Kim tra s kt cu, cht lng v quy cch ng lc, ng chng, ng lng, my bm v cc vt t thit b khc so snh vi thit k v phng n. Gim st cc qu trnh kt cu ging, bm thi ra, bm th nghim v so snh i chiu vi cc tiu ch ra trong phng n, yu cu k thut v hp ng. Kim tra v gim st cng tc th nghim trong phng v phn loi t, thnh phn ht tng khai thcv cht lng nc. nh gi lu lng v cht lng nc sau khi kt thc so vi yu cu, vi quy phm. Thng xuyn theo di v nh k lp bo co qu trnh thi cng v tin ln Ch u t.

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